t
i
m
e
e
v
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
t
p
a
t
h
1
(
g
r
e
e
n
)
r
1
(
t
)
(
a
1
c
o
s
(
b
1
t
)
,
c
1
s
i
n
(
d
1
t
)
)
c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
s
a
1
2
b
1
2
c
1
1
d
1
2
p
a
t
h
2
(
b
l
u
e
)
r
2
(
t
)
(
a
2
s
i
n
(
b
2
t
)
,
c
2
c
o
s
(
d
2
t
)
)
c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
s
a
2
1
b
2
2
c
2
2
d
2
1
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
=
2
.
8
2
8
4
3
r
a
t
e
o
f
c
h
a
n
g
e
=
-
2
.
8
2
8
4
3