Life Insurance Pricing
Life Insurance Pricing
As a matter of actuarial theory, life insurance policies should be priced so that the present value of expected premiums is equal to the present value of expected death benefits. This Demonstration computes these premiums for simplified hypothetical term policies based on the 2001 CSO Mortality tables, taking into account:• the death benefit• the years of protection afforded by the policy• the years over which premiums must be paid• the interest rate the insuer expects to earn on premiums• the annual lapse rate• the gender and smoking habits of the insured• the attained age of the insured at the time of the inception of the policy.
The upper-left panel shows: • the expected payment for each year the policy is in force (blue dot)• the time-discounted expected payment (red square)• the time-discounted expected payment multiplied by the probability that the policy has not lapsed (gold diamond). The sum of the gold diamonds is equal to the present value of lapse-discounted $1 death benefits.
The top-right panel shows: • the expected premium for each year the insured must pay (blue dot)• the time-discounted expected premium (red square)• the time-discounted expected premium multiplied by the probability that the policy has not lapsed (gold diamond). The sum of the gold diamonds is equal to the present value of a lapse-discounted expected $1 premium.
The bottom panel shows the ultimate computation of the annual premium needed for the insurer to break even. Real insurance premiums will differ from this hypothetical model for many reasons, including: • overhead costs• investment rate risk (the insurer cannot know future interest rates with certainty; insurers thus guess competitively about wht returns they will actually achieve and bid for business under uncertainty about whether the rate they are offering will or will not make them a profit)• anti-forfeiture laws on certain policies• mandatory bundling of renewal options• more refined mortality models.