Solitons from the Korteweg-de Vries Equation
Solitons from the Korteweg-de Vries Equation
John Scott Russell, a Scottish naval engineer, reported in 1834 on his observation of a remarkable solitary water wave moving a considerable distance down a narrow channel. Korteweg and de Vries (1895) developed a theory to describe weakly nonlinear wave propagation in shallow water. The standard form of the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation is usually written ++6ϕ=0(in some references with 6). Kruskal and Zabusky (1965) discovered that the KdV equation admits analytic solutions representing what they called "solitons"—propagating pulses or solitary waves that maintain their shape and can pass through one another. These are evidently waves that behave like particles! Several detailed analyses suggest that the coherence of solitons can be attributed to a compensation of nonlinear and dispersive effects. A 1-soliton solution to the KdV equation can be written (x,t)=2[k(x-4t)]. This represents a wavepacket with amplitude and wave velocity , depending on a parameter , one of the constants of integration.
ϕ
t
ϕ
xxx
ϕ
x
-
ϕ
1
2
k
2
sech
2
k
2
2
k
4
2
k
k
In this Demonstration, the function is plotted as a function of for values of which you can choose and vary. A simulation of the corresponding wave is also shown as a three-dimensional plot.
ϕ(x,t)
x
t
ϕ(x,y,t)
Multiple-soliton solutions of the KdV equation have also been discovered. These become increasingly complicated and here only a 2-soliton generalization (x,t) is considered. Detailed analysis shows that in the 2-soliton collision shown, the individual solitons actually exchange amplitudes, rather than passing through one another.
ϕ
2
Solitons provide a fertile source of inspiration in several areas of fundamental physics, including elementary-particle theory, string theory, quantum optics and Bose-Einstein condensations.