Orbital Transformations in Diels-Alder Reaction
Orbital Transformations in Diels-Alder Reaction
The Diels–Alder reaction is a [4+2]-cycloaddition of a conjugated diene (such as butadiene) and a dienophile (such as ethylene):
Contents cannot be rendered at this time; please try again later
This is classified as an electrocyclic reaction, which involves the four -electrons of the diene and the two -electrons of the dieneophile. It is a concerted reaction, with no transition state, in which electrons are transferred usually from the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of the diene into the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the dienophile.
π
π
The "orbitals" graphic shows the configurations of atomic orbitals in the -electron states of the diene and the dienophile. The blue lobes of the -orbitals correspond to positive values of the wavefunction; the yellow lobes correspond to negative values (or vice versa; only the relative signs are significant). The "energy levels" graphic shows the ground electronic states of the two molecules. In the diene, the two lowest -orbitals, and , are doubly occupied, each with a pair of electrons with opposite spin. The orbital is the HOMO. In the dienophile, the lowest -orbital is doubly occupied, while the empty is the LUMO.
p
π
p
π
ψ
1
ψ
2
ψ
2
π
*
π
With "reaction" selected, the slider "reaction parameter" traces out the course of the reaction. The four adjacent -orbitals on the two reactant molecules transform into two new -bonds, which are energetically more stable than -bonds. Thus a cyclic product molecule (cyclohexene) is formed.
p
σ
π