WOLFRAM|DEMONSTRATIONS PROJECT

Mutualism and Evolutionary Multiplayer Games: Revisiting the Red King Effect

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benefit
2
settings for species 1
d
1
player game
2
evolutionary rate m
1
settings for species 2
d
2
player game
2
evolutionary rate n
1
The Red King effect states that if two species interact in a mutualistic manner, then the species that evolves more slowly can get a larger share of the benefit generated. However, the result was based on the assumption of dyadic interactions, where interactions take place between two individuals, one from each species. If we forgo this assumption then we see that the Red King effect may not be always present; instead, interesting and rich dynamics ensue due to the nonlinear interaction of the growth rates and the number of players.