Dataset[{<|"SourceURL" -> "http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=78283", "Name" -> "2008 Democratic Party Platform", "Party" -> "Democratic", "Year" -> 2008, "Date" -> DateObject[{2008, 8, 25}], "Text" -> "RENEWING AMERICA'S PROMISE\n\nPreamble\n\nWe come together at a defining moment in the history of our nation – the nation that led the 20th Century, built a thriving middle class, defeated fascism and communism, and provided bountiful opportunity to many. We Democrats have a special commitment to this promise of America. We believe that every American, whatever their background or station in life, should have the chance to get a good education, to work at a good job with good wages, to raise and provide for a family, to live in safe surroundings, and to retire with dignity and security. We believe that quality and affordable health care is a basic right. We believe that each succeeding generation should have the opportunity, through hard work, service and sacrifice, to enjoy a brighter future than the last.\nBut today, we are at a crossroads. As we meet, we are in the sixth year of a two-front war. Our economy is struggling. Our planet is in peril.\nA great nation now demands that its leaders abandon the politics of partisan division and find creative solutions to promote the common good. A people that prizes candor, accountability, and fairness insists that a government of the people must level with them and champion the interests of all American families. A land of historic resourcefulness has lost its patience with elected officials who have failed to lead.\nIt is time for a change. We can do better.\nAnd so, Democrats – through the most open platform process in history – are reaching out today to Republicans, Independents, and all Americans who hunger for a new direction a reason to hope. Today, at a defining moment in our history, the Democratic Party resolves to renew America's promise.\nOver the past eight years, our nation's leaders have failed us. Sometimes they invited calamity, rushing us into an ill-considered war in Iraq. But other times, when calamity arrived in the form of hurricanes or financial storms, they sat back, doing too little too late, and too poorly. The list of failures of this Administration is historic.\nThe American Dream is at risk. Incomes are down and foreclosures are up. Millions of our fellow citizens have no health insurance while families working longer hours are pressed for time to care for their children and aging parents. Gas and home heating costs are squeezing seniors and working families alike. We are less secure and less respected in the world. After September 11, we could have built the foundation for a new American century, but instead we instigated an unnecessary war in Iraq before finishing a necessary war in Afghanistan. Careless policies, inept stewardship and the broken politics of this Administration have taken their toll on our economy, our security and our reputation.\nBut even worse than the conditions we find ourselves in are the false promises that brought us here. The Republican leadership said they would keep us safe, but they overextended our military and failed to respond to new challenges. They said they would be compassionate conservatives, but they failed to rescue our citizens from the rooftops of New Orleans, neglected our veterans, and denied health insurance to children. They promised fiscal responsibility but instead gave tax cuts to the wealthy few and squandered almost a trillion dollars in Iraq. They promised reform but allowed the oil companies to write our energy agenda and the credit card companies to write the bankruptcy rules.\nThese are not just policy failures. They are failures of a broken politics –a politics that rewards self-interest over the common interest and the short-term over the long-term, that puts our government at the service of the powerful. A politics that creates a state-of-the-art system for doling out favors and shuts out the voice of the American people.\nSo, we come together not only to replace this President and his party –and not only to offer policies that will undo the damage they have wrought. Today, we pledge a return to core moral principles like stewardship, service to others, personal responsibility, shared sacrifice and a fair shot for all –values that emanate from the integrity and optimism of our Founders and generations of Americans since. Today, we Democrats offer leaders – from the White House to the State House – worthy of this country's trust.\nWe will start by renewing the American Dream for a new era – with the same new hope and new ideas that propelled Franklin Delano Roosevelt towards the New Deal and John F. Kennedy to the New Frontier. We will provide immediate relief to working people who have lost their jobs, families who are in danger of losing their homes, and those who – no matter how hard they work – are seeing prices go up more than their income. We will invest in America again –in world-class public education, in our infrastructure, and in green technology –so that our economy can generate the good, high-paying jobs of the future. We will end the outrage of unaffordable, unavailable health care, protect Social Security, and help Americans save for retirement. And we will harness American ingenuity to free this nation from the tyranny of oil.\nThe Democratic Party believes that there is no more important priority than renewing American leadership on the world stage. This will require diplomatic skill as capable as our military might. Instead of refusing to confront our most pressing threats, we will use all elements of American power to keep us safe, prosperous, and free. Instead of alienating our nation from the world, we will enable America –once again –to lead.\nFor decades, Americans have been told to act for ourselves, by ourselves, on our own. Democrats reject this recipe for division and failure. Today, we commit to renewing our American community by recognizing that solutions to our greatest challenges can only be rooted in common ground and the strength of our civic life. The American people do not want government to solve all our problems; we know that personal responsibility, character, imagination, diligence, hard work and faith ultimately determine individual achievement. But we also know that at every turning point in our nation's history, we have demonstrated our love of country by uniting to overcome our challenges—whether ending slavery, fighting two world wars for the cause of freedom or sending a man to the moon. Today, America must unite again –to help our most vulnerable residents get back on their feet and to restore the vitality of both urban centers and family farms –because the success of each depends on the success of the other. And America must challenge us again –to serve our country and to meet our responsibilities –whether in our families or local governments; our civic organizations or places of worship.\nAmericans have been promised change before. And too often we have been disappointed. We believe we must change not just our policies, but our politics as well. We cannot keep doing the same things and expect to get different results. That is why today we come together not only to prevent a third Bush term. Today, we pledge to renew American democracy by promoting the use of new technologies to make it easier for Americans to participate in their government. We will shine a light on government spending and Washington lobbying –so that every American is empowered to be a watchdog and a whistle blower. We are the party of inclusion and respect differences of perspective and belief. And so, even when we disagree, we will work together to move this country forward. There can be no Republican or Democratic ideas, only policies that are smart and right and fair and good for America –and those that aren't. We will form a government as decent, candid, purposeful and compassionate as the American people themselves.\nThis is the essence of what it means to be a patriot: not only to declare our love of this nation, but to show it –by our deeds, our priorities, and the commitments we keep.\nIf we choose to change, just imagine what we can do. What makes America great has never been its perfection, but the belief that it can be made better. And that people who love this country can change it. This is the country of Abraham Lincoln, Susan B. Anthony, Martin Luther King Jr., Cesar Chavez, and Rosa Parks – people who had the audacity to believe that their country could be a better place, and the courage to work to make it so. And this Party has always made the biggest difference in the lives of the American people when we summoned the entire nation to a common purpose.\nWe have a choice to make. We can choose to stay the current failed course. Or we can choose a path that builds upon the best of who and what we are, that reflects our highest values. We can have more of the last eight years, or we can rise together and create a new kind of government. The time for change has come, and America must seize it.\nI. Renewing the American Dream\nFor months the state of our economy has dominated the headlines–and the news has not been good. The sub-prime lending debacle has sent the housing market into a tailspin, and many Americans have lost their homes. By early August, the economy had shed 463,000 jobs over seven straight months of job loss. Health, gas and food prices are rising dramatically.\nBut the problem goes deeper than the current crisis. Families have seen their incomes go down even as they have been working longer hours and as productivity has grown. At the same time, health costs have risen while companies have shed health insurance coverage and pensions. Worse yet, too many Americans have lost confidence in the fundamental American promise that our children will have a better life than we do.\nWe are living through an age of fundamental economic transformation. Technology has changed the way we live and the way the world does business. The collapse of the Soviet Union and the advance of capitalism have vanquished old challenges to America's global leadership, but new challenges have emerged. Today, jobs and industries can move to any country with an Internet connection and willing workers.\nLeadership on these issues has been sorely lacking these past eight years. In the 1990s, under Bill Clinton's leadership, employment and incomes grew and we built up a budget surplus. However, our current President pursued misguided policies, missed opportunities, and maintained a rigid, ideological adherence to discredited ideas. Our surplus is now a deficit, and almost a decade into this century, we still have no coherent national strategy to compete in a global economy. The price tag for these failures is being passed on to our families.\nFrom the mother working two jobs to pay the bills and the couple struggling to care for young children and aging parents, to the tens of millions of Americans without health insurance and the workers who have seen their jobs shipped overseas, too many Americans have been invisible to our current President and his party for too long. The people who do the work in America have never been invisible to the Democratic Party. It is time to make the American Dream real for them again.\nWe need a government that stands up for the hopes, values, and interests of working people, and gives everyone willing to work hard the chance to make the most of their God-given potential.\nIn platform hearings around the country, Americans reaffirmed our belief that this great nation can compete–and succeed–in the 21st Century but only if we take a new approach. One that is both innovative and faithful to the basic economic principles that made this country great. We Democrats want–and we hereby pledge–a government led by Barack Obama that looks out for families in the new economy with health care, retirement security, and help, especially in bad times. Investment in our country–in energy, education, infrastructure, science. A ladder of opportunity for all. Democrats see these as the pillars of a more competitive and fair economy that will allow all Americans to take advantage of the opportunities of our new era.\nWe will provide an immediate energy rebate to American families struggling with the record price of gasoline and the skyrocketing cost of other necessities – to spend on those basic needs and energy efficient measures. We will devote $50 billion to jumpstarting the economy, helping economic growth, and preventing another one million jobs from being lost. This will include assistance to states and localities to prevent them from having to cut their vital services like education, health care, and infrastructure. We will quickly implement the housing bill recently passed by Congress and ensure that states and localities that have been hard-hit by the housing crisis can avoid cuts in vital services. We support investments in infrastructure to replenish the highway trust fund, invest in road and bridge maintenance and fund new, fast-tracked projects to repair schools. We believe that it is essential to take immediate steps to stem the loss of manufacturing jobs. Taking these immediate measures will provide good jobs and will help the economy today. But generating truly shared prosperity is only possible if we also address our most significant long-run challenges like the rising cost of health care, energy, and education.\nEmpowering Families for a New Era\nMany Americans once worked 40 hours a week for 40 years for a single employer who provided pay to support a family, health insurance, and a pension. Today, Americans change jobs more frequently than ever and compete against workers around the world for pay and benefits.\nThe face of America's families is also changing, and so are the challenges they confront. Today, in the majority of families, all parents work. Millions of working Americans are also members of a new \"sandwich generation,\" playing dual roles as working parents and working children, responsible not only for their kids but for their aging mothers and fathers. They are working longer hours than ever, while at the same time having to meet a new and growing set of caregiving responsibilities.\nOur government's policies–many designed in the New Deal era–have not kept up with the new economy and the changing nature of people's lives. Democrats believe that it is time for our policies and our expectations to catch up. From health care to pensions, from unemployment insurance to paid leave, we need to modernize our policies in order to provide working Americans the tools they need to meet new realities and challenges.\nAffordable, Quality Health Care Coverage for All Americans\nIf one thing came through in the platform hearings, it was that Democrats are united around a commitment that every American man, woman, and child be guaranteed affordable, comprehensive healthcare. In meeting after meeting, people expressed moral outrage with a health care crisis that leaves millions of Americans–including nine million children–without health insurance and millions more struggling to pay rising costs for poor quality care. Half of all personal bankruptcies in America are caused by medical bills. We spend more on health care than any other country, but we're ranked 47th in life expectancy and 43rd in child mortality. Our nation faces epidemics of obesity and chronic diseases as well as new threats like pandemic flu and bioterrorism. Yet despite all of this, less than four cents of every health care dollar is spent on prevention and public health.\nThe American people understand that good health is the foundation of individual achievement and economic prosperity. Ensuring quality, affordable health care for every single American is essential to children's education, workers' productivity and businesses' competitiveness. We believe that covering all is not just a moral imperative, but is necessary to making our health system workable and affordable. Doing so would end cost-shifting from the uninsured, promote prevention and wellness, stop insurance discrimination, help eliminate health care disparities, and achieve savings through competition, choice, innovation, and higher quality care. While there are different approaches within the Democratic Party about how best to achieve the commitment of covering every American, with everyone in and no one left out, we stand united to achieve this fundamental objective through the legislative process.\nWe therefore oppose those who advocate policies that would thrust millions of Americans out of their current private employer-based coverage without providing them access to an affordable, comprehensive alternative, thereby subjecting them to the kind of insurance discrimination that leads to excessive premiums or coverage denials for older and sicker Americans. We reject those who have steadfastly opposed insurance coverage expansions for millions of our nation's children while they have protected overpayments to insurers and allowed underpayments to our nation's doctors. Our vision of a strengthened and improved health care system for all Americans stands in stark contrast to the Republican Party's and includes:\nWe must fight HIV/AIDS in our country and around the world. We support increased funding into research, care and prevention of HIV/AIDS. We support a comprehensive national strategic plan to combat HIV/AIDS and a Ryan White Care Act designed and funded to meet today's epidemic, that ends ADAP waiting lists and that focuses on the communities such as African Americans and Latino Americans who are disproportionately impacted through an expanded and renewed minority HIV/AIDS initiative, and on new epicenters such as the Southern part of our nation. We support providing Medicaid coverage to more low-income HIV-positive Americans.\nHealth care reform must also provide adequate incentives for innovation to ensure that Americans have access to evidence-based and cost-effective health care. Research should be based on science, not ideology. For the millions of Americans and their families suffering from debilitating physical and emotional effects of disease, time is a precious commodity, and it is running out. Yet, over the past eight years, the current Administration has not only failed to promote biomedical and stem cell research, it has actively stood in the way of that research. We cannot tolerate any further inaction or obstruction. We need to invest in biomedical research and stem cell research, so that we are at the leading edge of prevention and treatment. This includes adequate funding for research into diseases such as heart disease, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, breast cancer, diabetes, autism and other common and rare diseases, and disorders. We will increase funding to the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation, and the National Cancer Institutes.\nRetirement and Social Security\nWe will make it a priority to secure for hardworking families the part of the American Dream that includes a secure and healthy retirement. Individuals, employers, and government must all play a role. We will adopt measures to preserve and protect existing public and private pension plans. In the 21st Century, Americans also need better ways to save for retirement. We will automatically enroll every worker in a workplace pension plan that can be carried from job to job and we will match savings for working families who need the help. We will make sure that CEOs can't dump workers' pensions with one hand while they line their own pockets with the other. At platform hearings, Americans made it clear they feel that's an outrage, and it's time we had leaders who treat it as an outrage. We will ensure all employees who have company pensions receive annual disclosures about their pension fund's investments, including full details about which projects have been invested in, the performance of those investments and appropriate details about probable future investments strategies. We also will reform corporate bankruptcy laws so that workers' retirements are a priority for funding and workers are not left with worthless IOU's after years of service. Finally, we will eliminate all federal income taxes for seniors making less than $50,000 per year. Lower- and middle-income seniors already have to worry about high health care and energy costs; they should not have to worry about tax burdens as well.\nWe reject the notion of the presumptive Republican nominee that Social Security is a disgrace; we believe that it is indispensable. We will fulfill our obligation to strengthen Social Security and to make sure that it provides guaranteed benefits Americans can count on, now and in future generations. We will not privatize it.\nGood Jobs with Good Pay\nIn the platform hearings, Americans expressed dismay that people who are willing to study and work cannot get a job that pays enough to live on in the current economy. Democrats are committed to an economic policy that produces good jobs with good pay and benefits. That is why we support the right to organize. We know that when unions are allowed to do their job of making sure that workers get their fair share, they pull people out of poverty and create a stronger middle class. We will strengthen the ability of workers to organize unions and fight to pass the Employee Free Choice Act. We will restore pro-worker voices to the National Labor Relations Board and the National Mediation Board and we support overturning the NLRB's and NMB's many harmful decisions that undermine the collective bargaining rights of millions of workers. We will ensure that federal employees, including public safety officers who put their lives on the line every day, have the right to bargain collectively, and we will fix the broken bargaining process at the Federal Aviation Administration. We will fight to ban the permanent replacement of striking workers, so that workers can stand up for themselves without worrying about losing their livelihoods. We will continue to vigorously oppose \"Right-to-Work\" Laws and \"paycheck protection\" efforts whenever they are proposed. Suspending labor protections during national emergencies compounds the devastation from the emergency. We opposed suspension of Davis-Bacon following Hurricane Katrina, and we support broad application of Davis-Bacon worker protections to all federal projects. We will stop the abuse of privatization of government jobs. We will end the exploitative practice of employers wrongly misclassifying workers as independent contractors.\nThe Bush Administration Department of Labor has failed in its obligation to stand up and protect American workers. Our Department of Labor will restore and expand overtime rights for millions of Americans, and will actively enforce wage and hour laws. The Bush Administration is the only administration that has never voluntarily issued a significant final standard for workplace safety. Our Occupational Safety and Health Administration will adopt and enforce comprehensive safety standards. Right now, far too many workers – especially those in the construction and mining industries-risk their lives every day just by going to work.\nIn America, if someone is willing to work, he or she should be able to make ends meet and have the opportunity to prosper. To that end, we will raise the minimum wage and index it to inflation, and increase the Earned Income Tax Credit so that workers can support themselves and their families. We will modernize the unemployment insurance program to close gaps and extend benefits to the workers who now fall outside it.\nWork and Family\nOver the last few decades, fundamental changes in the way we work and live have trapped too many American families between an economy that's gone global and a government that's gone AWOL. It's time we stop just talking about family values, and start pursuing policies that truly value families. We will expand the Family and Medical Leave Act to reach millions more workers than are currently covered, and we will enable workers to take leave to care for an elderly parent, address domestic violence and sexual assault, or attend a parent-teacher conference. Today 78 percent of the workers who are eligible for leave cannot take it because it's unpaid, so we will work with states and make leave paid. We will also ensure that every American worker is able earn up to seven paid sick days to care for themselves or an ill family member. And we will encourage employers to provide flexible work arrangements—with the federal government leading by example. We will expand the childcare tax credit, provide every child access to quality, affordable early childhood education, and double funding for after-school and summer learning opportunities for children. We will provide assistance to those who need long-term care and to the working men and women of this country who do the heroic job of providing care for their aging relatives. All Americans who are working hard and taking responsibility deserve the chance to do right by their loved ones. That's the America we believe in.\nPoverty\nWhen Bobby Kennedy saw the shacks and poverty along the Mississippi Delta, he asked, \"How can a country like this allow it?\" Forty years later, we're still asking that question. The most American answer we can give is: \"We won't allow it.\" One in eight Americans lives in poverty today all across our country, in our cities, in our suburbs, and in our rural communities. Most of these people work but still can't pay the bills. Nearly thirteen million of the poor are children. We can't allow this kind of suffering and hopelessness to exist in our country. It's not who we are.\nWorking together, we can cut poverty in half within ten years. We will provide all our children a world-class education, from early childhood through college. We will develop innovative transitional job programs that place unemployed people into temporary jobs and train them for permanent ones. To help workers share in our country's productivity, we'll expand the Earned Income Tax Credit, and raise the minimum wage and index it to inflation. The majority of adults in poverty are women, and to combat poverty we must work for fair pay, support for mothers, and policies that promote responsible fatherhood. We'll start letting our unions do what they do best again—organize and lift up our workers. We'll make sure that every American has affordable health care that stays with them no matter what happens. We will assist American Indian communities, since 10 of the 20 poorest counties in the United States are on Indian lands. We'll bring businesses back to our inner-cities, increase the supply of affordable housing, and establish \"promise neighborhoods\" that provide comprehensive services in areas of concentrated poverty. These will be based on proven models, such as the Harlem Children's Zone in New York City, which seeks to engage all residents with tangible goals such as attendance at parenting schools, retention of meaningful employment, college for every participating student, and strong physical and mental health outcomes for children. The Democratic Party believes that the fight against poverty must be national priority. Eradicating poverty will require the sustained commitment of the President of the United States, and we believe that the White House must offer leadership and resources to advance this agenda.\nOpportunity for Women\nWe, the Democratic Party, are the party that has produced more women Governors, Senators, and Members of Congress than any other. We have produced the first woman Secretary of State, the first woman Speaker of the House of Representatives, and, in 2008, Hillary Rodham Clinton, the first woman in American history to win presidential primaries in our nation. We believe that our daughters should have the same opportunities as our sons; our party is proud that we have put eighteen million cracks in the highest glass ceiling. We know that when America extends its promise to women, the result is increased opportunity for families, communities, and aspiring people everywhere.\nWhen women still earn 76 cents for every dollar that a man earns, it doesn't just hurt women; it hurts families and children. We will pass the \"Lilly Ledbetter\" Act, which will make it easier to combat pay discrimination; we will pass the Fair Pay Act; and we will modernize the Equal Pay Act. We will invest in women-owned small businesses and remove the capital gains tax on startup small businesses. We will support women in math and science, increasing American competitiveness by retaining the best workers in these fields, regardless of gender. We recognize that women still carry the majority of childrearing responsibilities, so we have created a comprehensive work and family agenda. We recognize that women are the majority of adults who make the minimum wage, and are particularly hard-hit by recession and poverty; we will protect Social Security, increase the minimum wage, and expand programs to combat poverty and improve education so that parents and children can lift themselves out of poverty. We will work to combat violence against women.\nWe believe that standing up for our country means standing up against sexism and all intolerance. Demeaning portrayals of women cheapen our debates, dampen the dreams of our daughters, and deny us the contributions of too many. Responsibility lies with us all.\nInvesting in American Competitiveness\nAt a critical moment of transition like this one, Americans understand that, more than anything else, success will depend on the dynamism, determination, and innovation of the American people. But success also depends on national leadership that can move this country forward with confidence and a common purpose. In platform hearings, Americans called on their government to \"invest back\" in them and their country. That's what Lincoln did when he pushed for a transcontinental railroad, incorporated our National Academy of Sciences, passed the Homestead Act and created the land grant colleges. That's what Franklin Delano Roosevelt did in creating the Tennessee Valley Authority, electrifying rural America and investing in an Arsenal of Democracy. That's the kind of leadership we intend to provide.\nNew American Energy\nIn the local platform hearings, Americans talked about the importance of energy to the economy, to national security, and to the health of our planet. Speaking loud and clear, they said that America needs a new bold and sustainable energy policy to meet the challenges of our time. In the past, America has been stirred to action when faced with new threats to our national security, or new competitive conditions that undercut our economic leadership. The energy threat we face today may be less immediate than threats from dictators, but it is as real and as dangerous. The dangers are eclipsed only by the opportunities that would come with change. We know that the jobs of the 21st Century will be created in developing new energy solutions. The question is whether these jobs will be created in America, or abroad. We should use government procurement policies to incentivize domestic production of clean and renewable energy. Already, we've seen countries like Germany, Spain and Brazil reap the benefits of economic growth from clean energy. But we are decades behind in confronting this challenge.\nFor the sake of our security–and for every American family that is paying the price at the pump– we will break our addiction to foreign oil. In platform hearings around the country, Americans called for a Manhattan or Apollo Project-level commitment to achieve energy independence. We hear that call and we Democrats commit to fast-track investment of billions of dollars over the next ten years to establish a green energy sector that will create up to five million jobs. Good jobs, like those in Pennsylvania where workers manufacture wind turbines, the ones in the factory in Nevada producing components for solar energy generation plants, or the jobs that will be created when plug-in hybrids start rolling off the assembly line in Michigan. This transition to a clean-energy industry will also benefit low-income communities: we'll create an energy-focused youth job program to give disadvantaged youth job skills for this emerging industry.\nIt will not be easy, but neither was getting to the moon. We know we can't drill our way to energy independence and so we must summon all of our ingenuity and legendary hard work and we must invest in research and development, and deployment of renewable energy technologies—such as solar, wind, geothermal, as well as technologies to store energy through advanced batteries and clean up our coal plants. And we will call on businesses, government, and the American people to make America 50 percent more energy efficient by 2030, because we know that the most energy efficient economy will also gain the competitive edge for new manufacturing and jobs that stay here at home. We will help pay for all of it by dedicating a portion of the revenues generated by an economy-wide cap and trade program- a step that will also dramatically reduce our greenhouse gas emissions and jumpstart billions in private capital investment in a new energy economy.\nWe'll dramatically increase the fuel efficiency of automobiles, and we'll help auto manufacturers and parts suppliers convert to build the cars and trucks of the future and their key components in the United States. And we will help workers learn the skills they need to compete in the green economy. We are committed to getting at least 25 percent of our electricity from renewable sources by 2025. Building on the innovative efforts of the private sector, states, cities, and tribes across the country, we will create new federal-local partnerships to scale the success and deployment of new energy solutions, install a smarter grid, build more efficient buildings, and use the power of federal and military purchasing programs to jumpstart promising new markets and technologies. We'll invest in advanced biofuels like cellulosic ethanol which will provide American-grown fuel and help free us from the tyranny of oil. We will use innovative measures to dramatically improve the energy efficiency of buildings.\nTo lower the price of gasoline, we will crack down on speculators who are driving up prices beyond the natural market rate. We will direct the Federal Trade Commission and Department of Justice to vigorously investigate and prosecute market manipulation in oil futures. And we will help those who are hit hardest by high energy prices by increasing funding for low-income heating assistance and weatherization programs, and by providing energy assistance to help middle-class families make ends meet in this time of inflated energy prices.\nThis plan will safeguard our economy, our country, and the future of our planet. This plan will create good jobs that pay well and can't be outsourced. With these policies, we will protect our country from the national security threats created by reliance on foreign oil and global insecurity due to climate change. And this is how we'll solve the problem of four-dollar-a-gallon gas— with a comprehensive plan and investment in clean energy.\nA World Class Education for Every Child\nIn the 21st Century, where the most valuable skill is knowledge, countries that out-educate us today will out-compete us tomorrow. In the platform hearings, Americans made it clear that it is morally and economically unacceptable that our high-schoolers continue to score lower on math and science tests than most other students in the world and continue to drop-out at higher rates than their peers in other industrialized nations. We cannot accept the persistent achievement gap between minority and white students or the harmful disparities that exist between different schools within a state or even a district. Americans know we can and should do better.\nThe Democratic Party firmly believes that graduation from a quality public school and the opportunity to succeed in college must be the birthright of every child–not the privilege of the few. We must prepare all our students with the 21st Century skills they need to succeed by progressing to a new era of mutual responsibility in education. We must set high standards for our children, but we must also hold ourselves accountable–our schools, our teachers, our parents, business leaders, our community and our elected leaders. And we must come together, form partnerships, and commit to providing the resources and reforms necessary to help every child reach their full potential.\nTo reward our teachers, we will follow the lead of school districts and educators that have pioneered innovative ways to increase teacher pay that are developed with teachers, not imposed on them. We will make an unprecedented national investment to provide teachers with better pay and better support to improve their skills, and their students' learning. We'll reward effective teachers who teach in underserved areas, take on added responsibilities like mentoring new teachers, or consistently excel in the classroom.\nWe will fix the failures and broken promises of No Child Left Behind–while holding to the goal of providing every child access to a world-class education, raising standards, and ensuring accountability for closing the achievement gap. We will end the practice of labeling a school and its students as failures and then throwing our hands up and walking away from them without having provided the resources and supports these students need. But this alone is not an education policy. It's just a starting point. We will work with our nation's governors and educators to create and use assessments that will improve student learning and success in school districts all across America by including the kinds of critical thinking, communication, and problem-solving skills that our children will need. We will address the dropout crisis by investing in intervention strategies in middle schools and high schools and we will invest in after-school programs, summer school, alternative education programs, and youth jobs.\nWe will promote innovation within our public schools–because research shows that resources alone will not create the schools that we need to help our children succeed. We need to adapt curricula and the school calendar to the needs of the 21st Century; reform the schools of education that produce most of our teachers; promote public charter schools that are accountable; and streamline the certification process for those with valuable skills who want to shift careers and teach.\nWe will also meet our commitment to special education and to students who are English Language Learners. We support full funding of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. We also support transitional bilingual education and will help Limited English Proficient students get ahead by supporting and funding English Language Learner classes. We support teaching students second languages, as well as contributing through education to the revitalization of American Indian languages.\nWe know that there is no program and no policy that can substitute for parents who are involved in their children's education from day one–who make sure their children are in school on time, help them with their homework, and attend those parent-teacher conferences; who are willing to turn off the TV once in a while, put away the video games, and read to their children. Responsibility for our children's education has to start at home. We have to set high standards for them, and spend time with them, and love them. We have to hold ourselves accountable.\nHigher Education\nWe believe that our universities, community colleges, and other institutions of higher learning must foster among their graduates the skills needed to enhance economic competitiveness. We will work with institutions of higher learning to produce highly skilled graduates in science, technology, engineering, and math disciplines who will become innovative workers prepared for the 21st Century economy.\nAt community colleges and training programs across the country, we will invest in short-term accelerated training and technical certifications for the unemployed and under-employed to speed their transition to careers in high-demand occupations and emerging industries. We will reward successful community colleges with grants so they can continue their good work. We support education delivery that makes it possible for non-traditional students to receive support and encouragement to obtain a college education, including Internet, distance education, and night and weekend programs.\nWe must also invest in training and education to prepare incumbent job-holders with skills to meet the rigors of the new economic environment and provide them access to the broad knowledge and concrete tools offered by apprenticeships, internships, and postsecondary education. We need to fully fund joint labor-management apprenticeship programs and reinvigorate our industrial crafts programs to train the next generation of skilled American craft workers.\nWe recognize the special value and importance of our Historically Black Colleges and Universities and other minority serving institutions in meeting the needs of our increasingly diverse society and will work to ensure their viability and growth.\nWe will make college affordable for all Americans by creating a new American Opportunity Tax Credit to ensure that the first $4,000 of a college education is completely free for most Americans. In exchange for the credit, students will be expected to perform community service. We will continue to support programs, especially the Pell Grant program, that open the doors of college opportunity to low-income Americans. We will enable families to apply for financial aid simply by checking a box on their tax form.\nOur institutions of higher education are also the economic engines of today and tomorrow. We will partner with them to translate new ideas into innovative products, processes and services.\nScience, Technology and Innovation\nAmerica has long led the world in innovation. But this Administration's hostility to science has taken a toll. At a time when technology helps shape our future, we devote a smaller and smaller share of our national resources to research and development.\nIt is time again to lead. We took a critical step with the America Competes Act and we will start by implementing that Act —then we will do more. We will make science, technology, engineering, and math education a national priority. We will double federal funding for basic research, invest in a strong and inspirational vision for space exploration, and make the Research and Development Tax Credit permanent. We will invest in the next generation of transformative energy technologies and health IT and we will renew the defense R&D system. We will lift the current Administration's ban on using federal funding for embryonic stem cells– cells that would have otherwise have been discarded and lost forever–for research that could save lives. We will ensure that our patent laws protect legitimate rights while not stifling innovation and creativity. We will end the Bush Administration's war on science, restore scientific integrity, and return to evidence-based decision-making.\nIn sum, we will strengthen our system, treat science and technology as crucial investments, and use these forces to ensure a future of economic leadership, health well-being and national security.\nWe will invest in American jobs and finally end the tax breaks that ship jobs overseas. We will create an Advanced Manufacturing Fund to provide for our next generation of innovators and job creators; we will expand the Manufacturing Extension Partnerships and create new job training programs for clean technologies. We will bring together government, private industry, workers, and academia to turn around the manufacturing sector of the U.S. economy and provide assistance to automakers and parts companies to encourage retooling of facilities in this country to produce advanced technology vehicles and their key components. We will support efforts like the recently proposed Senate Appropriations measure that gives manufacturers access to low-interest loans to help convert factories to build more fuel-efficient vehicles. And we will invest in a clean energy economy to create up to five million new green-collar jobs.\nOur manufacturing communities need immediate relief. And we will help states and localities whose budgets are strained in times of need. We will modernize and expand Trade Adjustment Assistance. We will help workers build a safety net, with health care, retirement security, and a way to stay out of crippling debt. We will partner with community colleges and other higher education institutions, so that we're training workers to meet the demands of local industry, including environmentally-friendly technology.\nCreating New Jobs by Rebuilding American Infrastructure\nA century ago, Teddy Roosevelt called together leaders from business and government to develop a plan for the next century's infrastructure. It falls to us to do the same. Right now, we are spending less than at any time in recent history and far less than our international competitors on this critical component of our nation's strength. We will start a National Infrastructure Reinvestment Bank that can leverage private investment in infrastructure improvements, and create nearly two million new good jobs. We will undertake projects that maximize our safety and security and ability to compete, which we will fund as we bring the war in Iraq to a responsible close. We will modernize our power grid, which will help conservation and spur the development and distribution of clean energy. We need a national transportation policy, including high-speed rail and light rail. We can invest in our bridges, roads, and public transportation so that people have choices in how they get to work. We will ensure every American has access to highspeed broadband and we will take on special interests in order to unleash the power of the wireless spectrum.\nA Connected America\nIn the 21st Century, our world is more intertwined than at any time in human history. This new connectedness presents us with untold opportunities for innovation, but also new challenges. We will protect the Internet's traditional openness and ensure that it remains a dynamic platform for free speech, innovation, and creativity. We will implement a national broadband strategy (especially in rural areas, and our reservations and territories) that enables every American household, school, library, and hospital to connect to a world-class communications infrastructure. We will rededicate our nation to ensuring that all Americans have access to broadband and the skills to use it effectively. In an increasingly technology-rich, knowledge-based economy, we understand that connectivity is a key part of the solution to many of our most important challenges: job creation, economic growth, energy, health care, and education. We will establish a Chief Technology Officer for the nation, to ensure we use technology to enhance the functioning, transparency, and expertise of government, including establishing a national interoperable public safety communications network to help first responders at the local, state and national level communicate with one another during a crisis.\nWe will toughen penalties, increase enforcement resources, and spur private sector cooperation with law enforcement to identify and prosecute those who exploit the Internet to try to harm children. We will encourage more educational content on the Web and in our media. We will give parents the tools and information they need to manage what their children see on television and the Internet – in ways fully consistent with the First Amendment. We will strengthen privacy protections in the digital age and will harness the power of technology to hold government and business accountable for violations of personal privacy. We will encourage diversity in the ownership of broadcast media, promote the development of new media outlets for expression of diverse viewpoints, and clarify the public interest obligations of broadcasters who occupy the nation's spectrum.\nSupport Small Business and Entrepreneurship\nEncouraging new industry and creating jobs means giving more support to American entrepreneurs. We will exempt all start-up companies from capital gains taxes and provide them a tax credit for health insurance. We will provide a new tax credit for small businesses that offer quality health insurance to their employees. We will help small businesses facing high energy costs. We will work to remove bureaucratic barriers for small and start-up businesses–for example, by making the patent process more efficient and reliable. Our Small Business Administration will recognize the importance of small business to women, people of color, tribes, and rural America and will work to help nurture entrepreneurship. We will create a national network of public-private business incubators and technical support.\nReal Leadership for Rural America\nRural America is home to 60 million Americans. The agricultural sector is critical to the rural economy and to all Americans. We depend on those in agriculture to produce the food, feed, fiber, and fuel that support our society. Thankfully, American farmers possess an unrivaled capacity to produce an abundance of these high-quality products.\nIn return, we will provide a strong safety net for family farms, a permanent disaster relief program, expansion of agriculture research, and an emphasis on agricultural trade. We will promote economic development in rural and tribal communities by investing in renewable energy, which will transform the rural economy and create millions of new jobs, by upgrading technological and physical infrastructure, by addressing the challenges faced by public schools in rural areas, including forest county schools, supporting higher education opportunities and by attracting quality teachers, doctors and nurses through loan forgiveness programs and other incentive programs. All Americans, urban and rural, hold a shared interest in preserving and increasing the economic vitality of family farms. We will continue to develop and advance policies that promote sustainable and local agriculture, including funding for soil and water conservation programs.\nEconomic Stewardship\nSince the time of our Founders, we have struggled to balance the same forces that confronted Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson–self-interest and community; markets and democracy; the concentration of wealth and power, and the necessity of transparency and opportunity for each and every American. Throughout our history, Americans have pursued their dreams within a free market that has been the engine of America's progress. It's a market that has created a prosperity that is the envy of the world, and opportunity for generations of Americans. A market that has provided great rewards to the innovators and risk-takers who have made America a beacon for science, technology, and discovery.\nBut the American experiment has worked in large part because we have guided the market's invisible hand with a higher principle. Our free market was never meant to be a free license to take whatever you can get, however you can get it. That is why we have put in place rules of the road to make competition fair, open, and honest. We have done this not to stifle–but rather to advance – prosperity and liberty.\nIn this time of economic transformation and crisis, we must be stewards of this economy more than ever before. We will maintain fiscal responsibility, so that we do not mortgage our children's future on a mountain of debt. We can do this at the same time that we invest in our future. We will restore fairness and responsibility to our tax code. We will bring balance back to the housing markets, so that people do not have to lose their homes. And we will encourage personal savings, so that our economy remains strong and Americans can live well in their retirements.\nRestoring Fairness to Our Tax Code\nWe must reform our tax code. It's thousands of pages long, a monstrosity that high-priced lobbyists have rigged with page after page of special interest loopholes and tax shelters. We will shut down the corporate loopholes and tax havens and use the money so that we can provide an immediate middle-class tax cut that will offer relief to workers and their families. We'll eliminate federal income taxes for millions of retirees, because all seniors deserve to live out their lives with dignity and respect. We will not increase taxes on any family earning under $250,000 and we will offer additional tax cuts for middle class families. For families making more than $250,000, we'll ask them to give back a portion of the Bush tax cuts to invest in health care and other key priorities. We will end the penalty within the current Social Security system for public service that exists in several states. We will expand the Earned Income Tax Credit, and dramatically simplify tax filings so that millions of Americans can do their taxes in less than five minutes.\nHousing\nThe housing crisis has been devastating for many Americans. Minorities have been hit particularly hard—in 2006, more than 40 percent of the home loans made to Hispanic borrowers were subprime, while more than half of those made to African Americans were subprime. We will ensure that the foreclosure prevention program enacted by Congress is implemented quickly and effectively so that at-risk homeowners can get help and hopefully stay in their homes. We will work to reform bankruptcy laws to restore balance between lender and homeowner rights. Because we have an obligation to prevent this crisis from recurring in the future, we will crack down on fraudulent brokers and lenders and invest in financial literacy. We will pass a Homebuyers Bill of Rights, which will include establishing new lending standards to ensure that loans are affordable and fair, provide adequate remedies to make sure the standards are met, and ensure that homeowners have accurate and complete information about their mortgage options. We will support affordable rental housing, which is now more critical than ever. We will implement the newly created Affordable Housing Trust Fund to ensure that it can start to support the development and preservation of affordable housing in mixed-income neighborhoods throughout the country, restore cuts to public housing operating subsidies, and fully fund the Community Development Block Grant program. We will work with local jurisdictions on the problem of vacant and abandoned housing in our communities. We will work to end housing discrimination and to ensure equal housing opportunity. We will combat homelessness and target homelessness among veterans in particular by expanding proven programs and launching innovative preventive services.\nReforming Financial Regulation and Corporate Governance\nWe have failed to guard against practices that all too often rewarded financial manipulation instead of productivity and sound business practices. We have let the special interests put their thumbs on the economic scales. We do not believe that government should stand in the way of innovation, or turn back the clock to an older era of regulation. But we do believe that government has a role to play in advancing our common prosperity: by providing stable macroeconomic and financial conditions for sustained growth; by demanding transparency; and by ensuring fair competition in the marketplace. We will reform and modernize our regulatory structures and will work to promote a shift in the cultures of our financial institutions and our regulatory agencies. We will ensure shareholders have an advisory vote on executive compensation, in order to spur increased transparency and public debate over pay packages. To make our communities stronger and more livable, and to meet the challenges of increasing global competitiveness, America will lead innovation in corporate responsibility to create jobs and leverage our private sector entrepreneurial leadership to help build a better world.\nConsumer Protection\nWe will establish a Credit Card Bill of Rights to protect consumers and a Credit Card Rating System to improve disclosure. Americans need to pay what they owe, but they should pay what's fair. We'll reform our bankruptcy laws to give Americans in debt a second chance. If people can demonstrate that they went bankrupt because of medical expenses, they will be able to relieve that debt and get back on their feet. We will ban executive bonuses for bankrupt companies. We will crack down on predatory lenders and make it easier for low-income families to buy homes. We will require all non-home-based child care facilities to be lead-safe within five years. We must guarantee that consumer products coming in from other countries are truly safe, and will call on the Federal Trade Commission to ensure vulnerable consumer populations, such as seniors, are addressed.\nSavings\nThe personal saving rate is at its lowest since the Great Depression. Currently, 75 million working Americans—roughly half the workforce—lack employer-based retirement plans. That's why we will create automatic workplace pensions. People can add to their pension, or can opt out at any time; the savings account will be easily transferred between jobs; and people can control it themselves if they become self-employed. We will ensure savings incentives are fair to all workers by matching half of the initial $1000 of savings for families that need help; and employers will have an easy opportunity to match employee savings. We believe this program will increase the saving participation rate for low- and middle-income workers from its current 15 percent to 80 percent. We support good pensions, and will adopt measures to preserve and protect existing public and private pension plans. We will require that employees who have company pensions receive annual disclosures about their pension fund's investments. This will put a secure retirement within reach for millions of working families.\nSmart, Strong, and Fair Trade Policies\nWe believe that trade should strengthen the American economy and create more American jobs, while also laying a foundation for democratic, equitable, and sustainable growth around the world. Trade has been a cornerstone of our growth and global development, but we will not be able to sustain this growth if it favors the few rather than the many. We must build on the wealth that open markets have created, and share its benefits more equitably.\nTrade policy must be an integral part of an overall national economic strategy that delivers on the promise of good jobs at home and shared prosperity abroad. We will enforce trade laws and safeguard our workers, businesses, and farmers from unfair trade practices–including currency manipulation, lax consumer standards, illegal subsidies, and violations of workers' rights and environmental standards. We must also show leadership at the World Trade Organization to improve transparency and accountability, and to ensure it acts effectively to stop countries from continuing unfair government subsidies to foreign exporters and non-tariff barriers on U.S. exports.\nWe need tougher negotiators on our side of the table–to strike bargains that are good not just for Wall Street, but also for Main Street. We will negotiate bilateral trade agreements that open markets to U.S. exports and include enforceable international labor and environmental standards; we pledge to enforce those standards consistently and fairly. We will not negotiate bilateral trade agreements that stop the government from protecting the environment, food safety, or the health of its citizens; give greater rights to foreign investors than to U.S. investors; require the privatization of our vital public services; or prevent developing country governments from adopting humanitarian licensing policies to improve access to life-saving medications. We will stand firm against bilateral agreements that fail to live up to these important benchmarks, and will strive to achieve them in the multilateral framework. We will work with Canada and Mexico to amend the North American Free Trade Agreement so that it works better for all three North American countries. We will work together with other countries to achieve a successful completion of the Doha Round Agreement that would increase U.S. exports, support good jobs in America, protect worker rights and the environment, benefit our businesses and our farms, strengthen the rules-based multilateral system, and advance development of the world's poorest countries.\nJust as important, we will invest in a world-class infrastructure, skilled workforce, and cutting-edge technology so that we can compete successfully on high-value-added products, not sweatshop wages and conditions. We will end tax breaks for companies that ship American jobs overseas, and provide incentives for companies that keep and maintain good jobs here in the United States. We will also provide access to affordable health insurance and enhance retirement security, and we will update and expand Trade Adjustment Assistance to help workers in industries vulnerable to international competition, as well as service sector and public sector workers impacted by trade, and we will improve TAA's health care benefits. The United States should renew its own commitment to respect for workers' fundamental human rights, and at the same time strengthen the ILO's ability to promote workers' rights abroad through technical assistance and capacity building.\nFiscal Responsibility\nOur agenda is ambitious–particularly in light of the current Administration's policies that have run up the national debt to over $4 trillion. Just as America cannot afford to continue to run up huge deficits, so too can we not afford to short-change investments. The key is to make the tough choices, in particular enforcing pay-as-you-go budgeting rules. We will honor these rules by our plan to end the Iraq war responsibly, eliminate waste in existing government programs, generate revenue by charging polluters for the greenhouse gases they are releasing, and put an end to the reckless, special interest driven corporate loopholes and tax cuts for the wealthy that have been the centerpiece of the Bush Administration's economic policy. We will not raise taxes on people making less than $250,000, and we will eliminate federal income taxes for seniors making less than $50,000. We recognize that Social Security is not in crisis and we should do everything we can to strengthen this vital program, including asking those making over $250,000 to pay a bit more. The real long-run fiscal challenge is rooted in the rising spending on health care, but we cannot address this in a way that puts our most vulnerable families in jeopardy. Instead, we must strengthen our public programs by bringing down the cost of health care and reducing waste while making strategic investments that emphasize quality, efficiency, and prevention. In the name of our children, we reject the proposals of those who want to continue George Bush's disastrous economic policies.\nII. Renewing American Leadership\nAt moments of great peril in the last century, American leaders such as Franklin Roosevelt, Harry Truman, and John F. Kennedy managed both to protect the American people and to expand opportunity for the next generation. They ensured that America, by deed and example, led and lifted the world–that we stood for and fought for the freedoms sought by billions of people beyond our borders. They used our strengths to show people everywhere America at its best. Just as John Kennedy said that after Hoover we needed Franklin Roosevelt, so too after our experience of the last eight years we need Barack Obama.\nToday, we are again called to provide visionary leadership. This century's threats are at least as dangerous as, and in some ways more complex than, those we have confronted in the past. They come from weapons that can kill on a mass scale and from violent extremists who exploit alienation and perceived injustice to spread terror. They come from rogue states allied to terrorists and from rising powers that could challenge both America and the international foundation of liberal democracy. They come from weak states that cannot control their territory or provide for their people. They come from an addiction to oil that helps fund the extremism we must fight and empowers repressive regimes. And they come from a warming planet that will spur new diseases, spawn more devastating natural disasters, and catalyze deadly conflicts.\nWe will confront these threats head on while working with our allies and restoring our standing in the world. We will pursue a tough, smart, and principled national security strategy. It is a strategy that recognizes that we have interests not just in Baghdad, but in Kandahar and Karachi, in Beijing, Berlin, Brasilia and Bamako. It is a strategy that contends with the many disparate forces shaping this century, including: the fundamentalist challenge to freedom; the emergence of new powers like China, India, Russia, and a united Europe; the spread of lethal weapons; uncertain supplies of energy, food, and water; the persistence of poverty and the growing gap between rich and poor; and extraordinary new technologies that send people, ideas, and money across the globe at ever faster speeds.\nBarack Obama will focus this strategy on seven goals: (i) ending the war in Iraq responsibly; (ii) defeating Al Qaeda and combating violent extremism; (iii) securing nuclear weapons and materials from terrorists; (iv) revitalizing and supporting our military; (v) renewing our partnerships to promote our common security; (vi) advancing democracy and development; and (vii) protecting our planet by achieving energy security and combating climate change.\nEnding the War in Iraq\nTo renew American leadership in the world, we must first bring the Iraq war to a responsible end. Our men and women in uniform have performed admirably while sacrificing immeasurably. Our civilian leaders have failed them. Iraq was a diversion from the fight against the terrorists who struck us on 9-11, and incompetent prosecution of the war by civilian leaders compounded the strategic blunder of choosing to wage it in the first place.\nWe will re-center American foreign policy by responsibly redeploying our combat forces from Iraq and refocusing them on urgent missions. We will give our military a new mission: ending this war and giving Iraq back to its people. We will be as careful getting out of Iraq as we were careless getting in. We can safely remove our combat brigades at the pace of one to two per month and expect to complete redeployment within sixteen months. After this redeployment, we will keep a residual force in Iraq to perform specific missions: targeting terrorists; protecting our embassy and civil personnel; and advising and supporting Iraq's Security Forces, provided the Iraqis make political progress.\nAt the same time, we will provide generous assistance to Iraqi refugees and internally displaced persons. We will launch a comprehensive regional and international diplomatic surge to help broker a lasting political settlement in Iraq, which is the only path to a sustainable peace. We will make clear that we seek no permanent bases in Iraq. We will encourage Iraq's government to devote its oil revenues and budget surplus to reconstruction and development. This is the future the American people want. This is the future that Iraqis want. This is what our common interests demand.\nDefeating Al Qaeda and Combating Terrorism\nThe central front in the war on terror is not Iraq, and it never was. We will defeat Al Qaeda in Afghanistan and Pakistan, where those who actually attacked us on 9-11 reside and are resurgent.\nWin in Afghanistan\nOur troops are performing heroically in Afghanistan, but as countless military commanders and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff acknowledge, we lack the resources to finish the job because of our commitment to Iraq. We will finally make the fight against Al Qaeda and the Taliban the top priority that it should be.\nWe will send at least two additional combat brigades to Afghanistan, and use this commitment to seek greater contributions–with fewer restrictions–from our NATO allies. We will focus on building up our special forces and intelligence capacity, training, equipping and advising Afghan security forces, building Afghan governmental capacity, and promoting the rule of law. We will bolster our State Department's Provincial Reconstruction Teams and our other government agencies helping the Afghan people. We will help Afghans educate their children, including their girls, provide basic human services to their population, and grow their economy from the bottom up, with an additional $1 billion in non-military assistance each year–including investments in alternative livelihoods to poppy-growing for Afghan farmers–just as we crack down on trafficking and corruption. Afghanistan must not be lost to a future of narco-terrorism–or become again a haven for terrorists.\nThe greatest threat to the security of the Afghan people–and the American people–lies in the tribal regions of Pakistan, where terrorists train, plot attacks, and strike into Afghanistan and move back across the border. We cannot tolerate a sanctuary for Al Qaeda. We need a stronger and sustained partnership between Afghanistan, Pakistan, and NATO–including necessary assets like satellites and predator drones–to better secure the border, to take out terrorist camps, and to crack down on cross-border insurgents. We must help Pakistan develop its own counter-terrorism and counter-insurgency capacity. We will invest in the long-term development of the Pashtun border region, so that the extremists' program of hate is met with an agenda of hope.\nWe will ask more of the Pakistani government, rather than offer a blank check to an undemocratic President. We will significantly increase non-military aid to the Pakistani people and sustain it for a decade, while ensuring that the military assistance we provide is actually used to fight extremists. We must move beyond an alliance built on individual leaders, or we will face mounting opposition in a nuclear-armed nation at the nexus of terror, extremism, and the instability wrought by autocracy.\nCombat Terrorism\nBeyond Afghanistan and Pakistan, we must forge a more effective global response to terrorism. There must be no safe haven for those who plot to kill Americans. We need a comprehensive strategy to defeat global terrorists–one that draws on the full range of American power, including but not limited to our military might. We will create a properly resourced Shared Security Partnership to enhance counter-terrorism cooperation with countries around the world, including through information sharing as well as funding for training, operations, border security, anti-corruption programs, technology, and targeting terrorist financing.\nWe will pursue policies to undermine extremism, recognizing that this contest is also between two competing ideas and visions of the future. A crucial debate is occurring within Islam. The vast majority of Muslims believe in a future of peace, tolerance, development, and democratization. A small minority embrace a rigid and violent intolerance of personal liberty and the world at large. To empower forces of moderation, America must live up to our values, respect civil liberties, reject torture, and lead by example. We will make every effort to export hope and opportunity–access to education, that opens minds to tolerance, not extremism; secure food and water supplies; and health care, trade, capital, and investment. We will provide steady support for political reformers, democratic institutions, and civil society that is necessary to uphold human rights and build respect for the rule of law.\nSecure the Homeland\nHere at home, we will strengthen our security and protect the critical infrastructure on which the entire world depends. We will fully fund and implement the recommendations of the bipartisan 9-11 Commission. We will spend homeland security dollars on the basis of risk. This means investing more resources to defend mass transit, closing the gaps in our aviation security by screening all cargo on passenger airliners and checking all passengers against a reliable and comprehensive watch list, and upgrading plant security and port security by ensuring that cargo is screened for radiation. To ensure that resources are targeted, we will establish a Quadrennial Review at the Department of Homeland Security to undertake a top to bottom assessment of the threats we face and our ability to confront them. And we will develop a comprehensive National Infrastructure Protection Plan that draws on both local know-how and national priorities. We will ensure direct coordination with state, local, and tribal jurisdictions so that first responders are always resourced and prepared.\nPursue Intelligence Reform\nTo succeed, our homeland security and counter-terrorism actions must be linked to an intelligence community that deals effectively with the threats we face. Today, we rely largely on the same institutions and practices that were in place before 9-11. Barack Obama will depoliticize intelligence by appointing a Director of National Intelligence with a fixed term, create a bipartisan Consultative Group of congressional leaders on national security, and establish a National Declassification Center to ensure openness. To keep pace with highly adaptable enemies, we need technologies and practices that enable us to efficiently collect and share information within and across our intelligence agencies. We must invest still more in human intelligence and deploy additional trained operatives with specialized knowledge of local cultures and languages. And we will institutionalize the practice of developing competitive assessments of critical threats and strengthen our methodologies of analysis.\nPreventing the Spread and Use of Weapons of Mass Destruction\nWe will urgently seek to reduce dramatically the risks from three potentially catastrophic threats: nuclear weapons, biological attacks, and cyber warfare. In an age of terrorism, these dangers take on new dimensions. Nuclear, biological, and cyber attacks all pose the potential for large-scale damage and destruction to our people, to our economy and to our way of life. The capacity to inflict such damage is spreading not only to other countries, but also potentially to terrorist groups.\nA World Without Nuclear Weapons\nAmerica will seek a world with no nuclear weapons and take concrete actions to move in this direction. We face the growing threat of terrorists acquiring nuclear weapons or the materials to make them, as more countries seek nuclear weapons and nuclear materials remain unsecured in too many places. As George Shultz, Bill Perry, Henry Kissinger, and Sam Nunn have warned, current measures are not adequate to address these dangers. We will maintain a strong and reliable deterrent as long as nuclear weapons exist, but America will be safer in a world that is reducing reliance on nuclear weapons and ultimately eliminates all of them. We will make the goal of eliminating nuclear weapons worldwide a central element of U.S. nuclear weapons policy.\nWe will work with other nations to secure, eliminate, and stop the spread of nuclear weapons and materials to dramatically reduce the dangers to our nation and the world. There are nuclear weapons materials in 40 countries, and we will lead a global effort to work with other countries to secure all nuclear weapons material at vulnerable sites within four years. We will work with nations to increase security for nuclear weapons. We will convene a summit in 2009 (and regularly thereafter) of leaders of Permanent Members of the U.N. Security Council and other key countries to agree on implementing many of these measures on a global basis.\nEnd the Production of Fissile Material\nWe will negotiate a verifiable global ban on the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons. We will work to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons technology so that countries cannot build–or come to the brink of building–a weapons program under the guise of developing peaceful nuclear power. We will seek to double the International Atomic Energy Agency's budget, support the creation of an IAEA-controlled nuclear fuel bank to guarantee fuel supply to countries that do not build enrichment facilities, and work to strengthen the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.\nEnd Cold War Nuclear Postures\nTo enhance our security and help meet our commitments under the Non-Proliferation Treaty, we will seek deep, verifiable reductions in United States and Russian nuclear weapons and work with other nuclear powers to reduce global stockpiles dramatically. We will work with Russia to take as many weapons as possible off Cold War, quick-launch status, and extend key provisions of the START Treaty, including its essential monitoring and verification requirements. We will not develop new nuclear weapons, and will work to create a bipartisan consensus to support ratification of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, which will strengthen the NPT and aid international monitoring of nuclear activities.\nPrevent Iran from Acquiring Nuclear Weapons\nThe world must prevent Iran from acquiring nuclear weapons. That starts with tougher sanctions and aggressive, principled, and direct high-level diplomacy, without preconditions. We will pursue this strengthened diplomacy alongside our European allies, and with no illusions about the Iranian regime. We will present Iran with a clear choice: if you abandon your nuclear weapons program, support for terror, and threats to Israel, you will receive meaningful incentives; so long as you refuse, the United States and the international community will further ratchet up the pressure, with stronger unilateral sanctions; stronger multilateral sanctions inside and outside the U.N. Security Council, and sustained action to isolate the Iranian regime. The Iranian people and the international community must know that it is Iran, not the United States, choosing isolation over cooperation. By going the extra diplomatic mile, while keeping all options on the table, we make it more likely the rest of the world will stand with us to increase pressure on Iran, if diplomacy is failing.\nDe-Nuclearize North Korea\nWe support the belated diplomatic effort to secure a verifiable end to North Korea's nuclear weapons program and to fully account for and secure any fissile material or weapons North Korea has produced to date. We will continue direct diplomacy and are committed to working with our partners through the six-party talks to ensure that all agreements are fully implemented in the effort to achieve a verifiably nuclear-free Korean peninsula.\nBiological and Chemical Weapons\nWe will strengthen U.S. intelligence collection overseas to identify and interdict would-be bioterrorists before they strike. We will also build greater capacity to mitigate the consequences of bio-terror attacks, ensuring that the federal government does all it can to get citizens the information and resources they need to help protect themselves and their families. We will accelerate the development of new medicines, vaccines, and production capabilities, and lead an international effort to detect and diminish the impact of major infectious disease epidemics. And we will fully fund our contribution to the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons and work to ensure that remaining stockpiles of chemical weapons are destroyed swiftly, safely, and securely.\nStronger Cyber-Security\nWe will work with private industry, the research community and our citizens, to build a trustworthy and accountable cyber-infrastructure that is resilient, protects America's competitive advantage, and advances our national and homeland security.\nRevitalizing and Supporting the Military, Keeping Faith With Veterans\nTo renew American leadership in the world, we must revitalize our military. A strong military is, more than anything, necessary to sustain peace.\nEnding the war in Iraq will be the beginning, but not the end, of addressing our defense challenges. We will use this moment both to rebuild our military and to prepare it for the missions of the future. We must retain the capacity to swiftly defeat any conventional threat to our country and our vital interests. But we must also become better prepared to take on foes that fight asymmetrical and highly adaptive campaigns on a global scale.\nWe will not hesitate to use force to protect the American people or our vital interests whenever we are attacked or imminently threatened. But we will use our armed forces wisely, with others when we can, unilaterally when we must. When we send our men and women into harm's way, we must clearly define the mission, listen to the advice of our military commanders, objectively evaluate intelligence, and ensure that our troops have the strategy, resources, and support they need to prevail.\nWe believe we must also be willing to consider using military force in circumstances beyond self-defense in order to provide for the common security that underpins global stability–to support friends, participate in stability and reconstruction operations, or confront mass atrocities. But when we do use force in situations other than self-defense, we should make every effort to garner the clear support and participation of others. The consequences of forgetting that lesson in the context of the current conflict in Iraq have been grave.\nExpand the Armed Forces\nWe support plans to increase the size of the Army by 65,000 troops and the Marines by 27,000 troops. Increasing our end strength will help units retrain and re-equip properly between deployments and decrease the strain on military families.\nRecruit and Retain\nA nation of 300 million people should not struggle to find additional qualified personnel to serve. Recruitment and retention problems have been swept under the rug, including by applying inconsistent standards and using the \"Stop Loss\" program to keep our servicemen and women in the force after their enlistment has expired. We will reach out to youth, as well as to the parents, teachers, coaches, and community and religious leaders who influence them, and make it an imperative to restore the ethic of public service, whether it be serving their local communities in such roles as teachers or first responders, or serving in the military and reserve forces or diplomatic corps that keep our nation free and safe.\nRebuild the Military for 21st-Century Tasks\nWe will rebuild our armed forces to meet the full spectrum needs of the new century. We will strongly support efforts to: build up our special operations forces, civil affairs, information operations, engineers, foreign area officers, and other units and capabilities that remain in chronic short supply; invest in foreign language training, cultural awareness, human intelligence, and other needed counter-insurgency and stabilization skill sets; and create a specialized military advisor corps, which will enable us to better build up local allies' capacities to take on mutual threats. We also will ensure that military personnel have sufficient training time before they are sent into battle. This is not the case at the moment, when American forces are being rushed to Iraq and Afghanistan, often with less individual and unit training than is required.\nDevelop Civilian Capacity to Promote Global Stability and Improve Emergency Response\nWe will build the capacity of U.S. civilian agencies to deploy personnel and area experts where they are needed, so that we no longer have to ask our men and women in uniform to perform non-military functions. The creation of a volunteer Civilian Assistance Corps of skilled experts (e.g., doctors, lawyers, engineers, city planners, agriculture specialists, police) who are pre-trained and willing to aid in emergencies will involve more Americans in public service and provide our nation with a pool of talent to assist America in times of need at home and abroad.\nDo Right by Our Veterans and Their Families\nWe believe that every servicemember is a hero who deserves our respect and gratitude, not just on Veterans Day or Memorial Day, but every day. When they put on their uniforms, these servicemembers all become all of our daughters and all of our sons, and it is time we started treating them as such. As the shameful events at Walter Reed hospital and the recent reports on growing numbers of homeless and unemployed veterans show, this Administration that has asked so much of them has not repaid their sacrifice.\nWe will build a 21st century Department of Veterans Affairs that reflects the reality of America's all volunteer military and has the resources, without returning every year to fight the same battles, to uphold America's sacred trust with our veterans. We will make sure that members of our Armed Forces have a fair shot at the American Dream by implementing the new GI Bill. We will ensure that every veteran has access to quality health care for injuries both physical and mental, and we will require that health professionals screen all servicemembers upon their return from combat. We will aggressively address Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Traumatic Brain Injury. We will work to ensure that every veteran receives the benefits he or she has earned and the assistance he or she needs by making the disability benefits process more fair, efficient, and equitable. We will dramatically reduce the backlog of disability claims. We will combat homelessness, unemployment, and underemployment among veterans and improve the transition for servicemen between the Departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs. We will continue to honor our promises to all veterans, including the Filipino veterans, especially with regards to citizenship and family reunification.\nLift Burdens on Our Troops and Their Families\nWe must better support those families of whom we are asking so much. We will create a Military Families Advisory Board to help identify and develop practical policies to ease the burden on spouses and families.\nWe will protect our military families from losing their homes to foreclosure. We will work for pay parity so that compensation for military service is more in line with that of the private sector. We will end the stop-loss and reserve recall policies that allow an individual to be forced to remain on active duty well after his or her enlistment has expired, and we will establish regularity in deployments so that active duty and reserve troops know what they must expect and their families can plan for it.\nSupport the Readiness of the Guard and Reserve\nDemocrats will provide the National Guard with the equipment it needs for foreign and domestic emergencies and provide time and support to restore and refit between deployments. We will also ensure that reservists and Guard members are treated fairly when it comes to employment, health, education benefits, deployment, and reintegration. We will do this by adequately funding reintegration programs to assist returning service members and by enforcing the Service Members Civil Relief Act and the Uniformed Service Employment Rights and Readjustment Act, laws too often observed in the breach today. To ensure that the concerns of our citizen soldiers reach the level they mandate, Democrats will elevate the Chief of the National Guard to be a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.\nAllow All Americans to Serve\nWe will also put national security above divisive politics. More than 12,500 service men and women have been discharged on the basis of sexual orientation since the \"Don't Ask, Don't Tell\" policy was implemented, at a cost of over $360 million. Many of those forced out had special skills in high demand, such as translators, engineers, and pilots. At a time when the military is having a tough time recruiting and retaining troops, it is wrong to deny our country the service of brave, qualified people. We support the repeal of \"Don't Ask Don't Tell\" and the implementation of policies to allow qualified men and women to serve openly regardless of sexual orientation\nReform Contracting Practices and Make Contractors Accountable\nWe believe taxpayer dollars should be spent to invest in our fighting men and women, not to fatten the pockets of private companies. We will instruct the Defense and State Departments to develop a strategy for determining when contracting makes sense, and when certain functions are \"inherently governmental\" and should not be contracted out. We will establish the legal status of contractor personnel, making possible prosecution of any abuses committed by private military contractors, and create a system of improved oversight and management, so that government can restore honesty, openness, and efficiency to contracting and procurement.\nWorking for Our Common Security\nTo renew American leadership in the world, we will rebuild the alliances, partnerships, and institutions necessary to confront common threats and enhance common security. Needed reform of these alliances and institutions will not come by bullying other countries to ratify American demands. It will come when we convince other governments and peoples that they too have a stake in effective partnerships. It is only leadership if others join America in working toward our common security.\nToo often, in recent years, we have sent the opposite signal to our international partners. In the case of Europe, we dismissed European reservations about the wisdom and necessity of the Iraq war and their concerns about climate change. In Asia, we belittled South Korean efforts to improve relations with the North. In Latin America, from Mexico to Argentina, we failed to address concerns about immigration and equity and economic growth. In Africa, we have allowed genocide to persist for over five years in Darfur and have not done nearly enough to answer the United Nation's call for more support to stop the killing. Under Barack Obama, we will rebuild our ties to our allies in Europe and Asia and strengthen our partnerships throughout the Americas and Africa.\nU.S. engagement with Africa should reflect its vital significance to the U.S. as well as its emerging role in the global economy. We recognize Africa's promise as a trade and investment partner and the importance of policies that can contribute to sustainable economic growth, job creation, and poverty alleviation. We are committed to bringing the full weight of American leadership to bear in unlocking the spirit of entrepreneurship and economic independence that is sweeping across markets of Africa.\nWe believe that sustainable economic growth and development will mitigate and even help to reverse such chronic and debilitating challenges as poverty, hunger, conflict, and HIV/AIDS. We are committed to bringing the full weight of American leadership to bear to work in partnership with Africa to confront these crises. We will work with the United Nations and Africa's regional organizations to prevent and resolve conflict and to build the capacity of Africa's weak and failing states. We must respond effectively when there is a humanitarian crisis–particularly at this moment in Sudan where genocide persists in Darfur and the Comprehensive Peace Agreement is threatened.\nMany African countries have embraced democratization and economic liberalization. We will help strengthen Africa's democratic development and respect for human rights, while encouraging political and economic reforms that result in improved transparency and accountability. We will defend democracy and stand up for rule of law when it is under assault, such as in Zimbabwe.\nRecommit to an Alliance of the Americas\nWe recognize that the security and prosperity of the United States is fundamentally tied to the future of the Americas. We believe that in the 21st Century, the U.S. must treat Latin America and the Caribbean as full partners, just as our neighbors to the south should reject the bombast of authoritarian bullies. Our relationship with Canada, our long-time ally, should be strengthened and enhanced. An alliance of the Americas will only succeed if it is founded on the bedrock of mutual respect and works to advance democracy, opportunity, and security from the bottom-up. We must turn the page on the arrogance in Washington and the anti-Americanism across the region that stands in the way of progress. We must work with close partners like Mexico, Brazil, and Colombia on issues like ending the drug trade, fighting poverty and inequality, and immigration. We must work with the Caribbean community to help restore stability and the rule of law to Haiti, to improve the lives of its people, and to strengthen its democracy. And we must build ties to the people of Cuba and help advance their liberty by allowing unlimited family visits and remittances to the island, while presenting the Cuban regime with a clear choice: if it takes significant steps toward democracy, beginning with the unconditional release of all political prisoners, we will be prepared to take steps to begin normalizing relations.\nLead in Asia\nWe are committed to U.S. engagement in Asia. This begins with maintaining strong relationships with allies like Japan, Australia, South Korea, Thailand, and the Philippines, and deepening our ties to vital democratic partners, like India, in order to create a stable and prosperous Asia. We must also forge a more effective framework in Asia that goes beyond bilateral agreements, occasional summits, and ad hoc diplomatic arrangements.\nWe need an open and inclusive infrastructure with the countries in Asia that can promote stability, prosperity, and human rights, and help confront transnational threats, from terrorist cells in the Philippines to avian flu in Indonesia. We will encourage China to play a responsible role as a growing power—to help lead in addressing the common problems of the 21st century. We are committed to a \"One China\" policy and the Taiwan Relations Act, and will continue to support a peaceful resolution of cross- Straits issues that is consistent with the wishes and best interests of the people of Taiwan. It's time to engage China on common interests like climate change, trade, and energy, even as we continue to encourage its shift to a more open society and a market-based economy, and promote greater respect for human rights, including freedom of speech, press, assembly, religion, uncensored use of the internet, and Chinese workers' right to freedom of association, as well as the rights of Tibetans.\nStrengthen Transatlantic Relations\nEurope remains America's indispensable partner. We support the historic project to build a strong European Union that can be an even stronger partner for the United States. NATO has made tremendous strides over the last fifteen years, transforming itself from a Cold War security structure into a partnership for peace. But today, NATO's challenge in Afghanistan has exposed a gap between its missions and its capabilities. To close this gap, we will invest more in NATO's mission in Afghanistan and use that investment to leverage our NATO allies to contribute more resources to collective security operations and to invest more in reconstruction and stabilization capabilities. As we promote democracy and accountability in Russia, we must work with the country in areas of common interest–above all, in making sure that nuclear weapons and materials are secure. We will insist that Russia abide by international law and respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of its neighbors. We are committed to active Presidential leadership in the full implementation of the Irish Good Friday Agreement and St. Andrews Accords. We will seek to strengthen and broaden our strategic partnership with Turkey, end the division of Cyprus, and continue to support a close U.S. relationship with states that seek to strengthen their ties to NATO and the West, such as Georgia and Ukraine.\nStand with Allies and Pursue Diplomacy in the Middle East\nFor more than three decades, Israelis, Palestinians, Arab leaders, and the rest of the world have looked to America to lead the effort to build the road to a secure and lasting peace. Our starting point must always be our special relationship with Israel, grounded in shared interests and shared values, and a clear, strong, fundamental commitment to the security of Israel, our strongest ally in the region and its only established democracy. That commitment, which requires us to ensure that Israel retains a qualitative edge for its national security and its right to self-defense, is all the more important as we contend with growing threats in the region–a strengthened Iran, a chaotic Iraq, the resurgence of Al Qaeda, the reinvigoration of Hamas and Hezbollah. We support the implementation of the memorandum of understanding that pledges $30 billion in assistance to Israel over the next decade to enhance and ensure its security.\nIt is in the best interests of all parties, including the United States, that we take an active role to help secure a lasting settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict with a democratic, viable Palestinian state dedicated to living in peace and security side by side with the Jewish State of Israel. To do so, we must help Israel identify and strengthen those partners who are truly committed to peace, while isolating those who seek conflict and instability, and stand with Israel against those who seek its destruction. The United States and its Quartet partners should continue to isolate Hamas until it renounces terrorism, recognizes Israel's right to exist, and abides by past agreements. Sustained American leadership for peace and security will require patient efforts and the personal commitment of the President of the United States. The creation of a Palestinian state through final status negotiations, together with an international compensation mechanism, should resolve the issue of Palestinian refugees by allowing them to settle there, rather than in Israel. All understand that it is unrealistic to expect the outcome of final status negotiations to be a full and complete return to the armistice lines of 1949. Jerusalem is and will remain the capital of Israel. The parties have agreed that Jerusalem is a matter for final status negotiations. It should remain an undivided city accessible to people of all faiths.\nDeepen Ties with Emerging Powers\nWe also will pursue effective collaboration on pressing global issues among all the major powers–including such newly emerging ones as China, India, Russia, Brazil, Nigeria, and South Africa. With India, we will build on the close partnership developed over the past decade. As two of the world's great, multi-ethnic democracies, the U.S. and India are natural strategic allies, and we must work together to advance our common interests and to combat the common threats of the 21st Century. We believe it is in the United States' interest that all of these emerging powers and others assume a greater stake in promoting international peace and respect for human rights, including through their more constructive participation in key global institutions.\nRevitalize Global Institutions\nTo enhance global cooperation on issues from weapons proliferation to climate change, we need stronger international institutions. We believe that the United Nations is indispensable but requires far-reaching reform. The U.N. Secretariat's management practices remain inadequate. Peacekeeping operations are overextended. The new U.N. Human Rights Council remains biased and ineffective. Yet none of these problems will be solved unless America rededicates itself to the organization and its mission. We support reforming key global institutions —such as the U.N. Security Council and the G-8—so they will be more reflective of 21st Century realities.\nAdvancing Democracy, Development, and Respect for Human Rights\nNo country in the world has benefited more from the worldwide expansion of democracy than the United States. Democracies are our best trading partners, our most valuable allies, and the nations with which we share our deepest values. The United States must join with our democratic partners around the world to meet common security challenges and uphold our shared values whenever they are threatened by autocratic practices, coups, human rights abuses, or genocide.\nBuild Democratic Institutions\nThe Democratic Party reaffirms its longstanding commitment to support democratic institutions and practices worldwide. A more democratic world is a more peaceful and prosperous place. Yet democracy cannot be imposed by force from the outside; it must be nurtured with moderates on the inside by building democratic institutions.\nThe United States must be a relentless advocate for democracy and put forward a vision of democracy that goes beyond the ballot box. We will increase our support for strong legislatures, independent judiciaries, free press, vibrant civil society, honest police forces, religious freedom, equality for women and minorities, and the rule of law. In new democracies, we will support the development of civil society and representative institutions that can protect fundamental human rights and improve the quality of life for all citizens, including independent and democratic unions. In non-democratic countries, we pledge to work with international partners to assist the efforts of those struggling to promote peaceful political reforms. Ongoing funding to the National Endowment for Democracy and other U.S. government-funded democracy programs reflects American values and serves our interests.\nInvest in Our Common Humanity\nTo renew American leadership in the world, we will strengthen our common security by investing in our common humanity. In countries wracked by poverty and conflict, citizens long to enjoy freedom from want. Because extremely poor societies and weak states provide optimal breeding grounds for terrorism, disease, and conflict, the United States has a direct national security interest in dramatically reducing global poverty and joining with our allies in sharing more of our riches to help those most in need.\nIt is time to make the U.N. Millennium Development Goals, which aim to cut extreme poverty in half by 2015, America's goals as well. We need to invest in building capable, democratic states that can establish healthy and educated communities, develop markets, and generate wealth. Such states would also have greater institutional capacities to fight terrorism, halt the spread of deadly weapons, and build health-care infrastructures to prevent, detect, and treat deadly diseases such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, and avian flu.\nWe will double our annual investment in meeting these challenges to $50 billion by 2012 and ensure that those new resources are directed toward worthwhile goals. We will work with philanthropic organizations and the private sector to invest in development and poverty reduction. But if America is going to help others build more just and secure societies, our trade deals, debt relief, and foreign aid must not come as blank checks. We will recognize the fragility of small nations in the Caribbean, the Americas, Africa, and Asia and work with them to successfully transition to a new global economy. We will couple our support with an insistent call for reform, to combat the corruption that rots societies and governments from within. As part of this new funding, we will create a $2 billion Global Education Fund that will bring the world together in eliminating the global education deficit with the goal of supporting a free, quality, basic education for every child in the world. Education increases incomes, reduces poverty, strengthens communities, prevents the spread of disease, improves child and maternal health, and empowers women and girls. We cannot hope to shape a world where opportunity outweighs danger unless we ensure that every child everywhere is taught to build and not to destroy.\nOur policies will recognize that human rights are women's rights and that women's rights are human rights. Women make up the majority of the poor in the world. So we will expand access to women's economic development opportunities and seek to expand microcredit. Women produce half of the world's food but only own one percent of the land upon which it is grown. We will work to ensure that women have equal protection under the law and are not denied rights and therefore locked into poverty.\nWe will modernize our foreign assistance policies, tools, and operations in an elevated, empowered, consolidated, and streamlined U.S. development agency. Development and diplomacy will be reinforced as key pillars of U.S. foreign policy, and our civilian agencies will be staffed, resourced, and equipped to address effectively new global challenges.\nAmerican leadership on human rights is essential to making the world safer, more just, and more humane. Such leadership must begin with steps to undo the damage of the Bush years. But we also must go much further. We should work with others to shape human rights institutions and instruments tailored to the 21st Century. We must make the United Nations' human rights organs more objective, energetic, and effective. The U.S. must lead global efforts to promote international humanitarian standards and to protect civilians from indiscriminate violence during warfare. We will champion accountability for genocide and war crimes, ending the scourge of impunity for massive human rights abuses. We will stand up for oppressed people from Cuba to North Korea and from Burma to Zimbabwe and Sudan. We will accord greater weight to human rights, including the rights of women and children, in our relationships with other global powers, recognizing that America's long-term strategic interests are more likely to be advanced when our partners are rights-respecting.\nGlobal Health\nDemocrats will invest in improving global health. It is a human shame that many of the diseases which compound the problem of global poverty are treatable, but they are yet to be treated.\nThe HIV/AIDS pandemic is a massive human tragedy. It is also a security risk of the highest order that threatens to plunge nations into chaos. There are an estimated 33 million people across the planet infected with HIV/AIDS, including more than one million people in the U.S. Nearly 8,000 people die every day of AIDS. We must do more to fight the global HIV/AIDS pandemic, as well as malaria, tuberculosis, and neglected tropical diseases. We will provide $50 billion over five years to strengthen existing U.S. programs and expand them to new regions of the world, including Southeast Asia, India, and parts of Europe, where the HIV/AIDS burden is growing. We will increase U.S. contributions to the Global Fund to ensure that global efforts to fight endemic disease continue to move ahead.\nWe also support the adoption of humanitarian licensing policies that ensure medications developed with the U.S. taxpayer dollars are available off patent in developing countries. We will repeal the global gag rule and reinstate funding to the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). We will expand access to health care and nutrition for women and reduce the burden of maternal mortality.\nHuman Trafficking\nWe will address human trafficking—both labor and sex trafficking–through strong legislation and enforcement to ensure that trafficking victims are protected and traffickers are brought to justice. We will also address the root causes of human trafficking, including poverty, discrimination, and gender inequality, as well as the demand for prostitution.\nProtecting our Security and Saving our Planet\nWe must end the tyranny of oil in our time. This immediate danger is eclipsed only by the longer-term threat from climate change, which will lead to devastating weather patterns, terrible storms, drought, conflict, and famine. That means people competing for food and water in the next fifty years in the very places that have known horrific violence in the last fifty: Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia. That could also mean destructive storms on our shores, and the disappearance of our coastline.\nWe understand that climate change is not just an economic issue or an environmental concern– this is a national security crisis.\nEstablish Energy Security\nNot since the 1970s has America's national security been so threatened by its energy insecurity, and, as we have learned the hard way over the past eight years, achieving energy security in the 21st century requires far more than simply expending our economic and political resources to keep oil flowing steadily out of unstable and even hostile countries and regions.\nRather, energy security requires stemming the flow of money to oil rich regimes that are hostile to America and its allies; it requires combating climate change and preparing for its impacts both at home and abroad; it requires making international energy markets work for us and not against us; it requires standing up to the oil companies that spend hundreds of millions of dollars on lobbying and political contributions; it requires addressing nuclear safety, waste, and proliferation challenges around the world; and more.\nDemocrats will halt this dangerous trend, and take the necessary steps to achieving energy independence. We will make it a top priority to reduce oil consumption by at least 35 percent, or ten million barrels per day, by 2030. This will more than offset the amount of oil we are expected to import from OPEC nations in 2030.\nLead to Combat Climate Change\nWe will lead to defeat the epochal, man-made threat to the planet: climate change. Without dramatic changes, rising sea levels will flood coastal regions around the world. Warmer temperatures and declining rainfall will reduce crop yields, increasing conflict, famine, disease, and poverty. By 2050, famine could displace more than 250 million people worldwide. That means increased instability in some of the most volatile parts of the world.\nNever again will we sit on the sidelines, or stand in the way of collective action to tackle this global challenge. Getting our own house in order is only a first step. We will invest in efficient and clean technologies at home while using our assistance policies and export promotions to help developing countries preserve biodiversity, curb deforestation, and leapfrog the carbon-energy-intensive stage of development.\nWe will reach out to the leaders of the biggest carbon emitting nations and ask them to join a new Global Energy Forum that will lay the foundation for the next generation of climate protocols. China has replaced America as the world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases. Clean energy development must be a central focus in our relationships with major countries in Europe and Asia. We need a global response to climate change that includes binding and enforceable commitments to reducing emissions, especially for those that pollute the most: the United States, China, India, the European Union, and Russia.\nThis challenge is massive, but rising to it will also bring new benefits to America. By 2050, global demand for low-carbon energy could create an annual market worth $500 billion. Meeting that demand would open new frontiers for American entrepreneurs and workers.\nSeizing the Opportunity\nIt is time for a new generation to tell the next great American story. If we act with boldness and foresight, we will be able to tell our grandchildren that this was the time we confronted climate change and secured the weapons that could destroy the human race. This was the time we defeated global terrorists and brought opportunity to forgotten corners of the world. This was the time when we helped forge peace in the Middle East. This was the time when we renewed the America that has led generations of weary travelers from all over the world to find opportunity and liberty and hope on our doorstep.\nIt was not all that long ago that farmers in Venezuela and Indonesia welcomed American doctors to their villages and hung pictures of John F. Kennedy on their living room walls, when millions waited every day for a letter in the mail that would grant them the privilege to come to America to study, work, live, or just be free.\nWe can be this America again. This is our moment to renew the trust and faith of our people– and all people–in an America that battles immediate evils, promotes an ultimate good, and leads the world once more.\nIII. Renewing the American Community\nIn local platform hearings around the country and the world, Americans talked of the need for compassion, empathy, a commitment to our values, and the importance of being united in order to take on the challenges and opportunities of the new century. They sounded the same themes we have heard since the campaign began, whether in town halls in Nevada, policy roundtables in Philadelphia, or online gatherings held by Democrats Abroad. They said that they valued Barack Obama's message that alongside Americans' famous individualism, there's another ingredient in the American saga: a belief that we are connected to each other. We could all choose to focus on our own concerns and live our lives in a way that tries to keep our individual stories separate from the larger story of America. But that is not who we are. That is not our American story. If there's a child on the south side of Chicago who can't read, that matters to us, even if it's not our child. Similarly, if there's a senior citizen in Elko, Nevada who has to choose between medicine and the rent, that makes our lives poorer, even if it's not our grandmother. Because it is only when we join together in something larger than ourselves that we can write the next great chapter in America's story.\nService\nThe future of our country will be determined not only by our government and our policies but through the efforts of the American people. That is why we will ask all Americans to be actively involved in meeting the challenges of the new century. In this young century, our military has answered the call to serve, even as that call has come too often. We must now make it possible for all citizens to serve. We will expand AmeriCorps, double the size of the Peace Corps, enable more to serve in the military, create new opportunities for international service, integrate service into primary education, and create new opportunities for experienced and retired persons to serve. And if you invest in America, America will invest in you: we will increase support for service-learning, establish tax incentives for college students who serve, and create scholarships for students who pledge to become teachers. We will use the Internet to better match volunteers to service opportunities. In these ways, we will unleash the power of service to meet America's challenges in a uniquely American way.\nAmerica has always been a nation of immigrants. Over the years, millions of people have come here in the hope that in America, you can make it if you try. Each successive wave of immigrants has contributed to our country's rich culture, economy and spirit. Like the immigrants that came before them, today's immigrants will shape their own destinies and enrich our country.\nNonetheless, our current immigration system has been broken for far too long. We need comprehensive immigration reform, not just piecemeal efforts. We must work together to pass immigration reform in a way that unites this country, not in a way that divides us by playing on our worst instincts and fears. We are committed to pursuing tough, practical, and humane immigration reform in the first year of the next administration.\nWe cannot continue to allow people to enter the United States undetected, undocumented, and unchecked. The American people are a welcoming and generous people, but those who enter our country's borders illegally, and those who employ them, disrespect the rule of the law. We need to secure our borders, and support additional personnel, infrastructure, and technology on the border and at our ports of entry. We need additional Customs and Border Protection agents equipped with better technology and real-time intelligence. We need to dismantle human smuggling organizations, combating the crime associated with this trade. We also need to do more to promote economic development in migrant-sending nations, to reduce incentives to come to the United States illegally. And we need to crack down on employers who hire undocumented immigrants. It's a problem when we only enforce our laws against the immigrants themselves, with raids that are ineffective, tear apart families, and leave people detained without adequate access to counsel. We realize that employers need a method to verify whether their employees are legally eligible to work in the United States, and we will ensure that our system is accurate, fair to legal workers, safeguards people's privacy, and cannot be used to discriminate against workers.\nWe must also improve the legal immigration system, and make our nation's naturalization process fair and accessible to the thousands of legal permanent residents who are eager to become full Americans. We should fix the dysfunctional immigration bureaucracy that hampers family reunification, the cornerstone of our immigration policy for years. Given the importance of both keeping families together and supporting American businesses, we will increase the number of immigration visas for family members of people living here and for immigrants who meet the demand for jobs that employers cannot fill, as long as appropriate labor market protections and standards are in place. We will fight discrimination against Americans who have always played by our immigration rules but are sometimes treated as if they had not.\nFor the millions living here illegally but otherwise playing by the rules, we must require them to come out of the shadows and get right with the law. We support a system that requires undocumented immigrants who are in good standing to pay a fine, pay taxes, learn English, and go to the back of the line for the opportunity to become citizens. They are our neighbors, and we can help them become full tax-paying, law-abiding, productive members of society.\nHurricane Katrina\nFor many in America, Hurricane Katrina conjures up the memory of a time when America's government failed its citizens. When the winds blew and the floodwaters came, we learned that for all of our wealth and power, something wasn't right with Washington. Our government's response during Hurricane Katrina is a national shame—and yet three years later, the government has still failed to keep its promise to rebuild.\nThe people of New Orleans and the Gulf Coast are heroes for returning and rebuilding, and they shouldn't face these challenges alone. We will partner with the people of the Gulf Coast to assist the victims of Hurricane Katrina and restore the region economically. We will create jobs and training opportunities for returning and displaced workers as well as contracting opportunities for local businesses to help create stronger, safer, and more equitable communities. We will increase funding for affordable housing and home ownership opportunities for returning families, workers, and residents moving out of unsafe trailers. We will reinvest in infrastructure in New Orleans: we will construct levees that work, fight crime by rebuilding local police departments and courthouses, invest in hospitals, and rebuild the public school system.\nWe also commit to the rebuilding and restoration of the Iowa communities affected by the floods of 2008.\nWe will also work to prevent future catastrophic response failures, whether the emergency comes from hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, tornadoes, wild fires, drought, bridge collapses, or any other natural or man-made disaster. Maintaining our levees and dams is not pork barrel spending–it is an urgent priority. We will fix governmental agencies like the Federal Emergency Management Agency, ensure that they are staffed with professionals, and create integrated communication and response plans. We will reform the Small Business Administration bureaucracy, and develop a real National Response Plan.\nWe will develop a National Catastrophic Insurance Fund to offer an affordable insurance mechanism for high-risk catastrophes that no single private insurer can cover by itself for fear of bankruptcy. This will allow states and territories to deal comprehensively with the economic dislocation of natural disasters.\nStewardship of Our Planet and Natural Resources\nGlobal climate change is the planet's greatest threat, and our response will determine the very future of life on this earth. Despite the efforts of our current Administration to deny the science of climate change and the need to act, we still believe that America can be earth's best hope. We will implement a market-based cap and trade system to reduce carbon emissions by the amount scientists say is necessary to avoid catastrophic change and we will set interim targets along the way to ensure that we meet our goal. We will invest in advanced energy technologies, to build the clean energy economy and create millions of new, good \"Green Collar\" American jobs. Because the environment is a truly global concern, the United States must be a leader in combating climate change around the world, including exporting climate-friendly technologies to developing countries. We will use innovative measures to dramatically improve the energy efficiency of buildings, including establishing a grant program for early adopters and providing incentives for energy conservation. We will encourage local initiatives, sustainable communities, personal responsibility, and environmental stewardship and education nationwide.\nWe will help local communities in the American West preserve water to meet their fast growing needs. We support a comprehensive solution for restoring our national treasures—such as the Great Lakes, Everglades, and Chesapeake Bay—including expanded scientific research and protections for species and habitats there. We will reinvigorate the Environmental Protection Agency so that we can work with communities to reduce air and water pollution and protect our children from environmental toxins, and never sacrifice science to politics. We will protect Nevada and its communities from the high-level nuclear waste dump at Yucca Mountain, which has not been proven to be safe by sound science. We will restore the \"polluter pays\" principle to fund the cleanup of the most polluted sites, so that those who cause environmental problems pay to fix them.\nFederal Lands\nWe will create a new vision for conservation that works with local communities to conserve our existing publicly-owned lands while dramatically expanding investments in conserving and restoring forests, grasslands, and wetlands across America for generations to come. Unlike the current Administration, we will reinvest in our nation's forests by providing federal agencies with resources to reduce the threat of wildland fires, promote sustainable forest product industries for rural economic development and ensure that national resources are in place to respond to catastrophic wildland fires. We will treat our national parks with the same respect that millions of families show each year when they visit. We will recognize that our parks are national treasures, and will ensure that they are protected as part of the overall natural system so they are here for generations to come. We are committed to conserving the lands used by hunters and anglers, and we will open millions of new acres of land to public hunting and fishing.\nMetropolitan and Urban Policy\nWe believe that strong cities are the building blocks of strong regions, and strong regions are essential for a strong America. To build vibrant and diverse cities and regions, we support equitable development strategies that create opportunities for those traditionally left behind by economic development efforts.\nFor the past eight years, the current Administration has ignored urban areas. We look forward to greater partnership with urban America. We will strengthen federal commitment to cities, including by creating a new White House Office on Urban Policy and fully funding the Community Development Block Grant. We support community-based initiatives, such as micro-loans, business assistance centers, community economic development corporations, and community development financial institutions. To help regional business development we will double federal funding for basic research, expand the deployment of broadband technology, increase access to capital for businesses in underserved areas, create a national network of public-private business incubators, and provide grants to support regional innovation clusters. Since businesses can only function when workers can get to their place of employment, we will invest in public transportation including rail, expand transportation options for low-income communities, and strengthen core infrastructure like our roads and bridges. We will provide cities the support they need to perform public safety and national security functions, reinvest in Community Oriented Policing Services, and keep children off the streets by supporting expanded after-school and summer opportunities. Finally, we will work to make cities greener and more livable by training employees to work in skilled clean technologies industries, improving the environmental efficiency of city buildings, and taking smart growth principles into account when designing transportation.\nFirearms\nWe recognize that the right to bear arms is an important part of the American tradition, and we will preserve Americans' Second Amendment right to own and use firearms. We believe that the right to own firearms is subject to reasonable regulation, but we know that what works in Chicago may not work in Cheyenne. We can work together to enact and enforce commonsense laws and improvements – like closing the gun show loophole, improving our background check system, and reinstating the assault weapons ban, so that guns do not fall into the hands of terrorists or criminals. Acting responsibly and with respect for differing views on this issue, we can both protect the constitutional right to bear arms and keep our communities and our children safe.\nFaith\nWe honor the central place of faith in our lives. Like our Founders, we believe that our nation, our communities, and our lives are made vastly stronger and richer by faith and the countless acts of justice and mercy it inspires. We believe that change comes not from the top-down, but from the bottom-up, and that few are closer to the people than our churches, synagogues, temples, and mosques. To face today's challenges–from saving our planet to ending poverty— we need all hands on deck. Faith-based groups are not a replacement for government or secular non-profit programs; rather, they are yet another sector working to meet the challenges of the 21st Century. We will empower grassroots faith-based and community groups to help meet challenges like poverty, ex-offender reentry, and illiteracy. At the same time, we can ensure that these partnerships do not endanger First Amendment protections – because there is no conflict between supporting faith-based institutions and respecting our Constitution. We will ensure that public funds are not used to proselytize or discriminate. We will also ensure that taxpayer dollars are only used on programs that actually work.\nThe Arts\nInvestment in the arts is an investment in our creativity and cultural heritage, in our diversity, in our communities, and in our humanity. We support art in schools and increased public funding for the National Endowment for the Arts and the National Endowment for the Humanities. We support the cultural exchange of artists around the world, spreading democracy and renewing America's status as a cultural and artistic center.\nWe will once again reclaim our role as world leaders in protecting the rights of people with disabilities. We will lead the United States in ratifying the U.N. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the first human rights treaty approved in the United Nations in the 21st century. We will ensure there is sufficient funding to empower Americans with disabilities to succeed in school and beyond. We will fully fund and increase staffing for the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. We will restore dignity for Americans with disabilities by signing the Community Choice Act into law, which will allow them the choice of living in their communities rather than being warehoused in nursing homes or other institutions.\nChildren and Families\nIf we are to renew America, we must do a better job of investing in the next generation of Americans. For parents, the first and most sacred responsibility is to support our children: setting an example of excellence, turning off the TV, and helping with the homework. But we must also support parents as they strive to raise their children in a new era. We must make it easier for working parents to spend time with their families when they need to. We will make an unprecedented national investment to guarantee that every child has access to high-quality early education, including investments in Pre-K, Head Start, and Early Head Start, and we will help pay for child care. We will ensure that every child has health insurance, invest in playgrounds to promote healthy and active lifestyles, and protect children from lead poisoning in their homes and toys. Improving maternal health also improves children's health, so we will provide access to home visits by medical professionals to low-income expectant first-time mothers. We must protect our most vulnerable children, by supporting and supplementing our struggling foster care system, enhancing adoption programs for all caring parents, and protecting children from violence and neglect. Online and on TV, we will give parents tools to block content they find objectionable. We also must recognize that caring for family members and managing a household is real and valuable work.\nFatherhood\nToo many fathers are missing–missing from too many lives and too many homes. Children who grow up without a father are five times more likely to live in poverty and are more likely to commit crime, drop out of school, abuse drugs, and end up in prison. We need more fathers to realize that responsibility does not end at conception. We need them to understand that what makes a man is not the ability to have a child–it's the courage to raise one. We will support fathers by providing transitional training to get jobs, removing tax penalties on married families, and expanding maternity and paternity leave. We will reward those who are responsibly supporting their children by giving them a tax credit and we will crack down on men who avoid child support payments and ensure those payments go directly to families instead of bureaucracies.\nSeniors\nWe will protect and strengthen Medicare by cutting costs, protecting seniors from fraud, and fixing Medicare's prescription drug program. We will repeal the prohibition on negotiating prescription drug prices, ban drug companies from paying generic producers to refrain from entering drug markets, and eliminate drug company interference with generic competition–and we will dedicate all of the savings from these measures towards closing the donut hole. We will end special preferences for insurance companies and private plans like Medicare Advantage to force them to compete on a level playing field. We will address the challenges that older Americans who are not yet eligible for Medicare face in finding affordable and quality health insurance.\nWe will take steps to ensure that our seniors have meaningful long-term care options that are consistent with their individual needs, including the option of home care. We believe that we must pay caregivers a fair wage and train more nurses and health care workers so as to improve the availability and quality of long-term care. We must reform the financing of long-term care to ease the burden on seniors and their families. We will safeguard Social Security. We will develop new retirement plans and pension protections that will give Americans a secure, portable way to save for retirement. We will ensure a safe and dignified retirement. We will work to end abuse of the elderly. We will safeguard from discrimination those who choose to work past the age of 65.\nChoice\nThe Democratic Party also strongly supports access to comprehensive affordable family planning services and age-appropriate sex education which empower people to make informed choices and live healthy lives. We also recognize that such health care and education help reduce the number of unintended pregnancies and thereby also reduce the need for abortions.\nThe Democratic Party also strongly supports a woman's decision to have a child by ensuring access to and availability of programs for pre- and post-natal health care, parenting skills, income support, and caring adoption programs.\nCriminal Justice\nAs Democrats, we are committed to being smart on crime. That means being tough on violent crime, funding strategic, and effective community policing, and holding offenders accountable, and it means getting tough on the root causes of crime by investing in successful crime prevention, including proven initiatives that get youth and nonviolent offenders back on track. We will support communities as they work to save their residents from the violence that plagues our streets. We will reverse the policy of cutting resources for the brave men and women who protect our communities every day. At a time when our nation's officers are being asked both to provide traditional law enforcement services and to help protect the homeland, taking police off of the street is neither tough nor smart; we reject this disastrous approach. We support and will restore funding to our courageous police officers and will ensure that they are equipped with the best technology, equipment, and innovative strategies to prevent and fight crimes.\nWe will end the dangerous cycle of violence, especially youth violence, with proven community-based law enforcement programs such as the Community Oriented Policing Services. We will reduce recidivism in our neighborhoods by supporting local prison-to-work programs. We will continue to fight inequalities in our criminal justice system. We believe that the death penalty must not be arbitrary. DNA testing should be used in all appropriate circumstances, defendants should have effective assistance of counsel. In all death row cases, and thorough post-conviction reviews should be available.\nWe must help state, local, and tribal law enforcement work together to combat and prevent drug crime and drug and alcohol abuse, which are a blight on our communities. We will restore funding for the Byrne Justice Assistance Grant Program and expand the use of drug courts and rehabilitation programs for first-time, non-violent drug offenders.\nWe support the rights of victims to be respected, to be heard, and to be compensated.\nEnding violence against women must be a top priority. We will create a special advisor to the president regarding violence against women. We will increase funding to domestic violence and sexual assault prevention programs. We will strengthen sexual assault and domestic violence laws, support the Violence Against Women Act, and provide job security to survivors. Our foreign policy will be sensitive to issues of aggression against women around the world.\nA More Perfect Union\nWe believe in the essential American ideal that we are not constrained by the circumstances of birth but can make of our lives what we will. Unfortunately, for too many, that ideal is not a reality. We have more work to do. Democrats will fight to end discrimination based on race, sex, ethnicity, national origin, language, religion, sexual orientation, gender identity, age, and disability in every corner of our country, because that's the America we believe in.\nWe all have to do our part to lift up this country, and that means changing hearts and changing minds, and making sure that every American is treated equally under the law. We will restore professionalism over partisanship at the Department of Justice, and staff the civil rights division with civil rights lawyers, not ideologues. We will restore vigorous federal enforcement of civil rights laws in order to provide every American an equal chance at employment, housing, health, contracts, and pay. We are committed to banning racial, ethnic, and religious profiling and requiring federal, state, and local enforcement agencies to take steps to eliminate the practice.\nWe are committed to ensuring full equality for women: we reaffirm our support for the Equal Rights Amendment, recommit to enforcing Title IX, and will urge passage of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. We will pursue a unified foreign and domestic policy that promotes civil rights and human rights, for women and minorities, at home and abroad. We will pass the Local Law Enforcement Hate Crimes Prevention Act. We will restore and support the White House Initiative on Asian-American and Pacific Islanders, including enforcement on disaggregation of Census data. We will make the Census more culturally sensitive, including outreach, language assistance, and increased confidentiality protections to ensure accurate counting of the growing Latino and Asian American, and Pacific Islander populations, and continue working on efforts to be more inclusive. We will sign the\nU.N. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and restore the original intent of the Americans with Disabilities Act. That is the America we believe in.\nIt is not enough to look back in wonder at how far we have come; those who came before us did not strike a blow against injustice only so that we would allow injustice to fester in our time. That means removing the barriers of prejudice and misunderstanding that still exist in America. We support the full inclusion of all families, including same-sex couples, in the life of our nation, and support equal responsibility, benefits, and protections. We will enact a comprehensive bipartisan employment non-discrimination act. We oppose the Defense of Marriage Act and all attempts to use this issue to divide us.\nBut it is no good to be able to ride the bus when you can't afford the bus fare. We will work to provide real opportunities for all Americans suffering from disadvantage; we will pioneer new policies and remedies against poverty and violence that address real human needs and we will close the achievement gap in education and provide every child a world-class education. We support affirmative action, including in federal contracting and higher education, to make sure that those locked out of the doors of opportunity will be able to walk through those doors in the future. As the late Ann Richards said, \"We offer a vision where opportunity knows no race, no gender, no color, a glimpse of what can happen in government if we simply open the doors let the people in.\"\nIV. Renewing American Democracy\nAmericans of every political stripe are hungry for a new kind of government. We want a government that favors common sense over ideology, honesty over spin, that worries less about losing the next election and more about winning the battles we owe to the next generation.\nThe over 30,000 Americans who attended 1645 local platform hearings demonstrated their commitment to reasserting government of, by, and for the people. So too did the millions of Americans who turned out in primaries and caucuses, and the record-breaking number of Americans abroad who participated – including men and the women who serve in our military. Democrats want to continue the momentum of the election. Only by doing so can we bring the change necessary to restore the promise of America.\nThe government we create will open up democracy to the people and protect our civil liberties. We'll invite the service and participation of American citizens, and use the tools of government and technology to lead us into a new era of connectedness, teamwork, and progress. A Barack Obama Administration will make it clear to the special interests that their days of setting the agenda in Washington are over, because the American people are not the problem in the 21st Ccentury—they are the solution. We'll make every vote count, because in America, everyone's voice matters in the political process.\nOpen, Accountable, and Ethical Government\nIn Barack Obama's Administration, we will open up the doors of democracy. We will use technology to make government more transparent, accountable, and inclusive. Rather than obstruct people's use of the Freedom of Information Act, we will require that agencies conduct significant business in public and release all relevant information unless an agency reasonably foresees harm to a protected interest.\nWe will lift the veil of secret deals in Washington by publishing searchable, online information about federal grants, contracts, earmarks, loans, and lobbyist contacts with government officials. We will make government data available online and will have an online video archive of significant agency meetings. We will put all non-emergency bills that Congress has passed online for five days, to allow the American public to review and comment on them before they are signed into law. We will require Cabinet officials to have periodic national online town hall meetings to discuss issues before their agencies.\nImplementing our Party's agenda will require running competent, innovative, and efficient public agencies at all levels of government with the resources necessary to get results. We will develop a comprehensive management agenda to prevent operational breakdowns in government and ensure that government provides the level of service that the American people deserve. Because we understand that good government depends on good people, we will work to rebuild and reengage our federal workforce and encourage state and local governments to do the same. We will make government a more attractive place to work. Our hiring will be based only on qualification and experience, and not on ideology or party affiliation. We will pay for our new spending, eliminate waste in government programs, demand, and measure results, and stop funding programs that don't work. We will not privatize public services for the sake of privatizing. We will use carefully crafted guidelines when determining whether to contract out any government service and whether a function is \"inherently governmental.\" We will provide improved accountability, oversight, and management in the contracting process to protect the public.\nWe are committed to a participatory government. We will use the most current technology available to improve the quality of government decision-making and make government less beholden to special interest groups and lobbyists. We will enhance the flow of information between citizens and government—in both directions—by involving the public in the work of government agencies. We will not simply solicit opinions, but will also use new technology to tap into the vast expertise of the American citizenry, for the benefit of government and our democracy.\nAmericans want real reform that will help them pay their medical bills and put the country on the path to energy independence. They are tired of lobbyists standing in their way. So we'll end the abuse of no-bid contracts by requiring nearly all contract orders over $25,000 to be competitively awarded and tell the drug companies and the oil companies and the insurance industry that, while they may get a seat at the table in Washington, they don't get to buy every chair. We will institute a gift ban so that no lobbyist can curry favor with the Administration. We will close the revolving door that has allowed people to use their position in the Administration as a stepping-stone to further their lobbying careers. We support campaign finance reform to reduce the influence of moneyed special interests, including public financing of campaigns combined with free television and radio time. We will have the wisdom to put the public interest above special interests. As a national party, we will not take any contributions from Political Action Committees during this election.\nReclaiming Our Constitution and Our Liberties\nAs we combat terrorism, we must not sacrifice the American values we are fighting to protect. In recent years, we've seen an Administration put forward a false choice between the liberties we cherish and the security we demand. The Democratic Party rejects this dichotomy. We will restore our constitutional traditions, and recover our nation's founding commitment to liberty under law.\nWe support constitutional protections and judicial oversight on any surveillance program involving Americans. We will review the current Administration's warrantless wiretapping program. We reject illegal wiretapping of American citizens, wherever they live.\nWe reject the use of national security letters to spy on citizens who are not suspected of a crime. We reject the tracking of citizens who do nothing more than protest a misguided war. We reject torture. We reject sweeping claims of \"inherent\" presidential power. We will revisit the Patriot Act and overturn unconstitutional executive decisions issued during the past eight years. We will not use signing statements to nullify or undermine duly enacted law. And we will ensure that law-abiding Americans of any origin, including Arab-Americans and Muslim-Americans, do not become the scapegoats of national security fears.\nWe believe that our Constitution, our courts, our institutions, and our traditions work.\nIn its operations overseas, while claiming to spread freedom throughout the world, the current Administration has tragically helped give rise to a new generation of potential adversaries who threaten to make America less secure. We will provide our intelligence and law enforcement agencies with the tools to hunt down and take out terrorists without undermining our Constitution, our freedom, and our privacy.\nTo build a freer and safer world, we will lead in ways that reflect the decency and aspirations of the American people. We will not ship away prisoners in the dead of night to be tortured in far-off countries, or detain without trial or charge prisoners who can and should be brought to justice for their crimes, or maintain a network of secret prisons to jail people beyond the reach of the law. We will respect the time-honored principle of habeas corpus, the seven century-old right of individuals to challenge the terms of their own detention that was recently reaffirmed by our Supreme Court. We will close the detention camp in Guantanamo Bay, the location of so many of the worst constitutional abuses in recent years. With these necessary changes, the attention of the world will be directed where it belongs: on what terrorists have done to us, not on how we treat suspects.\nWe recognize what leaders on the front lines of the struggle against terrorism have long known: to win this fight, we must maintain the moral high ground. When millions around the world see America living up to its highest ideals, we win friends and allies in this struggle for our safety and our lives, and our enemies lose ground.\nFor our Judiciary, we will select and confirm judges who are men and women of unquestionable talent and character, who firmly respect the rule of law, who listen to and are respectful of different points of view, and who represent the diversity of America. We support the appointment of judges who respect our system of checks and balances and the separation of power among the Executive Branch, Congress, and the Judiciary–and who understand that the Constitution protects not only the powerful, but also the disadvantaged and the powerless.\nOur Constitution is not a nuisance. It is the foundation of our democracy. It makes freedom and self-governance possible, and helps to protect our security. The Democratic Party will restore our Constitution to its proper place in our government and return our Nation to our best traditions–including our commitment to government by law.\nVoting Rights\nVoting rights are fundamental rights because they are protective of all other rights. We will work to fully protect and enforce the fundamental Constitutional right of every American vote—to ensure that the Constitution's promise is fully realized. We will fully fund the Help America Vote Act and work to fulfill the promise of election reform, including fighting to end long lines at voting booths and ensuring that all registration materials, voting materials, polling places, and voting machines are truly accessible to seniors, Americans with disabilities, and citizens with limited English proficiency. We will call for a national standard for voting that includes voter-verified paper ballots. We will ensure that absentee ballots are accessible and accurately counted. We will vigorously enforce our voting rights laws instead of making them tools of partisan political agendas; we oppose laws that require identification in order to vote or register to vote, which create discriminatory barriers to the right to vote and disenfranchise many eligible voters; and we oppose tactics which purge eligible voters from voter rolls. We are committed to passing the Count Every Vote Act. Finally, we will enact legislation that establishes harsh penalties for those who engage in voter intimidation and creates a process for providing accurate information to misinformed voters so they can cast their votes in time.\nPartnerships with States\nGiven the economic crisis across the country, states, and territories today face serious difficulties. More than half of our states face a combined billions of dollars in shortfalls. As a result, states have had to innovate and take matters into their own hands—and they have done an extraordinary job. Yet they should not have to do it alone. We will provide significant and immediate temporary funding to state and local governments, as well as territories and tribes. We will give these governmental entities a partner in the federal government, and a president who understand that prosperity comes not only from Wall Street and Washington, but from the perseverance of the American people. County and municipal governments, as well as territories and tribes, are also key partners with the federal government. These partnerships need to be revitalized to address their critical needs.\nPartnership with Civic Institutions\nSocial entrepreneurs and leading nonprofit organizations are assisting schools, lifting families out of poverty, filling health care gaps, and inspiring others to lead change in their own communities. To support these results-oriented innovators, we will create a Social Investment Fund Network that invests in ideas that work, tests their impact, and expands the most successful programs. We will create an office to coordinate government and nonprofit efforts.\nDistrict of Columbia\nOur civil rights leaders and many Americans of every background have sacrificed too much for us to tolerate continuing denial to the nearly 600,000 residents of our nation's capital of the benefits of full citizenship, especially the vote, that are accorded to citizens of every state. We support equal rights to democratic self-government and congressional representation for the citizens of our nation's capital.\nTribal Sovereignty\nAmerican Indian and Alaska Native tribes have always been sovereign, self-governing communities, and we affirm their inherent right to self-government as well as the unique government-to-government relationship they share with the United States. In exchange for millions of acres of land, our nation pledged to provide certain services in perpetuity; we will honor our nation's treaty and trust obligations by increasing resources for economic development, health care, Indian education, and other important services. We will respect American Indian cultural rights and sacred places. We will reexamine the legal framework that allows extreme rates of violent crime in Indian country; we will create a White House advisor on Indian Affairs; and we will host an annual summit with Indian leaders.\nWe support the efforts for self-determination and sovereignty of Native Hawaiians, consistent with principles enumerated in the Apology Resolution and the Native Hawaiian Government Reorganization Act. We will increase federal resources for economic development, education, health, and other important services. We will respect Native Hawaiian culture rights and sacred places.\nPuerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands\nWe recognize and honor the contributions and the sacrifices made in service of our country by the people living in Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. We believe that the people of Puerto Rico have the right to the political status of their choice, obtained through a fair, neutral, and democratic process of self-determination. The White House and Congress will work with all groups in Puerto Rico to enable the question of Puerto Rico's status to be resolved during the next four years. We also believe that economic conditions in Puerto Rico call for effective and equitable programs to maximize job creation and financial investment. Furthermore, in order to provide fair assistance to those in greatest need, the U.S. citizens in Puerto Rico should receive treatment under federal programs that is comparable to that of citizens in the States. We will phase-out the cap on Medicaid funding and phase-in equal participation in other federal health care assistance programs. Moreover, we will provide equitable treatment to the U.S. citizens in Puerto Rico on programs providing refundable tax credits to working families. We believe that U.S. citizens in Guam, American Samoa, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands should receive similar treatment.\nWe support full self-government and self-determination for the people of Guam, American Samoa, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Virgin Islands, and their right to decide their future status. We will seek input from Guam on relevant military matters and we acknowledge the unique health care challenges that Pacific Island communities face. For all those who live under our flag, we support strong economic development and fair and equitable treatment under federal programs.", "Words" -> 24644, "WordCounts" -> <|"and" -> 1218, "the" -> 1162, "to" -> 909, "of" -> 648, "will" -> 527, "We" -> 507, "in" -> 425, "that" -> 396, "our" -> 365, "a" -> 336, "we" -> 292, "for" -> 265, "are" -> 166, "with" -> 160, "on" -> 149, "is" -> 146, "by" -> 120, "have" -> 114, "their" -> 109, "American" -> 107, "as" -> 103, "not" -> 100, "who" -> 86, "must" -> 86, "work" -> 84, "be" -> 83, "support" -> 82, "from" -> 82, "more" -> 81, "it" -> 80, "all" -> 80, "new" -> 79, "Americans" -> 78, "people" -> 76, "can" -> 72, "this" -> 70, "an" -> 69, "America" -> 69, "they" -> 66, "government" -> 60, "health" -> 59, "ensure" -> 59, "has" -> 57, "The" -> 56, "make" -> 56, "help" -> 56, "or" -> 55, "also" -> 55, "at" -> 54, "security" -> 53, "world" -> 51, "so" -> 51, "provide" -> 50, "need" -> 50, "than" -> 49, "energy" -> 48, "care" -> 48, "workers" -> 47, "every" -> 46, "time" -> 44, "them" -> 44, "rights" -> 44, "families" -> 44, "education" -> 44, "those" -> 43, "but" -> 43, "national" -> 42, "create" -> 42, "its" -> 41, "including" -> 40, "country" -> 40, "believe" -> 40, "programs" -> 39, "jobs" -> 38, "economic" -> 38, "up" -> 37, "other" -> 36, "invest" -> 35, "In" -> 35, "global" -> 35, "do" -> 35, "when" -> 34, "public" -> 34, "economy" -> 34, "should" -> 33, "women" -> 32, "Our" -> 32, "weapons" -> 31, "use" -> 31, "United" -> 31, "these" -> 31, "development" -> 31, "children" -> 31, "protect" -> 30, "poverty" -> 30, "communities" -> 30, "only" -> 29, "us" -> 28, "U.S." -> 28, "nuclear" -> 28, "human" -> 28, "funding" -> 28, "years" -> 27, "States" -> 27, "policies" -> 27, "out" -> 27, "end" -> 27, "strengthen" -> 26, "military" -> 26, "countries" -> 26, "change" -> 26, "challenges" -> 26, "been" -> 26, "which" -> 25, "This" -> 25, "pay" -> 25, "good" -> 25, "build" -> 25, "many" -> 24, "federal" -> 24, "And" -> 24, "working" -> 23, "too" -> 23, "To" -> 23, "take" -> 23, "restore" -> 23, "over" -> 23, "millions" -> 23, "local" -> 23, "like" -> 23, "leadership" -> 23, "increase" -> 23, "future" -> 23, "come" -> 23, "Act" -> 23, "tax" -> 22, "nation" -> 22, "most" -> 22, "law" -> 22, "Iraq" -> 22, "common" -> 22, "citizens" -> 22, "while" -> 21, "technology" -> 21, "service" -> 21, "resources" -> 21, "no" -> 21, "meet" -> 21, "into" -> 21, "institutions" -> 21, "But" -> 21, "well" -> 20, "way" -> 20, "such" -> 20, "right" -> 20, "promote" -> 20, "leaders" -> 20, "democracy" -> 20, "current" -> 20, "against" -> 20, "through" -> 19, "system" -> 19, "reform" -> 19, "program" -> 19, "opportunity" -> 19, "job" -> 19, "It" -> 19, "insurance" -> 19, "get" -> 19, "fight" -> 19, "continue" -> 19, "Administration" -> 19, "access" -> 19, "together" -> 18, "respect" -> 18, "policy" -> 18, "opportunities" -> 18, "lead" -> 18, "international" -> 18, "interests" -> 18, "if" -> 18, "fair" -> 18, "expand" -> 18, "Democrats" -> 18, "community" -> 18, "commitment" -> 18, "assistance" -> 18, "about" -> 18, "21st" -> 18, "what" -> 17, "threats" -> 17, "states" -> 17, "special" -> 17, "Security" -> 17, "secure" -> 17, "National" -> 17, "just" -> 17, "committed" -> 17, "child" -> 17, "better" -> 17, "affordable" -> 17, "A" -> 17, "war" -> 16, "strong" -> 16, "same" -> 16, "reduce" -> 16, "private" -> 16, "next" -> 16, "making" -> 16, "lives" -> 16, "improve" -> 16, "full" -> 16, "family" -> 16, "efforts" -> 16, "comprehensive" -> 16, "between" -> 16, "around" -> 16, "any" -> 16, "trade" -> 15, "They" -> 15, "research" -> 15, "recognize" -> 15, "quality" -> 15, "oil" -> 15, "million" -> 15, "combat" -> 15, "climate" -> 15, "cannot" -> 15, "America's" -> 15, "put" -> 14, "parents" -> 14, "nation's" -> 14, "live" -> 14, "less" -> 14, "keep" -> 14, "infrastructure" -> 14, "housing" -> 14, "home" -> 14, "Democratic" -> 14, "companies" -> 14, "Century" -> 14, "within" -> 13, "violence" -> 13, "training" -> 13, "That" -> 13, "students" -> 13, "standards" -> 13, "services" -> 13, "seek" -> 13, "science" -> 13, "schools" -> 13, "Party" -> 13, "own" -> 13, "laws" -> 13, "free" -> 13, "foreign" -> 13, "forces" -> 13, "first" -> 13, "develop" -> 13, "democratic" -> 13, "century" -> 13, "businesses" -> 13, "benefits" -> 13, "back" -> 13, "agencies" -> 13, "address" -> 13, "was" -> 12, "under" -> 12, "Today" -> 12, "responsibility" -> 12, "require" -> 12, "reject" -> 12, "providing" -> 12, "prevent" -> 12, "power" -> 12, "political" -> 12, "platform" -> 12, "place" -> 12, "partners" -> 12, "open" -> 12, "necessary" -> 12, "know" -> 12, "investment" -> 12, "growth" -> 12, "generation" -> 12, "fully" -> 12, "For" -> 12, "failed" -> 12, "face" -> 12, "dramatically" -> 12, "down" -> 12, "civil" -> 12, "both" -> 12, "because" -> 12, "allies" -> 12, "Afghanistan" -> 12, "across" -> 12, "would" -> 11, "values" -> 11, "today" -> 11, "terrorists" -> 11, "technologies" -> 11, "teachers" -> 11, "supporting" -> 11, "state" -> 11, "skills" -> 11, "sector" -> 11, "school" -> 11, "safety" -> 11, "retirement" -> 11, "promise" -> 11, "process" -> 11, "past" -> 11, "order" -> 11, "needs" -> 11, "men" -> 11, "made" -> 11, "long" -> 11, "key" -> 11, "investments" -> 11, "innovative" -> 11, "innovation" -> 11, "immigration" -> 11, "give" -> 11, "fund" -> 11, "even" -> 11, "drug" -> 11, "crisis" -> 11, "business" -> 11, "best" -> 11, "Asia" -> 11, "As" -> 11, "allow" -> 11, "AIDS" -> 11, "again" -> 11, "you" -> 10, "without" -> 10, "where" -> 10, "We'll" -> 10, "sure" -> 10, "strategy" -> 10, "stand" -> 10, "Social" -> 10, "seniors" -> 10, "rural" -> 10, "renew" -> 10, "protections" -> 10, "peace" -> 10, "one" -> 10, "New" -> 10, "means" -> 10, "Israel" -> 10, "interest" -> 10, "intelligence" -> 10, "information" -> 10, "immediate" -> 10, "HIV" -> 10, "hearings" -> 10, "establish" -> 10, "enforcement" -> 10, "encourage" -> 10, "crime" -> 10, "conflict" -> 10, "clean" -> 10, "capacity" -> 10, "before" -> 10, "become" -> 10, "At" -> 10, "want" -> 9, "understand" -> 9, "Trade" -> 9, "stronger" -> 9, "still" -> 9, "status" -> 9, "serve" -> 9, "safe" -> 9, "Rights" -> 9, "requires" -> 9, "prosperity" -> 9, "priority" -> 9, "personal" -> 9, "part" -> 9, "offer" -> 9, "nations" -> 9, "measures" -> 9, "markets" -> 9, "market" -> 9, "Indian" -> 9, "homes" -> 9, "higher" -> 9, "growing" -> 9, "great" -> 9, "fundamental" -> 9, "freedom" -> 9, "ensuring" -> 9, "enhance" -> 9, "eliminate" -> 9, "eight" -> 9, "effective" -> 9, "disease" -> 9, "critical" -> 9, "created" -> 9, "could" -> 9, "close" -> 9, "clear" -> 9, "challenge" -> 9, "call" -> 9, "whether" -> 8, "vital" -> 8, "U.N." -> 8, "tools" -> 8, "threat" -> 8, "there" -> 8, "themselves" -> 8, "taxes" -> 8, "sustainable" -> 8, "stop" -> 8, "start" -> 8, "small" -> 8, "savings" -> 8, "rule" -> 8, "real" -> 8, "Puerto" -> 8, "prevention" -> 8, "politics" -> 8, "planet" -> 8, "plan" -> 8, "percent" -> 8, "pension" -> 8, "partnerships" -> 8, "others" -> 8, "operations" -> 8, "now" -> 8, "materials" -> 8, "living" -> 8, "life" -> 8, "Islands" -> 8, "important" -> 8, "immigrants" -> 8, "House" -> 8, "hope" -> 8, "history" -> 8, "high" -> 8, "greater" -> 8, "five" -> 8, "financial" -> 8, "especially" -> 8, "enforce" -> 8, "efficient" -> 8, "dollars" -> 8, "discrimination" -> 8, "demand" -> 8, "day" -> 8, "confront" -> 8, "college" -> 8, "capital" -> 8, "bring" -> 8, "beyond" -> 8, "being" -> 8, "Barack" -> 8, "agenda" -> 8, "Africa" -> 8, "advance" -> 8, "willing" -> 7, "White" -> 7, "Washington" -> 7, "wage" -> 7, "veterans" -> 7, "used" -> 7, "two" -> 7, "tough" -> 7, "terrorism" -> 7, "strategic" -> 7, "steps" -> 7, "spread" -> 7, "society" -> 7, "shared" -> 7, "share" -> 7, "rising" -> 7, "Rico" -> 7, "regions" -> 7, "rebuild" -> 7, "reach" -> 7, "practices" -> 7, "plans" -> 7, "pensions" -> 7, "party" -> 7, "partner" -> 7, "off" -> 7, "North" -> 7, "move" -> 7, "moment" -> 7, "modernize" -> 7, "members" -> 7, "low-income" -> 7, "lost" -> 7, "long-term" -> 7, "last" -> 7, "It's" -> 7, "issues" -> 7, "investing" -> 7, "industry" -> 7, "individual" -> 7, "India" -> 7, "incentives" -> 7, "ideas" -> 7, "here" -> 7, "hard" -> 7, "half" -> 7, "governments" -> 7, "Global" -> 7, "Fund" -> 7, "force" -> 7, "food" -> 7, "failures" -> 7, "equitable" -> 7, "environmental" -> 7, "enable" -> 7, "employers" -> 7, "effort" -> 7, "during" -> 7, "diseases" -> 7, "developing" -> 7, "Credit" -> 7, "crack" -> 7, "Constitution" -> 7, "cities" -> 7, "choice" -> 7, "China" -> 7, "can't" -> 7, "Bush" -> 7, "billion" -> 7, "basic" -> 7, "ban" -> 7, "areas" -> 7, "after" -> 7, "additional" -> 7, "achieve" -> 7, "accountability" -> 7, "abroad" -> 7, "able" -> 7, "youth" -> 6, "world-class" -> 6, "When" -> 6, "we'll" -> 6, "ways" -> 6, "water" -> 6, "vulnerable" -> 6, "vote" -> 6, "truly" -> 6, "troops" -> 6, "treat" -> 6, "transparency" -> 6, "Tax" -> 6, "success" -> 6, "succeed" -> 6, "struggling" -> 6, "standing" -> 6, "spend" -> 6, "since" -> 6, "significant" -> 6, "show" -> 6, "sexual" -> 6, "said" -> 6, "Russia" -> 6, "rules" -> 6, "role" -> 6, "return" -> 6, "response" -> 6, "residents" -> 6, "remain" -> 6, "receive" -> 6, "rather" -> 6, "raise" -> 6, "Qaeda" -> 6, "protecting" -> 6, "produce" -> 6, "problem" -> 6, "prices" -> 6, "President" -> 6, "possible" -> 6, "places" -> 6, "personnel" -> 6, "permanent" -> 6, "pass" -> 6, "partnership" -> 6, "ourselves" -> 6, "online" -> 6, "often" -> 6, "Obama" -> 6, "Nuclear" -> 6, "never" -> 6, "natural" -> 6, "makes" -> 6, "majority" -> 6, "leave" -> 6, "Iran" -> 6, "increasing" -> 6, "increased" -> 6, "importance" -> 6, "If" -> 6, "how" -> 6, "Health" -> 6, "had" -> 6, "generations" -> 6, "gap" -> 6, "foundation" -> 6, "Families" -> 6, "Europe" -> 6, "essential" -> 6, "era" -> 6, "equal" -> 6, "ending" -> 6, "employment" -> 6, "employees" -> 6, "efficiency" -> 6, "effectively" -> 6, "each" -> 6, "Dream" -> 6, "double" -> 6, "domestic" -> 6, "diplomatic" -> 6, "Development" -> 6, "Department" -> 6, "debt" -> 6, "cuts" -> 6, "credit" -> 6, "creation" -> 6, "costs" -> 6, "Congress" -> 6, "compete" -> 6, "Community" -> 6, "choose" -> 6, "building" -> 6, "always" -> 6, "All" -> 6, "Al" -> 6, "agreements" -> 6, "Administration's" -> 6, "accountable" -> 6, "Yet" -> 5, "yet" -> 5, "year" -> 5, "Women" -> 5, "why" -> 5, "Weapons" -> 5, "waste" -> 5, "voting" -> 5, "vision" -> 5, "violent" -> 5, "Veterans" -> 5, "trust" -> 5, "tribes" -> 5, "treatment" -> 5, "transportation" -> 5, "transition" -> 5, "times" -> 5, "That's" -> 5, "territories" -> 5, "State" -> 5, "smart" -> 5, "skilled" -> 5, "save" -> 5, "sacrifice" -> 5, "Roosevelt" -> 5, "returning" -> 5, "responsibly" -> 5, "responsible" -> 5, "renewing" -> 5, "relief" -> 5, "recent" -> 5, "pursue" -> 5, "provided" -> 5, "proven" -> 5, "problems" -> 5, "preserve" -> 5, "powers" -> 5, "poor" -> 5, "police" -> 5, "pledge" -> 5, "participation" -> 5, "Pakistan" -> 5, "overseas" -> 5, "organizations" -> 5, "oppose" -> 5, "once" -> 5, "Nations" -> 5, "meeting" -> 5, "maintain" -> 5, "line" -> 5, "lift" -> 5, "liberty" -> 5, "level" -> 5, "legal" -> 5, "led" -> 5, "learning" -> 5, "land" -> 5, "kind" -> 5, "Kennedy" -> 5, "Katrina" -> 5, "Internet" -> 5, "instead" -> 5, "industries" -> 5, "independence" -> 5, "income" -> 5, "includes" -> 5, "implement" -> 5, "Hurricane" -> 5, "honor" -> 5, "he" -> 5, "Guam" -> 5, "groups" -> 5, "governmental" -> 5, "go" -> 5, "getting" -> 5, "fuel" -> 5, "forward" -> 5, "fix" -> 5, "find" -> 5, "fighting" -> 5, "few" -> 5, "Federal" -> 5, "far" -> 5, "extremism" -> 5, "existing" -> 5, "exist" -> 5, "example" -> 5, "ever" -> 5, "English" -> 5, "emerging" -> 5, "eligible" -> 5, "Education" -> 5, "early" -> 5, "doors" -> 5, "direct" -> 5, "diplomacy" -> 5, "cultural" -> 5, "coverage" -> 5, "contributions" -> 5, "contracting" -> 5, "conditions" -> 5, "competitive" -> 5, "commit" -> 5, "combating" -> 5, "colleges" -> 5, "children's" -> 5, "chance" -> 5, "broken" -> 5, "border" -> 5, "bills" -> 5, "Bill" -> 5, "Because" -> 5, "bankruptcy" -> 5, "assist" -> 5, "assault" -> 5, "ask" -> 5, "annual" -> 5, "among" -> 5, "Americas" -> 5, "allowed" -> 5, "aid" -> 5, "age" -> 5, "Afghan" -> 5, "advanced" -> 5, "adequate" -> 5, "active" -> 5, "achievement" -> 5, "abuse" -> 5, "ability" -> 5, "$250,000" -> 4, "worldwide" -> 4, "world's" -> 4, "works" -> 4, "worker" -> 4, "woman" -> 4, "With" -> 4, "were" -> 4, "wealth" -> 4, "War" -> 4, "Virgin" -> 4, "valuable" -> 4, "using" -> 4, "urban" -> 4, "united" -> 4, "unions" -> 4, "Union" -> 4, "turn" -> 4, "tribal" -> 4, "Treaty" -> 4, "treated" -> 4, "train" -> 4, "top" -> 4, "ties" -> 4, "three" -> 4, "threatened" -> 4, "There" -> 4, "that's" -> 4, "terrorist" -> 4, "terror" -> 4, "sustained" -> 4, "successful" -> 4, "strike" -> 4, "strengthened" -> 4, "strategies" -> 4, "story" -> 4, "stem" -> 4, "stay" -> 4, "spur" -> 4, "spending" -> 4, "South" -> 4, "solutions" -> 4, "So" -> 4, "simply" -> 4, "side" -> 4, "shape" -> 4, "seven" -> 4, "set" -> 4, "seen" -> 4, "Samoa" -> 4, "safer" -> 4, "safeguard" -> 4, "sacred" -> 4, "reward" -> 4, "responsibilities" -> 4, "Republican" -> 4, "Renewing" -> 4, "renewable" -> 4, "remains" -> 4, "relationship" -> 4, "regional" -> 4, "region" -> 4, "reducing" -> 4, "Protection" -> 4, "protected" -> 4, "projects" -> 4, "progress" -> 4, "products" -> 4, "productivity" -> 4, "privacy" -> 4, "principles" -> 4, "price" -> 4, "prepared" -> 4, "practice" -> 4, "potential" -> 4, "playing" -> 4, "physical" -> 4, "perform" -> 4, "peaceful" -> 4, "passed" -> 4, "parts" -> 4, "outrage" -> 4, "options" -> 4, "Opportunity" -> 4, "ones" -> 4, "officers" -> 4, "Northern" -> 4, "Nevada" -> 4, "network" -> 4, "needed" -> 4, "nearly" -> 4, "NATO" -> 4, "Native" -> 4, "much" -> 4, "moral" -> 4, "missions" -> 4, "mission" -> 4, "minority" -> 4, "minimum" -> 4, "middle" -> 4, "medical" -> 4, "matters" -> 4, "math" -> 4, "Mariana" -> 4, "manufacturing" -> 4, "management" -> 4, "man" -> 4, "love" -> 4, "losing" -> 4, "longer" -> 4, "loans" -> 4, "likely" -> 4, "least" -> 4, "labor" -> 4, "Korea" -> 4, "Justice" -> 4, "justice" -> 4, "join" -> 4, "John" -> 4, "it's" -> 4, "issue" -> 4, "improved" -> 4, "identify" -> 4, "humanitarian" -> 4, "hours" -> 4, "homeland" -> 4, "hold" -> 4, "highest" -> 4, "healthy" -> 4, "having" -> 4, "Guard" -> 4, "greatest" -> 4, "Grant" -> 4, "Good" -> 4, "goals" -> 4, "goal" -> 4, "genocide" -> 4, "gender" -> 4, "further" -> 4, "Franklin" -> 4, "form" -> 4, "focus" -> 4, "final" -> 4, "fathers" -> 4, "farms" -> 4, "faith" -> 4, "expect" -> 4, "European" -> 4, "environment" -> 4, "Energy" -> 4, "empower" -> 4, "election" -> 4, "easier" -> 4, "Don't" -> 4, "done" -> 4, "doctors" -> 4, "division" -> 4, "Disabilities" -> 4, "disabilities" -> 4, "different" -> 4, "did" -> 4, "deployment" -> 4, "depends" -> 4, "Democracy" -> 4, "defeat" -> 4, "decades" -> 4, "decade" -> 4, "dangers" -> 4, "dangerous" -> 4, "damage" -> 4, "cut" -> 4, "creating" -> 4, "country's" -> 4, "Council" -> 4, "cost" -> 4, "corporate" -> 4, "cooperation" -> 4, "constitutional" -> 4, "consistent" -> 4, "conservation" -> 4, "concerns" -> 4, "competitiveness" -> 4, "competition" -> 4, "Commission" -> 4, "comes" -> 4, "closing" -> 4, "civilian" -> 4, "changing" -> 4, "central" -> 4, "catastrophic" -> 4, "capabilities" -> 4, "came" -> 4, "called" -> 4, "By" -> 4, "burden" -> 4, "built" -> 4, "buildings" -> 4, "brought" -> 4, "broadband" -> 4, "bipartisan" -> 4, "billions" -> 4, "bilateral" -> 4, "belief" -> 4, "bear" -> 4, "based" -> 4, "barriers" -> 4, "available" -> 4, "attacks" -> 4, "Assistance" -> 4, "another" -> 4, "Amendment" -> 4, "alone" -> 4, "agriculture" -> 4, "Agreement" -> 4, "aging" -> 4, "Africa's" -> 4, "addressing" -> 4, "action" -> 4, "act" -> 4, "accurate" -> 4, "accessible" -> 4, "abuses" -> 4, "9-11" -> 4, "40" -> 4, "$50" -> 3, "write" -> 3, "World" -> 3, "workplace" -> 3, "women's" -> 3, "win" -> 3, "whenever" -> 3, "we're" -> 3, "weight" -> 3, "weak" -> 3, "voters" -> 3, "vigorously" -> 3, "victims" -> 3, "verifiable" -> 3, "upon" -> 3, "uphold" -> 3, "unless" -> 3, "unemployment" -> 3, "unemployed" -> 3, "undocumented" -> 3, "undermine" -> 3, "tyranny" -> 3, "TV" -> 3, "transitional" -> 3, "trafficking" -> 3, "toward" -> 3, "tolerate" -> 3, "today's" -> 3, "throughout" -> 3, "These" -> 3, "there's" -> 3, "ten" -> 3, "tell" -> 3, "Technology" -> 3, "technical" -> 3, "taxpayer" -> 3, "taking" -> 3, "sustain" -> 3, "surplus" -> 3, "supports" -> 3, "supply" -> 3, "summer" -> 3, "suffering" -> 3, "subsidies" -> 3, "struggle" -> 3, "strongly" -> 3, "strength" -> 3, "Street" -> 3, "storms" -> 3, "stewardship" -> 3, "step" -> 3, "stands" -> 3, "stability" -> 3, "spectrum" -> 3, "solution" -> 3, "societies" -> 3, "Small" -> 3, "skill" -> 3, "single" -> 3, "ship" -> 3, "shift" -> 3, "she" -> 3, "sex" -> 3, "serving" -> 3, "Service" -> 3, "sent" -> 3, "send" -> 3, "self-government" -> 3, "self-determination" -> 3, "self-defense" -> 3, "see" -> 3, "scale" -> 3, "saving" -> 3, "sanctions" -> 3, "road" -> 3, "risk" -> 3, "Right" -> 3, "rich" -> 3, "results" -> 3, "result" -> 3, "restoring" -> 3, "Responsibility" -> 3, "responders" -> 3, "respond" -> 3, "resourced" -> 3, "reserve" -> 3, "repeal" -> 3, "remove" -> 3, "religious" -> 3, "reliable" -> 3, "relationships" -> 3, "Relations" -> 3, "reinvest" -> 3, "regime" -> 3, "reforms" -> 3, "reflects" -> 3, "reconstruction" -> 3, "recognizing" -> 3, "recently" -> 3, "rebuilding" -> 3, "rate" -> 3, "rail" -> 3, "race" -> 3, "question" -> 3, "qualified" -> 3, "prosperous" -> 3, "promoting" -> 3, "promises" -> 3, "promised" -> 3, "professionals" -> 3, "production" -> 3, "produced" -> 3, "prisoners" -> 3, "priorities" -> 3, "principle" -> 3, "prepare" -> 3, "point" -> 3, "play" -> 3, "per" -> 3, "people's" -> 3, "penalties" -> 3, "Pay" -> 3, "path" -> 3, "patent" -> 3, "pandemic" -> 3, "Palestinian" -> 3, "paid" -> 3, "page" -> 3, "Pacific" -> 3, "oversight" -> 3, "Over" -> 3, "outside" -> 3, "Orleans" -> 3, "orientation" -> 3, "openness" -> 3, "One" -> 3, "older" -> 3, "officials" -> 3, "offenders" -> 3, "obligation" -> 3, "number" -> 3, "non-military" -> 3, "neighbors" -> 3, "neighborhoods" -> 3, "negotiations" -> 3, "negotiate" -> 3, "mutual" -> 3, "multilateral" -> 3, "mothers" -> 3, "More" -> 3, "months" -> 3, "money" -> 3, "Military" -> 3, "Middle" -> 3, "Mexico" -> 3, "Members" -> 3, "Medicare" -> 3, "media" -> 3, "meaningful" -> 3, "may" -> 3, "matter" -> 3, "maternal" -> 3, "material" -> 3, "match" -> 3, "massive" -> 3, "mass" -> 3, "Many" -> 3, "manipulation" -> 3, "major" -> 3, "loopholes" -> 3, "localities" -> 3, "lobbyists" -> 3, "lobbying" -> 3, "lines" -> 3, "light" -> 3, "liberties" -> 3, "leverage" -> 3, "left" -> 3, "leading" -> 3, "Leadership" -> 3, "lasting" -> 3, "languages" -> 3, "language" -> 3, "lands" -> 3, "Labor" -> 3, "knowledge" -> 3, "Just" -> 3, "itself" -> 3, "Iranian" -> 3, "invisible" -> 3, "Investment" -> 3, "integrity" -> 3, "Institutions" -> 3, "Instead" -> 3, "instability" -> 3, "innovators" -> 3, "injustice" -> 3, "initiatives" -> 3, "Infrastructure" -> 3, "indispensable" -> 3, "independent" -> 3, "incomes" -> 3, "Income" -> 3, "inclusive" -> 3, "include" -> 3, "improving" -> 3, "implementing" -> 3, "implemented" -> 3, "implementation" -> 3, "illegally" -> 3, "ideology" -> 3, "Human" -> 3, "homelessness" -> 3, "historic" -> 3, "his" -> 3, "highly" -> 3, "helps" -> 3, "helping" -> 3, "hands" -> 3, "guarantee" -> 3, "ground" -> 3, "greenhouse" -> 3, "green" -> 3, "grants" -> 3, "grant" -> 3, "going" -> 3, "goes" -> 3, "giving" -> 3, "generate" -> 3, "gas" -> 3, "gaps" -> 3, "functions" -> 3, "framework" -> 3, "four" -> 3, "Founders" -> 3, "forge" -> 3, "Forces" -> 3, "flu" -> 3, "fiscal" -> 3, "fires" -> 3, "financing" -> 3, "Finally" -> 3, "favors" -> 3, "farmers" -> 3, "famine" -> 3, "facilities" -> 3, "F" -> 3, "extremists" -> 3, "exports" -> 3, "expanding" -> 3, "expanded" -> 3, "executive" -> 3, "exchange" -> 3, "everywhere" -> 3, "establishing" -> 3, "equipped" -> 3, "Equal" -> 3, "entrepreneurs" -> 3, "enough" -> 3, "engineers" -> 3, "engage" -> 3, "enforcing" -> 3, "ends" -> 3, "Endowment" -> 3, "Ending" -> 3, "enact" -> 3, "emissions" -> 3, "emergencies" -> 3, "edge" -> 3, "East" -> 3, "Earned" -> 3, "doing" -> 3, "does" -> 3, "diversity" -> 3, "diverse" -> 3, "disability" -> 3, "dignity" -> 3, "devote" -> 3, "developed" -> 3, "devastating" -> 3, "deserve" -> 3, "deployments" -> 3, "deny" -> 3, "demands" -> 3, "Defense" -> 3, "deals" -> 3, "deadly" -> 3, "days" -> 3, "daughters" -> 3, "danger" -> 3, "crimes" -> 3, "creativity" -> 3, "counter-terrorism" -> 3, "Convention" -> 3, "contracts" -> 3, "consumer" -> 3, "confronted" -> 3, "components" -> 3, "complete" -> 3, "compensation" -> 3, "company" -> 3, "commitments" -> 3, "collective" -> 3, "Cold" -> 3, "class" -> 3, "city" -> 3, "circumstances" -> 3, "chronic" -> 3, "choices" -> 3, "Choice" -> 3, "changes" -> 3, "cells" -> 3, "caring" -> 3, "Caribbean" -> 3, "careers" -> 3, "cap" -> 3, "Business" -> 3, "budget" -> 3, "bringing" -> 3, "Brazil" -> 3, "borders" -> 3, "Board" -> 3, "benefit" -> 3, "believes" -> 3, "battles" -> 3, "basis" -> 3, "balance" -> 3, "background" -> 3, "away" -> 3, "avoid" -> 3, "asking" -> 3, "asked" -> 3, "appropriate" -> 3, "alternative" -> 3, "agency" -> 3, "after-school" -> 3, "African" -> 3, "afford" -> 3, "Affairs" -> 3, "advisor" -> 3, "adoption" -> 3, "adopt" -> 3, "actually" -> 3, "actively" -> 3, "achieving" -> 3, "account" -> 3, "2030" -> 3, "$50,000" -> 2, "Zimbabwe" -> 2, "young" -> 2, "wrought" -> 2, "worst" -> 2, "worry" -> 2, "Working" -> 2, "workforce" -> 2, "worked" -> 2, "Without" -> 2, "wisdom" -> 2, "wiretapping" -> 2, "wind" -> 2, "wildland" -> 2, "whatever" -> 2, "we've" -> 2, "West" -> 2, "wealthy" -> 2, "warfare" -> 2, "Wall" -> 2, "wages" -> 2, "Voting" -> 2, "voter" -> 2, "Vote" -> 2, "volunteer" -> 2, "voice" -> 2, "vitality" -> 2, "visits" -> 2, "violations" -> 2, "video" -> 2, "vibrant" -> 2, "veteran" -> 2, "very" -> 2, "vehicles" -> 2, "vast" -> 2, "value" -> 2, "urgent" -> 2, "Urban" -> 2, "upgrading" -> 2, "unprecedented" -> 2, "unleash" -> 2, "units" -> 2, "unique" -> 2, "uniform" -> 2, "unfair" -> 2, "undo" -> 2, "undertake" -> 2, "underserved" -> 2, "ultimately" -> 2, "turning" -> 2, "try" -> 2, "trillion" -> 2, "treaty" -> 2, "transformation" -> 2, "traditions" -> 2, "traditional" -> 2, "town" -> 2, "towards" -> 2, "tougher" -> 2, "torture" -> 2, "Too" -> 2, "tomorrow" -> 2, "toll" -> 2, "tolerance" -> 2, "thousands" -> 2, "therefore" -> 2, "thereby" -> 2, "then" -> 2, "Their" -> 2, "tests" -> 2, "Terrorism" -> 2, "term" -> 2, "temporary" -> 2, "Tell" -> 2, "television" -> 2, "teach" -> 2, "targeting" -> 2, "talked" -> 2, "talent" -> 2, "taken" -> 2, "Taiwan" -> 2, "table" -> 2, "swiftly" -> 2, "sweeping" -> 2, "Support" -> 2, "supplies" -> 2, "summit" -> 2, "sufficient" -> 2, "Sudan" -> 2, "Such" -> 2, "successfully" -> 2, "subprime" -> 2, "study" -> 2, "student" -> 2, "strive" -> 2, "streets" -> 2, "stood" -> 2, "stockpiles" -> 2, "Stewardship" -> 2, "start-up" -> 2, "starting" -> 2, "Start" -> 2, "standard" -> 2, "stake" -> 2, "stage" -> 2, "staffed" -> 2, "Staff" -> 2, "stable" -> 2, "stabilization" -> 2, "spreading" -> 2, "spirit" -> 2, "spent" -> 2, "speech" -> 2, "specialized" -> 2, "sovereignty" -> 2, "south" -> 2, "sound" -> 2, "sons" -> 2, "something" -> 2, "some" -> 2, "solve" -> 2, "solar" -> 2, "smaller" -> 2, "size" -> 2, "sites" -> 2, "Since" -> 2, "signing" -> 2, "shot" -> 2, "short-term" -> 2, "shed" -> 2, "sharing" -> 2, "settlement" -> 2, "setting" -> 2, "Services" -> 2, "servicemen" -> 2, "servicemembers" -> 2, "sensitive" -> 2, "sense" -> 2, "secret" -> 2, "second" -> 2, "scientific" -> 2, "Science" -> 2, "sake" -> 2, "safely" -> 2, "Rural" -> 2, "running" -> 2, "run" -> 2, "rooted" -> 2, "root" -> 2, "roles" -> 2, "roads" -> 2, "rise" -> 2, "rigid" -> 2, "rewards" -> 2, "review" -> 2, "reverse" -> 2, "revenues" -> 2, "reunification" -> 2, "retirements" -> 2, "retention" -> 2, "retaining" -> 2, "rest" -> 2, "Response" -> 2, "respected" -> 2, "resolve" -> 2, "reservations" -> 2, "Research" -> 2, "requiring" -> 2, "replacement" -> 2, "renewed" -> 2, "removing" -> 2, "remedies" -> 2, "religion" -> 2, "reliance" -> 2, "relevant" -> 2, "release" -> 2, "relations" -> 2, "reinvigorate" -> 2, "reintegration" -> 2, "regulatory" -> 2, "regulation" -> 2, "regimes" -> 2, "regardless" -> 2, "refugees" -> 2, "Reform" -> 2, "reflect" -> 2, "redeployment" -> 2, "recognizes" -> 2, "realize" -> 2, "reality" -> 2, "realities" -> 2, "reaffirmed" -> 2, "read" -> 2, "Rather" -> 2, "rates" -> 2, "quickly" -> 2, "puts" -> 2, "pursuing" -> 2, "pursued" -> 2, "Pursue" -> 2, "purpose" -> 2, "public-private" -> 2, "provides" -> 2, "protects" -> 2, "protection" -> 2, "prosecution" -> 2, "prosecute" -> 2, "proposed" -> 2, "properly" -> 2, "promotes" -> 2, "proliferation" -> 2, "procurement" -> 2, "privilege" -> 2, "privatize" -> 2, "privatization" -> 2, "principled" -> 2, "primaries" -> 2, "pressure" -> 2, "pressing" -> 2, "press" -> 2, "presidential" -> 2, "president" -> 2, "prescription" -> 2, "practical" -> 2, "powerful" -> 2, "potentially" -> 2, "portion" -> 2, "populations" -> 2, "poorest" -> 2, "Policy" -> 2, "Policing" -> 2, "pockets" -> 2, "plot" -> 2, "plants" -> 2, "Planet" -> 2, "Plan" -> 2, "pillars" -> 2, "Philippines" -> 2, "Persons" -> 2, "persons" -> 2, "peril" -> 2, "penalty" -> 2, "Peace" -> 2, "pays" -> 2, "payments" -> 2, "paying" -> 2, "Party's" -> 2, "Partnerships" -> 2, "Partnership" -> 2, "partisan" -> 2, "parties" -> 2, "particularly" -> 2, "particular" -> 2, "participate" -> 2, "parks" -> 2, "parent-teacher" -> 2, "parenting" -> 2, "Pakistani" -> 2, "pace" -> 2, "ownership" -> 2, "owe" -> 2, "overextended" -> 2, "overall" -> 2, "otherwise" -> 2, "origin" -> 2, "Oriented" -> 2, "organize" -> 2, "Organization" -> 2, "opposed" -> 2, "obligations" -> 2, "objective" -> 2, "Obama's" -> 2, "nurses" -> 2, "Non-Proliferation" -> 2, "nonprofit" -> 2, "No" -> 2, "night" -> 2, "newly" -> 2, "net" -> 2, "neither" -> 2, "neglected" -> 2, "necessity" -> 2, "Nearly" -> 2, "NATO's" -> 2, "mortgage" -> 2, "mortality" -> 2, "moon" -> 2, "monitoring" -> 2, "mitigate" -> 2, "misguided" -> 2, "minorities" -> 2, "minds" -> 2, "Millions" -> 2, "might" -> 2, "middle-income" -> 2, "middle-class" -> 2, "met" -> 2, "mental" -> 2, "member" -> 2, "meetings" -> 2, "medications" -> 2, "Medicaid" -> 2, "mechanism" -> 2, "measure" -> 2, "maximize" -> 2, "market-based" -> 2, "Manufacturing" -> 2, "manufacturers" -> 2, "man-made" -> 2, "malaria" -> 2, "lower" -> 2, "loss" -> 2, "lose" -> 2, "look" -> 2, "long-run" -> 2, "locked" -> 2, "lobbyist" -> 2, "livelihoods" -> 2, "livable" -> 2, "listen" -> 2, "list" -> 2, "Lincoln" -> 2, "limited" -> 2, "Like" -> 2, "licensing" -> 2, "levels" -> 2, "levees" -> 2, "let" -> 2, "lending" -> 2, "lenders" -> 2, "legislation" -> 2, "learned" -> 2, "learn" -> 2, "leads" -> 2, "Lead" -> 2, "lawyers" -> 2, "law-abiding" -> 2, "Latino" -> 2, "Latin" -> 2, "later" -> 2, "late" -> 2, "larger" -> 2, "large" -> 2, "Language" -> 2, "Korean" -> 2, "known" -> 2, "kill" -> 2, "keeping" -> 2, "jurisdictions" -> 2, "jumpstart" -> 2, "judges" -> 2, "Joint" -> 2, "Jobs" -> 2, "Jerusalem" -> 2, "issued" -> 2, "isolate" -> 2, "Iraq's" -> 2, "Iraqis" -> 2, "involving" -> 2, "involved" -> 2, "investors" -> 2, "intolerance" -> 2, "Intelligence" -> 2, "Institutes" -> 2, "inside" -> 2, "insecurity" -> 2, "inherently" -> 2, "inherent" -> 2, "ingenuity" -> 2, "influence" -> 2, "inflation" -> 2, "inequality" -> 2, "ineffective" -> 2, "Indonesia" -> 2, "Individuals" -> 2, "index" -> 2, "incubators" -> 2, "increasingly" -> 2, "inclusion" -> 2, "improves" -> 2, "improvements" -> 2, "imposed" -> 2, "imperative" -> 2, "impacted" -> 2, "impact" -> 2, "illegal" -> 2, "ideal" -> 2, "hurricanes" -> 2, "hunger" -> 2, "humanity" -> 2, "humane" -> 2, "Housing" -> 2, "household" -> 2, "hostile" -> 2, "hospital" -> 2, "honesty" -> 2, "honest" -> 2, "homework" -> 2, "homeowners" -> 2, "Homeland" -> 2, "holding" -> 2, "hit" -> 2, "high-quality" -> 2, "high-level" -> 2, "helped" -> 2, "heating" -> 2, "heard" -> 2, "Head" -> 2, "Hawaiian" -> 2, "haven" -> 2, "harness" -> 2, "harmful" -> 2, "harm" -> 2, "hard-hit" -> 2, "hand" -> 2, "Hamas" -> 2, "halt" -> 2, "Gulf" -> 2, "guaranteed" -> 2, "grown" -> 2, "grow" -> 2, "grid" -> 2, "Great" -> 2, "graduates" -> 2, "government's" -> 2, "Government" -> 2, "gone" -> 2, "gives" -> 2, "Given" -> 2, "girls" -> 2, "George" -> 2, "generous" -> 2, "generic" -> 2, "gasoline" -> 2, "gases" -> 2, "gains" -> 2, "fund's" -> 2, "function" -> 2, "fulfill" -> 2, "front" -> 2, "From" -> 2, "friends" -> 2, "Free" -> 2, "foster" -> 2, "forests" -> 2, "forest" -> 2, "foreclosure" -> 2, "forced" -> 2, "flow" -> 2, "floods" -> 2, "fissile" -> 2, "first-time" -> 2, "First" -> 2, "firmly" -> 2, "firearms" -> 2, "finally" -> 2, "fifty" -> 2, "feet" -> 2, "fears" -> 2, "Family" -> 2, "false" -> 2, "fall" -> 2, "faith-based" -> 2, "Faith" -> 2, "fairness" -> 2, "fairly" -> 2, "Fair" -> 2, "failing" -> 2, "faced" -> 2, "extreme" -> 2, "extraordinary" -> 2, "extend" -> 2, "expressed" -> 2, "export" -> 2, "exploit" -> 2, "expired" -> 2, "experts" -> 2, "expertise" -> 2, "experience" -> 2, "expected" -> 2, "expansion" -> 2, "evidence-based" -> 2, "everyone" -> 2, "Every" -> 2, "equipment" -> 2, "equality" -> 2, "epidemics" -> 2, "entrepreneurship" -> 2, "entire" -> 2, "enter" -> 2, "enlistment" -> 2, "enjoy" -> 2, "engineering" -> 2, "engagement" -> 2, "enforceable" -> 2, "enemies" -> 2, "End" -> 2, "enacted" -> 2, "empowers" -> 2, "empowered" -> 2, "Employment" -> 2, "employer-based" -> 2, "Emergency" -> 2, "emergency" -> 2, "eliminating" -> 2, "elected" -> 2, "elderly" -> 2, "educators" -> 2, "economically" -> 2, "eclipsed" -> 2, "easy" -> 2, "ease" -> 2, "earn" -> 2, "duty" -> 2, "dump" -> 2, "drought" -> 2, "dreams" -> 2, "draws" -> 2, "don't" -> 2, "dollar" -> 2, "districts" -> 2, "displaced" -> 2, "disparities" -> 2, "discriminate" -> 2, "disclosures" -> 2, "disastrous" -> 2, "disasters" -> 2, "disaster" -> 2, "disadvantaged" -> 2, "direction" -> 2, "directed" -> 2, "determining" -> 2, "determine" -> 2, "detention" -> 2, "detect" -> 2, "details" -> 2, "destruction" -> 2, "destroy" -> 2, "designed" -> 2, "deploy" -> 2, "depend" -> 2, "Departments" -> 2, "denied" -> 2, "demonstrated" -> 2, "democratization" -> 2, "democracies" -> 2, "Delano" -> 2, "defining" -> 2, "deficit" -> 2, "defense" -> 2, "defend" -> 2, "defeated" -> 2, "decisions" -> 2, "decision-making" -> 2, "debilitating" -> 2, "debate" -> 2, "death" -> 2, "Deal" -> 2, "Day" -> 2, "Davis-Bacon" -> 2, "data" -> 2, "Darfur" -> 2, "cyber" -> 2, "cutting" -> 2, "cultures" -> 2, "culture" -> 2, "Cuba" -> 2, "crucial" -> 2, "creates" -> 2, "covering" -> 2, "courts" -> 2, "courage" -> 2, "couple" -> 2, "countless" -> 2, "counter-insurgency" -> 2, "count" -> 2, "counsel" -> 2, "corruption" -> 2, "Corps" -> 2, "corps" -> 2, "cornerstone" -> 2, "core" -> 2, "convert" -> 2, "control" -> 2, "contribute" -> 2, "contractors" -> 2, "contract" -> 2, "continuing" -> 2, "content" -> 2, "consistently" -> 2, "conserving" -> 2, "consequences" -> 2, "connectedness" -> 2, "congressional" -> 2, "confidence" -> 2, "concrete" -> 2, "concern" -> 2, "Comprehensive" -> 2, "competing" -> 2, "compassionate" -> 2, "community-based" -> 2, "communications" -> 2, "communication" -> 2, "Common" -> 2, "commanders" -> 2, "combined" -> 2, "Combat" -> 2, "color" -> 2, "code" -> 2, "Coast" -> 2, "claims" -> 2, "Civilian" -> 2, "civic" -> 2, "citizenship" -> 2, "citizen" -> 2, "choosing" -> 2, "Children" -> 2, "childhood" -> 2, "Child" -> 2, "Chiefs" -> 2, "Chief" -> 2, "Chicago" -> 2, "Chemical" -> 2, "checks" -> 2, "checking" -> 2, "check" -> 2, "character" -> 2, "champion" -> 2, "certain" -> 2, "century's" -> 2, "cents" -> 2, "centers" -> 2, "Census" -> 2, "cell" -> 2, "causes" -> 2, "cause" -> 2, "case" -> 2, "cargo" -> 2, "Care" -> 2, "Card" -> 2, "carbon" -> 2, "capacities" -> 2, "capable" -> 2, "Canada" -> 2, "campaigns" -> 2, "campaign" -> 2, "calamity" -> 2, "buy" -> 2, "bus" -> 2, "bureaucracy" -> 2, "broad" -> 2, "brigades" -> 2, "bridges" -> 2, "bridge" -> 2, "breaks" -> 2, "brave" -> 2, "box" -> 2, "bottom-up" -> 2, "bottom" -> 2, "Block" -> 2, "blank" -> 2, "biomedical" -> 2, "biological" -> 2, "biggest" -> 2, "behind" -> 2, "beginning" -> 2, "begin" -> 2, "bargaining" -> 2, "bankrupt" -> 2, "ballots" -> 2, "avian" -> 2, "availability" -> 2, "attend" -> 2, "attacked" -> 2, "assessments" -> 2, "assembly" -> 2, "Ask" -> 2, "Arts" -> 2, "arms" -> 2, "Armed" -> 2, "armed" -> 2, "area" -> 2, "approach" -> 2, "anything" -> 2, "answer" -> 2, "amount" -> 2, "alongside" -> 2, "along" -> 2, "almost" -> 2, "ally" -> 2, "allowing" -> 2, "alliances" -> 2, "alliance" -> 2, "ahead" -> 2, "agricultural" -> 2, "ago" -> 2, "Agency" -> 2, "Against" -> 2, "After" -> 2, "Affordable" -> 2, "advocate" -> 2, "advising" -> 2, "advantage" -> 2, "advancing" -> 2, "adults" -> 2, "administration" -> 2, "Adjustment" -> 2, "addiction" -> 2, "acts" -> 2, "actions" -> 2, "acres" -> 2, "acquiring" -> 2, "acknowledge" -> 2, "Accountable" -> 2, "above" -> 2, "abandon" -> 2, "2050" -> 2, "2008" -> 2, "$500" -> 1, "$4,000" -> 1, "$4" -> 1, "$360" -> 1, "$30" -> 1, "$25,000" -> 1, "$2" -> 1, "$1000" -> 1, "$1" -> 1, "Zone" -> 1, "Yucca" -> 1, "your" -> 1, "York" -> 1, "yields" -> 1, "year–including" -> 1, "wrongly" -> 1, "wrong" -> 1, "wracked" -> 1, "would-be" -> 1, "worthy" -> 1, "worthwhile" -> 1, "worthless" -> 1, "worth" -> 1, "worship" -> 1, "Worse" -> 1, "worse" -> 1, "worrying" -> 1, "worries" -> 1, "world–that" -> 1, "workforce—lack" -> 1, "workable" -> 1, "Work" -> 1, "won't" -> 1, "wonder" -> 1, "women-owned" -> 1, "woman's" -> 1, "wishes" -> 1, "wisely" -> 1, "wireless" -> 1, "winning" -> 1, "winds" -> 1, "Win" -> 1, "wild" -> 1, "whose" -> 1, "whom" -> 1, "white" -> 1, "whistle" -> 1, "While" -> 1, "wherever" -> 1, "what's" -> 1, "What" -> 1, "wetlands" -> 1, "went" -> 1, "wellness" -> 1, "well-being" -> 1, "welcoming" -> 1, "welcomed" -> 1, "weekend" -> 1, "week" -> 1, "Web" -> 1, "weatherization" -> 1, "weather" -> 1, "weary" -> 1, "wave" -> 1, "watchdog" -> 1, "watch" -> 1, "wasn't" -> 1, "wars" -> 1, "warrantless" -> 1, "warned" -> 1, "warming" -> 1, "Warmer" -> 1, "warehoused" -> 1, "want–and" -> 1, "Walter" -> 1, "walls" -> 1, "walking" -> 1, "walk" -> 1, "waiting" -> 1, "waited" -> 1, "vote—to" -> 1, "votes" -> 1, "voter-verified" -> 1, "volunteers" -> 1, "voluntarily" -> 1, "volatile" -> 1, "voices" -> 1, "visit" -> 1, "visions" -> 1, "visionary" -> 1, "visas" -> 1, "Violence" -> 1, "villages" -> 1, "vii" -> 1, "vigorous" -> 1, "views" -> 1, "viewpoints" -> 1, "view" -> 1, "viable" -> 1, "viability" -> 1, "vi" -> 1, "verify" -> 1, "verification" -> 1, "verifiably" -> 1, "Venezuela" -> 1, "veil" -> 1, "vastly" -> 1, "vanquished" -> 1, "valued" -> 1, "Valley" -> 1, "vaccines" -> 1, "vacant" -> 1, "(v)" -> 1, "Use" -> 1, "urgently" -> 1, "urge" -> 1, "update" -> 1, "untold" -> 1, "until" -> 1, "unstable" -> 1, "unsecured" -> 1, "unsafe" -> 1, "unrivaled" -> 1, "unrealistic" -> 1, "unquestionable" -> 1, "unpaid" -> 1, "unnecessary" -> 1, "unlocking" -> 1, "unlimited" -> 1, "Unlike" -> 1, "Universities" -> 1, "universities" -> 1, "uniting" -> 1, "unites" -> 1, "unite" -> 1, "unit" -> 1, "uniquely" -> 1, "unintended" -> 1, "uninsured" -> 1, "unilaterally" -> 1, "unilateral" -> 1, "uniforms" -> 1, "Uniformed" -> 1, "unified" -> 1, "UNFPA" -> 1, "Unfortunately" -> 1, "undivided" -> 1, "undetected" -> 1, "understanding" -> 1, "underpins" -> 1, "underpayments" -> 1, "undermining" -> 1, "underemployment" -> 1, "under-employed" -> 1, "undercut" -> 1, "Under" -> 1, "undemocratic" -> 1, "unconstitutional" -> 1, "unconditional" -> 1, "unchecked" -> 1, "uncertain" -> 1, "uncensored" -> 1, "unavailable" -> 1, "unaffordable" -> 1, "unacceptable" -> 1, "ultimate" -> 1, "Ukraine" -> 1, "two-front" -> 1, "turned" -> 1, "Turkey" -> 1, "turbines" -> 1, "tuberculosis" -> 1, "trustworthy" -> 1, "Trust" -> 1, "Truman" -> 1, "trucks" -> 1, "tropical" -> 1, "Troops" -> 1, "tries" -> 1, "Tribal" -> 1, "trial" -> 1, "trend" -> 1, "tremendous" -> 1, "treating" -> 1, "treatable" -> 1, "treasures—such" -> 1, "treasures" -> 1, "travelers" -> 1, "Traumatic" -> 1, "trapped" -> 1, "transparent" -> 1, "transnational" -> 1, "translators" -> 1, "translate" -> 1, "transit" -> 1, "transforming" -> 1, "transformative" -> 1, "transform" -> 1, "transferred" -> 1, "transcontinental" -> 1, "Transatlantic" -> 1, "trained" -> 1, "trailers" -> 1, "tragically" -> 1, "tragedy" -> 1, "trafficking—both" -> 1, "trafficking–through" -> 1, "Trafficking" -> 1, "traffickers" -> 1, "traditions–including" -> 1, "traditionally" -> 1, "tradition" -> 1, "trading" -> 1, "tracking" -> 1, "track" -> 1, "toys" -> 1, "toxins" -> 1, "toughen" -> 1, "tortured" -> 1, "tornadoes" -> 1, "top-down" -> 1, "took" -> 1, "told" -> 1, "Title" -> 1, "tired" -> 1, "time-honored" -> 1, "Ties" -> 1, "tied" -> 1, "Tibetans" -> 1, "thumbs" -> 1, "thrust" -> 1, "throwing" -> 1, "Throughout" -> 1, "thriving" -> 1, "threatens" -> 1, "threaten" -> 1, "thorough" -> 1, "Thomas" -> 1, "thirteen" -> 1, "third" -> 1, "thinking" -> 1, "things" -> 1, "thing" -> 1, "thereafter" -> 1, "themes" -> 1, "Thankfully" -> 1, "Thailand" -> 1, "testing" -> 1, "Test" -> 1, "terrorists–one" -> 1, "territory" -> 1, "territorial" -> 1, "terrible" -> 1, "terms" -> 1, "tens" -> 1, "Tennessee" -> 1, "temples" -> 1, "temperatures" -> 1, "Teddy" -> 1, "technology-rich" -> 1, "technologies—such" -> 1, "technological" -> 1, "tear" -> 1, "teamwork" -> 1, "Teams" -> 1, "teaching" -> 1, "teacher" -> 1, "tax-paying" -> 1, "taught" -> 1, "Tasks" -> 1, "targets" -> 1, "targeted" -> 1, "target" -> 1, "tap" -> 1, "tangible" -> 1, "talks" -> 1, "talking" -> 1, "Taliban" -> 1, "Taking" -> 1, "takes" -> 1, "tailspin" -> 1, "tailored" -> 1, "tag" -> 1, "tactics" -> 1, "tackle" -> 1, "table–to" -> 1, "TAA's" -> 1, "System" -> 1, "synagogues" -> 1, "swept" -> 1, "sweatshop" -> 1, "Sustained" -> 1, "suspension" -> 1, "Suspending" -> 1, "suspects" -> 1, "suspected" -> 1, "Susan" -> 1, "survivors" -> 1, "surveillance" -> 1, "surroundings" -> 1, "surge" -> 1, "Supreme" -> 1, "Supporting" -> 1, "suppliers" -> 1, "supplementing" -> 1, "summoned" -> 1, "summon" -> 1, "summits" -> 1, "sum" -> 1, "successive" -> 1, "succeed–in" -> 1, "succeeding" -> 1, "suburbs" -> 1, "substitute" -> 1, "sub-prime" -> 1, "subjecting" -> 1, "subject" -> 1, "struggled" -> 1, "structures" -> 1, "structure" -> 1, "struck" -> 1, "strongest" -> 1, "Stronger" -> 1, "Strong" -> 1, "stripe" -> 1, "striking" -> 1, "strides" -> 1, "Stress" -> 1, "strengths" -> 1, "strengthens" -> 1, "Strengthen" -> 1, "street" -> 1, "streamlined" -> 1, "streamline" -> 1, "Straits" -> 1, "strained" -> 1, "strain" -> 1, "straight" -> 1, "stories" -> 1, "store" -> 1, "stop-loss" -> 1, "Stop" -> 1, "stirred" -> 1, "stifling" -> 1, "stifle–but" -> 1, "stewards" -> 1, "stepping-stone" -> 1, "stemming" -> 1, "steady" -> 1, "steadily" -> 1, "steadfastly" -> 1, "stays" -> 1, "station" -> 1, "state-of-the-art" -> 1, "statements" -> 1, "startup" -> 1, "starts" -> 1, "started" -> 1, "START" -> 1, "stark" -> 1, "Stand" -> 1, "staffing" -> 1, "staff" -> 1, "stability–to" -> 1, "Stability" -> 1, "St." -> 1, "squeezing" -> 1, "squandered" -> 1, "spy" -> 1, "Spread" -> 1, "spouses" -> 1, "spin" -> 1, "spending–it" -> 1, "speeds" -> 1, "speed" -> 1, "speculators" -> 1, "specific" -> 1, "species" -> 1, "specialists" -> 1, "Speaking" -> 1, "Speaker" -> 1, "spawn" -> 1, "Spain" -> 1, "space" -> 1, "Soviet" -> 1, "Sovereignty" -> 1, "sovereign" -> 1, "Southern" -> 1, "Southeast" -> 1, "sources" -> 1, "sounded" -> 1, "sought" -> 1, "sorely" -> 1, "Sometimes" -> 1, "sometimes" -> 1, "someone" -> 1, "solved" -> 1, "solicit" -> 1, "soldiers" -> 1, "soil" -> 1, "smuggling" -> 1, "smarter" -> 1, "Smart" -> 1, "slavery" -> 1, "skyrocketing" -> 1, "sixth" -> 1, "sixteen" -> 1, "six-party" -> 1, "situations" -> 1, "sit" -> 1, "simplify" -> 1, "Similarly" -> 1, "similar" -> 1, "significantly" -> 1, "significance" -> 1, "signed" -> 1, "signal" -> 1, "sign" -> 1, "sidelines" -> 1, "sicker" -> 1, "sick" -> 1, "shuts" -> 1, "shut" -> 1, "Shultz" -> 1, "shows" -> 1, "shouldn't" -> 1, "shortfalls" -> 1, "short-change" -> 1, "short" -> 1, "shores" -> 1, "shipped" -> 1, "shine" -> 1, "shelters" -> 1, "shareholders" -> 1, "Shared" -> 1, "shaping" -> 1, "shame—and" -> 1, "shameful" -> 1, "shame" -> 1, "shadows" -> 1, "shacks" -> 1, "sexism" -> 1, "several" -> 1, "settle" -> 1, "sets" -> 1, "servicemember" -> 1, "service-learning" -> 1, "serves" -> 1, "Serve" -> 1, "serious" -> 1, "September" -> 1, "separation" -> 1, "separate" -> 1, "Seniors" -> 1, "senior" -> 1, "sending" -> 1, "Senators" -> 1, "Senate" -> 1, "self-interest" -> 1, "self-governing" -> 1, "self-governance" -> 1, "self-employed" -> 1, "select" -> 1, "Seizing" -> 1, "seize" -> 1, "seeks" -> 1, "seeing" -> 1, "security–and" -> 1, "securing" -> 1, "securely" -> 1, "secured" -> 1, "Secure" -> 1, "secular" -> 1, "Secretary" -> 1, "Secretariat's" -> 1, "Second" -> 1, "seat" -> 1, "searchable" -> 1, "sea" -> 1, "screening" -> 1, "screened" -> 1, "screen" -> 1, "scourge" -> 1, "score" -> 1, "sclerosis" -> 1, "scientists" -> 1, "Sciences" -> 1, "schools–because" -> 1, "scholarships" -> 1, "scapegoats" -> 1, "scales" -> 1, "say" -> 1, "saw" -> 1, "Savings" -> 1, "Saving" -> 1, "satellites" -> 1, "sat" -> 1, "sandwich" -> 1, "sanctuary" -> 1, "same-sex" -> 1, "Sam" -> 1, "saga" -> 1, "Safety" -> 1, "safeguards" -> 1, "sacrificing" -> 1, "sacrifices" -> 1, "sacrificed" -> 1, "Ryan" -> 1, "Russian" -> 1, "rushing" -> 1, "rushed" -> 1, "rules-based" -> 1, "rug" -> 1, "row" -> 1, "roundtables" -> 1, "Round" -> 1, "rots" -> 1, "Rosa" -> 1, "room" -> 1, "rooftops" -> 1, "rolls" -> 1, "rolling" -> 1, "rogue" -> 1, "Rodham" -> 1, "risk-takers" -> 1, "risks" -> 1, "risen" -> 1, "rigors" -> 1, "Right-to-Work" -> 1, "rights-respecting" -> 1, "rigged" -> 1, "ride" -> 1, "Rico's" -> 1, "riches" -> 1, "richer" -> 1, "Richards" -> 1, "rewarded" -> 1, "revolving" -> 1, "Revitalizing" -> 1, "revitalizing" -> 1, "revitalized" -> 1, "Revitalize" -> 1, "revitalize" -> 1, "revitalization" -> 1, "revisit" -> 1, "reviews" -> 1, "Review" -> 1, "revenue" -> 1, "retrain" -> 1, "retooling" -> 1, "Retirement" -> 1, "retirees" -> 1, "retired" -> 1, "retire" -> 1, "retains" -> 1, "Retain" -> 1, "retain" -> 1, "resurgent" -> 1, "resurgence" -> 1, "results-oriented" -> 1, "restrictions–from" -> 1, "Restoring" -> 1, "restoration" -> 1, "respecting" -> 1, "respectful" -> 1, "Respect" -> 1, "Resources" -> 1, "resourcefulness" -> 1, "resolves" -> 1, "resolved" -> 1, "Resolution" -> 1, "resolution" -> 1, "resilient" -> 1, "residual" -> 1, "reside" -> 1, "reservists" -> 1, "Reserve" -> 1, "rescue" -> 1, "requirements" -> 1, "required" -> 1, "reputation" -> 1, "Republicans" -> 1, "repressive" -> 1, "Representatives" -> 1, "representative" -> 1, "representation" -> 1, "represent" -> 1, "reports" -> 1, "replenish" -> 1, "replaced" -> 1, "replace" -> 1, "repair" -> 1, "repaid" -> 1, "Reorganization" -> 1, "rental" -> 1, "rent" -> 1, "renounces" -> 1, "RENEWING" -> 1, "remittances" -> 1, "remaining" -> 1, "rely" -> 1, "relieve" -> 1, "Relief" -> 1, "relentless" -> 1, "releasing" -> 1, "relatives" -> 1, "rejects" -> 1, "reinvigoration" -> 1, "Reinvestment" -> 1, "reinstating" -> 1, "reinstate" -> 1, "reinforced" -> 1, "rehabilitation" -> 1, "Regulation" -> 1, "regularly" -> 1, "regularity" -> 1, "registration" -> 1, "register" -> 1, "region–a" -> 1, "regards" -> 1, "regarding" -> 1, "refusing" -> 1, "refuse" -> 1, "refundable" -> 1, "refrain" -> 1, "Reforming" -> 1, "reforming" -> 1, "reformers" -> 1, "refocusing" -> 1, "reflective" -> 1, "refit" -> 1, "reexamine" -> 1, "re-equip" -> 1, "reentry" -> 1, "reengage" -> 1, "Reed" -> 1, "reductions" -> 1, "reduction" -> 1, "reduces" -> 1, "redeploying" -> 1, "rededicates" -> 1, "rededicate" -> 1, "recurring" -> 1, "Recruitment" -> 1, "recruiting" -> 1, "Recruit" -> 1, "recover" -> 1, "record-breaking" -> 1, "record" -> 1, "Reconstruction" -> 1, "Recommit" -> 1, "recommit" -> 1, "recommendations" -> 1, "Reclaiming" -> 1, "reclaim" -> 1, "reckless" -> 1, "recipe" -> 1, "recidivism" -> 1, "recession" -> 1, "re-center" -> 1, "receives" -> 1, "recall" -> 1, "Rebuilding" -> 1, "Rebuild" -> 1, "rebate" -> 1, "reasserting" -> 1, "reasonably" -> 1, "reasonable" -> 1, "reason" -> 1, "reap" -> 1, "real-time" -> 1, "realized" -> 1, "Real" -> 1, "reaffirms" -> 1, "reaffirm" -> 1, "Readjustment" -> 1, "Readiness" -> 1, "reaching" -> 1, "R&D" -> 1, "Rating" -> 1, "ratifying" -> 1, "ratify" -> 1, "ratification" -> 1, "ratchet" -> 1, "rare" -> 1, "ranked" -> 1, "range" -> 1, "raising" -> 1, "rainfall" -> 1, "railroad" -> 1, "raids" -> 1, "radio" -> 1, "radiation" -> 1, "racial" -> 1, "quick-launch" -> 1, "Quartet" -> 1, "Quality" -> 1, "qualitative" -> 1, "qualification" -> 1, "Quadrennial" -> 1, "pushed" -> 1, "purposeful" -> 1, "purge" -> 1, "purchasing" -> 1, "pump" -> 1, "pull" -> 1, "publishing" -> 1, "publicly-owned" -> 1, "pro-worker" -> 1, "provisions" -> 1, "Provincial" -> 1, "proud" -> 1, "protocols" -> 1, "protest" -> 1, "protective" -> 1, "Protecting" -> 1, "prostitution" -> 1, "prosper" -> 1, "proselytize" -> 1, "proposals" -> 1, "proper" -> 1, "propelled" -> 1, "promotions" -> 1, "Promote" -> 1, "promising" -> 1, "PROMISE" -> 1, "Project-level" -> 1, "project" -> 1, "Prohibition" -> 1, "prohibition" -> 1, "progressing" -> 1, "Program" -> 1, "profiling" -> 1, "Proficient" -> 1, "proficiency" -> 1, "professionalism" -> 1, "productive" -> 1, "Production" -> 1, "product" -> 1, "producing" -> 1, "produces" -> 1, "producers" -> 1, "processes" -> 1, "problem-solving" -> 1, "probable" -> 1, "prizes" -> 1, "privatizing" -> 1, "prison-to-work" -> 1, "prisons" -> 1, "prison" -> 1, "primary" -> 1, "prevents" -> 1, "preventive" -> 1, "Prevention" -> 1, "Preventing" -> 1, "preventing" -> 1, "Prevent" -> 1, "prevail" -> 1, "pre-trained" -> 1, "presumptive" -> 1, "pressed" -> 1, "Presidential" -> 1, "preserving" -> 1, "preservation" -> 1, "presents" -> 1, "presenting" -> 1, "present" -> 1, "preparing" -> 1, "premiums" -> 1, "Pre-K" -> 1, "prejudice" -> 1, "pregnancies" -> 1, "preferences" -> 1, "predatory" -> 1, "predator" -> 1, "preconditions" -> 1, "precious" -> 1, "Preamble" -> 1, "pre" -> 1, "practices–including" -> 1, "Practices" -> 1, "power—to" -> 1, "powers–including" -> 1, "Powers" -> 1, "powerless" -> 1, "Poverty" -> 1, "Postures" -> 1, "Post-Traumatic" -> 1, "postsecondary" -> 1, "post-natal" -> 1, "post-conviction" -> 1, "possess" -> 1, "position" -> 1, "pose" -> 1, "ports" -> 1, "portrayals" -> 1, "portable" -> 1, "port" -> 1, "pork" -> 1, "Population" -> 1, "population" -> 1, "poppy-growing" -> 1, "poorly" -> 1, "poorer" -> 1, "pool" -> 1, "pollution" -> 1, "polluters" -> 1, "polluter" -> 1, "polluted" -> 1, "pollute" -> 1, "polling" -> 1, "Political" -> 1, "policing" -> 1, "policies–many" -> 1, "Policies" -> 1, "poisoning" -> 1, "points" -> 1, "plunge" -> 1, "plug-in" -> 1, "pledge–a" -> 1, "pledges" -> 1, "pledged" -> 1, "playgrounds" -> 1, "played" -> 1, "plant" -> 1, "planning" -> 1, "planners" -> 1, "planet's" -> 1, "plagues" -> 1, "pioneered" -> 1, "pioneer" -> 1, "pilots" -> 1, "piecemeal" -> 1, "pictures" -> 1, "philanthropic" -> 1, "Philadelphia" -> 1, "phase-out" -> 1, "phase-in" -> 1, "perspective" -> 1, "persists" -> 1, "persistent" -> 1, "persistence" -> 1, "persist" -> 1, "perseverance" -> 1, "Perry" -> 1, "perpetuity" -> 1, "Permanent" -> 1, "periodic" -> 1, "performing" -> 1, "performed" -> 1, "performance" -> 1, "perfection" -> 1, "Perfect" -> 1, "perceived" -> 1, "people–lies" -> 1, "people–in" -> 1, "people–and" -> 1, "peoples" -> 1, "People" -> 1, "Pennsylvania" -> 1, "peninsula" -> 1, "Pell" -> 1, "peers" -> 1, "Peacekeeping" -> 1, "paycheck" -> 1, "pay-as-you-go" -> 1, "patterns" -> 1, "Patriot" -> 1, "patriot" -> 1, "patient" -> 1, "patience" -> 1, "paternity" -> 1, "passing" -> 1, "passengers" -> 1, "passenger" -> 1, "passage" -> 1, "Pashtun" -> 1, "partisanship" -> 1, "participatory" -> 1, "participating" -> 1, "participated" -> 1, "Parks" -> 1, "Parkinson's" -> 1, "parity" -> 1, "parent" -> 1, "paper" -> 1, "Palestinians" -> 1, "pages" -> 1, "packages" -> 1, "overturning" -> 1, "overturn" -> 1, "overtime" -> 1, "overpayments" -> 1, "overcome" -> 1, "outweighs" -> 1, "outsourced" -> 1, "outreach" -> 1, "outlets" -> 1, "out-educate" -> 1, "out-compete" -> 1, "outcomes" -> 1, "outcome" -> 1, "original" -> 1, "organs" -> 1, "organization" -> 1, "orders" -> 1, "Or" -> 1, "option" -> 1, "optimism" -> 1, "optimal" -> 1, "opt" -> 1, "oppressed" -> 1, "opposition" -> 1, "opposite" -> 1, "opportunity–access" -> 1, "opinions" -> 1, "operatives" -> 1, "operational" -> 1, "operating" -> 1, "opens" -> 1, "openly" -> 1, "Open" -> 1, "OPEC" -> 1, "Only" -> 1, "Online" -> 1, "Ongoing" -> 1, "one–who" -> 1, "old" -> 1, "offset" -> 1, "Officer" -> 1, "Office" -> 1, "office" -> 1, "offered" -> 1, "occurring" -> 1, "occupy" -> 1, "occupations" -> 1, "Occupational" -> 1, "occasional" -> 1, "obtained" -> 1, "obtain" -> 1, "obstruction" -> 1, "obstruct" -> 1, "observed" -> 1, "objectively" -> 1, "objectionable" -> 1, "obesity" -> 1, "nutrition" -> 1, "nurtured" -> 1, "nurture" -> 1, "nursing" -> 1, "Nunn" -> 1, "numbers" -> 1, "nullify" -> 1, "nuisance" -> 1, "nuclear-free" -> 1, "nuclear-armed" -> 1, "NPT" -> 1, "notion" -> 1, "nothing" -> 1, "Not" -> 1, "normalizing" -> 1, "nor" -> 1, "nonviolent" -> 1, "non-violent" -> 1, "non-traditional" -> 1, "non-tariff" -> 1, "non-profit" -> 1, "non-home-based" -> 1, "Nonetheless" -> 1, "non-emergency" -> 1, "none" -> 1, "non-discrimination" -> 1, "non-democratic" -> 1, "nominee" -> 1, "no-bid" -> 1, "NMB's" -> 1, "NLRB's" -> 1, "nine" -> 1, "Nigeria" -> 1, "nexus" -> 1, "news" -> 1, "Never" -> 1, "neutral" -> 1, "Network" -> 1, "negotiators" -> 1, "negotiating" -> 1, "neglect" -> 1, "Needed" -> 1, "necessities" -> 1, "nature" -> 1, "naturalization" -> 1, "Natural" -> 1, "NATO–including" -> 1, "nationwide" -> 1, "Nation's" -> 1, "Nation" -> 1, "narco-terrorism–or" -> 1, "name" -> 1, "Muslims" -> 1, "Muslim-Americans" -> 1, "municipal" -> 1, "multiple" -> 1, "multi-ethnic" -> 1, "moving" -> 1, "mounting" -> 1, "Mountain" -> 1, "mountain" -> 1, "mother" -> 1, "Most" -> 1, "mosques" -> 1, "Moreover" -> 1, "morally" -> 1, "month" -> 1, "monstrosity" -> 1, "moneyed" -> 1, "momentum" -> 1, "moments" -> 1, "moderation" -> 1, "moderates" -> 1, "models" -> 1, "mixed-income" -> 1, "misunderstanding" -> 1, "Mississippi" -> 1, "missing–missing" -> 1, "missed" -> 1, "misinformed" -> 1, "misclassifying" -> 1, "minutes" -> 1, "Minorities" -> 1, "mining" -> 1, "Millennium" -> 1, "mile" -> 1, "migrant-sending" -> 1, "micro-loans" -> 1, "microcredit" -> 1, "Michigan" -> 1, "Metropolitan" -> 1, "methodologies" -> 1, "method" -> 1, "message" -> 1, "mercy" -> 1, "mentoring" -> 1, "memory" -> 1, "Memorial" -> 1, "memorandum" -> 1, "Meeting" -> 1, "medicines" -> 1, "medicine" -> 1, "Medicare's" -> 1, "Medical" -> 1, "Mediation" -> 1, "meant" -> 1, "mean" -> 1, "maternity" -> 1, "Material" -> 1, "matching" -> 1, "Mass" -> 1, "Martin" -> 1, "married" -> 1, "Marriage" -> 1, "market's" -> 1, "marketplace" -> 1, "Marines" -> 1, "manufacture" -> 1, "Manhattan" -> 1, "mandate" -> 1, "managing" -> 1, "Management" -> 1, "managed" -> 1, "manage" -> 1, "Make" -> 1, "maintenance" -> 1, "Maintaining" -> 1, "maintaining" -> 1, "maintained" -> 1, "Main" -> 1, "mail" -> 1, "macroeconomic" -> 1, "machines" -> 1, "Luther" -> 1, "low-interest" -> 1, "lowest" -> 1, "Lower" -> 1, "low-carbon" -> 1, "low" -> 1, "loved" -> 1, "loud" -> 1, "Loss" -> 1, "loophole" -> 1, "looks" -> 1, "looked" -> 1, "long-time" -> 1, "longstanding" -> 1, "longer-term" -> 1, "location" -> 1, "Local" -> 1, "loan" -> 1, "little" -> 1, "literacy" -> 1, "lists" -> 1, "linked" -> 1, "Limited" -> 1, "Lilly" -> 1, "lifting" -> 1, "lifted" -> 1, "Lift" -> 1, "lifestyles" -> 1, "life-saving" -> 1, "lies" -> 1, "license" -> 1, "library" -> 1, "Liberties" -> 1, "liberalization" -> 1, "liberal" -> 1, "letting" -> 1, "letters" -> 1, "letter" -> 1, "lethal" -> 1, "lesson" -> 1, "lender" -> 1, "legitimate" -> 1, "legislatures" -> 1, "legislative" -> 1, "legendary" -> 1, "legally" -> 1, "Left" -> 1, "Ledbetter" -> 1, "leaves" -> 1, "Leave" -> 1, "Learners" -> 1, "Learner" -> 1, "leapfrog" -> 1, "lead-safe" -> 1, "leader" -> 1, "laying" -> 1, "lay" -> 1, "lax" -> 1, "Laws" -> 1, "Law" -> 1, "launching" -> 1, "launch" -> 1, "largest" -> 1, "large-scale" -> 1, "largely" -> 1, "Lands" -> 1, "Lakes" -> 1, "ladder" -> 1, "lacking" -> 1, "lack" -> 1, "labor-management" -> 1, "labeling" -> 1, "Korea's" -> 1, "knows" -> 1, "knowledge-based" -> 1, "know-how" -> 1, "Kissinger" -> 1, "King" -> 1, "kinds" -> 1, "killing" -> 1, "kids" -> 1, "kept" -> 1, "Keeping" -> 1, "Karachi" -> 1, "Kandahar" -> 1, "jumpstarting" -> 1, "Judiciary–and" -> 1, "Judiciary" -> 1, "judiciaries" -> 1, "judicial" -> 1, "Jr." -> 1, "joint" -> 1, "joining" -> 1, "job-holders" -> 1, "Jewish" -> 1, "jeopardy" -> 1, "Jefferson–self-interest" -> 1, "Japan" -> 1, "jail" -> 1, "IX" -> 1, "IV" -> 1, "iv" -> 1, "IT" -> 1, "Israel's" -> 1, "Israelis" -> 1, "Israeli-Palestinian" -> 1, "isolation" -> 1, "isolating" -> 1, "Islanders" -> 1, "Islander" -> 1, "Island" -> 1, "island" -> 1, "Islam" -> 1, "Irish" -> 1, "Iraqi" -> 1, "Iowa" -> 1, "IOU's" -> 1, "involve" -> 1, "invited" -> 1, "invite" -> 1, "invests" -> 1, "Investing" -> 1, "investigate" -> 1, "invested" -> 1, "Invest" -> 1, "intimidation" -> 1, "intervention" -> 1, "intertwined" -> 1, "interoperable" -> 1, "internships" -> 1, "Internet's" -> 1, "internet" -> 1, "International" -> 1, "internally" -> 1, "interim" -> 1, "interference" -> 1, "interest–above" -> 1, "interdict" -> 1, "intent" -> 1, "intend" -> 1, "integrated" -> 1, "integrate" -> 1, "integral" -> 1, "insurgents" -> 1, "insurers" -> 1, "insurer" -> 1, "Insurance" -> 1, "instruments" -> 1, "instruct" -> 1, "institutionalize" -> 1, "institutional" -> 1, "institute" -> 1, "instincts" -> 1, "instigated" -> 1, "install" -> 1, "inspiring" -> 1, "inspires" -> 1, "inspirational" -> 1, "insists" -> 1, "insistent" -> 1, "insist" -> 1, "input" -> 1, "Innovation" -> 1, "innovate" -> 1, "inner-cities" -> 1, "Injury" -> 1, "injuries" -> 1, "Initiative" -> 1, "initiative" -> 1, "initial" -> 1, "ingredient" -> 1, "infrastructures" -> 1, "informed" -> 1, "Information" -> 1, "inflict" -> 1, "inflated" -> 1, "infectious" -> 1, "infected" -> 1, "inequalities" -> 1, "inept" -> 1, "industries-risk" -> 1, "industrialized" -> 1, "industrial" -> 1, "individuals" -> 1, "individualism" -> 1, "indiscriminate" -> 1, "Independents" -> 1, "incumbent" -> 1, "Increasing" -> 1, "increases" -> 1, "incorporated" -> 1, "inconsistent" -> 1, "incompetent" -> 1, "Incomes" -> 1, "incentivize" -> 1, "incentive" -> 1, "inadequate" -> 1, "inaction" -> 1, "impunity" -> 1, "Improving" -> 1, "Improve" -> 1, "import" -> 1, "Implementing" -> 1, "impacts" -> 1, "imminently" -> 1, "immeasurably" -> 1, "imagine" -> 1, "imagination" -> 1, "ILO's" -> 1, "illusions" -> 1, "illiteracy" -> 1, "ill-considered" -> 1, "ill" -> 1, "III" -> 1, "iii" -> 1, "II" -> 1, "ii" -> 1, "ignored" -> 1, "ideologues" -> 1, "ideological" -> 1, "identity" -> 1, "identification" -> 1, "ideals" -> 1, "IAEA-controlled" -> 1, "I" -> 1, "(i)" -> 1, "hybrids" -> 1, "hurts" -> 1, "hurt" -> 1, "hunting" -> 1, "hunters" -> 1, "hunt" -> 1, "hungry" -> 1, "hung" -> 1, "hundreds" -> 1, "Humanity" -> 1, "Humanities" -> 1, "huge" -> 1, "However" -> 1, "however" -> 1, "How" -> 1, "house" -> 1, "hour" -> 1, "hostility" -> 1, "host" -> 1, "hospitals" -> 1, "horrific" -> 1, "hopes" -> 1, "hopelessness" -> 1, "hopefully" -> 1, "Hoover" -> 1, "Homestead" -> 1, "homeowner" -> 1, "homeless" -> 1, "Homebuyers" -> 1, "hole" -> 1, "hoc" -> 1, "HIV-positive" -> 1, "Historically" -> 1, "Hispanic" -> 1, "hiring" -> 1, "hire" -> 1, "Hillary" -> 1, "highway" -> 1, "high-value-added" -> 1, "highspeed" -> 1, "high-speed" -> 1, "high-schoolers" -> 1, "high-risk" -> 1, "high-priced" -> 1, "high-paying" -> 1, "Higher" -> 1, "high-demand" -> 1, "Hezbollah" -> 1, "hesitate" -> 1, "heroically" -> 1, "heroic" -> 1, "heroes" -> 1, "hero" -> 1, "heritage" -> 1, "hereby" -> 1, "Here" -> 1, "her" -> 1, "Henry" -> 1, "Help" -> 1, "held" -> 1, "hearts" -> 1, "heart" -> 1, "hear" -> 1, "healthcare" -> 1, "health-care" -> 1, "headlines–and" -> 1, "head" -> 1, "Hawaiians" -> 1, "havens" -> 1, "Hate" -> 1, "hate" -> 1, "harsh" -> 1, "Harry" -> 1, "harm's" -> 1, "Harlem" -> 1, "hard—in" -> 1, "hardworking" -> 1, "hardest" -> 1, "happens" -> 1, "happen" -> 1, "hands—and" -> 1, "hampers" -> 1, "Hamilton" -> 1, "halls" -> 1, "hall" -> 1, "Half" -> 1, "Haiti" -> 1, "habitats" -> 1, "habeas" -> 1, "guns" -> 1, "gun" -> 1, "guise" -> 1, "guidelines" -> 1, "guided" -> 1, "guard" -> 1, "Guantanamo" -> 1, "Group" -> 1, "grounds" -> 1, "grounded" -> 1, "grew" -> 1, "greener" -> 1, "green-collar" -> 1, "Green" -> 1, "grave" -> 1, "gratitude" -> 1, "grassroots" -> 1, "grasslands" -> 1, "grandmother" -> 1, "grandchildren" -> 1, "graduation" -> 1, "Governors" -> 1, "governors" -> 1, "government—in" -> 1, "government-to-government" -> 1, "government-funded" -> 1, "Governance" -> 1, "God-given" -> 1, "Goals" -> 1, "globe" -> 1, "glimpse" -> 1, "glass" -> 1, "gift" -> 1, "GI" -> 1, "Getting" -> 1, "Germany" -> 1, "geothermal" -> 1, "Georgia" -> 1, "generating" -> 1, "generated" -> 1, "gave" -> 1, "gatherings" -> 1, "Gas" -> 1, "garner" -> 1, "games" -> 1, "gain" -> 1, "gag" -> 1, "G-8—so" -> 1, "futures" -> 1, "Furthermore" -> 1, "funds" -> 1, "funded" -> 1, "fundamentally" -> 1, "fundamentalist" -> 1, "functioning" -> 1, "fuel-efficient" -> 1, "frontiers" -> 1, "Frontier" -> 1, "Friday" -> 1, "frequently" -> 1, "freer" -> 1, "freedoms" -> 1, "Freedom" -> 1, "fraudulent" -> 1, "fraud" -> 1, "fragility" -> 1, "four-dollar-a-gallon" -> 1, "founding" -> 1, "founded" -> 1, "Foundation" -> 1, "fought" -> 1, "Forum" -> 1, "Forty" -> 1, "Forms" -> 1, "forgotten" -> 1, "forgiveness" -> 1, "forgetting" -> 1, "forever–for" -> 1, "foresight" -> 1, "foresees" -> 1, "foreclosures" -> 1, "following" -> 1, "follow" -> 1, "foes" -> 1, "focuses" -> 1, "flowing" -> 1, "floodwaters" -> 1, "flood" -> 1, "flexible" -> 1, "flag" -> 1, "fixing" -> 1, "fixed" -> 1, "Fissile" -> 1, "fishing" -> 1, "Fiscal" -> 1, "firm" -> 1, "Firearms" -> 1, "finishing" -> 1, "finish" -> 1, "fine" -> 1, "finding" -> 1, "Financial" -> 1, "finance" -> 1, "filling" -> 1, "fill" -> 1, "Filipino" -> 1, "filings" -> 1, "fifteen" -> 1, "fields" -> 1, "field" -> 1, "fiber" -> 1, "fewer" -> 1, "fester" -> 1, "fellow" -> 1, "feel" -> 1, "feed" -> 1, "federal-local" -> 1, "fear" -> 1, "favor" -> 1, "fatten" -> 1, "Fatherhood" -> 1, "fatherhood" -> 1, "father" -> 1, "fast-tracked" -> 1, "fast-track" -> 1, "faster" -> 1, "fast" -> 1, "fascism" -> 1, "far-reaching" -> 1, "far-off" -> 1, "farmers–just" -> 1, "fare" -> 1, "famous" -> 1, "falls" -> 1, "faiths" -> 1, "faithful" -> 1, "Faith-based" -> 1, "Fairness" -> 1, "failure" -> 1, "fail" -> 1, "factory" -> 1, "factories" -> 1, "facing" -> 1, "faces" -> 1, "extremely" -> 1, "extra" -> 1, "Extension" -> 1, "extends" -> 1, "expression" -> 1, "exposed" -> 1, "exporting" -> 1, "exporters" -> 1, "exploration" -> 1, "exploitative" -> 1, "experiment" -> 1, "experienced" -> 1, "expenses" -> 1, "expending" -> 1, "expectations" -> 1, "expectant" -> 1, "expectancy" -> 1, "expansions" -> 1, "expands" -> 1, "Expand" -> 1, "ex-offender" -> 1, "exists" -> 1, "exempt" -> 1, "Executive" -> 1, "excessive" -> 1, "excellence" -> 1, "excel" -> 1, "evils" -> 1, "everything" -> 1, "everyone's" -> 1, "Everglades" -> 1, "events" -> 1, "evaluate" -> 1, "ethnicity" -> 1, "ethnic" -> 1, "Ethical" -> 1, "ethic" -> 1, "ethanol" -> 1, "estimated" -> 1, "establishes" -> 1, "established" -> 1, "Establish" -> 1, "essence" -> 1, "era–have" -> 1, "Eradicating" -> 1, "Era" -> 1, "equity" -> 1, "equitably" -> 1, "equipping" -> 1, "equally" -> 1, "epochal" -> 1, "epidemic" -> 1, "epicenters" -> 1, "envy" -> 1, "environmentally-friendly" -> 1, "Environmental" -> 1, "enumerated" -> 1, "entry" -> 1, "Entrepreneurship" -> 1, "entrepreneurial" -> 1, "entities" -> 1, "entering" -> 1, "Ensuring" -> 1, "ensured" -> 1, "enroll" -> 1, "enrichment" -> 1, "enrich" -> 1, "enhancing" -> 1, "enhanced" -> 1, "engines" -> 1, "engine" -> 1, "Enforcement" -> 1, "energy-focused" -> 1, "energetic" -> 1, "endemic" -> 1, "endanger" -> 1, "Encouraging" -> 1, "encouraging" -> 1, "encouragement" -> 1, "enables" -> 1, "Empowering" -> 1, "employer" -> 1, "Employee" -> 1, "employee" -> 1, "employ" -> 1, "emphasize" -> 1, "emphasis" -> 1, "empathy" -> 1, "emotional" -> 1, "emitting" -> 1, "emitter" -> 1, "Emerging" -> 1, "emergence" -> 1, "emerged" -> 1, "embryonic" -> 1, "embraced" -> 1, "embrace" -> 1, "embassy" -> 1, "emanate" -> 1, "else" -> 1, "Elko" -> 1, "Elimination" -> 1, "eliminates" -> 1, "elevated" -> 1, "elevate" -> 1, "elements" -> 1, "element" -> 1, "electrifying" -> 1, "electricity" -> 1, "eighteen" -> 1, "e.g" -> 1, "efficiently" -> 1, "effects" -> 1, "educational" -> 1, "educated" -> 1, "educate" -> 1, "economy-wide" -> 1, "Economic" -> 1, "easily" -> 1, "earth's" -> 1, "earthquakes" -> 1, "earth" -> 1, "earns" -> 1, "earning" -> 1, "earned" -> 1, "earmarks" -> 1, "Early" -> 1, "eager" -> 1, "Each" -> 1, "dysfunctional" -> 1, "dynamism" -> 1, "dynamic" -> 1, "duly" -> 1, "due" -> 1, "dual" -> 1, "drugs" -> 1, "dropout" -> 1, "drop-out" -> 1, "drop" -> 1, "drones–to" -> 1, "driving" -> 1, "driven" -> 1, "drill" -> 1, "dramatic" -> 1, "doorstep" -> 1, "door" -> 1, "donut" -> 1, "dominated" -> 1, "doling" -> 1, "Doing" -> 1, "Doha" -> 1, "doesn't" -> 1, "Do" -> 1, "DNA" -> 1, "divisive" -> 1, "divides" -> 1, "divide" -> 1, "diversion" -> 1, "District" -> 1, "district" -> 1, "distribution" -> 1, "distance" -> 1, "disrespect" -> 1, "disproportionately" -> 1, "displace" -> 1, "disparate" -> 1, "disorders" -> 1, "Disorder" -> 1, "dismissed" -> 1, "dismay" -> 1, "dismantle" -> 1, "dislocation" -> 1, "disgrace" -> 1, "disenfranchise" -> 1, "discuss" -> 1, "discriminatory" -> 1, "Discrimination" -> 1, "discredited" -> 1, "discovery" -> 1, "disclosure" -> 1, "disciplines" -> 1, "discharged" -> 1, "discarded" -> 1, "disappointed" -> 1, "disappearance" -> 1, "disagree" -> 1, "disaggregation" -> 1, "disadvantage" -> 1, "Director" -> 1, "directly" -> 1, "directions—by" -> 1, "Diplomacy" -> 1, "diminish" -> 1, "dimensions" -> 1, "diligence" -> 1, "dignified" -> 1, "digital" -> 1, "difficulties" -> 1, "differing" -> 1, "differences" -> 1, "difference" -> 1, "die" -> 1, "dictators" -> 1, "dichotomy" -> 1, "diabetes" -> 1, "Develop" -> 1, "devastation" -> 1, "deterrent" -> 1, "determined" -> 1, "determination" -> 1, "detained" -> 1, "detain" -> 1, "destructive" -> 1, "Destruction" -> 1, "destroyed" -> 1, "destinies" -> 1, "Despite" -> 1, "despite" -> 1, "designing" -> 1, "deserves" -> 1, "Depression" -> 1, "depoliticize" -> 1, "departments" -> 1, "Department's" -> 1, "De-Nuclearize" -> 1, "denials" -> 1, "denial" -> 1, "demonstrate" -> 1, "Democracies" -> 1, "Demeaning" -> 1, "demanding" -> 1, "Delta" -> 1, "delivery" -> 1, "delivers" -> 1, "deforestation" -> 1, "define" -> 1, "deficits" -> 1, "defendants" -> 1, "Defeating" -> 1, "defeating" -> 1, "deepest" -> 1, "deeper" -> 1, "deepening" -> 1, "Deepen" -> 1, "deep" -> 1, "deeds" -> 1, "deed" -> 1, "dedicating" -> 1, "dedicated" -> 1, "dedicate" -> 1, "decrease" -> 1, "declining" -> 1, "Declassification" -> 1, "declare" -> 1, "deck" -> 1, "decision" -> 1, "decide" -> 1, "decent" -> 1, "decency" -> 1, "debates" -> 1, "debacle" -> 1, "deal" -> 1, "dead" -> 1, "date" -> 1, "dams" -> 1, "dampen" -> 1, "Cyprus" -> 1, "cycle" -> 1, "Cyber-Security" -> 1, "cyber-infrastructure" -> 1, "cutting-edge" -> 1, "Customs" -> 1, "curry" -> 1, "curricula" -> 1, "Currently" -> 1, "currently" -> 1, "currency" -> 1, "curb" -> 1, "culturally" -> 1, "Cuban" -> 1, "crossroads" -> 1, "cross-border" -> 1, "cross" -> 1, "crop" -> 1, "crisis–particularly" -> 1, "crises" -> 1, "crippling" -> 1, "criminals" -> 1, "Criminal" -> 1, "criminal" -> 1, "Crimes" -> 1, "credits" -> 1, "creators" -> 1, "creative" -> 1, "Creating" -> 1, "crafts" -> 1, "crafted" -> 1, "craft" -> 1, "cracks" -> 1, "covered" -> 1, "Coverage" -> 1, "cover" -> 1, "courthouses" -> 1, "Court" -> 1, "course" -> 1, "courageous" -> 1, "coups" -> 1, "couples" -> 1, "County" -> 1, "county" -> 1, "country–in" -> 1, "counting" -> 1, "counties" -> 1, "counted" -> 1, "Count" -> 1, "cost-shifting" -> 1, "cost-effective" -> 1, "corpus" -> 1, "corporations" -> 1, "Corporate" -> 1, "corners" -> 1, "corner" -> 1, "coordination" -> 1, "coordinate" -> 1, "convince" -> 1, "conventional" -> 1, "convene" -> 1, "contributions–with" -> 1, "contribution" -> 1, "contributing" -> 1, "contributed" -> 1, "contrast" -> 1, "Contractors" -> 1, "contractor" -> 1, "Contracting" -> 1, "contracted" -> 1, "context" -> 1, "contest" -> 1, "contends" -> 1, "contend" -> 1, "contacts" -> 1, "consumption" -> 1, "consumers" -> 1, "Consumer" -> 1, "Consultative" -> 1, "constructive" -> 1, "construction" -> 1, "construct" -> 1, "constrained" -> 1, "Constitution's" -> 1, "Constitutional" -> 1, "consolidated" -> 1, "consider" -> 1, "conserve" -> 1, "conservatives" -> 1, "consensus" -> 1, "connectivity" -> 1, "connection" -> 1, "Connected" -> 1, "connected" -> 1, "connect" -> 1, "conjures" -> 1, "confronting" -> 1, "conflicts" -> 1, "confirm" -> 1, "confidentiality" -> 1, "conferences" -> 1, "conference" -> 1, "conduct" -> 1, "conception" -> 1, "concentration" -> 1, "concentrated" -> 1, "comprehensively" -> 1, "compounds" -> 1, "compounded" -> 1, "compound" -> 1, "component" -> 1, "complex" -> 1, "completion" -> 1, "completely" -> 1, "competitors" -> 1, "Competitiveness" -> 1, "competitively" -> 1, "competition–and" -> 1, "compete–and" -> 1, "Competes" -> 1, "competent" -> 1, "compensated" -> 1, "compassion" -> 1, "comparable" -> 1, "communism" -> 1, "communicate" -> 1, "commonsense" -> 1, "commodity" -> 1, "Committees" -> 1, "comment" -> 1, "coming" -> 1, "Combating" -> 1, "Columbia" -> 1, "Colombia" -> 1, "Colleges" -> 1, "collectively" -> 1, "collection" -> 1, "collect" -> 1, "Collar" -> 1, "collapses" -> 1, "collapse" -> 1, "collaboration" -> 1, "coherent" -> 1, "Code" -> 1, "coastline" -> 1, "coastal" -> 1, "coal" -> 1, "coaches" -> 1, "clusters" -> 1, "closer" -> 1, "clock" -> 1, "Clinton's" -> 1, "Clinton" -> 1, "climate-friendly" -> 1, "Climate" -> 1, "clearly" -> 1, "cleanup" -> 1, "clean-energy" -> 1, "Clean" -> 1, "classroom" -> 1, "classes" -> 1, "Class" -> 1, "clarify" -> 1, "claiming" -> 1, "civilians" -> 1, "Civil" -> 1, "Civic" -> 1, "City" -> 1, "citizenry" -> 1, "churches" -> 1, "Chinese" -> 1, "child–not" -> 1, "child–it's" -> 1, "children–without" -> 1, "Children's" -> 1, "childrearing" -> 1, "childcare" -> 1, "Cheyenne" -> 1, "Chesapeake" -> 1, "cherish" -> 1, "chemical" -> 1, "cheapen" -> 1, "Chavez" -> 1, "charter" -> 1, "charging" -> 1, "charge" -> 1, "chapter" -> 1, "chaotic" -> 1, "chaos" -> 1, "changed" -> 1, "Change" -> 1, "challenges—whether" -> 1, "challenges–from" -> 1, "Chairman" -> 1, "chair" -> 1, "Cesar" -> 1, "certifications" -> 1, "certification" -> 1, "CEOs" -> 1, "century-old" -> 1, "centerpiece" -> 1, "Center" -> 1, "center" -> 1, "cellulosic" -> 1, "ceiling" -> 1, "Ccentury—they" -> 1, "caused" -> 1, "caucuses" -> 1, "catch" -> 1, "Catastrophic" -> 1, "catastrophes" -> 1, "catalyze" -> 1, "cast" -> 1, "cases" -> 1, "cars" -> 1, "carry" -> 1, "carried" -> 1, "Careless" -> 1, "careless" -> 1, "caregiving" -> 1, "caregivers" -> 1, "carefully" -> 1, "careful" -> 1, "card" -> 1, "carbon-energy-intensive" -> 1, "capitalism" -> 1, "Capacity" -> 1, "candor" -> 1, "candid" -> 1, "Cancer" -> 1, "cancer" -> 1, "camps" -> 1, "camp" -> 1, "calendar" -> 1, "Cabinet" -> 1, "Byrne" -> 1, "businesses–for" -> 1, "Bush's" -> 1, "Burma" -> 1, "bureaucratic" -> 1, "bureaucracies" -> 1, "Burdens" -> 1, "burdens" -> 1, "bullying" -> 1, "bullies" -> 1, "build–or" -> 1, "builds" -> 1, "building–a" -> 1, "Building" -> 1, "Build" -> 1, "budgets" -> 1, "budgeting" -> 1, "brokers" -> 1, "broker" -> 1, "broaden" -> 1, "broadcasters" -> 1, "broadcast" -> 1, "brink" -> 1, "brighter" -> 1, "breeding" -> 1, "breast" -> 1, "breakdowns" -> 1, "break" -> 1, "breach" -> 1, "Brasilia" -> 1, "Branch" -> 1, "Brain" -> 1, "bountiful" -> 1, "borrowers" -> 1, "Border" -> 1, "booths" -> 1, "bonuses" -> 1, "bombast" -> 1, "bolster" -> 1, "boldness" -> 1, "bold" -> 1, "Bobby" -> 1, "blunder" -> 1, "blower" -> 1, "blow" -> 1, "blocks" -> 1, "block" -> 1, "blight" -> 1, "blew" -> 1, "Black" -> 1, "bit" -> 1, "birthright" -> 1, "birth" -> 1, "bioterrorists" -> 1, "bioterrorism" -> 1, "bio-terror" -> 1, "Biological" -> 1, "biofuels" -> 1, "biodiversity" -> 1, "binding" -> 1, "bill" -> 1, "bilingual" -> 1, "biased" -> 1, "Beyond" -> 1, "Berlin" -> 1, "benefited" -> 1, "benchmarks" -> 1, "belongs" -> 1, "belittled" -> 1, "belated" -> 1, "Beijing" -> 1, "beholden" -> 1, "Behind–while" -> 1, "begins" -> 1, "began" -> 1, "bedrock" -> 1, "beacon" -> 1, "Bay—including" -> 1, "Bay" -> 1, "battle" -> 1, "batteries" -> 1, "bases" -> 1, "barrels" -> 1, "barrel" -> 1, "bargains" -> 1, "bargain" -> 1, "banning" -> 1, 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This November, the choice we face as Americans may have more impact on our people and our place in the world than any in our lifetimes. We approach this task with a seriousness that matches the challenges before us, but also with a profound optimism about our future – an optimism that springs from our great faith in America, and our great pride in what it means to be Americans.\nWe know the stakes are immeasurably high.\nFor the first time in generations, we have been attacked on our own shores. Our brave men and women in uniform are still in harm's way in Iraq, Afghanistan, and the war against terror. Our alliances are frayed, our credibility in doubt.\nOur great middle class is hard-pressed. Millions of Americans have lost their jobs, and millions more are struggling under the mounting burden of life's everyday costs.\nIn Washington, the President and his allies stubbornly press on, without regard to the needs of our people or the challenges of our times.\nIt is time for a new direction.\nJohn Kerry, John Edwards and the Democratic Party bring a new vision for America – strong at home, respected abroad. An America that offers opportunity, rewards responsibility, and rejoices in diversity.\nWe have a plan to build a strong, respected America: protecting our people, rebuilding our alliances, and leading the way to a more peaceful and prosperous world.\nWe have a plan to build a strong, growing economy: creating good jobs, rewarding hard work, and restoring fiscal discipline.\nWe have a plan to help our people build strong, healthy families: securing quality health care, offering world-class education, and ensuring clean air and water.\nAnd we will honor the values of a strong American community: widening the circle of equality, protecting the sanctity of freedom, and deepening our commitment to this country.\nIn offering this vision, we affirm our faith in the greatness of America. We recommit to the ideal of a people united in helping one another, an ideal as old as the faiths we follow and as great as the country we love. To those who are threatened, we pledge protection; to those who are victims, we promise justice; to those who are hopeless, we offer hope. And to all Americans who seek a better future for themselves, for their loved ones, and for our country, we say: your cause is our own.\nThat is the America we believe in. That is the America we are fighting for. That is the America we will build together – one nation, under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.\nA STRONG, RESPECTED AMERICA\n\nAlone among nations, America was born in pursuit of an idea – that a free people with diverse beliefs could govern themselves in peace. For more than a century, America has spared no effort to defend and promote that idea around the world. And over and over, that effort has been marked by the exercise of American leadership to forge powerful alliances based on mutual respect with longtime allies and reluctant friends; with nations already living in the light of democracy and with peoples struggling to join them.\nThe might of our alliances, coupled with the strength of our democratic ideals, has been a driving force in the survival and success of freedom – in two World Wars, in the Korean War, in the Cold War, in the Gulf War and in Kosovo. America led instead of going it alone. We extended a hand, not a fist. We respected the world – and the world respected us.\nAs Americans, we respect and honor our veterans. We are indebted to all those courageous men and women who have answered our country's call to duty. Their service and sacrifice, their dedication and love of country advance our cause of freedom and uphold our finest traditions as a nation.\nThat is the America we believe in. That is the America we are fighting for. And that is the America we can be.\nBut the Bush Administration has walked away from more than a hundred years of American leadership in the world to embrace a new – and dangerously ineffective – disregard for the world.\nThey rush to force before exhausting diplomacy. They bully rather than persuade. They act alone when they could assemble a team. They hope for the best when they should prepare for the worst. Time and again, this Administration confuses leadership with going it alone and engagement with compromise of principle. They do not understand that real leadership means standing by your principles and rallying others to join you.\nJohn Kerry, John Edwards and the Democratic Party believe in a better, stronger America – an America that is respected, not just feared, and an America that listens and leads. Our vision has deep roots in our Declaration of Independence and Franklin Delano Roosevelt's Four Freedoms, and in the tough-minded tradition of engagement and leadership—a tradition forged by Wilson and Roosevelt in two world wars, then championed by Truman and Kennedy during the Cold War. We believe in an America that people around the world admire, because they know we cherish not just our freedom, but theirs. Not just our democracy, but their hope for it. Not just our peace and security, but the world's. We believe in an America that cherishes freedom, safeguards our people, forges alliances, and commands respect. That is the America we are going to build.\nOur overriding goals are the same as ever: to protect our people and our way of life; and to help build a safer, more peaceful, more prosperous, more democratic world. Today, we face three great challenges above all others – first, to win the global war against terror; second, to stop the spread of nuclear, biological and chemical weapons; and third, to promote democracy and freedom around the world, starting with a peaceful and stable Iraq.\nTo meet these challenges, we need a new national security policy guided by four new imperatives: First, America must launch and lead a new era of alliances for the post-September 11 world. Second, we must modernize the world's most powerful military to meet the new threats. Third, in addition to our military might, we must deploy all that is in America's arsenal – our diplomacy, our intelligence system, our economic power, and the appeal of our values and ideas. Fourth and finally, to safeguard our freedom and ensure our nation's future, we must end our dependence on Mideast oil.\nToday, the Bush Administration is waging a war against a global terrorist movement committed to our destruction with insufficient understanding of our enemy or effort to address the underlying factors that can give rise to new recruits. This war isn't just a manhunt. We cannot rest until Osama bin Laden is captured or killed, but that day will mark only a victory in the war on terror, not its end. Terrorists like al Qaeda and its affiliates are unlike any adversary our nation has ever known. We face a global terrorist movement of many groups, funded from different sources with separate agendas, but all committed to assaulting the United States and free and open societies around the globe. Despite his tough talk, President Bush's actions against terrorism have fallen far short. He still has no comprehensive strategy for victory. After allowing bin Laden to escape from our grasp at Tora Bora, he diverted crucial resources from the effort to destroy al Qaeda in Afghanistan. His doctrine of unilateral preemption has driven away our allies and cost us the support of other nations.\nWe must put in place a strategy to win – an approach that recognizes and addresses the many facets of this mortal challenge, from the terrorists themselves to the root causes that give rise to new recruits, and uses all the tools at our disposal. Agents of terrorism work in the shadows of more than 60 nations, on every continent. The only possible path to victory will be found in the company of others, not walking alone. With John Kerry as Commander-in-Chief, we will never wait for a green light from abroad when our safety is at stake, but we must enlist those whose support we need for ultimate victory.\nVictory in the war on terror requires a combination of American determination and international cooperation on all fronts. It requires the ability and willingness to direct immediate, effective military action when the capture or destruction of terrorist groups and their leaders is possible; a massive improvement in intelligence gathering and analysis coupled with vigorous law enforcement; a relentless effort to shut down the flow of terrorist funds; a global effort to prevent failed or failing states that can become sanctuaries for terrorists; a sustained effort to deny terrorists any more recruits by conducting effective public diplomacy; and a sustained political and economic effort to improve education, work for peace, support democracy and extend hope.\nWe must also improve our intelligence here at home. From the failure to uncover the September 11th plot to the deeply misguided reports about Iraq's supposed weapons of mass destruction, we have experienced unprecedented intelligence failures in recent years. We must do what President Bush has refused to do – reform our intelligence system by creating a true Director of National Intelligence with real control of intelligence personnel and budgets. We must train more analysts in languages spoken by terrorists. And we must break down the old communications barriers between national intelligence and local law enforcement, taking care to fully preserve our liberties.\nWe must expand NATO forces outside Kabul. We must accelerate training for the Afghan army and police. The program to disarm and reintegrate warlord militias into society must be expedited and expanded into a mainstream strategy. We will attack the exploding opium trade ignored by the Bush Administration by doubling our counter-narcotics assistance to the Karzai Government and reinvigorating the regional drug control program.\nBeyond Afghanistan, terrorist attacks from Saudi Arabia and Indonesia to Kenya, Morocco, and Turkey point to a widening network of terrorists targeting this country and our friends. Failed and failing states like Somalia or countries with large areas of limited government control like the Philippines and Indonesia need international help to close down terrorist havens.\nAmerica needs a major initiative in public diplomacy to support the many voices of freedom in the Arab and Muslim world. To improve education for the next generation of Islamic youth, we need a cooperative international effort to compete with radical Madrassas. And we must support human rights groups, independent media, and labor unions dedicated to building a democratic culture from the grassroots up. Democracy will not blossom overnight, but America should speed its growth by sustaining the forces of democracy against repressive regimes and by rewarding governments that work toward this end.\nThere is no greater threat to American security than the possibility of terrorists armed with weapons of mass destruction. Preventing terrorists from gaining access to these weapons must be our number one security goal.\nContaining this massive threat requires American leadership of the highest order – leadership that brings our allies, friends, and partners to greater collaboration and participation – and compels problem states to join and comply with international agreements and abandon their weapons programs. Unfortunately, this Administration's policies have moved America in the opposite direction. They have weakened international agreements and efforts to enforce non­proliferation instead of strengthening them. They have not done nearly enough to secure existing stockpiles and bomb-making materials. They have failed to take effective steps to stop the North Korean and Iranian nuclear programs. We must change course now.\nMore than a decade after the fall of the Berlin Wall, Russia still has nearly 20,000 nuclear weapons and enough nuclear material to produce 50,000 more. For most of these weapons and materials, cooperative security upgrades have not been completed. The world is relying on whatever measures Russia has taken on its own. At the current pace, it will take 13 years to secure potential bomb material in the former Soviet Union. We cannot wait that long. We will do it in four years.\nWe should maintain the six-party talks, but we must also be prepared to talk directly with North Korea to negotiate a comprehensive agreement that addresses the full range of issues for ourselves and our allies. But we should have no illusions about Kim Jong Il. Any agreement must have rigorous verification and lead to complete and irreversible elimination of North Korea's nuclear weapons program.\nEven as we have scoured Iraq for signs of weapons of mass destruction, Iran has reportedly been working to develop them next door. A nuclear-armed Iran is an unacceptable risk to us and our allies.\nThe same is true for other countries that may be seeking nuclear weapons. This is why strengthening the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty is so critical. We must close the loophole that lets countries develop nuclear weapons capabilities under the guise of a peaceful, civilian nuclear power program. We also need to strengthen enforcement and verification and make rigorous inspection protocols mandatory.\nWe must work with every country to tighten export controls, stiffen penalties, and beef up law enforcement and intelligence sharing. That way we can make absolutely sure that a disaster like the AQ Khan black market network, which grew out of Pakistan's nuclear program, can never happen again. We must also take steps to reduce tension between India and Pakistan and guard against the possibility of their nuclear weapons falling into the wrong hands.\nWe know that promoting democracy, human rights, and the rule of law is vital to our long-term security. Americans will be safer in a world of democracies. We will work with people and non­governmental organizations around the world struggling for freedom, even as we work with their governments to protect our security from weapons of terror. We will restore America's credibility and commitment as a force for democracy and human rights, starting in Iraq.\nWe believe that upholding international standards for the treatment of prisoners, wherever they may be held, advances America's national security, the security of our troops, and the values of our people. And we believe torture is unacceptable. America should abide by its own laws and the treaties it has ratified, including the Geneva Conventions. We will also support international efforts to address the problem of landmines, while at the same time ensuring that our troops are protected.\nPeople of good will disagree about whether America should have gone to war in Iraq, but this much is clear: this Administration badly exaggerated its case, particularly with respect to weapons of mass destruction and the connection between Saddam's government and al Qaeda. This Administration did not build a true international coalition. This Administration disdained the United Nations weapons inspection process and rushed to war without exhausting diplomatic alternatives. Ignoring the advice of military leaders, this Administration did not send sufficient forces into Iraq to accomplish the mission. And this Administration went into Iraq without a plan to win the peace.\nNow this Administration has been forced to change course in order to correct this fundamental mistake. They are now taking up the suggestions that many Democrats have been making for over a year. And they must – because having gone to war, we cannot afford to fail at peace. We cannot allow a failed state in Iraq that inevitably would become a haven for terrorists and a destabilizing force in the Middle East. And we must secure more help from an international community that shares a huge stake in helping Iraq become a responsible member of that community, not a breeding ground for terror and intolerance.\nAs a first step, we must create a stable and secure environment in Iraq. To do this right, we must truly internationalize both politically and militarily: we cannot depend on a US-only presence. Other nations have a vital interest in the outcome, and we must bring them in to commit troops and resources. The Bush Administration has missed three great opportunities to do that. First, the President broke his promise to build a legitimate coalition in Iraq by exhausting diplomacy before resorting to the use of military force. Second, when the statue fell in Baghdad, Kofi Annan invited the United States to come to the table to discuss international support – but we rejected his offer. Third, when the President addressed the United Nations last fall, he once again refused to acknowledge the difficulties we faced in Iraq and failed to elicit support from other nations.\nThe President has not given our troops the clarity of mission, the equipment or the international support they need and deserve. We have a different approach based on a simple commitment: Troops come first. Our helicopter pilots have flown battlefield missions without the best anti­missile systems. In a Democratic Administration, that will change. Too many of our nation's finest troops have died in attacks, because tens of thousands were deployed to Iraq without the best bulletproof vests, and there is a shortage of armored vehicles on the ground. In a Democratic Administration, that will change. Thousands of National Guardsmen and reservists have been forced to leave their families and jobs for more than a year – with no end in sight – because this Administration ignored the pressing need for a true coalition. In a Democratic Administration, that will change.\nTo succeed, America must do the hard work of engaging the world's major political powers in this mission. We must build a coalition of countries, including the other permanent members of the UN Security Council, to share the political, economic, and military responsibilities of Iraq with the United States.\nTo win over allies, we must share responsibility with those nations that answer our call, and treat them with respect. We must lead, but we must listen. The rewards of respect are enormous. We must convince NATO to take on a more significant role and contribute additional military forces. As other countries, including Muslim majority countries, contribute troops, the United States will be able to reduce its military presence in Iraq, and we intend to do this when appropriate so that the military support needed by a sovereign Iraqi government will no longer be seen as the direct continuation of an American military presence.\nSecond, we need to create an international High Commissioner to serve as the senior international representative working with the Iraqi government. This Commissioner should be backed by a newly broadened security coalition and charged with overseeing elections, assisting with drafting a constitution, and coordinating reconstruction. The Commissioner should be highly regarded by the international community, have the credibility to talk to all the Iraqi people, and work directly with Iraq's interim government, the new U.S. Ambassador, and the international community.\nAt the same time, U.S. and international policies must take into consideration the best interests of the Iraqi people. The Iraqi people desperately need financial and technical assistance that is not swallowed up by bureaucracy and no-bid contracts, but instead goes directly into grassroots organizations. They need to see the tangible benefits of reconstruction: jobs, infrastructure, and services. They should also receive the full benefits of their own oil production as quickly as possible, so as to rebuild their country and help themselves as individuals, while also reducing the costs of security and reconstruction on the American taxpayer and the cost of gasoline to American consumers. And they need to be able to communicate their concerns to international authorities without feeling they are being disrespected in their own country.\nAmerica also needs a massive training effort to build Iraqi security forces that can actually provide security for the Iraqi people. It must be done in the field and on the job as well as in the classroom. Units cannot be put on the street without backup from international security forces. This is a task we must do in partnership with other nations, not just on our own. And this is a task in which we must succeed. If we fail to create viable Iraqi security forces – military and police – there is no successful exit for us and other nations.\nThe challenges in Iraq are great, but the opportunity is also significant. Under John Kerry and John Edwards, we will meet those challenges, win the peace in Iraq, and help to create new hope and opportunity for the entire Middle East.\nThe Democratic Party is committed to revitalizing the Atlantic partnership. The international goals that the United States pursues will be easier to attain if Europe and America are working together. We will ensure that NATO remains strong, continuing to consolidate peace in Europe even as the alliance takes on new tasks in Afghanistan and Iraq. We look forward to the evolution of the European Union and to a prosperous and unified Europe that joins the United States in meeting today's security challenges and expanding the global economy.\nUnder a Democratic Administration, the United States will demonstrate the kind of resolve to end the Israeli-Palestinian conflict that President Clinton showed. We will work to transform the Palestinian Authority by promoting new and responsible leadership, committed to fighting terror and promoting democracy. We support the creation of a democratic Palestinian state dedicated to living in peace and security side by side with the Jewish State of Israel. The creation of a Palestinian state should resolve the issue of Palestinian refugees by allowing them to settle there, rather than in Israel. Furthermore, all understand that it is unrealistic to expect that the outcome of final status negotiations will be a full and complete return to the armistice lines of 1949. And we understand that all final status negotiations must be mutually agreed.\nWe need a new military to meet the new threats of the 21st Century. Today's American military is the best in the world, but tomorrow's military must be even better. It must be stronger, faster, better armed, and never again stretched so thin.\nJohn Kerry, John Edwards and the Democratic Party will send a clear message to every man and woman in our armed forces: We guarantee that you will always be the best-led, best-equipped and most respected fighting force in the world. You will be armed with the right weapons, schooled in the right skills, and fully prepared to win on the battlefield. You will never be sent into harm's way without enough troops for the task, and never asked to fight a war without a plan to win the peace. You will never be given assignments which have not been clearly defined and for which you are not professionally trained.\nThe Bush Administration was right to call for the \"transformation\" of the military. But their version of transformation neglected to consider that the dangers we face have also been transformed. The Administration was concerned with fighting classic conventional wars, instead of the asymmetrical threats we now face in Iraq, Afghanistan, and the war against al Qaeda. To rise to those challenges, we must strengthen our military, including our Special Forces, improve our technology, and task our National Guard with homeland security.\nTo pick up the slack, we've called up our Guard and Reserves at historic levels. Some have been on the ground in Iraq for as many as 15 months, much longer than was expected or promised. Many of these units are being pushed to the limit and stretched far too thin. The Administration's answer has just been to stretch further. They have extended tours of duty, delayed retirements, and prevented enlisted personnel from leaving the service – effectively using a stop-loss policy and recall of Individual Ready Reserve members as a back-door draft.\nWe will add 40,000 new soldiers – not to increase the number of soldiers in Iraq, but to sustain our overseas deployments and prevent and prepare for other possible conflicts. This will help relieve the strain on our troops and bring back more of our soldiers, guardsmen and reservists. We are dedicated to keeping our military operating on a volunteer basis. We are committed to management reform both to ensure that our defense funding is spent effectively and to help pay for these new forces.\nWe will increase our civil affairs personnel – those who arrive on the scene after the major conflict ends to work with local leaders and officials to get the schools back in shape, the hospitals reopened, and the banks up and running. We also need more military police, because public order is critical to establishing the conditions that allow peace to take hold.\nAnd we will build and train new forces equipped with the most-sophisticated technology to specialize in finding, securing, and destroying weapons of mass destruction and the facilities that build them.\nNo strategy for American security is complete without a plan to end America's dependence on Mideast oil. Today, the American economy depends on oil controlled by some of the world's most repressive regimes. This leaves our economy dangerously vulnerable to nations that do not share our interests. America too often is silent about the practices of some governments because we depend on oil they control.\nJohn Kerry, John Edwards and the Democratic Party believe a strong America must no longer rely on the cooperation of regimes that do not share our values. We believe a strong America must move toward energy independence.\nIn the Bush Administration, energy independence doesn't get a thought. Their energy policy is simple: government by big oil, of big oil, and for big oil. This Administration let oil industry lobbyists and executives write our nation's energy policy in secret. They even went to the Supreme Court to stop the public from learning what they were doing. They've done nothing as gas prices have soared to record levels. Even the Administration's own economists have found that their energy plan will do nothing to reduce gas prices. This President's approach to energy policy leaves America shackled to foreign oil, dependent, vulnerable, and exposed.\nJohn Kerry, John Edwards and the Democratic Party believe in a better, stronger, more independent America. We are committed to achieving energy independence, and we know we can do it. Our ingenuity and determination built the cars we drive and the bridges we use. It electrified rural America in the 1930s, and took us to the moon in the 1960s. Our resolve helped conquer polio.\nIt's this simple: When we see a problem, we roll up our sleeves and solve it. And that's what we pledge to do now.\nAchieving energy independence will improve our ability to protect our values and interests in the world. It will reduce energy costs for our families. It will create high-paying new jobs. And it will improve our environment and make our people healthier.\nWith sixty-five percent of the world's oil reserves in the Middle East, we cannot drill our way to energy independence. But we can create, think, imagine, and invent our way there. And we will create jobs, help our environment, and build a stronger country as we do.\nThe first and foremost responsibility of government is to protect its citizens from harm. Unfortunately, Washington today is not doing enough to make America safe.\nWe have made some progress since the terrible attacks of September 11th. We have taken steps to secure our airports. After resisting Democratic efforts for months, the Administration finally agreed to create the Department of Homeland Security.\nBut we have not done nearly enough. Our intelligence services remain fragmented and lack coordination. Millions of massive shipping containers arrive at American ports every year without being searched and without even a reliable list of their contents. Our borders are full of holes. Our chemical plants are vulnerable to attack. Across America, police officers, firefighters, and other first responders still lack the information, protective gear, and communications equipment to do their jobs safely and successfully.\nThe Bush Administration, full of tough talk about terror, has no coherent plan for domestic defense. John Kerry, John Edwards and the Democratic Party believe America can do better. We believe America must do better. We believe America will do better.\nWe will ensure that our watch lists are accessible when and where they are needed. We will also give security clearances to appropriate state and local officials so they can get critical information at the critical times. Our intelligence apparatus needs significant reform, and so creating a true Director of National Intelligence is critical.\nWe will put an end to political delays in adopting tighter controls on air cargo, tons of which goes uninspected every day. We will increase perimeter inspections at U.S. airports and work with international aviation authorities to make sure the same standards are in place overseas. Working with our Northern and Southern neighbors, we will strengthen controls at border crossings, and use modern technology and better staffing to improve the quality of border inspections while enhancing commerce.\nThere are more than 100 chemical plants where an attack could endanger more than one million people, and the FBI has warned that al Qaeda may target our chemical industry. The Bush Administration was actually moving toward a commonsense solution that would set minimum standards for safety at chemical plants. But dangerously true to form, after heavy lobbying by the chemical industry, they backed down. We will make these plants secure; by requiring more guards, more fencing, and the use of less dangerous chemicals when possible.\nOur first responders are the first ones up the stairs in the event of the emergency, and it is wrong that today they are last in line when it comes to this administration's budgets. Under the Bush Administration, police departments in small cities have lost more than 15 percent of their full-time paid police and employees. And today, two-thirds of our nation's fire departments are not fully staffed. We can do more for the heroes of 9/11 and we can do more for our fellow citizens. And we will. We will provide direct assistance to our police officers and firefighters on the frontlines. They'll have the equipment and manpower they need to protect us. We will also ensure that front line workers throughout our transportation system receive the security training necessary to respond to terrorist threats. We also need to modernize our emergency warning system to provide localized warnings, treat the fighters on the frontlines as partners, and give families all the information they need. This Administration may think that homeland security is about changing the alert from yellow to orange. They're wrong; the colors of safety are firefighter red, EMT white, and police officer blue.\nWe will dramatically improve our ability to respond to a biological attack. We will appoint one individual to oversee all bioterrorism programs, budgets and strategic priorities. We will set national benchmarks for state and local preparedness so community leaders aren't flying blind. We will harness America's bioscience genius to increase drug and vaccine development. We will revitalize our public health system, improving monitoring capabilities and coordination. And we will strengthen hospitals, which today cannot prepare for a bio-terrorism emergency because they are overwhelmed by the everyday emergencies of people without insurance.\nWe also will encourage all Americans to do their part to make America safer. We support the development of a new community defense service grounded in neighborhoods and comprised of ordinary Americans from across the country. Like a 21st Century Neighborhood Watch, members would work within their communities to make a contribution—helping health professionals, assisting with evacuation plans, and standing ready in emergency.\nTogether, we can make America safer, stronger, and more respected. We can do it in a way that safeguards all the greatness of America by protecting our people, securing our homeland, and reinforcing our values – faith and family, duty and service, individual freedom and a common purpose to build one nation under God. We can do it in a way that keeps faith with the best measures of American leadership around the world – the builder of alliances, the defender of freedom, the champion of human rights. We can do it, and we will.\nA STRONG, GROWING ECONOMY\n\nThe great promise of America is simple: a better life for all who work for it. No matter who you are, where you come from, or what you believe, as an American, you live in a land that offers you all the possibilities your hard work and God-given talent can bring.\nThe opportunity to build a better future starts with a good job. It has always been that way. From the time when most people worked in the fields, through the Industrial Revolution and into the Information Age, the opportunity for work, the rewards from work, and the dignity of work have made Americans successful and America strong.\nWe offer America a new economic plan that will put jobs first. We will renew American competitiveness, make honest budget choices, and invest in our future.\nA strong America keeps the promise of opportunity for all and heeds the warning of special privileges for none. That's the America we believe in. That's the America we're fighting for. And that's the America we can build together.\nIn President George Bush's America, unfortunately, too often you need special privileges if you want opportunity. This White House values wealth over hard work, lavishes special treatment upon a fortunate few at the expense of most businesses and working people, and defends policies that weaken America's competitive position and destroy American jobs. Instead of meeting the challenge of globalization by strengthening our workers' ability to compete and win, this Administration uses globalization as an excuse not to fight for American jobs.\nJohn Kerry, John Edwards and the Democratic Party believe in a better America—a strong America.\nWe believe that a strong America begins at home, with good jobs that support families and an equal chance for all our people.\nWe believe in progress that brings prosperity for all Americans, not just for those who are already successful. We believe that good jobs will help strengthen and expand the strongest middle class the world has ever known.\nWe believe the private sector, not government, is the engine of economic growth and job creation. Government's responsibility is to create an environment that will promote private sector investment, foster vigorous competition, and strengthen the foundations of an innovative economy.\nWe believe Americans are the smartest, toughest competitors in the world. Our products and ideas can compete and win anywhere, as long as we're given a fair chance. And our companies can keep and create jobs in America without sacrificing competitiveness.\nWe will fight for American jobs and we will fight for American workers. Under John Kerry and John Edwards, we will revive America's manufacturing sector, create new jobs and protect existing ones by ending tax breaks for companies that ship jobs overseas and cutting taxes for companies that create jobs here at home; by fighting for free, fair and balanced trade; by encouraging investment in small businesses and helping companies deal with rising health care costs; by promoting new technologies, like energy, that will lead to the companies and jobs of tomorrow; and by ensuring that people of every age learn the skills to succeed in today's economy.\nWe will stand up for American workers and consumers by building on President Clinton's progress in including enforceable, internationally recognized labor and environmental standards in trade agreements. We will aggressively enforce our trade agreements with a real plan that includes a complete review of all existing agreements; immediate investigation into China's workers' rights abuses and currency manipulation; increased funding for efforts to protect workers' rights and stop child labor abuse; new reforms to protect the innovations of high-tech companies; and vigorous enforcement of U.S. trade laws. We will use all the tools we have to create new opportunities for American workers, farmers, and businesses, and break down barriers in key export markets, like the Japanese auto market and the Chinese high-technology market. We will effectively enforce our trade laws protecting against dumping, illegal subsidies, and import surges that threaten American jobs.\nNew trade agreements must protect internationally recognized workers' rights and environmental standards as vigorously as they now protect commercial concerns. We will build on and strengthen the progress made in the Jordan agreement to include strong and enforceable labor and environmental standards in the core of new free trade agreements. And no trade agreement should stop government from protecting the environment, food safety or the health of its citizens. Nor should an agreement give greater rights to foreign investors than to U.S. investors, require the privatization of our vital public services, or limit our government's ability to create good jobs in our communities.\nWe will help businesses cope with the skyrocketing cost of health care by reforming our health care system and cutting taxes to help small businesses pay for health insurance. Retiree health costs impose major burdens on many employers, particularly manufacturers, and we will push for reform so that companies are not forced to choose among retirees, current workers, and their own ability to compete.\nUnlike the Bush administration, we will always stand by workers who lose their jobs as the economy changes. We will require companies to give employees at least three months notice before a planned shutdown. We will expand efforts to help manufacturers, workers, the long-term unemployed, and communities hurt by imports, including extending trade adjustment assistance to workers in the service sectors and making health insurance more affordable for workers who lose their jobs due to trade. Through our jobs plan, we will bring hope and jobs back to the cities and small towns devastated by the shuttering of factories.\nThe heart of the American promise has always been the middle class, the greatest engine of economic growth the world has ever known. When the middle class grows in size and security, our country gets stronger. And when more American families save and invest in their children's future, America grows stronger still.\nBut in President George Bush's America, where everyday costs are soaring and ordinary incomes are sinking, the middle class is struggling, and our economy is suffering.\nToday, the average American family is earning $1,500 less than in 2000. At the same time, health care costs are up by nearly one-half, college tuition has increased by more than one-third, gas and oil prices have gone through the roof, and housing costs have soared. Life literally costs more than ever before – and our families have less money to pay for it. Three million more Americans have fallen into poverty since 2000. Average family debt is higher than ever. And as they lose the struggle to make ends meet, one out of every seven middle class families may be bankrupt by the end of the decade.\nPresident Bush and the Republicans in Congress have ignored the middle class since day one of this Administration. They have catered to the wealth of the richest instead of honoring the work of the rest of us. They have promised almost everything and paid for almost nothing. And the middle class is shouldering more taxes, earning less money, and bearing higher costs. The bottom line for the middle class under President Bush and the Republican Party is this: Instead of working hard to get ahead, the middle class is working hard just to get by.\nJohn Kerry, John Edwards and the Democratic Party believe in a stronger, more prosperous America for all our people. We believe in an America where the great American promise of upward mobility is alive and well. We believe in an America where the middle class is growing, our economy is thriving, and America is strong. And we have a plan to build that America.\nToday, thousands of businesses that would otherwise provide raises are using that money to pay climbing health care premiums. That is cutting wages for working people. Reforming health care, offering tax credits to pay for it, and cutting health costs will raise wages for working people.\nCollege tuitions rose by 35 percent between 2000 and 2003, and this year, 220,000 Americans were priced out of college by its high costs. We will make college affordable for every qualified student with a tax credit for four years of college.\nChild care costs are rising twice as fast as inflation, and millions of working parents worry desperately how to care for their children between 3 p.m. and 6 p.m. each day. Other families must care not only for their children, but also for loved ones who are older or have disabilities. We will increase tax credits to pay for child care and eldercare, and make sure those credits are available to lower-income families and stay-at-home parents. We will expand after-school opportunities, help schools stay open until 6 p.m., and offer good transportation so young people can take advantage of it. We support expanding family and medical leave to help parents meet the growing challenge of balancing work and family responsibilities.\nThe price of gas is at an all time-high, placing an enormous burden on millions of Americans who have no choice but to drive to work. We will help cut costs in the short-run by halting additional stockpiling of oil reserves and working more effectively to ensure that OPEC increases production. For the long-run, we offer a detailed plan for energy independence.\nWe are absolutely committed to preserving Social Security. It is a compact across the generations that has helped tens of millions of Americans live their retirement years in dignity instead of poverty. Democrats believe in the progressive, guaranteed benefit that has ensured that seniors and people with disabilities receive a benefit not subject to the whims of the market or the economy. We oppose privatizing Social Security or raising the retirement age. We oppose reducing the benefits earned by workers just because they have also earned a benefit from certain public retirement plans. We will repeal discriminatory laws that penalize some retired workers and their families while allowing others to receive full benefits. Because the massive deficits under the Bush Administration have raided hundreds of billions of dollars from Social Security, the most important step we can take to strengthen Social Security is to restore fiscal responsibility. Social Security matters to all Americans, Democrats and Republicans, and strengthening Social Security should be a common cause.\nFiscal discipline helped create 23 million new jobs in the 1990s. Fiscal discipline frees up money for productive investment. And over time, fiscal discipline saves families thousands of dollars on their mortgages and credit cards.\nWe will roll back the Bush tax cuts for those making more than $200,000. We will restore commonsense budget rules that this Administration has abandoned, like \"Pay-As-You-Go\" rules that require the government to pay for new initiatives. We will commit to living within tough budget caps—real and enforceable limits on what the government can spend. We will enact a Constitutional version of the line-item veto to make it easier to root out pork-barrel spending. And we will make our government more efficient by cutting the waste of taxpayer dollars in the federal budget, from unneeded travel budgets to crony contracting. We are committed to cutting the deficit in half over the next four years.\nThe Democratic Party understands that working people built modern America. We understand that today's global economy requires new rules, new skills, and new approaches, and we believe that the time-honored values of equal opportunity, fair play, and good rewards for hard work still apply. That's how we give all our people the chance to succeed. That's how we keep on building the America we believe in. That's how we keep the promise of America.\nSTRONG, HEALTHY FAMILIES\n\nFamily is the center of everyday American life. Our parents are our first protectors, first teachers, first role models, and first friends. Parents know that America's great reward is the quiet but incomparable satisfaction that comes from building their families a better life. Strong families, blessed with opportunity, guided by faith, and filled with dreams are the heart of a strong America.\nToday, a family's ability to ensure that all its members get the quality health care they deserve is challenged like never before. For the most fortunate, America offers the best health care in the world. But tens of millions of Americans pay too much and get too little from our health care system, and tens of millions more have no health insurance at all.\nSkyrocketing health care costs not only hurt our families; they hurt our economy. American businesses pay more than their competitors for health care, reducing their competitiveness. American incomes suffer because raises are stifled by rising insurance premiums.\nWe will attack the health care crisis with a comprehensive approach. Our goal is straightforward: quality, affordable health coverage for all Americans to keep our families healthy, our businesses competitive, and our country strong.\nIn President George Bush's America, drug company and HMO profits count for more than family and small business health costs. Health care costs increased four times as fast as wages in the last year alone. Prescription drug spending has more than doubled during the past five years. Nearly 82 million Americans went without health care coverage at some point in the last two years. And the President has done nothing to bring costs down or lift these burdens. The few small proposals he has offered would further divide our health system between one that is affordable for the healthy and wealthy, and one that is unaffordable for the elderly, the sick, and increasingly, for America's broad middle class.\nJohn Kerry, John Edwards and the Democratic Party believe in a better, stronger, healthier America. Our resolve to fix the health crisis is stronger than ever. In the wealthiest country in the world, every expectant mother should get quality prenatal care; every child should get regular check-ups; every senior should be able to get safe, affordable prescription drugs; and no hard­working family should ever lose everything because illness strikes a loved one.\n8.5 million children still lack health insurance. We will strengthen Medicaid for our families and expand the children's health program created under President Clinton so no child goes without medical care.\nWe will improve the quality of care and the efficiency of the medical system by using American technological know-how to cut billions of dollars wasted in administrative processing and paperwork. Today, about a quarter of all health-related spending is not even medical. We can do better. We will ensure that all Americans have secure, private electronic medical records by 2008, and we will give medical providers incentives and resources to simplify their paperwork so patients spend more time with doctors and less time filling out forms. We recognize that our health care system is substantially strengthened by the daily efforts of the men and women in a variety of health professions and we support fair treatment for all health professionals.\nWe will enact a real Patient's Bill of Rights to put doctors and nurses back in charge of making medical decisions with their patients – instead of allowing HMO bureaucrats to decide what a patient needs.\nWe will ensure that seniors across the country, particularly in small-town and rural America, no longer suffer from geographic discrimination.\nWe will end the disgrace of seniors being forced to choose between meals and medication. Today, our seniors are paying too much for prescription drugs, while options abroad are far cheaper and just as safe. We will allow the safe reimportation of drugs from other countries.\nThe current Medicare drug program serves drug companies more than seniors. It allows these companies to change the price of prescriptions more frequently than seniors can change their plans. It does virtually nothing to bring down prescription drug costs. It forces seniors into HMOs. Elderly Americans deserve a real prescription drug benefit – one that uses the government's purchasing power to lower costs and ensures access to new therapies for their illnesses.\nWe will cut the waste and abuse that cost Medicare billions each year, using competitive bidding to lower the costs of buying medical equipment, educating providers to file claims more efficiently, and increasing penalties for those who bilk the system.\nPresident Bush has rejected the calls from Nancy Reagan, Christopher Reeve and Americans across the land for assistance with embryonic stem cell research. We will reverse his wrongheaded policy. Stem cell therapy offers hope to more than 100 million Americans who have serious illnesses – from Alzheimer's to heart disease to juvenile diabetes to Parkinson's. We will pursue this research under the strictest ethical guidelines, but we will not walk away from the chance to save lives and reduce human suffering.\nWe believe in an America where health care is available and affordable. Where every family looks to the future with hope and excitement, without worry that the cost of health care is becoming too great to bear. Where strong, healthy families build a stronger America.\nThe simple bargain at the heart of the American Dream offers opportunity to every American who takes the responsibility to make the most of it. That bargain is the great source of American strength, because it unleashes the amazing talent and determination of our people. And as our people seize the opportunity to build a better life, they build a stronger country.\nToday, our people compete with workers on every continent. Information flows across oceans. High-wage jobs are more dependent than ever on high-level skills.\nNow, as never before, education is the key to opportunity, essential to a strong America. So we believe in an America that offers the best education to all our children – wherever they live, whatever their background. Period.\nWe believe in an America where every child comes to school ready to learn. Where every student is held to high standards, and every school has the resources and responsibility to meet those standards. Where every classroom has a great teacher, and every student gets enough personal attention to foster a talent or overcome a difficulty. We believe in an America where every teenager completes a rigorous high school curriculum. Where every qualified young person who wants to go to college can afford it. And where every adult who needs additional job training can get it.\nIn President George Bush's America, our government ignores the shameful truth that the quality of a child's education depends on the wealth of that child's neighborhood. Our best public schools are the best schools in the world, but too many children go to schools that just don't work. Too many children who beat the odds and succeed in school can't afford to go on to college. And too many adults who need added training aren't able to get it.\nFor this White House, education is an easy promise – easy come, and easy go. When President Bush signed the No Child Left Behind Act, he said the right things – asking more from our schools and pledging to give them the resources to get the job done. And then he promptly broke his word, providing schools $27 billion less than he had promised, literally leaving millions of children behind.\nThe President also gets a failing grade for higher education. Over the last three years, college tuitions have risen by 35 percent, pricing 220,000 students out of college. Yet while then-Governor Bush promised to increase college aid, President Bush tried to charge more for student loans and eliminate Pell Grants for 84,000 students.\nJohn Kerry, John Edwards and the Democratic Party believe that a strong America begins at home with strong families, and that strong families need the best schools. We believe schools must teach fundamental skills like math and science, and fundamental values like citizenship and responsibility. We believe providing resources without reform is a waste of money, and reform without resources is a waste of time. And we believe politicians who expect students to learn responsibility should start by keeping their own promises.\nParents are our children's first and most important teachers, and they have a responsibility to participate in their children's education. We will help them do so by offering information and resources to better teach their children, whether reminding them about homework or attending a parent-teacher conference.\nThe promise of America is the promise of opportunity. If we are going to keep that promise, every child should have a great teacher and every high school graduate should have the chance to go to college. Nothing less is good enough for America.\nFor generations, Americans of all political beliefs have understood that the protection of our environment and the stewardship of our land are vital to the strength of our nation. God gave America extraordinary natural gifts; it is our responsibility to protect them. The health of our families, the strength of our economy, and the well-being of our world all depend upon a clean environment.\nBut in President George Bush's government, where polluters actually write environmental laws and oil company profits matter more than hard science and cold facts, protecting the environment doesn't matter at all.\nEven though 133 million Americans already live with unhealthy air, the Bush Administration bowed to energy industry lobbying and rewrote rules to allow 20,000 facilities to spew more smog, soot, and mercury into the air. Even though public water systems in many cities are polluted, they have taken environmental cops off the beat and pushed to allow more arsenic in our water. Even though the President promised more than five billion dollars for our national parks, he has delivered a fraction of that, leaving trails closed, historic structures collapsing, and our parks losing luster. And even though overwhelming scientific evidence shows that global climate change is a scientific fact, this administration has rewritten government reports to hide that fact.\nJohn Kerry, John Edwards and the Democratic Party believe in a stronger, safer, healthier America. A strong America depends on healthy families, and healthy families depend on fresh air, pure water, and clean neighborhoods.\nThese are our commitments: we will make our air cleaner and our water purer. We will ensure our children can safely play in our neighborhoods, our families can enjoy our national parks, and our sportsmen can hunt and fish in our lakes and forests. We will foster a healthy economy and a healthy environment by promoting new technologies that create good jobs and improve our world. And we will work with our allies to achieve these goals and to protect the global environment, for this generation and future generations.\nWe reject the false choice between a healthy economy and a healthy environment. We know instead that farming, fishing, tourism, and other industries require a healthy environment. We know new technologies that protect the environment can create new high-paying jobs. We know a cleaner environment means a stronger economy.\nWe will conserve and restore the habitats where wildlife flourish, expanding use of voluntary, incentive-based programs that target private landowners.\nThis great land has been placed in our hands for safekeeping. It is our responsibility to protect it. We will exercise that responsibility with the courage to take on special interests, the creativity to promote new technologies, the determination to reassert our global leadership, and the commitment to achieve real results. That is how we will ensure that God's gifts of nature bless all of God's children for generations to come.\nA STRONG AMERICAN COMMUNITY\n\nAmerican history is the story of a diverse people striving – sometimes fitfully, but in the end, faithfully – to realize our ideals: a common dream of equality, and opportunity, freedom and community. Each step along that path has made us stronger.\nThis year we recall two of our country's greatest steps toward equality and inclusion – fifty years ago, Brown v. Board of Education, and forty years ago, the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Those great achievements of the civil rights movement strengthened America immeasurably—by breaking down the legal barriers to equal citizenship for African-Americans and expanding the circle of equal opportunity for all. This year, as we celebrate these anniversaries, we recommit to the spirit of service that secured these breakthroughs and the values they embody: all of our people should have the opportunity to fulfill all of their potential, and each of us should be as equal in the eyes of the law as we are in the eyes of God.\nThat is the America we believe in. That is the America we are fighting for. That is the America we will build together.\nPresident Bush has a different vision – instead of searching for common ground to bring our people together, he has sought political advantage in driving our people apart. He has neglected the opportunity of most Americans, choosing instead to lavish resources on those who need them least. He has rejected the American vision of greater equality, appointing judges more interested in rolling back rights than protecting them. Perhaps most striking of all, in a time of war, he has abandoned our great tradition of asking Americans to meet shared challenges in a spirit of shared sacrifice. This President has regularly governed for the benefit of special interests, not the public interest.\nOur commitment to civil rights is ironclad. We will restore vigorous federal enforcement of our civil rights laws for all our people, from fair housing to equal employment opportunity, from Title IX to the Americans with Disabilities Act. We support affirmative action to redress discrimination and to achieve the diversity from which all Americans benefit. We believe a day's work is worth a day's pay, and at a time when women still earn 77 cents for every dollar earned by men, we need stronger equal pay laws and stronger enforcement of them. We will enact the bipartisan legislation barring workplace discrimination based on sexual orientation. We are committed to equal treatment of all service members and believe all patriotic Americans should be allowed to serve our country without discrimination, persecution, or violence. We support the appointment of judges who will uphold our laws and constitutional rights, not their own narrow agendas.\nVoting is the foundation of democracy, a central act of civic engagement, and an expression of equal citizenship. Voting rights are important precisely because they are protective of all other rights. We will call for legislative action that will fully protect and enforce the fundamental Constitutional right of every American to vote -- to ensure that the Constitution's promise is fully realized and that, in disputed elections, every vote is counted fully and fairly.\nTo advance these goals, and to guarantee the integrity of our elections and to increase voter confidence, we will seek action to ensure that voting systems are accessible, independently auditable, accurate, and secure. We will support the full funding of programs to realize this goal. Finally, it is the priority of the Democratic Party to fulfill the promise of election reform, reauthorize the expiring provisions of the Voting Rights Act, and vigorously enforce all our voting rights laws.\nOur voting procedures are observed by people and nations around the world. Every vote must count and every vote must be counted, including absentee ballots. To achieve all of our goals, we support moving toward a census that duly counts every American. And we support the election of candidates who express the many voices of America.\nBecause our democracy thrives on public access to diverse sources of information from multiple sources, we support measures to ensure diversity, competition, and localism in media ownership.\nWe will defend the dignity of all Americans against those who would undermine it. Because we believe in the privacy and equality of women, we stand proudly for a woman's right to choose, consistent with Roe v. Wade, and regardless of her ability to pay. We stand firmly against Republican efforts to undermine that right. At the same time, we strongly support family planning and adoption incentives. Abortion should be safe, legal, and rare.\nRacial and religious profiling is wrong and we will work to stamp it out. Hate crimes desecrate sacred spaces and demean good people, and we support a strong national law to punish them.\nWe will extend the promise of citizenship to those still struggling for freedom. Today's immigration laws do not reflect our values or serve our security, and we will work for real reform. The solution is not to establish a massive new status of second-class workers; that betrays our values and hurts all working people. Undocumented immigrants within our borders who clear a background check, work hard and pay taxes should have a path to earn full participation in America. We will hasten family reunification for parents and children, husbands and wives, and offer more English-language and civic education classes so immigrants can assume all the rights and responsibilities of citizenship. As we undertake these steps, we will work with our neighbors to strengthen our security so we are safer from those who would come here to harm us. We are a nation of immigrants, and from Arab-Americans in California to Latinos in Florida, we share the dream of a better life in the country we love.\nWe support full inclusion of gay and lesbian families in the life of our nation and seek equal responsibilities, benefits, and protections for these families. In our country, marriage has been defined at the state level for 200 years, and we believe it should continue to be defined there. We repudiate President Bush's divisive effort to politicize the Constitution by pursuing a \"Federal Marriage Amendment.\" Our goal is to bring Americans together, not drive them apart.\nAs we encourage democracy around the world, we must extend democracy here at home. We support equal rights to democratic self-government and Congressional representation for the citizens of our nation's capital.\nWe believe that four million disenfranchised American citizens residing in Puerto Rico have the right to the permanent and fully democratic status of their choice. The White House and Congress will clarify the realistic status options for Puerto Rico and enable Puerto Ricans to choose among them.\nWe support full self-government for the people of Guam, American Samoa, and the Virgin Islands, and their right to decide their future status.\nFor all those who live under our flag, we support strong economic development and fair and equitable treatment under federal programs.\nWe honor the sovereignty of American Indians and reaffirm our commitment to respectful and meaningful government-to-government relations. We must renew the trust obligations that this Administration has disregarded, and must improve the education, health, and job opportunities for American Indians who too often face terrible poverty.\nWe honor the central place of faith in the lives of our people. Like our Founders, we believe that our nation, our communities, and our lives are made vastly stronger and richer by faith and the countless acts of justice and mercy it inspires. We will strengthen the role of faith-based organizations in meeting challenges like homelessness, youth violence, and other social problems. At the same time, we will honor First Amendment protections and not allow public funds to be used to proselytize or discriminate. Throughout history, communities of faith have brought comfort to the afflicted and shaped great movements for justice. We know they will continue to do so, and we will always protect all Americans' freedom to worship.\nWe pledge to stand up for our beliefs and rally Americans to our cause. But we recognize that disagreements will remain, and we believe disagreement should not mean disrespect. Members of our party have deeply held and differing views on some matters of conscience and faith. We view diversity of views as a source of strength, and we welcome into our ranks all Americans who seek to build a stronger America. We are committed to resolving our differences in a spirit of civility, hope and mutual respect.\nThat's the America we believe in.", "Words" -> 10638, "WordCounts" -> <|"the" -> 505, "and" -> 448, "to" -> 352, "of" -> 289, "our" -> 199, "a" -> 192, "in" -> 175, "We" -> 160, "we" -> 139, "that" -> 134, "will" -> 129, "for" -> 129, "is" -> 98, "America" -> 90, "are" -> 73, "with" -> 65, "have" -> 64, "by" -> 60, "more" -> 54, "all" -> 54, "must" -> 51, "on" -> 50, "believe" -> 46, "as" -> 46, "their" -> 45, "has" -> 45, "people" -> 43, "American" -> 42, "not" -> 39, "from" -> 39, "new" -> 38, "And" -> 38, "health" -> 35, "Americans" -> 35, "The" -> 34, "be" -> 34, "this" -> 33, "it" -> 33, "can" -> 32, "than" -> 31, "Administration" -> 31, "world" -> 30, "work" -> 30, "who" -> 30, "an" -> 30, "they" -> 29, "every" -> 29, "do" -> 29, "jobs" -> 28, "support" -> 27, "should" -> 27, "John" -> 27, "families" -> 26, "care" -> 26, "at" -> 26, "security" -> 25, "President" -> 25, "strong" -> 24, "build" -> 23, "but" -> 22, "Our" -> 21, "need" -> 21, "Iraq" -> 21, "costs" -> 21, "Bush" -> 21, "without" -> 20, "or" -> 20, "international" -> 20, "those" -> 19, "stronger" -> 19, "Democratic" -> 19, "also" -> 19, "rights" -> 18, "opportunity" -> 18, "military" -> 18, "great" -> 18, "country" -> 18, "better" -> 18, "workers" -> 17, "weapons" -> 17, "This" -> 17, "them" -> 17, "make" -> 17, "help" -> 17, "create" -> 17, "protect" -> 16, "economy" -> 16, "been" -> 16, "They" -> 15, "so" -> 15, "Party" -> 15, "no" -> 15, "government" -> 15, "time" -> 14, "these" -> 14, "promise" -> 14, "oil" -> 14, "Kerry" -> 14, "into" -> 14, "freedom" -> 14, "first" -> 14, "environment" -> 14, "ensure" -> 14, "years" -> 13, "when" -> 13, "up" -> 13, "That" -> 13, "responsibility" -> 13, "plan" -> 13, "pay" -> 13, "other" -> 13, "It" -> 13, "get" -> 13, "energy" -> 13, "Edwards" -> 13, "working" -> 12, "where" -> 12, "war" -> 12, "values" -> 12, "public" -> 12, "one" -> 12, "most" -> 12, "middle" -> 12, "many" -> 12, "just" -> 12, "democracy" -> 12, "class" -> 12, "because" -> 12, "us" -> 11, "trade" -> 11, "system" -> 11, "strengthen" -> 11, "own" -> 11, "nations" -> 11, "like" -> 11, "its" -> 11, "In" -> 11, "improve" -> 11, "healthy" -> 11, "good" -> 11, "forces" -> 11, "equal" -> 11, "effort" -> 11, "education" -> 11, "children" -> 11, "challenges" -> 11, "best" -> 11, "you" -> 10, "way" -> 10, "under" -> 10, "too" -> 10, "To" -> 10, "right" -> 10, "peace" -> 10, "nuclear" -> 10, "laws" -> 10, "intelligence" -> 10, "instead" -> 10, "full" -> 10, "family" -> 10, "end" -> 10, "companies" -> 10, "committed" -> 10, "college" -> 10, "But" -> 10, "against" -> 10, "win" -> 9, "United" -> 9, "Today" -> 9, "take" -> 9, "still" -> 9, "schools" -> 9, "resources" -> 9, "leadership" -> 9, "know" -> 9, "hope" -> 9, "he" -> 9, "hard" -> 9, "global" -> 9, "give" -> 9, "future" -> 9, "faith" -> 9, "ever" -> 9, "bring" -> 9, "America's" -> 9, "about" -> 9, "year" -> 8, "troops" -> 8, "terrorists" -> 8, "terror" -> 8, "standards" -> 8, "Security" -> 8, "secure" -> 8, "same" -> 8, "reform" -> 8, "police" -> 8, "never" -> 8, "nation" -> 8, "million" -> 8, "meet" -> 8, "medical" -> 8, "Iraqi" -> 8, "For" -> 8, "fighting" -> 8, "drug" -> 8, "down" -> 8, "community" -> 8, "change" -> 8, "cannot" -> 8, "businesses" -> 8, "between" -> 8, "around" -> 8, "allies" -> 8, "ability" -> 8, "would" -> 7, "which" -> 7, "what" -> 7, "together" -> 7, "terrorist" -> 7, "States" -> 7, "service" -> 7, "seniors" -> 7, "respected" -> 7, "respect" -> 7, "real" -> 7, "quality" -> 7, "protecting" -> 7, "program" -> 7, "over" -> 7, "out" -> 7, "national" -> 7, "millions" -> 7, "life" -> 7, "less" -> 7, "increase" -> 7, "including" -> 7, "fully" -> 7, "even" -> 7, "enough" -> 7, "enforcement" -> 7, "efforts" -> 7, "economic" -> 7, "destruction" -> 7, "countries" -> 7, "come" -> 7, "Bush's" -> 7, "before" -> 7, "alliances" -> 7, "agreements" -> 7, "while" -> 6, "vision" -> 6, "use" -> 6, "true" -> 6, "That's" -> 6, "status" -> 6, "state" -> 6, "some" -> 6, "Social" -> 6, "small" -> 6, "safer" -> 6, "programs" -> 6, "political" -> 6, "policy" -> 6, "offers" -> 6, "offer" -> 6, "needs" -> 6, "may" -> 6, "massive" -> 6, "law" -> 6, "job" -> 6, "insurance" -> 6, "independence" -> 6, "home" -> 6, "his" -> 6, "four" -> 6, "force" -> 6, "fair" -> 6, "face" -> 6, "done" -> 6, "democratic" -> 6, "cutting" -> 6, "commitment" -> 6, "child" -> 6, "chemical" -> 6, "benefit" -> 6, "back" -> 6, "As" -> 6, "allow" -> 6, "air" -> 6, "affordable" -> 6, "A" -> 6, "world's" -> 5, "women" -> 5, "Where" -> 5, "water" -> 5, "was" -> 5, "U.S." -> 5, "treatment" -> 5, "training" -> 5, "toward" -> 5, "there" -> 5, "tax" -> 5, "task" -> 5, "succeed" -> 5, "struggling" -> 5, "strength" -> 5, "stop" -> 5, "steps" -> 5, "stand" -> 5, "special" -> 5, "skills" -> 5, "simple" -> 5, "share" -> 5, "school" -> 5, "safe" -> 5, "restore" -> 5, "reduce" -> 5, "Qaeda" -> 5, "put" -> 5, "promoting" -> 5, "promised" -> 5, "possible" -> 5, "parents" -> 5, "now" -> 5, "nothing" -> 5, "nation's" -> 5, "money" -> 5, "members" -> 5, "mass" -> 5, "made" -> 5, "live" -> 5, "last" -> 5, "keep" -> 5, "interests" -> 5, "information" -> 5, "human" -> 5, "how" -> 5, "honor" -> 5, "high" -> 5, "goals" -> 5, "go" -> 5, "George" -> 5, "generations" -> 5, "expand" -> 5, "Even" -> 5, "equality" -> 5, "environmental" -> 5, "enforce" -> 5, "dollars" -> 5, "diplomacy" -> 5, "critical" -> 5, "cost" -> 5, "compete" -> 5, "communities" -> 5, "coalition" -> 5, "citizenship" -> 5, "citizens" -> 5, "chance" -> 5, "benefits" -> 5, "attack" -> 5, "At" -> 5, "assistance" -> 5, "approach" -> 5, "always" -> 5, "alone" -> 5, "al" -> 5, "agreement" -> 5, "Afghanistan" -> 5, "across" -> 5, "wrong" -> 4, "waste" -> 4, "War" -> 4, "vote" -> 4, "vital" -> 4, "vigorous" -> 4, "victory" -> 4, "using" -> 4, "understand" -> 4, "Under" -> 4, "two" -> 4, "today" -> 4, "times" -> 4, "three" -> 4, "threats" -> 4, "though" -> 4, "themselves" -> 4, "tens" -> 4, "technologies" -> 4, "taxes" -> 4, "talk" -> 4, "student" -> 4, "STRONG" -> 4, "strengthening" -> 4, "strategy" -> 4, "seek" -> 4, "safety" -> 4, "rules" -> 4, "rewards" -> 4, "responsibilities" -> 4, "resolve" -> 4, "requires" -> 4, "require" -> 4, "receive" -> 4, "provide" -> 4, "prosperous" -> 4, "promote" -> 4, "progress" -> 4, "private" -> 4, "prescription" -> 4, "plants" -> 4, "place" -> 4, "percent" -> 4, "peaceful" -> 4, "Palestinian" -> 4, "others" -> 4, "opportunities" -> 4, "only" -> 4, "ones" -> 4, "offering" -> 4, "nearly" -> 4, "National" -> 4, "much" -> 4, "men" -> 4, "market" -> 4, "making" -> 4, "major" -> 4, "lose" -> 4, "longer" -> 4, "local" -> 4, "leaders" -> 4, "lead" -> 4, "land" -> 4, "labor" -> 4, "justice" -> 4, "industry" -> 4, "here" -> 4, "heart" -> 4, "ground" -> 4, "greater" -> 4, "going" -> 4, "God" -> 4, "goal" -> 4, "gas" -> 4, "fundamental" -> 4, "friends" -> 4, "free" -> 4, "forced" -> 4, "fight" -> 4, "failed" -> 4, "expanding" -> 4, "everyday" -> 4, "equipment" -> 4, "emergency" -> 4, "effectively" -> 4, "diversity" -> 4, "discrimination" -> 4, "discipline" -> 4, "determination" -> 4, "depend" -> 4, "Democrats" -> 4, "day" -> 4, "control" -> 4, "complete" -> 4, "common" -> 4, "civil" -> 4, "choose" -> 4, "choice" -> 4, "children's" -> 4, "cause" -> 4, "call" -> 4, "building" -> 4, "budgets" -> 4, "budget" -> 4, "being" -> 4, "armed" -> 4, "allowing" -> 4, "again" -> 4, "action" -> 4, "Act" -> 4, "achieve" -> 4, "able" -> 4, "your" -> 3, "You" -> 3, "within" -> 3, "White" -> 3, "When" -> 3, "were" -> 3, "went" -> 3, "wealth" -> 3, "wages" -> 3, "vulnerable" -> 3, "Voting" -> 3, "voting" -> 3, "uses" -> 3, "tradition" -> 3, "tough" -> 3, "today's" -> 3, "thousands" -> 3, "technology" -> 3, "talent" -> 3, "taken" -> 3, "systems" -> 3, "sure" -> 3, "successful" -> 3, "students" -> 3, "step" -> 3, "states" -> 3, "spirit" -> 3, "spending" -> 3, "sources" -> 3, "soldiers" -> 3, "since" -> 3, "significant" -> 3, "services" -> 3, "serve" -> 3, "securing" -> 3, "sector" -> 3, "Second" -> 3, "role" -> 3, "rising" -> 3, "rise" -> 3, "rigorous" -> 3, "Rights" -> 3, "retirement" -> 3, "rejected" -> 3, "regimes" -> 3, "reducing" -> 3, "recruits" -> 3, "reconstruction" -> 3, "Puerto" -> 3, "problem" -> 3, "prices" -> 3, "presence" -> 3, "prepare" -> 3, "power" -> 3, "poverty" -> 3, "policies" -> 3, "p.m." -> 3, "pledge" -> 3, "plans" -> 3, "personnel" -> 3, "path" -> 3, "particularly" -> 3, "parks" -> 3, "overseas" -> 3, "organizations" -> 3, "order" -> 3, "often" -> 3, "North" -> 3, "No" -> 3, "next" -> 3, "neighborhoods" -> 3, "NATO" -> 3, "movement" -> 3, "months" -> 3, "mission" -> 3, "Middle" -> 3, "meeting" -> 3, "measures" -> 3, "means" -> 3, "matter" -> 3, "loved" -> 3, "love" -> 3, "living" -> 3, "lives" -> 3, "line" -> 3, "leaving" -> 3, "learn" -> 3, "lack" -> 3, "known" -> 3, "join" -> 3, "investment" -> 3, "increased" -> 3, "important" -> 3, "immigrants" -> 3, "ignored" -> 3, "hurt" -> 3, "House" -> 3, "homeland" -> 3, "higher" -> 3, "helping" -> 3, "helped" -> 3, "held" -> 3, "healthier" -> 3, "He" -> 3, "growth" -> 3, "growing" -> 3, "groups" -> 3, "governments" -> 3, "gone" -> 3, "goes" -> 3, "given" -> 3, "gets" -> 3, "funding" -> 3, "foster" -> 3, "fiscal" -> 3, "First" -> 3, "federal" -> 3, "far" -> 3, "failing" -> 3, "extend" -> 3, "existing" -> 3, "exhausting" -> 3, "Europe" -> 3, "ensuring" -> 3, "engagement" -> 3, "enforceable" -> 3, "enact" -> 3, "elections" -> 3, "effective" -> 3, "easy" -> 3, "East" -> 3, "earned" -> 3, "each" -> 3, "duty" -> 3, "drugs" -> 3, "drive" -> 3, "diverse" -> 3, "directly" -> 3, "direct" -> 3, "dignity" -> 3, "different" -> 3, "development" -> 3, "deserve" -> 3, "depends" -> 3, "defined" -> 3, "defense" -> 3, "dedicated" -> 3, "dangerously" -> 3, "cut" -> 3, "current" -> 3, "credits" -> 3, "credibility" -> 3, "creation" -> 3, "creating" -> 3, "could" -> 3, "controls" -> 3, "comprehensive" -> 3, "competitiveness" -> 3, "competitive" -> 3, "company" -> 3, "Commissioner" -> 3, "comes" -> 3, "clear" -> 3, "clean" -> 3, "cities" -> 3, "challenge" -> 3, "billions" -> 3, "big" -> 3, "beliefs" -> 3, "become" -> 3, "Because" -> 3, "based" -> 3, "barriers" -> 3, "away" -> 3, "attacks" -> 3, "any" -> 3, "among" -> 3, "already" -> 3, "after" -> 3, "afford" -> 3, "Administration's" -> 3, "additional" -> 3, "actually" -> 3, "access" -> 3, "abroad" -> 3, "2000" -> 3, "youth" -> 2, "young" -> 2, "write" -> 2, "worry" -> 2, "With" -> 2, "widening" -> 2, "whether" -> 2, "wherever" -> 2, "whatever" -> 2, "we're" -> 2, "well" -> 2, "Washington" -> 2, "wars" -> 2, "warning" -> 2, "wait" -> 2, "voices" -> 2, "violence" -> 2, "vigorously" -> 2, "views" -> 2, "version" -> 2, "verification" -> 2, "v." -> 2, "upon" -> 2, "uphold" -> 2, "until" -> 2, "Union" -> 2, "Unfortunately" -> 2, "undermine" -> 2, "unacceptable" -> 2, "tuitions" -> 2, "treat" -> 2, "transportation" -> 2, "transformation" -> 2, "train" -> 2, "tools" -> 2, "Too" -> 2, "Today's" -> 2, "through" -> 2, "threat" -> 2, "Third" -> 2, "think" -> 2, "thin" -> 2, "There" -> 2, "then" -> 2, "Their" -> 2, "that's" -> 2, "terrorism" -> 2, "terrible" -> 2, "teachers" -> 2, "teacher" -> 2, "teach" -> 2, "taxpayer" -> 2, "target" -> 2, "taking" -> 2, "takes" -> 2, "sustained" -> 2, "suffering" -> 2, "suffer" -> 2, "stretched" -> 2, "strengthened" -> 2, "starting" -> 2, "standing" -> 2, "stake" -> 2, "stable" -> 2, "spend" -> 2, "source" -> 2, "solution" -> 2, "soared" -> 2, "side" -> 2, "shared" -> 2, "set" -> 2, "September" -> 2, "senior" -> 2, "send" -> 2, "self-government" -> 2, "see" -> 2, "scientific" -> 2, "science" -> 2, "save" -> 2, "safely" -> 2, "safeguards" -> 2, "sacrifice" -> 2, "Russia" -> 2, "rural" -> 2, "root" -> 2, "roll" -> 2, "Rico" -> 2, "rewarding" -> 2, "rest" -> 2, "responsible" -> 2, "responders" -> 2, "respond" -> 2, "reservists" -> 2, "reserves" -> 2, "research" -> 2, "Republicans" -> 2, "Republican" -> 2, "repressive" -> 2, "reports" -> 2, "renew" -> 2, "remain" -> 2, "refused" -> 2, "recommit" -> 2, "recognized" -> 2, "recognize" -> 2, "recall" -> 2, "realize" -> 2, "ready" -> 2, "rather" -> 2, "raises" -> 2, "qualified" -> 2, "pushed" -> 2, "providing" -> 2, "providers" -> 2, "protective" -> 2, "protections" -> 2, "protection" -> 2, "profound" -> 2, "profits" -> 2, "professionals" -> 2, "production" -> 2, "privileges" -> 2, "price" -> 2, "prevent" -> 2, "prepared" -> 2, "premiums" -> 2, "powerful" -> 2, "potential" -> 2, "possibility" -> 2, "point" -> 2, "play" -> 2, "permanent" -> 2, "penalties" -> 2, "patients" -> 2, "partnership" -> 2, "partners" -> 2, "participation" -> 2, "Parents" -> 2, "paperwork" -> 2, "paid" -> 2, "outcome" -> 2, "Other" -> 2, "ordinary" -> 2, "options" -> 2, "optimism" -> 2, "oppose" -> 2, "open" -> 2, "old" -> 2, "officials" -> 2, "officers" -> 2, "number" -> 2, "Now" -> 2, "Not" -> 2, "network" -> 2, "neighbors" -> 2, "negotiations" -> 2, "neglected" -> 2, "needed" -> 2, "Nations" -> 2, "mutual" -> 2, "Muslim" -> 2, "moving" -> 2, "modernize" -> 2, "modern" -> 2, "Millions" -> 2, "might" -> 2, "Mideast" -> 2, "Medicare" -> 2, "media" -> 2, "matters" -> 2, "materials" -> 2, "material" -> 2, "manufacturers" -> 2, "lower" -> 2, "lost" -> 2, "long-term" -> 2, "long" -> 2, "lobbying" -> 2, "literally" -> 2, "limit" -> 2, "Like" -> 2, "light" -> 2, "levels" -> 2, "legal" -> 2, "leaves" -> 2, "leave" -> 2, "least" -> 2, "Laden" -> 2, "Korean" -> 2, "key" -> 2, "keeps" -> 2, "keeping" -> 2, "judges" -> 2, "Israel" -> 2, "Iraq's" -> 2, "Iran" -> 2, "investors" -> 2, "invest" -> 2, "internationally" -> 2, "interest" -> 2, "Intelligence" -> 2, "Instead" -> 2, "inspections" -> 2, "inspection" -> 2, "Information" -> 2, "Indonesia" -> 2, "individual" -> 2, "Indians" -> 2, "independent" -> 2, "incomes" -> 2, "inclusion" -> 2, "incentives" -> 2, "immediate" -> 2, "illnesses" -> 2, "If" -> 2, "if" -> 2, "ideas" -> 2, "ideals" -> 2, "ideal" -> 2, "idea" -> 2, "housing" -> 2, "hospitals" -> 2, "HMO" -> 2, "history" -> 2, "historic" -> 2, "high-paying" -> 2, "harm's" -> 2, "harm" -> 2, "hands" -> 2, "guided" -> 2, "Guard" -> 2, "guarantee" -> 2, "grows" -> 2, "greatness" -> 2, "greatest" -> 2, "grassroots" -> 2, "government's" -> 2, "God's" -> 2, "globalization" -> 2, "gifts" -> 2, "generation" -> 2, "further" -> 2, "funds" -> 2, "fulfill" -> 2, "frontlines" -> 2, "From" -> 2, "found" -> 2, "fortunate" -> 2, "foreign" -> 2, "five" -> 2, "Fiscal" -> 2, "firefighters" -> 2, "finest" -> 2, "finally" -> 2, "final" -> 2, "few" -> 2, "fast" -> 2, "fallen" -> 2, "fall" -> 2, "fail" -> 2, "fact" -> 2, "facilities" -> 2, "eyes" -> 2, "extended" -> 2, "export" -> 2, "expect" -> 2, "exercise" -> 2, "everything" -> 2, "enormous" -> 2, "engine" -> 2, "ends" -> 2, "encourage" -> 2, "employees" -> 2, "election" -> 2, "easier" -> 2, "earning" -> 2, "earn" -> 2, "during" -> 2, "driving" -> 2, "dream" -> 2, "doing" -> 2, "doesn't" -> 2, "doctors" -> 2, "disabilities" -> 2, "Director" -> 2, "direction" -> 2, "did" -> 2, "develop" -> 2, "destroy" -> 2, "desperately" -> 2, "dependent" -> 2, "dependence" -> 2, "departments" -> 2, "defend" -> 2, "deeply" -> 2, "decide" -> 2, "decade" -> 2, "day's" -> 2, "crisis" -> 2, "credit" -> 2, "coverage" -> 2, "course" -> 2, "coupled" -> 2, "country's" -> 2, "counted" -> 2, "count" -> 2, "coordination" -> 2, "cooperative" -> 2, "cooperation" -> 2, "contribute" -> 2, "continue" -> 2, "continent" -> 2, "consumers" -> 2, "Constitutional" -> 2, "Congress" -> 2, "conflict" -> 2, "concerns" -> 2, "competitors" -> 2, "competition" -> 2, "communications" -> 2, "commonsense" -> 2, "commit" -> 2, "Cold" -> 2, "close" -> 2, "Clinton" -> 2, "cleaner" -> 2, "classroom" -> 2, "civic" -> 2, "circle" -> 2, "child's" -> 2, "Child" -> 2, "charge" -> 2, "Century" -> 2, "central" -> 2, "cell" -> 2, "capabilities" -> 2, "burdens" -> 2, "burden" -> 2, "built" -> 2, "broke" -> 2, "brings" -> 2, "break" -> 2, "both" -> 2, "borders" -> 2, "border" -> 2, "biological" -> 2, "bin" -> 2, "billion" -> 2, "begins" -> 2, "beat" -> 2, "battlefield" -> 2, "bargain" -> 2, "background" -> 2, "backed" -> 2, "available" -> 2, "authorities" -> 2, "assisting" -> 2, "asking" -> 2, "arrive" -> 2, "aren't" -> 2, "appropriate" -> 2, "apart" -> 2, "answer" -> 2, "Amendment" -> 2, "almost" -> 2, "airports" -> 2, "agreed" -> 2, "ago" -> 2, "agendas" -> 2, "age" -> 2, "After" -> 2, "advantage" -> 2, "advance" -> 2, "administration" -> 2, "addresses" -> 2, "address" -> 2, "act" -> 2, "accessible" -> 2, "abuse" -> 2, "absolutely" -> 2, "abandoned" -> 2, "6" -> 2, "35" -> 2, "220,000" -> 2, "21st" -> 2, "20,000" -> 2, "15" -> 2, "11th" -> 2, "100" -> 2, "$27" -> 1, "$200,000" -> 1, "$1,500" -> 1, "Yet" -> 1, "yellow" -> 1, "wrongheaded" -> 1, "worth" -> 1, "worst" -> 1, "worship" -> 1, "world-class" -> 1, "World" -> 1, "workplace" -> 1, "Working" -> 1, "worked" -> 1, "word" -> 1, "woman's" -> 1, "woman" -> 1, "wives" -> 1, "Wilson" -> 1, "willingness" -> 1, "wildlife" -> 1, "why" -> 1, "whose" -> 1, "white" -> 1, "whims" -> 1, "we've" -> 1, "well-being" -> 1, "welcome" -> 1, "wealthy" -> 1, "wealthiest" -> 1, "weakened" -> 1, "weaken" -> 1, "Watch" -> 1, "watch" -> 1, "wasted" -> 1, "Wars" -> 1, "warnings" -> 1, "warned" -> 1, "warlord" -> 1, "wants" -> 1, "want" -> 1, "Wall" -> 1, "walking" -> 1, "walked" -> 1, "walk" -> 1, "waging" -> 1, "Wade" -> 1, "voter" -> 1, "volunteer" -> 1, "voluntary" -> 1, "virtually" -> 1, "Virgin" -> 1, "view" -> 1, "Victory" -> 1, "victims" -> 1, "viable" -> 1, "veto" -> 1, "veterans" -> 1, "vests" -> 1, "vehicles" -> 1, "vastly" -> 1, "variety" -> 1, "vaccine" -> 1, "US-only" -> 1, "used" -> 1, "upward" -> 1, "upholding" -> 1, "upgrades" -> 1, "unrealistic" -> 1, "unprecedented" -> 1, "unneeded" -> 1, "Unlike" -> 1, "unlike" -> 1, "unleashes" -> 1, "Units" -> 1, "units" -> 1, "united" -> 1, "unions" -> 1, "uninspected" -> 1, "unilateral" -> 1, "uniform" -> 1, "unified" -> 1, "unhealthy" -> 1, "unfortunately" -> 1, "unemployed" -> 1, "Undocumented" -> 1, "undertake" -> 1, "understood" -> 1, "understands" -> 1, "understanding" -> 1, "underlying" -> 1, "uncover" -> 1, "unaffordable" -> 1, "UN" -> 1, "ultimate" -> 1, "two-thirds" -> 1, "twice" -> 1, "Turkey" -> 1, "tuition" -> 1, "truth" -> 1, "trust" -> 1, "Truman" -> 1, "truly" -> 1, "Troops" -> 1, "tried" -> 1, "Treaty" -> 1, "treaties" -> 1, "travel" -> 1, "transformed" -> 1, "transform" -> 1, "trained" -> 1, "trails" -> 1, "traditions" -> 1, "towns" -> 1, "tours" -> 1, "tourism" -> 1, "tough-minded" -> 1, "toughest" -> 1, "torture" -> 1, "Tora" -> 1, "took" -> 1, "tons" -> 1, "tomorrow's" -> 1, "tomorrow" -> 1, "Together" -> 1, "Title" -> 1, "time-honored" -> 1, "time-high" -> 1, "Time" -> 1, "tighter" -> 1, "tighten" -> 1, "Throughout" -> 1, "throughout" -> 1, "Through" -> 1, "thriving" -> 1, "thrives" -> 1, "Three" -> 1, "threatened" -> 1, "threaten" -> 1, "Thousands" -> 1, "thought" -> 1, "Those" -> 1, "third" -> 1, "things" -> 1, "They've" -> 1, "They're" -> 1, "They'll" -> 1, "These" -> 1, "therapy" -> 1, "therapies" -> 1, "then-Governor" -> 1, "theirs" -> 1, "Terrorists" -> 1, "tension" -> 1, "teenager" -> 1, "technological" -> 1, "technical" -> 1, "team" -> 1, "tasks" -> 1, "targeting" -> 1, "tangible" -> 1, "talks" -> 1, "table" -> 1, "swallowed" -> 1, "sustaining" -> 1, "sustain" -> 1, "survival" -> 1, "surges" -> 1, "Supreme" -> 1, "supposed" -> 1, "suggestions" -> 1, "sufficient" -> 1, "successfully" -> 1, "success" -> 1, "substantially" -> 1, "subsidies" -> 1, "subject" -> 1, "stubbornly" -> 1, "struggle" -> 1, "structures" -> 1, "strongly" -> 1, "strongest" -> 1, "Strong" -> 1, "striving" -> 1, "striking" -> 1, "strikes" -> 1, "strictest" -> 1, "stretch" -> 1, "street" -> 1, "strategic" -> 1, "strain" -> 1, "straightforward" -> 1, "story" -> 1, "stop-loss" -> 1, "stockpiling" -> 1, "stockpiles" -> 1, "stifled" -> 1, "stiffen" -> 1, "stewardship" -> 1, "Stem" -> 1, "stem" -> 1, 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"shores" -> 1, "shipping" -> 1, "ship" -> 1, "sharing" -> 1, "shares" -> 1, "shaped" -> 1, "shape" -> 1, "shameful" -> 1, "shadows" -> 1, "shackled" -> 1, "sexual" -> 1, "seven" -> 1, "settle" -> 1, "serves" -> 1, "seriousness" -> 1, "serious" -> 1, "separate" -> 1, "sent" -> 1, "seize" -> 1, "seen" -> 1, "seeking" -> 1, "secured" -> 1, "sectors" -> 1, "secret" -> 1, "second-class" -> 1, "second" -> 1, "searching" -> 1, "searched" -> 1, "scoured" -> 1, "schooled" -> 1, "scene" -> 1, "say" -> 1, "saves" -> 1, "Saudi" -> 1, "satisfaction" -> 1, "sanctuaries" -> 1, "sanctity" -> 1, "Samoa" -> 1, "said" -> 1, "safekeeping" -> 1, "safeguard" -> 1, "Saddam's" -> 1, "sacrificing" -> 1, "sacred" -> 1, "rushed" -> 1, "rush" -> 1, "running" -> 1, "rule" -> 1, "rose" -> 1, "roots" -> 1, "Roosevelt's" -> 1, "Roosevelt" -> 1, "roof" -> 1, "rolling" -> 1, "Roe" -> 1, "risk" -> 1, "risen" -> 1, "richest" -> 1, "richer" -> 1, "Ricans" -> 1, "rewrote" -> 1, "rewritten" -> 1, "reward" -> 1, "Revolution" 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"redress" -> 1, "red" -> 1, "records" -> 1, "record" -> 1, "recognizes" -> 1, "recent" -> 1, "rebuilding" -> 1, "rebuild" -> 1, "reauthorize" -> 1, "reassert" -> 1, "realized" -> 1, "realistic" -> 1, "Reagan" -> 1, "reaffirm" -> 1, "Ready" -> 1, "ratified" -> 1, "rare" -> 1, "ranks" -> 1, "range" -> 1, "rallying" -> 1, "rally" -> 1, "raising" -> 1, "raise" -> 1, "raided" -> 1, "radical" -> 1, "Racial" -> 1, "quiet" -> 1, "quickly" -> 1, "quarter" -> 1, "push" -> 1, "pursuit" -> 1, "pursuing" -> 1, "pursues" -> 1, "pursue" -> 1, "purpose" -> 1, "purer" -> 1, "pure" -> 1, "purchasing" -> 1, "punish" -> 1, "provisions" -> 1, "proudly" -> 1, "protocols" -> 1, "protectors" -> 1, "protected" -> 1, "prosperity" -> 1, "proselytize" -> 1, "proposals" -> 1, "promptly" -> 1, "promises" -> 1, "progressive" -> 1, "profiling" -> 1, "professions" -> 1, "professionally" -> 1, "products" -> 1, "productive" -> 1, "produce" -> 1, "processing" -> 1, "process" -> 1, "procedures" -> 1, "problems" -> 1, 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"Pell" -> 1, "paying" -> 1, "Pay-As-You-Go" -> 1, "patriotic" -> 1, "Patient's" -> 1, "patient" -> 1, "past" -> 1, "party" -> 1, "participate" -> 1, "part" -> 1, "Parkinson's" -> 1, "parent-teacher" -> 1, "Pakistan's" -> 1, "Pakistan" -> 1, "pace" -> 1, "ownership" -> 1, "overwhelming" -> 1, "overwhelmed" -> 1, "overseeing" -> 1, "oversee" -> 1, "overriding" -> 1, "overnight" -> 1, "overcome" -> 1, "Over" -> 1, "outside" -> 1, "ourselves" -> 1, "otherwise" -> 1, "Osama" -> 1, "orientation" -> 1, "orange" -> 1, "opposite" -> 1, "opium" -> 1, "operating" -> 1, "OPEC" -> 1, "one-third" -> 1, "one-half" -> 1, "once" -> 1, "older" -> 1, "officer" -> 1, "offered" -> 1, "off" -> 1, "odds" -> 1, "oceans" -> 1, "observed" -> 1, "obligations" -> 1, "nurses" -> 1, "nuclear-armed" -> 1, "Nuclear" -> 1, "November" -> 1, "notice" -> 1, "Nothing" -> 1, "Northern" -> 1, "Nor" -> 1, "non­proliferation" -> 1, "non­governmental" -> 1, "Nonproliferation" -> 1, "none" -> 1, "no-bid" -> 1, "newly" -> 1, "New" -> 1, "Neighborhood" -> 1, "neighborhood" -> 1, "negotiate" -> 1, "necessary" -> 1, "Nearly" -> 1, "nature" -> 1, "natural" -> 1, "narrow" -> 1, "Nancy" -> 1, "mutually" -> 1, "multiple" -> 1, "movements" -> 1, "moved" -> 1, "move" -> 1, "mounting" -> 1, "mother" -> 1, "most-sophisticated" -> 1, "mortgages" -> 1, "mortal" -> 1, "Morocco" -> 1, "More" -> 1, "moon" -> 1, "monitoring" -> 1, "models" -> 1, "mobility" -> 1, "mistake" -> 1, "missions" -> 1, "missed" -> 1, "misguided" -> 1, "minimum" -> 1, "mindful" -> 1, "militias" -> 1, "militarily" -> 1, "message" -> 1, "mercy" -> 1, "mercury" -> 1, "Members" -> 1, "member" -> 1, "medication" -> 1, "Medicaid" -> 1, "meaningful" -> 1, "mean" -> 1, "meals" -> 1, "math" -> 1, "matches" -> 1, "Marriage" -> 1, "marriage" -> 1, "markets" -> 1, "marked" -> 1, "mark" -> 1, "Many" -> 1, "manufacturing" -> 1, "manpower" -> 1, "manipulation" -> 1, "manhunt" -> 1, "mandatory" -> 1, "management" -> 1, "man" -> 1, "majority" -> 1, "maintain" -> 1, "mainstream" -> 1, "Madrassas" -> 1, "luster" -> 1, "lower-income" -> 1, "losing" -> 1, "loophole" -> 1, "looks" -> 1, "look" -> 1, "longtime" -> 1, "long-run" -> 1, "localized" -> 1, "localism" -> 1, "lobbyists" -> 1, "loans" -> 1, "little" -> 1, "lists" -> 1, "listens" -> 1, "listen" -> 1, "list" -> 1, "lines" -> 1, "line-item" -> 1, "limits" -> 1, "limited" -> 1, "lift" -> 1, "lifetimes" -> 1, "life's" -> 1, "Life" -> 1, "liberty" -> 1, "liberties" -> 1, "level" -> 1, "lets" -> 1, "let" -> 1, "lesbian" -> 1, "legitimate" -> 1, "legislative" -> 1, "legislation" -> 1, "Left" -> 1, "led" -> 1, "learning" -> 1, "leads" -> 1, "leading" -> 1, "leadership—a" -> 1, "lavishes" -> 1, "lavish" -> 1, "launch" -> 1, "Latinos" -> 1, "large" -> 1, "languages" -> 1, "landowners" -> 1, "landmines" -> 1, "lakes" -> 1, "Kosovo" -> 1, "Korea's" -> 1, "Korea" -> 1, "Kofi" -> 1, "know-how" -> 1, "kind" -> 1, "Kim" -> 1, "killed" -> 1, "Khan" -> 1, "Kenya" -> 1, "Kennedy" -> 1, "Karzai" -> 1, "Kabul" -> 1, "juvenile" -> 1, "Jordan" -> 1, "Jong" -> 1, "joins" -> 1, "Jewish" -> 1, "Japanese" -> 1, "IX" -> 1, "It's" -> 1, "issues" -> 1, "issue" -> 1, "Israeli-Palestinian" -> 1, "isn't" -> 1, "Islands" -> 1, "Islamic" -> 1, "irreversible" -> 1, "ironclad" -> 1, "Iranian" -> 1, "invited" -> 1, "investigation" -> 1, "invent" -> 1, "intolerance" -> 1, "internationalize" -> 1, "interim" -> 1, "interested" -> 1, "intend" -> 1, "integrity" -> 1, "insufficient" -> 1, "inspires" -> 1, "innovative" -> 1, "innovations" -> 1, "initiatives" -> 1, "initiative" -> 1, "ingenuity" -> 1, "infrastructure" -> 1, "inflation" -> 1, "inevitably" -> 1, "ineffective" -> 1, "industries" -> 1, "Industrial" -> 1, "indivisible" -> 1, "individuals" -> 1, "Individual" -> 1, "India" -> 1, "independently" -> 1, "Independence" -> 1, "indebted" -> 1, "increasingly" -> 1, "increasing" -> 1, "increases" -> 1, "incomparable" -> 1, "includes" -> 1, "include" -> 1, "incentive-based" -> 1, "improving" -> 1, "improvement" -> 1, "impose" -> 1, "imports" -> 1, "import" -> 1, "imperatives" -> 1, "impact" -> 1, "immigration" -> 1, "immeasurably—by" -> 1, "immeasurably" -> 1, "imagine" -> 1, "illusions" -> 1, "illness" -> 1, "illegal" -> 1, "Il" -> 1, "Ignoring" -> 1, "ignores" -> 1, "husbands" -> 1, "hurts" -> 1, "hunt" -> 1, "hundreds" -> 1, "hundred" -> 1, "huge" -> 1, "hopeless" -> 1, "honoring" -> 1, "honest" -> 1, "homework" -> 1, "homelessness" -> 1, "Homeland" -> 1, "holes" -> 1, "hold" -> 1, "HMOs" -> 1, "His" -> 1, "High-wage" -> 1, "high-technology" -> 1, "high-tech" -> 1, "highly" -> 1, "high-level" -> 1, "highest" -> 1, "High" -> 1, "hide" -> 1, "heroes" -> 1, "her" -> 1, "helicopter" -> 1, "heeds" -> 1, "heavy" -> 1, "HEALTHY" -> 1, "health-related" -> 1, "Health" -> 1, "having" -> 1, "havens" -> 1, "haven" -> 1, "Hate" -> 1, "hasten" -> 1, "harness" -> 1, "hard­working" -> 1, "hard-pressed" -> 1, "happen" -> 1, "hand" -> 1, "halting" -> 1, "half" -> 1, "had" -> 1, "habitats" -> 1, "Gulf" -> 1, "guise" -> 1, "guidelines" -> 1, "Guardsmen" -> 1, "guardsmen" -> 1, "guards" -> 1, "guard" -> 1, "guaranteed" -> 1, "Guam" -> 1, "GROWING" -> 1, "grounded" -> 1, "grew" -> 1, "green" -> 1, "grasp" -> 1, "Grants" -> 1, "graduate" -> 1, "grade" -> 1, "government-to-government" -> 1, "Government's" -> 1, "Government" -> 1, "governed" -> 1, "govern" -> 1, "God-given" -> 1, "globe" -> 1, "geographic" -> 1, "genius" -> 1, "Geneva" -> 1, "gear" -> 1, "gay" -> 1, "gave" -> 1, "gathering" -> 1, "gasoline" -> 1, "gaining" -> 1, "Furthermore" -> 1, "funded" -> 1, "full-time" -> 1, "fronts" -> 1, "front" -> 1, "fresh" -> 1, "frequently" -> 1, "frees" -> 1, "Freedoms" -> 1, "frayed" -> 1, "Franklin" -> 1, "fragmented" -> 1, "fraction" -> 1, "Fourth" -> 1, "Four" -> 1, "Founders" -> 1, "foundations" -> 1, "foundation" -> 1, "forward" -> 1, "forty" -> 1, "forms" -> 1, "former" -> 1, "form" -> 1, "forges" -> 1, "forged" -> 1, "forge" -> 1, "forests" -> 1, "foremost" -> 1, "Forces" -> 1, "food" -> 1, "follow" -> 1, "flying" -> 1, "flows" -> 1, "flown" -> 1, "flow" -> 1, "flourish" -> 1, "Florida" -> 1, "flag" -> 1, "fix" -> 1, "fitfully" -> 1, "fist" -> 1, "fishing" -> 1, "fish" -> 1, "firmly" -> 1, "firefighter" -> 1, "fire" -> 1, "finding" -> 1, "financial" -> 1, "Finally" -> 1, "filling" -> 1, "filled" -> 1, "file" -> 1, "fighters" -> 1, "fifty" -> 1, "fields" -> 1, "field" -> 1, "fencing" -> 1, "fellow" -> 1, "fell" -> 1, "feeling" -> 1, "Federal" -> 1, "feared" -> 1, "FBI" -> 1, "faster" -> 1, "farming" -> 1, "farmers" -> 1, "family's" -> 1, "Family" -> 1, "FAMILIES" -> 1, "false" -> 1, "falling" -> 1, "faiths" -> 1, "faithfully" -> 1, "faith-based" -> 1, "fairly" -> 1, "failures" -> 1, "failure" -> 1, "Failed" -> 1, "facts" -> 1, "factors" -> 1, "factories" -> 1, "facets" -> 1, "faced" -> 1, "extraordinary" -> 1, "extending" -> 1, "expression" -> 1, "express" -> 1, "exposed" -> 1, "exploding" -> 1, "expiring" -> 1, "experienced" -> 1, "expense" -> 1, "expedited" -> 1, "expected" -> 1, "expectant" -> 1, "expanded" -> 1, "exit" -> 1, "executives" -> 1, "excuse" -> 1, "excitement" -> 1, "exaggerated" -> 1, "evolution" -> 1, "evidence" -> 1, "Every" -> 1, "event" -> 1, "evacuation" -> 1, "European" -> 1, "ethical" -> 1, "establishing" -> 1, "establish" -> 1, "essential" -> 1, "escape" -> 1, "era" -> 1, "equitable" -> 1, "equipped" -> 1, "entire" -> 1, "ensures" -> 1, "ensured" -> 1, "enlisted" -> 1, "enlist" -> 1, "enjoy" -> 1, "enhancing" -> 1, "English-language" -> 1, "engaging" -> 1, "enemy" -> 1, "ending" -> 1, "endanger" -> 1, "encouraging" -> 1, "enable" -> 1, "EMT" -> 1, "employment" -> 1, "employers" -> 1, "emergencies" -> 1, "embryonic" -> 1, "embrace" -> 1, "embody" -> 1, "elimination" -> 1, "eliminate" -> 1, "elicit" -> 1, "electronic" -> 1, "electrified" -> 1, "Elderly" -> 1, "elderly" -> 1, "eldercare" -> 1, "efficiently" -> 1, "efficient" -> 1, "efficiency" -> 1, "Education" -> 1, "educating" -> 1, "ECONOMY" -> 1, "economists" -> 1, "Each" -> 1, "dumping" -> 1, "duly" -> 1, "due" -> 1, "driven" -> 1, "drill" -> 1, "dreams" -> 1, "Dream" -> 1, "dramatically" -> 1, "drafting" -> 1, "draft" -> 1, "doubt" -> 1, "doubling" -> 1, "doubled" -> 1, "door" -> 1, "don't" -> 1, "domestic" -> 1, "dollar" -> 1, "does" -> 1, "doctrine" -> 1, "divisive" -> 1, "divide" -> 1, "diverted" -> 1, "disrespected" -> 1, "disrespect" -> 1, "disregarded" -> 1, "disregard" -> 1, "disputed" -> 1, "disposal" -> 1, "disgrace" -> 1, "disenfranchised" -> 1, "disease" -> 1, "disdained" -> 1, "discuss" -> 1, "discriminatory" -> 1, "discriminate" -> 1, "disaster" -> 1, "disarm" -> 1, "disagreements" -> 1, "disagreement" -> 1, "disagree" -> 1, "Disabilities" -> 1, "diplomatic" -> 1, "difficulty" -> 1, "difficulties" -> 1, "differing" -> 1, "differences" -> 1, "died" -> 1, "diabetes" -> 1, "devastated" -> 1, "detailed" -> 1, "destroying" -> 1, "destabilizing" -> 1, "Despite" -> 1, "desecrate" -> 1, "deployments" -> 1, "deployed" -> 1, "deploy" -> 1, "Department" -> 1, "deny" -> 1, "demonstrate" -> 1, "Democracy" -> 1, "democracies" -> 1, "demean" -> 1, "delivered" -> 1, "delays" -> 1, "delayed" -> 1, "Delano" -> 1, "deficits" -> 1, "deficit" -> 1, "defends" -> 1, "defender" -> 1, "deepening" -> 1, "deep" -> 1, "dedication" -> 1, "declare" -> 1, "Declaration" -> 1, "decisions" -> 1, "debt" -> 1, "deal" -> 1, "dangers" -> 1, "dangerous" -> 1, "daily" -> 1, "cuts" -> 1, "curriculum" -> 1, "currency" -> 1, "culture" -> 1, "crucial" -> 1, "crossings" -> 1, "crony" -> 1, "crimes" -> 1, "creativity" -> 1, "created" -> 1, "Court" -> 1, "courageous" -> 1, "courage" -> 1, "counts" -> 1, "countless" -> 1, "counter-narcotics" -> 1, "Council" -> 1, "correct" -> 1, "core" -> 1, "cops" -> 1, "cope" -> 1, "coordinating" -> 1, "convince" -> 1, "Conventions" -> 1, "conventional" -> 1, "controlled" -> 1, "contribution—helping" -> 1, "contracts" -> 1, "contracting" -> 1, "continuing" -> 1, "continuation" -> 1, "contents" -> 1, "Containing" -> 1, 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We have arrived at this moment because of the hard work of the American people. This election will be about the big choices we have to make to secure prosperity that is broadly shared and progress that reaches all families in this new American century. In the year 2000, the Democratic Party stands ready to meet that challenge and to build on our achievements.\nWhen Thomas Jefferson was elected as our Party's first president in 1800, America was a young country trying to find its place in the world. Two hundred years later, Democrats gather at a moment of vast possibility to nominate Al Gore as America's next president. A new economy founded on the force of new technologies and traditional values of work is giving rise to new industries and transforming old ones. Biological breakthroughs give us the chance to unlock the mysteries of humanity's deadliest plagues. While the globe is still beset with tragedies and difficulties, more people live under governments of freedom, liberty, and democracy than ever before in history. America enjoys unparalleled affluence at home and influence abroad.\nYet this moment is clearly one of possibility, not absolute guarantees. We must remember that our achievements were accomplished only with creativity, courage, and conscience; with a willingness to innovate and imagine; and with a recommitment to our basic American values of hard work, community, embracing diversity, faith, family, and personal responsibility. And all of it can be imperiled again.\nLet us not forget that America's future did not always seem so bright. Under the Bush-Quayle administration, America was suffering through economic stagnation. Businesses were failing. Jobs were disappearing. The welfare rolls swelled. Crime exploded in the streets. Hope and optimism were scarce. Most Americans felt that the American Dream was endangered - if not extinct.\nBut in 1992, Americans elected Bill Clinton and Al Gore with a mandate to turn America around. And that's just what they did. They took on the old thinking that had come to dominate politics and offered new ideas - new ideas that met the challenges of the day, new ideas that kept faith with America's oldest values, new ideas that worked.\nEight years later the record is clear: the longest economic expansion in American history. The most jobs ever created under a single administration. The first real wage growth in 20 years. The highest home ownership rate ever. The lowest African-American and Hispanic-American unemployment rates in American history. The lowest crime rate in 25 years. The lowest number of people on welfare since the 1960's. The largest drop in poverty in nearly 30 years. The lowest level of child poverty in 20 years. And after 15 painful years when the rich were getting richer and the poor were getting poorer, America is finally growing together instead of growing apart.\nThese are accomplishments, not accidents. They came about because Democrats - from the White House, to the Congress, to State Houses all across America - brought new thinking and new action to our most pressing challenges. We used government as a catalyst to engage the best ideas and energies of the American people. We asked citizens to get involved and they did. They tutored in their children's schools, patrolled on neighborhood crime watches, volunteered in local hospitals, and voiced their opinion on every issue. They shaped effective solutions to real problems. It will take more of this brand of new thinking if we are to build on this record of achievement.\nDuring our nation's darkest hours, Americans have strived mightily and succeeded in meeting the challenges of their times. The question before us is whether we will do the same during this bright moment; whether we will seize this moment to bring more prosperity and progress to more Americans than ever before; whether, having finally conquered our financial deficits, we will have the courage to conquer the other deficits - in health care, in education, in the environment - that challenge us today.\nIn this Platform, today's Democratic Party lays out its plans to do just that. This platform was not written in a dark backroom, but in the light of day; in an open, democratic process that was interactive and inclusive. It was developed both with the guidance of the brightest Democratic leaders and with the voices of thousands of ordinary Americans around the country who contributed their thoughts, ideas, beliefs, and dreams to this platform in person, on paper, and over the Internet. This is a 21st century platform for the 21st century's party. A people's platform for the people's party.\nIf one theme runs through this 2000 Democratic platform, it is this: if America is to secure prosperity, progress, peace and security for all, we cannot afford to go back. We must move forward together and we must not leave anyone behind.\nI. PROSPERITY\n\nEight years ago, America was facing a big challenge. Under the Bush-Quayle Administration, the American economy was floundering. Slow growth had turned into no growth and into a jobless recovery. Americans in all walks of life were facing a future of less prosperity and more resignation. In 1992, Bill Clinton and Al Gore were elected to turn the American economy around and point upward toward the future.\nThey took office with a new set of ideas about how to get the economy moving again. They knew that the private sector is the engine of economic growth, but they also knew that, in Franklin Roosevelt's phrase, \"the national community\" - acting through government - can make a big difference.\nToday, the success of these new ideas is clear. After a generation of stagnation for many and decline for some, real wages for all working families have started to rise again. America has the lowest unemployment and fastest economic growth in more than 30 years. The American people have created 22 million new jobs. We have the lowest inflation rate in decades. More Americans own their home than ever before. Looking back on 1992, this much is clear: Americans are better off than we were eight years ago.\nBut ours is a record to build on, not to rest on. That's because eight years later, we face a new challenge: how to keep prosperity alive - and how to deepen it - in a fast-moving, fast-changing economy. We can never take our economic prosperity for granted nor can we afford to go back to either tax-and-spend or cut-and-run - the failed policies of the past. It took innovative, new Democratic policies to create the environment where prosperity could bloom. It will take more such policies to allow prosperity to blossom - to forge a prosperity that does not leave anyone out and does not leave anyone behind.\nDuring the past decade, the birth of the global, information-based new economy has changed most every aspect of Americans' lives. As we move inexorably from the Industrial Age to the Information Age, the transition will be difficult for some. In the decade to come, Democrats must lead the way in equipping all Americans with new tools for economic success and security. This is the only sure means of ensuring that America's prosperity is one that is broadly shared.\nTime after time, Republicans opposed the ideas that brought prosperity to America. Time after time, they have been proven wrong. But their sorry record does not give them pause, it does not even slow them down. Despite a Democratic record of success, the Republicans now propose to rewind to the policies that brought America the days of deficits, doubt, debt, and decline; a retreat to the thinking of the era of recessions, repossessions, and retrenchment.\nDemocrats believe that to further our prosperity and make sure all Americans are ready to reap the rewards of the new economy we need thinking as innovative as the moment in which we live. First, we must continue the fiscal discipline that has been the hallmark of the past eight years - that means paying down the debt and offering the right kind of tax cuts. Second, we must use our unprecedented prosperity to secure Social Security and Medicare for future generations. Third, we must invest in the most precious resource we have - the American people and their skills and ability to innovate. Fourth, we must continue to reinvent government so that it works better and costs less and is in line with the on-line world. Fifth, we must open new markets to American products at home and around the world. Finally, we must reinforce the basic American bargain of requiring and rewarding hard work and we must provide Americans with the opportunity to participate in key decisions at work and in their communities.\nFiscal Discipline\n\nFor the 12 years before Bill Clinton and Al Gore took office, Republicans talked about fiscal discipline while they quadrupled the national debt. They ran up monstrous yearly deficits and nearly ran the American economy into the ground. In 1992, Democrats promised to cut the deficit in half in four years. They did - and went even further. It took Al Gore's tie-breaking vote in the Senate to overcome unanimous Republican opposition to deficit reduction. Today, America has gone from the biggest deficits in history to the biggest surpluses in history. Fiscal discipline keeps interest rates low and investment rates high - and it has helped fuel America's remarkable prosperity.\nWe must not go back. That's why Democrats now vow to balance the budget every year, barring a national emergency. But even this is not enough. In the 160 years since the very first Democratic Platform, America has always struggled under a national debt. Today's Democrats believe we should pay down the debt every year until we can give our children the independence, self-sufficiency, and prosperity that will come from an America that is debt-free. In 12 years of rule, Republicans quadrupled the national debt. In the next 12 years, Democrats vow to wipe out the publicly-held national debt.\nToday, because of the success of the Clinton-Gore Administration, a debt-free America is within reach. This would free businesses to invest and innovate, it would provide an ever more sturdy foundation for future economic growth, and it would create good jobs. That's why Al Gore is determined to completely eliminate the publicly-held national debt by the year 2012.\nThe Right Kind of Tax Cuts.\n\nThe road to long term prosperity starts with embracing fiscal discipline. Unfortunately, the Republicans eschew fiscal discipline and offer up nothing less than fiscal disaster. They would squander the surplus on a more than trillion-dollar federal government tax giveaway for the well-off and well-connected, while failing to eliminate the national debt, neglecting to shore up Social Security and Medicare, and shirking the need to invest in the education of America's children and the skills of her workers.\nFor the past eight years, Democrats have been working to offer tax relief to the Americans who need it the most where they need it the most. We cut taxes for working parents who were struggling to make ends meet. We cut taxes for parents who were working hard and trying to raise good kids. We cut taxes for Americans who had studied hard and made it to college. We cut taxes for Americans who were continuing their educations and gaining new skills to stay on the cutting-edge of the economy. We cut taxes for companies that were helping Americans make the transition from welfare to work. We cut taxes for more than 90% of America's dynamic small businesses. Today, for most families, the federal tax burden is the lowest it has been in twenty years.\nThe Bush tax slash takes a different course. It is bigger than any cut Newt Gingrich ever dreamed of. It would let the richest one percent of Americans afford a new sports car and middle class Americans afford a warm soda. It is so out-of-step with reality that the Republican Congress refused to enact it. It would undermine the American economy and undercut our prosperity. Under the leadership of Al Gore, Democrats want to give middle class families tax cuts they can use - tax cuts that will put their own values into action and that will not injure the economic vitality they rely on. Democrats seek the right kind of tax relief - tax cuts that are specifically targeted to help those who need them the most. These tax cuts would let families live their values by helping them save for college, invest in their job skills and lifelong learning, pay for health insurance, afford child care, eliminate the marriage penalty for working families, care for elderly or disabled loved ones, invest in clean cars and clean homes, and build additional security for their retirement.\nRetirement Security\n\nAmericans' golden years should be times of calm and security, not concern and stress. Few achievements testify more to the ability of government to do good than Social Security. It has lifted millions of elderly Americans out of poverty and helped them make ends meet. Social Security is more than a government program. It is a solemn compact between the generations. It is our nation's most important family protection. The choice for Americans on this vital part of our national heritage has never been more clear: Democrats believe in using our prosperity to save Social Security; the Republicans' tax cut would prevent America from ensuring our senior citizens have a secure retirement. We owe it to America's children and their children to make the strength and solvency of Social Security a major national priority.\nThat's why Al Gore is committed to making Social Security safe and secure for more than half a century by using the savings from our current unprecedented prosperity to strengthen the Social Security Trust Fund in preparation for the retirement of the Baby Boom generation. We now have an extraordinary opportunity to maintain Social Security. In addition, we can reform it - not the wrong way, with proposals such as raising the retirement age, but the right way - with fiscal discipline and by making it fairer for widows, widowers, and mothers.\nRetirement security comes on many fronts. Democrats have successfully passed reforms to simplify the pension process for small businesses, expand pension portability, and protect employee pension funds. Democrats believe that workers' pensions should be protected and more portable. We also believe that changes in every American's pension rights should be fully disclosed. This is becoming increasingly important today, as pensions are progressively being shifted from a workers' benefit plan to a workers' contribution plan. We believe these changes need to be carefully examined by independent agencies to make sure they abide by current federal law. Democrats support President Clinton's veto of the Republican tax scheme that would have diminished anti-discrimination protections for middle-class and lower-income workers.\nTo build on the success of Social Security, Al Gore has proposed the creation of Retirement Savings Plus - voluntary, tax-free, personally-controlled, privately-managed savings accounts with a government match that would help couples build a nest egg of up to $400,000. Separate from Social Security, Retirement Savings Plus accounts would let Americans save and invest on top of the foundation of Social Security's guaranteed benefit. Under this plan, the federal government would match individual contributions with tax credits, with the hardest-pressed working families getting the most assistance.\nThe Republicans have a far different idea - a scheme that would come not in addition to Social Security but at the expense of it. Their Social Security privatization plot would siphon $1 trillion in payroll taxes away from the Social Security trust fund, take 14 years off the life of Social Security, eliminate the fundamental guarantee of retirement security, and raise the specter of massive government bail-outs. And, according to independent analyses, the Republicans' privatization plan would cut the guaranteed benefits for young workers by as much as 54 percent. It would take the \"security\" out of Social Security.\nRetirement Savings Plus does not threaten Social Security's guaranteed benefit. Social Security may be 65 years old - but it is not ready to be retired. Taken together George W. Bush's $2 trillion tax cut, his campaign-season spending proposals, his support for an unspecified but unprecedented missile defense system, and his support for privatizing Social Security add up to an assault on the surplus - causing Americans to have to choose between drastic cuts in education and health care or a return to the days of deficit spending. This is not a choice Americans should have to make. With fiscal discipline and a commitment to honoring our values, we can both save Social Security and give Americans the ability to create a nest egg without turning back the clock on our prosperity.\nInvesting in Americans\n\nDemocrats know that today, more than ever before, we need the right kinds of investments - in education, lifelong learning, skill development, and research and development - to take advantage of the vast opportunities of the Information Age. We need to make sure Americans have the skills and tools they need to compete and win in the new knowledge-based, global economy.\nA Revolution in American Education\n\nDemocrats understand that ensuring every child the highest quality education is essential if America is to remain strong and competitive in today's economy. That's why Al Gore's very first campaign speech was about education and that's why Al Gore will make education his top domestic priority.\nNine out of every ten children in this country attend a public school. Public education already allows the United States to have one of the highest standards of living in the world, providing equality of opportunity for all regardless of socioeconomic status.\nThe success stories coming from public schools are greater than at any time in their history: higher graduation rates, increasing test scores, and higher student achievement - with especially substantial gains among our neediest students. We must continue to build on this record of success that Democrats have compiled in the last eight years. We have helped states and communities set high academic standards for students and called for an end to social promotion. We have started hiring 100,000 qualified teachers. We have increased accountability. We have opened the gates of college to millions of Americans.\nNow we must do more. Democrats understand that America will not long remain first in the world economically unless we become first in the world educationally. We cannot continue to generate a fifth of the world's economic output if a third of our students do not meet basic reading standards. We cannot stay number one in high technology jobs if we remain last in the percentage of degrees awarded in science. In today's knowledge-based economy, it's just that simple. Education leads to the future success and security of our country and citizenry.\nAmericans have been told they must choose between investing in education and demanding accountability. This is the type of false choice that drives our government into stalemate and drives Americans up the wall. Americans believe that we need to invest more in our children's educations - and they're right. Americans also believe that we should not be pouring more money into a system that is producing bad results - and they're right about that too. We should do more of what we're doing right and less of what we're doing wrong.\nAl Gore and the Democratic Party know that investments without accountability are a waste of money and that accountability without investments are a waste of time. George W. Bush and the Republican Party offer neither real accountability nor reasonable investment. What they do offer are soothing sound-bites and bite-sized solutions. They refuse to invest in America's crumbling schools and crowded classrooms - spending 100 times more on tax cuts than on education. They don't help pay teachers like professionals nor do they insist on higher standards for teachers. They propose blank check block grants without accountability. Their version of accountability relies on private school vouchers that would offer too few dollars to too few children to escape their failing schools. These vouchers would pass the buck on accountability while pulling bucks out of the schools that need them most. When it comes to education, Democrats want to invest more and aim higher, the Republicans invest too little and aim too low.\nWe cannot afford - materially or morally - to let another generation of American children pass through inadequate schools before we make needed changes that will save them from a lifetime of frustration and limited horizons. The time for action is now.\nBy the end of the next presidential term, we should have a fully qualified, well trained teacher in every classroom in every school in every part of this country - and every teacher should pass a rigorous test to get there.\nBy the end of the next presidential term, every failing school in America should be turned around - or shut down and reopened under new public leadership.\nBy the end of the next presidential term, we should ensure that no high school student graduates unless they have mastered the basics of reading and math - so that the diploma they receive really means something.\nBy the end of the next presidential term, parents across the nation ought to be able to choose the best public school for their children.\nBy the end of the next presidential term, every eighth grader in America should be computer literate.\nBy the end of the next presidential term, high-quality, affordable preschool should be fully available to every family, for every child, in every community in America.\nBy the end of the next presidential term, every child should learn in a safe, modern classroom with the most up-to-date technology.\nBy the end of the next presidential term, the achievement gap between students of color and the rest of America's students should be eliminated.\nAll this we pledge - and more. The time for tinkering around the edges has long passed. We need revolutionary improvements in our public schools. This requires a major national investment; a demand of accountability from all; a genuine expansion of public school choice; and a renewed focus on discipline, character, and safety in our schools.\nDiscipline, Character, and Safety.\n\nEducation is not just about test scores, but about passing on our values to the next generation of American citizens. Our children and teachers deserve schools of safety and classrooms free of fear. We should have a zero-tolerance policy towards guns in schools. Each school should institute strict, firm, and fair discipline policies that are agreed upon on the first day of the school year at a meeting of teachers, parents, and students. We should expand the Family Leave Law to make sure parents can attend these meetings and all parent-teacher conferences without being scared they will lose their jobs.\nWe must do all we can to encourage active parental involvement in our schools - after all, parents are a child's first and best teachers. A parent's job does not end when they drop their child off at the schools front door. They have a responsibility to actively participate in their childrens' education, to read to their children, and to help their children with their homework. Schools need to do their part by welcoming parents into the education process and giving them a voice in the education of their children.\nDemocrats believe in \"second-chance schools\" where kids expelled from school and those headed for trouble can get the concentrated help, services, and guidance they need to get back on the path to success.\nIf we are serious about fighting school violence, we need a dramatic increase in after-school care for America's children. The average two-parent family works 500 more hours a year than they did a generation ago. Children often come home from school to empty houses. We know that the most dangerous hours for children are those between the end of the school day and the end of the work day. It is in these afternoon hours that children are most likely to get into trouble and fall under bad influences. Democrats have increased after-school assistance 500 times over in the last four years. Al Gore believes in expanding after-school programs and providing Americans with an after-school tax credit so that children have a safe, supervised after-school environment where they can continue to learn and learn right from wrong.\nToo often, our culture offers our children a virtual crash course in violence and degradation. It is sometimes a culture of too much meanness and not enough meaning. That's why character education is so important in our schools. Education should not be a morals-free zone. Schools can teach our kids about honesty, hard work, openness to new information, strong discipline, willingness to reason, personal responsibility, and tolerance for different points of view. Teachers can help children develop the values and the character - as well as the intellectual tools - it takes to succeed and contribute to their communities. The traditional three R's are not enough. Schools need to make sure they teach kids respect, reliability, and responsibility as well.\nWe must also remember that our schools are not just training the next generation of workers, they are also educating the next generation of citizens. That's why Democrats support democracy education, civic education, and service requirements in our schools.\nStrict Accountability for Results, Strong Incentives for Success.\n\nDemocrats believe that everyone involved in the education system should be held accountable. Accountability means we will no longer tolerate mediocrity and no longer allow failure. Accountability applies to states, school districts, schools, teachers, students, and parents. Everyone must do their part. Nobody can shirk their responsibility.\nConsistently bad schools should be shut down. No excuses. No exceptions. Every state and school district should identify failing schools and turn them around with all necessary measures and all necessary resources. Students in those schools should get first priority in transferring to a better-performing public school in the district and getting intensive after-school academic help to make sure they are not left behind while their school is being turned around. Failing schools that do not improve should be quickly shut down and reopened with a new principal and new teachers.\nStates should be held accountable for reducing dropout rates, increasing graduation rates, and raising student achievement. Working together with teachers, school principals should be able to hire on the basis of qualifications and fit, not just on the basis of seniority.\nTeachers should be answerable for what goes on in their classroom. New teachers who answer the call to join this honorable profession should get the mentors and professional support they need to make the transition into teaching - and then should have to pass a rigorous and fair test before they step foot into a classroom.\nTeaching is no easy job and we should not expect that everyone is able to make it in the classroom. New teachers should receive ongoing support and mentoring from their more experienced colleagues. Current teachers should receive continuing quality professional development to ensure that their skills and knowledge reflect the most up-to-date information and research.\nThose teachers who do not meet the highest quality standards should not be allowed to sully the reputation of the teaching profession. That's why teachers who are not teaching well should receive help in getting up to standards. At its best, teaching is the job of a lifetime. But teaching contracts and licenses should not be an automatic lifetime job guarantee. That's why we need regular evaluations to determine whether a teacher's license should be renewed. Democrats urge faster but fair ways, with due process, to identify, help - and when necessary - speedily remove low performing teachers.\nEvery student must be given the opportunity to learn. But students have to take responsibility and be accountable for their own educations, as well. We need measurements to make sure students are getting the preparation they require - including voluntary national tests in 4th grade reading and 8th grade math. Democrats insist that no student should graduate with a diploma they cannot read.\nThe federal government needs to be held accountable, too. In states that do not make progress in improving student performance, the federal government should redirect money from state bureaucrats and transfer it directly to schools that need it. States that do succeed in raising student success should receive bonuses - and schools that are making a positive difference should receive bonuses, as well. In addition, teachers who earn a National Board Certification should be especially rewarded.\nInvesting in Our Schools.\n\nWe cannot expect our children to learn all that they need to know in classrooms that are overcrowded, with teachers that are overburdened, and with textbooks and technology that are out-of-date. We need to invest in our schools and our childrens' futures.\nHigh-quality preschool should no longer be a luxury. Research - and the experience of path breaking states such as North Carolina and Georgia - shows that giving kids a smart start can lead to higher reading and achievement levels, higher graduation rates, and greater success in the workplace.\nWe need an aggressive national campaign to put one million new well-trained teachers in our classrooms. We must start reducing class size by finishing the job of hiring 100,000 new qualified teachers. In addition, Al Gore has proposed the creation of a new 21st Century Teacher Corps - open to talented people around the country who agree to teach in a school that needs their help. In return, they would get help paying their college tuition, assistance in paying off their student loans, or a hiring bonus for those willing to switch careers. And we need alternative certification so that those who choose to switch into teaching don't have to start their education all over again.\nFar too many teachers are overstressed and overworked, underpaid and underappreciated. We need to treat teachers like professionals - pay them like professionals and hold them to professional standards. All qualified teachers should get a raise and master teachers should get the biggest raise. We need to provide professional development, training, and support so that all teachers can succeed.\nWe should rebuild and modernize our school buildings to assure students can attend schools that are modern, safe, and well-equipped for learning. And we need to construct more new schools to meet the needs of the largest generation of students in American history. We cannot convince our children to value education when they are packed into crammed classrooms like sardines in a can and when their facilities are falling down. Al Gore and the Democrats believe we need smaller classes, smaller schools, and \"schools within schools\" so that impressionable children do not get lost in the shuffle.\nWe must ensure that children with disabilities are not blocked from having access to free, appropriate education and that the doors to our public schools are not closed to children with special needs. We must, finally, live up to the Federal government's promise to communities to help them defray the expenses of educating children with special needs.\nWe must assure that schools have the resources to meet the challenges of an increasingly diverse student population with programs for English language learners, including bilingual education, to close the achievement gap. We oppose language-based discrimination in all its forms, including in the provision of education services, and encourage so-called English-plus initiatives because multilingualism is increasingly valuable in the global economy.\nWe should create new Opportunity Academies around the nation between high school and college where disadvantaged students can get the intensive academic preparation in math, reading, writing, and study skills that will improve their likelihood for success in college and beyond.\nSupporting Schools of Innovation.\n\nIn order to create a world-class educational system for all our students, we must allow experimentation in our public schools to find out what works. The Democratic Party supports expansion of charter schools, magnet schools, site-based schools, year-round schools, and other nontraditional public school options.\nCharter schools and other nontraditional public school options can free school leaders, teachers, parents, and community leaders to use their creativity and innovation to help all students meet the highest academic standards. The Democratic Party will triple the number of charter schools in the nation. And, we will ensure that these charter schools are fully accountable - financially and academically - to students and the communities they serve, and that they are indeed making progress in maximizing student achievement. All public schools should have the freedom to design their curriculum within high standards and all public schools should compete for students - and we should start by bringing universal public school choice and competition to our lowest-performing public schools.\nLet there be no mistake: what America needs are public schools that compete with one another and are held accountable for results, not private school vouchers that drain resources from public schools and hand over the public's hard-earned tax dollars to private schools with no accountability.\nClosing the Opportunity Gap\n\nForty years ago, the Democratic platform discussed a Missile Gap as a measurement of America's competitiveness around the world and our security here at home. Today, too many Americans face an Opportunity Gap - a lack of the skills they need to be competitive in the global economy and have career security in the workplace. The Opportunity Gap is also a chasm created by income disparity, discrimination by race and gender, and the abandonment of our inner cities.\nMany of today's workers will need retraining over the next decade. Nearly ninety percent of companies say they already face a shortage of skilled workers. The Opportunity Gap is costing American workers good jobs at good wages - and it must be closed. Al Gore has proposed a broad set of initiatives to provide college education, lifelong learning, and ongoing skill development for all Americans.\nCollege Education and Lifelong Learning for All.\n\nWith Democratic leadership over the past eight years, the percentage of young people who are entering college has gone up by nearly 20 percent. In the Information Age, it is clear that a college education is more important than ever. The HOPE Scholarship and Lifetime Learning Tax Credit have opened the gates of college wider than ever before. Pell grants are at their highest level ever.\nNow we need to do more. We should make a college education as universal as high school is today. Al Gore has proposed a new National Tuition Savings program to tie together state tuition savings programs in more than 30 states so that parents can save for college tax-free and inflation-free. We propose a tax cut for tuition and fees for post-high school education and training that allows families to choose either a $10,000 a year tax deduction or a $2,800 tax credit.\nIn today's economy, education should not be a time in a person's life but a way of life. To keep up with the fast-moving, fast-changing economy, workers must have the ability to continue learning and upgrading their skills for a lifetime. The next great frontier in American education is dramatically expanding opportunities for lifelong learning, skill development, and training.\nDemocrats believe that every hardworking American should have the chance to use their best talents. That is why we support a major new commitment to expanding worker training and skill development, including the creation of national skills standards. Al Gore has called on companies and workers to build more partnerships for skill development. He has proposed incentives for states and employers to expand worker training. We should fund partnerships of employers, colleges, unions, and others that will connect workers to the training they need. We should create a new tax credit for employers who train their workers in the skills needed in the New Economy. We must also give new training allowances that will extend unemployment insurance for those who need time to finish their training courses. Al Gore has called for new 401(j) accounts - like the 401(k)'s which so many Americans use - that would let employers help their employees save tax free and use those savings for the lifelong learning for the employee or their spouse, or their children's college education. Al Gore has also called for a permanent tax exemption to encourage employers to provide tuition assistance benefits to their workers, and for expanding this exemption so that entire families can benefit from these tuition benefits as well.\nBridging the Digital Divide.\n\nDemocrats believe that every American - regardless of income, geography, race, or disability - should be able to reach across a computer keyboard, and reach the vast new worlds of knowledge, commerce, and communication that are available at the touch of a fingertip.\nThat is why Democrats fought for the e-rate to wire every classroom and library to the Internet. In the next four years, we must finish connecting the job and then go further.\nWe must launch a new crusade - calling on the resources of government, employers, the high-tech industry, community organizations, and unions - to move toward full Internet access in every home, for every family, all across the United States. We must make sure that no family or community is left out. We must not rest until Internet access is universal.\nWe must also launch a new national effort to provide basic skills in the newest technology. Al Gore has proposed a major initiative to set and achieve a national goal of computer literacy for every child by the time they finish the eighth grade. He has also called for expanded technology training for workers, and supports incentives for employers to provide home computers and Internet access to their workers. And we must do more than merely teaching technology in the classroom and the workplace. We must dramatically expand teacher training in how to use the power of the Internet. We should also use our AmeriCorps national service corps members to teach and promote the Internet in the schools, libraries, and technology centers that need them the most. America was the pioneer of universal education; now America must become the pioneer of universal computer literacy.\nInvesting in Innovation\n\nTechnology is no longer just wondrous gadgets, it is an ever more integral part of our economy - and an enormous part of what has been driving economic growth. We need to harness technology's power and make sure America stays on the cutting-edge.\nThat means continuing to invest in experimentation, exploration, and innovation. Democrats recognize that a sustained public investment in long term basic research has been the foundation for America's scientific and technological leadership. That's why both public and private investment in research and development is crucial to sustaining our prosperity.\nOn the public side, Democrats believe in doubling the current levels of investment in information technology research and biomedical research and supporting the continued development of the Next Generation Internet - moving 1,000 times faster than today's Internet. We believe in helping universities and federal laboratories become centers of innovation that support and catalyze private sector growth. We also believe in the use of creative public-private partnerships that will, when appropriate, help bring new products to market faster. We continue to support technology transfer - forming partnerships between industry and government that can help ensure that American companies and workers develop the technological tools needed to compete in tomorrow's global markets.\nIn the private sector, Democrats believe in supporting the startups, the small businesses, and the entrepreneurs that are making the New Economy go. This means making permanent the Research and Experimentation tax credit and expanding it to make it partially refundable so that small businesses can use it more easily. It also means keeping cyberspace a duty-free zone so that American companies can sell goods around the world and insist that other countries refrain from actions that impede commerce. To expand technology's worldwide potential as a force for good, Al Gore has advanced a bold vision for a new Global Information Infrastructure - a network of networks that sends messages and images at the speed of light, across every continent - to expand access to phone service and communications, further improve the delivery of education and health care, and create new jobs and industries.\nStrengthening small business is a vital component of economic innovation, job creation, and supporting entrepreneurship. Small businesses have accounted for more than 90 percent of the 22 million new jobs created with Democratic leadership. The Democratic Party is committed to sustaining and adding to that level of growth of small businesses, including home based businesses. Democrats believe that strengthening small businesses is a vital component of strategies to create opportunity and community economic development. We will build on the tremendous progress of the Clinton-Gore Administration in modernizing the Small Business Administration and improving access to the Federal marketplace. We will fight to reform and strengthen programs to combat discrimination against women and minority entrepreneurs, including federal procurement, because the playing field is still not level.\nAmericans generate more new technologies, new inventions, and more creative works of software and entertainment than the citizens of any other country in the world. American creativity contributes greatly to improving the quality of daily life, helps us work more efficiently, and enriches our national culture. America's laws and policies must be tailored and equipped to nurture and advance this unique aspect of our national character. This means we must ensure that sound patent and copyright laws motivate our inventors and creators to pursue their vision. Internationally, we must work to build support for strong intellectual property laws among the community of nations, including in trade agreements. We must take all steps necessary to secure effective enforcement of those laws - at home and abroad - to ensure that others do not steal intellectual property through piracy and other forms of theft.\nDemocrats know that technological innovation is critical to maintaining a strong manufacturing sector as we enter the Information Age. Manufacturing is a principal engine of productivity growth, a provider of jobs that pay family-supportive wages, and a significant source of exports for paying our way in the world economy. Al Gore and the Democratic Party will fight to keep America's basic industries the most competitive in the world.\nProtecting American Consumers\n\nAs our science and technology advance we must work hard to protect our oldest and most cherished values. That's why Al Gore, while supporting the completion of the Human Genome Project, has championed legislation to ban genetic discrimination. While fighting to expand Internet access, he has led the Administration's efforts to give parents, schools, and communities effective tools to protect children from inappropriate content on-line. In particular, Al Gore has focused on the challenge of protecting Americans' personal privacy on-line as well as the medical and financial information that can all too easily be intercepted and abused by others.\nAl Gore has called for an Electronic Bill of Rights for this electronic age - including the right to choose whether personal information is disclosed; the right to know how, when, and how much of that information is being used; the right to see it yourself; and the right to know if is accurate.\nWe must protect not only our privacy, but the food we eat, the air we breathe, and the water we drink. That's why Democrats believe we ought to have a modern, science-based food safety system, including meaningful food labeling that also discloses where our food comes from, and that communities should have the right to know about toxins that are released into the air and water.\nInvesting in Communities\n\nDemocrats believe that in building upon the record-breaking prosperity and growth achieved in the past eight years, we must not leave any community behind. Under the leadership of Al Gore, the Empowerment Zones and Enterprise Communities programs have brought new hope to cities and rural areas all across America. Now we need a new round of Empowerment Zones to spread prosperity even further. The Clinton-Gore New Markets Initiative is shining a spotlight on the untapped potential for commerce, tourism, and investment in many communities, and Al Gore will extend these efforts to see that the prosperity of the mainstream economy flows to the Main Streets everywhere. The Clinton-Gore Administration fought to strengthen the Community Reinvestment Act and to create a network of Community Development Banks, and Al Gore will continue that fight. Democrats are committed to building an America in which no neighborhood or town see joblessness and shuttered businesses commonplace or inevitable, and where no families or young adults surrender their God-given right to work hard and live the American dream.\nPart of that dream is home ownership. Under Democratic leadership, we have achieved an all-time high in home ownership, including among groups that have historically been left out. We are committed to continuing this progress, because home ownership is a foundation for building wealth and economic security for families, and it provides a vital anchor enabling neighborhoods to thrive. In too many communities, however, owning or renting an affordable home seems an impossible dream. Al Gore and Democrats have long defended the mortgage interest deduction and the Low Income Housing Tax Credit, and believe we must reinvigorate our communities and support our families through partnerships and targeted investments and eliminating community redlining by lenders that will better harness the power of markets to create the housing we need. We must pay down the debt to keep interest rates low. We need to create a continuum of care for homeless people so that they get help in getting themselves off the streets and back on their feet. We must ensure that housing costs in thriving communities do not outpace the income of middle class families. We must expand the supply of life cycle housing. We must encourage the renovation and construction of affordable housing closer to places of work and to mass transit so workers can get to their jobs without being tied up in traffic for hours.\nIn rural America, we have the opportunity to create a rural renewal on our nation's farms with improved transportation and infrastructure, better access to capital and technology, reduced concentration in agribusiness, and an expansion of new markets for our crops, and strengthening our ability to compete in world markets. The Internet can break down barriers of geography and isolation and bring the rural economy into the new economy. Farmers should receive incentives to conserve soil and improving farming and forestry techniques. The Republican Freedom to Farm Act has resulted in years of low prices and necessitated billion dollar bailouts. It is misguided and must be changed. Family farmers who work hard and smart should be able not only to survive but to thrive. Democrats will strengthen, not shred, the safety net for family farmers; we will open markets abroad for them. And we will not turn our backs on rural communities; we will work to ensure that they share in the new prosperity we are building for all of America.\nLivable Communities.\n\nAcross America a new movement is emerging as citizens work together to build more livable communities. These are communities where the streets are safe and schools are good, where high wage jobs are not hours away from home, where people can get to work and run their errands without spending hours stuck in traffic, where they can breathe clean air and drink clean water, where the spirit of community reigns.\nDemocrats believe communities know best and that they should have the resources and tools they need to act on their decisions, to have the ability to create communities of which families can be proud. We want to transform out-of-control sprawl to well-planned smart growth.\nThat is why we support the \"Better America Bonds\" - tax credits for state and local bonds to build more livable communities. We must help communities reconnect to the land around them, preserve open spaces, build parks, improve water quality, and redevelop rusty old brown fields. We need to help save farms from being turned into strip malls and parks from being paved over. We should acquire new lands for urban and suburban forests and recreation sites and set aside wetlands, coastal and wildlife preserves. And it is time we enhanced our quality of life by unclogging our nation's roads and airports.\nAl Gore and the Democratic Party support the building of high-speed rail systems in major transportation corridors across the nation. High-speed rail reduces highway and airport congestion, improves air quality, stimulates the economy, and broadens the scope of personal choice for traveling between our communities. We support new grants to Amtrak and the states for improving and expanding passenger rail routes and corridors.\nOpening Markets Around the World\n\nExports sustain about 1 in 5 American factory jobs - jobs that pay more than jobs not tied to the global economy. Open markets spur innovation, speed the growth of new industries, and make our businesses more competitive. We must work to knock down barriers to fair trade so other nation's markets are as open as our own.\nTrade has been an important part of our economic expansion - about a third of our economic growth in recent years has come from selling American goods and services overseas. There is no doubt that with trade - and with investments in giving American workers the skills they need - we can out-compete workers anywhere in the world.\nIt's clear we live in a globalized world - and that there is no turning back. But globalization is neither good nor evil. It is a fact - and we have to deal with it. Democrats believe we must be leaders in the new global economy, not followers. We believe that globalization will work for all Americans only if there are rules of the road, as in the domestic economy, that promote both a strong economy and our basic American values.\nWe need to make the global economy work for all. That means making sure that all trade agreements contain provisions that will protect the environment and labor standards, as well as open markets in other countries. Al Gore will insist on and use the authority to enforce worker rights, human rights, and environmental protections in those agreements. We should use trade to lift up standards around the world not drag down standards here at home.\nTrue open trade is not just about profits, but about people; not a race to the bottom, but a dash to the top; about a rising tide lifting the boats of workers here and abroad; about reinforcing the values of freedom and liberty and the rule of law in the hearts and minds of people everywhere. The test of open trade in the years ahead is whether it empowers the many and not just the few, whether its blessings are widely shared, whether it helps to lift the poor out of poverty; and whether it works for working people.\nDemocrats know that to build a new consensus for more open trade, we must give workers the tools they need to compete in the global economy and support rules that will protect workers' rights, human rights, and environmental protections. That's why our lifelong learning and skill development proposals are so important. American workers need access to ongoing skills development so that they have the tools they need to succeed in the New Economy. In addition, our trade adjustment assistance programs should be improved so that all affected workers receive timely and adequate assistance, including measures to address health care coverage and pension protections.\nWith the leadership of Al Gore, Democrats helped America's steel industry weather the effects of the Asian financial crisis. As President, Al Gore will move aggressively to reduce our overall trade deficit and stop the erosion of good paying manufacturing jobs. This includes negotiating tough agreements to reduce our persistent automotive trade imbalances with our major trading partners. We must continue to monitor imports and, consistent with the World Trade Organization, ensure that the United States utilizes all of its trade laws and other mechanisms, including product specific safeguards, to stop quickly and effectively any import surges when they threaten our workers and communities.\nThe President should be able to negotiate trade agreements with the nations of the world and should include worker rights, human rights, and environmental protections in those agreements, as well as market opening initiatives. At the same time, Al Gore will challenge American companies to ensure labor protections and worker safety at their overseas operations. And U.S. representatives at the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank should also seek to advance fair treatment for workers internationally. We should create an environment in which electronic commerce can flourish globally as it has here in America. We are committed to supporting the rights of workers around the world. And we should vigorously monitor trade agreements to make sure other nations are not shirking their responsibilities.\nDemocrats are committed to addressing the problem of manipulative corporate tax shelters, including in the international context, that undermine the public's faith in the fairness of our voluntary tax system. At the same time, we must ensure no tax provision has the effect of encouraging corporations to locate in other countries at the expense of American workers.\nBuilding a 21st Century Government\n\nSince he took office, Al Gore has led the way in reinventing government - making government more effective in its mission of service to the public. Under his leadership the federal workforce has been cut by 377,000, making it the smallest government since Dwight D. Eisenhower was president. This has been accomplished through cooperation and partnership. Sixteen thousand pages of regulations were scrapped. From tea testers to mohair subsidies to the Navy's own dairy farm, over 200 outdated and unnecessary government programs have been eliminated. As a percentage of the workforce, the federal government is the smallest it has been since the New Deal.\nWe have saved over $135 billion - contributing to the surplus and our prosperity. But we have saved something much more precious as well. We have begun to earn back the faith and trust of the American people in their democratic institutions. Trust in government has almost doubled. The first customer survey ever taken of American's satisfaction with the services government delivers found that fully 60 percent felt service had improved in the last two years and rated government services at levels almost as high as services in the private sector.\nToday, our government is focused on emphasizing results over red tape, offering Americans quality service, old-fashioned common sense, and working in partnership with the private sector to achieve common goals. Republicans attack public workers and tear down public services. We have empowered government workers and improved public services.\nNow we need to go much further. We have ended the era of big government; its time to end the era of old government. We need to create a government where Americans can easily find the services they need; one that is on-line all the time with no need to wait in line, an open\nGovernment that's always open. On the Internet, citizens will be able to help cut crime in their neighborhood, notify government of potentially dangerous environmental hazards, or sign up for a clinical trial of the latest advances in medicine. And all of this will be done while protecting everyone's personal privacy and with the highest levels of universal access and security. This new e-government will break down barriers to service, reduce costs, and make government accessible for all.\nWe must forge partnerships between labor and management that recognize the interests of both sides while uniting both front-line government workers and managers in a common crusade to improve government performance.\nWe must ensure that government has the tools and expertise necessary to provide high-quality services. Democrats do not believe that privatization is a panacea. Some services are inherently public. Democrats also believe that, to ensure government works better and costs less, public employees must be allowed to compete both for their current work and for new work. When government work is contracted out to private companies, they should adhere to same level of accountability as public agencies and those arrangements must incorporate labor, safety, health, civil rights, and other important safeguards.\nWe must also continue to decentralize our government, to make it more flexible and responsive towards communities and individuals, and to turn its focus towards empowering Americans to take charge of their own lives.\nFaith-based and community-based organizations have always been at the forefront in combating the hardships facing families and communities. Democrats believe it is time that government found ways to harness the power of faith-based organizations in tackling social ills such as drug addiction, juvenile violence, and homelessness. However, in contrast to the Republicans, Democrats believe that partnerships with faith-based organizations should augment - not replace - government programs, should respect First Amendment protections, and should never use taxpayer funds to proselytize or to support discrimination.\nValuing Work\n\nDemocrats believe in hard work and we believe that work must pay. It is what has made America great. There is a basic bargain at the heart of the American story - hard work should be both required and rewarded. Democrats also believe that those who do work hard should not be stuck in place - they should get ahead. And those who work hard should have a voice in their workplace.\nSupporting Working Families.\n\nDemocrats know that workers' freedom to choose a voice at work is a fundamental American right that must never be threatened, never be obstructed, never be taken away. From the Industrial Age to the Information Age, unions have given working people the chance to improve their living standards and have a voice on the job. The Clinton-Gore Administration stopped the Team Act, defeated a national right-to-work law, and fought for the resources to enforce worker protections. Al Gore will protect our wage and hour laws, including the forty-hour workweek and overtime requirements, and stand firm in support of the Davis-Bacon act and the Service Contract act. He has also proposed reforming government contracting rules to ensure that taxpayer dollars do not go to companies that break basic labor laws. Democrats have always believed in making work pay.\nWe are fighting for a new ergonomic standard and whistle-blower protections. We have stood up for the National Labor Relations Board and fought to protect the right of working families to participate in the political process when it was under attack.\nNow we must go further - not just playing defense against misguided Republican attempts to set back the cause of worker's rights, but moving the ball forward. We need a new national law banning permanent striker replacement workers - so that workers' right to organize into a union and bargain with their employers are never compromised. While we have made the workplace the safest ever, we need to further increase workplace safety. We should stiffen penalties for employer interference with the right to organize and violations of other worker rights. We must also reform labor laws to protect workers' rights to exercise their voices and organize into unions by providing for a more level playing field between management and labor during organizing drives, and facilitating the ability of workers to organize and to bargain collectively.\nRewarding Work for All.\n\nDemocrats believe in an economy that works for everyone and gives everyone a chance to work. We have made a good start by fighting for the Earned Income Tax Credit which has helped millions of American families work their way out of poverty. We won the battle for increasing the minimum wage.\nNow we must do more. We must bring all Americans who are willing to work hard into the circle of prosperity by more fully extend the benefit of the Earned Income Tax Credit to working families, again raising the minimum wage, and giving American workers the skills they need to make it in today's economy. We will vigorously enforce protections against on-the-job discrimination, reassert our belief in an equal day's pay for an equal day's work, seek to prevent the exploitation of workers, and ensure that the nation's worker protection laws are enforced.\nDemocrats believe that one way we value and reward hard work is to modernize, strengthen, and sustain the nation's unemployment compensation system - a bedrock protection against poverty for millions of workers and their families. Today, the system serves far fewer working families than in the past and many especially vulnerable workers - such as low wage workers, seasonal employees, contingent workers, and women - are especially likely to fall outside the system's protective safety net. Democrats believe we must fight to update and upgrade the nation's unemployment system, to stabilize its funding, extend eligibility to more workers, and improve benefits.\nWe know that even as the economy changes and expands, millions of workers will continue to labor in jobs that pay low wages and may not require significant education or skills. Many of these workers are women, people of color, or recent immigrants. These workers provide invaluable services to American society and their work has great dignity. Democrats are committed to ensuring that these workers - no less than their counterparts in more highly-skilled, better paid positions - are treated with dignity, respect, and fairness on the job. Democrats also believe that workers in temporary, part-time, and contract jobs should be treated fairly and earn the wages and benefits they deserve because of the jobs they do.\nRequiring Work from All.\n\nWith Bill Clinton and Al Gore in the White House, we changed the nation's welfare system - transforming the program into one that encourages and promotes work. Since 1993, the welfare rolls have fallen to their lowest levels in over 30 years. Today, millions of parents now have the dignity of a paycheck, rather than the stigma of a welfare check. The next step is to help these new workers move into the economic mainstream so that they can support their families. It is part of our vision of abolishing poverty. Al Gore is committed to helping new workers and those still on the rolls get help with childcare, transportation and other supports to ensure that anyone who can work, does work. Democrats also believe that we must continue the fight to restore fairness to legal immigrants - these Americans also deserve access to the American dream.\nOur fundamental mission is to expand prosperity, not government. But the choices government makes can help or hurt prosperity. For the past eight years, Americans have counted on Democrats to make the right choices. The resulting prosperity is clear. Now, in another moment of big choices, Democrats stand ready to lead again - with a record of results and a vision for the future.\nPROGRESS\n\nEight years ago, many citizens had come to accept the idea that America's best days were behind her: that crime, welfare, teen births, divisiveness and irresponsibility would continue to rise; that our air and water would keep getting dirtier; and that our essential social safety net programs were fated to go broke.\nInstead, with the leadership of today's Democratic Party, the past decade has seen not just a rebirth of American prosperity, but a new season of progress in meeting our challenges and living up to our obligations. Crime is down to its lowest levels in a generation - the longest decline on record, teen births are down seven years in a row, adoptions are up by 30 percent, millions of Americans have moved off the welfare rolls and onto the payrolls. America is not just better off, it is better.\nBut Democrats know that it must be better still. So we want to use this moment to bring even more progress to America. To make America safer, healthier, more secure. To clean up our environment and our politics. To make the job of parents easier and to bring us together as one America.\nFighting Crime\n\nDemocrats believe government's most basic duty is to establish law, order, and freedom and keep citizens safe from crime. When crime is rampant, families are forced off the streets and behind closed doors. When children are ducking for cover, they have a hard time reaching for their dreams. When people are afraid to walk in their own neighborhood, communities are robbed of the basic sense of decency and togetherness. When an overburdened justice system lets thugs off easy, good parents have a harder time teaching their children right from wrong.\nBill Clinton and Al Gore took office determined to turn the tide in the battle against crime, drugs, and disorder in our communities. They put in place a tougher more comprehensive strategy than anything tried before, a strategy to fight crime on every single front: more police on the streets to thicken the thin blue line between order and disorder, tougher punishments - including the death penalty - for those that dare to terrorize the innocent, and smarter prevention to stop crime before it even starts.\nThey stood up to the gun lobby, to pass the Brady Bill and ban deadly assault weapons - and stopped nearly half a million felons, fugitives, and stalkers from buying guns. They fought for and won the biggest anti-drug budgets in history, every single year. They funded new prison cells, and expanded the death penalty for cop killers and terrorists.\nHere are the results of that strategy: serious crime is down seven years in a row, to its lowest level in a quarter-century. Violent crime is down by 24 percent. The murder rate is down to levels unseen since the mid-1960's. The number of juveniles committing homicides with guns is down by nearly 60 percent.\nBut we have just begun to fight the forces of lawlessness and violence. We cannot go back to the finger-pointing and failed strategies that led to that steep rise in crime in the Bush-Quayle years. We can't surrender to the right-wing Republicans who threatened funding for new police, who tried to gut crime prevention, and who would invite the NRA into the Oval Office. Nor will we go back to the old approach which was tough on the causes of crime, but not tough enough on crime itself.\nWith Al Gore as President, America won't go back. We will move forward. We will fight to increase the number of community police on our streets. We will fight to give police the high-tech tools and the training they need to keep our streets safe and our families secure. We will toughen the laws against serious and violent crime to restore the sense of order that says to children as well as to criminals: don't even think about committing a crime here. We will reform a justice system that spills half a million prisoners back onto our streets each year - many of them addicted to drugs, unrehabilitated, and just waiting to commit another crime. We will make schools safe havens for students to learn and teachers to teach. We believe that in death penalty cases, DNA testing should be used in all appropriate circumstances, and defendants should have effective assistance of counsel. In all death row cases, we encourage thorough post-conviction reviews. We will put the rights of victims and families first again. And we will push for more crime prevention, to stop the next generation of crime before it's too late.\nVictims' Rights.\n\nWe need a criminal justice system that both upholds our Constitution and reflects our values. Too often, we bend over backward to protect the right of criminals, but pay no attention to those who are hurt the most. Al Gore believes in a Victims' Rights Amendment to the United States Constitution - one that is consistent with fundamental Constitutional protections. Victims must have a voice in trial and other proceedings, their safety must be a factor in the sentencing and release of their attackers, they must be notified when an offender is released back into their community, they must have a right to compensation from their attacker. Our justice system should place victims and their families in their rightful place.\nEnding the Revolving Door.\n\nWe have to test prisoners for drugs while they are in jail, treat them for addictions, and break up the drug rings inside our prison system. Drug and alcohol abuse are implicated in the crimes of 80 percent of the criminals behind bars. Al Gore believes we should make prisoners a simple deal: get clean to get out, stay clean to stay out. And this deal should be non-negotiable.\nWe should do even more to make sure that when criminals leave jail, they leave a life of crime behind. We should impose strict supervision of those who have just been released on parole - and insist that they obey the law and stay off drugs. In return, we should help them make it in the workplace. Al Gore believes that ending the revolving door, in combination with more determined efforts at prevention, will both combat crime and ultimately reduce rates of incarceration that are so tragically high in many communities.\nFighting the Scourge of Drugs and Gangs.\n\nWe should send a strong message to every American child: drugs are wrong, and drugs can kill you. We need to dry up drug demand, hold up drugs at the border, and break up the drug rings that are spreading poison on our streets. We should open more drug courts, to speed justice for drug-related crimes; double the number of drug hot-spots where we aggressively target our enforcement efforts; expand drug treatment for at-risk youth; and make sure that all of our school zones are drug-free zones - by stiffening the penalties to those who would use children to peddle drugs, and those who would sell drugs anywhere near our schools. We know that to dry up drug demand, we must provide drug treatment upon demand. To empower communities protect themselves from organized criminal conduct, the Democrats support giving communities relief against gang related crimes. We should be tough on drugs no matter which form they take and should not discriminate in sentencing.\nStrong and Sensible Gun Laws.\n\nA shocking level of gun violence on our streets and in our schools has shown America the need to keep guns away from those who shouldn't have them - in ways that respect the rights of hunters, sportsmen, and legitimate gun owners. The Columbine tragedy struck America's heart, but in its wake Republicans have done nothing to keep guns away from those who should not have them.\nDemocrats believe that we should fight gun crime on all fronts - with stronger laws and stronger enforcement. That's why Democrats fought and passed the Brady Law and the Assault Weapons Ban. We increased federal, state, and local gun crime prosecution by 22 percent since 1992. Now gun crime is down by 35 percent.\nNow we must do even more. We need mandatory child safety locks, to protect our children. We should require a photo license I.D., a full background check, and a gun safety test to buy a new handgun in America. We support more federal gun prosecutors, ATF agents and inspectors, and giving states and communities another 10,000 prosecutors to fight gun crime.\nEnding Racial Profiling.\n\nGood policing demands mutual trust and respect between the community and the police. We shouldn't let the acts of a few rogue officers undermine that trust or the reputation of the outstanding work of the vast majority of our dedicated men and women in blue. That is why we need to end the unjust practice of racial profiling in America - because it's not only unfair, it is inconsistent with America's community policing success, it is a violation of the basic American principle of innocent until proven guilty, it views Americans as members of groups instead of as individuals, and it is just plain shoddy policing. We believe that all law enforcement agencies in America should adopt a zero-tolerance policy toward racial profiling.\nHate Crimes.\n\nThe very purpose of hate crimes is to dehumanize and stigmatize - not only to wound the victim, but also to distort the American conscience. Every crime is a danger to Americans' lives and liberty. Hate crimes are more than assaults on people, they are assaults on the very idea of America. They should be punished with extra force. Protections should include hate violence based on gender, disability or sexual orientation. And the Republican Congress should stop standing in the way of this pro-civil rights, anti-crime legislation.\nProtecting Our Most Vulnerable Citizens.\n\nOur most vulnerable deserve special protections. We need tougher penalties against all sex offenders. We should raise the penalties for those who commit crimes against the elderly. We should give federal prosecutors new tools to fight fraud and abuse. We should move aggressively to shut down fraudulent telemarketers who target the elderly. We believe that we must overcome constitutional objections and reenact a strong new law to combat violence against women. And if you commit any violent crime in front of a child, you should pay an even higher price for it: more time in jail.\nEnding Domestic Violence.\n\nViolence in the home is an often silent terror in the lives of millions. We have to make sure that all battered women have the legal protection and the support they need to be safe in their own communities, and to keep their attackers away. By stopping domestic violence, we can also break the generational cycle of violence. We know that when children grow up in abusive families, they are more likely to become abusers themselves.\nStopping Crime Before it Starts.\n\nDemocrats also know that all Americans are better off if we stop crime before it claims new victims, rather than focusing single-mindedly on pursuing perpetrators after the harm is done. That is why we are firmly committed to sound and proven crime-prevention strategies that are good for all Americans. Solid investments in children and youth, in job creation, and in skills development are powerful antidotes to crime.\nJudges and the Supreme Court.\n\nWe will fight to fill the vacancies on the federal bench to make sure we have enough judges to promptly decide all cases and to end Republican delays in the Senate that have kept qualified nominees, especially women and minorities, waiting literally for years for a Senate vote. Democrats oppose efforts to strip the federal courts of jurisdiction to decide critical issues affecting workers, immigrants, veterans and others of access to justice. And, unlike Republicans, Al Gore will appoint justices to the Supreme Court who have a demonstrated concern for and commitment to the individual rights protected by our Constitution, including the right to privacy.\nValuing Our Families\n\nGovernment does not raise children, families do. But government can help make the hardest job in the world - being a parent - a little easier. Today, families come in all different shapes and sizes, but they all face similar challenges. Government should be on the side of parents - making it easier for them to raise their children and pass down their values. With Democrats in the White House, we have passed the Family and Medical Leave law, which has been used by 20 million Americans to care for a newborn baby or a sick loved one. Al Gore led efforts to create the voluntary TV ratings system, to put the V-chip in all new TV sets sold in America so that parents can stop the assault of graphic images in their children's lives, and to insist on a quick and easy way for all Internet users to be able to make offensive web sites off limits to their children.\nBalancing Work and Family.\n\nIf we are to value our families, we have to make much more progress. Strengthening America's families means helping parents make time for their children. We need to find new ways to help parents balance work and family so that they will have time to pass on the right values to their children. Already millions of Americans have benefited from the Family and Medical Leave law, now we need to expand it so that it covers parent-teacher visits and children's routine medical appointments. And we will extend the law to cover more employers so that more working families enjoy this vital protection during times of family and medical need. We should urge employers to make workplaces more parent-friendly; explore strategies, including voluntary initiatives and policy reforms, that can provide income support for workers during periods of family and medical leave; call on parents to be more involved in their children's learning; and fix the \"marriage penalty\" so that parents can spend more time at home and less time trying to make ends meet. We should not penalize families by forcing couples to pay more in taxes just because they have made the sacred commitment of marriage to one another. We should also provide grants to community and faith-based organizations to help couples prepare for and strengthen their marriage and relationships, become better parents, and reduce domestic violence.\nChild Care and Early Childhood Education.\n\nDemocrats believe in making child care more affordable through targeted tax cuts and other investments, in improving the safety and quality of child care centers, in ensuring that children start school ready to read, and in giving a helping hand to parents who decided to stay at home with their children. We need both higher pay and higher standards for child care workers - and they need to get training so that they can do their jobs well. It is a priority of the Democratic Party to fully fund Head Start.\nEldercare.\n\nThe Baby Boomers are the first generation with more parents than children. Many families are doing all they can to help for and care for their elderly parents. These families are doing the right thing - and America must be on their side. We must do more to support the families and individuals who are caring for relatives suffering from long-term illnesses at home or at institutions. We should provide Americans with long-term care needs and their caregivers a $3,000 tax credit. We should hold those who care for our nation's elderly to the highest standards and improve these workers' wages, benefits, training, and working conditions. We should make sure that every community in the country has a program to offer caregivers critical information, referrals, and respite from the difficult work of caring for a loved one.\nFatherhood.\n\nPromoting responsible fatherhood is the critical next phase of welfare reform and one of the most important things we can do to reduce child poverty. Three times more men acknowledged paternity in 1998 than in 1993. This is a first step toward giving to a child the emotional and financial support a father must give to merit the name.\nDemocrats believe in cracking down on deadbeats who abandon their children. So we must require all fathers who owe child support to pay or go to work; strengthen child support enforcement, including increasing the amount of child support that gets paid directly to poor families; and make it harder for parents who owe child support to get new credit cards. However, we also recognize that, in addition to dead beat dads there are dead broke dads. Thus Democrats support helping those men who want to reconnect with their families and who want to become a positive force in the lives of their children.\nResponsible Entertainment.\n\nParents are struggling to pass on the right values in a culture that sometimes seems to practically scream that chaos and cruelty are cool. Democrats have worked to give parents the tools to have more control over the images their children are exposed to. Parents and the entertainment industry must accept more responsibility. Many parents are not aware of the resources available to them, such as the V-chip technology in television sets and Internet filtering devices, that can help them shield children from violent entertainment. The entertainment industry must accept more responsibility and exercise more self-restraint, by strictly enforcing movie ratings, by taking a close look at violence in its own advertising, and by determining whether the ratings systems are allowing too many children to be exposed to too much violence and cruelty.\nDemocrats call for the reinstatement of the Fairness Doctrine by the Federal Communications Commission. We believe in public support for the arts, including the National Endowment for the Arts and the National Endowment for the Humanities. Public and private investment in creativity and cultural heritage - the arts and humanities - is an investment in the education of our children, in the well being of our communities, in the strength of our economy, and in spreading the dream of democracy throughout the world.\nAccessible, Affordable, Quality Health Care\n\nFor fifty years, the Democratic Party has been engaged in a battle to provide the kind of health care a great nation owes its people. We reaffirm our commitment to take concrete, specific, realistic steps to move toward the day when every American has affordable health coverage. And we will not rest until the job is done.\nDuring the past eight years, Democrats have helped Americans keep their doctor when they lose or change jobs. We passed the Child Health Insurance Program to help states provide health coverage to millions of uninsured children - the largest single investment in children's health in a 35 years. We kept solvent a Medicare system that was scheduled to go bankrupt this year. We brought immunization rates to an all-time high.\nIn contrast, the Republican Party has refused to use one penny of the surplus to secure the solvency of Medicare and has supported plans that would increase Medicare premiums, force elderly patients into HMOs and raise the eligibility age for Medicare to 67. They have adamantly opposed the Patients' Bill of Rights and proposed instead a mirage \"Patient's Bill of Goods\" that would leave out a real guarantee of the right to see a specialist and assurances that you can go to the nearest emergency room - and leave out 135 million Americans in the cold.\nInstead of the guaranteed, universal prescription drug benefit that Democrats believe should be added to Medicare, Republicans are proposing to leave to insurance companies the decisions about whether and where a drug benefit might be offered, what it would include, and how much it would cost. Studies suggest that less than half of seniors will be able to use this benefit.\nUniversal Health Coverage.\n\nThere is much more left to do. We must redouble our efforts to bring the uninsured into coverage step-by-step and as soon as possible. We should guarantee access to affordable health care for every child in America. We should expand coverage to working families, including more Medicaid assistance to help with the transition from welfare to work. And we should also seek to ensure that dislocated workers are provided affordable health care. We should make health care accessible and affordable for small businesses. In addition, Americans aged 55 to 65 - the fastest growing group of uninsured - should be allowed to buy into the Medicare program to get the coverage they need. By taking these steps, we can move our nation closer to the goal of providing universal health coverage for all Americans.\nA Real Patients' Bill of Rights.\n\nMedical decisions should be made by patients and their doctors and nurses, not accountants and bureaucrats at the end of a phone line a thousand miles away. It is time we meaningfully addressed concerns about the quality of care and about the decline of patient, access, trust, and satisfaction. People need to get the health care they need, when they need it, without having to leap endless hurdles. Americans need a real, enforceable Patients' Bill of Rights with the right to see a specialist, the right to appeal decisions to an outside board, guaranteed coverage of emergency room care, and the right to sue when they are unfairly denied coverage.\nAl Gore will work with a wide range of stakeholders to develop a national strategy to reduce medical errors, including appropriate public reporting, analysis of root causes, and development of error prevention models. Democrats also believe that doctors, nurses, and other health care practitioners must be allowed to advocate freely on behalf of their patients.\nProtecting and Strengthening Medicare.\n\nIt is time we ended the tragedy of elderly Americans being forced to choose between meals and medication. It is time we modernized Medicare with a new prescription drug benefit. This is an essential step in making sure that the best new cures and therapies are available to our seniors and disabled Americans. We cannot afford to permit our seniors to receive only part of the medical care they need.\nDemocrats believe Medicare is worth fighting for - and worth saving. With the number of Americans on Medicare expected to double in the next 35 years, Al Gore has stepped up and taken responsibility by proposing a Medicare Lock Box that would insure Medicare surpluses are used for Medicare - and not for pork barrel spending or tax giveaways. We should also modernize Medicare by promoting competitive prices and remain vigilant against Medicare fraud.\nFighting Diseases.\n\nOur newest medical miracles give us the chance to make significant progress in battling some of the most dreaded diseases. Democrats believe that we must invest in biomedical research and continue to fight and conquer everything from AIDS to Alzheimers to Diabetes to Parkinsons to spinal cord injuries. We must speed up the development of new drugs and get them to patients sooner while maintaining essential health and safety standards. We should allow stem cell research to make important new discoveries. We should expand prevention and widen access to clinical trials. And we should devote more resources to eliminating disease disparities among racial and ethnic groups.\nOur nation must do all it can to focus its efforts on fighting HIV and AIDS. A top priority for Democrats will be the continued investment in research, prevention, care, treatment, and we are deeply committed to the search for a cure. Democrats continue to support important programs such as the Ryan White CARE Act, the Housing Opportunities for People with AIDS program, and incentives to return Americans with HIV/AIDS to work.\nFor a generation, America has been waging a war on cancer. Al Gore believes it is time we started winning it. Because of astonishing scientific breakthroughs, the day that America is cancer-free is within reach. With the completion of the draft of the Human Genome, we are on the verge of cracking cancer's secret code. Democrats believe in taking advantage of this progress by doubling federal cancer research.\nFighting Teen Smoking.\n\nAl Gore is committed to dramatically reducing teen smoking in America. It is time we treated underage tobacco use like the health crisis it is. That's why we need to give the FDA full authority to keep cigarettes away from children. We must match the power of big tobacco's advertising dollars with a counter-campaign that tells kids the truth about the dangers of smoking and the risks of cancer to themselves and to others through second-hand smoke. And we should double our investment in efforts to prevent teen smoking and break the deadly grip of nicotine addiction.\nState attorneys general across America have recovered billions of dollars from the tobacco industry for damages caused by tobaccos' advertising directed at our children and for the death and disease created by cigarettes. Now Republicans are trying to stop the United States Justice Department from pursuing similar litigation to hold the tobacco companies accountable for the damages they have caused to American taxpayers. We believe it is wrong to insulate the tobacco companies from liability for their wrongdoing.\nMental Health.\n\nMental illness has long been concealed behind a shroud of silence and shame. Mental illness affects nearly one in five Americans each year, but nearly two-thirds of those Americans affected by mental disorders do not receive help. When mental illness goes untreated, undiagnosed, and unmentioned, people are denied the opportunity to live full lives and our nation is denied their full contribution. Democrats believe in supporting families caring for loved ones with mental illness by strengthening our community mental health system, providing access to full mental health coverage for every child in America, giving teachers and schools more mental health resources, and ensuring that mental illness and physical illness are treated equally by our nation's health plans.\nDisabilities.\n\nDemocrats believe that we must fight to ensure that people with disabilities can meet their full potential and participate fully in the American dream. For people with disabilities accessing affordable health insurance is the greatest barrier to returning to work. That is why we fought to assure that people with disabilities do not lose their health care when they return to work. Democrats also support tax credits and grants to pay for rehabilitation and work-related expenses for people with disabilities. And we support all efforts to implement the Supreme Court's Olmstead decision and to make personal assistance services and supports available to people with disabilities in their homes and communities - because no one should be kept in a nursing home or institution if they prefer to live in the community with the necessary supports.\nChoice\n\nThe Democratic Party stands behind the right of every woman to choose, consistent with Roe v. Wade, and regardless of ability to pay. We believe it is a fundamental constitutional liberty that individual Americans - not government - can best take responsibility for making the most difficult and intensely personal decisions regarding reproduction. This year's Supreme Court rulings show to us all that eliminating a woman's right to choose is only one justice away. That's why the stakes in this election are as high as ever.\nOur goal is to make abortion less necessary and more rare, not more difficult and more dangerous. We support contraceptive research, family planning, comprehensive family life education, and policies that support healthy childbearing. The abortion rate is dropping. Now we must continue to support efforts to reduce unintended pregnancies, and we call on all Americans to take personal responsibility to meet this important goal.\nThe Democratic Party is a party of inclusion. We respect the individual conscience of each American on this difficult issue, and we welcome all our members to participate at every level of our party. This is why we are proud to put into our platform the very words which Republicans refused to let Bob Dole put into their 1996 platform and which they refused to even consider putting in their platform in 2000: \"While the party remains steadfast in its commitment to advancing its historic principles and ideals, we also recognize that members of our party have deeply held and sometimes differing views on issues of personal conscience like abortion and capital punishment. We view this diversity of views as a source of strength, not as a sign of weakness, and we welcome into our ranks all Americans who may hold differing positions on these and other issues. Recognizing that tolerance is a virtue, we are committed to resolving our differences in a spirit of civility, hope and mutual respect.\"\nProtecting Our Environment\n\nDemocrats know that for all of us there is no more solemn responsibility than that of stewards of God's creation. That is why we have worked for eight years to produce the cleanest environment in decades: with cleaner air, cleaner water, and a safer food supply; a record number of toxic waste dumps cleaned up; new smog and soot standards so that children with asthma and the elderly would be able to live better lives; and a strong international treaty to begin combating global warming - in a way that is market-based and realistic, and does not lead to economic cooling.\nFrom the Redwood forests to the Florida Everglades, from the Grand Canyon to Yellowstone to Yosemite, we have protected millions of acres of our precious natural lands. We stopped development in America's last wild places. Teddy Roosevelt saw our national parks as the playground of the people - there for average families to enjoy with camping and hiking. Today's Republicans see them as the playground of the powerful - there for big businesses to exploit with drilling and mining. The Republicans have tried to sell off national parks; gut air, water, and endangered species protections; let polluters off the hook; and put the special interests ahead of the people's interest. They are wrong. Out natural environment is too precious and too important to waste.\nAl Gore is committed to restoring the Everglades; protecting the coasts of California and Florida and the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge from oil and gas drilling; and preserving our untouched forests, including the Tongass, from logging and development. With regard to public lands, Democrats believe that communities, environmental interests, and government agencies should work together to protect our public resources, critical habitat areas, and wildlands while ensuring the vitality of local economies. We will work together to find land-based alternatives and decontamination technologies that will permanently end the ocean disposal of contaminated dredge spoils.\nOnce Americans were led to believe they had to make a choice between the economy and the environment. They now know that this is a false choice. But there is a real choice to make in 2000: whether we will protect our environment in ways that are practical and achievable or go back to the policies that led to generations of environmental devastation and degradation.\nWe have to do what's right for our Earth because it is the moral thing to do. It involves all of our lives - from the simple security of having clean safe, reliable, affordable electricity for your home; to America's ability to build and sell the best new clean cars, trucks, and technology to the world; to guarding our children from the summer smog that is made worse by global warming, and securing for our grandchildren the expectation of a joyful array of seasons that we took for granted when we grew up ourselves.\nDemocrats believe we must give Americans incentives to invest in driving more fuel-efficient cars, trucks, and sport utility vehicles; living in more energy-efficient homes, and using more environmentally-sound appliances and equipment. We need to clean up aging power plants. We must invest in rebuilding and improving our transportation infrastructure and ensure that we adequately maintain these systems for the future. Americans need and rely on diverse transportation sources, and our public infrastructure priorities should reflect that diversity.\nWe should invest in roads, bridges, light rail systems, cleaner buses, the aviation system, our national passenger railroad, Amtrak, and high-speed trains that would give Americans choices - freeing them from traffic, smog-choked cities, and being held hostage to foreign oil. We should ensure that urban communities affected by the presence of airports which create increased levels of noise and pollution be provided mitigation support to address these concerns. We must also ensure that we maintain adequate public funding and public administration of publicly operated and delivered transportation services, without gutting collective bargaining agreements or long-standing worker-protections. In these and other areas, we will encourage project labor agreements, fostering labor-management cooperation, quality development, and efficient use of public monies. Today, technology has advanced to the point that we can drive the kind of cars we like and live in the kind of houses we like - while being kind to the earth. We should use some of our budget surplus to help Americans take advantage of these new opportunities. With the right investments, these new environmentally-friendly technologies can create new jobs for American workers.\nAmerica is blessed with abundant low-cost sources of coal, petroleum, and natural gas, but we must use them wisely and ensure that changes in the energy sector promote a workforce whose skills are expanded, utilized, and rewarded. Democrats believe that with the right incentives to encourage the development and deployment of clean energy technologies, we can make all our energy sources cleaner, safer, and healthier for our children. This responsibility includes disposing of nuclear waste in a scientifically-sound manner in accordance with standards designed to protect human health and the environment.\nAnd we must dramatically reduce climate-disrupting and health-threatening pollution in this country, while making sure that all nations of the world participate in this effort. Environmental standards should be raised throughout the world in order to preserve the Earth and to prevent a destructive race to the bottom wherein countries compete for production and jobs based on who can do the least to protect the environment. There will be no new bureaucracies, no new agencies, no new organizations. But there will be action and there will be progress. The Earth truly is in the balance - and we are the guardians of that harmony.\nEight of the ten hottest years ever recorded have occurred during the past ten years. Scientists predict a daunting range of likely effects from global warming. Much of Florida and Louisiana submerged underwater. More record floods, droughts, heat waves, and wildfires. Diseases and pests spreading to new areas. Crop failures and famines. Melting glaciers, stronger storms, and rising seas. These are not Biblical plagues. They are the predicted result of human actions. They can be prevented only with a new set of human actions - big choices and new thinking.\nWorking with the America's great automakers, Al Gore has led the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles which has helped spur the development of high-performing cars that get far better gas mileage while meeting emissions standards. Now we need to give Americans help in being able to afford these new cars - getting them out of the showrooms, onto the streets, and into our driveways. At the same time, we are committed to improving fuel economy in a way that preserves and creates jobs for American workers, and delivers products that consumers want to buy. To further this kind of progress, we now need the oil industry to join us in producing much cleaner fuels that will allow automotive environmental equipment to achieve the maximum possible reductions in emissions.\nWe have also created a new 21st Century Truck Initiative to build highly-efficient heavy duty pick-up and delivery trucks, even long-haul 18-wheelers. Now we need to work in partnership with industry to create a new generation of mass transit and a new generation of cleaner, more reliable power systems. Al Gore wants to swap every dirty, smoke-belching city bus for a cleaner, less polluting one.\nRenewing Our Democracy and Campaign Finance Reform\n\nIn the year 2000, along with all the other big choices they have to make, Americans will be making a choice about who's running their country: the people or the special interests, the voters or the lobbyists, the many or the few. We must restore American's faith in their own democracy by providing real and comprehensive campaign finance reform, creating fairer and more open elections, and breaking the link between special interests and political influence.\nThe Republicans will have none of this. Instead of limiting the influence of the powerful on our politics, they want to raise contribution limits so even more special interest money can flow into campaigns. The big-time lobbyists and special interest were so eager to invest in George W. Bush and deliver campaign cash to him hand-over-fist that he became the first major party nominee to pull out of the primary election financing structure and refuse to abide by campaign spending limits.\nIn this year's presidential primaries it became clear that the Republican establishment is violently opposed to John McCain's call for reforming our democracy. Al Gore supports John McCain's campaign for political reform. In fact, the McCain-Feingold bill is the very first piece of legislation that a President Al Gore will submit to Congress - and he will fight for it until it becomes the law of the land.\nThen he will go even further - much further. He will insist on tough new lobbying reform, publicly-guaranteed TV time for debates and advocacy by candidates, and a crackdown on special interest issue ads. Most boldly of all, Al Gore has proposed a public-private, non-partisan Democracy Endowment which will raise money from Americans and finance Congressional elections - with no other contributions allowed to candidates who accept the funding. This will let our politics be free from the influence of special interests and let Americans believe in their own democracy again.\nJust as our country has been the chief apostle of democracy in the world, we must lead by example at home. This begins with our nation's capital. The citizens of the District of Columbia are entitled to autonomy in the conduct of their civic affairs, full political representation as Americans who are fully taxed, and statehood. Puerto Rico has been under U.S. sovereignty for over a century and Puerto Ricans have been U.S. Citizens since 1917, but the island's ultimate status still has not been determined and its 3.9 million residents still do not have voting representation in their national government. These disenfranchised Citizens - who have contributed greatly to our country in war and peace - are entitled to the permanent and fully democratic status of their choice. Democrats will continue to work in the White House and Congress to clarify the options and enable them to choose and to obtain such a status from among all realistic options. Democrats believe the people of Guam, American Samoa, and the Virgin Islands have a right to be fully self-governing. We are committed to fair treatment in economic and social policies as well as improvement in federal-territorial relations in accordance with the needs of each area. Elected representatives of these areas will be regularly consulted on policies, laws, and treaties that affect the areas and we will ensure fair treatment for our fellow Citizens in the territories.\nBuilding One America\n\nDemocrats believe that God has given the people of our nation not only a chance, but a mission to prove to men and women throughout this world that people of different racial and ethnic backgrounds, of all faiths and creeds, can not only work and live together, but can enrich and ennoble both themselves and our purpose. America's diversity is expanding, yet amidst important signs of progress, there is widespread evidence of persistent discrimination, growing racial segregation of our schools and neighborhoods, and dream-crushing barriers to opportunity. We cannot - we dare not - remain a nation divided. Our vision is of an America healed of hatreds and misunderstanding, with equality and opportunity so rich that legacies of discrimination and exclusion will be found only in history books, and not in our communities. To that end, Democrats support creation of a commission of distinguished scholars and civic leaders to examine the history of slavery, discrimination, and exclusion suffered by all minorities; to report on the continuing effects of those tragic chapters in our history; and to make appropriate recommendations on behalf of the American people.\nWelcoming Our Newest Americans.\n\nImmigrants enrich the tapestry of American life, making our economy more vibrant, our workplaces more productive, and our nation stronger. We believe that all levels of government, in partnership with the private and voluntary sectors, must devise and pursue a comprehensive immigrant integration agenda that will make the newest Americans full participants in the nation's mainstream. That's why Democrats support reforming the INS to provide better services, and investing the resources needed to reduce the backlog of citizenship applications from nearly two years to three months. Democrats also support increased resources for English language courses, which not only help newcomers learn our common language but also help us promote our common values. And, we believe that family reunification should continue to be the cornerstone of our legal immigration system.\nDemocrats believe in an effective immigration system that balances a strong enforcement of our laws with fair and evenhanded treatment of immigrants and their families. The Clinton-Gore administration provided long overdue leadership in dramatically improving border management and law enforcement, including a major expansion of the Border Patrol and curbs on abuses of the asylum process. We also recognize that the current system fails to effectively control illegal immigration, has serious adverse impacts on state and local services, and on many communities and workers, and has led to an alarming number of deaths of migrants on the border. Democrats are committed to reexamining and fixing these failed policies.\nWe must punish employers who engage in a pattern and practice of recruiting undocumented workers in order to intimidate and exploit them, and provide strengthened protections for immigrant workers, including whistleblower protections. Doing so enhances conditions for everyone in the workplace. We believe that any increases in H1-B visas must be temporary, must address only genuine shortages of highly skilled workers, and mist include worker protections. They must also be accompanied by other immigration fairness measures and by increased fees to train American workers for high skill jobs. The Democratic Party is committed to assuring an adequate, predictable supply of agricultural labor while protecting American farm workers who are among the poorest and more vulnerable in our society. We reject calls for guest worker programs that lead to exploitation, and instead call for adjusting the status of immigrants with deep roots in the country. We should have equitable asylum policies that treat people the same whether they have fled violence from the Right and Left. And we support restoration of basic due process protections and essential benefits for legal immigrants, so that immigrants are no longer subject to deportation for minor offenses, often committed decades ago without opportunity for any judicial review, and are eligible to receive safety net services supported by their tax dollars.\nFighting for Civil Rights and Inclusion.\n\nPassage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was one of the proudest moments of our nation's history and a sterling testament to our aspirations as a people. Yet, despite undeniable progress over the last several decades, inequality and polarization nevertheless persist in far too many American workplaces, schools, and communities. Over the last eight years, we have fought hard to end discrimination. We have increased funding for civil rights enforcement - so that the laws on our books are not just pleasant words, but pledges of justice. Al Gore has strongly opposed efforts to roll back affirmative action programs. He knows that the way to lift this nation up is not by pulling the weakest down, but by continuing to expand opportunities for everyone who wants to achieve. The Clinton-Gore Administration has appointed the most diverse administration in American history, demonstrating that pursuing excellence means including the all of the best that our nation has to offer.\nAl Gore and the Democratic Party know that much remains to be done. We must remember we do not have an American to waste. We continue to lead the fight to end discrimination on the basis of race, gender, religion, age, ethnicity, disability, and sexual orientation. The Democratic Party has always supported the Equal Rights Amendment and will continue to do so, and we are committed to ensuring full equality for women and to vigorously enforcing the Americans with Disabilities Act. We support continuation of the White House initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. Because every American counts, we will continue to work toward a census that counts every American. We support continued efforts, like the Employment Non-Discrimination Act, to end workplace discrimination against gay men and lesbians. We support the full inclusion of gay and lesbian families in the life of the nation. This would include an equitable alignment of benefits. We recognize the importance of new battles against forms of discrimination and disadvantage that stand as barriers to communities and families, such as environmental injustices and predatory lending practices. And we will fight for full funding and full staffing of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and other civil rights enforcement agencies so they can do their job of ensuring that America lives up to its creed of equal rights and equal opportunity for all.\nThe Democratic Party proudly upholds its tradition of support for the first Americans. The sovereignty of the American Indians and Native Alaskans and a strong affirmation of the government-to-government relationship are basic to our approach to the tribal governments. As we move into the 21st century, we have to renew our trust obligations and work to improve the lives of the many Indians who live in terrible poverty. The Democratic Party pledges to continue our work to make a difference in the lives of those who occupied this land before us. We affirm the legal and political relationship between the United States and Native Hawaiians as an important step in the continuing process of reconciliation. We will work to pass legislation establishing a process for Native Hawaiians to reorganize a governing body, freely chosen, expressing their rights to self-determination. The justice we provide the first Americans is a measure of our nation's character, and Democrats believe we should build on the progress of the last eight years.\nForging Common Ground.\n\nAmerican citizenship entails both rights and responsibilities and we need to ask every American - from every walk of life - to give something back to their communities and their country. We are committed to expanding AmeriCorps so that more Americans both serve their country and further their educations.\nAmerica will become much more diverse in the coming century. But while much is changing, much remains. Our common civic culture - one grounded in the values most Americans share: work, family, personal responsibility, individual liberty, and faith - ties us together. Our common ground - our shared civic institutions - makes us whole. In the years to come, we must celebrate our diversity and focus on strengthening the common values and beliefs that make us one America - one nation, under God, with liberty and justice for all.\nPEACE\n\nEight years ago, Americans found themselves between two worlds. After half a century in which we stood up for peace and security all over the globe - taking on the forces of tyranny and terror that imperiled our interests and assaulted our values - the Cold War was over and a new Global Age was beginning. We needed new ideas and new leadership.\nDemocrats have provided them. Under the leadership of Bill Clinton and Al Gore, the first light of the 21st Century finds America at peace. More of the world's citizens live in freedom than ever before, and our people and our values are protected by the greatest military force the world has ever known.\nDemocratic leadership has brought peace and security to Americans and to millions of freedom-loving people around the globe. We achieved victory and ended ethnic cleansing in Kosovo - allowing hundreds of thousands of refugees to return to their homes in safety. We helped achieve historic breakthroughs in the Middle East peace process. We led the efforts that produced the Good Friday Accord in Northern Ireland - offering the best hope yet of ending decades of bloodshed. We are working to build a self-sustaining peace in Bosnia through the implementation of the Dayton Peace accords. We have ended the military dictatorship and given democracy a chance in Haiti. We have made Americans safer by reducing Russian nuclear arsenals. We strengthened and expanded NATO for a new century.\nBut now is not the time to sound the trumpets of triumph. In the wake of the Cold War, America has entered a new Global Age that is altering our security challenges and creating entirely new issues. Globalization is transforming the international order that defined the 20th century. Today, for both good and ill, our destiny and the destinies of billions of people around the world are increasingly intertwined, and our domestic and international challenges are bound together as never before.\nThe Democratic Party recognizes that globalization will continue shaping our future. We also believe that the United States has the means and the responsibility to shape globalization so that it reflects the needs and the values of the American people.\nAl Gore and the Democratic Party know that we must be able to meet any military challenge from a position of dominance. But Al Gore and the Democratic Party also recognize that there is a new security agenda - threats that affect the entire world and transcend political borders.\nDuring the past century, we have learned that if we wish to avoid war, we must be strong enough to deter aggression, but also farsighted enough to invest in peace. Now it is time to apply this lesson to the new global challenges we face - to shape a new strategy of Forward Engagement to guide our conduct around the world.\nForward Engagement means addressing problems early in their development before they become crises, addressing them as close to the source of the problem as possible, and having the forces and resources to deal with these threats as soon after their emergence as possible.\nWhile we must always stand prepared to use our military power when all other options fail, Forward Engagement also means addressing societal and political problems before they evolve into threats to our national security and values - before armed conflict becomes the only way to achieve our goals. And Forward Engagement means drawing on all three main sources of American power - military strength, a vibrant, growing economy, and a free and democratic political system - to advance our objectives around the world.\nThe Democratic Party believes that America's peace and security depend on our unflagging leadership and engagement in global affairs-and that Forward Engagement is the strategy that must guide us. We must maintain America's economic and military strength. We must also form partnerships to help solve global problems and take advantage of new global opportunities. That means we must deepen our key alliances, develop more constructive relationships with former enemies, and bring together diverse coalitions of nations to deal with new problems. America has a responsibility to lead - and should lead from within the international community.\nAt a time when new conditions require new thinking, the Republican Party offers little more than outdated positions and a narrow worldview that lets international problems fester.\nSome Republicans believe America should turn away from the world. They oppose using our armed forces as part of international solutions, even when regional conflicts threaten our interests and our values.\nOther Republicans want America to act unilaterally. They attack the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty - even at the risk of precipitating a new nuclear arms race. They voted down the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, threatening both our security and our global leadership. They have attempted to sabotage the Clinton-Gore administration's efforts to negotiate with other nations by declaring that any arms control agreement - regardless of content - would be \"dead on arrival.\"\nMired in the past, the Republican Party fails to realize that ensuring peace and security for Americans today does not just mean guarding against armies on the march. It means investing in building the global peace. It means addressing the fact that more than 1 billion of the Earth's inhabitants live on less than $1 a day - inviting social dislocation, violence, and war. It means meeting new challenges such as international crime and terrorism, environmental degradation, and pandemic diseases head-on. And it means that Forward Engagement must be the new pole-star of our global strategy.\nNeutralizing the Forces That Cause Chaos and Instability\n\nThe questions of war and peace among sovereign states are as important to our security as ever. But today America also faces a new set of international issues. Technology's unprecedented power means that lawlessness, diseases, and ecological disruptions - which once were localized - now land on America's doorstep even as they also threaten the stability and security of nations all over the world.\nDisruption of the World's Ecological System.\n\nThe disruption of the world's ecological systems - from the rise of global warming and the consequent damage to our climate balance, to the loss of living species and the depletion of ocean fisheries and forest habitats - continues at a frightening rate. We must act now to protect our Earth while preserving and creating jobs for our people. In 1997, we negotiated the historic Kyoto Protocols, an international treaty that will establish a strong, realistic, and effective framework to reduce greenhouse emissions in an environmentally strong and economically sound way. We are working to develop a broad international effort to take action to meet this threat. Al Gore and the Democratic Party believe we must now ratify those Protocols.\nGlobal Epidemics.\n\nGlobal epidemics constitute another major security threat. Malaria is running out of control in Africa, and antibiotic-resistant strains of tuberculosis are ravaging Russia and other countries.\nBut the most severe global epidemic is HIV/AIDS. It is more than a health tragedy, it is a threat to global security. AIDS now grips 20 million Africans. Fourteen million have already died, a quarter of them children. Each day, 11,000 more men, women, and children become infected. Diseases like AIDS threaten not just individual citizens, but the very institutions that define and defend the character of society. The Democratic Party believes we can and must do more to prevent transmission, care for those who are ill, and lead in knitting. together the scores of AIDS-fighting initiatives into a global campaign to defeat this threat.\nFighting Drugs and Organized Crime.\n\nInternational drug networks and other organized crime syndicates represent a growing threat to the survival of democratic governance. They breed corruption and lawlessness and they erode the institutions that maintain societal order.\nDrug producing nations like Colombia have seen their societies torn apart by the intersection of criminal activity, political discord, and terrorism. And our nation is also afflicted with the violence and hopelessness of drugs. We must continue to combat narco-traffickers, increasing our budget to do so. We must continue to have a strong Drug Czar who can bring together the considerable resources of the U.S. Government in this effort. We must continue to fight those who make the financing of this effort possible such as the money launderers who facilitate the drug trade. We must continue to work with our friends and allies and international organizations to fight the blood money of the drug trade by getting a handle on those nations who turn a blind eye to the financial end of this problem.\nWe must remember that the drug trade, like other criminal enterprises, fundamentally reflects the economics of hopelessness. Farmers have been drawn to cultivate these crops as a means for economic survival in the absence of other viable alternatives. Al Gore and the Democratic Party understand that no policy of interdiction and prosecution will succeed unless it is combined with robust investment in alternative ways to make a living. We must also build on our efforts to expand the rule of law, fight corruption, and improve democratic governance.\nTransforming Our Military\n\nA strong, flexible, and modern military force is the ultimate guarantor of our physical survival and the protection of our interests and values. Today, America's military is the best-trained, best-equipped, most capable, and most ready fighting force in the world. With Bill Clinton and Al Gore in the White House, Democrats reversed a decline in defense spending that began under President Bush, boosted pay and allowances, and provided the funding for a new generation of weapons.\nThe Democratic Party understands that, good as they are, the armed forces must continue to evolve. They must not only remain prepared for conventional military action, but must sharpen their ability to deal with new missions and new kinds of threats. They must become more agile, more versatile, and must more completely incorporate the revolutionary implications and advantages of American supremacy in information technology.\nRecruiting, Training, and Retaining Our Troops.\n\nA high-tech fighting force must recruit, train, and retain a professional all-volunteer force of the highest caliber. The Democratic Party understands that in order to do this, military pay must continue to increase. We enacted the largest military pay increase in twenty years - and we must raise pay even more. We need to further reform the military retirement system and improve housing, health care, and childcare benefits to support the general competitiveness of military careers during a period of unprecedented prosperity in the civilian economy. While the number of soldiers and families on food stamps is down by two-thirds over the past decade, it is unacceptable that any member of our armed forces should have to rely on food stamps. Al Gore is committed to equal treatment of all service members and believes all patriotic Americans be allowed to serve their country without discrimination, persecution, and violence.\nThe Democratic Party honors America's veterans for their selfless willingness to defend the United States and promote our values around the world. We must always remember the debt this nation owes its defenders. Al Gore will expand access to health care for all eligible veterans; pursue the causes of illness suffered by Vietnam and Gulf War veterans; press for more research on diseases caused by exposure to toxic battlefields and treat fairly veterans suffering from those ailments; back research efforts to screen and treat hepatitis C; and expand programs in the areas of mental health, spinal cord injury, and vision impairment. We will streamline the disability claims process to ensure that this nation continues to live up to its sacred commitment to the men and women who served in uniform. We support efforts of the Filipino American Veterans who fought in World War II to obtain equity.\nDeploying America's Technological Edge.\n\nIt is imperative that aging weapons systems - which are now the backbone of our military - be replaced by the oncoming generation of advanced, high-tech weapons which are designed to make sure that our armed forces face any future conflict from a posture of dominance. Al Gore and the Democratic Party will make sure that the military has the most advanced weaponry, sophisticated intelligence, and information systems and, in addition, continues to invest in research and development for future supremacy. By contrast, George W. Bush has talked about \"skipping\" this generation of weapons - which could mean skipping our responsibility to give our fighting men and women the weapons they need. We must also ensure that investment in the infrastructure needed to support the military, including our maritime capability, is not ignored. And we must ensure a competitive workforce maintaining high-skilled workers and training programs that will ensure the capability to respond to national security emergencies and defense readiness.\nProtecting Our Interests and Securing Our Values.\n\nThe lessons of the past eight years show that the nation must be prepared to use force when American interests and values are truly at stake. We cannot be the world's policeman, and we must be discriminating in our approach. But where the stakes are high, when we can assure ourselves that nothing short of military engagement can secure our national interest, when we know that we have the military forces available for the task, when we have made our best efforts to join with allies, and when the cost is proportionate to the objective, we must be ready to act.\nClosing the Gates of War\n\nIn areas where conflict has raged, comprehensive peace agreements are the foundation for lasting security. Bill Clinton and Al Gore have actively pursued peaceful resolutions to conflicts across the world and have been prepared to go the extra mile on behalf of negotiators seeking peace. Al Gore and the Democratic Party are fundamentally committed to the security of our ally, Israel, and the creation of a comprehensive, just, and lasting peace between Israel and its neighbors. We helped broker the Israel-Jordan Peace Treaty, the Wye River accords, and the Sharm el-Sheik Memorandum, and will continue to work with all parties to make progress towards peace. Our special relationship with Israel is based on the unshakable foundation of shared values and a mutual commitment to democracy, and we will ensure that under all circumstances, Israel retains the qualitative military edge for its national security. Jerusalem is the capital of Israel and should remain an undivided city accessible to people of all faiths. In view of the government of Israel's courageous decision to withdraw from Lebanon, we believe special responsibility now resides with Syria to make a contribution toward peace. The recently-held Camp David summit, while failing to bridge all the gaps between Israel and the Palestinians, demonstrated President Clinton's resolve to do all the United States could do to bring an end to that long conflict. Al Gore, as president, will demonstrate the same resolve. We call on both parties to avoid unilateral actions, such as a unilateral declaration of Palestinian statehood, that will prejudge the outcome of negotiations, and we urge the parties to adhere to their joint pledge to resolve all differences only by good faith negotiations.\nIn Northern Ireland, we helped facilitate multi-party talks and played an instrumental role in brokering the historic Good Friday Accord, which has greatly enhanced the prospect for peace. We will continue to work toward implementation of the Accord and provide continued political and economic support for the new institutions involving Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland, and Great Britain. Our goal is not merely the laying down of arms, but the joining together of hands in a new political relationship that enables former rivals to govern and thrive together.\nWe have worked hard and successfully to calm dangerous tensions between our allies Greece and Turkey over issues of sovereignty in the Aegean, and we have never ceased our efforts to facilitate a resolution of tensions between the Greek and Turkish communities on Cyprus. This work must continue.\nIn the Balkans, the Clinton-Gore Administration ended ethnic cleansing in Bosnia and Kosovo by the resolute use of military power and vigorous diplomacy. The Republican Party, having first opposed the Administration's efforts to restore peace in the region, now tries to impede the Administration's efforts to rebuild these shattered societies. We look forward to the day when Serbia will be free from the grip of Slobodan Milosevic, and we will work to make that happen. America did right in the Balkans, and now we must finish the job.\nRemembering the historic suffering of the people of Armenia, and recognizing the need of the modern Armenian state for security and economic growth, Al Gore and the Democratic Party are committed to continuing our efforts to bring a permanent end to tensions between Armenia and Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh, along with the restoration of diplomatic, commercial, and economic ties between Armenia and her neighbors, including Turkey. Al Gore helped bring about a special task force to intensify economic cooperation between the United States and Armenia.\nWe have helped close the gates of war in other parts of the world as well, and our work continues. We helped settle the Peru-Ecuador border dispute and end the civil war in Guatemala. We have worked for peace in the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Central African Republic, Sierra Leone, and on the Ethiopia-Eritrea border. And we helped end the violence and protect democracy in East Timor by leading diplomatic efforts and supporting an international peacekeeping mission.\nWe helped facilitate the dialogue between North and South Korea, without which the recent summit could not have occurred. We continue to work with China and Taiwan to resolve their differences by peaceful means. And we continue our work with India and Pakistan to dampen down a nuclear arms race on the sub-continent and continue to urge them to deal with their differences over their conflict in Kashmir with peaceful means. President Clinton's historic trip to India and Pakistan has created new possibilities for dialogue with these countries, and under a Gore Administration these will be continued vigorously.\nEngaging Former Enemies\n\nDemocrats understand that we must engage former enemies. This Administration's efforts to design new relationships with the Russian Federation and China have been continuously subjected to every form of harassment and attack by the Republicans - but they have been in America's national interest and they have been the right thing to do.\nWe recognize that Russia's historic transition to a market democracy is difficult - all the more reason we must continue to engage Russia. We recognize that Russian democracy is challenged by corruption that deeply penetrates her society - all the more reason to engage Russia on behalf of reform. We recognize that Russia has her own self-interest and concerns that can and do run contrary to ours - all the more reason to search for constructive forms of cooperation. We deeply disagree with what Russia is doing in Chechnya and remain concerned about signs of Russian efforts to intimidate the press - all the more reason to step up our discussions with them on those issues. The Democratic Party is prepared to pursue American objectives as needed even at the cost of friction with Russia. But it is also of tremendous potential benefit to us if we can nurture a sense of common purpose and trust. Al Gore and the Democratic Party will continue that effort.\nSimilarly, we must continue to engage China - a nation with 1.3 billion people, a nuclear arsenal, and a role in the 21st Century that is destined to be one of the basic facts of international life. We must search out ways to cooperate across a broad range of issues, such as the environment and trade, while at the same time, insisting on adherence to international standards on human rights, freedom, the persecution of religions, the suppression of Tibet, and bellicose threats directed at Taiwan. China cannot be ignored, and these issues cannot - and must not - be marginalized. A deterioration of the U.S.-China relationship would harm, not help, American national security interests and the promotion of our values. A Gore Administration will fulfill its responsibilities under the Taiwan Relations Act. A Gore Administration will also remain committed to a \"One China\" policy. We support a resolution of cross-Straits issues that is both peaceful and consistent with the wishes of the people of Taiwan.\nEnhancing Existing Alliances\n\nThe security and stability of Europe is critical to America's national security interests. We will continue to partner with the European Union to address global issues that could benefit from our combined capabilities. Under a Gore Administration, the U.S. will continue to work with our transatlantic allies to make the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) even stronger, thereby enhancing stability, promoting prosperity, and fostering democracy throughout Europe. The Democratic Party strongly supported the accession of Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary as a milestone in building a stronger NATO and a more democratic and unified Europe. We look forward to bringing in additional qualified members in the future who share our values and are willing to take on the responsibilities of membership. A Gore Administration will ensure that the issue of NATO's future enlargement is part of the Alliance's agenda at the next summit in 2002 and that no non-NATO member has a veto over NATO decisions in this regard.\nWe must strengthen our alliances and partnerships in Asia, with Japan and with South Korea. We must intensify our strategic cooperation with our ally Japan, building on our Joint Security Declaration, while finding more avenues to deal with Japan on a range of issues, from supporting democracy in Asia to promoting fair trade. And we remain committed to the defense of South Korea. The Democratic Party views our warm relationship with Australia as an anchor for our security interests in Southeast Asia, and we commend Australia for its leadership, and we applaud other nations for their participation with us in the peacekeeping operation in East Timor.\nWe also are committed to enhancing our alliance with the countries of Latin America. We must build on the work that we began when we hosted the first Summit of the Americas, and we must accelerate implementation of the Plan of Action that will promote hemispheric cooperation on a full spectrum of political, economic, security and social issues.\nPreventing New Physical Threats\n\nPreventing Proliferation.\n\nWe must strengthen our defense against the proliferation of conventional and unconventional weapons that threaten America. Our first priority must be to continue the work we have begun in cutting stockpiles of weapons of mass destruction, halting testing, and ensuring that weapons and weapons-grade material do not fall into the wrong hands. Working with the government of the Russian Federation, we have helped safeguard nuclear material against the danger of theft. We have made it possible for thousands of Russia's nuclear scientists and weapons experts to find peaceful pursuits. And we have helped deactivate nearly 5,000 nuclear warheads.\nWe are also equipping our military and continuously preparing our defenses for an unconventional attack. We have been an active player in international efforts to strengthen compliance with the Biological Weapons Convention. We renewed and made permanent the Non-Proliferation Treaty and ratified the Chemical Weapons Convention, but our effort to ratify the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty was derailed by Senate Republicans. As President, Al Gore will promptly resubmit this treaty to the Senate with a demand from the American people for its ratification.\nAl Gore and the Democratic Party recognize the possibility of change in Iran, but we remain focused on the realities. Even as elements in Iran press for reform, the country still supports international terrorism, strives to acquire weapons of mass destruction, and represses its citizens, as evidenced by the immoral trial of 13 Jews in Shiraz. Ultimately, we must judge Iran by its actions. Al Gore will make an all-out effort to halt Iran's acquisition of weapons of mass destruction and delivery systems.\nIn Iraq, we are committed to working with our international partners to keep Saddam Hussein boxed in, and we will work to see him out of power. Bill Clinton and Al Gore have stood up to Saddam Hussein time and time again. As President, Al Gore will not hesitate to use America's military might against Iraq when and where it is necessary.\nIn light of the possibility that U.S. Forces or our allies will have to contend with hostile tactical range ballistic missiles, we have been working rapidly to develop anti-tactical ballistic missile systems. We are working successfully with Israel on developing and deploying the Arrow anti-tactical ballistic missile system and the Tactical High Energy Laser.\nOur diplomacy has helped to halt North Korea's push for nuclear weapons. We got North Korea to stop testing long-range ballistic missiles and are also engaged in continuing negotiations regarding their testing and export of long-range ballistic missiles. The tight coordination between the United States, South Korea, and Japan is critical to our success, and we will maintain it as the two Koreas continue the dialogue began at the recent summit.\nWe reject Republican plans to endanger our security with massive unilateral cuts in our arsenal and to construct an unproven, expensive, and ill-conceived missile defense system that would plunge us into a new arms race. Al Gore and the Democratic Party support the development of the technology for a limited national missile defense system that will be able to defend the U.S. against a missile attack from a state that has acquired weapons of mass destruction despite our efforts to block their proliferation. A decision to deploy such a system should be made based on four criteria: the nature of the threat, the feasibility of the technology, the cost, and the overall impact on our national security, including arms control. The Democratic Party places a high value on ensuring that any such system is compatible with the Antiballistic Missile Treaty. We also support continued work in significantly reducing strategic and other nuclear weapons, recognizing that the goal is strategic nuclear stability at progressively lower levels.\nBattling Terrorism.\n\nWhether terrorism is sponsored by a foreign nation or inspired by a single fanatic individual, such as Osama Bin Laden, Forward Engagement requires trying to disrupt terrorist networks, even before they are ready to attack. We must improve coordination internationally and domestically to share intelligence and develop operational plans. We must continue the comprehensive approach that has resulted in the development of a national counter-terrorism strategy involving all arms and levels of our government. We must continue to target terrorist finances, break up support cells, and disrupt training. And we must close avenues of cyber-attack by improving the security of the Internet and the computers upon which our digital economy exists.\nAs President, Al Gore will tolerate no attack against American interests at home or abroad: terrorists must know that if they attack America, we will never forget. We will scour the world to hunt them down and bring them to justice.\nWhile fighting terrorism, we will protect the civil liberties of all Americans. Our justice system must guarantee fairness with procedures that protect the rights of the accused, even under the unusual circumstances of the investigation of threats to our national security. We must avoid stereotyping, for it defeats the highest purposes of our country if citizens feel automatically suspect by virtue of their ethnic origin. The purpose of terrorism is not only to intimidate, but also to divide and fracture, and we cannot permit that to happen.\nSeizing Opportunities\n\nForward Engagement requires investment. But while international assistance and government aid are important - we should do more. There is no way to donate enough money to the parts of the world that are most deeply affected by war, lawlessness, disease, or disorder. What applies to us, applies to them: the only way for them to make real progress is to encourage investment by promoting growth that is sustainable and broadly shared.\nLatin America and the Caribbean must continue to be a focal point of our efforts. We believe that increased cooperation and trade with our partners in this hemisphere can reduce poverty and the reliance on the drug trade, and ultimately lead to economic development, stability, and prosperity. We have made great strides by helping avert a financial crisis in Mexico. Mexico's ongoing shift to a mature democracy, as demonstrated by her recent election, makes it increasingly possible for us to visualize even stronger relations and more effective relationships between ourselves, Mexico, and Canada, building on our growing economic ties to address environmental and social issues of common concern. A Gore Administration will build on this possibility in order to assure ourselves and the people of the Americas a future of democracy, prosperity, and security built on mutual trust and respect. At the same time, we should continue to safeguard environmental standards, food safety, and worker protections by refusing to allow cross-border trucking and bus operations until appropriate safety and worker fairness standards have been met.\nProsperity and peace in Asia, the Middle East, and Africa will only be possible when those regions are fully integrated into the global economy. In Asia, we are working to promote fair trade with Japan and China. In the Middle East, we are promoting regional trade, particularly among Israel, Jordan, and Egypt. We must continue our work to reach out to moderate Arab states and we must intensify our effort to foster closer ties to the Islamic World.\nWith respect to sub-Saharan Africa, the Democratic Party believes in supporting what South African President Thabo Mbeki has called \"an African renaissance.\" Notwithstanding this region's many problems, we see the example of South Africa as a great beacon of hope. We are encouraged by the restoration of democracy in Nigeria, the long-term continuation of a stable democratic system in Botswana, and Mozambique's courageous efforts of recovery after years of civil war. Even in the midst of her continuing problems, we see in Zimbabwe's recent election hope for the survival of the ideal of a multi-ethnic society. We regard the recently enacted African Growth and Opportunity Act as a major contribution toward the future.\nWe believe that the United Nations can play an integral role in our policy of Forward Engagement. We understand that the institution needs both resources and reform if it is to play that role, and we pledge to take the lead on both fronts.\nProsperity Abroad.\n\nGlobalization must be a tide that lifts all boats, not a wave that overwhelms the most vulnerable among us. We support increasing our investment in the International Labor Organization and expanding the use of trade preferences that are tied to improvement in core labor standards. We also want to reverse the widening gap between rich and poor and nations, which is why Al Gore and the Democratic Party back debt forgiveness for the world's poorest nations.\nWe must seek to reform international institutions such as the World Trade Organization, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank so that core labor standards, human rights, and protections of the environment are integral to their policies and practices. These institutions must also improve their transparency, accountability, and level of consultation with civil society so that citizens around the world can both understand the basis for their decisions and contribute to them. We should use our influence in multilateral development institutions to not only provide emergency assistance for stabilizing economies and to create social safety nets, including unemployment insurance and health care, but also to give people the skills, education, and training they need to compete in the New Economy.\nWe must make a special effort to help women and children in societies that are devastated by war, disease and poverty. Women are traditionally the backbone of the family. We must also make a special effort to hear women when they rise up courageously to resist or end war in their communities. They are in a sense the front lines - the first affected - by the horrors of war and the misery of disease and poverty. We demand the United States Congress pass the Convention to Eliminate all forms of Discrimination Against Women which has been consistently blocked by the Republican Senate. And children represent the future. When we lose our children, we lose the promise of a future. Our investment programs must be more targeted toward women. And we must end the scourge of child labor by helping societies create educational opportunities for children and, more importantly, economic alternatives to employing the young.\nPromoting Democracy, Human Rights, Rule of Law, and Civil Society.\n\nAmerican values and freedoms are a beacon unto nations, and we should use the power of our ideals to foster democracy, human rights, rule of law, and civil society throughout the world. The Democratic Party believes that America must continue to work closely with other nations, as well as non-governmental organizations to promote these goals. We aim to rededicate ourselves to the defense of democracy in the Americas at a moment when it is being brought into question in Peru and absent on the island of Cuba. We will continue to work with Haiti to deepen the roots of democracy that we helped replant. We will continue to press for human rights, the rule of law, and political freedom. We will continue to support the spread of democracy across Africa, Asia, and the Middle East and the development of judiciary, legal systems, media and civil society organizations.\nTo accomplish this, we need the right tools. Al Gore and the Democratic Party support continued funding for the National Endowment for Democracy, Radio Liberty, Radio Free Europe, Radio Free Asia, Radio Marti, and other efforts to promote democracy and the free flow of ideas. We will build on our successful Reinventing Government program, led by Al Gore, to help other nations make their governments more responsive, more open, and more effective. We strongly support international educational exchanges. The students who come to America to study here - at the best academic institutions in the world - learn about our democratic values and institutions, our entrepreneurial skills, and our culture. They learn that Americans are noble dreamers remaining ever inclusive.\nForty years ago, John F. Kennedy came to Los Angeles to accept the Democratic Party's nomination for president. In doing so, he pointed America towards new frontiers at home and abroad. In the year 2000, Al Gore comes to Los Angeles to accept that same nomination and renew our party's determination to accept big challenges and make bold choices. At the edge of a new century, Democrats stand united in our determination to offer prosperity to all who are willing to work for it, to provide progress to all who are willing to live by the values that have made America great, and to bring peace to all those willing to embrace democracy all over the world.\nFor eight years, the Democratic Party's new thinking has helped America reach unparalleled heights of prosperity, progress, and peace. Now, we say that this is the time to move forward - not to go back. Now, we say that Democrats have just yet begun to fight for a better America and a brighter future. 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-> 3, "sovereignty" -> 3, "source" -> 3, "sometimes" -> 3, "something" -> 3, "solutions" -> 3, "smoking" -> 3, "smart" -> 3, "simple" -> 3, "significant" -> 3, "side" -> 3, "serve" -> 3, "seniors" -> 3, "seen" -> 3, "search" -> 3, "scores" -> 3, "rules" -> 3, "row" -> 3, "rich" -> 3, "rewarded" -> 3, "restoration" -> 3, "requires" -> 3, "renewed" -> 3, "remains" -> 3, "rely" -> 3, "relief" -> 3, "released" -> 3, "regard" -> 3, "reforming" -> 3, "reflects" -> 3, "read" -> 3, "ratings" -> 3, "pursuing" -> 3, "proven" -> 3, "prosecutors" -> 3, "propose" -> 3, "proposals" -> 3, "professionals" -> 3, "products" -> 3, "producing" -> 3, "problem" -> 3, "privatization" -> 3, "prisoners" -> 3, "preparation" -> 3, "powerful" -> 3, "positions" -> 3, "policing" -> 3, "point" -> 3, "Plus" -> 3, "pledge" -> 3, "playing" -> 3, "places" -> 3, "percentage" -> 3, "people's" -> 3, "Patients" -> 3, "Party's" -> 3, "partners" -> 3, "parties" -> 3, "owe" -> 3, "oppose" -> 3, "onto" -> 3, "ones" -> 3, "oil" -> 3, "offering" -> 3, "Northern" -> 3, "newest" -> 3, "networks" -> 3, "negotiations" -> 3, "natural" -> 3, "Native" -> 3, "moving" -> 3, "Most" -> 3, "More" -> 3, "modernize" -> 3, "missiles" -> 3, "Missile" -> 3, "middle" -> 3, "Mental" -> 3, "Medical" -> 3, "measures" -> 3, "may" -> 3, "math" -> 3, "match" -> 3, "market" -> 3, "management" -> 3, "makes" -> 3, "maintaining" -> 3, "mainstream" -> 3, "look" -> 3, "long-term" -> 3, "little" -> 3, "limits" -> 3, "lift" -> 3, "Leave" -> 3, "Law" -> 3, "later" -> 3, "language" -> 3, "lands" -> 3, "join" -> 3, "John" -> 3, "jail" -> 3, "it's" -> 3, "Iran" -> 3, "involved" -> 3, "investing" -> 3, "intimidate" -> 3, "intensify" -> 3, "intellectual" -> 3, "integral" -> 3, "Instead" -> 3, "innovate" -> 3, "individuals" -> 3, "Income" -> 3, "implementation" -> 3, "images" -> 3, "If" -> 3, "idea" -> 3, "Human" -> 3, "HIV" -> 3, "hiring" -> 3, "harness" -> 3, "groups" -> 3, "greatly" -> 3, "graduation" -> 3, "grade" -> 3, "governments" -> 3, "Good" -> 3, "goals" -> 3, "globe" -> 3, "generations" -> 3, "gender" -> 3, "gates" -> 3, "gas" -> 3, "gap" -> 3, "Fund" -> 3, "fund" -> 3, "fronts" -> 3, "From" -> 3, "former" -> 3, "form" -> 3, "forests" -> 3, "focused" -> 3, "Florida" -> 3, "finally" -> 3, "Federal" -> 3, "faster" -> 3, "fall" -> 3, "faith-based" -> 3, "failed" -> 3, "fact" -> 3, "facing" -> 3, "Every" -> 3, "era" -> 3, "equality" -> 3, "enforce" -> 3, "energy" -> 3, "ends" -> 3, "Ending" -> 3, "employees" -> 3, "emissions" -> 3, "eliminating" -> 3, "elected" -> 3, "effects" -> 3, "educational" -> 3, "easy" -> 3, "easily" -> 3, "easier" -> 3, "earn" -> 3, "Drug" -> 3, "drives" -> 3, "double" -> 3, "don't" -> 3, "disorder" -> 3, "Diseases" -> 3, "dignity" -> 3, "difference" -> 3, "dialogue" -> 3, "denied" -> 3, "demonstrated" -> 3, "delivery" -> 3, "degradation" -> 3, "defend" -> 3, "deepen" -> 3, "decision" -> 3, "dead" -> 3, "days" -> 3, "crisis" -> 3, "credits" -> 3, "creating" -> 3, "Court" -> 3, "couples" -> 3, "corruption" -> 3, "Convention" -> 3, "contrast" -> 3, "Constitution" -> 3, "conduct" -> 3, "conditions" -> 3, "concerns" -> 3, "concern" -> 3, "Communities" -> 3, "commit" -> 3, "closer" -> 3, "closed" -> 3, "Clinton's" -> 3, "Civil" -> 3, "cities" -> 3, "circumstances" -> 3, "check" -> 3, "charter" -> 3, "changed" -> 3, "centers" -> 3, "causes" -> 3, "caused" -> 3, "cases" -> 3, "caring" -> 3, "cancer" -> 3, "buy" -> 3, "Bush-Quayle" -> 3, "budget" -> 3, "broadly" -> 3, "broad" -> 3, "breakthroughs" -> 3, "began" -> 3, "battle" -> 3, "Ban" -> 3, "bad" -> 3, "avoid" -> 3, "attend" -> 3, "assault" -> 3, "applies" -> 3, "Americas" -> 3, "American's" -> 3, "Amendment" -> 3, "alternatives" -> 3, "already" -> 3, "aim" -> 3, "ahead" -> 3, "aggressively" -> 3, "agenda" -> 3, "advertising" -> 3, "adequate" -> 3, "achievements" -> 3, "achieved" -> 3, "accounts" -> 3, "Accountability" -> 3, "Accord" -> 3, "accessible" -> 3, "abortion" -> 3, "35" -> 3, "22" -> 3, "12" -> 3, "$1" -> 2, "Zones" -> 2, "zones" -> 2, "zone" -> 2, "zero-tolerance" -> 2, "youth" -> 2, "Yet" -> 2, "year's" -> 2, "worth" -> 2, "worlds" -> 2, "words" -> 2, "won" -> 2, "Women" -> 2, "What" -> 2, "we're" -> 2, "welcome" -> 2, "warm" -> 2, "wants" -> 2, "walk" -> 2, "wake" -> 2, "waiting" -> 2, "vow" -> 2, "vote" -> 2, "voices" -> 2, "vitality" -> 2, "virtue" -> 2, "Violence" -> 2, "vibrant" -> 2, "veto" -> 2, "V-chip" -> 2, "Valuing" -> 2, "urban" -> 2, "up-to-date" -> 2, "upholds" -> 2, "unparalleled" -> 2, "understands" -> 2, "unconventional" -> 2, "ultimately" -> 2, "ultimate" -> 2, "two-thirds" -> 2, "twenty" -> 2, "turning" -> 2, "Turkey" -> 2, "Trust" -> 2, "truly" -> 2, "trouble" -> 2, "trillion" -> 2, "tremendous" -> 2, "transit" -> 2, "transfer" -> 2, "traditional" -> 2, "toxic" -> 2, "Too" -> 2, "tolerate" -> 2, "tolerance" -> 2, "Today's" -> 2, "Timor" -> 2, "Time" -> 2, "threatened" -> 2, "thousand" -> 2, "third" -> 2, "they're" -> 2, "then" -> 2, "Their" -> 2, "theft" -> 2, "Test" -> 2, "terrorists" -> 2, "terrorist" -> 2, "terror" -> 2, "temporary" -> 2, "technology's" -> 2, "Teachers" -> 2, "taxpayer" -> 2, "tax-free" -> 2, "task" -> 2, "talked" -> 2, "takes" -> 2, "switch" -> 2, "sustaining" -> 2, "sustain" -> 2, "surrender" -> 2, "surpluses" -> 2, "supremacy" -> 2, "Supporting" -> 2, "suffered" -> 2, "study" -> 2, "stuck" -> 2, "struggling" -> 2, "Strong" -> 2, "strip" -> 2, "strict" -> 2, "strengthened" -> 2, "statehood" -> 2, "State" -> 2, "starts" -> 2, "stands" -> 2, "stamps" -> 2, "stakes" -> 2, "stagnation" -> 2, "spur" -> 2, "spread" -> 2, "spirit" -> 2, "spinal" -> 2, "specific" -> 2, "species" -> 2, "specialist" -> 2, "soon" -> 2, "Some" -> 2, "solvency" -> 2, "solemn" -> 2, "societal" -> 2, "So" -> 2, "smog" -> 2, "smallest" -> 2, "smaller" -> 2, "Small" -> 2, "skipping" -> 2, "skilled" -> 2, "sites" -> 2, "Since" -> 2, "similar" -> 2, "signs" -> 2, "sign" -> 2, "show" -> 2, "shouldn't" -> 2, "shirking" -> 2, "shape" -> 2, "sexual" -> 2, "seven" -> 2, "sets" -> 2, "sentencing" -> 2, "seems" -> 2, "Security's" -> 2, "scientific" -> 2, "science" -> 2, "scheme" -> 2, "saved" -> 2, "satisfaction" -> 2, "safeguards" -> 2, "safeguard" -> 2, "Saddam" -> 2, "sacred" -> 2, "Russia's" -> 2, "running" -> 2, "run" -> 2, "roots" -> 2, "room" -> 2, "roads" -> 2, "road" -> 2, "rising" -> 2, "rings" -> 2, "rigorous" -> 2, "Right" -> 2, "revolutionary" -> 2, "resulted" -> 2, "responsive" -> 2, "resolution" -> 2, "Research" -> 2, "requirements" -> 2, "reputation" -> 2, "representatives" -> 2, "representation" -> 2, "represent" -> 2, "reopened" -> 2, "renew" -> 2, "reliable" -> 2, "Relations" -> 2, "relations" -> 2, "reject" -> 2, "regional" -> 2, "regarding" -> 2, "refuse" -> 2, "reforms" -> 2, "reflect" -> 2, "recovery" -> 2, "reconnect" -> 2, "recognizing" -> 2, "rebuild" -> 2, "ratify" -> 2, "rather" -> 2, "ran" -> 2, "quickly" -> 2, "question" -> 2, "quadrupled" -> 2, "push" -> 2, "pulling" -> 2, "Puerto" -> 2, "public's" -> 2, "public-private" -> 2, "publicly-held" -> 2, "Public" -> 2, "provision" -> 2, "proud" -> 2, "Protocols" -> 2, "Prosperity" -> 2, "prosecution" -> 2, "proposing" -> 2, "property" -> 2, "promptly" -> 2, "promotion" -> 2, "Promoting" -> 2, "promise" -> 2, "proliferation" -> 2, "progressively" -> 2, "profiling" -> 2, "profession" -> 2, "prison" -> 2, "principal" -> 2, "prices" -> 2, "Preventing" -> 2, "preserving" -> 2, "preserves" -> 2, "preserve" -> 2, "prescription" -> 2, "preschool" -> 2, "practices" -> 2, "practice" -> 2, "positive" -> 2, "poorest" -> 2, "pollution" -> 2, "pledges" -> 2, "playground" -> 2, "play" -> 2, "Platform" -> 2, "plagues" -> 2, "pioneer" -> 2, "physical" -> 2, "phone" -> 2, "persistent" -> 2, "persecution" -> 2, "permit" -> 2, "performance" -> 2, "People" -> 2, "pensions" -> 2, "peacekeeping" -> 2, "Peace" -> 2, "path" -> 2, "passenger" -> 2, "parts" -> 2, "parent-teacher" -> 2, "Parents" -> 2, "Pakistan" -> 2, "paid" -> 2, "owes" -> 2, "overseas" -> 2, "overcome" -> 2, "overburdened" -> 2, "overall" -> 2, "outside" -> 2, "outdated" -> 2, "ours" -> 2, "ought" -> 2, "orientation" -> 2, "organized" -> 2, "Opportunities" -> 2, "operations" -> 2, "opened" -> 2, "One" -> 2, "On" -> 2, "oldest" -> 2, "offers" -> 2, "offered" -> 2, "ocean" -> 2, "occurred" -> 2, "obtain" -> 2, "obligations" -> 2, "objectives" -> 2, "nurture" -> 2, "nurses" -> 2, "nontraditional" -> 2, "nomination" -> 2, "No" -> 2, "network" -> 2, "nest" -> 2, "neither" -> 2, "neighbors" -> 2, "neighborhoods" -> 2, "negotiate" -> 2, "monitor" -> 2, "Monetary" -> 2, "misguided" -> 2, "minorities" -> 2, "minimum" -> 2, "might" -> 2, "midst" -> 2, "Mexico" -> 2, "met" -> 2, "merely" -> 2, "member" -> 2, "mean" -> 2, "McCain's" -> 2, "material" -> 2, "massive" -> 2, "Markets" -> 2, "manufacturing" -> 2, "Los" -> 2, "long-range" -> 2, "longest" -> 2, "lobbyists" -> 2, "livable" -> 2, "literacy" -> 2, "limited" -> 2, "license" -> 2, "lets" -> 2, "Let" -> 2, "Learning" -> 2, "launch" -> 2, "Latin" -> 2, "lasting" -> 2, "Labor" -> 2, "Kosovo" -> 2, "knowledge-based" -> 2, "knowledge" -> 2, "knew" -> 2, "kinds" -> 2, "key" -> 2, "itself" -> 2, "Iraq" -> 2, "involving" -> 2, "internationally" -> 2, "intensive" -> 2, "intelligence" -> 2, "institution" -> 2, "innovative" -> 2, "Innovation" -> 2, "innocent" -> 2, "Initiative" -> 2, "initiative" -> 2, "Industrial" -> 2, "Indians" -> 2, "India" -> 2, "independent" -> 2, "incorporate" -> 2, "inclusive" -> 2, "inclusion" -> 2, "includes" -> 2, "improvement" -> 2, "imperiled" -> 2, "impede" -> 2, "immigrant" -> 2, "ill" -> 2, "ignored" -> 2, "identify" -> 2, "ideals" -> 2, "Hussein" -> 2, "hurt" -> 2, "However" -> 2, "Housing" -> 2, "houses" -> 2, "hopelessness" -> 2, "him" -> 2, "high-speed" -> 2, "high-quality" -> 2, "heritage" -> 2, "helps" -> 2, "heart" -> 2, "healthier" -> 2, "Hawaiians" -> 2, "Hate" -> 2, "hate" -> 2, "harm" -> 2, "harder" -> 2, "happen" -> 2, "hands" -> 2, "hand" -> 2, "halt" -> 2, "Haiti" -> 2, "gut" -> 2, "guide" -> 2, "guidance" -> 2, "guarding" -> 2, "ground" -> 2, "grip" -> 2, "greatest" -> 2, "greater" -> 2, "granted" -> 2, "government's" -> 2, "governance" -> 2, "Gore's" -> 2, "goods" -> 2, "gone" -> 2, "goes" -> 2, "God" -> 2, "Globalization" -> 2, "geography" -> 2, "genuine" -> 2, "Genome" -> 2, "Generation" -> 2, "generate" -> 2, "general" -> 2, "gay" -> 2, "funds" -> 2, "fundamentally" -> 2, "fuel" -> 2, "Friday" -> 2, "freely" -> 2, "Free" -> 2, "fraud" -> 2, "fostering" -> 2, "foster" -> 2, "Forty" -> 2, "forget" -> 2, "forge" -> 2, "foreign" -> 2, "Forces" -> 2, "forced" -> 2, "flow" -> 2, "flexible" -> 2, "Fiscal" -> 2, "First" -> 2, "firm" -> 2, "finds" -> 2, "financing" -> 2, "finance" -> 2, "field" -> 2, "felt" -> 2, "fees" -> 2, "Federation" -> 2, "fast-moving" -> 2, "fastest" -> 2, "fast-changing" -> 2, "farms" -> 2, "Farmers" -> 2, "farmers" -> 2, "farm" -> 2, "Families" -> 2, "false" -> 2, "faiths" -> 2, "fairly" -> 2, "fairer" -> 2, "fails" -> 2, "extra" -> 2, "exposed" -> 2, "exploitation" -> 2, "exploit" -> 2, "experimentation" -> 2, "expenses" -> 2, "expense" -> 2, "expect" -> 2, "exercise" -> 2, "exemption" -> 2, "exclusion" -> 2, "example" -> 2, "evolve" -> 2, "everywhere" -> 2, "Everglades" -> 2, "Even" -> 2, "establish" -> 2, "equitable" -> 2, "equipping" -> 2, "equipment" -> 2, "Equal" -> 2, "entrepreneurs" -> 2, "entitled" -> 2, "entire" -> 2, "enrich" -> 2, "enjoy" -> 2, "enhancing" -> 2, "enhanced" -> 2, "English" -> 2, "engine" -> 2, "engagement" -> 2, "engaged" -> 2, "enforcing" -> 2, "enemies" -> 2, "ending" -> 2, "endangered" -> 2, "enacted" -> 2, "Empowerment" -> 2, "Employment" -> 2, "employee" -> 2, "embracing" -> 2, "eliminated" -> 2, "eligible" -> 2, "eligibility" -> 2, "electronic" -> 2, "elections" -> 2, "either" -> 2, "eighth" -> 2, "egg" -> 2, "effectively" -> 2, "educating" -> 2, "edge" -> 2, "economies" -> 2, "economically" -> 2, "ecological" -> 2, "Earned" -> 2, "Each" -> 2, "duty" -> 2, "due" -> 2, "dry" -> 2, "Drugs" -> 2, "drop" -> 2, "driving" -> 2, "drink" -> 2, "drilling" -> 2, "dreams" -> 2, "doubt" -> 2, "doubling" -> 2, "doors" -> 2, "door" -> 2, "dominance" -> 2, "doctors" -> 2, "district" -> 2, "disrupt" -> 2, "disclosed" -> 2, "Discipline" -> 2, "disabled" -> 2, "Disabilities" -> 2, "directly" -> 2, "directed" -> 2, "diplomatic" -> 2, "diplomacy" -> 2, "diploma" -> 2, "differing" -> 2, "determination" -> 2, "despite" -> 2, "designed" -> 2, "design" -> 2, "delivers" -> 2, "deduction" -> 2, "decide" -> 2, "debt-free" -> 2, "deadly" -> 2, "day's" -> 2, "dare" -> 2, "danger" -> 2, "damages" -> 2, "dads" -> 2, "cycle" -> 2, "cutting-edge" -> 2, "crusade" -> 2, "cruelty" -> 2, "crops" -> 2, "creative" -> 2, "cracking" -> 2, "cover" -> 2, "courts" -> 2, "courses" -> 2, "course" -> 2, "courageous" -> 2, "courage" -> 2, "counts" -> 2, "corridors" -> 2, "core" -> 2, "cord" -> 2, "coordination" -> 2, "conventional" -> 2, "contributions" -> 2, "contributed" -> 2, "contribute" -> 2, "continuously" -> 2, "continuation" -> 2, "content" -> 2, "constructive" -> 2, "construct" -> 2, "constitutional" -> 2, "conquer" -> 2, "conflicts" -> 2, "computers" -> 2, "Comprehensive" -> 2, "component" -> 2, "completion" -> 2, "completely" -> 2, "competitiveness" -> 2, "compensation" -> 2, "Community" -> 2, "committing" -> 2, "Commission" -> 2, "coming" -> 2, "combined" -> 2, "combating" -> 2, "color" -> 2, "Cold" -> 2, "Closing" -> 2, "clinical" -> 2, "cleansing" -> 2, "claims" -> 2, "city" -> 2, "citizenship" -> 2, "cigarettes" -> 2, "childrens" -> 2, "childcare" -> 2, "Child" -> 2, "change" -> 2, "cells" -> 2, "caregivers" -> 2, "careers" -> 2, "Care" -> 2, "capability" -> 2, "candidates" -> 2, "came" -> 2, "calm" -> 2, "bus" -> 2, "bureaucrats" -> 2, "Building" -> 2, "broke" -> 2, "bringing" -> 2, "bright" -> 2, "breathe" -> 2, "breaking" -> 2, "Brady" -> 2, "bottom" -> 2, "Bosnia" -> 2, "books" -> 2, "bonuses" -> 2, "bold" -> 2, "boats" -> 2, "Board" -> 2, "blue" -> 2, "blocked" -> 2, "block" -> 2, "births" -> 2, "biomedical" -> 2, "Biological" -> 2, "billions" -> 2, "beliefs" -> 2, "becomes" -> 2, "Because" -> 2, "became" -> 2, "beacon" -> 2, "Bank" -> 2, "ban" -> 2, "Balkans" -> 2, "backbone" -> 2, "Baby" -> 2, "average" -> 2, "avenues" -> 2, "automotive" -> 2, "authority" -> 2, "Australia" -> 2, "attackers" -> 2, "asylum" -> 2, "assaults" -> 2, "aspect" -> 2, "Asian" -> 2, "arts" -> 2, "arsenal" -> 2, "apart" -> 2, "anywhere" -> 2, "anti-tactical" -> 2, "Angeles" -> 2, "anchor" -> 2, "Amtrak" -> 2, "AmeriCorps" -> 2, "alternative" -> 2, "along" -> 2, "almost" -> 2, "ally" -> 2, "all-time" -> 2, "allows" -> 2, "allowing" -> 2, "allowances" -> 2, "alliances" -> 2, "airports" -> 2, "aging" -> 2, "After" -> 2, "affect" -> 2, "adhere" -> 2, "additional" -> 2, "addiction" -> 2, "actively" -> 2, "active" -> 2, "acquire" -> 2, "accords" -> 2, "accordance" -> 2, "accomplished" -> 2, "abuse" -> 2, "abide" -> 2, "65" -> 2, "60" -> 2, "500" -> 2, "1993" -> 2, "100,000" -> 2, "1" -> 2, "$400,000" -> 1, "$3,000" -> 1, "$2,800" -> 1, "$2" -> 1, "$135" -> 1, "$10,000" -> 1, "Zimbabwe's" -> 1, "yourself" -> 1, "your" -> 1, "You" -> 1, "Yosemite" -> 1, "Yellowstone" -> 1, "year-round" -> 1, "yearly" -> 1, "Wye" -> 1, "wrongdoing" -> 1, "written" -> 1, "writing" -> 1, "wound" -> 1, "worse" -> 1, "worldwide" -> 1, "worldview" -> 1, "World's" -> 1, "world-class" -> 1, "workweek" -> 1, "work-related" -> 1, "worker's" -> 1, "worker-protections" -> 1, "won't" -> 1, "wondrous" -> 1, "woman's" -> 1, "woman" -> 1, "withdraw" -> 1, "wishes" -> 1, "wish" -> 1, "wisely" -> 1, "wire" -> 1, "wipe" -> 1, "winning" -> 1, "win" -> 1, "Wildlife" -> 1, "wildlife" -> 1, "wildlands" -> 1, "wildfires" -> 1, "wild" -> 1, "widows" -> 1, "widowers" -> 1, "widespread" -> 1, "wider" -> 1, "widening" -> 1, "widen" -> 1, "widely" -> 1, "wide" -> 1, "whose" -> 1, "who's" -> 1, "whole" -> 1, "whistleblower" -> 1, "whistle-blower" -> 1, "Whether" -> 1, "wherein" -> 1, "what's" -> 1, "wetlands" -> 1, "went" -> 1, "well-trained" -> 1, "well-planned" -> 1, "well-off" -> 1, "well-equipped" -> 1, "well-connected" -> 1, "Welcoming" -> 1, "welcoming" -> 1, "web" -> 1, "weather" -> 1, "weapons-grade" -> 1, "weaponry" -> 1, "wealth" -> 1, "weakness" -> 1, "weakest" -> 1, "waves" -> 1, "wave" -> 1, "watches" -> 1, "warheads" -> 1, "wall" -> 1, "walks" -> 1, "wait" -> 1, "waging" -> 1, "Wade" -> 1, "Vulnerable" -> 1, "voting" -> 1, "voters" -> 1, "voted" -> 1, "volunteered" -> 1, "voiced" -> 1, "visualize" -> 1, "visits" -> 1, "visas" -> 1, "virtual" -> 1, "Virgin" -> 1, "violently" -> 1, "Violent" -> 1, "violations" -> 1, "violation" -> 1, "vigorous" -> 1, "vigilant" -> 1, "Vietnam" -> 1, "victory" -> 1, "victim" -> 1, "viable" -> 1, "Veterans" -> 1, "version" -> 1, "versatile" -> 1, "verge" -> 1, "Vehicles" -> 1, "vehicles" -> 1, "Values" -> 1, "valuable" -> 1, "vacancies" -> 1, "v." -> 1, "utilizes" -> 1, "utilized" -> 1, "utility" -> 1, "users" -> 1, "U.S.-China" -> 1, "upward" -> 1, "upgrading" -> 1, "upgrade" -> 1, "update" -> 1, "unusual" -> 1, "untreated" -> 1, "untouched" -> 1, "unto" -> 1, "untapped" -> 1, "unspecified" -> 1, "unshakable" -> 1, "unseen" -> 1, "unrehabilitated" -> 1, "unproven" -> 1, "unnecessary" -> 1, "unmentioned" -> 1, "unlock" -> 1, "unlike" -> 1, "unjust" -> 1, "universities" -> 1, "Universal" -> 1, "uniting" -> 1, "united" -> 1, "unique" -> 1, "Union" -> 1, "union" -> 1, "unintended" -> 1, "unilaterally" -> 1, "uniform" -> 1, "unified" -> 1, "Unfortunately" -> 1, "unflagging" -> 1, "unfairly" -> 1, "unfair" -> 1, "undocumented" -> 1, "undivided" -> 1, "undiagnosed" -> 1, "underwater" -> 1, "underpaid" -> 1, "undercut" -> 1, "underappreciated" -> 1, "underage" -> 1, "undeniable" -> 1, "unclogging" -> 1, "unanimous" -> 1, "unacceptable" -> 1, "Ultimately" -> 1, "tyranny" -> 1, "type" -> 1, "two-parent" -> 1, "Two" -> 1, "tutored" -> 1, "Turkish" -> 1, "Tuition" -> 1, "tuberculosis" -> 1, "truth" -> 1, "trumpets" -> 1, "True" -> 1, "trucking" -> 1, "Truck" -> 1, "Troops" -> 1, "triumph" -> 1, "triple" -> 1, "trip" -> 1, "trillion-dollar" -> 1, "tries" -> 1, "tribal" -> 1, "trials" -> 1, "treaties" -> 1, "traveling" -> 1, "transparency" -> 1, "transmission" -> 1, "Transforming" -> 1, "transform" -> 1, "transferring" -> 1, "transcend" -> 1, "transatlantic" -> 1, "trains" -> 1, "Training" -> 1, "trained" -> 1, "tragically" -> 1, "tragic" -> 1, "tragedies" -> 1, "traditionally" -> 1, "tradition" -> 1, "trading" -> 1, "toxins" -> 1, "town" -> 1, "tourism" -> 1, "toughen" -> 1, "touch" -> 1, "torn" -> 1, "Tongass" -> 1, "tomorrow's" -> 1, "told" -> 1, "togetherness" -> 1, "tobaccos" -> 1, "tobacco's" -> 1, "tinkering" -> 1, "timely" -> 1, "tight" -> 1, "tie-breaking" -> 1, "tie" -> 1, "Tibet" -> 1, "Thus" -> 1, "thugs" -> 1, "thriving" -> 1, "Three" -> 1, "Threats" -> 1, "threatening" -> 1, "thoughts" -> 1, "Those" -> 1, "thorough" -> 1, "Thomas" -> 1, "Third" -> 1, "think" -> 1, "things" -> 1, "thin" -> 1, "thicken" -> 1, "thereby" -> 1, "therapies" -> 1, "Then" -> 1, "theme" -> 1, "Thabo" -> 1, "textbooks" -> 1, "tests" -> 1, "testify" -> 1, "testers" -> 1, "testament" -> 1, "terrorize" -> 1, "Terrorism" -> 1, "territories" -> 1, "terrible" -> 1, "tells" -> 1, "television" -> 1, "telemarketers" -> 1, "Teen" -> 1, "Teddy" -> 1, "Technology's" -> 1, "Technology" -> 1, "Technological" -> 1, "techniques" -> 1, "tear" -> 1, "Team" -> 1, "Teaching" -> 1, "teacher's" -> 1, "Teacher" -> 1, "tea" -> 1, "taxpayers" -> 1, "taxed" -> 1, "tax-and-spend" -> 1, "tapestry" -> 1, "tape" -> 1, "talks" -> 1, "talents" -> 1, "talented" -> 1, "Taken" -> 1, "tailored" -> 1, "Tactical" -> 1, "tactical" -> 1, "tackling" -> 1, "system's" -> 1, "System" -> 1, "Syria" -> 1, "syndicates" -> 1, "swelled" -> 1, "swap" -> 1, "sustained" -> 1, "sustainable" -> 1, "suspect" -> 1, "survive" -> 1, "survey" -> 1, "surges" -> 1, "suppression" -> 1, "supervision" -> 1, "supervised" -> 1, "Summit" -> 1, "summer" -> 1, "sully" -> 1, "suggest" -> 1, "sue" -> 1, "successful" -> 1, "Success" -> 1, "succeeded" -> 1, "suburban" -> 1, "substantial" -> 1, "subsidies" -> 1, "sub-Saharan" -> 1, "submit" -> 1, "submerged" -> 1, "subjected" -> 1, "subject" -> 1, "sub-continent" -> 1, "sturdy" -> 1, "Studies" -> 1, "studied" -> 1, "Students" -> 1, "struggled" -> 1, "structure" -> 1, "struck" -> 1, "strives" -> 1, "strived" -> 1, "striker" -> 1, "strides" -> 1, "strictly" -> 1, "Strict" -> 1, "stress" -> 1, "Streets" -> 1, "streamline" -> 1, "strains" -> 1, "story" -> 1, "storms" -> 1, "stories" -> 1, "Stopping" -> 1, "stopping" -> 1, "stockpiles" -> 1, "stimulates" -> 1, "stigmatize" -> 1, "stigma" -> 1, "stiffening" -> 1, "stiffen" -> 1, "stewards" -> 1, "sterling" -> 1, "stereotyping" -> 1, "stepped" -> 1, "step-by-step" -> 1, "stem" -> 1, "steep" -> 1, "steel" -> 1, "steal" -> 1, "steadfast" -> 1, "stays" -> 1, "startups" -> 1, "Starts" -> 1, "Start" -> 1, "standing" -> 1, "standard" -> 1, "stalkers" -> 1, "stalemate" -> 1, "stakeholders" -> 1, "stake" -> 1, "staffing" -> 1, "stable" -> 1, "stabilizing" -> 1, "stabilize" -> 1, "squander" -> 1, "sprawl" -> 1, "spouse" -> 1, "spotlight" -> 1, "sportsmen" -> 1, "sports" -> 1, "sport" -> 1, "sponsored" -> 1, "spoils" -> 1, "spills" -> 1, "spend" -> 1, "speedily" -> 1, "speech" -> 1, "spectrum" -> 1, "specter" -> 1, "specifically" -> 1, "spaces" -> 1, "sovereign" -> 1, "Southeast" -> 1, "sound-bites" -> 1, "sorry" -> 1, "sophisticated" -> 1, "soothing" -> 1, "soot" -> 1, "sooner" -> 1, "solvent" -> 1, "solve" -> 1, "Solid" -> 1, "soldiers" -> 1, "sold" -> 1, "soil" -> 1, "software" -> 1, "soda" -> 1, "socioeconomic" -> 1, "Society" -> 1, "so-called" -> 1, "Smoking" -> 1, "smoke-belching" -> 1, "smoke" -> 1, "smog-choked" -> 1, "smarter" -> 1, "Slow" -> 1, "slow" -> 1, "Slobodan" -> 1, "slavery" -> 1, "slash" -> 1, "sizes" -> 1, "size" -> 1, "Sixteen" -> 1, "site-based" -> 1, "siphon" -> 1, "single-mindedly" -> 1, "simplify" -> 1, "Similarly" -> 1, "silent" -> 1, "silence" -> 1, "significantly" -> 1, "Sierra" -> 1, "sides" -> 1, "sick" -> 1, "shuttered" -> 1, "shuffle" -> 1, "shroud" -> 1, "shred" -> 1, "shows" -> 1, "showrooms" -> 1, "shown" -> 1, "shortages" -> 1, "shortage" -> 1, "short" -> 1, "shore" -> 1, "shoddy" -> 1, "shocking" -> 1, "shirk" -> 1, "Shiraz" -> 1, "shining" -> 1, "shifted" -> 1, "shift" -> 1, "shield" -> 1, "shelters" -> 1, "shattered" -> 1, "sharpen" -> 1, "Sharm" -> 1, "shaping" -> 1, "shapes" -> 1, "shaped" -> 1, "shame" -> 1, "sex" -> 1, "severe" -> 1, "several" -> 1, "settle" -> 1, "Service" -> 1, "serves" -> 1, "served" -> 1, "Serbia" -> 1, "Separate" -> 1, "Sensible" -> 1, "seniority" -> 1, "senior" -> 1, "sends" -> 1, "send" -> 1, "selling" -> 1, "self-sustaining" -> 1, "self-sufficiency" -> 1, "self-restraint" -> 1, "selfless" -> 1, "self-interest" -> 1, "self-governing" -> 1, "self-determination" -> 1, "Seizing" -> 1, "seize" -> 1, "segregation" -> 1, "seem" -> 1, "seeking" -> 1, "Securing" -> 1, "securing" -> 1, "sectors" -> 1, "secret" -> 1, "second-hand" -> 1, "second-chance" -> 1, "Second" -> 1, "seasons" -> 1, "seasonal" -> 1, "season" -> 1, "seas" -> 1, "screen" -> 1, "scream" -> 1, "scrapped" -> 1, "Scourge" -> 1, "scourge" -> 1, "scour" -> 1, "scope" -> 1, "Scientists" -> 1, "scientists" -> 1, "scientifically-sound" -> 1, "science-based" -> 1, "Scholarship" -> 1, "scholars" -> 1, "scheduled" -> 1, "scared" -> 1, "scarce" -> 1, "says" -> 1, "saw" -> 1, "saving" -> 1, "sardines" -> 1, "Samoa" -> 1, "Safety" -> 1, "safest" -> 1, "sabotage" -> 1, "Ryan" -> 1, "rusty" -> 1, "runs" -> 1, "rulings" -> 1, "Rule" -> 1, "R's" -> 1, "routine" -> 1, "routes" -> 1, "round" -> 1, "root" -> 1, "Roosevelt's" -> 1, "Roosevelt" -> 1, "roll" -> 1, "rogue" -> 1, "Roe" -> 1, "robust" -> 1, "robbed" -> 1, "River" -> 1, "rivals" -> 1, "risks" -> 1, "risk" -> 1, "right-wing" -> 1, "right-to-work" -> 1, "rightful" -> 1, "Rico" -> 1, "richest" -> 1, "richer" -> 1, "Ricans" -> 1, "rewind" -> 1, "rewards" -> 1, "Rewarding" -> 1, "rewarding" -> 1, "reward" -> 1, "Revolving" -> 1, "revolving" -> 1, "Revolution" -> 1, "reviews" -> 1, "review" -> 1, "reversed" -> 1, "reverse" -> 1, "reunification" -> 1, "returning" -> 1, "retrenchment" -> 1, "retreat" -> 1, "retraining" -> 1, "retired" -> 1, "retains" -> 1, "Retaining" -> 1, "retain" -> 1, "Results" -> 1, "resulting" -> 1, "result" -> 1, "resubmit" -> 1, "restoring" -> 1, "Responsible" -> 1, "responsible" -> 1, "respond" -> 1, "respite" -> 1, "resource" -> 1, "resolving" -> 1, "resolutions" -> 1, "resolute" -> 1, "resist" -> 1, "resignation" -> 1, "resides" -> 1, "residents" -> 1, "Requiring" -> 1, "requiring" -> 1, "required" -> 1, "reproduction" -> 1, "represses" -> 1, "repossessions" -> 1, "reporting" -> 1, "report" -> 1, "replant" -> 1, "replacement" -> 1, "replaced" -> 1, "replace" -> 1, "reorganize" -> 1, "renting" -> 1, "renovation" -> 1, "Renewing" -> 1, "renewal" -> 1, "renaissance" -> 1, "remove" -> 1, "Remembering" -> 1, "remarkable" -> 1, "remaining" -> 1, "religions" -> 1, "religion" -> 1, "relies" -> 1, "reliance" -> 1, "reliability" -> 1, "release" -> 1, "relatives" -> 1, "related" -> 1, "reinvigorate" -> 1, "Reinvestment" -> 1, "Reinventing" -> 1, "reinventing" -> 1, "reinvent" -> 1, "reinstatement" -> 1, "reinforcing" -> 1, "reinforce" -> 1, "reigns" -> 1, "rehabilitation" -> 1, "regulations" -> 1, "regularly" -> 1, "regular" -> 1, "regions" -> 1, "region's" -> 1, "region" -> 1, "refusing" -> 1, "refundable" -> 1, "refugees" -> 1, "Refuge" -> 1, "refrain" -> 1, "Reform" -> 1, "referrals" -> 1, "reexamining" -> 1, "reenact" -> 1, "Redwood" -> 1, "reductions" -> 1, "reduction" -> 1, "reduces" -> 1, "reduced" -> 1, "redouble" -> 1, "redlining" -> 1, "redirect" -> 1, "redevelop" -> 1, "rededicate" -> 1, "red" -> 1, "Recruiting" -> 1, "recruiting" -> 1, "recruit" -> 1, "recreation" -> 1, "recovered" -> 1, "recorded" -> 1, "record-breaking" -> 1, "reconciliation" -> 1, "recommitment" -> 1, "recommendations" -> 1, "Recognizing" -> 1, "recognizes" -> 1, "recessions" -> 1, "recently-held" -> 1, "recently" -> 1, "rebuilding" -> 1, "rebirth" -> 1, "reassert" -> 1, "reasonable" -> 1, "reap" -> 1, "really" -> 1, "realize" -> 1, "reality" -> 1, "realities" -> 1, "Real" -> 1, "reaffirm" -> 1, "readiness" -> 1, "reaching" -> 1, "reaches" -> 1, "ravaging" -> 1, "ratified" -> 1, "ratification" -> 1, "rated" -> 1, "rare" -> 1, "rapidly" -> 1, "ranks" -> 1, "rampant" -> 1, "raised" -> 1, "railroad" -> 1, "raged" -> 1, "Racial" -> 1, "quick" -> 1, "questions" -> 1, "quarter-century" -> 1, "quarter" -> 1, "Quality" -> 1, "qualitative" -> 1, "qualifications" -> 1, "putting" -> 1, "pursuits" -> 1, "pursued" -> 1, "purposes" -> 1, "punishments" -> 1, "punishment" -> 1, "punished" -> 1, "punish" -> 1, "pull" -> 1, "publicly-guaranteed" -> 1, "publicly" -> 1, "provisions" -> 1, "provides" -> 1, "provider" -> 1, "prove" -> 1, "proudly" -> 1, "proudest" -> 1, "protective" -> 1, "Protections" -> 1, "PROSPERITY" -> 1, "prospect" -> 1, "proselytize" -> 1, "proportionate" -> 1, "promotes" -> 1, "promised" -> 1, "Proliferation" -> 1, "Project" -> 1, "project" -> 1, "PROGRESS" -> 1, "Program" -> 1, "profits" -> 1, "Profiling" -> 1, "productivity" -> 1, "productive" -> 1, "production" -> 1, "product" -> 1, "produced" -> 1, "produce" -> 1, "procurement" -> 1, "pro-civil" -> 1, "proceedings" -> 1, "procedures" -> 1, "privatizing" -> 1, "privately-managed" -> 1, "priorities" -> 1, "principles" -> 1, "principle" -> 1, "principals" -> 1, "primary" -> 1, "primaries" -> 1, "price" -> 1, "prevented" -> 1, "pressing" -> 1, "presence" -> 1, "preparing" -> 1, "prepare" -> 1, "premiums" -> 1, "prejudge" -> 1, "pregnancies" -> 1, "preferences" -> 1, "prefer" -> 1, "predicted" -> 1, "predictable" -> 1, "predict" -> 1, "predatory" -> 1, "precipitating" -> 1, "practitioners" -> 1, "practically" -> 1, "practical" -> 1, "pouring" -> 1, "potentially" -> 1, "posture" -> 1, "post-high" -> 1, "post-conviction" -> 1, "possibilities" -> 1, "position" -> 1, "portable" -> 1, "portability" -> 1, "pork" -> 1, "population" -> 1, "poorer" -> 1, "polluting" -> 1, "polluters" -> 1, "policeman" -> 1, "pole-star" -> 1, "polarization" -> 1, "Poland" -> 1, "poison" -> 1, "points" -> 1, "pointed" -> 1, "plunge" -> 1, "plot" -> 1, "pleasant" -> 1, "player" -> 1, "played" -> 1, "plants" -> 1, "planning" -> 1, "Plan" -> 1, "plain" -> 1, "piracy" -> 1, "piece" -> 1, "pick-up" -> 1, "Physical" -> 1, "phrase" -> 1, "photo" -> 1, "phase" -> 1, "petroleum" -> 1, "pests" -> 1, "Peru-Ecuador" -> 1, "Peru" -> 1, "person's" -> 1, "personally-controlled" -> 1, "person" -> 1, "persist" -> 1, "perpetrators" -> 1, "permanently" -> 1, "periods" -> 1, "period" -> 1, "performing" -> 1, "penny" -> 1, "penetrates" -> 1, "penalize" -> 1, "Pell" -> 1, "peddle" -> 1, "PEACE" -> 1, "payrolls" -> 1, "payroll" -> 1, "paycheck" -> 1, "paved" -> 1, "pause" -> 1, "pattern" -> 1, "patrolled" -> 1, "Patrol" -> 1, "patriotic" -> 1, "Patient's" -> 1, "patient" -> 1, "paternity" -> 1, "patent" -> 1, "passing" -> 1, "Passage" -> 1, "party's" -> 1, "part-time" -> 1, "Partnership" -> 1, "partner" -> 1, "particularly" -> 1, "particular" -> 1, "participation" -> 1, "participants" -> 1, "partially" -> 1, "Part" -> 1, "parole" -> 1, "Parkinsons" -> 1, "parent's" -> 1, "parent-friendly" -> 1, "parental" -> 1, "parent" -> 1, "paper" -> 1, "pandemic" -> 1, "panacea" -> 1, "Palestinians" -> 1, "Palestinian" -> 1, "painful" -> 1, "pages" -> 1, "packed" -> 1, "Pacific" -> 1, "owning" -> 1, "owners" -> 1, "overworked" -> 1, "overwhelms" -> 1, "overtime" -> 1, "overstressed" -> 1, "overdue" -> 1, "overcrowded" -> 1, "Over" -> 1, "Oval" -> 1, "outstanding" -> 1, "output" -> 1, "outpace" -> 1, "out-of-step" -> 1, "out-of-date" -> 1, "out-of-control" -> 1, "out-compete" -> 1, "outcome" -> 1, "Out" -> 1, "Other" -> 1, "Osama" -> 1, "origin" -> 1, "organizing" -> 1, "Organized" -> 1, "ordinary" -> 1, "optimism" -> 1, "opposition" -> 1, "opinion" -> 1, "operational" -> 1, "operation" -> 1, "operated" -> 1, "openness" -> 1, "Opening" -> 1, "opening" -> 1, "Open" -> 1, "on-the-job" -> 1, "oncoming" -> 1, "Once" -> 1, "once" -> 1, "Olmstead" -> 1, "old-fashioned" -> 1, "officers" -> 1, "Office" -> 1, "offensive" -> 1, "offenses" -> 1, "offenders" -> 1, "offender" -> 1, "occupied" -> 1, "obstructed" -> 1, "objective" -> 1, "objections" -> 1, "obey" -> 1, "nursing" -> 1, "NRA" -> 1, "Notwithstanding" -> 1, "notify" -> 1, "notified" -> 1, "Nor" -> 1, "Non-Proliferation" -> 1, "non-partisan" -> 1, "non-negotiable" -> 1, "non-NATO" -> 1, "non-governmental" -> 1, "none" -> 1, "Non-Discrimination" -> 1, "nominees" -> 1, "nominee" -> 1, "nominate" -> 1, "noise" -> 1, "Nobody" -> 1, "noble" -> 1, "ninety" -> 1, "Nine" -> 1, "Nigeria" -> 1, "nicotine" -> 1, "Next" -> 1, "Newt" -> 1, "Newest" -> 1, "newcomers" -> 1, "newborn" -> 1, "nevertheless" -> 1, "Neutralizing" -> 1, "nets" -> 1, "negotiators" -> 1, "negotiating" -> 1, "negotiated" -> 1, "neglecting" -> 1, "neediest" -> 1, "necessitated" -> 1, "Nearly" -> 1, "nearest" -> 1, "near" -> 1, "Navy's" -> 1, "nature" -> 1, "NATO's" -> 1, "Nations" -> 1, "narrow" -> 1, "narco-traffickers" -> 1, "name" -> 1, "Nagorno-Karabakh" -> 1, "mysteries" -> 1, "murder" -> 1, "multi-party" -> 1, "multilingualism" -> 1, "multilateral" -> 1, "multi-ethnic" -> 1, "Much" -> 1, "Mozambique's" -> 1, "movie" -> 1, "movement" -> 1, "moved" -> 1, "motivate" -> 1, "mothers" -> 1, "mortgage" -> 1, "morals-free" -> 1, "morally" -> 1, "moral" -> 1, "months" -> 1, "monstrous" -> 1, "monies" -> 1, "moments" -> 1, "mohair" -> 1, "modernizing" -> 1, "modernized" -> 1, "moderate" -> 1, "models" -> 1, "mitigation" -> 1, "misunderstanding" -> 1, "mistake" -> 1, "mist" -> 1, "missions" -> 1, "misery" -> 1, "Mired" -> 1, "mirage" -> 1, "miracles" -> 1, "minority" -> 1, "minor" -> 1, "mining" -> 1, "minds" -> 1, "Milosevic" -> 1, "Military" -> 1, "milestone" -> 1, "miles" -> 1, "mileage" -> 1, "mile" -> 1, "migrants" -> 1, "mightily" -> 1, "middle-class" -> 1, "mid-1960's" -> 1, "Mexico's" -> 1, "messages" -> 1, "message" -> 1, "merit" -> 1, "mentors" -> 1, "mentoring" -> 1, "Memorandum" -> 1, "membership" -> 1, "Melting" -> 1, "meetings" -> 1, "mediocrity" -> 1, "medicine" -> 1, "medication" -> 1, "Medicaid" -> 1, "media" -> 1, "mechanisms" -> 1, "measurements" -> 1, "measurement" -> 1, "measure" -> 1, "meanness" -> 1, "meaningfully" -> 1, "meaningful" -> 1, "meaning" -> 1, "meals" -> 1, "McCain-Feingold" -> 1, "Mbeki" -> 1, "maximum" -> 1, "maximizing" -> 1, "mature" -> 1, "matter" -> 1, "materially" -> 1, "mastered" -> 1, "master" -> 1, "Marti" -> 1, "marketplace" -> 1, "market-based" -> 1, "maritime" -> 1, "marginalized" -> 1, "march" -> 1, "Manufacturing" -> 1, "manner" -> 1, "manipulative" -> 1, "mandatory" -> 1, "mandate" -> 1, "managers" -> 1, "malls" -> 1, "Malaria" -> 1, "majority" -> 1, "Main" -> 1, "main" -> 1, "magnet" -> 1, "luxury" -> 1, "lowest-performing" -> 1, "lower-income" -> 1, "lower" -> 1, "low-cost" -> 1, "Low" -> 1, "Louisiana" -> 1, "lost" -> 1, "loss" -> 1, "Looking" -> 1, "long-standing" -> 1, "long-haul" -> 1, "logging" -> 1, "locks" -> 1, "Lock" -> 1, "locate" -> 1, "localized" -> 1, "lobbying" -> 1, "lobby" -> 1, "loans" -> 1, "Livable" -> 1, "litigation" -> 1, "literate" -> 1, "literally" -> 1, "link" -> 1, "lines" -> 1, "limiting" -> 1, "likelihood" -> 1, "lifts" -> 1, "lifting" -> 1, "lifted" -> 1, "Lifetime" -> 1, "Lifelong" -> 1, "licenses" -> 1, "library" -> 1, "libraries" -> 1, "Liberty" -> 1, "liberties" -> 1, "liability" -> 1, "lessons" -> 1, "lesson" -> 1, "lesbians" -> 1, "lesbian" -> 1, "Leone" -> 1, "lending" -> 1, "lenders" -> 1, "legitimate" -> 1, "legacies" -> 1, "Left" -> 1, "Lebanon" -> 1, "least" -> 1, "learners" -> 1, "learned" -> 1, "leap" -> 1, "leads" -> 1, "leading" -> 1, "lays" -> 1, "laying" -> 1, "Laws" -> 1, "launderers" -> 1, "latest" -> 1, "late" -> 1, "Laser" -> 1, "language-based" -> 1, "land-based" -> 1, "Laden" -> 1, "lack" -> 1, "labor-management" -> 1, "laboratories" -> 1, "labeling" -> 1, "Kyoto" -> 1, "Koreas" -> 1, "Korea's" -> 1, "knows" -> 1, "known" -> 1, "knock" -> 1, "knitting" -> 1, "Kind" -> 1, "killers" -> 1, "kill" -> 1, "keyboard" -> 1, "Kennedy" -> 1, "keeps" -> 1, "keeping" -> 1, "Kashmir" -> 1, "juveniles" -> 1, "juvenile" -> 1, "justices" -> 1, "Justice" -> 1, "Just" -> 1, "jurisdiction" -> 1, "judiciary" -> 1, "judicial" -> 1, "Judges" -> 1, "judges" -> 1, "judge" -> 1, "joyful" -> 1, "Jordan" -> 1, "Joint" -> 1, "joint" -> 1, "joining" -> 1, "Jobs" -> 1, "joblessness" -> 1, "jobless" -> 1, "Jews" -> 1, "Jerusalem" -> 1, "Jefferson" -> 1, "j" -> 1, "It's" -> 1, "Israel's" -> 1, "Israel-Jordan" -> 1, "isolation" -> 1, "Islands" -> 1, "island's" -> 1, "Islanders" -> 1, "island" -> 1, "Islamic" -> 1, "irresponsibility" -> 1, "Iran's" -> 1, "involves" -> 1, "involvement" -> 1, "inviting" -> 1, "invite" -> 1, "investigation" -> 1, "inventors" -> 1, "inventions" -> 1, "invaluable" -> 1, "INTRODUCTION" -> 1, "intertwined" -> 1, "intersection" -> 1, "Internationally" -> 1, "interference" -> 1, "Interests" -> 1, "interdiction" -> 1, "intercepted" -> 1, "interactive" -> 1, "intensely" -> 1, "integration" -> 1, "integrated" -> 1, "insure" -> 1, "Insurance" -> 1, "insulate" -> 1, "instrumental" -> 1, "institute" -> 1, "Instability" -> 1, "inspired" -> 1, "inspectors" -> 1, "insisting" -> 1, "inside" -> 1, "INS" -> 1, "inner" -> 1, "injustices" -> 1, "injury" -> 1, "injuries" -> 1, "injure" -> 1, "inherently" -> 1, "inhabitants" -> 1, "Infrastructure" -> 1, "information-based" -> 1, "influences" -> 1, "inflation-free" -> 1, "inflation" -> 1, "infected" -> 1, "inexorably" -> 1, "inevitable" -> 1, "inequality" -> 1, "independence" -> 1, "indeed" -> 1, "increases" -> 1, "inconsistent" -> 1, "Inclusion" -> 1, "Incentives" -> 1, "incarceration" -> 1, "inappropriate" -> 1, "inadequate" -> 1, "improves" -> 1, "improvements" 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DateObject[{1996, 8, 26}], "Text" -> "Today's Democratic Party: Meeting America's Challenges, Protecting America's Values\n\nIntroduction\n\nIn 1996, America will choose the President who will lead us from the millennium which saw the birth of our nation, and into a future that has all the potential to be even greater than our magnificent past. Today's Democratic Party is ready for that future. Our vision is simple. We want an America that gives all Americans the chance to live out their dreams and achieve their God-given potential. We want an America that is still the world's strongest force for peace and freedom. And we want an America that is coming together around our enduring values, instead of drifting apart.\nToday's Democratic Party is determined to renew America's most basic bargain: Opportunity to every American, and responsibility from every American. And today's Democratic Party is determined to reawaken the great sense of American community.\nOpportunity. Responsibility. Community. These are the values that made America strong. These are the values of the Democratic Party. These are the values that must guide us into the future.\nToday, America is moving forward with the strong Presidential leadership it deserves. The economy is stronger, the deficit is lower, and government is smaller. Education is better, our environment is cleaner, families are healthier, and our streets are safer. There is more opportunity in America, more responsibility in our homes, and more peace in the world.\nToday's Democratic Party stands proudly on the record of the last four years. We are living in an age of enormous possibility, and we are working to make sure that all Americans can make the most of it. America is moving in the right direction.\nNow we must move forward, and we know the course we must follow. We need a smaller, more effective, more efficient, less bureaucratic government that reflects our time-honored values. The American people do not want big government solutions and they do not want empty promises. They want a government that is for them, not against them; that doesn't interfere with their lives but enhances their quality of life. They want a course that is reasonable, help that is realistic, and solutions that can be delivered -- a moderate, achievable, common-sense agenda that will improve people's daily lives and not increase the size of government.\nThat is what today's Democratic Party offers: the end of the era of big government and a final rejection of the misguided call to leave our citizens to fend for themselves -- and bold leadership into the future: To meet America's challenges, protect America's values, and fulfill American dreams.\nOpportunity\n\nFor 220 years, America has been defined by a single ideal: Opportunity for all who take the responsibility to seize it. The mission of the Democratic Party in 1996 is to ensure that the great American Dream of opportunity for all is within reach for all, and that it travels with us, whole and intact, as we walk together into tomorrow.\nIn the 12 years before President Clinton took office, Republicans in the White House allowed the deficit to spiral out of control, and ignored the economic interests of ordinary Americans. Bill Clinton was determined to turn things around and move America in a new direction. With his leadership, we put in place a comprehensive strategy for economic growth. Today's Democratic Party knows that the private sector is the engine of economic growth, and we fought to put America's economic house in order so private business could prosper. We worked to tap the full potential of a new global economy through open and fair trade. We fought to invest in the American people so they would have the capacity to meet the demands of the new economy. And we have invested in the roads, bridges, and highways that are the lifelines of American commerce.\nDemocrats in Congress supported this course and America is better off because they did. Republicans opposed our economic plan; America's economic growth over the last four years makes it clear that they were wrong. Our strategy is in place, and it is working. We are proud of our economic record over the last four years -- and we know that our record is a record to build on, not to rest on. We have to move forward, to make sure that every American willing to work hard has the opportunity to build a good life and share in the benefits of economic success.\nIn the last four years we worked to get the American economy going: cutting the deficit, expanding trade, and investing in our people. In the next four years we have to make the new economy work for all Americans: balancing the budget, creating more jobs, making sure all families can count on good health care and a secure retirement, and, most of all, expanding educational opportunities so all Americans can learn the skills they need to build the best possible future.\nBalancing the budget. For 12 years, Republicans hid behind rosy scenarios while quadrupling the national debt. We knew this had to stop. In 1992, we promised to cut the deficit in half over four years. We did. Our 1993 economic plan cut spending by over a quarter trillion dollars in five years. The only deficit left today is interest payments on the debt run up over the 12 Republican years before fiscal responsibility returned to the White House. President Clinton is the first President to cut the deficit four years in a row since before the Civil War.\nNow the Democratic Party is determined to finish the job and balance the budget. President Clinton has put forward a plan to balance the budget by 2002 while living up to our commitments to our elderly and our children and maintaining strong economic growth. The Republican Congress' own economists admit the President's plan will balance the budget by 2002. It cuts hundreds of wasteful and outdated programs, but it preserves Medicare and Medicaid, it protects education and the environment, and it defends working families. The President's plan reflects America's values. The Republican plan does not.\nToday's Democratic Party believes we have a duty to care for our parents, so they can live their lives in dignity. That duty includes securing Medicare and Medicaid, finding savings without reducing quality or benefits, and protecting Social Security for future generations. The Republican agenda rests on massive Medicare cuts, three times bigger than the largest Medicare cuts in history, including new premium increases on seniors, and drastic changes to Medicaid that will jeopardize the health care of children and seniors.\nToday's Democratic Party believes that all children should have the opportunity and the education to make the most of their own lives. We believe that schools should be run by teachers and principals, not by Washington. The Republican agenda slashes college scholarships and college loans, cuts Head Start, and cuts funds to reduce class size and improve teacher standards.\nToday's Democratic Party believes we have a duty to preserve God's earth and American quality of life for future generations. We are committed to reform, so we protect our environment but we do not trap business in a tangle of red tape. The Republican budget guts environmental protection.\nToday's Democratic Party believes that working people should not be taxed into poverty. The Republican budget raises taxes on millions of working families.\nToday's Democratic Party believes that America must put our families first. The Republican budget tried to take Big Bird away from 5-year-olds, school lunches away from 10-year-olds, summer jobs away from 15-year-olds, and college loans away from 20-year-olds.\nToday's Democratic Party believes in a government that works better and costs less. We know that government workers are good people trapped in bad systems, and we are committed to reinventing government to reform those systems. We believe that public servants have suffered too long from unfair politically based criticism destroying their morale and hampering their ability to perform duties which the private sector will not undertake. The Republican budget cuts government where it is needed to protect our values, and they were even willing to shut down the government altogether to force their budget on the American people.\nTax relief for working families and small businesses. President Clinton and Democrats in Congress expanded the Earned Income Tax Credit, cutting taxes to help 40 million Americans in 15 million working families -- without a single Republican vote. The Dole-Gingrich budget was designed to give a massive tax break to the wealthiest Americans, and pay for it by raising taxes on ordinary Americans and slashing health care for the elderly. America cannot afford to return to the era of something-for-nothing tax cuts and smoke-and-mirrors accounting that produced a decade of exploding deficits. Today's Democratic Party is committed to targeted tax cuts that help working Americans invest in their future, and we insist that any tax cuts are completely paid for, because we are determined to balance the budget.\nWe want to strengthen middle-class families by providing a $500 tax cut for children. We want to cut taxes to help families pay for education after high school and to guarantee the first two years of college. We want people to be able to use their IRA's to buy a first home, deal with a medical emergency, or provide for education. We want to cut taxes for small businesses that invest in the future and set up pensions for their workers. And we want to cut taxes for people who are self-employed and self-insured so their health care is more affordable.\nTechnology. We know investments in technology drive economic growth, generate new knowledge, create new high-wage jobs, build new industries, and improve our quality of life. In the face of Republican efforts to undermine America's dedication to innovation, President Clinton and the Democratic Party have fought to maintain vital investments in science and technology. We remember that government investment in technology is responsible for the computer, for jet aircraft, and for the Internet -- no investments have ever paid off better, in jobs, in opportunity, or in growth.\nWe support government policies that encourage private sector investment and innovation to create a pro-growth economic climate, like a permanent research and development tax credit. We want technology to create jobs and improve the quality of life for American workers. President Clinton and Vice President Gore fought for, and the President signed, a sweeping telecommunications reform bill that will unleash the creative power of the information industry to create millions of high-wage American jobs. We recognize that our system of research colleges and universities is the bedrock of American leadership in science and technology. When we invest in our research institutions we are literally investing in our future by helping to train the next brilliant generation of American scientists and engineers. As we enter the 21st century, we will continue to invest in world-class research and development, advanced technologies in transportation, information, and other industries, and agricultural and environmental research in partnership with American business. We are working to reinvent the national laboratories and revitalize America's space program, including support for the space station.\nCreating jobs through trade. We believe that if we want the American economy to continue strong growth, we must continue to expand trade, and not retreat from the world. America's markets are open to the world, so America has a right to demand that the world's markets are open to our products. American products are the best in the world. When American workers and American companies have the chance to compete around the world, we do not take second place.\nIn the last four years, the Clinton-Gore Administration has signed over 200 trade agreements, including NAFTA and GATT, to open markets around the world to American products, and create more jobs for the people who make them here at home. We have put in place the most sweeping agreements to lower foreign trade barriers of any administration in modern American history, including over 20 such agreements with Japan alone -- and American exports to Japan in the sectors covered by those agreements have increased by 85 percent. All over the world, barriers to American products have come down, exports are at an all time high -- and we have created over one million high-paying export-related jobs.\nIn the next four years, we must continue to work to lower foreign trade barriers; insist that foreign companies play by fair rules at home and abroad; strengthen rules that protect the global economy from fraud and dangerous instability; advance American commercial interests abroad; and ensure that the new global economy is directly beneficial to American working families. As we work to open new markets, we must negotiate to guarantee that all trade agreements include standards to protect children, workers, public safety, and the environment. We must ensure adequate trade adjustment assistance and education and training programs to help working families compete and win in the global economy.\nEvery step of the way, we have been opposed by Republicans intent on cutting education. Now, they want to cut education from Head Start through college scholarships. They want to undermine our public schools and make borrowing for college more difficult for millions of students.\nToday's Democratic Party will stand firmly against the Republican assault on education. Cutting education as we move into the 21st century would be like cutting defense spending at the height of the Cold War. We must do more to expand educational opportunity -- not less.\nStrengthening public schools. We increased Head Start funding to expand early education for more children who need it. We passed Goals 2000 to help schools set high standards, and find the resources they need to succeed: the best books, the brightest teachers, the most up-to-date technology. We restructured federal education programs and eliminated federal regulations to give local schools, teachers, and principals the flexibility and help they need to meet those standards. We've worked to make sure our children have the best teachers by expanding teacher education. We applaud the work of state and local Democrats to develop innovative solutions to make sure our children get the best possible education.\nTeaching values in schools. Today's Democratic Party knows our children's education is not complete unless they learn good values. We applaud the efforts of the Clinton-Gore Administration to promote character education in our schools. Teaching good values, strong character, and the responsibilities of citizenship must be an essential part of American education.\nSafe schools and healthy students. If young people do not have the freedom to learn in safety, they do not have the freedom to learn at all. Over the last four years, we have worked hard to keep schools safe and drug-free, and students healthy. When Senator Dole and Speaker Gingrich led Republican efforts to cut school safety funding, President Clinton and Democrats in Congress wouldn't let them get away with it. When Senator Dole and Speaker Gingrich led Republican efforts to destroy the nation's school lunch program, President Clinton and Democrats in Congress stopped them cold. Now, we must work together at every level of government to launch a major rebuilding effort to make sure our children go to school in high-quality facilities where they can learn. We must help schools set the highest standards for good behavior and discipline in our schools. Children cannot learn -- and teachers cannot teach -- without order in the classroom.\nTechnology in the classroom. We must bring the 21st century into every classroom in America. There is a vast realm of knowledge waiting for our children to tap into. Computers are powerful tools to teach students to read better, write better, and understand math. President Clinton and Vice President Gore understand that technological literacy is essential to success in the new economy. The only way to achieve that for every student is to give them all access to a computer, good software, trained teachers, and the Internet -- and President Clinton and Vice President Gore have launched a partnership with high-tech companies, schools, state, and local governments to wire every classroom and library to the Information Superhighway by the year 2000.\nPreparing students for jobs. We passed School-to-Work so young people can learn the skills they need to get and keep high wage jobs. The Republican Congress is trying to destroy it, and we pledge to stop them. We want to keep working with the private sector, to encourage community partnerships that build the bridge between a good education and a good job.\nHigher education for all Americans. Finally, we must make sure that every American has the opportunity to go to college. Higher education is the key to a successful future in the 21st century. The typical worker with a college education earns 73 percent more than one without. America has the best higher education in the world. We do not need to change it -- we need to make it available for all Americans. Our goal must be nothing less than to make the 13th and 14th years of education as universal as the first 12.\nOver the last four years, the Democratic Party under President Clinton has put an unprecedented college opportunity strategy in place: We reformed the student loan program, to make college more affordable for 5.5 million students -- and we saved money for the taxpayers by eliminating the middleman, cutting red tape, and cutting the cost of student loan defaults in half. We have expanded Pell Grant college scholarships for deserving students. And the President's national service program has already helped 45,000 Americans earn money for college by helping their communities.\nTax cuts for college. Over the next four years, we want to go even further: We should expand work-study so one million students a year can work their way through college by the year 2000.We should allow people to use money from their IRA to help pay for college. We should give a $1000 honor scholarship for the top 5 percent of graduates in every high school. And we must make 14 years of education the standard for every American. The Democratic Party wants to create a $10,000 tax deduction for families to help pay for education after high school. And we want to create a $1,500 tax cut for Americans, modeled after Georgia's successful HOPE scholarships, to guarantee the first year of tuition at a typical community college, and the second year if individuals earn it by maintaining a B average. No tax cut will do more to raise American incomes than a tax cut to pay for college.\nRewarding work. We honor work in America. Americans work hard, and they have a right to expect that work will pay. We want to continue reversing the trend of the eighties, so all Americans benefit from continued economic growth and rising wages. The President and Democrats in Congress raised the minimum wage to $5.15 an hour, after defeating fierce Republican opposition led by Senator Dole and Speaker Gingrich. We believe the minimum wage should be a wage you can live on. President Clinton and Congressional Democrats fought for and won the largest expansion of the Earned Income Tax Credit in history, a tax cut for 15 million working families, because no parent who takes the responsibility to work full time should have to raise children in poverty. We want to strengthen families, and we challenge the private sector to help their workers earn enough to support a family.\nHealth care. The Democratic Party is committed to ensuring that Americans have access to affordable, high-quality health care. Because of President Clinton's determined leadership and the tireless efforts of Democrats in Congress, we passed the Kennedy-Kassebaum health reform bill to stop insurance companies from denying coverage to families where one member has a preexisting condition, and to make sure that people can take their health insurance with them when they change jobs. No more Americans should have to turn down a better job because they would lose their health care if they took it. We have expanded the Women, Infants, and Children program that provides prenatal and early childhood nutrition, so that all eligible women, infants, and children will have access to the health and nutrition services they need. We established a comprehensive effort to immunize children, after defeating Republican opposition led by Senator Dole. Last year, the percentage of two-year-olds in America who were fully immunized reached an historic high.\nThe Clinton-Gore Administration has dramatically shortened the approval process for new lifesaving drugs at the Food and Drug Administration and will continue to work to streamline the process further; and we have made AIDS research, prevention, and treatment a top priority, increasing funding by almost 40 percent, including more than doubling the Ryan White Care Act to help care for people with AIDS. We are committed to finding a cure for AIDS, combating HIV-related discrimination, supporting HOPWA funding to help with housing for people living with AIDS, and working to ensure that all Americans living with AIDS have access to new and potentially lifesaving drugs; serious biomedical research which promises breakthroughs for so many diseases; and doing more to help all Americans live longer, healthier lives. We recognize the enormous contribution of our teaching hospitals and medical schools -- they lay the foundation for the best medical care in the world, and we will continue to promote policies that strengthen them.\nWe have paid special attention to women's health issues, including a 65 percent increase for breast cancer research. We are committed to finding a cure for breast cancer and we pledge to continue supporting funds for innovative research, and access for all women to high quality treatment and care.\nThe Democratic Party is proud that we held the line against the Republicans' mean-spirited Medicare and Medicaid cuts that would risk the health care of millions of Americans, from infants to seniors. Senator Dole voted against Medicare when it was first created, boasts about it today, and now Republican leaders want Medicare to Awither on the vine.\" The Dole-Gingrich Medicare plan would put millions of our parents into a second class health care system for the first time in their lives, and we will not stand for it. The Dole-Gingrich Medicaid plan would end the guarantee to meaningful health benefits for millions of children, older Americans, and people with disabilities. President Clinton forced Republicans to put aside their attempt to block grant Medicaid, and insisted that welfare reform protects women and children by maintaining the Medicaid guarantee. The Democratic Party wants America to preserve and strengthen Medicare and Medicaid, so we honor our values and protect the health of our children, parents, and grandparents, ensuring they can get the health care they need, from doctors visits to long-term care.\nIn 1993 -- without a single Republican vote -- President Clinton and Democrats in Congress extended the Medicare Trust Fund into the 21st century. We have given 12 states more flexibility to run their Medicaid programs more efficiently and expand coverage, while maintaining the guarantee of meaningful benefits. When these plans are implemented, two million more Americans will have health insurance because of them. We have given Medicare beneficiaries more health plan choices and increased benefits. We have cracked down on health care waste, fraud, and abuse, saving more than $15 billion in three years. Now we must finish the job -- we can balance the budget while we preserve and strengthen Medicare and Medicaid, protecting millions of middle class families from being overwhelmed by health care costs for their parents, children, or family members with disabilities.\nIn the next four years, we must take further steps to ensure that Americans have access to quality, affordable health care. We should start by making sure that people get help paying premiums so they do not lose health care while they're looking for a new job. We support expanded coverage of home care, hospice, adult day-care, and community-based services, so the elderly and people with disabilities of all ages can live in their own communities and as independently as possible. We are disappointed Congress walked away from bipartisan efforts to provide mental health parity; we believe health insurance coverage for mental health care is vitally important and we support parity for mental health care.\nRetirement. Over the last four years, President Clinton took strong steps to protect the pensions of more than 40 million workers and retirees by fixing the federal pension insurance system and demanding that companies fund their retirement plans fully. We established a nationwide retirement protection program to protect workers' 401K retirement savings from fraud and abuse. We recognize the unique concerns of women when it comes to preparing for retirement and have worked to protect women's pension rights.\nOver the next four years, we want to take further steps to make sure that Americans who have worked hard for their whole lives can enjoy retirement in the dignity and security they have earned. We want to make sure people can carry their pensions with them when they change jobs, protect pensions even further, and expand the number of workers with pension coverage. We will continue to support the Railroad Retirement System. Democrats created Social Security, we oppose efforts to dismantle it, and we will fight to save it. We must ensure that it is on firm financial footing well into the next century. We call on Republicans to put politics aside and join us in a serious bipartisan effort to make sure that Social Security will continue to provide true security for future generations, as it has done for millions of older Americans for decades.\nTraining. We must do more to make sure all Americans have the skills they need to compete. We want a G.I. Bill for Workers to transform the confusing tangle of federal training programs into a simple job-training skill grant that will go directly to unemployed workers so they will be able to get the training that is right for them. We want to strengthen training opportunities for people with disabilities, so they can learn the skills they need to live independent, productive lives.\nStanding up for working Americans. We nearly doubled funding for the dislocated worker program and launched special projects to help workers displaced by base closures, natural disasters, and mass layoffs. We are reforming OSHA so it can do a better job to protect worker safety with less red tape, and we continue to oppose Republican efforts to gut it. We beat back efforts to undermine workers' rights to form and join unions and to dismantle the enforcement powers of the National Labor Relations Board. The Democratic Party is committed to prompt, fair, impartial, protection of workers and the traveling and shipping public by improving the speed, efficiency, authority, and efficacy of the FAA and the FRA. We vigorously oppose Republican efforts to pass Right-to-Work legislation, and we are proud the President vetoed efforts to undermine collective bargaining through the TEAM Act. We are working to eradicate sweatshops in the U.S. apparel industry by stepping up enforcement and public education. We oppose the hiring of permanent workers to replace lawful economic strikers; we support the President's action to stop the government from procuring goods and services from companies that do so; and we support legislation to prohibit the permanent replacement of lawfully striking workers. We believe in equal pay for equal work and pay equity.\nPromoting economic growth and opportunity for all Americans. We know that it is good for America when small, minority, and women-owned businesses have the opportunity to grow and prosper. These business-owners create new jobs, expand opportunities, and serve as powerful role models for young people. Over the last four years, the President has transformed the Small Business Administration to eliminate burdensome paperwork and deliver real assistance to entrepreneurs as they work to start or expand their businesses. At the same time, since Bill Clinton became President, we have more than doubled the number of loans to small businesses, nearly tripled loans to minority businesses, and quadrupled loans to women-owned businesses. The President ordered all federal agencies to comply with laws designed to ensure that small, minority, and women-owned businesses can compete for their fair share of procurement dollars. We are committed to continued efforts to expand opportunity for small, minority, and women business owners.\nClean, affordable energy. Clean, abundant, and reliable energy is essential to a strong American economy. We support investment in research and development to spur domestic energy production and enhance efficiency. New technologies -- natural gas, energy efficiency, renewable energy -- developed in partnership with American industries and scientists are increasing productivity and creating jobs. We believe America should reduce its dependence on foreign energy sources.\nCorporate citizenship. Employers have a responsibility to do their part as well. President Clinton and the Democratic Party stand on the side of working families. We believe that values like loyalty, fairness, and responsibility are not inconsistent with the bottom line. The Democratic Party insists that corporate leaders invest in the long-term, by providing workers with living wages and benefits, education and training, a safe, healthy place to work, and opportunities for greater involvement in company decision making and ownership. Employers must make sure workers share in the benefits of the good years, as well as the burdens of the bad ones. Employers must offer employees the opportunity to share in the profits they help create. Employers must respect the commitment of workers to their families, and must work to provide good pensions and health care. When CEOs put their workers and long-term success ahead of short-term gain, their workers will do better and so will they.\nResponsibility\n\nToday's Democratic Party knows that the era of big government is over. Big bureaucracies and Washington solutions are not the real answers to today's challenges. We need a smaller government . . . and we must have a larger national spirit. Government's job should be to give people the tools they need to make the most of their own lives. Americans must take the responsibility to use them, to build good lives for themselves and their families. Personal responsibility is the most powerful force we have to meet our challenges and shape the future we want for ourselves, for our children, and for America.\nBill Clinton promised to turn things around, and that is exactly what he did. After a long hard fight, President Clinton beat back fierce Republican opposition, led by Senator Dole and Speaker Gingrich, to answer the call of America's police officers and pass the toughest Crime Bill in history. The Democratic Party under President Clinton is putting more police on the streets and tougher penalties on the books; we are taking guns off the streets and working to steer young people away from crime and gangs and drugs in the first place. And it is making a difference. In city after city and town after town, crime rates are finally coming down.\nCommunity policing. Nothing is more effective in the fight against crime than police officers on the beat, engaged in community policing. The Crime Bill is putting 100,000 new police officers on the street. We deplore cynical Republican attempts to undermine our promise to America to put 100,000 new police officers on the street. We pledge to stand up for our communities and stand with our police officers by opposing any attempt to repeal or weaken this effort. But we know that community policing only works when the community works with the police. We echo the President's challenge to Americans: If 50 citizens joined each of America's 20,000 neighborhood watch groups, we would have a citizen force of one million strong to give our police forces the backup they need.\nProtecting our children, our neighborhoods, and our police from criminals with guns. Bob Dole, Newt Gingrich, and George Bush were able to hold the Brady Bill hostage for the gun lobby until Bill Clinton became President. With his leadership, we made the Brady Bill the law of the land. And because we did, more than 60,000 felons, fugitives, and stalkers have been stopped from buying guns. President Clinton led the fight to ban 19 deadly assault weapons, designed for one purpose only -- to kill human beings. We oppose efforts to restrict weapons used for legitimate sporting purposes, and we are proud that not one hunter or sportsman was forced to change guns because of the assault weapons ban. But we know that the military-style guns we banned have no place on America's streets, and we are proud of the courageous Democrats who defied the gun lobby and sacrificed their seats in Congress to make America safer.\nToday's Democratic Party stands with America's police officers. We are proud to tell them that as long as Bill Clinton and Al Gore are in the White House, any attempt to repeal the Brady Bill or assault weapons ban will be met with a veto. We must do everything we can to stand behind our police officers, and the first thing we should do is pass a ban on cop-killer bullets. Any bullet that can rip through a bulletproof vest should be against the law; that is the least we can do to protect the brave police officers who risk their lives to protect us.\nTough punishment. We believe that people who break the law should be punished, and people who commit violent crimes should be punished severely. President Clinton made three-strikes-you're-out the law of the land, to ensure that the most dangerous criminals go to jail for life, with no chance of parole. We established the death penalty for nearly 60 violent crimes, including murder of a law enforcement officer, and we signed a law to limit appeals. The Democratic Party is a party of inclusion, and we respect the conscience of all Americans on this issue.\nWe provided almost $8 billion in new funding to help states build new prison cells so violent offenders serve their full sentences. We call on the states to meet the President's challenge and guarantee that serious violent criminals serve at least 85 percent of their sentence. The American people deserve a criminal justice system in which criminals are caught, the guilty are convicted, and the convicted serve their time.\nFighting youth violence and preventing youth crime. Nothing we do to fight crime is more important than fighting the crime and violence that threatens our children. We have to protect them from criminals who prey on them -- and we have to teach them good values and give them something to say yes to, so they stay away from crime and trouble in the first place.\nThe Democratic Party understands what the police have been saying for years: The best way to fight crime is to prevent it. That is why we fought for drug-education and gang-prevention programs in our schools. We support well thought out, well organized, highly supervised youth programs to provide young people with a safe and healthy alternative to hanging out on the streets. We made it a federal crime for any person under the age of 18 to possess a handgun except when supervised by an adult. Democrats fought to pass, and President Clinton ordered states to impose, zero tolerance for guns in school, requiring schools to expel for one year any student who brings a gun to school.\nAt the same time, when young people cross the line, they must be punished. When young people commit serious violent crimes, they should be prosecuted like adults. We established boot camps for young non-violent offenders. If Senator Dole and the Republicans are serious about fighting juvenile crime, they should listen to America's police officers and support the steps Democrats have taken, because they are making a difference, and then they should join us as we work to do more.\nWe want parents to bring order to their children's lives and teach them right from wrong, and we want to make it easier for them to take that responsibility. We support schools that adopt school uniform policies, to promote discipline and respect. We support community-based curfews to keep kids off the street after a certain time, so they're safe from harm and away from trouble. We urge schools and communities to enforce truancy laws: Young people belong in school, not on the street.\nWe also know that we must do everything we can to help families protect their children, especially from dangerous criminals who have made a dark habit of preying on young people. Study after study shows that sex offenders are likely to repeat their crimes again and again. Under President Clinton, we have taken strong steps to help keep children safe. We required every state in the country to compile a registry of sex offenders. The President signed Megan's Law to require that states tell a community whenever a dangerous sexual predator enters its midst. We support the President's directive to the Attorney General, calling on her to work with the states and Congress to develop a national sex offender registry. This will ensure that police officers in every state can get the information they need from any state to track sex offenders down and bring them to justice when they commit new crimes.\nBattling illegal drugs. We must keep drugs off our streets and out of our schools. President Clinton and the Democratic Party have waged an aggressive war on drugs. The Crime Bill established the death penalty for drug kingpins. The President signed a directive requiring drug testing of anyone arrested for a federal crime, and he challenged states to do the same for state offenders. We established innovative drug courts which force drug users to get treatment or go to jail. We stood firm against Republican efforts to gut the Safe and Drug Free Schools effort that supports successful drug-education programs like D.A.R.E. The Clinton Administration went to the Supreme Court to support the right of schools to test athletes for drugs. The President launched Operation Safe Home to protect the law-abiding residents of public housing from violent criminals and drug dealers who use their homes as a base for illegal activities. We support the President's decision to tell those who commit crimes and peddle drugs in public housing: You will get no second chance to threaten your neighbors; it is one strike and you're out. We are making progress. Overall drug use in America is dropping; the number of Americans who use cocaine has dropped 30 percent since 1992. Unfortunately casual drug use by young people continues to climb. We must redouble our efforts against drug abuse everywhere, especially among our children.\nEarlier this year, the President appointed General Barry McCaffrey to lead the nation's war on drugs. General McCaffrey is implementing an aggressive four part strategy to reach young children and prevent drug use in the first place; to catch and punish drug users and dealers; to provide treatment to those who need help; and to cut drugs off at the source before they cross the border and pollute our neighborhoods. But every adult in America must take responsibility to set a good example, and to teach children that drugs are wrong, they are illegal, and they are deadly.\nWe must do everything we can to make sure that the victims of violent crime are treated with the respect and the dignity they deserve. We support the President's call for a constitutional amendment to protect the rights of victims. We believe that when a plea bargain is entered in public, a criminal is sentenced, or a defendant is let out on bail, the victims ought to know about it, and have a say. A constitutional amendment is the only way to protect those rights in every courtroom in America.\nWe know that citizenship is the cornerstone of full participation in American life. We are proud that the President launched Citizenship USA to help eligible immigrants become United States citizens. The Immigration and Naturalization Service is streamlining procedures, cutting red tape, and using new technology to make it easier for legal immigrants to accept the responsibilities of citizenship and truly call America their home.\nToday's Democratic Party also believes we must remain a nation of laws. We cannot tolerate illegal immigration and we must stop it. For years before Bill Clinton became President, Washington talked tough but failed to act. In 1992, our borders might as well not have existed. The border was under-patrolled, and what patrols there were, were under-equipped. Drugs flowed freely. Illegal immigration was rampant. Criminal immigrants, deported after committing crimes in America, returned the very next day to commit crimes again.\nPresident Clinton is making our border a place where the law is respected and drugs and illegal immigrants are turned away. We have increased the Border Patrol by over 40 percent; in El Paso, our Border Patrol agents are so close together they can see each other. Last year alone, the Clinton Administration removed thousands of illegal workers from jobs across the country. Just since January of 1995, we have arrested more than 1,700 criminal aliens and prosecuted them on federal felony charges because they returned to America after having been deported.\nHowever, as we work to stop illegal immigration, we call on all Americans to avoid the temptation to use this issue to divide people from each other. We deplore those who use the need to stop illegal immigration as a pretext for discrimination. And we applaud the wisdom of Republicans like Mayor Giuliani and Senator Domenici who oppose the mean-spirited and short-sighted effort of Republicans in Congress to bar the children of illegal immigrants from schools -- it is wrong, and forcing children onto the streets is an invitation for them to join gangs and turn to crime. Democrats want to protect American jobs by increasing criminal and civil sanctions against employers who hire illegal workers, but Republicans continue to favor inflammatory rhetoric over real action. We will continue to enforce labor standards to protect workers in vulnerable industries. We continue to firmly oppose welfare benefits for illegal immigrants. We believe family members who sponsor immigrants into this country should take financial responsibility for them, and be held legally responsible for supporting them.\nOver the past four years, President Clinton has dramatically transformed the welfare system. He has freed 43 states from federal rules and regulations so they can reform their welfare systems. The Clinton Administration has granted 77 waivers -- more than twice as many waivers as granted in the Reagan-Bush years. For 75 percent of all Americans on welfare, the rules have changed for good already, and welfare is becoming what it should be: a second chance, not a way of life. Welfare rolls are finally coming down -- there are 1.8 million fewer people on welfare today than there were when President Clinton took office in January 1993.\nWe are proud the President forced Congressional Republicans to abandon their wrong-headed and mean-spirited efforts to punish the poor. Republicans wanted to eliminate the guarantee of health care for the poor, the elderly, and the disabled. They were wrong, and we stopped them. Republicans wanted to destroy the food stamp and school lunch programs that provide basic nutrition to millions of working families and poor children. They were wrong, and we stopped them. Republicans wanted to gut child abuse prevention and foster care. They were wrong, and we stopped them. Republicans wanted to cut off young, unwed mothers -- because they actually thought their children would be better off living in an orphanage. They were dead wrong, and we stopped them. The bill Republicans in Congress passed last year was values-backward -- it was soft on work and tough on children, and we applaud the President for stopping it.\nWe know the new bill passed by Congress is far from perfect -- parts of it should be fixed because they go too far and have nothing to do with welfare reform. First, Republicans cut too far into nutritional assistance for working families with children; we are committed to correcting that. Second, Republicans insisted on using welfare reform as a vehicle to cut off help to legal immigrants. That was wrong. Legal immigrants work hard, pay their taxes, and serve America. It is wrong to single them out for punishment just because they are immigrants. We pledge to make sure that legal immigrant families with children who fall on hard times through no fault of their own can get help when they need it. And we are committed to continuing the President's efforts to make it easier for legal immigrants who are prepared to accept the responsibilities of citizenship to do so.\nBut the new welfare plan gives America an historic chance: to break the cycle of dependency for millions of Americans, and give them a real chance for an independent future. It reflects the principles the President has insisted upon since he started the process that led to welfare reform. Our job now is to make sure this welfare reform plan succeeds, transforming a broken system that holds people down into a working system that lifts people up and gives them a real chance to build a better life. States asked for this responsibility -- now we have to make sure they shoulder it. We must make sure as many people as possible move from welfare to work. We must make sure that children are protected. In addition to health care and nutritional assistance, states should provide in-kind vouchers to children whose parents have reached the time limit. We challenge states to exempt battered women from time limits and other restrictions. We challenge states to ensure that hard-earned, federal taxpayer dollars are spent effectively and fraud and abuse are prevented. We challenge the business community to provide more of the private sector jobs people on welfare need to build good lives and strong families. We know that passing legislation is not enough; we must make sure people get the skills they need to get jobs, and that there are jobs for them to go to so they leave welfare and stay off. We want to make sure welfare reform will put more people to work and move them into the economic mainstream, not take jobs away from working families.\nChild support. Nobody has the right to walk away from the responsibility to care for his or her children. If you owe child support, paying it fully and promptly is just the first step in living up to your responsibility as a parent. The Clinton Administration has made a determined effort to crack down on deadbeat parents, collecting a record $11 billion in 1995 through tough enforcement -- almost a 40 percent increase over 1992. President Clinton issued an Executive Order to track down federal workers who fail to pay child support, and force them to pay. The Clinton Administration is working to put wanted lists of parents who owe child support in the post office and on the Internet. President Clinton and Democrats in Congress insisted that the toughest possible child support enforcement be part of the new welfare reform plan -- including the President's plan to deny drivers licenses and professional licenses to people who do not pay their child support. We are telling deadbeats: If you neglect your responsibility to your children, we will suspend your license, garnish your wages, track you down, and make you pay.\nTeen pregnancy. For the first time in years, the teen pregnancy rate has leveled off and begun to drop. But we all know it is still far too high. Government alone cannot solve this problem. That is why President Clinton challenged community, business, and religious leaders together to form a national campaign to keep the teen pregnancy rate going down. And he expanded support for community-based prevention programs that teach abstinence and demand responsibility. We must send the strongest possible signal to young people that it is wrong to get pregnant or father a child until they are married and ready to support that child and raise that child.\nWe also know that half of all underage mothers were made pregnant by a man in his twenties, or even older. Statutory rape is a crime, but unfortunately the laws that protect young women from it are almost never enforced. We echo the President's call to America's prosecutors: Enforce the statutory rape laws vigorously against men who prey on underage women.\nThe Democratic Party is a party of inclusion. We respect the individual conscience of each American on this difficult issue, and we welcome all our members to participate at every level of our party.\nOur goal is to make abortion less necessary and more rare, not more difficult and more dangerous. We support contraceptive research, family planning, comprehensive family life education, and policies that support healthy childbearing. For four years in a row, we have increased support for family planning. The abortion rate is dropping. Now we must continue to support efforts to reduce unintended pregnancies, and we call on all Americans to take personal responsibility to meet this important goal.\nIn the last four years, President Clinton, working with the National Performance Review chaired by Vice President Gore, has cut the federal government by almost 240,000 positions, making the smallest federal government in 30 years. We did it the right way, treating workers with respect. The federal government is eliminating 16,000 pages of outdated and unnecessary regulations, has abolished 179 programs and projects, and saved taxpayers billions of dollars. The President fought for and signed unfunded mandates legislation. This stops Congress from requiring state and local governments to implement expensive policies without providing any means to pay for them, and encourages better partnerships and more balance of resources and responsibilities. Beginning with Ulysses S. Grant, Presidents have tried to get the line-item veto and failed; President Clinton signed landmark legislation that will give him and his successors this powerful tool to cut pork-barrel spending from bills passed by Congress.\nFor years, Republicans talked about making government smaller while letting it grow -- Democrats are doing it. For years, Republicans talked about cutting the deficit while letting it climb -- Democrats are doing it. For years, Republicans talked about shifting power back to states and communities -- Democrats are doing it. For years, Republicans talked about making government more businesslike and efficient -- Democrats are doing it. Democrats are bringing responsibility back to Washington. In the last two years, Republicans under Senator Dole and Speaker Gingrich shut the federal government down in an irresponsible attempt at partisan blackmail. Democrats under President Clinton said, and America agreed: Partisan threats are no way to run a government. Nobody should ever shut down the government again. The Republican shutdown cost the taxpayers $1.4 billion. Democrats believe government should work better and cost less -- not work less and cost more.\nThe Republican shutdown was an affront to the hardworking public servants in our cities, towns, states, and nation who devote their lives to improving life in our country. Thanks to them our streets are safer, our water is cleaner, and our nation is secure. We condemn Republican tactics to sow cynicism and mistrust by scapegoating those government workers. Front-line federal workers committed to providing quality services have joined the President's efforts to make government work better for the American people. With their help, we are saving money for the taxpayers and improving services for our people. Those workers who are doing more with less deserve our respect and admiration.\nIn the last four years, we have transformed the Federal Emergency Management Agency from an outdated bureaucracy into a swift and effective agent of relief for victims of earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, or other disasters. Americans with life-threatening diseases like cancer and AIDS gain access to new drugs faster, because the Food and Drug Administration has streamlined its approval process, become more flexible in certifications, and eliminated unnecessary paperwork. The Small Business Administration has eliminated half of its regulations, cut loan applications as long as 100 pages down to one, and doubled its loan volume -- all helping Americans to produce record numbers of small businesses in each of the last three years. American homebuyers are saving an average of $1,000 in closing costs because the Department of Housing and Urban Development has eliminated paperwork and other unnecessary burdens.\nOver the next four years, the Democratic Party will continue to make responsibility the rule in Washington: cutting bureaucracy further, improving customer service, demanding better performance, holding people and agencies accountable for producing the best results, ensuring all Americans have access to high quality public services, whether they reside in inner cities, suburbs, or rural communities, and forging new partnerships with the private sector including small, minority, and women-owned businesses, and with state and local governments to enhance opportunities for all Americans from technology to transportation to travel and tourism. We concur with the unanimous findings and recommendations of the Department of Labor Task Force on Excellence in State and Local Government outlining further ways to improve the functions of government through labor-management partnerships.\nShortly after Bill Clinton took office, he implemented the toughest ethics code on executive officials in history: Senior appointees are barred from lobbying their own agencies for five years after they leave, and they can never lobby for foreign governments. After years of Republican delay, Democrats passed and the President signed the Motor Voter Bill to make it easier for people to participate in our democracy and exercise their civic responsibility in the voting booth. The President led the fight to repeal the tax loophole that let lobbyists deduct the cost of their activities, and prevailed. In 1995, after a Republican filibuster, Congress finally answered the President's call to stop taking gifts, meals, and trips from lobbyists; to bring lobbyists out from dark rooms and into the bright light of public scrutiny by requiring full disclosure; and to apply to itself the laws that apply to the rest of the country.\nBut we must take further strong action. The President and the Democratic Party support the bipartisan McCain-Feingold campaign finance reform bill. It will limit campaign spending, curb the influence of PACs and lobbyists, and end the soft money system. Perhaps most important of all, this bill provides free TV time for candidates, so they can talk directly to citizens about real issues and real ideas. Unfortunately, Republicans in Congress will not even let this bill come up for a vote. We call on them to stop stonewalling. It is time to take the reins of democracy away from big money and put them back in the hands of the American people, where they belong. We applaud efforts by broadcasters and private citizens alike, to increase candidates' direct access to voters through free TV.\nFinally, we believe all Americans have a right to fair political representation -- including the citizens of the District of Columbia who deserve full self-governance, political representation, and statehood. We recognize the existing status of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the strong economic relationship between the people of Puerto Rico and the United States. We pledge to support the right of the people of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico to choose freely, and in concert with the U.S. Congress, their relationship with the United States, either as an enhanced commonwealth, a state, or an independent nation. We support fair participation for Puerto Rico in federal programs and are committed to providing effective incentives for investment based on preserving and creating jobs in the islands. We pledge just and fair treatment under federal policies to the peoples of American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Virgin Islands; we respect their right to be consulted on policies that affect them directly, and to choose freely their future political status; and we will continue to work with Guam to reach agreement on establishing a Commonwealth of Guam.\nSecurity, Freedom, and Peace\n\nThe firm, sustained use of American might and diplomacy helped win the greatest victory for freedom in this half of the century -- the end of the Cold War. But to meet the challenges of this new era of promise and peril, America needed leadership that was able to see the contours of the new world -- and willing to act with steadiness, strength, and flexibility in the face of change to make the most of it.\nPresident Clinton and Vice President Gore have seized the opportunities of the post Cold War era. Over the past four years, their leadership has made America safer, more prosperous, and more engaged in solving the challenges of a new era.\nFour years ago, thousands of Russian nuclear weapons were aimed at American cities. Today, not a single Russian missile points at our children, and through the START treaties, we will cut American and Russian nuclear arsenals by two-thirds from their Cold War height.\nFour years ago, the forces of reform in the former Soviet Union were embattled. Today, U.S. initiatives are helping democracy and free markets take root throughout the region, Russian troops are out of the Baltics, and democracy has triumphed in Russia's elections.\nFour years ago, the Middle East process had not moved beyond a set of principles, and there were no signs of peace in Northern Ireland. Today, in the Middle East we have seen real agreements toward peace, and handshakes of history, and the people of Northern Ireland have seen a 17 month cease-fire and historic negotiations among the parties.\nFour years ago, the North Koreans were operating a dangerous nuclear program. Today, that program is frozen, under international inspection, and slated to be dismantled.\nFour years ago, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization -- the bulwark of Western security during the Cold War -- was losing direction and support. Today, NATO is keeping the peace in Bosnia with its Partnership for Peace allies and, as a result of American leadership, preparing to welcome new members from Central Europe.\nFour years ago, America stood aloof as war and genocide spread through the former Yugoslavia. Today, thanks to NATO airstrikes, American diplomacy and the deployment of troops from the U.S. and other nations, the war has stopped and Bosnia has its first real chance for a lasting peace.\nFour years ago, dictators ruled in Haiti, abusing human rights and leaving thousands of its citizens desperate to flee to our shores. Today, the dictators are gone, democracy has been restored, and Haiti's mass-exodus has stopped.\nFour years ago, South Africa was struggling under political violence associated with apartheid. Now, following the 1994 elections -- which the United States strongly supported -- there is a national unity government and South Africa is free and democratic.\nFour years ago, there was good reason to worry that the world was dividing into separate, isolated, regional trading blocks. Today, thanks to Clinton Administration efforts to find new markets for American products and strengthen our existing ties, America's relations with our trading parties around the world are stronger than ever. We applaud efforts like the Summit of the Americas, the Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation meetings, and, especially, the extraordinary leadership of Commerce Secretary Ron Brown on behalf of American industry and workers everywhere. Ron Brown will always be remembered with great pride and the deepest gratitude by the Democratic Party and by all Americans.\nThe Clinton-Gore Administration's record of leadership has deterred America's adversaries and earned respect from our allies and partners. The Dole-Gingrich Congress and the Republican Party have a different approach to America's security. Too often they would force America to go it alone -- or not at all. Their shortsighted approach has cut resources for diplomacy that could strengthen our security, and reflects an inadequate understanding of the threats and opportunities of this new era.\nToday's Democratic Party is unwilling to surrender to the voices of retreat and indifference. We believe the only way to ensure America's security and prosperity over the long run is to continue exerting American leadership across a range of military, diplomatic, and humanitarian, challenges around the world. Led by President Clinton and Vice President Gore, today's Democratic Party has set a far reaching agenda to strengthen our security, and promote peace and freedom.\nToday's Democratic Party is committed to strengthening our military and adapting it to new challenges; reducing the threat of weapons of mass destruction; and meeting new challenges to our security such as terrorism, international crime, and drug trafficking.\nStrengthening our military. Over the past four years, the Administration has undertaken the most successful restructuring of our military forces in history. Even as the size of our forces has decreased, their capabilities, readiness and qualitative edge have increased. The Administration has ensured that America is prepared to fight alongside others when we can, and alone when we must. We have defeated attempts to cut our defense budget irresponsibly. Three times in three years, President Clinton has increased our defense spending plans -- a total of almost $50 billion -- for readiness, force modernization, and quality of life improvements. We will continue our work to ensure that the men and women who wear American uniforms receive adequate pay and support, including: childcare, education, housing, access to quality health care for themselves and their families, and protection against sexual harassment. The Administration defense plan reverses the downward trend in procurement with a 40% real increase for weapons modernization by 2001. At the same time, as part of its reinventing government program, the Administration has fundamentally reformed government procurement rules in order to get the most for our money. We should also work to increase our efforts to convert unnecessary or obsolete military facilities to serve important economic needs of local communities and, while maintaining military readiness, to continue our initiatives to make our defense industrial base and products applicable to domestic commercial markets.\nRepeatedly during the past four years -- from the Persian Gulf to Bosnia -- our men and women in uniform have proven they are the best trained, best equipped, best prepared fighting force in the world. The Democratic Party is committed to build on this record by fully funding the Pentagon's 5-year defense plan; undertaking a second fundamental review of our defense structure; finding new ways for our service branches to work jointly to increase our war fighting capabilities; and ensuring that our troops can dominate the battlefield of the future.\nWe honor America's veterans; they put their lives on the line to protect our way of life and promote our values around the world. Today's Democratic Party will stand by America's duty to our veterans. President Clinton and Vice President Gore have fought hard to protect veterans' benefits; to expand disability benefits for Vietnam veterans exposed to Agent Orange; aggressively responding to veterans of the Persian Gulf War suffering from undiagnosed illnesses; promoting veterans employment; and improving and strengthening the medical system of the Department of Veterans Affairs.\nReducing the threat of weapons of mass destruction. Strengthening our security also requires an aggressive effort against weapons of mass destruction -- nuclear, chemical, and biological -- and their means of delivery. From the nuclear weapons programs in Iraq and North Korea to the Sarin gas attack in the Tokyo subway, our nation has seen that this threat is clear and present. To meet it, we must seize the opportunities presented by the end of the Cold War to cut weapons of mass destruction stockpiles while working to prevent lethal weapons and materials from falling into the wrong hands.\nPresident Clinton and Vice President Gore have pursued the most far reaching arms control and non-proliferation agenda in history. They negotiated an agreement to end the targeting of Russian nuclear missiles on American cities and citizens. They secured ratification of START II which, along with START I, will reduce Russian and American arsenals by two-thirds. They prevented the breakup of the Soviet Union from yielding three new nuclear weapons states, by convincing Ukraine, Belarus, and Kazakhstan to give up the nuclear weapons left on their territories when the Soviet Union collapsed. They secured the indefinite and unconditional extension of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. They acted to freeze North Korea's nuclear program.\nThe Democratic Party supports efforts to sign a Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty this year and to bring it into force as soon as possible. We support immediate ratification of the Chemical Weapons Convention -- delayed too long by the Dole Senate. We support full funding of the Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction program to eliminate former Soviet nuclear and chemical weapons and support funds to ensure that nuclear materials in the former Soviet Union are secure and do not fall into the wrong hands. We support vigilant efforts, in cooperation with the Republic of Korea, Japan, and others, to ensure North Korea fully abides by its agreements to dismantle its nuclear program, and we support the Administration's vigorous efforts to prevent Iraq, Iran, and other dangerous states from acquiring or developing weapons of mass destruction.\nThe Democratic Party is committed to a strong and balanced National Missile Defense (NMD) program. The Administration is spending $3 billion a year on six different systems to protect our troops in the field and our allies from short and medium range missiles. To prepare for the possibility of a long range missile attack on American soil by a rogue state, the Clinton Administration is committed to developing by the year 2000 a defensive system that could be deployed by 2003, well before the threat becomes real. The Democratic Party opposes the Republican NMD plan -- spending up to $60 billion on a revival of the Star Wars program that would force us to choose a costly system today that could be obsolete tomorrow. The Republican plan would waste money, weaken America's defenses and violate existing arms control agreements that make us more secure. It is the wrong way to defend America.\nMeeting new challenges. Today's Democratic Party knows that stronger security requires vigorous efforts to address the new dangers of this era. Chief among these are the interwoven threats of terrorism, drug trafficking, and international crime. We have seen the terrible toll they have exacted -- the murder of American soldiers in their barracks in Saudi Arabia and of innocent civilians on buses in Israel; corruption and crime from the former Soviet Union to Latin America. We know these vicious criminals may come from within or without and pay no heed to borders; we have seen firsthand the awful, evil work of the forces of terror at the World Trade Center and in Oklahoma City. And we know all too well the havoc drugs wreak when they cross our borders and flow through our neighborhoods.\nThe Clinton-Gore Administration has mounted the most aggressive effort in American history to combat terrorism, drug trafficking, and international crime. We captured and convicted the perpetrators of the World Trade Center bombing. We enacted a strong new anti-terrorism law, in spite of foot dragging by the Republican Congress; now, President Clinton and Democrats are fighting to take further steps to protect American citizens. We convened an historic summit of Mideast leaders at Sharm el-Sheik to coordinate anti-terrorism efforts, and made anti-terrorism a centerpiece of the 1996 G-7 summit. We imposed or maintained strong sanctions against states that sponsor terrorism, including Iran, Iraq, Libya, and Sudan, and made clear to Syria that normal relations depend on concrete steps to end its support for groups involved with terrorism. We opposed irresponsible cuts to U.S. intelligence programs and supported efforts to reorganize and strengthen the full range of intelligence agencies and programs. We opened FBI centers to provide anti-crime and anti-terrorism training. We made Colombia ineligible for most American assistance after that country's leadership failed to cooperate with American anti-narcotics efforts.\nOur three front war on terrorism -- abroad, through greater cooperation with our allies; at home, by giving law enforcement the most powerful tools available to fight terrorism; and in our airports and on airplanes, through tough air travel security measures -- is producing results. President Clinton asked the Vice President to chair a commission on the future of air traffic security and safety. We will work to increase the security of our air travel system, the safety of our airplanes, and the safety and security of our air traffic control system.\nToday's Democratic Party is determined to keep the war on global terrorism, narcotics, and crime at the center of our security agenda. We will seek increased cooperation from our allies and friends abroad in fighting these threats. We will continue to work aggressively to shut off foreign drug flows, eradicate foreign drug crops, and assist countries that demonstrate active cooperation.\nThe Democratic Party believes a key to strengthening peace is stable and peaceful relations among the world's major powers. That has been the driving force behind much of the Clinton-Gore Administration's work, from its peace initiative in Bosnia to new security agreements with Japan. We are committed to promoting democracy in regions and countries important to America's security, and to standing with all those willing to take risks for peace, from the Middle East to Northern Ireland, where President Clinton was the first U.S. president to engage directly in the search for peace, including making an historic visit to Northern Ireland. And we are committed to doing it with all the tools we have: with diplomacy where possible, with force where necessary, and working with others where appropriate -- our allies, willing partners, the U.N. and other security organizations -- to share the risks and costs of our leadership.\nEurope and the former Soviet Union. Today's Democratic Party knows that the security of Europe remains a vital American interest, and that we must remain engaged in Europe, a region in which we have fought the two world wars and the Cold War this century. It is our vision to see, one day, a community of free, democratic, and peaceful nations, bound by political, security, cultural, and economic ties, spanning across North America and Europe. We applaud the Clinton-Gore Administration's efforts to foster a peaceful, democratic and undivided Europe -- including expanded support for reform in former communist states; dramatically increased assistance to Ukraine; the Partnership for Peace program of military cooperation with Europe's new democracies; its steady, determined work to add new Central European members to NATO in the near future; and its efforts to resolve regional disputes such as between Greece and Turkey. We support continued efforts to secure a just and lasting peace in Bosnia, Northern Ireland and Cyprus. We are committed to the success of independence in Ukraine and the Baltics. And we support the continuing evolution of a prosperous and peaceful Russia. And as part of our effort to support we will pursue a relationship in which we seek cooperation when we can, and frankly express disagreements where they exist, such as on Chechnya.\nAsia. We know that many of America's most pressing security challenges and most promising commercial opportunities lie in the Asia Pacific region. The Democratic Party applauds the important new security charter with Japan, the Administration's close cooperation with the Republic of Korea toward the goal of a unified and non-nuclear peninsula, and the deployment of an American naval task force to the Taiwan Straits to ensure that China's military exercises did not imperil the security of the region. The Party supports the Administration's policy of steady engagement to encourage a stable, secure, open and prosperous China -- a China that respects human rights throughout its land and in Tibet, that joins international efforts against weapons proliferation, and that plays by the rules of free and fair trade. Today's Democratic Party strongly supports continued American troop presence in East Asia and efforts to promote increased regional security. And we are committed to building long-term relationships with India, Pakistan, and others in South Asia in order to advance America's diverse interests in that region, from democracy and commerce to nuclear non-proliferation.\nThe Middle East. President Clinton has overseen a remarkable record of achievement toward peace and security in the Middle East -- the Israeli-Palestinian accords; the peace agreement between Israel and Jordan; new regional security and investment summits; Israel's increased acceptance throughout the Middle East and the world; the dual containment of Iraq and Iran. The Democratic Party is committed to help build on this record, knowing that peace and security are indivisible, and supports the efforts by the Clinton-Gore Administration to achieve a comprehensive and lasting peace among Israel and all its neighbors, including Lebanon and Syria. The Democratic Party remains committed to America's long-standing special relationship with Israel, based on shared values, a mutual commitment to democracy and a strategic alliance that benefits both nations. The United States should continue to help Israel maintain its qualitative edge. Jerusalem is the capital of Israel and should remain an undivided city accessible to people of all faiths. We are also committed to working with our Arab partners for peace to build a brighter, more secure and prosperous future for all the people of the Middle East. To that end, we seek to further and enhance our close ties with states and peoples in the Arab and Islamic world committed to non-aggression and willing to take risks for peace.\nLatin America and the Caribbean. The Clinton-Gore Administration forged an historic partnership with the democracies of the Western Hemisphere, as reflected in the 1994 Summit of the Americas. Today, every country in the Hemisphere is a democracy except Cuba. Because democratic stability and prosperity in the countries to our south are in our interest and theirs, President Clinton took bold steps to bolster Mexico's economy when it was threatened by crisis; worked to resolve internal and border conflicts in the Hemisphere; joined with regional partners to combat narcotics trafficking; and tightened the tough sanctions against the repressive Castro regime and those who support that regime, while reaching out to the people of Cuba in their quest for democracy, human rights, and freedom. The Democratic Party is committed to further consolidating democracy, stability, and open markets throughout the hemisphere.\nAfrica. The Clinton Administration championed South Africa's democratic transition; supported Africa's many emerging democracies and led international efforts to speed the return of democracy in Nigeria; helped save countless lives in Somalia, Rwanda, and elsewhere through conflict resolution, removal of landmines, and humanitarian relief; and took steps to help sub-Saharan Africa's 700 million people develop into strong economies and markets. The Democratic Party believes that continuing to help the people of Africa nurture their continent's extraordinary potential and address its serious problems is both the right thing to do and profoundly in America's interest.\nPromoting democracy. America remains a beacon of hope to all who cherish democracy and human rights, and America's security benefits from the enlargement of the community of market democracies. The Clinton-Gore Administration has actively promoted the consolidation and spread of democracy and human rights: in Russia and throughout the former Soviet Union, Central Europe, Latin America, Asia and Africa. President Clinton directed Vice President Gore to lead bi-national efforts to establish trading relationships to help promote democracy in three strategic areas: Russia, South Africa, and Egypt. The Democratic Party supports the aspirations of all those who seek to strengthen civil society and accountable governance. To this end, we support the MacBride Principles of equal access to regional employment in Northern Ireland. We are committed to the human rights and well-being of Jewish people and other minorities in the countries of the former Soviet Union. We support continued funding for the National Endowment for Democracy, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, the Asia Pacific Network, Radio Marti and other efforts to promote democracy and the free flow of ideas. We recognize the Information Age offers new opportunities and responsibilities for our democracy and diplomacy that we must seize and meet.\nResources for diplomacy. There is a price to be paid for America's security and its leadership in world affairs -- and the Republican Party now refuses to pay that price. Even though less than one percent of the federal budget goes to foreign policy spending, the Republican Party has savaged our diplomatic readiness, defaulted on treaty obligations to pay dues to the United Nations, slashed assistance to the poorest and most vulnerable populations on earth, and pushed the United States to dead last among developed nations in the global fight against starvation, infant mortality, natural disasters and environmental degradation and other worldwide problems. The Democratic Party is committed to resist these irresponsible cuts that undermine our security and America's ability to lead. We are committed to strengthen our security and express our values, by strongly supporting the Clinton-Gore Administration's work to ensure adequate resources for American foreign policy.\nCommunity\n\nAcross America, in far too many places, the bonds of community that tie us together and remind us that we rise or fall together, have too often frayed. Today's Democratic Party believes we must reawaken the strong sense of community that has helped America to prosper for 220 years. America is uniquely suited to lead the world into the 21st century because of our great diversity and our shared values. We must never let our differences divide us from each other; instead we must come together on a new common ground, based on the enduring values we share. When Americans work together -- in our homes, our schools, our houses of worship, our civic groups, our businesses, labor unions and professional associations -- we can meet any challenge, and realize every dream.\nStanding up for parents. In the first month of Bill Clinton's Presidency, the Democratic Party ended eight years of Republican gridlock and enacted the Family and Medical Leave Act. Americans blessed with a new child or troubled by a family health crisis can no longer be forced to choose between their families and their jobs. A bipartisan panel reported that 12 million workers have already been able to live up to their family obligations without risking their jobs. And almost 90 percent of businesses found that complying with this law cost them little or nothing. Despite how important this is to American families, Senator Dole led Republican opposition to it and still insists it was wrong. This law is good for families, it is good for America, and it would not be the law today without the Democratic Party. President Clinton fought for and secured tax credits to encourage adoption, and stood firm against Republican attempts to undermine adoption assistance.\nNow we want to take the next step. We believe parents should be able to take unpaid leave from work and choose flex time so they can do their job as parents: to do things like go to parent-teacher conferences or take a child to the doctor. We challenge employers to plan and schedule work to allow parents to have time with their children and to afford employees the opportunity to see their families.\nResponsible entertainment. President Clinton and Vice President Gore have led the fight to help parents control what their children see on television. Because of their leadership, Congress passed a law requiring all new televisions to include a device called a V-chip that will block violent programs when it is activated by an adult. Senator Dole likes to talk about TV violence, but when it came time to act, he stood with a small minority to oppose the bipartisan V-chip bill. The President achieved a breakthrough agreement with the media and entertainment industries to develop a rating system for TV shows similar to the motion picture rating system, so parents can make informed decisions about what they want their children to watch. When parents control the remote, it is not censorship, it is personal responsibility for their children's upbringing.\nWe believe in public support for the arts, including the National Endowment for the Arts and the National Endowment for the Humanities. Public and private investment in the arts and humanities and the institutions that support them is an investment in the education of our children, the strength of our economy, and the quality of American life. We support high-quality, family-friendly programming. America is the leading exporter of intellectual property built on a strong foundation of artistic freedom. We are proud to have stopped the Republican attack on the Corporation for Public Broadcasting -- we want our children to watch Sesame Street, not Power Rangers. And we echo the President's call to the entertainment industry: Work harder to develop and promote movies, music, and TV shows that are suitable -- and educational -- for children. President Clinton has revived and restored the Consumer Product Safety Commission as an effective guardian of children and families in and around their homes. We will continue to work with industry and consumers to protect children and other Americans from dangerous toys and hazardous products.\nTobacco. Cigarette smoking is rapidly becoming the single greatest threat to the health of our children. We know that 3,000 young people start smoking every day, and 1,000 of them will lead shorter lives because of it. Despite that, Senator Dole and other Republicans continue to ignore volumes of medical research to make baffling claims that cigarettes are not addictive. They even argue with distinguished Republican experts like President Reagan's Surgeon General C. Everett Koop. President Clinton and Vice President Gore understand that we have a responsibility to protect our children's future by cracking down on illegal sales of tobacco to minors and by curbing sophisticated advertising campaigns designed to entice kids to start smoking before they are old enough to make an informed decision. The President has proposed measures to cut off children's access to cigarettes, crack down on those who sell tobacco to minors illegally, and curtail advertising designed to appeal to children. Tobacco companies may market to adults if they wish, but they must take the responsibility to draw the line on children.\nEncouraging private sector investment, and community-based solutions. After over a decade of sustained Republican neglect and empty Republican promises, President Clinton and Democrats in Congress launched a comprehensive strategy to unleash economic growth and restore opportunity to our distressed neighborhoods. Without a single Republican vote, we created 105 Empowerment Zones and Enterprise Communities. This effort, chaired by Vice President Gore, is bringing jobs and businesses to our poorest urban and rural areas. Thousands of new businesses have already moved into these areas, or expanded existing operations, bringing new hope and new jobs to these neighborhoods. We reformed the Community Reinvestment Act to shift the focus from process toward results; we implemented low income mortgage purchase requirements on Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac; and we created a Community Development Financial Institutions Fund. Together, these efforts are unleashing billions of dollars in new private sector lending and investment for housing and economic development in our inner cities and poorest rural areas. The President and Vice President have created a brownfields initiative to bring life back to abandoned and contaminated property by reforming outdated regulations and providing incentives for cleanup.\nOver the next four years, we want a second round of Empowerment Zones to bring economic growth to more American communities; a significant expansion of the Community Development Financial Institutions Fund to spur more private sector investment in local economies; and a new tax incentive to encourage further cleanup and redevelopment of brownfields. We are committed to American cities. We believe that vast opportunities for private investment exist in America's cities. We want to leverage federal investment to maximize private sector investments in our urban centers and support a comprehensive approach to urban problems. Today's Democratic Party knows that the best way to bring jobs and growth back to our poorest neighborhoods is to harness the job-creating power of the private sector.\nHelping people afford safe, secure housing. Safe, secure housing is an essential part of strong communities and strong families. We are proud that after four years of a Democrat in the White House, the percentage of people who own their own house climbed faster than it has in 30 years. Bill Clinton took executive action to make it easier and cheaper for working and middle-class homebuyers to get a home loan. We pledge to stand against Republican efforts to repeal the deductibility of home mortgage interest payments. Fulfilling his 1992 pledge, President Clinton made the low-income housing tax credit permanent, encouraging private developers to build more affordable housing. This tax credit is making it easier for families to get housing, and we will stand against Republican attacks on it.\nThe Clinton Administration has made sweeping changes to transform the nation's public housing system after decades of neglect. In the last four years, Democrats demolished more units of unlivable public housing than Republicans did in the previous twelve years, replacing them with lower-density developments that can serve as anchors for neighborhood renewal. In the next four years, we want to transform the worst public housing from a system that traps people in rundown, crime-ridden projects into one which gives families the freedom to choose where they live by providing vouchers to help them with housing costs. We have dramatically increased help for the homeless, and shifted focus from temporary shelters toward permanent solutions designed to move people back into the mainstream, into jobs and a home of their own.\nThe Republican Congress, under Senator Dole and Speaker Gingrich, voted to cut environmental enforcement resources by 25 percent. President Clinton and Democrats in Congress said no. We believe government has a responsibility to enforce the laws that help keep toxic chemicals from our water, pesticides from our food, and smog from our air.\nThe Republican Congress, under Senator Dole and Speaker Gingrich, let lobbyists for the polluters write their own loopholes into bills to weaken laws that protect the health and safety of our children. President Clinton and Democrats in Congress said no. We believe America's elected officials have a responsibility to protect America's families from threats to their health, and that trust must never be abdicated -- especially not by placing control of environmental safeguards in the hands of the very polluters those safeguards are meant to keep in line.\nThe Republican Congress, under Senator Dole and Speaker Gingrich, tried to make taxpayers pick up the tab for toxic wastes, and let polluters who caused the problem and can afford to fix it off the hook. President Clinton and Democrats in Congress said no. We believe America should insist that toxic waste cleanup is paid for by those responsible for it in the first place -- and not foisted off on the taxpayers.\nIn the last four years, President Clinton and Vice President Gore have taken strong action to make our air and water cleaner. They reformed the Superfund program -- in each of the last two years nearly as many toxic dumps were cleaned as in the previous decade. They dramatically strengthened Community Right-to-Know efforts, because Americans should be informed about toxic chemicals being released into the air and water so they can take steps to protect themselves and their families. They took measures to cut toxic air pollution from chemical plants by 90 percent, and after years of Republican neglect they cleaned up hundreds of nuclear weapons sites and are committed to finishing the job.\nEnvironmental protection should include more education on compliance for small and medium sized business, more strategies to increase compliance for all businesses, and tough enforcement -- including criminal prosecution -- for those who put human health and the environment at risk.\nWe are committed to protecting the majestic legacy of our National Parks and enhancing recreational opportunities. We are determined to continue working to restore the Florida Everglades, to preserve our wildlife refuges, and to fight any effort to open the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil and gas drilling. We will be good stewards of our old-growth forests, oppose new offshore oil drilling and mineral exploration and production in our nation's many environmentally critical areas, and protect our oceans from oil spills and the dumping of toxic and radioactive waste.\nThe President and Vice President announced an historic partnership with the Big Three American automakers to develop the technology to produce cars up to three times more fuel efficient than those made today -- cleaner cars for a cleaner environment. We will continue to support responsible recycling, and encourage energy efficiency that makes our economy more efficient and less reliant on foreign oil. We believe that adequate investments in better mass transit, cleaner cars, and renewable energy sources are good for the environment and good for the economy.\nAfter years in which Republicans neglected the global environment, the Clinton Administration has made America a leader in the fight to meet environmental challenges that transcend national borders and require global cooperation. The Clinton-Gore Administration led the world in calling for a global ban on ocean-dumping of low-level radioactive waste and for a legally binding treaty to phase out persistent organic pollutants such as DDT and PCBs. We will seek a strong international agreement to further reduce greenhouse gas emissions worldwide and protect our global climate. We are committed to preserving the planet's biodiversity, repairing the depleted ozone layer, and working with other nations to stabilize population growth.\nDemocrats recognize that sustainable development is the key to protecting the environment and promoting economic growth. That is why the Clinton-Gore Administration has reformed our foreign aid programs to focus on sustainable development. At home, Democrats know that sound economic development means sound environmental protection.\nFighting discrimination and protecting civil rights. Today's Democratic Party knows we must renew our efforts to stamp out discrimination and hatred of every kind, wherever and whenever we see it. We deplore the recent wave of burnings that has targeted African-American churches in the South, as well as other houses of worship across the country, and we have established a special task force to help local communities catch and prosecute those responsible, prevent further arsons, and rebuild their churches. We believe everyone in America should learn English so they can fully share in our daily life, but we strongly oppose divisive efforts like English-only legislation, designed to erect barriers between us and force people away from the culture and heritage of which they are rightly proud. The Clinton Administration is committed to strengthening the government-to-government relationship between the federal government and the American Indian and Alaska Native tribal governments. The President will continue implementation of the Self-Governance/Self-Determination Act amendments which he signed in 1994 that will eventually open up the self-governance program to all tribal governments who wish to participate, giving these governments full control of where and how certain federal resources are spent on their reservations. We must remember we do not have an American to waste. We continue to lead the fight to end discrimination on the basis of race, gender, religion, age, ethnicity, disability, and sexual orientation. The Democratic Party has always supported the Equal Rights Amendment, and we are committed to ensuring full equality for women and to vigorously enforce the Americans with Disabilities Act. We support continued efforts, like the Employment Non-Discrimination Act, to end discrimination against gay men and lesbians and further their full inclusion in the life of the nation. Over the last four years, President Clinton and the Democrats have worked aggressively to enforce the letter and spirit of civil rights law. The President and Vice President remain committed to an Administration that looks like America, and we are proud of the Administration's extraordinary judicial appointments -- they are both more diverse and more qualified than any previous Administration. We know there is still more we can do to ensure equal opportunity for all Americans, so all people willing to work hard can build a strong future. President Clinton is leading the way to reform affirmative action so that it works, it is improved, and promotes opportunity, but does not accidentally hold others back in the process. Senator Dole has promised to end affirmative action. He's wrong, and the President is right. When it comes to affirmative action, we should mend it, not end it.\nReligious freedom. Today's Democratic Party understands that all Americans have a right to express their faith. The Constitution prohibits the state establishment of religion, and it protects the free exercise of religion. The President fought for and signed the Religious Freedom Restoration Act, to reaffirm the great protection the Constitution gives to religious expression, and to recognize the historic role people of faith have played in America. Americans have a right to express their love of God in public, and we applaud the President's work to ensure that children are not denied private religious expression in school. Whenever the religious rights of our children -- or any American -- are threatened, we will stand against it.\nResponsibility to our community and our country. Today's Democratic Party believes every American has a duty and a responsibility to give something back to their community and their country. In the past three years, 45,000 Americans have performed national service as part of the AmeriCorps program President Clinton and the Democrats fought so hard to create -- and we applaud those Republicans who joined a bipartisan effort to preserve AmeriCorps when Speaker Gingrich\"s House tried to kill it.\nWe applaud the American spirit of voluntarism and charity. As we balance the budget, we must work even harder in our own lives to live up to the duties we owe one another. We must shrink the government, but we cannot shrink from our challenges. We believe every school and college in America should make service a part of its basic ethic, and we want to expand national service by helping communities give scholarships to high school students for community service. We challenge Americans in all walks of life to make a new commitment to taking responsibility for themselves, their families, their communities, and their country.\nIf we do our job, we will make the next American century as great as each one that has come before it. We will enter the 21st century with the American Dream alive for all, with America still the world's strongest force for peace and freedom, and with the American community coming together, enriched by our diversity and stronger than ever.\nAmerica's best days lie ahead, as we renew our historic pledge to uphold and advance the promise of America -- One nation, under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.", "Words" -> 15667, "WordCounts" -> <|"the" -> 788, "to" -> 734, "and" -> 719, "of" -> 341, "in" -> 240, "a" -> 212, "We" -> 210, "for" -> 210, "that" -> 184, "we" -> 173, "our" -> 160, "is" -> 139, "are" -> 115, "President" -> 105, "have" -> 101, "their" -> 96, "The" -> 95, "on" -> 92, "with" -> 91, "it" -> 89, "from" -> 80, "they" -> 79, "by" -> 79, "Clinton" -> 75, "American" -> 75, "years" -> 71, "Party" -> 71, "Democratic" -> 67, "people" -> 64, "has" -> 60, "more" -> 57, "America" -> 57, "all" -> 57, "will" -> 55, "new" -> 55, "must" -> 54, "support" -> 53, 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"40" -> 5, "1992" -> 5, "world's" -> 4, "works" -> 4, "women-owned" -> 4, "water" -> 4, "wage" -> 4, "vote" -> 4, "violence" -> 4, "victims" -> 4, "unnecessary" -> 4, "turn" -> 4, "troops" -> 4, "tried" -> 4, "trafficking" -> 4, "tools" -> 4, "today's" -> 4, "times" -> 4, "These" -> 4, "Tax" -> 4, "tape" -> 4, "systems" -> 4, "supporting" -> 4, "successful" -> 4, "success" -> 4, "student" -> 4, "strongly" -> 4, "stronger" -> 4, "strengthening" -> 4, "street" -> 4, "stood" -> 4, "start" -> 4, "special" -> 4, "smaller" -> 4, "shut" -> 4, "sex" -> 4, "Security" -> 4, "same" -> 4, "said" -> 4, "safer" -> 4, "Safe" -> 4, "Rico" -> 4, "repeal" -> 4, "remain" -> 4, "religious" -> 4, "reflects" -> 4, "red" -> 4, "readiness" -> 4, "range" -> 4, "Puerto" -> 4, "prosperous" -> 4, "potential" -> 4, "poorest" -> 4, "peaceful" -> 4, "pass" -> 4, "partnerships" -> 4, "partners" -> 4, "outdated" -> 4, "opposition" -> 4, "Opportunity" -> 4, "oil" -> 4, "office" -> 4, "never" -> 4, "neglect" -> 4, "nearly" -> 4, "nation's" -> 4, "men" -> 4, "long-term" -> 4, "legal" -> 4, "leave" -> 4, "leaders" -> 4, "Korea" -> 4, "just" -> 4, "joined" -> 4, "join" -> 4, "Iraq" -> 4, "insisted" -> 4, "immigration" -> 4, "if" -> 4, "honor" -> 4, "homes" -> 4, "helped" -> 4, "hands" -> 4, "goal" -> 4, "General" -> 4, "gas" -> 4, "fraud" -> 4, "forward" -> 4, "forced" -> 4, "firm" -> 4, "finding" -> 4, "express" -> 4, "existing" -> 4, "ever" -> 4, "essential" -> 4, "especially" -> 4, "equal" -> 4, "Employers" -> 4, "eliminated" -> 4, "elderly" -> 4, "efficient" -> 4, "efficiency" -> 4, "Dole-Gingrich" -> 4, "disabilities" -> 4, "deserve" -> 4, "democracies" -> 4, "countries" -> 4, "could" -> 4, "compete" -> 4, "community-based" -> 4, "coming" -> 4, "classroom" -> 4, "civil" -> 4, "borders" -> 4, "border" -> 4, "big" -> 4, "based" -> 4, "barriers" -> 4, "attempt" -> 4, "At" -> 4, "assault" -> 4, "anti-terrorism" -> 4, "already" -> 4, "aggressive" -> 4, "agencies" -> 4, "again" -> 4, "After" -> 4, "afford" -> 4, "adult" -> 4, "adequate" -> 4, "across" -> 4, "abroad" -> 4, "youth" -> 3, "worker" -> 3, "With" -> 3, "why" -> 3, "weaken" -> 3, "watch" -> 3, "wages" -> 3, "vigorously" -> 3, "urban" -> 3, "understand" -> 3, "Ukraine" -> 3, "Treaty" -> 3, "travel" -> 3, "transformed" -> 3, "transform" -> 3, "trading" -> 3, "track" -> 3, "toughest" -> 3, "ties" -> 3, "thousands" -> 3, "things" -> 3, "There" -> 3, "tell" -> 3, "taking" -> 3, "taken" -> 3, "sweeping" -> 3, "strongest" -> 3, "Strengthening" -> 3, "step" -> 3, "START" -> 3, "Start" -> 3, "spirit" -> 3, "Social" -> 3, "smoking" -> 3, "size" -> 3, "shows" -> 3, "sexual" -> 3, "seniors" -> 3, "seize" -> 3, "secured" -> 3, "saving" -> 3, "sanctions" -> 3, "Russia" -> 3, "rural" -> 3, "risks" -> 3, "risk" -> 3, "returned" -> 3, "results" -> 3, "Responsibility" -> 3, "renew" -> 3, "remains" -> 3, "religion" -> 3, "relief" -> 3, "relations" -> 3, "reaching" -> 3, "reach" -> 3, "rate" -> 3, "raise" -> 3, "Radio" -> 3, "punished" -> 3, "protects" -> 3, "prosper" -> 3, "promoting" -> 3, "promises" -> 3, "promised" -> 3, "promise" -> 3, "projects" -> 3, "procurement" -> 3, "problems" -> 3, "previous" -> 3, "prevention" -> 3, "prepared" -> 3, "pregnancy" -> 3, "power" -> 3, "poor" -> 3, "polluters" -> 3, "policy" -> 3, "policing" -> 3, "plans" -> 3, "pension" -> 3, "Peace" -> 3, "party" -> 3, "participate" -> 3, "paperwork" -> 3, "Pacific" -> 3, "owe" -> 3, "opposed" -> 3, "older" -> 3, "nutrition" -> 3, "number" -> 3, "nothing" -> 3, "natural" -> 3, "NATO" -> 3, "mental" -> 3, "measures" -> 3, "mean-spirited" -> 3, "means" -> 3, "lower" -> 3, "lobby" -> 3, "limit" -> 3, "Latin" -> 3, "lasting" -> 3, "land" -> 3, "key" -> 3, "justice" -> 3, "issue" -> 3, "irresponsible" -> 3, "Iran" -> 3, "Internet" -> 3, "interests" -> 3, "insist" -> 3, "innovative" -> 3, "informed" -> 3, "information" -> 3, "independent" -> 3, "increasing" -> 3, "inclusion" -> 3, "include" -> 3, "implemented" -> 3, "high-quality" -> 3, "Hemisphere" -> 3, "Head" -> 3, "gut" -> 3, "gun" -> 3, "Guam" -> 3, "groups" -> 3, "greater" -> 3, "generations" -> 3, "funds" -> 3, "Fund" -> 3, "freely" -> 3, "focus" -> 3, "flexibility" -> 3, "finally" -> 3, "fall" -> 3, "failed" -> 3, "extraordinary" -> 3, "expanding" -> 3, "everything" -> 3, "entertainment" -> 3, "enough" -> 3, "enhance" -> 3, "engaged" -> 3, "Endowment" -> 3, "eliminate" -> 3, "educational" -> 3, "echo" -> 3, "earn" -> 3, "Drug" -> 3, "doubled" -> 3, "dismantle" -> 3, "disasters" -> 3, "direction" -> 3, "dignity" -> 3, "difficult" -> 3, "Development" -> 3, "destroy" -> 3, "deplore" -> 3, "Department" -> 3, "decision" -> 3, "decade" -> 3, "day" -> 3, "cross" -> 3, "Crime" -> 3, "credit" -> 3, "creating" -> 3, "course" -> 3, "convicted" -> 3, "continuing" -> 3, "Commonwealth" -> 3, "commitment" -> 3, "commercial" -> 3, "close" -> 3, "clear" -> 3, "cleanup" -> 3, "class" -> 3, "city" -> 3, "chemical" -> 3, "Central" -> 3, "cars" -> 3, "cancer" -> 3, "campaign" -> 3, "bringing" -> 3, "break" -> 3, "Brady" -> 3, "both" -> 3, "Big" -> 3, "behind" -> 3, "Because" -> 3, "became" -> 3, "beat" -> 3, "basic" -> 3, "base" -> 3, "attempts" -> 3, "attack" -> 3, "As" -> 3, "approach" -> 3, "aggressively" -> 3, "age" -> 3, "Africa's" -> 3, "affirmative" -> 3, "advance" -> 3, "act" -> 3, "achieve" -> 3, "30" -> 3, "2000" -> 3, "1996" -> 3, "1995" -> 3, "1994" -> 3, "1993" -> 3, "Zones" -> 2, "write" -> 2, "worship" -> 2, "worldwide" -> 2, "World" -> 2, "women's" -> 2, "within" -> 2, "wish" -> 2, "win" -> 2, "whole" -> 2, "whenever" -> 2, "Western" -> 2, "welcome" -> 2, "ways" -> 2, "wants" -> 2, "walk" -> 2, "waivers" -> 2, "vulnerable" -> 2, "vouchers" -> 2, "voted" -> 2, "vital" -> 2, "vision" -> 2, "vigorous" -> 2, "veto" -> 2, "very" -> 2, "V-chip" -> 2, "vast" -> 2, "using" -> 2, "users" -> 2, "until" -> 2, "unleash" -> 2, "unions" -> 2, "uniform" -> 2, "Unfortunately" -> 2, "undivided" -> 2, "understands" -> 2, "underage" -> 2, "typical" -> 2, "two-thirds" -> 2, "trouble" -> 2, "tribal" -> 2, "trend" -> 2, "treaty" -> 2, "transportation" -> 2, "trained" -> 2, "traffic" -> 2, "Trade" -> 2, "town" -> 2, "top" -> 2, "tomorrow" -> 2, "Tobacco" -> 2, "tobacco" -> 2, "Three" -> 2, "threatened" -> 2, "thought" -> 2, "thing" -> 2, "they're" -> 2, "thanks" -> 2, "teen" -> 2, "Technology" -> 2, "technologies" -> 2, "Teaching" -> 2, "teacher" -> 2, "task" -> 2, "targeted" -> 2, "tap" -> 2, "tangle" -> 2, "talk" -> 2, "Syria" -> 2, "sustained" -> 2, "sustainable" -> 2, "supervised" -> 2, "Summit" -> 2, "summit" -> 2, "strength" -> 2, "strategic" -> 2, "steady" -> 2, "stay" -> 2, "status" -> 2, "stands" -> 2, "Standing" -> 2, "stamp" -> 2, "stable" -> 2, "stability" -> 2, "spur" -> 2, "spread" -> 2, "sponsor" -> 2, "spent" -> 2, "speed" -> 2, "space" -> 2, "sources" -> 2, "sound" -> 2, "something" -> 2, "soft" -> 2, "Small" -> 2, "simple" -> 2, "shutdown" -> 2, "shrink" -> 2, "shared" -> 2, "servants" -> 2, "sense" -> 2, "self-governance" -> 2, "scientists" -> 2, "science" -> 2, "say" -> 2, "savings" -> 2, "saved" -> 2, "save" -> 2, "safeguards" -> 2, "row" -> 2, "Ron" -> 2, "role" -> 2, "return" -> 2, "retreat" -> 2, "Retirement" -> 2, "restored" -> 2, "restore" -> 2, "rest" -> 2, "resolve" -> 2, "requires" -> 2, "require" -> 2, "Republic" -> 2, "representation" -> 2, "renewable" -> 2, "remember" -> 2, "Religious" -> 2, "relationships" -> 2, "reinventing" -> 2, "registry" -> 2, "regime" -> 2, "reforming" -> 2, "reducing" -> 2, "reawaken" -> 2, "ready" -> 2, "reached" -> 2, "rating" -> 2, "ratification" -> 2, "rape" -> 2, "radioactive" -> 2, "qualitative" -> 2, "putting" -> 2, "punishment" -> 2, "punish" -> 2, "Public" -> 2, "provides" -> 2, "Protecting" -> 2, "prosperity" -> 2, "prosecuted" -> 2, "property" -> 2, "Promoting" -> 2, "professional" -> 2, "production" -> 2, "producing" -> 2, "produce" -> 2, "problem" -> 2, "principles" -> 2, "principals" -> 2, "price" -> 2, "prey" -> 2, "prevented" -> 2, "preserving" -> 2, "preparing" -> 2, "pregnant" -> 2, "powers" -> 2, "poverty" -> 2, "post" -> 2, "possibility" -> 2, "planning" -> 2, "personal" -> 2, "Persian" -> 2, "percentage" -> 2, "peoples" -> 2, "penalty" -> 2, "payments" -> 2, "paying" -> 2, "Patrol" -> 2, "Partnership" -> 2, "parties" -> 2, "participation" -> 2, "parity" -> 2, "parent" -> 2, "pages" -> 2, "ordinary" -> 2, "ordered" -> 2, "often" -> 2, "officials" -> 2, "offers" -> 2, "obsolete" -> 2, "obligations" -> 2, "nutritional" -> 2, "Nothing" -> 2, "non-proliferation" -> 2, "Nobody" -> 2, "No" -> 2, "NMD" -> 2, "neighbors" -> 2, "neighborhood" -> 2, "needed" -> 2, "necessary" -> 2, "narcotics" -> 2, "murder" -> 2, "moving" -> 2, "moved" -> 2, "mothers" -> 2, "mortgage" -> 2, "month" -> 2, "modernization" -> 2, "missiles" -> 2, "missile" -> 2, "minors" -> 2, "minimum" -> 2, "might" -> 2, "middle-class" -> 2, "Meeting" -> 2, "medium" -> 2, "meaningful" -> 2, "McCaffrey" -> 2, "may" -> 2, "materials" -> 2, "massive" -> 2, "market" -> 2, "makes" -> 2, "major" -> 2, "maintain" -> 2, "mainstream" -> 2, "lunch" -> 2, "lose" -> 2, "longer" -> 2, "lifesaving" -> 2, "lie" -> 2, "licenses" -> 2, "level" -> 2, "letting" -> 2, "legally" -> 2, "left" -> 2, "least" -> 2, "leading" -> 2, "Last" -> 2, "largest" -> 2, "Labor" -> 2, "labor" -> 2, "knowledge" -> 2, "kill" -> 2, "kids" -> 2, "January" -> 2, "jail" -> 2, "issues" -> 2, "Islands" -> 2, "investing" -> 2, "intelligence" -> 2, "Institutions" -> 2, "institutions" -> 2, "instead" -> 2, "insists" -> 2, "innovation" -> 2, "inner" -> 2, "initiatives" -> 2, "initiative" -> 2, "Information" -> 2, "infants" -> 2, "indivisible" -> 2, "Income" -> 2, "incentives" -> 2, "ideas" -> 2, "hundreds" -> 2, "humanitarian" -> 2, "how" -> 2, "houses" -> 2, "house" -> 2, "hope" -> 2, "homebuyers" -> 2, "hold" -> 2, "high-wage" -> 2, "Higher" -> 2, "her" -> 2, "held" -> 2, "height" -> 2, "healthier" -> 2, "harder" -> 2, "had" -> 2, "Gulf" -> 2, "grow" -> 2, "greatest" -> 2, "granted" -> 2, "Grant" -> 2, "grant" -> 2, "Government" -> 2, "going" -> 2, "God" -> 2, "giving" -> 2, "given" -> 2, "gangs" -> 2, "gain" -> 2, "Freedom" -> 2, "Free" -> 2, "foundation" -> 2, "foster" -> 2, "form" -> 2, "Food" -> 2, "food" -> 2, "flow" -> 2, "five" -> 2, "firmly" -> 2, "finish" -> 2, "find" -> 2, "Financial" -> 2, "financial" -> 2, "Finally" -> 2, "Fighting" -> 2, "fierce" -> 2, "faster" -> 2, "faith" -> 2, "facilities" -> 2, "face" -> 2, "expression" -> 2, "exports" -> 2, "expansion" -> 2, "exist" -> 2, "exercise" -> 2, "executive" -> 2, "except" -> 2, "everywhere" -> 2, "Even" -> 2, "eradicate" -> 2, "enter" -> 2, "enormous" -> 2, "enduring" -> 2, "enacted" -> 2, "empty" -> 2, "Empowerment" -> 2, "employment" -> 2, "employers" -> 2, "employees" -> 2, "eliminating" -> 2, "eligible" -> 2, "elections" -> 2, "edge" -> 2, "economies" -> 2, "earth" -> 2, "Earned" -> 2, "earned" -> 2, "early" -> 2, "duties" -> 2, "during" -> 2, "drug-education" -> 2, "dropping" -> 2, "drilling" -> 2, "dreams" -> 2, "Dream" -> 2, "domestic" -> 2, "does" -> 2, "divide" -> 2, "diversity" -> 2, "diverse" -> 2, "diseases" -> 2, "discipline" -> 2, "disability" -> 2, "directive" -> 2, "diplomatic" -> 2, "different" -> 2, "difference" -> 2, "dictators" -> 2, "developing" -> 2, "developed" -> 2, "Despite" -> 2, "deported" -> 2, "deployment" -> 2, "demanding" -> 2, "demand" -> 2, "defeating" -> 2, "decades" -> 2, "debt" -> 2, "death" -> 2, "dealers" -> 2, "deadly" -> 2, "dead" -> 2, "dark" -> 2, "daily" -> 2, "cure" -> 2, "Cuba" -> 2, "crisis" -> 2, "Credit" -> 2, "crack" -> 2, "constitutional" -> 2, "Constitution" -> 2, "conscience" -> 2, "Congressional" -> 2, "computer" -> 2, "compliance" -> 2, "commerce" -> 2, "comes" -> 2, "combat" -> 2, "Clinton's" -> 2, "climb" -> 2, "climate" -> 2, "cleaned" -> 2, "Clean" -> 2, "civic" -> 2, "cigarettes" -> 2, "churches" -> 2, "China" -> 2, "Children" -> 2, "chemicals" -> 2, "character" -> 2, "changes" -> 2, "challenged" -> 2, "chaired" -> 2, "certain" -> 2, "centers" -> 2, "Center" -> 2, "catch" -> 2, "capabilities" -> 2, "candidates" -> 2, "calling" -> 2, "Business" -> 2, "bureaucracy" -> 2, "burdens" -> 2, "brownfields" -> 2, "Brown" -> 2, "breast" -> 2, "Border" -> 2, "books" -> 2, "bold" -> 2, "block" -> 2, "bills" -> 2, "billions" -> 2, "belong" -> 2, "being" -> 2, "becoming" -> 2, "become" -> 2, "bargain" -> 2, "Baltics" -> 2, "bad" -> 2, "average" -> 2, "available" -> 2, "asked" -> 2, "aside" -> 2, "arts" -> 2, "arsenals" -> 2, "arrested" -> 2, "arms" -> 2, "Arab" -> 2, "approval" -> 2, "apply" -> 2, "AmeriCorps" -> 2, "Americas" -> 2, "amendment" -> 2, "always" -> 2, "allow" -> 2, "airplanes" -> 2, "ahead" -> 2, "advertising" -> 2, "adults" -> 2, "adoption" -> 2, "address" -> 2, "activities" -> 2, "accountable" -> 2, "accept" -> 2, "abortion" -> 2, "ability" -> 2, "A" -> 2, "90" -> 2, "85" -> 2, "45,000" -> 2, "220" -> 2, "2002" -> 2, "15" -> 2, "100,000" -> 2, "$8" -> 1, "$60" -> 1, "$5.15" -> 1, "$500" -> 1, "$50" -> 1, "$3" -> 1, "$1,500" -> 1, "$15" -> 1, "$1.4" -> 1, "$11" -> 1, "$10,000" -> 1, "$1000" -> 1, "$1,000" -> 1, "zero" -> 1, "Yugoslavia" -> 1, "you're" -> 1, "Young" -> 1, "You" -> 1, "yielding" -> 1, "yes" -> 1, "wrong-headed" -> 1, "wreak" -> 1, "wouldn't" -> 1, "worst" -> 1, "worry" -> 1, "world-class" -> 1, "work-study" -> 1, "Workers" -> 1, "Work" -> 1, "won" -> 1, "Women" -> 1, "Without" -> 1, "wisdom" -> 1, "wire" -> 1, "Wildlife" -> 1, "wildlife" -> 1, "whose" -> 1, "whether" -> 1, "wherever" -> 1, "Whenever" -> 1, "We've" -> 1, "went" -> 1, "well-being" -> 1, "Welfare" -> 1, "wear" -> 1, "Weapons" -> 1, "wealthiest" -> 1, "wave" -> 1, "wastes" -> 1, "wasteful" -> 1, "Wars" -> 1, "wars" -> 1, "walks" -> 1, "walked" -> 1, "waiting" -> 1, "waged" -> 1, "voting" -> 1, "voters" -> 1, "Voter" -> 1, "voluntarism" -> 1, "volumes" -> 1, "volume" -> 1, "voices" -> 1, "vitally" -> 1, "visits" -> 1, "visit" -> 1, "Virgin" -> 1, "violate" -> 1, "vine" -> 1, "vigilant" -> 1, "Vietnam" -> 1, "victory" -> 1, "vicious" -> 1, "vetoed" -> 1, "Veterans" -> 1, "vest" -> 1, "vehicle" -> 1, "values-backward" -> 1, "Values" -> 1, "used" -> 1, "USA" -> 1, "urge" -> 1, "Urban" -> 1, "up-to-date" -> 1, "upon" -> 1, "uphold" -> 1, "upbringing" -> 1, "unwilling" -> 1, "unwed" -> 1, "unprecedented" -> 1, "unpaid" -> 1, "unlivable" -> 1, "unless" -> 1, "unleashing" -> 1, "universities" -> 1, "universal" -> 1, "unity" -> 1, "units" -> 1, "uniquely" -> 1, "unique" -> 1, "unintended" -> 1, "uniforms" -> 1, "unified" -> 1, "unfunded" -> 1, "unfortunately" -> 1, "unfair" -> 1, "unemployed" -> 1, "undiagnosed" -> 1, "undertaking" -> 1, "undertaken" -> 1, "undertake" -> 1, "understanding" -> 1, "under-patrolled" -> 1, "under-equipped" -> 1, "Under" -> 1, "unconditional" -> 1, "unanimous" -> 1, "U.N." -> 1, "Ulysses" -> 1, "two-year-olds" -> 1, "twice" -> 1, "twenties" -> 1, "twelve" -> 1, "turned" -> 1, "Turkey" -> 1, "tuition" -> 1, "trying" -> 1, "Trust" -> 1, "trust" -> 1, "truly" -> 1, "true" -> 1, "truancy" -> 1, "troubled" -> 1, "troop" -> 1, "triumphed" -> 1, "trips" -> 1, "tripled" -> 1, "trillion" -> 1, "treating" -> 1, "treaties" -> 1, "treated" -> 1, "travels" -> 1, "traveling" -> 1, "traps" -> 1, "trapped" -> 1, "trap" -> 1, "transition" -> 1, "transit" -> 1, "transforming" -> 1, "transcend" -> 1, "Training" -> 1, "train" -> 1, "toys" -> 1, "towns" -> 1, "tourism" -> 1, "tougher" -> 1, "Tough" -> 1, "total" -> 1, "tool" -> 1, "Too" -> 1, "toll" -> 1, "tolerate" -> 1, "tolerance" -> 1, "Tokyo" -> 1, "Together" -> 1, "tireless" -> 1, "time-honored" -> 1, "tightened" -> 1, "tie" -> 1, "Tibet" -> 1, "three-strikes-you're-out" -> 1, "threatens" -> 1, "threaten" -> 1, "Threat" -> 1, "Thousands" -> 1, "though" -> 1, "Those" -> 1, "then" -> 1, "theirs" -> 1, "Their" -> 1, "Thanks" -> 1, "testing" -> 1, "Test" -> 1, "test" -> 1, "terror" -> 1, "territories" -> 1, "terrible" -> 1, "temptation" -> 1, "temporary" -> 1, "telling" -> 1, "televisions" -> 1, "television" -> 1, "telecommunications" -> 1, "Teen" -> 1, "technological" -> 1, "TEAM" -> 1, "teaching" -> 1, "taxpayer" -> 1, "taxed" -> 1, "Task" -> 1, "targeting" -> 1, "takes" -> 1, "Taiwan" -> 1, "tactics" -> 1, "tab" -> 1, "System" -> 1, "swift" -> 1, "sweatshops" -> 1, "suspend" -> 1, "surrender" -> 1, "Surgeon" -> 1, "Supreme" -> 1, "Superhighway" -> 1, "Superfund" -> 1, "summits" -> 1, "summer" -> 1, "suited" -> 1, "suitable" -> 1, "suffering" -> 1, "suffered" -> 1, "Sudan" -> 1, "successors" -> 1, "succeeds" -> 1, "succeed" -> 1, "subway" -> 1, "suburbs" -> 1, "sub-Saharan" -> 1, "Study" -> 1, "study" -> 1, "struggling" -> 1, "structure" -> 1, "striking" -> 1, "strikers" -> 1, "strike" -> 1, "strengthened" -> 1, "Street" -> 1, "streamlining" -> 1, "streamlined" -> 1, "streamline" -> 1, "strategies" -> 1, "Straits" -> 1, "stops" -> 1, "stopping" -> 1, "stonewalling" -> 1, "stockpiles" -> 1, "stewards" -> 1, "stepping" -> 1, "steer" -> 1, "steadiness" -> 1, "Statutory" -> 1, "statutory" -> 1, "station" -> 1, "statehood" -> 1, "State" -> 1, "starvation" -> 1, "started" -> 1, "Star" -> 1, "standing" -> 1, "standard" -> 1, "stalkers" -> 1, "stabilize" -> 1, "sportsman" -> 1, "sporting" -> 1, "spite" -> 1, "spiral" -> 1, "spills" -> 1, "spanning" -> 1, "sow" -> 1, "south" -> 1, "source" -> 1, "sophisticated" -> 1, "soon" -> 1, "something-for-nothing" -> 1, "Somalia" -> 1, "solving" -> 1, "solve" -> 1, "soldiers" -> 1, "soil" -> 1, "software" -> 1, "society" -> 1, "smoke-and-mirrors" -> 1, "smog" -> 1, "smallest" -> 1, "slated" -> 1, "slashing" -> 1, "slashes" -> 1, "slashed" -> 1, "skill" -> 1, "sized" -> 1, "six" -> 1, "sites" -> 1, "similar" -> 1, "signs" -> 1, "significant" -> 1, "signal" -> 1, "sign" -> 1, "side" -> 1, "shoulder" -> 1, "short-term" -> 1, "shortsighted" -> 1, "short-sighted" -> 1, "Shortly" -> 1, "shorter" -> 1, "shortened" -> 1, "short" -> 1, "shores" -> 1, "shipping" -> 1, "shifting" -> 1, "shifted" -> 1, "shift" -> 1, "shelters" -> 1, "Sharm" -> 1, "shape" -> 1, "severely" -> 1, "Sesame" -> 1, "Service" -> 1, "separate" -> 1, "sentences" -> 1, "sentenced" -> 1, "sentence" -> 1, "Senior" -> 1, "send" -> 1, "Senate" -> 1, "sell" -> 1, "self-insured" -> 1, "Self-Governance/Self-Determination" -> 1, "self-employed" -> 1, "seized" -> 1, "securing" -> 1, "sectors" -> 1, "Secretary" -> 1, "Second" -> 1, "seats" -> 1, "search" -> 1, "scrutiny" -> 1, "School-to-Work" -> 1, "Schools" -> 1, "scholarship" -> 1, "schedule" -> 1, "scenarios" -> 1, "scapegoating" -> 1, "saying" -> 1, "saw" -> 1, "savaged" -> 1, "Saudi" -> 1, "Sarin" -> 1, "Samoa" -> 1, "sales" -> 1, "Safety" -> 1, "sacrificed" -> 1, "S." -> 1, "s" -> 1, "Ryan" -> 1, "Rwanda" -> 1, "Russia's" -> 1, "rundown" -> 1, "ruled" -> 1, "rule" -> 1, "round" -> 1, "rosy" -> 1, "root" -> 1, "rooms" -> 1, "rolls" -> 1, "rogue" -> 1, "roads" -> 1, "risking" -> 1, "rising" -> 1, "rise" -> 1, "rip" -> 1, "Right-to-Work" -> 1, "Right-to-Know" -> 1, "Rights" -> 1, "rightly" -> 1, 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"old" -> 1, "Oklahoma" -> 1, "offshore" -> 1, "officer" -> 1, "offer" -> 1, "offender" -> 1, "oceans" -> 1, "ocean-dumping" -> 1, "nurture" -> 1, "Nunn-Lugar" -> 1, "numbers" -> 1, "Nuclear" -> 1, "normal" -> 1, "non-violent" -> 1, "Non-Proliferation" -> 1, "non-nuclear" -> 1, "Non-Discrimination" -> 1, "non-aggression" -> 1, "Nigeria" -> 1, "Newt" -> 1, "New" -> 1, "Network" -> 1, "negotiations" -> 1, "negotiated" -> 1, "negotiate" -> 1, "neglected" -> 1, "needs" -> 1, "near" -> 1, "naval" -> 1, "Naturalization" -> 1, "Native" -> 1, "nationwide" -> 1, "Nations" -> 1, "NAFTA" -> 1, "mutual" -> 1, "music" -> 1, "much" -> 1, "movies" -> 1, "mounted" -> 1, "Motor" -> 1, "motion" -> 1, "mortality" -> 1, "morale" -> 1, "modern" -> 1, "moderate" -> 1, "models" -> 1, "modeled" -> 1, "mistrust" -> 1, "mission" -> 1, "Missile" -> 1, "misguided" -> 1, "minorities" -> 1, "mineral" -> 1, "millennium" -> 1, "military-style" -> 1, "midst" -> 1, "Mideast" -> 1, "middleman" -> 1, "middle" -> 1, "Mexico's" -> 1, "met" -> 1, "mend" -> 1, "member" -> 1, "Megan's" -> 1, "meetings" -> 1, "meeting" -> 1, "Medical" -> 1, "media" -> 1, "meant" -> 1, "meals" -> 1, "McCain-Feingold" -> 1, "Mayor" -> 1, "maximize" -> 1, "math" -> 1, "mass-exodus" -> 1, "Marti" -> 1, "married" -> 1, "Mariana" -> 1, "mandates" -> 1, "Management" -> 1, "man" -> 1, "majestic" -> 1, "maintained" -> 1, "magnificent" -> 1, "Mae" -> 1, "MacBride" -> 1, "Mac" -> 1, "lunches" -> 1, "loyalty" -> 1, "low-level" -> 1, "low-income" -> 1, "lower-density" -> 1, "low" -> 1, "love" -> 1, "losing" -> 1, "loopholes" -> 1, "loophole" -> 1, "looks" -> 1, "looking" -> 1, "long-standing" -> 1, "Local" -> 1, "lobbying" -> 1, "little" -> 1, "literally" -> 1, "literacy" -> 1, "lists" -> 1, "listen" -> 1, "line-item" -> 1, "limits" -> 1, "likes" -> 1, "likely" -> 1, "light" -> 1, "lifts" -> 1, "life-threatening" -> 1, "lifelines" -> 1, "license" -> 1, "Libya" -> 1, "library" -> 1, "Liberty" -> 1, "liberty" -> 1, "leverage" -> 1, "leveled" -> 1, "letter" -> 1, "lethal" -> 1, "lesbians" -> 1, "lending" -> 1, "legitimate" -> 1, "Legal" -> 1, "legacy" -> 1, "Led" -> 1, "Lebanon" -> 1, "leaving" -> 1, "Leave" -> 1, "leader" -> 1, "layoffs" -> 1, "layer" -> 1, "lay" -> 1, "lawfully" -> 1, "lawful" -> 1, "law-abiding" -> 1, "Law" -> 1, "launch" -> 1, "larger" -> 1, "landmines" -> 1, "landmark" -> 1, "labor-management" -> 1, "laboratories" -> 1, "Korea's" -> 1, "Koreans" -> 1, "Koop" -> 1, "knowing" -> 1, "knew" -> 1, "kingpins" -> 1, "kind" -> 1, "Kennedy-Kassebaum" -> 1, "keeping" -> 1, "Kazakhstan" -> 1, "juvenile" -> 1, "Just" -> 1, "judicial" -> 1, "Jordan" -> 1, "jointly" -> 1, "joins" -> 1, "job-training" -> 1, "job-creating" -> 1, "Jewish" -> 1, "jet" -> 1, "Jerusalem" -> 1, "jeopardize" -> 1, "itself" -> 1, "issued" -> 1, "Israel's" -> 1, "Israeli-Palestinian" -> 1, "isolated" -> 1, "islands" -> 1, "Islamic" -> 1, "irresponsibly" -> 1, "IRA's" -> 1, "IRA" -> 1, "involvement" -> 1, "involved" -> 1, 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1, "government-to-government" -> 1, "Government's" -> 1, "governance" -> 1, "goods" -> 1, "gone" -> 1, "goes" -> 1, "God's" -> 1, "God-given" -> 1, "Goals" -> 1, "Giuliani" -> 1, "gifts" -> 1, "G.I." -> 1, "Georgia's" -> 1, "George" -> 1, "genocide" -> 1, "generation" -> 1, "generate" -> 1, "gender" -> 1, "gay" -> 1, "GATT" -> 1, "garnish" -> 1, "gang-prevention" -> 1, "G-7" -> 1, "fundamentally" -> 1, "fundamental" -> 1, "fund" -> 1, "functions" -> 1, "Fulfilling" -> 1, "fulfill" -> 1, "fugitives" -> 1, "fuel" -> 1, "frozen" -> 1, "Front-line" -> 1, "front" -> 1, "From" -> 1, "friends" -> 1, "freeze" -> 1, "freed" -> 1, "Freddie" -> 1, "frayed" -> 1, "frankly" -> 1, "FRA" -> 1, "found" -> 1, "forging" -> 1, "forged" -> 1, "forests" -> 1, "forcing" -> 1, "Force" -> 1, "footing" -> 1, "foot" -> 1, "following" -> 1, "follow" -> 1, "foisted" -> 1, "flows" -> 1, "flowed" -> 1, "Florida" -> 1, "floods" -> 1, "flexible" -> 1, "flex" -> 1, "flee" -> 1, "fixing" -> 1, "fixed" -> 1, "fix" -> 1, 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DateObject[{1992, 7, 13}], "Text" -> "A New Covenant with the American People\n\nPreamble\n\nTwo hundred summers ago, this Democratic Party was founded by the man whose burning pen fired the spirit of the American Revolution—who once argued we should overthrow our own government every 20 years to renew our freedom and keep pace with a changing world. In 1992, the party Thomas Jefferson founded invokes his spirit of revolution anew.\nOur land reverberates with a battle cry of frustration that emanates from America's very soul—from the families in our bedrock neighborhoods, from the unsung, workaday heroes of the world's greatest democracy and economy. America is on the wrong track. The American people are hurting. The American Dream of expanding opportunity has faded. Middle class families are working hard, playing by the rules, but still falling behind. Poverty has exploded. Our people are torn by divisions.\nThe last 12 years have been a nightmare of Republican irresponsibility and neglect. America's leadership is indifferent at home and uncertain in the world. Republican mismanagement has disarmed government as an instrument to make our economy work and support the people's most basic values, needs and hopes. The Republicans brought America a false and fragile prosperity based on borrowing, not income, and so will leave behind a mountain of public debt and a backbreaking annual burden in interest. It is wrong to borrow to spend on ourselves, leaving our children to pay our debts.\nWe hear the anguish and the anger of the American people. We know it is directed not just at the Republican administrations that have had power, but at government itself.\nTheir anger is justified. We can no longer afford business as usual—neither the policies of the last 12 years of tax breaks for the rich, mismanagement, lack of leadership and cuts in services for the middle class and the poor, nor the adoption of new programs and new spending without new thinking. It is time to listen to the grass roots of America, time to renew the spirit of citizen activism that has always been the touchstone of a free and democratic society.\nTherefore we call for a revolution in government—to take power away from entrenched bureaucracies and narrow interests in Washington and put it back in the hands of ordinary people. We vow to make government more decentralized, more flexible, and more accountable—to reform public institutions and replace public officials who aren't leading with ones who will.\nThe Revolution of 1992 is about restoring America's economic greatness. We need to rebuild America by abandoning the something-for-nothing ethic of the last decade and putting people first for a change. Only a thriving economy, a strong manufacturing base, and growth in creative new enterprise can generate the resources to meet the nation's pressing human and social needs. An expanding, entrepreneurial economy of high-skill, high-wage jobs is the most important family policy, urban policy, labor policy, minority policy and foreign policy America can have.\nThe Revolution of 1992 is about putting government back on the side of working men and women—to help those who work hard, pay their bills, play by the rules, don't lobby for tax breaks, do their best to give their kids a good education and to keep them away from drugs, who want a safe neighborhood for their families, the security of decent, productive jobs for themselves, and a dignified life for their parents.\nThe Revolution of 1992 is about a radical change in the way government operates—not the Republican proposition that government has no role, nor the old notion that there's a program for every problem, but a shift to a more efficient, flexible and results-oriented government that improves services, expands choices, and empowers citizens and communities to change our country from the bottom up. We believe in an activist government, but it must work in a different, more responsive way.\nThe Revolution of 1992 is about facing up to tough choices. There is no relief for America's frustration in the politics of diversion and evasion, of false choices or of no choices at all. Instead of everyone in Washington blaming one another for inaction, we will act decisively—and ask to be held accountable if we don't.\nAbove all the Revolution of 1992 is about restoring the basic American values that built this country and will always make it great: personal responsibility, individual liberty, tolerance, faith, family and hard work. We offer the American people not only new ideas, a new course, and a new President, but a return to the enduring principles that set our nation apart: the promise of opportunity, the strength of community, the dignity of work, and a decent life for senior citizens.\nTo make this revolution, we seek a New Covenant to repair the damaged bond between the American people and their government, that will expand opportunity, insist upon greater individual responsibility in return, restore community, and ensure national security in a profoundly new era.\nWe welcome the close scrutiny of the American people, including Americans who may have thought the Democratic Party had forgotten its way, as well as all who know us as the champions of those who have been denied a chance. With this platform we take our case for change to the American people.\nI. Opportunity\n\nOur Party's first priority is opportunity—broad-based, non-inflationary economic growth and the opportunity that flows from it. Democrats in 1992 hold nothing more important for America than an economy that offers growth and jobs for all.\nPresident Bush, with no interest in domestic policy, has given America the slowest economic growth, the slowest income growth, and the slowest jobs growth since the Great Depression. And the American people know the long Bush recession reflects not just a business cycle, but a long-term slide, so that even in a fragile recovery we're sinking. The ballooning Bush deficits hijacked capital from productive investments. Savings and loan sharks enriched themselves at their country's expense. The stock market tripled, but average incomes stalled, and poverty claimed more of our children.\nWe reject both the do-nothing government of the last twelve years and the big government theory that says we can hamstring business and tax and spend our way to prosperity. Instead we offer a third way. Just as we have always viewed working men and women as the bedrock of our economy, we honor business as a noble endeavor, and vow to create a far better climate for firms and independent contractors of all sizes that empower their workers, revolutionize their workplaces, respect the environment, and serve their communities well.\nWe believe in free enterprise and the power of market forces. But economic growth will not come without a national economic strategy to invest in people. For twelve years our country has had no economic vision, leadership or strategy. It is time to put our people and our country first.\nInvesting In America\n\nThe only way to lay the foundation for renewed American prosperity is to spur both public and private investment. We must strive to close both the budget deficit and the investment gap. Our major competitors invest far more than we do in roads, bridges, and the information networks and technologies of the future. We will rebuild America by investing more in transportation, environmental technologies, defense conversion, and a national information network.\nTo begin making our economy grow, the President and Congress should agree that savings from defense must be reinvested productively at home, including research, education and training, and other productive investments. This will sharply increase the meager nine percent of the national budget now devoted to the future. We will create a \"future budget\" for investments that make us richer, to be kept separate from those parts of the budget that pay for the past and present. For the private sector, instead of a sweeping capital gains windfall to the wealthy and those who speculate, we will create an investment tax credit and a capital gains reduction for patient investors in emerging technologies and new businesses.\nSupport for Innovation\n\nWe will take back the advantage now ceded to Japan and Germany, which invest in new technologies at higher rates than the U.S. and have the growth to show for it. We will make the R&D tax credit permanent, double basic research in the key technologies for our future, and create a civilian research agency to fast-forward their development.\nThe Deficit\n\nAddressing the deficit requires fair and shared sacrifice of all Americans for the common good. In 12 Republican years a national debt that took 200 years to accumulate has been quadrupled. Rising interest on that debt now swallows one tax dollar in seven. In place of the Republican supply-side disaster, the Democratic investment, economic conversion and growth strategy will generate more revenues from a growing economy. We must also tackle spending, by putting everything on the table; eliminate nonproductive programs; achieve defense savings; reform entitlement programs to control soaring health care costs; cut federal administrative costs by 3 percent annually for four years; limit increases in the \"present budget\" to the rate of growth in the average American's paycheck; apply a strict \"pay as you go\" rule to new non-investment spending; and make the rich pay their fair share in taxes. These choices will be made while protecting senior citizens and without further victimizing the poor. This deficit reduction effort will encourage private savings, eliminate the budget deficit over time, and permit fiscal policies that can restore America's economic health.\nDefense Conversion\n\nOur economy needs both the people and the funds released from defense at the Cold War's end. We will help the stalwarts of that struggle—the men and women who served in our armed forces and who work in our defense industries—make the most of a new era. We will provide early notice of program changes to give communities, businesses and workers enough time to plan. We will honor and support our veterans. Departing military personnel, defense workers, and defense support personnel will have access to job retraining, continuing education, placement and relocation assistance, early retirement benefits for military personnel, and incentives to enter teaching, law enforcement and other vital civilian fields. Redirected national laboratories and a new civilian research agency will put defense scientists, engineers and technicians to work in critical civilian technologies. Small business defense firms will have technical assistance and transition grants and loans to help convert to civilian markets, and defense dependent communities will have similar aid in planning and implementing conversion. We will strongly support our civilian space program, particularly environmental missions.\nThe Cities\n\nOnly a robust economy will revitalize our cities. It is in all Americans' interest that the cities once again be places where hard-working families can put down roots and find good jobs, quality health care, affordable housing, and decent schools. Democrats will create a new partnership to rebuild America's cities after 12 years of Republican neglect. This partnership with the mayors will include consideration of the seven economic growth initiatives set forth by our nation's mayors. We will create jobs by investing significant resources to put people back to work, beginning with a summer jobs initiative and training programs for inner-city youth. We support a stronger community development program and targeted fiscal assistance to cities that need it most. A national public works investment and infrastructure program will provide jobs and strengthen our cities, suburbs, rural communities and country. We will encourage the flow of investment to inner city development and housing through targeted enterprise zones and incentives for private and public pension funds to invest in urban and rural projects. While cracking down on redlining and housing discrimination, we also support and will enforce a revitalized Community Reinvestment Act that challenges banks to lend to entrepreneurs and development projects; a national network of Community Development Banks to invest in urban and rural small businesses; and microenterprise lending for poor people seeking self-employment as an alternative to welfare.\nAgriculture and the Rural Community\n\nAll Americans, producers and consumers alike, benefit when our food and fiber are produced by hundreds of thousands of family farmers receiving fair prices for their products. The abundance of our nation's food and fiber system should not be taken for granted. The revolution that lifted America to the forefront of world agriculture was achieved through a unique partnership of public and private interests. The inattention and hostility that has characterized Republican food, agricultural and rural development policies of the past twelve years have caused a crisis in rural America. The cost of Republican farm policy has been staggering and its total failure is demonstrated by the record number of rural bankruptcies.\nA sufficient and sustainable agricultural economy can be achieved through fiscally responsible programs. It is time to reestablish the private/public partnership to ensure that family farmers get a fair return for their labor and investment, so that consumers receive safe and nutritious foods, and that needed investments are made in basic research, education, rural business development, market development and infrastructure to sustain rural communities.\nWorkers' Rights\n\nOur workplaces must be revolutionized to make them more flexible and productive. We will reform the job safety laws to empower workers with greater rights and to hold employers accountable for dangers on the job. We will act against sexual harassment in the workplace. We will honor the work ethic—by expanding the earned income tax credit so no one with children at home who works full-time is still in poverty; by fighting on the side of family farmers to ensure they get a fair price for their hard work; by working to sustain rural communities; by making work more valuable than welfare; and by supporting the right of workers to organize and bargain collectively without fear of intimidation or permanent replacement during labor disputes.\nLifelong Learning\n\nA competitive American economy requires the global market's best educated, best trained, most flexible work force. It's not enough to spend more on our schools; we must insist on results. We oppose the Bush Administration's efforts to bankrupt the public school system—the bedrock of democracy—through private school vouchers. To help children reach school ready to learn, we will expand child health and nutrition programs and extend Head Start to all eligible children, and guarantee all children access to quality, affordable child care. We deplore the savage inequalities among public schools across the land, and believe every child deserves an equal chance to a world class education. Reallocating resources toward this goal must be a priority. We support education reforms such as site-based decision-making and public school choice, with strong protections against discrimination. We support the goal of a 90 percent graduation rate, and programs to end dropouts. We will invest in educational technology, and establish world-class standards in math, science and other core subjects and support effective tests of progress to meet them. In areas where there are no registered apprenticeship programs, we will adopt a national apprenticeship-style program to ease the transition from school to work for non-college bound students so they can acquire skills that lead to high-wage jobs. In the new economy, opportunity will depend on lifelong learning. We will support the goal of literacy for all Americans. We will ask firms to invest in the training of all workers, not just corporate management.\nA Domestic GI Bill\n\nOver the past twelve years skyrocketing costs and declining middle class incomes have placed higher education out of reach for millions of Americans. It is time to revolutionize the way student loan programs are run. We will make college affordable to all students who are qualified to attend, regardless of family income. A Domestic G.I. Bill will enable all Americans to borrow money for college, so long as they are willing to pay it back as a percentage of their income over time or through national service addressing unmet community needs.\nAffordable Health Care\n\nAll Americans should have universal access to quality, affordable health care—not as a privilege, but as a right. That requires tough controls on health costs, which are rising at two to three times the rate of inflation, terrorizing American families and businesses and depriving millions of the care they need. We will enact a uniquely American reform of the health care system to control costs and make health care affordable; ensure quality and choice of health care providers; cover all Americans regardless of preexisting conditions; squeeze out waste, bureaucracy and abuse; improve primary and preventive care including child immunization and prevention of diseases like Tuberculosis now becoming rampant in our cities; provide expanded education on the relationship between diet and health; expand access to mental health treatment services; provide a safety net through support of public hospitals; provide for the full range of reproductive choice—education, counseling, access to contraceptives, and the right to a safe, legal abortion; expand medical research; and provide more long term care, including home health care. We will make ending the epidemic in breast cancer a major priority, and expand research on breast, cervical and ovarian cancer, infertility, reproductive health services and other special health needs of women. We must be united in declaring war on AIDS and HIV disease, implement the recommendations of the National Commission on AIDS and fully fund the Ryan White Care Act; provide targeted and honest prevention campaigns; combat HIV-related discrimination; make drug treatment available for all addicts who seek it; guarantee access to quality care; expand clinical trials for treatments and vaccines; and speed up the FDA drug approval process.\nFairness\n\nGrowth and equity work in tandem. People should share in society's common costs according to their ability to pay. In the last decade, mounting payroll and other taxes have fallen disproportionately on the middle class. We will relieve the tax burden on middle class Americans by forcing the rich to pay their fair share. We will provide long-overdue tax relief to families with children. To broaden opportunity, we will support fair lending practices.\nEnergy Efficiency and Sustainable Development\n\nWe reject the Republican myth that energy efficiency and environmental protection are enemies of economic growth. We will make our economy more efficient, by using less energy, reducing our dependence on foreign oil, and producing less solid and toxic waste. We will adopt a coordinated transportation policy, with a strong commitment to mass transit; encourage efficient alternative-fueled vehicles; increase our reliance on clean natural gas; promote clean coal technology; invest in R&D on renewable energy sources; strengthen efforts to prevent air and water pollution; support incentives for domestic oil and gas operations; and push for revenue-neutral incentives that reward conservation, prevent pollution and encourage recycling.\nCivil and Equal Rights\n\nWe don't have an American to waste. Democrats will continue to lead the fight to ensure that no Americans suffer discrimination or deprivation of rights on the basis of race, gender, language, national origin, religion, age, disability, sexual orientation, or other characteristics irrelevant to ability. We support the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment; affirmative action; stronger protection of voting rights for racial and ethnic minorities, including language access to voting; and continued resistance to discriminatory English-only pressure groups. We will reverse the Bush Administration's assault on civil rights enforcement, and instead work to rebuild and vigorously use machinery for civil rights enforcement; support comparable remedies for women; aggressively prosecute hate crimes; strengthen legal services for the poor; deal with other nations in such a way that Americans of any origin do not become scapegoats or victims of foreign policy disputes; provide civil rights protection for gay men and lesbians and an end to Defense Department discrimination; respect Native American culture and our treaty commitments; require the United States Government to recognize its trustee obligations to the inhabitants of Hawaii generally, and to Native Hawaiians in particular; and fully enforce the Americans with Disability Act to enable people with disabilities to achieve independence and function at their highest possible level.\nCommonwealths and Territories\n\nWe recognize the existing status of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the strong economic relationship between the people of Puerto Rico and the United States. We pledge to support the right of the people of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico to choose freely, and in concert with the U.S. Congress, their relationship with the United States, either as an enhanced commonwealth, a state or an independent nation. We support fair participation for Puerto Rico in federal programs. We pledge to the people of American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Virgin Islands just and fair treatment under federal policies, assisting their economic and social development. We respect their right and that of the people of Palau to decide freely their future relationship with the United States and to be consulted on issues and policies that directly affect them.\nII. Responsibility\n\nSixty years ago, Franklin Roosevelt gave hope to a nation mired in the Great Depression. While government should promise every American the opportunity to get ahead, it was the people's responsibility, he said, to make the most of that opportunity: \"Faith in America demands that we recognize the new terms of the old social contract. In the strength of great hope we must all shoulder our common load.\"\nFor twelve years, the Republicans have expected too little of our public institutions and placed too little faith in our people. We offer a new social contract based neither on callous, do-nothing Republican neglect, nor on an outdated faith in programs as the solution to every problem. We favor a third way beyond the old approaches—to put government back on the side of citizens who play by the rules. We believe that by what it says and how it conducts its business, government must once again make responsibility an instrument of national purpose. Our future as a nation depends upon the daily assumption of personal responsibility by millions of Americans from all walks of life—for the religious faiths they follow, the ethics they practice, the values they instill, and the pride they take in their work.\nStrengthening The Family\n\nGovernments don't raise children, people do. People who bring children into this world have a responsibility to care for them and give them values, motivation and discipline. Children should not have children. We need a national crackdown on deadbeat parents, an effective system of child support enforcement nationwide, and a systematic effort to establish paternity for every child. We must also make it easier for parents to build strong families through pay equity. Family and medical leave will ensure that workers don't have to choose between family and work. We support a family preservation program to reduce child and spousal abuse by providing preventive services and foster care to families in crisis. We favor ensuring quality and affordable child care opportunities for working parents, and a fair and healthy start for every child, including essential pre-natal and well baby care. We support the needs of our senior citizens for productive and healthy lives, including hunger prevention, income adequacy, transportation access and abuse prevention.\nWelfare Reform\n\nWelfare should be a second chance, not a way of life. We want to break the cycle of welfare by adhering to two simple principles: no one who is able to work can stay on welfare forever, and no one who works should live in poverty. We will continue to help those who cannot help themselves. We will offer people on welfare a new social contract. We'll invest in education and job training, and provide the child care and health care they need to go to work and achieve long-term self- sufficiency. We will give them the help they need to make the transition from welfare to work, and require people who can work to go to work within two years in available jobs either in the private sector or in community service to meet unmet needs. This will restore the covenant that welfare was meant to be: a promise of temporary help for people who have fallen on hard times.\nChoice\n\nDemocrats stand behind the right of every woman to choose, consistent with Roe v. Wade, regardless of ability to pay, and support a national law to protect that right.\nIt is a fundamental constitutional liberty that individual Americans—not government—can best take responsibility for making the most difficult and intensely personal decisions regarding reproduction. The goal of our nation must be to make abortion less necessary, not more difficult or more dangerous. We pledge to support contraceptive research, family planning, comprehensive family life education, and policies that support healthy childbearing and enable parents to care most effectively for their children.\nMaking Schools Work\n\nEducation is a cooperative enterprise that can only succeed if everyone accepts and exercises personal responsibility. Students must stay in school and do their best; parents must get involved in their children's education; teachers must attain, maintain, and demonstrate classroom competency; school administrators must enforce discipline and high standards of educational attainment; governments must end the inequalities that create educational ghettos among school districts and provide equal educational opportunity for all; and ensure that teachers' pay measures up to their decisive role in children's lives; and the American people should recognize education as the core of our economy, democracy and society. Labor-Management Responsibilities.\nThe private sector is the engine of our economy and the main source of national wealth. But it is not enough for those in the private sector just to make as much money as they can. The most irresponsible people in all of the 1980s were those at the top of the ladder: the inside traders, quick buck artists, and S&L kingpins who looked out for themselves and not for the country. America's corporate leaders have a responsibility to invest in their country. CEOs, who pay themselves 100 times what they pay the average worker, shouldn't get big raises unrelated to performance. If a company wants to overpay its executives and underinvest in the future or transfer jobs overseas, it shouldn't get special treatment and tax breaks from the Treasury. Managers must work with employees to make the workplace safer, more satisfying and more efficient.\nWorkers must also accept added responsibilities in the new economy. In return for an increased voice and a greater stake in the success of their enterprises, workers should be prepared to join in cooperative efforts to increase productivity, flexibility and quality. Government's neutrality between labor and management cannot mean neutrality about the collective bargaining process, which has been purposely crippled by Republican administrations. Our economic growth depends on processes, including collective bargaining, that permit labor and management to work together on their common interests, even as they work out their conflicts.\nResponsibility for the Environment\n\nFor ourselves and future generations, we must protect our environment. We will protect our old growth forests, preserve critical habitats, provide a genuine \"no net loss\" policy on wetlands, reduce our dependence on toxic chemicals, conserve the critical resources of soil, water and air, oppose new offshore oil drilling and mineral exploration and production in our nation's many environmentally critical areas, and address ocean pollution by reducing oil and toxic waste spills at sea. We believe America's youth can serve its country well through a civilian conservation corps. To protect the public health, we will clean up the environmental horrors at federal facilities, insist that private polluters clean up their toxic and hazardous wastes, and vigorously prosecute environmental criminals. We will oppose Republican efforts to gut the Clean Air Act in the guise of competitiveness.\nWe will reduce the volume of solid waste and encourage the use of recycled materials while discouraging excess packaging. To avoid the mistakes of the past, we will actively support energy- efficiency, recycling, and pollution prevention strategies.\nResponsible Government\n\nDemocrats in 1992 intend to lead a revolution in government, challenging it to act responsibly and be accountable, starting with the hardest and most urgent problems of the deficit and economic growth. Rather than throw money at obsolete programs, we will eliminate unnecessary layers of management, cut administrative costs, give people more choices in the service they get, and empower them to make those choices. To foster greater responsibility in government at every level, we support giving greater flexibility to our cities, counties and states in achieving Federal mandates and carrying out existing programs.\nResponsible Officials\n\nAll branches of government must live by the laws the rest of us obey, determine their pay in an open manner that builds public trust, and eliminate special privileges. People in public office need to be accessible to the people they represent. It's time to reform the campaign finance system, to get big money out of our politics and let the people back in. We must limit overall campaign spending and limit the disproportionate and excessive role of PACs. We need new voter registration laws that expand the electorate, such as universal same-day registration, along with full political rights and protections for public employees and new regulations to ensure that the airwaves truly help citizens make informed choices among candidates and policies. And we need fair political representation for all sectors of our country—including the District of Columbia, which deserves and must get statehood status.\nIII. Restoring Community\n\nThe success of democracy in America depends substantially on the strength of our community institutions: families and neighborhoods, public schools, religious institutions, charitable organizations, civic groups and other voluntary organizations. In these social networks, the values and character of our citizens are formed, as we learn the habits and skills of self-government, and acquire an understanding of our common rights and responsibilities as citizens.\nTwelve years of Republican rule have undermined the spirit of mutual dependence and obligation that binds us together. Republican leaders have urged Americans to turn inward, to pursue private interests without regard to public responsibilities. By playing racial, ethnic and gender-based politics they have divided us against each other, created an atmosphere of blame, denial and fear, and undone the hard-fought battles for equality and fairness.\nOur communities form a vital \"third sector\" that lies between government and the marketplace. The wisdom, energy and resources required to solve our problems are not concentrated in Washington, but can be found throughout our communities, including America's non-profit sector, which has grown rapidly over the last decade. Government's best role is to enable people and communities to solve their own problems.\nAmerica's special genius has been to forge a community of shared values from people of remarkable and diverse backgrounds. As the party of inclusion, we take special pride in our country's emergence as the world's largest and most successful multiethnic, multiracial republic. We condemn antisemitism, racism, homophobia, bigotry and negative stereotyping of all kinds. We must help all Americans understand the diversity of our cultural heritage. But it is also essential that we preserve and pass on to our children the common elements that hold this mosaic together as we work to make our country a land of freedom and opportunity for all.\nBoth Republican neglect and traditional spending programs have proven unequal to these challenges. Democrats will pursue a new course that stresses work, family and individual responsibility, and that empowers Americans to liberate themselves from poverty and dependence. We pledge to bolster the institutions of civil society and place a new emphasis on civic enterprises that seek solutions to our nation's problems. Through common, cooperative efforts we can rebuild our communities and transform our nation.\nCombatting Crime and Drugs\n\nCrime is a relentless danger to our communities. Over the last decade, crime has swept through our country at an alarming rate. During the 1980s, more than 200,000 Americans were murdered, four times the number who died in Vietnam. Violent crimes rose by more than 16 percent since 1988 and nearly doubled since 1975. In our country today, a murder is committed every 25 minutes, a rape every six minutes, a burglary every 10 seconds. The pervasive fear of crime disfigures our public life and diminishes our freedom.\nNone suffer more than the poor: an explosive mixture of blighted prospects, drugs and exotic weaponry has turned many of our inner city communities into combat zones. As a result, crime is not only a symptom but also a major cause of the worsening poverty and demoralization that afflicts inner city communities.\nTo empower America's communities, Democrats pledge to restore government as the upholder of basic law and order for crime-ravaged communities. The simplest and most direct way to restore order in our cities is to put more police on the streets.\nAmerica's police are locked in an unequal struggle with crime: since 1951 the ratio of police officers to reported crimes has reversed, from three-to-one to one-to-three. We will create a Police Corps, in which participants would receive college aid in return for several years of service after graduation in a state or local police department. As we shift people and resources from defense to the civilian economy, we will create new jobs in law enforcement for those leaving the military.\nWe will expand drug counselling and treatment for those who need it, intensify efforts to educate our children at the earliest ages to the dangers of drug and alcohol abuse, and curb demand from the street corner to the penthouse suite, so that the U.S., with five percent of the world's population, no longer consumes 50 percent of the world's illegal drugs.\nCommunity Policing.\nNeighborhoods and police should be partners in the war on crime. Democrats support more community policing, which uses foot patrols and storefront offices to make police officers visible fixtures in urban neighborhoods. We will combat street violence and emphasize building trust and solving the problems that breed crime.\nFirearms.\nIt is time to shut down the weapons bazaars in our cities. We support a reasonable waiting period to permit background checks for purchases of handguns, as well as assault weapons controls to ban the possession, sale, importation and manufacture of the most deadly assault weapons. We do not support efforts to restrict weapons used for legitimate hunting and sporting purposes. We will work for swift and certain punishment of all people who violate the country's gun laws and for stronger sentences for criminals who use guns. We will also seek to shut down the black market for guns and impose severe penalties on people who sell guns to children.\nPursuing All Crime Aggressively.\nIn contrast to the Republican policy of leniency toward white collar crime—which breeds cynicism in poor communities about the impartiality of our justice system—Democrats will redouble efforts to ferret out and punish those who betray the public trust, rig financial markets, misuse their depositors' money or swindle their customers.\nFurther Initiatives.\nDemocrats also favor innovative sentencing and punishment options, including community service and boot camps for first time offenders; tougher penalties for rapists; victim-impact statements and restitution to ensure that crime victims will not be lost in the complexities of the criminal justice system; and initiatives to make our schools safe, including alternative schools for disruptive children.\nEmpowering The Poor and Expanding The Middle Class\n\nWe must further the new direction set in the Family Support Act of 1988, away from subsistence and dependence and toward work, family and personal initiative and responsibility. We advocate slower phasing out of Medicaid and other benefits to encourage work; special savings accounts to help low-income families build assets; fair lending; an indexed minimum wage; an expanded Job Corps; and an end to welfare rules that encourage family breakup and penalize individual initiative, such as the $1,000 limit on personal savings.\nImmigration.\nOur nation of immigrants has been invigorated repeatedly as new people, ideas and ways of life have become part of the American tapestry. Democrats support immigration policies that promote fairness, non-discrimination and family reunification, and that reflect our constitutional freedoms of speech, association and travel.\nHousing.\nSafe, secure housing is essential to the institutions of community and family. We support home ownership for working families and will honor that commitment through policies that encourage affordable mortgage credit. We must also confront homelessness by renovating, preserving and expanding the stock of affordable low-income housing. We support tenant management and ownership, so public housing residents can manage their own affairs and acquire property worth protecting.\nNational Service.\nWe will create new opportunities for citizens to serve each other, their communities and their country. By mobilizing hundreds of thousands of volunteers, national service will enhance the role of ordinary citizens in solving unresolved community problems.\nThe Arts\n\nWe believe in public support for the Arts, including a National Endowment for the Arts that is free from political manipulation and firmly rooted in the First Amendment's freedom of expression guarantee.\nIV. Preserving Our National Security\n\nDuring the past four years, we have seen the corrosive effect of foreign policies that are rooted in the past, divorced from our values, fearful of change and unable to meet its challenges. Under President Bush, crises have been managed, rather than prevented; dictators like Saddam Hussein have been wooed, rather than deterred; aggression by the Serbian regime against its neighbors in what was Yugoslavia has been met by American timidity rather than toughness; human rights abusers have been rewarded, not challenged; the environment has been neglected, not protected; and America's competitive edge in the global economy has been dulled, not honed. It is time for new American leadership that can meet the challenges of a changing world.\nAt the end of World War II, American strength had defeated tyranny and American ingenuity had overcome the Depression. Under President Truman, the United States led the world into a new era, redefining global security with bold approaches to tough challenges: containing communism with the NATO alliance and in Korea; building the peace through organizations such as the United Nations; and advancing global economic security through new multilateral institutions.\nNearly a half century later, we stand at another pivotal point in history. The collapse of communism does not mean the end of danger or threats to our interests. But it does pose an unprecedented opportunity to make our future more secure and prosperous. Once again, we must define a compelling vision for global leadership at the dawn of a new era.\nRestructuring Our Military Forces\n\nWe have not seen the end of violence, aggression and the conflicts that can threaten American interests and our hopes for a more peaceful world. What the United States needs is not the Bush Administration's Cold War thinking on a smaller scale, but a comprehensive restructuring of the American military enterprise to meet the threats that remain.\nMilitary Strength.\nUse Of Force.\nThe United States must be prepared to use military force decisively when necessary to defend our vital interests. The burdens of collective security in a new era must be shared fairly, and we should encourage multilateral peacekeeping through the United Nations and other international efforts.\nPreventing And Containing Conflict.\nAmerican policy must be focused on averting military threats as well as meeting them. To halt the spread of nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction, we must lead a renewed international effort to get tough with companies that peddle nuclear and chemical warfare technologies, strengthen the International Atomic Energy Agency, and enforce strong sanctions against governments that violate international restraints. A Comprehensive Test Ban would strengthen our ability to stop the spread of nuclear weapons to other countries, which may be our greatest future security threat. We must press for strong international limits on the dangerous and wasteful flow of conventional arms to troubled regions. A U.S. troop presence should be maintained in South Korea as long as North Korea presents a threat to South Korea.\nRestoring America's Economic Leadership\n\nThe United States cannot be strong abroad if it is weak at home. Restoring America's global economic leadership must become a central element of our national security policies. The strength of nations, once defined in military terms, now is measured also by the skills of their workers, the imagination of their managers and the power of their technologies.\nВ Either we develop and pursue a national plan for restoring our economy through a partnership of government, labor and business, or we slip behind the nations that are competing with us and growing. At stake are American jobs, our standard of living and the quality of life for ourselves and our children.\nEconomic strength—indeed our national security—is grounded on a healthy domestic economy. But we cannot be strong at home unless we are part of a vibrant and expanding global economy that recognizes human rights and seeks to improve the living standards of all the world's people. This is vital to achieving good quality, high paying jobs for Americans.\nTrade.\nOur government must work to expand trade, while insisting that the conduct of world trade is fair. It must fight to uphold American interests—promoting exports, expanding trade in agricultural and other products, opening markets in major product and service sectors with our principal competitors, and achieving reciprocal access. This should include renewed authority to use America's trading leverage against the most serious problems. The U.S. government also must firmly enforce U.S. laws against unfair trade.\nTrade Agreements.\nMultilateral trade agreements can advance our economic interests by expanding the global economy. Whether negotiating the North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA) or completing the GATT negotiations, our government must assure that our legitimate concerns about environmental, health and safety, and labor standards are included. Those American workers whose jobs are affected must have the benefit of effective adjustment assistance.\nPromoting Democracy\n\nBrave men and women—like the hero who stood in front of a tank in Beijing and the leader who stood on a tank in Moscow—are putting their lives on the line for democracy around the world. But as the tide of democracy rose in the former Soviet Union and in China, in the Baltics and South Africa, only reluctantly did this Administration abandon the status quo and embrace the fight for freedom.\nSupport for democracy serves our ideals and our interests. A more democratic world is a world that is more peaceful and more stable. An American foreign policy of engagement for democracy must effectively address:\nEmerging Democracies.\nHelping to lead an international effort to assist the emerging—and still fragile—democracies in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union build democratic institutions in free market settings, demilitarize their societies and integrate their economies into the world trading system. Unlike the Bush Administration, which waited too long to recognize the new democratic governments in the Baltic countries and the nations of the former Soviet Union, we must act decisively with our European allies to support freedom, diminish ethnic tensions, and oppose aggression in the former communist countries, such as Bosnia-Herzegovina, which are struggling to make the transition from communism to democracy. As change sweeps through the Balkans, the United States must be sensitive to the concerns of Greece regarding the use of the name Macedonia. And in the post-Cold War era, our foreign assistance programs in Africa, the Caribbean, Latin America and elsewhere should be targeted at helping democracies rather than tyrants.\nDemocracy Corps.\nPromoting democratic institutions by creating a Democracy Corps to send American volunteers to countries that seek legal, financial and political expertise to build democratic institutions, and support groups like the National Endowment for Democracy, the Asia Foundation, and others.\nChina Trade Terms.\nConditioning of favorable trade terms for China on respect for human rights in China and Tibet, greater market access for U.S. goods, and responsible conduct on weapons proliferation.\nSouth Africa.\nMaintenance of state and local sanctions against South Africa in support of an investment code of conduct, existing limits on deductibility of taxes paid to South Africa, and diplomatic pressure until there is an irreversible, full and fair accommodation with the black majority to create a democratic government with full rights for all its citizens. We deplore the continuing violence, especially in Boipatong Township, and are concerned about the collapse of the negotiations. The U.S. Government should consider reimposing Federal sanctions. The Democratic Party supports the creation of a South African/American Enterprise Fund that will provide a new interim government with public and private funds to assist in the development of democracy in South Africa.\nMiddle East Peace\n\nSupport for the peace process now underway in the Middle East, rooted in the tradition of the Camp David accords. Direct negotiations between Israel, her Arab neighbors and Palestinians, with no imposed solutions, are the only way to achieve enduring security for Israel and full peace for all parties in the region. The end of the Cold War does not alter America's deep interest in our long-standing special relationship with Israel, based on shared values, a mutual commitment to democracy, and a strategic alliance that benefits both nations. The United States must act effectively as an honest broker in the peace process. It must not, as has been the case with this Administration, encourage one side to believe that it will deliver unilateral concessions from the other. Jerusalem is the capital of the state of Israel and should remain an undivided city accessible to people of all faiths.\nHuman Rights\n\nStanding everywhere for the rights of individuals and respect for ethnic minorities against the repressive acts of governments—against torture, political imprisonment, and all attacks on civilized standards of human freedom. This is a proud tradition of the Democratic Party, which has stood for freedom in South Africa and continues to resist oppression in Cuba. Our nation should once again promote the principle of sanctuary for politically oppressed people everywhere, be they Haitian refugees, Soviet Jews seeking U.S. help in their successful absorption into Israeli society, or Vietnamese fleeing communism. Forcible return of anyone fleeing political repression is a betrayal of American values.\nHuman Needs\n\nSupport for the struggle against poverty and disease in the developing world, including the heartbreaking famine in Africa. We must not replace the East-West conflict with one between North and South, a growing divide between the industrialized and developing world. Our development programs must be reexamined and restructured to assure that their benefits truly help those most in need to help themselves. At stake are the lives of millions of human beings who live in hunger, uprooted from their homes, too often without hope. The United States should work to establish a specific plan and timetable for the elimination of world hunger.\nCyprus\n\nA renewed commitment to achieve a Cyprus settlement pursuant to the United Nations resolutions. This goal must now be restored to the diplomatic agenda of the United States.\nNorthern Ireland\n\nIn light of America's historic ties to the people of Great Britain and Ireland, and consistent with our country's commitment to peace, democracy and human rights around the world, a more active United States role in promoting peace and political dialogue to bring an end to the violence and achieve a negotiated solution in Northern Ireland.\nPreserving The Global Environment\n\nAs the threat of nuclear holocaust recedes, the future of the earth is challenged by gathering environmental crises. As governments around the world have sought the path to concerted action, the Bush Administration—despite its alleged foreign policy expertise—has been more of an obstacle to progress than a leader for change, practicing isolationism on an issue that affects us all. Democrats know we must act now to save the health of the earth, and the health of our children, for generations to come.\nAddressing Global Warming.\nThe United States must become a leader, not an impediment, in the fight against global warming. We should join our European allies in agreeing to limit carbon dioxide emissions to 1990 levels by the year 2000.\nOzone Depletion.\nThe United States must be a world leader in finding replacements for CFCs and other ozone depleting substances.\nBiodiversity.\nWe must work actively to protect the planet's biodiversity and preserve its forests. At the Rio Earth Summit, the Bush Administration's failure to negotiate a biodiversity treaty it could sign was an abdication of international leadership.\nDeveloping Nations\n\nWe must fashion imaginative ways of engaging governments and business in the effort to encourage developing nations to preserve their environmental heritage.\nPopulation Growth\n\nExplosive population growth must be controlled by working closely with other industrialized and developing nations and private organizations to fund greater family planning efforts.\nAs a nation and as a people, we have entered into a new era. The Republican President and his advisors are rooted in Cold War precepts and cannot think or act anew. Through almost a half century of sacrifice, constancy and strength, the American people advanced democracy's triumph in the Cold War. Only new leadership that restores our nation's greatness at home can successfully draw upon these same strengths of the American people to lead the world into a new era of peace and freedom.\nIn recent years we have seen brave people abroad face down tanks, defy coups, and risk exodus by boat on the high seas for a chance at freedom and the kind of opportunities we call the American Dream. It is time for Americans to fight against the decline of those same opportunities here at home.\nAmericans know that, in the end, we will all rise or fall together. To make our society one again, Democrats will restore America's founding values of family, community and common purpose.\nWe believe in the American people. We will challenge all Americans to give something back to their country. And they will be enriched in return, for when individuals assume responsibility, they acquire dignity. When people go to work, they rediscover a pride that was lost. When absent parents pay child support, they restore a connection they and their children need. When students work harder, they discover they can learn as well as any on earth. When corporate managers put their workers and long-term success ahead of short-term gain, their companies do well and so do they. When the leaders we elect assume responsibility for America's problems, we will do what is right to move America forward together.", "Words" -> 8313, "WordCounts" -> <|"the" -> 414, "and" -> 396, "to" -> 260, "of" -> 252, "in" -> 153, "a" -> 150, "for" -> 117, "our" -> 96, "We" -> 95, "that" -> 89, "will" -> 80, "on" -> 57, "their" -> 54, "must" -> 52, "is" -> 50, "we" -> 49, "people" -> 46, "as" -> 44, "The" -> 43, "American" -> 40, "with" -> 39, "new" -> 38, "by" -> 37, "support" -> 36, "work" -> 35, "have" -> 35, "be" -> 35, "an" -> 34, "more" -> 32, "all" -> 32, "who" -> 31, "not" -> 28, "make" -> 28, "government" -> 26, "from" -> 26, "at" -> 26, "they" -> 25, "are" -> 25, "public" -> 24, "economy" -> 23, "it" -> 22, "has" -> 22, "Americans" -> 22, "should" -> 21, "can" -> 21, "world" -> 20, "America's" -> 20, "or" -> 19, "national" -> 19, "health" -> 19, "years" -> 18, "United" -> 18, "Republican" -> 18, "other" -> 18, "communities" -> 18, "children" -> 18, "care" -> 18, "family" 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"businesses" -> 4, "build" -> 4, "benefits" -> 4, "behind" -> 4, "become" -> 4, "At" -> 4, "All" -> 4, "Administration's" -> 4, "acquire" -> 4, "abuse" -> 4, "ability" -> 4, "12" -> 4, "works" -> 3, "while" -> 3, "when" -> 3, "Washington" -> 3, "upon" -> 3, "Union" -> 3, "two" -> 3, "trust" -> 3, "transportation" -> 3, "toward" -> 3, "threats" -> 3, "threat" -> 3, "third" -> 3, "these" -> 3, "terms" -> 3, "taxes" -> 3, "success" -> 3, "students" -> 3, "stronger" -> 3, "strategy" -> 3, "stood" -> 3, "still" -> 3, "status" -> 3, "stake" -> 3, "spend" -> 3, "slowest" -> 3, "skills" -> 3, "share" -> 3, "set" -> 3, "serve" -> 3, "senior" -> 3, "seen" -> 3, "sanctions" -> 3, "safety" -> 3, "rich" -> 3, "Restoring" -> 3, "restoring" -> 3, "responsibilities" -> 3, "requires" -> 3, "regardless" -> 3, "reduce" -> 3, "pursue" -> 3, "protection" -> 3, "prosperity" -> 3, "promote" -> 3, "promise" -> 3, "priority" -> 3, "pride" -> 3, "politics" -> 3, "planning" -> 3, "plan" -> 3, "personnel" -> 3, "permit" -> 3, "own" -> 3, "over" -> 3, "ourselves" -> 3, "Only" -> 3, "Northern" -> 3, "North" -> 3, "nor" -> 3, "neighborhoods" -> 3, "negotiations" -> 3, "markets" -> 3, "making" -> 3, "long-term" -> 3, "live" -> 3, "like" -> 3, "less" -> 3, "lending" -> 3, "legal" -> 3, "learn" -> 3, "leaders" -> 3, "land" -> 3, "Ireland" -> 3, "insist" -> 3, "inner" -> 3, "initiative" -> 3, "increase" -> 3, "if" -> 3, "hunger" -> 3, "hope" -> 3, "hold" -> 3, "high" -> 3, "guns" -> 3, "guarantee" -> 3, "growing" -> 3, "groups" -> 3, "Great" -> 3, "Government" -> 3, "funds" -> 3, "four" -> 3, "food" -> 3, "firms" -> 3, "fear" -> 3, "favor" -> 3, "farmers" -> 3, "Family" -> 3, "faith" -> 3, "existing" -> 3, "establish" -> 3, "essential" -> 3, "environment" -> 3, "enough" -> 3, "effectively" -> 3, "effective" -> 3, "earth" -> 3, "drugs" -> 3, "domestic" -> 3, "does" -> 3, "Depression" -> 3, "depends" -> 3, "decent" -> 3, "debt" -> 3, "crimes" -> 3, "Crime" -> 3, "corporate" -> 3, "cooperative" -> 3, "conversion" -> 3, "contract" -> 3, "conduct" -> 3, "combat" -> 3, "college" -> 3, "collective" -> 3, "choose" -> 3, "breaks" -> 3, "big" -> 3, "bedrock" -> 3, "based" -> 3, "away" -> 3, "average" -> 3, "assault" -> 3, "Arts" -> 3, "around" -> 3, "among" -> 3, "always" -> 3, "agricultural" -> 3, "aggression" -> 3, "Administration" -> 3, "achieving" -> 3, "accountable" -> 3, "zones" -> 2, "youth" -> 2, "wrong" -> 2, "would" -> 2, "workplaces" -> 2, "workplace" -> 2, "Workers" -> 2, "whose" -> 2, "While" -> 2, "where" -> 2, "were" -> 2, "Welfare" -> 2, "ways" -> 2, "water" -> 2, "war" -> 2, "want" -> 2, "vow" -> 2, "voting" -> 2, "volunteers" -> 2, "vision" -> 2, "violate" -> 2, "vigorously" -> 2, "victims" -> 2, "unmet" -> 2, "universal" -> 2, "unequal" -> 2, "Under" -> 2, "truly" -> 2, "treaty" -> 2, "tradition" -> 2, "trading" -> 2, "Through" -> 2, "thousands" -> 2, "thinking" -> 2, "there" -> 2, "technology" -> 2, "teachers" -> 2, "tank" -> 2, "sustain" -> 2, "suffer" -> 2, "successful" -> 2, "struggle" -> 2, "street" -> 2, "stock" -> 2, "stay" -> 2, "stand" -> 2, "spread" -> 2, "solving" -> 2, "solve" -> 2, "solutions" -> 2, "solution" -> 2, "solid" -> 2, "shut" -> 2, "shouldn't" -> 2, "shift" -> 2, "sexual" -> 2, "seven" -> 2, "seeking" -> 2, "secure" -> 2, "sectors" -> 2, "says" -> 2, "same" -> 2, "sacrifice" -> 2, "rule" -> 2, "rose" -> 2, "roots" -> 2, "revolutionize" -> 2, "Responsible" -> 2, "responsible" -> 2, "Responsibility" -> 2, "require" -> 2, "Republicans" -> 2, "reproductive" -> 2, "replace" -> 2, "renew" -> 2, "remain" -> 2, "religious" -> 2, "relief" -> 2, "reject" -> 2, "registration" -> 2, "regarding" -> 2, "reduction" -> 2, "reducing" -> 2, "recycling" -> 2, "receive" -> 2, "reach" -> 2, "R&D" -> 2, "racial" -> 2, "purpose" -> 2, "punishment" -> 2, "protections" -> 2, "protecting" -> 2, "prosecute" -> 2, "Promoting" -> 2, "projects" -> 2, "progress" -> 2, "products" -> 2, "problem" -> 2, "principles" -> 2, "preventive" -> 2, "prevent" -> 2, "pressure" -> 2, "Preserving" -> 2, "present" -> 2, "prepared" -> 2, "population" -> 2, "playing" -> 2, "play" -> 2, "placed" -> 2, "place" -> 2, "permanent" -> 2, "people's" -> 2, "penalties" -> 2, "peaceful" -> 2, "party" -> 2, "part" -> 2, "ownership" -> 2, "Over" -> 2, "origin" -> 2, "ordinary" -> 2, "order" -> 2, "officers" -> 2, "number" -> 2, "New" -> 2, "neutrality" -> 2, "networks" -> 2, "network" -> 2, "net" -> 2, "neighbors" -> 2, "necessary" -> 2, "Native" -> 2, "mutual" -> 2, "multilateral" -> 2, "mismanagement" -> 2, "minutes" -> 2, "minorities" -> 2, "Military" -> 2, "medical" -> 2, "mean" -> 2, "mayors" -> 2, "may" -> 2, "mass" -> 2, "many" -> 2, "managers" -> 2, "made" -> 2, "low-income" -> 2, "lost" -> 2, "longer" -> 2, "local" -> 2, "loan" -> 2, "living" -> 2, "little" -> 2, "limits" -> 2, "liberty" -> 2, "level" -> 2, "legitimate" -> 2, "leaving" -> 2, "leave" -> 2, "language" -> 2, "keep" -> 2, "justice" -> 2, "join" -> 2, "It's" -> 2, "Islands" -> 2, "investing" -> 2, "instrument" -> 2, "Instead" -> 2, "instead" -> 2, "initiatives" -> 2, "infrastructure" -> 2, "information" -> 2, "inequalities" -> 2, "industrialized" -> 2, "individuals" -> 2, "independent" -> 2, "incomes" -> 2, "include" -> 2, "improve" -> 2, "important" -> 2, "II" -> 2, "ideas" -> 2, "hundreds" -> 2, "Human" -> 2, "hopes" -> 2, "honest" -> 2, "his" -> 2, "high-wage" -> 2, "higher" -> 2, "heritage" -> 2, "half" -> 2, "Growth" -> 2, "greatness" -> 2, "greatest" -> 2, "great" -> 2, "graduation" -> 2, "Government's" -> 2, "Global" -> 2, "generations" -> 2, "generate" -> 2, "gas" -> 2, "gains" -> 2, "further" -> 2, "fund" -> 2, "fully" -> 2, "frustration" -> 2, "freely" -> 2, "fragile" -> 2, "founded" -> 2, "foster" -> 2, "forests" -> 2, "forces" -> 2, "force" -> 2, "flow" -> 2, "flexibility" -> 2, "fleeing" -> 2, "fiscal" -> 2, "firmly" -> 2, "financial" -> 2, "fiber" -> 2, "Federal" -> 2, "far" -> 2, "false" -> 2, "fallen" -> 2, "faiths" -> 2, "fairness" -> 2, "failure" -> 2, "expanded" -> 2, "everywhere" -> 2, "everyone" -> 2, "even" -> 2, "European" -> 2, "equity" -> 2, "Equal" -> 2, "equal" -> 2, "Environment" -> 2, "enterprises" -> 2, "enriched" -> 2, "Energy" -> 2, "enduring" -> 2, "Endowment" -> 2, "empowers" -> 2, "employees" -> 2, "either" -> 2, "efficiency" -> 2, "Economic" -> 2, "East" -> 2, "early" -> 2, "each" -> 2, "During" -> 2, "Dream" -> 2, "do-nothing" -> 2, "Domestic" -> 2, "disputes" -> 2, "disease" -> 2, "discipline" -> 2, "diplomatic" -> 2, "dignity" -> 2, "difficult" -> 2, "Development" -> 2, "deserves" -> 2, "deplore" -> 2, "Defense" -> 2, "decisively" -> 2, "dangers" -> 2, "dangerous" -> 2, "danger" -> 2, "Cyprus" -> 2, "cycle" -> 2, "cut" -> 2, "crisis" -> 2, "crises" -> 2, "criminals" -> 2, "Covenant" -> 2, "course" -> 2, "core" -> 2, "controls" -> 2, "control" -> 2, "continuing" -> 2, "continue" -> 2, "consumers" -> 2, "constitutional" -> 2, "consistent" -> 2, "conservation" -> 2, "Congress" -> 2, "conflicts" -> 2, "concerns" -> 2, "comprehensive" -> 2, "competitors" -> 2, "competitive" -> 2, "companies" -> 2, "Commonwealth" -> 2, "come" -> 2, "collapse" -> 2, "close" -> 2, "civic" -> 2, "choice" -> 2, "children's" -> 2, "changing" -> 2, "challenged" -> 2, "century" -> 2, "case" -> 2, "Care" -> 2, "cancer" -> 2, "campaign" -> 2, "call" -> 2, "By" -> 2, "burden" -> 2, "building" -> 2, "bring" -> 2, "breast" -> 2, "borrow" -> 2, "black" -> 2, "biodiversity" -> 2, "Bill" -> 2, "benefit" -> 2, "bargaining" -> 2, "available" -> 2, "assure" -> 2, "assume" -> 2, "assist" -> 2, "ask" -> 2, "areas" -> 2, "any" -> 2, "another" -> 2, "anger" -> 2, "anew" -> 2, "An" -> 2, "alternative" -> 2, "allies" -> 2, "alliance" -> 2, "air" -> 2, "AIDS" -> 2, "aid" -> 2, "ahead" -> 2, "ago" -> 2, "agency" -> 2, "after" -> 2, "adopt" -> 2, "administrative" -> 2, "administrations" -> 2, "Addressing" -> 2, "address" -> 2, "actively" -> 2, "action" -> 2, "achieved" -> 2, "accessible" -> 2, "abroad" -> 2, "abortion" -> 2, "1988" -> 2, "1980s" -> 2, "$1,000" -> 1, "Yugoslavia" -> 1, "you" -> 1, "year" -> 1, "worth" -> 1, "worsening" -> 1, "world-class" -> 1, "World" -> 1, "worker" -> 1, "workaday" -> 1, "Work" -> 1, "wooed" -> 1, "women—to" -> 1, "women—like" -> 1, "woman" -> 1, "within" -> 1, "With" -> 1, "wisdom" -> 1, "windfall" -> 1, "willing" -> 1, "White" -> 1, "white" -> 1, "Whether" -> 1, "What" -> 1, "wetlands" -> 1, "we're" -> 1, "We'll" -> 1, "welcome" -> 1, "weaponry" -> 1, "wealthy" -> 1, "wealth" -> 1, "weak" -> 1, "wastes" -> 1, "wasteful" -> 1, "War's" -> 1, "Warming" -> 1, "warming" -> 1, "warfare" -> 1, "wants" -> 1, "walks" -> 1, "waiting" -> 1, "waited" -> 1, "wage" -> 1, "Wade" -> 1, "vouchers" -> 1, "voter" -> 1, "voluntary" -> 1, "volume" -> 1, "voice" -> 1, "visible" -> 1, "Virgin" -> 1, "Violent" -> 1, "viewed" -> 1, "Vietnamese" -> 1, "Vietnam" -> 1, "victimizing" -> 1, "victim-impact" -> 1, "vibrant" -> 1, "veterans" -> 1, "very" -> 1, "vehicles" -> 1, "valuable" -> 1, "vaccines" -> 1, "v." -> 1, "usual—neither" -> 1, "using" -> 1, "uses" -> 1, "used" -> 1, "Use" -> 1, "urgent" -> 1, "urged" -> 1, "uprooted" -> 1, "upholder" -> 1, "uphold" -> 1, "until" -> 1, "unsung" -> 1, "unresolved" -> 1, "unrelated" -> 1, "unprecedented" -> 1, "unnecessary" -> 1, "Unlike" -> 1, "unless" -> 1, "united" -> 1, "uniquely" -> 1, "unique" -> 1, "unilateral" -> 1, "unfair" -> 1, "undone" -> 1, "undivided" -> 1, "underway" -> 1, "understanding" -> 1, "understand" -> 1, "undermined" -> 1, "underinvest" -> 1, "under" -> 1, "uncertain" -> 1, "unable" -> 1, "tyrants" -> 1, "tyranny" -> 1, "Two" -> 1, "Twelve" -> 1, "turned" -> 1, "turn" -> 1, "Tuberculosis" -> 1, "trustee" -> 1, "Truman" -> 1, "troubled" -> 1, "troop" -> 1, "triumph" -> 1, "tripled" -> 1, "trials" -> 1, "treatments" -> 1, "Treasury" -> 1, "travel" -> 1, "transit" -> 1, "transform" -> 1, "transfer" -> 1, "trained" -> 1, "traditional" -> 1, "traders" -> 1, "track" -> 1, "Township" -> 1, "toughness" -> 1, "tougher" -> 1, "touchstone" -> 1, "total" -> 1, "torture" -> 1, "torn" -> 1, "top" -> 1, "took" -> 1, "tolerance" -> 1, "today" -> 1, "timidity" -> 1, "timetable" -> 1, "ties" -> 1, "tide" -> 1, "Tibet" -> 1, "throw" -> 1, "throughout" -> 1, "thriving" -> 1, "three-to-one" -> 1, "three" -> 1, "threaten" -> 1, "thought" -> 1, "Those" -> 1, "Thomas" -> 1, "think" -> 1, "These" -> 1, "there's" -> 1, "Therefore" -> 1, "There" -> 1, "theory" -> 1, "Their" -> 1, "That" -> 1, "tests" -> 1, "Test" -> 1, "terrorizing" -> 1, "Territories" -> 1, "Terms" -> 1, "term" -> 1, "tensions" -> 1, "tenant" -> 1, "temporary" -> 1, "technicians" -> 1, "technical" -> 1, "teaching" -> 1, "tapestry" -> 1, "tanks" -> 1, "tandem" -> 1, "taken" -> 1, "tackle" -> 1, "table" -> 1, "system—the" -> 1, "system—Democrats" -> 1, "systematic" -> 1, "symptom" -> 1, "swindle" -> 1, "swift" -> 1, "swept" -> 1, "sweeps" -> 1, "sweeping" -> 1, "swallows" -> 1, "Sustainable" -> 1, "sustainable" -> 1, "supports" -> 1, "supporting" -> 1, "supply-side" -> 1, "Summit" -> 1, "summers" -> 1, "summer" -> 1, "suite" -> 1, "sufficient" -> 1, "sufficiency" -> 1, "successfully" -> 1, "succeed" -> 1, "suburbs" -> 1, "substantially" -> 1, "substances" -> 1, "subsistence" -> 1, "subjects" -> 1, "Students" -> 1, "student" -> 1, "struggling" -> 1, "struggle—the" -> 1, "strongly" -> 1, "strive" -> 1, "strict" -> 1, "stresses" -> 1, "strength—indeed" -> 1, "strengths" -> 1, "Strengthening" -> 1, "Strength" -> 1, "streets" -> 1, "strategies" -> 1, "strategic" -> 1, "storefront" -> 1, "stop" -> 1, "stereotyping" -> 1, "states" -> 1, "statements" -> 1, "statehood" -> 1, "starting" -> 1, "Start" -> 1, "start" -> 1, "Standing" -> 1, "standard" -> 1, "stalwarts" -> 1, "stalled" -> 1, "staggering" -> 1, "stable" -> 1, "squeeze" -> 1, "spur" -> 1, "spousal" -> 1, "sporting" -> 1, "spills" -> 1, "speed" -> 1, "speech" -> 1, "speculate" -> 1, "specific" -> 1, "space" -> 1, "sources" -> 1, "source" -> 1, "soul—from" -> 1, "sought" -> 1, "something-for-nothing" -> 1, "something" -> 1, "soil" -> 1, "society's" -> 1, "societies" -> 1, "soaring" -> 1, "smaller" -> 1, "Small" -> 1, "small" -> 1, "slower" -> 1, "slip" -> 1, "slide" -> 1, "S&L" -> 1, "skyrocketing" -> 1, "sizes" -> 1, "Sixty" -> 1, "six" -> 1, "site-based" -> 1, "sinking" -> 1, "simplest" -> 1, "simple" -> 1, "similar" -> 1, "significant" -> 1, "sign" -> 1, "show" -> 1, "shoulder" -> 1, "short-term" -> 1, "sharply" -> 1, "sharks" -> 1, "severe" -> 1, "several" -> 1, "settlement" -> 1, "settings" -> 1, "Service" -> 1, "serves" -> 1, "served" -> 1, "serious" -> 1, "Serbian" -> 1, "separate" -> 1, "sentencing" -> 1, "sentences" -> 1, "sensitive" -> 1, "send" -> 1, "sell" -> 1, "self-government" -> 1, "self-employment" -> 1, "self" -> 1, "seeks" -> 1, "security—is" -> 1, "Security" -> 1, "seconds" -> 1, "second" -> 1, "seas" -> 1, "sea" -> 1, "scrutiny" -> 1, "scientists" -> 1, "science" -> 1, "Schools" -> 1, "scapegoats" -> 1, "scale" -> 1, "Savings" -> 1, "save" -> 1, "savage" -> 1, "satisfying" -> 1, "sanctuary" -> 1, "Samoa" -> 1, "same-day" -> 1, "sale" -> 1, "said" -> 1, "safer" -> 1, "Safe" -> 1, "Saddam" -> 1, "Ryan" -> 1, "Rural" -> 1, "run" -> 1, "Roosevelt" -> 1, "Roe" -> 1, "robust" -> 1, "roads" -> 1, "risk" -> 1, "Rising" -> 1, "rising" -> 1, "rise" -> 1, "Rio" -> 1, "rig" -> 1, "richer" -> 1, "rewarded" -> 1, "reward" -> 1, "Revolution—who" -> 1, "revolutionized" -> 1, "revitalized" -> 1, "revitalize" -> 1, "reversed" -> 1, "reverse" -> 1, "reverberates" -> 1, "revenues" -> 1, "revenue-neutral" -> 1, "reunification" -> 1, "retraining" -> 1, "retirement" -> 1, "results-oriented" -> 1, "results" -> 1, "result" -> 1, "Restructuring" -> 1, "restructuring" -> 1, "restructured" -> 1, "restrict" -> 1, "restraints" -> 1, "restores" -> 1, "restored" -> 1, "restitution" -> 1, "rest" -> 1, "responsive" -> 1, "responsibly" -> 1, "Responsibilities" -> 1, "resolutions" -> 1, "resistance" -> 1, "resist" -> 1, "residents" -> 1, "required" -> 1, "republic" -> 1, "reproduction" -> 1, "repressive" -> 1, "repression" -> 1, "representation" -> 1, "represent" -> 1, "reported" -> 1, "replacements" -> 1, "replacement" -> 1, "repeatedly" -> 1, "repair" -> 1, "renovating" -> 1, "renewable" -> 1, "remedies" -> 1, "remarkable" -> 1, "reluctantly" -> 1, "relocation" -> 1, "religion" -> 1, "relieve" -> 1, "reliance" -> 1, "relentless" -> 1, "released" -> 1, "Reinvestment" -> 1, "reinvested" -> 1, "reimposing" -> 1, "regulations" -> 1, "registered" -> 1, "regions" -> 1, "region" -> 1, "regime" -> 1, "regard" -> 1, "refugees" -> 1, "reforms" -> 1, "Reform" -> 1, "reflects" -> 1, "reflect" -> 1, "reexamined" -> 1, "reestablish" -> 1, "redouble" -> 1, "redlining" -> 1, "rediscover" -> 1, "Redirected" -> 1, "redefining" -> 1, "recycled" -> 1, "recovery" -> 1, "record" -> 1, "recommendations" -> 1, "recognizes" -> 1, "reciprocal" -> 1, "recession" -> 1, "recent" -> 1, "receiving" -> 1, "recedes" -> 1, "reasonable" -> 1, "Reallocating" -> 1, "ready" -> 1, "ratio" -> 1, "ratification" -> 1, "Rather" -> 1, "rates" -> 1, "rapists" -> 1, "rapidly" -> 1, "rape" -> 1, "range" -> 1, "rampant" -> 1, "raises" -> 1, "raise" -> 1, "radical" -> 1, "racism" -> 1, "race" -> 1, "quo" -> 1, "quick" -> 1, "qualified" -> 1, "quadrupled" -> 1, "push" -> 1, "Pursuing" -> 1, "pursuant" -> 1, "purposes" -> 1, "purposely" -> 1, "purchases" -> 1, "punish" -> 1, "providing" -> 1, "providers" -> 1, "proven" -> 1, "proud" -> 1, "protected" -> 1, "prosperous" -> 1, "prospects" -> 1, "proposition" -> 1, "property" -> 1, "promoting" -> 1, "proliferation" -> 1, "profoundly" -> 1, "productivity" -> 1, "productively" -> 1, "production" -> 1, "product" -> 1, "producing" -> 1, "producers" -> 1, "produced" -> 1, "processes" -> 1, "privileges" -> 1, "privilege" -> 1, "principle" -> 1, "principal" -> 1, "primary" -> 1, "prices" -> 1, "price" -> 1, "Preventing" -> 1, "prevented" -> 1, "pressing" -> 1, "press" -> 1, "preserving" -> 1, "preservation" -> 1, "presents" -> 1, "presence" -> 1, "pre-natal" -> 1, "preexisting" -> 1, "precepts" -> 1, "Preamble" -> 1, "practicing" -> 1, "practices" -> 1, "practice" -> 1, "Poverty" -> 1, "post-Cold" -> 1, "possible" -> 1, "possession" -> 1, "pose" -> 1, "Population" -> 1, "Poor" -> 1, "polluters" -> 1, "politically" -> 1, "Policing" -> 1, "policing" -> 1, "Police" -> 1, "point" -> 1, "platform" -> 1, "planet's" -> 1, "places" -> 1, "placement" -> 1, "pivotal" -> 1, "phasing" -> 1, "pervasive" -> 1, "period" -> 1, "performance" -> 1, "percentage" -> 1, "penthouse" -> 1, "pension" -> 1, "penalize" -> 1, "pen" -> 1, "peddle" -> 1, "peacekeeping" -> 1, "Peace" -> 1, "payroll" -> 1, "paying" -> 1, "paycheck" -> 1, "patrols" -> 1, "patient" -> 1, "path" -> 1, "paternity" -> 1, "pass" -> 1, "Party's" -> 1, "parts" -> 1, "partners" -> 1, "parties" -> 1, "particularly" -> 1, "particular" -> 1, "participation" -> 1, "participants" -> 1, "Palestinians" -> 1, "Palau" -> 1, "paid" -> 1, "PACs" -> 1, "packaging" -> 1, "pace" -> 1, "Ozone" -> 1, "ozone" -> 1, "overthrow" -> 1, "overseas" -> 1, "overpay" -> 1, "overcome" -> 1, "overall" -> 1, "ovarian" -> 1, "outdated" -> 1, "others" -> 1, "orientation" -> 1, "organize" -> 1, "options" -> 1, "oppression" -> 1, "oppressed" -> 1, "opportunity—broad-based" -> 1, "Opportunity" -> 1, "operations" -> 1, "operates—not" -> 1, "opening" -> 1, "open" -> 1, "one-to-three" -> 1, "ones" -> 1, "Once" -> 1, "often" -> 1, "offshore" -> 1, "Officials" -> 1, "officials" -> 1, "offices" -> 1, "office" -> 1, "offers" -> 1, "offenders" -> 1, "Of" -> 1, "ocean" -> 1, "obstacle" -> 1, "obsolete" -> 1, "obligations" -> 1, "obligation" -> 1, "obey" -> 1, "nutritious" -> 1, "nutrition" -> 1, "notion" -> 1, "notice" -> 1, "nothing" -> 1, "non-profit" -> 1, "nonproductive" -> 1, "non-investment" -> 1, "non-inflationary" -> 1, "None" -> 1, "non-discrimination" -> 1, "non-college" -> 1, "noble" -> 1, "nine" -> 1, "nightmare" -> 1, "neither" -> 1, "Neighborhoods" -> 1, "neighborhood" -> 1, "negotiating" -> 1, "negotiated" -> 1, "negotiate" -> 1, "neglected" -> 1, "negative" -> 1, "Needs" -> 1, "needed" -> 1, "Nearly" -> 1, "nearly" -> 1, "natural" -> 1, "NATO" -> 1, "nationwide" -> 1, "narrow" -> 1, "name" -> 1, "NAFTA" -> 1, "myth" -> 1, "murdered" -> 1, "murder" -> 1, "multiracial" -> 1, "Multilateral" -> 1, "multiethnic" -> 1, "much" -> 1, "move" -> 1, "mounting" -> 1, "mountain" -> 1, "motivation" -> 1, "Moscow—are" -> 1, "mosaic" -> 1, "mortgage" -> 1, "mobilizing" -> 1, "mixture" -> 1, "misuse" -> 1, "mistakes" -> 1, "missions" -> 1, "mired" -> 1, "minority" -> 1, "minimum" -> 1, "mineral" -> 1, "microenterprise" -> 1, "met" -> 1, "mental" -> 1, "meeting" -> 1, "Medicaid" -> 1, "measures" -> 1, "measured" -> 1, "meant" -> 1, "meager" -> 1, "math" -> 1, "materials" -> 1, "market's" -> 1, "marketplace" -> 1, "Mariana" -> 1, "manufacturing" -> 1, "manufacture" -> 1, "manner" -> 1, "manipulation" -> 1, "mandates" -> 1, 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"Year" -> 1988, "Date" -> DateObject[{1988, 7, 18}], "Text" -> "WE THE PEOPLE OF THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,\nIn order to initiate the changes necessary to keep America strong and make America better, in order to restore competence, caring and incorruptibility to the Federal Executive Branch and get it working again fairly for all Americans, and in order to secure for our children a future of liberty and opportunity,\nHereby pledge our Party, our leaders, our elected officials and our every individual effort to fulfilling the following fundamental principles for all members of the American family.", "Words" -> 91, "WordCounts" -> <|"to" -> 6, "and" -> 6, "our" -> 5, "the" -> 4, "THE" -> 3, "order" -> 3, "OF" -> 3, "for" -> 3, "of" -> 2, "in" -> 2, "America" -> 2, "all" -> 2, "working" -> 1, "WE" -> 1, "UNITED" -> 1, "strong" -> 1, "STATES" -> 1, "secure" -> 1, "restore" -> 1, "principles" -> 1, "pledge" -> 1, "PEOPLE" -> 1, "PARTY" -> 1, "Party" -> 1, "opportunity" -> 1, "officials" -> 1, "necessary" -> 1, "members" -> 1, "make" -> 1, "liberty" -> 1, "leaders" -> 1, "keep" -> 1, "it" -> 1, "initiate" -> 1, "individual" -> 1, "incorruptibility" -> 1, "In" -> 1, "Hereby" -> 1, "get" -> 1, "future" -> 1, "fundamental" -> 1, "fulfilling" -> 1, "following" -> 1, "Federal" -> 1, "family" -> 1, "fairly" -> 1, "Executive" -> 1, "every" -> 1, "elected" -> 1, "effort" -> 1, "DEMOCRATIC" -> 1, "competence" -> 1, "children" -> 1, "changes" -> 1, "caring" -> 1, "Branch" -> 1, "better" -> 1, "Americans" -> 1, "American" -> 1, "AMERICA" -> 1, "again" -> 1, "a" -> 1|>|>, <|"SourceURL" -> "http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29608", "Name" -> "Democratic Party Platform of 1984", "Party" -> "Democratic", "Year" -> 1984, "Date" -> DateObject[{1984, 7, 16}], "Text" -> "Preamble\n\nA fundamental choice awaits America—, a choice between two futures.\nIt is a choice between solving our problems, and pretending they don't exist, between the spirit of community, and the corrosion of selfishness: between justice for all, and advantage for some; between social opportunity and contracting horizons: between diplomacy and conflict: between arms control and an arms race: between leadership and alibis.\nAmerica stands at a crossroads.\nMove in one direction, and the President who appointed James Watt will appoint the Supreme Court majority for the rest of the century. The President who proposed deep cuts in Social Security will be charged with rescuing Medicare. The President who destroyed the Environmental Protection Agency will decide whether toxic dumps get cleaned up. The President who fought the Equal Rights Amendment will decide whether women get fair pay for their work. The President who launched a covert war in Central America will determine our human rights policy. The President who abandoned the Camp David process will oversee Middle East policy, The President who opposed every nuclear arms control agreement since the bomb went off will be entrusted with the fate of the earth.\nWe offer a different direction.\nFor the economy, the Democratic Party is committed to economic growth, prosperity, and jobs. For the individual, we are committed to justice, decency, and opportunity. For the nation, we are committed to peace, strength, and freedom.\nIn the future we propose, young families will be able to buy and keep new homes—instead of fearing the explosion of their adjustable-rate mortgages. Workers will feel secure in their jobs—instead of fearing layoffs and lower wages. Seniors will look forward to retirement—instead of fearing it. Farmers will get a decent return on their investment—instead of fearing bankruptcy and foreclosure.\nSmall businesses will have the capital they need—instead of credit they can't afford, People will master technology—instead of being mastered or displaced by it. Industries will be revitalized—not abandoned. Students will attend the best colleges and vocational schools for which they qualify,—instead of trimming their expectations. Minorities will rise in the mainstream economic life—instead of waiting on the sidelines. Children will dream of better days ahead—and not of nuclear holocaust.\nOur Party is built on a profound belief in America and Americans.\nWe believe in the inspiration of American dreams, and the power of progressive ideals. We believe in the dignity of the individual and the enormous potential of collective action. We believe in building, not wrecking. We believe in bridging our differences, not deepening them. We believe in a fair society for working Americans of average income: an opportunity society for enterprising Americans; a caring society for Americans in need through no fault of their own—the sick, the disabled, the hungry, the elderly, the unemployed: and a safe, decent and prosperous society for all Americans.\nWe are the Party of American values—the worth of every human being; the striving toward excellence; the freedom to innovate; the inviolability of law; the sharing of sacrifice; the struggle toward justice; the pursuit of happiness.\nWe are the Party of American progress—the calling to explore; the challenge to invent; the imperative to improve; the importance of courage; the perennial need for fresh thinking, sharp minds, and ambitious goals.\nWe are the Party of American strength—the security of our defenses; the power of our moral values; the necessity of diplomacy; the pursuit of peace; the imperative of survival.\nWe are the Party of American vision—the trustees of a better future. This platform is our road map toward that future.\nChapter I: Economic Growth, Prosperity, and Jobs\n\nIntroduction\n\nBuilding a prosperous America in a changing world: that is the Democratic agenda for the future. To build that America, we must meet the challenge of long-term, sustainable, noninflationary economic growth. Our future depends on it.\nTo a child, economic growth means the promise of quality education. To a new graduate, it means landing a good first job. To a young family, growth means the opportunity to own a home or a car. To an unemployed worker, it means the chance to live in dignity again. To a farmer, growth means expanding markets, fair prices, and new customer. To an entrepreneur, it means a shot at a new business. To our nation, it means the ability to compete in a dramatically changing world economy. And to all in our society, growth—and the prosperity it brings—means security, opportunity, and hope. Democrats want an economy that works for everyone—not just the favored few.\nFor our party and our country, it is vital that 1984 be a year of new departures.\nWe have a proud legacy to build upon: the Democratic tradition of caring, and the Democratic commitment to an activist government that understands and accepts its responsibilities.\nOur history has been proudest when we have taken up the challenges of our times, the challenges we accept once again in 1984 to find new ways in times of accelerating change, to fulfill our historic commitments. We will continue to be the party of justice. And we will foster the productivity and growth on which justice depends.\nFor the 1980's, the Democratic Party will emphasize two fundamental economic goals. We will restore rising living standards in our country. And we will offer every American the opportunity for secure and productive employment.\nOur program will be bold and comprehensive. It will ask restraint and cooperation from all sectors of the economy. It will rely heavily on the private sector as the prime source of expanding employment. And it will treat every individual with decency and respect.\nA Democratic Administration will take four key steps to secure a bright future of long-term economic growth and opportunity for every American:\n* Instead of runaway deficits, a Democratic Administration will pursue overall economic policies that sharply reduce deficits, down interest rates, free savings for private investment, prevent another explosion of inflation and put the dollar on a competitive footing.\n* Instead of government by neglect, a Democratic Administration will establish a framework that will support growth and productivity and assure opportunity.\n* In place of conflict, a Democratic Administration will pursue cooperation, backed by trade, tax and financial regulations that will serve the long-term growth of the American economy and the broad national interest.\n* Instead of ignoring America's future, a Democratic Administration will make a series of long-term investments in research, infrastructure, and above all in people. Education, training and retraining will become a central focus in an economy built on change.\nThe Future if Reagan Is Reelected\n\n\" Since the Reagan Administration took office, my wife and I have lost half our net worth. Took us 20 years to build that up, and about three to lose it. That is hard to deal with...\"\nDavid Sprague, Farmer. Colorado (Democratic Platform Committee Hearing, Springfield, Illinois, April 27, 1984)\n\"There's got to be something wrong with our government's policy when it's cheaper to shut a plant down than it is to operate it...The Houston Works plant sits right in the middle of the energy capital of the world and 83 percent of our steel went directly into the energy-related market, yet Japan could sit their products on our docks cheaper than we can make it and roll in there.\"\nEarly Clowers. President, Steel Workers Local 2708 (Democratic Platform Committee Hearing. Houston, Texas. May 29. 1984)\nA Democratic future of growth and opportunity of mastering change rather than hiding from it, of promoting fairness instead of growing inequality, stands in stark contrast to another four years of Ronald Reagan. Staying the course with Ronald Reagan raises a series of hard questions about a bleak future.\nWhat would be the impact of the Republican deficit if Mr. Reagan is reelected?\nA second Reagan term would bring federal budget deficits larger than any in American history—indeed, any in world history. Under the Republican's policies, the deficit will continue to mount. Interest rates, already rising sharply, will start to soar. Investments in the future will be solved, then stopped. The Reagan deficits mortgage the future and threaten the present.\nMr. Reagan has already conceded that these problems exist. But as he said in his 1984 Economic Report to the Congress, he prefers to wait until after the election to deal with them. And then, he plans \"to enact spending reductions coupled with tax simplification that will eventually eliminate our budget deficit.\"\nWhat will Mr. Reagan's plan for \"tax-simplification\" mean to average Americans if he is reelected?\nHow will Mr. Reagan's \"spending reductions\" affect average Americans if he is reelected?\nIf he gets a second term, Mr. Reagan will use the deficit to justify his policy of government by subtraction. The deficits he created will become his excuse for destroying programs he never supported. Medicare, Social Security, federal pensions, farm price supports and dozens of other people-oriented programs will be in danger.\nIf Mr. Reagan is reelected, will our students have the skills to work in a changing economy?\nIf we are to compete and grow, the next generation of Americans must be the best-trained, best-educated in history. While our competitors invest in educating their children, Mr. Reagan cuts the national commitment to our schools. While our competitors spend greater and greater percentages of their GNP on civilian research and development, this President has diverted increasing portions of ours into military weaponry. These policies are short-sighted and destructive.\nIf Mr. Reagan is reelected, will basic industries and the workers they employ be brought into the future?\nThe Republican Administration has turned its back on basic industries and their communities. Instead of putting forward policies to help revitalize and adjust, Mr. Reagan tells blameless, anxious, displaced workers to abandon their neighborhoods and homes and \"vote with their feet.\"\nAmerica's economic strength was built on basic industries. Today, in a changing economy, they are no less important. Strong basic industries are vital to our economic health and essential to our national security. And as major consumers of high technology, they are catalysts for growth in newly emerging fields. We need new approaches to ensure strong American basic industries for the remainder of this century and beyond.\nCan the road to the future be paved with potholes?\nAdequate roads and bridges, mass transit, water supply and sewage treatment facilities, and ports and harbors are essential to economic growth. For four years, the Reagan Administration has refused to confront adequately the growing problems in our infrastructure. Another term will bring four more years of negligence and neglect.\nIf Mr. Reagan is reelected, how many children will join the millions already growing up at risk?\nBetween 1980 and 1982, more than two million younger Americans joined the ranks of the poor: the sharpest increase on record.\nWith the Reagan Administration's cutbacks in prenatal care and supplemental food programs have come infant mortality rates in parts of our cities rivaling those of the poorest Latin American nations. Black infants are now twice as likely as white infants to die during the first year of life.\nCuts in school lunch and child nutrition programs have left far too many children hungry and unable to focus on their lessons.\nTeenage prostitution, alcohol and drug abuse, depression, and suicide have all been linked to child abuse. The Administration has abandoned most avenues to breaking the cycle of abuse. Funding to prevent and treat child physical abuse has been cut in half. And funds to help private groups set up shelters for runaway youth are being diverted elsewhere.\nIf Mr. Reagan is reelected, will we ensure that our children are able to enjoy a clean, healthy environment?\nProtecting our natural heritage— its beauty and its richness— is not a partisan issue. For eighty years, every American President has understood the importance of protecting out air, our water, and our health. Today, a growing population puts more demands on our environment. Chemicals which are unsafe or disposed of improperly threaten neighborhoods and families. And as our knowledge expands, we learn again and again how fragile life and health—human and animal—truly are.\nEnsuring the environmental heritage of future generations demands action now. But the Reagan Administration continues to develop, lease, and sell irreplaceable wilderness lands. While thousands of toxic waste sites already exist, and more and more are being created constantly, the Reagan Administration is cleaning them up at a rate of only 1.5 per year. The environmental legacy of Ronald Reagan will be long-lasting damage that can never truly be undone.\nIf Mr. Reagan is reelected will we be able to heat our homes and run our factories?\nTwice in the past, our country has endured the high costs of dependence on foreign oil. Yet the Reagan Administration is leaving us vulnerable to another embargo or an interruption in oil supply. By failing adequately to fill the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, and trusting blindly to the market to \"muddle through\" in a crisis this Administration has wagered our national security on its economic ideology. One rude shock from abroad or just one \"market failure\", and our country could find itself plunged into another energy crisis.\nThe New Economic Reality; Five Reagan Myths\n\nUnderlying the Reagan approach to the economy are five key myths: myths that determine and distort the Reagan economic policy, and ensure that it is not the basis for long-term growth.\nThe world has changed, but Ronald Reagan does not understand.\nFirst, and most fundamental the Reagan Administration continues to act as if the United States were an economic island unto itself. But we have changed from a relatively isolated economy to an economy of international interdependence. In fact, the importance of international trade to the U.S. economy has roughly doubled in a decade. Exports now account for almost 10 percent of GNP—and roughly 20 percent of U.S. manufactured goods. One in six manufacturing jobs now depends on exports, and one in three acres is now planted for the overseas market. Imports have also doubled in importance.\nFinancial markets are also closely linked. U.S. direct investments and commercial loans overseas now amount to hundreds of billions of dollars. A debt crisis in Mexico will affect balance sheets in San Francisco. A recession in Europe will limit the profits of U.S. subsidiaries operating in the European market. Lower overseas profits wilt limit the flow of earnings back to the United State—one important way the U.S. has found to help pay for the rising tide of imports. Hundreds of billions of dollars in foreign short-term capital invested here are sensitive to small shifts in interest rates or the appearance of added risk. It is only partly bad loans that brought Continental Illinois to the brink of bankruptcy. Heavily dependent on short-term foreign deposits, Continental Illinois was particularly vulnerable. Rumors that were false at the time were enough to set off a run on the bank.\nThe strength of American steel, the competitiveness of the U.S. machine tool industry, and the long-term potential of U.S. agriculture are no longer matters decided exclusively in Washington or by the American market. America must look to Tokyo, Paris, and the money markets in Singapore and Switzerland. Policy based on the myth that America is independent of the world around us is bound to fail.\nSecond, this Administration has ignored the enormous changes sweeping through the American work force.\nThe measuring of the baby boom generation, the sharp increase in the percentage of women seeking work, and the aging of the work force all have to be taken into account.\nDecade by decade, more and more women have moved into the work force. This large-scale movement is already changing the nature of professions, altering the patterns of child care and breaking down sex-based distinctions that have existed in many types of employment.\nIn Ronald Reagan's vision of America, there are no single parent families, women only stay at home and care for children. Reagan's families do not worry about the effects of unemployment on family stability: they do not worry about decent housing and health care: they do not need child care. But in the real world, most Americans do. Providing adequate child care for the millions of American children who need it, and for their parents, is surely not a responsibility which belongs solely to the federal government. But, like the responsibility for decent housing and health care, it is one where federal leadership and support are essential.\nThe work force is also aging. For the first time in this century, the average American is 31 years of age. Coupled with greater longevity and the gradual elimination of mandatory retirement rules, older workers can be expected to increase steadily their share of the total work force.\nMoreover, the kinds of jobs available in our economy are changing rapidly. The combined pressures of new products, new process technology, and foreign competition are changing the face of American industry.\nNew technologies, shifting economics and deregulation have opened up dozens of new careers both in traditional industrial concerns and in new businesses. Many of them did not exist at all only a few years ago.\nAnd the change is far from over. In setting national policy, a government that ignores that change is bound to fail. In setting national policy, a government that ignores the future is short-changing the American people.\nThird, the Reagan program has ignored the fundamental changes that are sweeping through the structure of American industry, the diversity of the economy and the challenges various sectors face. New products and new ways of manufacturing are part of the change. High technology is creating new competitive industries, and holding out the promise of making older industries competitive once again.\nForeign competition has also had a major impact. But the tide runs much deeper than that.\nIn the past decade, small business and new entrepreneurs have become more and more of a driving force in the American economy. Small businesses are a growing force in innovation, employment, and the long-term strength of the American economy.\nTechnology itself appears to be changing the optimal size of American businesses. And unlike the conglomerate mergers of the 1960's, renewed emphasis on quality and efficient production has shifted the focus back to industry-specific experience.\nAn Administration that sets tax policy, spending priorities, and an overall growth program without understanding the new dynamics and the diversity of American industry is weakening, rather than strengthening the American economy.\nReaganomics is based on the theory that blanket-tax cuts for business and the rich would turn directly into higher productivity that private investors and industry would use the money saved to restore our edge in innovation and competitiveness.\nIn practice, the theory failed because it did not take into account the diversity within our economy. The economy is composed of a set of complex public and private institutions which are intricately interrelated and increasingly influenced by the pressures of international competition. In the international economy, multinational companies and governments cooperate to win trade advantage, often at American expense.\nWe are coming to understand that in an expanding number of markets, industrial strategies, rather than just the energies of individual firms, influence competitive success. Indeed, success in marketing a product may depend more on the quality and productivity of the relationship between government and business than on the quality of the product. While several foreign industrial strategies have failed, foreign governments are becoming more sophisticated in the design and conduct of their industrial strategies. The Reagan Administration is not.\nFourth, the Reagan Administration has acted as if deficits do not count. The deficits are huge and are expected to get larger—and they are a major negative factor in everything from high interest rates to the third world debt crisis.\n—Because of the huge tax cuts to benefit the wealthy, and an enormous military buildup bought on credit, the federal deficit in 1983 was equivalent to 6% of our GNP. In dollars it amounted to almost 200 billion—more than three times larger than the deficit Ronald Reagan campaigned against in 1980.\n—Under the budget Reagan proposed to Congress earlier this year, the annual deficit would grow to $248 billion by 1989, and unless he makes major changes in current policy, it will exceed $300 billion. Reagan doubled the national debt during his first term. Given eight years, he will have tripled it. According to the proposed budget, at the end of his second term Reagan by himself will have put this country three times deeper into debt than all our other Presidents combined.\n—As the Reagan debt hangs over us, more and more of our tax dollars are going nowhere. By 1989, the percentage of federal revenues to be spent on deficit interest payments alone will have doubled. These unproductive payments will claim a staggering 42Вў on every personal income tax dollar we pay. This huge allocation will do nothing to reduce the principal of the debt: it will only finance the interest payments.\n—The interest payments on Reagan's debt are grossly out of line with historical spending patterns. Since 1981, more money has been squandered on interest payments on the Reagan-created debt alone than has been saved by all of Reagan's cuts in domestic spending. Non-defense discretionary spending, to be productively invested in programs to benefit the poor and middle class, and to build our social capital, is being overwhelmed by the enormous sum of money wasted on interest payments. By 1989, the annual payment will account for twice the percentage of federal revenue that we have ever set aside for such discretionary programs.\n—Interest payments on the debt are rising at an alarming rate. Today the annual payment has already reached $110 billion—twice what it was four years ago. During a second Reagan term, it will double again, reaching $207 billion by 1989.\n—The consequences for the individual taxpayer are enormous. Deficit increases under Reagan so far are equivalent to $2,387 levied from every woman, man and child alive in the United States today.\n—The consequences for the nation as a whole are also enormous. The massive government borrowing necessary to service the debt will amount to about three-quarters of the entire nation's net savings between 1983 and 1986.\nThe pressure of the deficits on interest rates has sucked in a wave of overseas investment. Some of those investments have been made in manufacturing plants or other commercial enterprises. Much of the foreign money, however, is in the term of portfolio holdings or even more liquid short-term bank deposits. It is an uncertain source for savings for a long-term investment program. To a limited degree, it puts the country in the same risky position as Continental Illinois Bank which relied heavily on short-term foreign deposits to make long-term domestic loans\nHigh interest rates will eventually take their toll on domestic investment, make their own contribution to inflationary pressure (while eventually slowing growth and inflation), and increase the tensions in the domestic banking system. They will also have a potentially devastating impact on the international economy. Each percentage point rise in U.S. interest rates adds $3-5 billion to the annual debt payments of the developing world. High American interest rates have also put added pressure on interest rates in the industrial democracies, dampening their own prospects for growth, and their ability to buy our goods.\nFifth, and finally, the Reagan Administration has virtually wished away the role of government. When it comes to the economy, its view is that the government that governs best is one that governs not at all.\nA Democratic Administration must answer this challenge reaffirming the principle that government must both \"provide for the common defense\" and \"promote the general welfare\" as coequal responsibilities under the Constitution. If the Democratic Party can succeed in correcting the present imbalance, it will reverse the cycle of pain and despair, and recapture the initiative in the area of social and economic progress.\nThe Reagan Administration succeeded in shifting massive resources from human needs functions of the Federal budget to military-related functions and created unprecedented deficits based on the assumption that government should have a diminished responsibility for social progress, and thus, for the welfare of the needy and disadvantaged in society. The resulting Reagan-induced recession caused tremendous suffering, threw millions of people out of work, terminated or reduced benefits, and raised the national misery index.\nMr. Reagan denies government's critical role in our economy. Government cannot, and should not, dominate our free enterprise economy. But American prosperity has been most pronounced when the government played a supportive or catalytic role in the nation's economic fortunes. There are a wide variety of examples stretching back through our entire history: government investments in roads and research, in education and training: government initiatives in opening up new economic possibilities, initiatives that started with the decision to protect domestic markets shortly after the Revolution to the ongoing commercial development of space.\nAgriculture is a clear example of government cooperation with a highly competitive private sector that has yielded a harvest of economic results that is the envy of the world. The government helps fund the research, helps spread it through the economy, educates the modern farmer, influences production levels, and helps develop new markets overseas. It is America's most conspicuous example of a successful industrial strategy—combining the cooperative efforts of business, government and our universities.\nReagan's Recession and A Recovery Built on Debt\n\nThe Economic Roller Coaster—Following the first oil shock in 1973, the United States embarked on a ten year economic roller coaster. The up and down performance of the economy was paralleled by erratic macroeconomic policy. There were wide swings from stimulative fiscal and monetary policies causing raging inflation, to government-engineered recessions.\nThe frequency of the cycles created a climate of uncertainty that was tailor-made to discourage and distort investment. Each cycle left the economy weaker than the one before. At the end of each recession the level of inflation was higher, and at the end of each recovery the level of unemployment had risen.\nEven more disturbing was the decline in the rate of growth or productivity. By the end of the 1970's, productivity growth first stopped and then fell. Productivity growth has finally resumed—but the rate of growth remains disappointing compared both to our own economic past and the performance of other industrial economies.\nReaganomics and an Election Year Recovery—Ronald Reagan swept into office on the promise of a smaller government and a bigger private sector, of higher GNP and lower inflation, and of the elimination of federal deficits.\nFirst, he proposed huge tax cuts. Mr. Reagan went so far as to suggest that the growth caused by his tax cuts would be so rapid that total tax revenues would actually rise even while tax rates were cut.\nSecond, he promised a huge defense build-up.\nThird, he promised stable prices. How was he going to contain prices while stimulating rapid growth? His answer was tight money.\nFourth, the supply-siders promised growth and stable prices without the intervening pain of a recession. In effect, Reagan promised tight money without tears.\nCut taxes but raise more revenues. Arm to the teeth. Growth with stable prices. Tight money and no hard times. It just did not work out that way. Worse, there was never any reason to expect that it would. Reagan's kind of tax cuts were based neither on rational economic theory nor on any empirical evidence. And wishing simply did not make it so. George Bush was right when he called Reaganomics \"voodoo economics\".\nInstead of growth, the country had plunging production and record unemployment. Instead of increased savings and investment, the country had bankruptcy and economic decline. The Reagan policies, which were supposed to break the cycle of inflation and recession, only made it worse.\nReagan cut domestic programs, but more than offset those cuts with vastly increased defense spending. The Government significantly reduced the growth of the money supply and kept real interest rates high. For a recession, real interest rates reached record highs. These interest rates brought an added problem. They attracted foreign funds and helped drive up the international value of the dollar. American business was faced with a double whammy—empty order books and high interest rates. For the increasingly large part of American business that either sells overseas or competes with imports at home, the over-valued dollar abroad meant their products cost far more compared to the foreign competition.\nReagan effectively created a tax on exports and a subsidy for imports. It was a climate that forced record bankruptcies, enormous unemployment, plant closings, and major corporate reorganizations. It was the largest and most severe economic collapse since the Great Depression.\nThe Reagan Administration then prepared for the election year by \"staying the course\" in fiscal policy (pumping up demand with huge deficits) and sharply reversing the course in monetary policy.\nThe Federal Reserve Board rapidly expanded the supply of money and the economy ceased to decline and began to recover.\nThe Millions Left Behind—But millions of Americans were left behind. Over the last two years, 1.8 million men and women have became discouraged workers and more than 5.4 million have fallen into poverty. Nearly half of all minority youth are unemployed, and Black males have effectively lost 13 percent of their labor force participation in the last two decades. Unemployment on Indian reservations continues to be among the highest in the nation. The U.S.-Mexico border has been devastated by the currency devaluations and economic crisis in Mexico. Small businesses have closed: American families are suffering hunger and poor health, as unemployment exceeds depression rates. Women continue to receive less than 60 percent of the wages that men receive, with minority women receiving far less. Millions of other Americans, including the growing number of women heading poor households or those who have been hard-hit by plant closings or obsolescent skills, avidly seek training or retraining in occupations that hold real promise for sustained employment opportunities in the future.\nMillions of Americans, including those in the industrial and agricultural heartland, have been severely affected by the recent recession and the transformation in American industry that accompanied it. Furthermore, the changes seem to have come very quickly, and they do not seem to be over. Many Americans worked in auto, steel, machine tool, textile, agriculture and small business and related industries. Today for many of them, the recovery is a fiction, or seems very fragile. Plant closings have hit hard and job security and loss of health and pension benefits evoke memories from the past.\nInvestment in jobs for all Americans constitutes the key investment for the future of the nation. For every one million workers who go back to work, our country produces an additional $60-70 billion in goods and adds $25 billion to the Federal treasury. The Democratic Party will work aggressively to stimulate employment, rebuild trade and encourage labor-intensive industrialization.\nSeven Threats to the Recovery\n\nThe current election year recovery is in serious jeopardy, threatened by a series of major economic problems:\n* Unless corrective action is taken soon, the current $180 billion deficit will balloon even larger by the end of the decade.\n* Interest rates are high and rising. The prime rate has jumped one and one haft percentage points. A credit crunch is rapidly approaching in which federal borrowing for the deficit will overwhelm private demand for funds to fuel the recovery. Mortgage rates have risen to a point where home sales and housing starts are beginning to fall. The variable rate mortgage that buffers the thrift industry against high interest rates may, in the near future, put the entire industry under pressure as steadily rising rates put mortgage payments beyond the reach of the average homeowner.\n* The Federal Reserve Board faced a deficit dilemma. By expanding the money supply to help finance the deceit, the Federal Reserve runs the risk of runaway inflation. But if it limits growth by restricting the money supply, high interest rates will distort growth or tip the economy back into recession.\n* The Reagan Administration has done nothing to solve America's repeated problem of reconciling steady growth with stable prices, except by causing a deep recession. Continuing high levels of unemployment still exist in various communities across the country. Many jobs have disappeared. The Reagan Administration is not interested in new forms of fighting inflation—its anti-inflation program amounts to little more than unemployment, tight money and union busting. It is a highly cynical economic selective service that drafts only the poor and the middle class to fight the war against inflation, Unrestrained by the demands of another election, a second Reagan Administration will be even less concerned about the impact of deep recession on the average working American.\n* Our trade deficit is a looming disaster for the national economy. An overvalued dollar, itself the product of high interest rates, helped create a nearly $70 billion trade deficit in 1983. It will be almost twice as large in 1984. Borrowing to support the deficits and buying abroad to maintain a recovery tilted toward consumption are eroding America's position as a creditor nation.\n* America is very much a part of the international economy. And the recovery overseas has been slow to catch hold. European economies are strained by the impact of high American interest rates on their own economies. For many developing countries, growth has been slowed or even reversed by the overhang of an enormous burden of commercial and official debt. If they cannot buy our products, our economy must slow.\n* The sheer size of the international debt burden is itself a threat to the recovery. It is not only a question of falling exports Latin America. The America and international financial system has been put in peril by the weakening of debtor nations' ability to repay their debt to U.S. banks as interest rates rise.\nHoward Baker called Mr. Reagan's policies a \"riverboat gamble\". We now know the outcome. The very wealthiest in out society have been big winners—but future generations of Americans will be the losers.\nThe Americans coming of age today face a future less secure and less prosperous than their parents did—unless we change course. We have an obligation to our children and to their children. We Democrats have a different vision of our future.\nThe Democratic Alternative: A Prosperous America In A Changing World\n\n\"There's a lot of people out there only making $3.35 an hour, and that's been since '81. That's a long time to be making $3.35 an hour...Costs of living have gone up considerably. The insurance has gone up, gas, lights, water. It's a whole lot different now, it's not the same as '81. I know times have changed, but why can't the $3.35 change with them? I would like to know that if anybody can answer. I urge the Democratic Party to develop policies and protect working people.\"\nDoris Smith, Steward, SEIU Local 706.(Democratic Platform Committee Hearing. Houston, Texas, May 29, 1984)\n\"We do not have a surplus as long as one member of my family is hungry. He may live next door or on the other side of the world. However, it should not be the producer's responsibility to provide cheap food at the expense of his own children.\"\nRoberta Archer, Farmer, Springfield, Illinois(Democratic Platform Committee Hearing. Springfield, Illinois, April 27, 1984)\n\"In the four years prior to Mr. Reagan taking over, I was fortunate to have four years of employment, and I was able to put money aside in savings accounts which since have been exhausted. My unemployment benefits are exhausted too...I may not qualify for any type of public assistance and the standard of living I was accustomed to for my wife and myself and my family has drastically changed...But we as Democrats can join together in harmony and unison and we decide what is the future or the fate of our people and what is good for all of us. So I am very proud to be a Democrat.\"\nJames Price, unemployed mine worker(Democratic Platform Committee Hearing, Birmingham. Alabama, April 24, 1984)\nDemocratic growth is not just a matter of good numbers, but of opportunities for people. Jobs and employment are at the center of Democratic thinking. It is not only a question of legislation or appropriations. Rather, it is a philosophy that views employment as the ongoing concern of the country. Work in America is not an idle concept—but a definition of self, a door to future opportunity, and the key step in securing the economic necessities of the present.\nAn America at work is a moral obligation as well as the most effective way to return our economy to a high growth path. Employed people stimulate the economy, their taxes pay for the expenses of government and their production adds to our national wealth. Moreover, the social and economic fabric of the nation will be strengthened as millions of Americans who presently are frozen out of productive and dignified employment become contributing citizens.\nThe potential for America is unlimited. It is within our means to put America back on a long-term path that will assure both growth and broad-based economic opportunity. That is what the next Democratic Administration will do. First, we will adopt overall economic policies that will bring interest rates down, free savings for private investment, prevent another explosion of inflation, and put the dollar on a competitive basis. Second, we will invest for our future—in our people, and in our infrastructure. Third, we will promote new partnerships and participation by all levels of government, by business and labor, to support growth and productivity. Finally, government will work with the private sector to assure that American businesses and American workers can compete fully and fairly in a changing world economy.\nOverall Economic Policies: A Firm Ground For Growth\n\nA Democratic Administration will pursue economic policies which provide the basis for long-term economic growth and will allow us to fulfill our commitment to jobs for all Americans who want to work. A key part of the effort will be reducing and eventually eliminating the deficits that currently form a dark cloud over the nation's future. In addition, monetary policy must be set with an eye to stability and to the strengths or weaknesses of the economy. Finally, we will pursue policies that will promote price stability and prevent inflation from breaking out again.\nReducing the Reagan Budget Deficits\n\nAfter plunging the nation into a deficit crisis, President Reagan refuses to take part in efforts to solve it. He postpones hard decisions until after the Presidential election, refusing to compromise, refusing to address revenues and defense spending seriously, refusing all but a \"down payment\" on the deficit. The President continues to stand apart from serious, comprehensive efforts to cut the deficit. There must be statesmanship and compromise here, not ideological rigidity or election year politics.\nThe Democratic Party is pledged to reducing these intolerable deficits. We will reassess defense expenditures: create a tax system that is both adequate and fair: control skyrocketing health costs without sacrificing quality of care: and eliminate other unnecessary expenditures. Through efficiency and toughness, we will restore sanity to our fiscal house.\nWe oppose the artificial and rigid Constitutional restraint of a balanced budget amendment. Further we oppose efforts to call a federal Constitutional convention for this purpose.\nRational Defense Spending—In the last three years, the Defense Department was told by this Administration that it could have anything it wanted, and at any price. As Democrats, we believe in devoting the needed resources to ensure our national security. But military might cannot be measured solely by dollars spent. American military strength must be secured at an affordable cost. We will reduce the rate of increase in defense spending. Through careful reevaluation of proposed and existing weapons, we will stop throwing away money on unworkable or unnecessary systems; through military reform we will focus defense expenditure on the most cost-effective military policies. We will insist that our allies contribute fairly to our collective security, and that the Department of Defense reduces its scandalous procurement waste.\nAnd above all else, we will seek sensible arms control agreements as a means of assuring that there will be a future for our children and that we as a nation will have the resources we need to invest for the future.\nTax Reform—America needs a tax system that encourages growth and produces adequate revenues in a fair, progressive fashion. The Democratic Party is committed to a tax policy that embodies these basic values.\nThe present system is unfair, complex, and encourages people to use a wide range of loopholes to avoid paying their fair share of taxes. The combination of loopholes for the few and high rates for the many is both unfair and anti-growth. It distorts investment, diverting creative energies into tax avoidance. And it makes the tax code even less comprehensible to the average American.\nOur tax code must produce sufficient revenue to finance our defense and allow for investment in our future, and we will ask every America to pay his or her fair share. But by broadening the tax base, simplifying the tax code, lowering rates, and eliminating unnecessary, unfair and unproductive deductions and tax expenditure, we can raise the revenues we need and promote growth without increasing the burden on average taxpayers.\nRonald Reagan's tax program gave huge breaks to wealthy individuals and to large corporations while shifting the burden to low and moderate income families. The Democratic Party is pledged to reverse these unsound policies. We will cap the effect of the Reagan tax cuts for wealthy Americans and enhance the progressivity of our personal income tax code, limiting the benefits of the third year of the Reagan tax cuts to the level of those with incomes of less than $60,000. We will partially defer indexation while protecting average Americans. We will close loopholes, eliminate the preferences and write-offs, exceptions, and deductions which skew the code toward the rich and toward unproductive tax shelters. Given the fact that there has been a veritable hemorrhage of capital out of the federal budget, reflected in part by the huge budget deficit, there must be a return to a fair tax on corporate income. Under the Reagan Administration, the rate of taxation on corporations has been so substantially reduced that they are not contributing their fair share to federal revenues. We believe there should be a 15% minimum corporate tax. In addition, our tax code has facilitated the transfer of capital from the United States to investments abroad, contributing to plant closing without notice in many communities and loss of millions of jobs. We will toughen compliance procures to reduce the $100 billion annual tax evasion.\nOur country must move to a simpler, more equitable, and more progressive tax system. Our tax code can let the market put our country's savings to the best use. There must be a fair balance between corporate and personal tax increases. Wealthier taxpayers will have to shoulder a greater share of the new tax burdens. Economic distortions must be eliminated.\nControlling Domestic Spending—A balanced program for reducing Republican mega-deficits must also deal with the growing costs of domestic programs. But this must be done in a way that is fair to average Americans.\nSocial Security is one of the most important and successful initiatives in the history of our country, and it is an essential element of the social compact that binds us together as a community. There is no excuse—as the Reagan Administration has repeatedly suggested—for slashing Social Security to pay for excesses in other areas of the budget. We will steadfastly oppose such efforts, now and in the future.\nIt is rather in the area of health care costs that reform is urgently needed. By 1988, Medicare costs will rise to $106 billion: by the turn of the century, the debt of the trust fund may be as great as $1 trillion. In the Republican view, the problem is the level of benefits which senior citizens and the needy receive. As Democrats, we will protect the interests of health care beneficiaries. The real problem is the growing cost of health care services.\nWe propose to control these costs, and to demand that the health care industry become more efficient in providing care to all Americans, both young and old. We will limit what health care providers can receive as reimbursement, and spur innovation and competition in health care delivery. The growth of alternative health care delivery systems such as HMO's, PPO's and alternatives to long-term care such as home care and social HMO's should be fostered so that high quality care will be available at a lower cost. We must learn the difference between health care and sick care. Unlike the Republicans, we recognize that investing in preventive health care saves dollars as well as lives, and we will make the needed investment. The states must be the cornerstone of our health care policies, but a Democratic Administration will provide the leadership at the federal level to assure that health care is available to all who need help at a cost we can afford. In addition, we pledge to scour the budget for other areas of wasteful unnecessary spending.\nMonetary Policy for Growth\n\nReducing the deficit is the fine step toward lowering interest rates and establishing the basis for fair tax and budget policies. But even with a Democratic fiscal policy reining in the deficit, the task of the Federal Reserve Board will be critical. Monetary policy must work to achieve stable real interest rates, the availability of capital for long-term investments, predictable long-term policy and stable prices. We reject the rigid adherence to monetary targets that has frequently characterized the Reagan monetary policy. Whatever targeting approach the Federal Reserve Board adopts, it must be leavened with a pragmatic appraisal of what is happening in the harsh world of the real economy, particularly the impact on unemployment, interest rates, and the international value of the dollar.\nAn Anti-Inflation Program\n\nWe have learned that sustained economic growth is impossible in a climate of high inflation or of inflationary expectations. The .Reagan Administration's only prescription for inflation is recession—deliberate high unemployment—coupled with a relentless assault on the collective bargaining power and rights of working men and women. The Democratic Party believes that these tactics are both unacceptable and ineffective.\nWe will develop the following five-step program to stabilize prices:\n—Growth investments in new plants and equipment and research and development. The productivity growth that comes in tandem with new investments will help offset—point for point—any increase in cost.\n—Increased flexibility in the marketplace—will also help keep inflationary pressures under control. There is no single policy that will make the U.S. economy more adaptable. Rather, there is a series of smaller steps which will help keep prices stable. In general, competitive markets are more likely to restrain sudden surges of prices than markets dominated by a few large firms. No Democratic Administration will forget the use of old fashioned antitrust policy to keep markets competitive—and prices down.\n—Trade policy—is also an important component of any effective anti-inflation program. Expanding world markets for American goods increase the gains from large scale production and stimulate research and development on new products and processes.\n—The price-wage spiral—as part of any effective anti-inflation program, serious policies to address the price-wage spirals and other inflationary pressures we have experienced in the past must be developed.\n—We believe that an attack on sectorial sources of inflation—in food, fuel, utilities, health care, and elsewhere—is essential if price stability is to be sustained without economic distortions. Our agriculture, energy, and health programs will all promote sectorial price stability while assuring fair treatment for average Americans, including working men and women and family farmers. For example, the Strategic Petroleum Reserve is one clear response to reducing the chance of another oil shock. The very presence of reserves in the U.S., Japan, and elsewhere reduces the likelihood of panic buying to replace suddenly threatened oil supplies. In this context, a far-reaching energy policy that emphasizes conservation and the development of alternative energy supplies will also help stabilize energy prices. And lower interest rates from reduced budget deficits will reduce upward pressure on housing costs and bring housing back within the reach of millions of Americans now excluded from the market.\nInvesting in People\n\nAmerica's greatest resource is our people. As Democrats we affirm the need for both public and private investment —in our children; in out educational institutions and out students; in jobs, training, and transitional assistance for our workers—to build America's future. If we choose wisely, these investments will be returned to our country many times over. They are essential if we are to create an America with high-quality jobs and rising opportunities for all. And they are vital if we are to safeguard our competitive position in the world economy.\nInvesting in Children\n\nSimple decency demands that we make children one of our highest national priorities. But the argument for so acting goes well beyond that. Programs for children represent the most critical investment we can make in out ability to compete in future world markets and maintain a strong national defense in the decades ahead.\nAbove all else, the Democratic Party stands for making the proper investment in coming generations of Americans.\nPreventive efforts must be at the heart of the broad range of health, child care, and support programs for children. Helping these children makes good moral sense—and sound economic sense. Measles vaccine alone has saved $1.3 billion in medical costs in just ten years. Supplemental food programs for low-income pregnant women and infants save $3 for every dollar spent.\nBy improving access to medical care before and after birth, we can promote a generation of healthy mothers and healthy babies. Seeing that supplemental food programs for low-income pregnant women and infants reach all those eligible will do more than save the $40,000 now spent to treat one low birth weight infant in a neo-natal ward. It will also reduce the risk of birth defects for such infants.\nWe recognize that a hungry child is a child who cannot learn. Restoring school breakfast and school lunches for millions of children will improve their alertness and concentration in school.\nChild care must also be a top priority. Helping communities establish after-school care programs will remove millions of American children from the serious risks they now face of injury, abuse and alienation by staying at home alone. Encouraging employers, churches, public centers, and private groups to provide quality, affordable child care will give millions of children whose parents must work the kind of adult supervision necessary to thrive. And setting up centers for child care information and referral will assist parents wherever they reside to locate quality care for their children.\nPreventing child abuse must be at the forefront of Democratic Party concern. Local, community-based child abuse prevention programs must be strengthened and expanded. A Child who learns first about the risks of sexual abuse in school will be less likely to become the target of repeated victimization. Federal challenge grants could encourage states to make local prevention efforts a real priority.\nPrompt intervention efforts must also be provided for children in crisis. If we are to make any headway in breaking the cycle of child abuse, both victims and offenders must have access to treatment programs.\nJuvenile offenders must not be left in adult jails where the only skills they acquire are those of the career criminal. Safe shelter and assistance must be available for the hundreds of thousands of runaway children at risk of exploitation in our cities. Local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies must refine ways to locate children who have been abducted. And children in foster care must not be allowed to graduate to the streets at age 18 without ever having known a permanent home.\nWe must ensure that essential surveys on children's health and welfare status are reinstated. We know more about the number of matches sold than about the number of children across the country who die in fires while alone at home. Likewise, we know less about hunger and malnutrition among children than we do about the health of the nation's poultry stock.\nThe Democratic Party affirms its commitment to protecting the health and safety of children in the United States. Existing laws mandating the use of automobile child restraints must be enforced, and child safety seat loaner or rental programs and public education programs must be encouraged, in order to reduce significantly the leading cause of death and serious injury among children between the ages of six months and five years—motor vehicle crashes.\nThe crises devastating many of our nation's youth is nowhere more dramatically evidenced than in the alarming rate of increase in teenage suicide. Over 6,000 young people took their lives in 1983, and for each actual suicide 50 to 100 other youths attempted suicide. The underlying causes of teenage suicide, as well as its full scope, are not adequately researched or understood. We must commit ourselves to seek out the causes, formulate a national policy of prevention, and provide guidance to our state and local governments in developing means to stem this devastating tide of self-destruction. We support the creation of a national panel on teenage suicide to respond to this challenge.\nA Democratic Administration which establishes these priorities can reduce the risks for our young people and improve the odds. By so doing it will serve their future...and ours.\nInvesting in Education\n\nNo public investment is more important than the one we make in the minds, skills and discipline of our people. Whether we are talking about a strong economy, a strong defense or a strong system of justice, we cannot achieve it without a strong educational system. Our very future in international economic competition depends on skilled workers and on first-rate scientists, engineers, and managers.\nWe Democrats are committed to equity in education. We will insist on excellence, discipline, and high standards. Quality education depends on students, teachers and parents performing at the highest levels of achievement.\nToday, education in America needs help. But, the Reagan Administration offers misleading homilies about the importance of education while aggressively slashing education programs.\nThis is intolerable. We know that every dollar we invest in education is ultimately returned to us six-fold. We know that the education of our citizens is critical to our democracy.\nThere are four key goals that a Democratic program for educational excellence must address: strengthening local capacity to innovate and progress in public education and encourage parental involvement; renewing our efforts to ensure that all children, whatever their race, income, or sex have a fair and equal chance to learn; attracting the most talented young people into teaching and enabling them to remain and develop in their profession; and ensuring that all American families can send their children on to college or advanced training.\nPrimary and Secondary Education—While education is the responsibility of local government, local governments already strapped for funds by this Administration cannot be expected to bear alone the burden of undertaking the efforts we need for quality education—from teacher training to the salaries needed to attract and retain able teachers, to new labs, to new programs to motivate talented and gifted students, to new ties between businesses and schools—without leadership at the federal level.\nDemocrats will provide that leadership. We call for the immediate restoration of the cuts in funding of education programs by the Reagan Administration, and for a major new commitment to education. We will create a partnership for excellence among federal, state and local governments. We will provide incentives to local school districts to concentrate on science, math, communications and computer literacy; to provide access to advanced technology. In all of these fields, but particularly in computers, there is a growing danger of a two-tier education system. The more affluent districts have adequate hardware and teachers prepared to use it. Many districts are left completely behind or saddled with a modern machine but no provision for faculty training. Every American child should have the basic education that makes computer literacy possible and useful. Major attention must be given to recruiting the finest young people into teaching careers, and to providing adequate staff development programs that enable educators to increase their effectiveness in meeting the needs or all students.\nVocational education should be overhauled to bring instructional materials, equipment, and staff up to date with the technology and practices of the workplace and target assistance to areas with large numbers of disadvantaged youth. We will insist that every child be afforded an equal opportunity to fulfill his or her potential. We will pay special attention to the needs of the handicapped.\nEducation is an important key to the upward mobility of all citizens and especially the disadvantaged, despite the fact that racial discrimination and other prejudices have set limits to such achievement.\nThe Reagan Administration has singled out for extinction the proven most successful education program—compensatory education for disadvantaged children. The Democratic Party will reverse this malicious onslaught and dramatically strengthen support in order to provide educational equity for all children.\nBilingual education enables children to achieve full competence in the English language and the academic success necessary to their full participation in the life of our nation. We reject the Reagan double-talk on bilingual education and commit ourselves to expanding and increasing its effectiveness.\nWe will emphasize the importance of preventing one-third of our student body nationwide from dropping out of school in the first place. And, we will supplement community-based programs encouraging students who have left school due to teenage parenthood, alcohol and drug abuse, or economic difficulties at home, to complete their education.\nRecognizing that young people who are never given an opportunity for a job will be less likely to hold one in adulthood, we will also emphasize training and employment opportunities for youth. In so doing, we need to establish a genuine working partnership with the private sector.\nPrivate schools, particularly parochial schools, are also an important part of our diverse educational system. Consistent with our tradition, the Democratic Party accepts its commitment to constitutionally acceptable methods of supporting the education of all pupils in schools which do not racially discriminate and excluding so-called segregation academies. The Party will continue to support federal education legislation which provides for the equitable participation in federal programs of all low and moderate income pupils.\nHigher Education—We will make certain that higher education does not become a luxury affordable only by the children of the rich. That is Ronald Reagan's America. In our America, no qualified student should be deprived of the ability to go on to college because of financial circumstance.\nThe Democratic Party reaffirms the importance of historically Black colleges. Today the survival of many of these colleges is threatened. The programs that assist them, which have been severely weakened in recent years, must be greatly strengthened with funding targeted toward Black and Hispanic institutions.\nAn explosion in demand for certain types of engineers, scientists and other technical specialists is creating a shortage of faculty and PhD candidates. We must encourage colleges and universities to train more scientists and engineers. More than one hundred years ago the Morrill Land Grant Act provided for agricultural colleges and programs that today still help keep American agriculture the world leader. We need a similar program today to encourage the training of scientists and engineers. At the same time, we must not neglect the arts and humanities, which enrich our spirit. The private sector must also recognize its responsibility to join partnerships which strengthen our diverse public and private higher education system.\nFinally, all our educational institutions must adapt to growing numbers of adults returning to school to upgrade their skills, acquire new skills, prepare themselves for entirely new occupations, and enrich their lives.\nInvesting In the Arts\n\nAmerica is truly growing and prosperous when its spirit flourishes. The arts and humanities are at the core of our national experience. Creativity and the life of the mind have defined us at our best throughout our history. As scholars or artists, the museum-goers or students, craftsmen and craftswomen or the millions who use our libraries, countless Americans have a stake in a nation that honors and rejoices in intelligence and imagination.\nThe Democratic Party will set a new national tone of respect for learning and artistic achievement. Not only will the federal agencies that support them be strengthened and freed from political intimidation, but the White House itself will once again be a place where American cultural and intellectual life—in all its rich diversity—is honored. Excellence must start at the top.\nFinally, the Democratic Party is also committed to the survival of public television and radio stations which allow all Amerces, regardless of ability to pay, to appreciate high quality, alternative programming. We oppose the efforts of the Reagan Administration to enact draconian cuts which would totally undermine the viability of this nation's excellent public broadcasting system, a broadcasting system which has given the country Sesame Street, 3-2-1 Contact, and other superb children's as well as cultural and public affairs programming.\nJobs, Training, and Transitional Assistance\n\nWe must have a growing economy if we are to have jobs for all Americans who seek work. But even in a growing economy, the pressures of competition and the pace of change ensure that while jobs are being created, others are being destroyed. Prosperity will not be evenly distributed among regions and communities. We must make special efforts to help families in economic transition who are faced with loss or homes, health benefits, and pensions. And far too many of our young people, especially minorities, do not have the training and skills they need to get their first job. Democrats believe that it is a national responsibility to ensure that the burdens of change are fairly shared and that every young American can take the first step up the ladder of economic opportunity.\nOf the 8.5 million Americans still out of work, 40 percent are under 25. Unemployment among teenagers stands at almost 20 percent. Less than three percent of the jobs created in the last three and a half years have gone to young people. Black and Hispanic youth have a double burden. Unemployment for black teenagers stands at 44 percent—a 20 percent increase in the last three years. Hispanic teens face a 26 percent unemployment rate.\nAs disturbing as these figures are, they do not tell the whole story. The unemployment rate measures only those teenagers who were actively looking for work, not those who have given up, completely discouraged by the lack opportunity. Again the burden falls disproportionately on minority youth.\nThe Reagan Administration has dismantled virtually all of the successful programs to train and employ young people. Today we are spending less to put young people to work than we were even under the last Republican Administration—70 percent less, when inflation is taken into account. Youth unemployment has skyrocketed, while government efforts to combat it have dwindled to a trickle.\nUnless we address this problem now, half of an entire generation may never know what it means to work. America cannot successfully compete in the world economy if a significant portion of our future work force is illiterate, unskilled, and unemployable.\nThe Democratic Party must give our young people new skills and new hope; we must work hand in hand with the private sector if job training is to lead to jobs. Specifically, targeted efforts are needed to address the urgent problem of unemployment among minority teenagers. We must provide job training for those who have dropped out of school, and take every step to expand educational opportunity for those still in school. We must recognize the special needs of the over-age 50 worker and the displaced homemaker. Through education, training and retraining we must reduce these dangerously high levels of unemployment.\nWe must provide an opportunity for worker, including those dislocated by changing technologies to adapt to new opportunities: we must provide workers with choices as to which skills they wish to acquire. We know that Americans want to work. We are committed to ensuring that meaningful job training is available—for our students, for housewives returning to the workplace, and for those displaced by changing patterns of technology or trade.\n—The federal government will develop a major comprehensive national job skills development policy that is targeted on the chronically unemployed and underemployed. We must train and place these Americans in high-demand labor shortage occupations, working with the private sector so that maximum employment and job creation can be achieved.\n—We will overhaul the currently antiquated unemployment compensation system, and adequately fund job search listings of local employment services.\n—We will also launch meaningful training programs that lead to job placement for women who receive public assistance, in order to break the cycle of dependence and to raise their standard of living. Instead of punitive reductions in AFDC and other benefits for women who seek training and employment while receiving such assistance, beneficiaries should be given a transition period during which they are permitted to earn income in a formal training program while receiving full benefits.\n—We will seriously examine new approaches to training and retraining programs that could be financed directly by government, by labor and management, or by tax free contributions.\n—If cancellations of specific weapons systems result in significant economic dislocations and job loss, it is a national responsibility to address the human consequences of national policy.\nInvesting In Infrastructure\n\nEconomic growth requires that America invest in our infrastructure as well as in our people. Investing in infrastructure means rebuilding our bridges and roads and sewers, and we are committed to doing that. But it also means investing in our cities, in decent housing and public transportation, and in regulatory systems for finance and telecommunication that will provide a sound basis for future economic growth\nInvesting in our Cities\n\nThe Democratic Party recognizes the value of prosperous local government, and within that context we recognize that a healthy city is essential to the well-being of the nation, state, county and surrounding local governments.\nOur nation's economic life depends on the economic growth of our cities. Our cities are not only the treasures from which the nation draws its wealth: they are the centers of industry, the centers of art and culture, the breeding ground for economic innovation, and home to the majority of the America people. Our cities are among this country's greatest achievements, and they can be our country's greatest engine of economic growth.\nCities can be active partners with the federal government and private enterprises for creating new growth. They can be a dynamic entrepreneurial force—by encouraging education and research, by incubating promising new industries, by steering resources toward those most in need, and by fostering new cooperative arrangements among public agencies and private business. Cities can be a leading force for rebuilding the nation's economy.\nBut to do this, cities need state and national leadership which values the role of city and county government. Cities need a President willing to work and consult with mayors and county executives. They need an Administration which puts the needs of urban America on the top of the national agenda—because no plan for economic strength will survive when our cities are left behind.\nToday, the Reagan Administration has turned its back on the cities. By sapping our cities strength, this Administration is sapping out country's strength. Only the intervention of the Congress has prevented further and more devastating cuts in city-oriented programs. The Democratic Party believes in making our cities' needs a federal priority once again: We want to see again cities where people have jobs and adequate housing, cities whose bridges and mass transit are being maintained, and whose neighborhoods are safe to live in. And that will take a commitment by our federal government to help our cities again.\nToward that end, the Democratic Party pledges:\n—a commitment to full employment. We believe the federal government must develop a major, comprehensive national job skills development policy targeted on the chronically unemployed and underemployed. We must launch special training programs for women who receive public assistance. We need to increase government procurement opportunities for small and minority firms and to encourage deposits of federal funds in minority-owned financial institutions. And to build for the future, the Democratic Patty calls Party calls for a new national commitment to education, which must include raising standards, insisting on excellence, and giving all children a chance to learn, regardless of race, income or sex.\n—a commitment to rebuilding the infrastructure of America. We need to inventory facility needs, set priorities and establish policies for the repair, maintenance, and replacement of public works by all levels of government. We need to create a federal capital budget to separate operating and capital outlays. We will consult local governments in decisions affecting the design and performance standards of facilities constructed under federal programs. And we need to create a national reconstruction fund to provide affordable loans to states and localities for infrastructure projects. This will not only rebuild the infrastructure of our cities but provide badly needed employment for people who live there.\n—a commitment to housing. We must restore government's positive role in helping all Americans find adequate and affordable housing. We reaffirm our commitment to public housing for the most disadvantaged members of our society. We must strengthen our commitment to the operation and rehabilitation of current government-assisted housing. We must maintain and expand the flow of mortgage capital, and bring interest rates down with sensible economic policies. We must pull together the patchwork of housing programs and cut through the red tape to make it easier for cities to receive the assistance to meet their own unique needs. We must upgrade and replenish housing in minority communities and create more units for poor and low-income people. And we must enforce fair housing standards to prohibit discrimination in the housing market.\nOur Party must be a vehicle for realizing the hopes, the aspirations, and the dreams of the people of this country. And that includes the people who live in cities.\nPhysical Infrastructure\n\nThis nation's physical infrastructure—our bridges and roads, our ports, our railroads, our sewers, our public transit and water supply systems—is deteriorating faster than we can repair it. The gap between the necessary improvements and available resources grows every year. State and local governments, strapped by Reaganomics, have been forced repeatedly to defer maintenance, and to abandon plans for construction.\nAs Democrats, we recognize that infrastructure is the basis for efficient commerce and industry. If our older industrial cities are to grow, if our expanding regions are to continue to expand, then we must work with state and local government to target our investment to out most important infrastructure. There is work to be done in rebuilding and maintaining our infrastructure, and there are millions of American men and women in need of work. The federal government must take the lead in putting them back to work, and in doing so, providing the basis for private sector investment and economic growth. We need to inventory facility needs, set priorities, and establish policies for the repair, maintenance and replacement of the public works by all of government. We need a capital budget to separate paying for these long-term investments from regular expenditures. Furthermore, we need a national reconstruction fund to provide affordable loans to state and localities for infrastructure projects.\nFinance Infrastructure\n\nAt the heart of our economy is the financial infrastructure: a set of diverse interdependent institutions and markets which are the envy of the world. We must preserve that strengths. Until very recently, the United States operated with a domestic financial system that was built in response to the stock market crash Of 1929, the massive series of bank failures that accompanied the Great Depression, and the speculative excesses of the stock market. There was an emphasis on placing different types of financial activities in different institutions. Commercial banks were not to float stock market issues. Investment bankers could. Neither took equity positions in individual companies. savings and credit institutions were established to support housing and consumer durable. Soundness of the system, liquidity, investor and depositor protection, neutrality of credit and capital decisions, and a wide variety of financial institutions to serve the varying needs of business and consumers have been the fundamental goals.\nBit by bit, the American financial system began to change. The domestic financial market became closely tied to the international market, which in turn had become larger, more competitive, and more volatile. Inflation, technology, the growth of foreign competition, and institutional innovation all combined to create strong pressures for change. The 1980's brought a deregulation of interest rates and a wave of deregulatory decisions by financial regulators.\nThese changes raise serious threats to our traditional financial goals. Before leaping into a highly uncertain financial future, the country should take a careful look at the direction deregulation is taking, and what it means to our financial system and the economy.\nTelecommunications\n\nTelecommunications is the infrastructure of the information age. The last decade has seen an explosion in new technologies expanded competition, and growing dependence on high quality telecommunications.\nNationwide access to those networks is becoming crucial to full participation in a society and economy that are increasingly dependent upon the rapid exchange of information. Electronically-delivered messages, and not the written word, are becoming the dominant form of communication. A citizen without access to telecommunications is in danger of fading into isolation. Therefore, the proper regulation of telecommunications is critical. We must encourage competition while preventing regulatory decisions which substantially increase basic telephone rates and which threaten to throw large numbers of low-income, elderly, or rural people off the telecommunications networks. We must also insure that workers in the telecommunications industry do not find their retirement or other earned benefits jeopardized by the consequences of divestiture.\nThis electronic marketplace is so fundamental to our future as a democracy (as well as to our economy) that social and cultural principles must be as much a part of communications policy as a commitment to efficiency, innovation, and competition. Those principles are diversity, the availability of a wide choice of information services and sources; access, the ability of all Americans, not just a privileged few, to take advantage of this growing array of information services and sources; and opportunity, a commitment to education and diverse ownership, particularly by minorities and women, that will give every American the ability to take advantage of the computer and the telecommunications revolution. We support the Fairness Doctrine and Equal Time requirements, along with other laws and regulations on the electronic media which encourage or require responsiveness to community needs and a diversity or viewpoints.\nHousing\n\nDecent, affordable housing has been a goal of national public policy for almost half a century, since the United States Housing Act of 1937. The Democratic Party has remotely reaffirmed the belief that American citizens should be able to find adequate shelter at reasonable cost. And we have been unwavering in our support of the premise that government has a positive role to play in ensuring housing opportunities for less fortunate Americans, including the elderly and the handicapped, not served by the private market.\nIn the last four years this long-standing commitment to decent shelter has been crippled by the underfunding, insensitivity, high interest rates, and distorted priorities of the Reagan Administration.\nThe Democratic Party has always accorded housing the high priority it deserves. One essential quality will characterize this commitment in the future It must and will be comprehensive.\nBy advocating a comprehensive policy which addresses the totality of our housing needs, we do not mean to suggest that all concerns have an equal claim on resources or require the same level of governmental intervention. The bulk of our resources will be concentrated on those most in need, and government must take a leadership role where others cannot or will not participate.\nWithin a comprehensive framework for policy development and constituency building, we will establish priorities according to principles of compassion and equity. We would like to see a special effort in two areas in the first years of a new Democratic Administration.\nFirst, we must intensify our commitment to the adequate operation, management, and rehabilitation of the current inventory of government-assisted housing. This housing stock is not one, but the only option for the least fortunate among our lower income families and senior citizens. It is the right thing to do and it 'makes economic sense to preserve our own economic investment.\nSecond, we must maintain and expand the flow of mortgage capital. The America dream of home ownership will fall beyond the reach of this generation and future ones if government fails to help attract new sources of capital for housing.\nWe will draw on our historic commitment to housing, and the best insights and energies of today's Democratic Party, to address the future housing needs of all the American people. The Democratic Party will develop short-range emergency responses to the problem of homelessness as well as long-range solutions to its causes. The Democratic Party will support upgrading and replenishment of the housing stock in minority communities, with more affordable units available so that poor and low income people can buy units with low interest loans. Also, fair housing standards need to be vigorously enforced by the federal, state and local governments in order to deal with persistent discrimination in the housing market for buyers and renters. Finally, the expansion of public housing and other publicly-assisted housing programs is a necessity due to the growth in the homeless population and in the high cost of commercially available units.\nTransportation\n\nDemocrats vigorously support the concept of promoting competition in transportation and the elimination of unnecessary and inefficient regulation of the railroad industry. Democrats also insist on insuring a fair rate for captive shippers. It was the Democratic Party which was primarily responsible for the passage of the Staggers Rail Act of 1980, which was designed to accomplish these objectives.\nThe Democratic Party is committed to a policy of administering the transportation laws in a manner which will encourage competition and provide protection for captive shippers.\nA comprehensive maritime policy that is tailored to the realities of today's international shipping world and to the economic, political, and military needs of the United States is a necessity. Such a policy should address all facets of out maritime industry—from shipping to shipbuilding and related activities—in an integrated manner.\nPostal Service\n\nThe private express statutes guarantee the protection and security of the mail for all Americans. They are essential to the maintenance of the national postal system along with retaining rural post offices to assure the delivery of mail to all Americans.\nA Framework for Growth\n\nThe American economy is a complex mix, incorporating any number of different actors and entities—private businesses, professional societies, charitable institutions, lair unions, regional development councils, and local school boards. The economy is driven by millions of individual decisions on spending and saving, on investing and wages. Government is only one force among many woven into the fabric of American economic life. Just as the wrong overall economic policy can disrupt the best private decisions, the best government economic policies will not put us on a path to long-term growth unless business, labor, and other private institutions meet their responsibilities and rise to the competitive challenge of a new era.\nPrivate Sector Responsibilities\n\nIn many cases, the private sector is already playing a major role in laying the basis for future growth and meeting broad community responsibilities. In other cases, however, short-term considerations have been allowed to predominate at the expense of the long-term needs of the national economy.\nA recent wave of mergers has been particularly troubling. Any number of large corporations have focuses their energies arranging the next merger or defending against the latest takeover bid.\nMany of our major competitors have targeted their efforts on investments in new methods of producing cheaper, high-quality products. To respond to the growing pressure of foreign competition. America's private sector must meet several challenges:\n—Investing strategically—the more U.S. companies focus on long-term strategies to improve their competitive positions, the better off the entire economy will be.\n—Managing cost and quality—U.S. companies will have to place similar emphasis on controlling costs and quality to effectively meet the best of the foreign competition.\n—Competing internationally—U.S. business like other institutions in the country need to pay greater attention to the international market place.\nPartnership, Cooperation and Participation\n\nPartnership, cooperation and participation are central to economic growth. We need new cooperative institutions, and a steady redefinition of how labor and management, universities, the private sector, and state and local governments can work together.\n—National cooperation—In developing a long-term growth strategy, there are several particularly important functions that today are poorly performed or poorly coordinated by the government: coordination and policy coherence;\ndeveloping and disseminating useful economic information; anticipating economic problems; and developing long-term consensus between public and private sectors. To better accomplish these tasks, it is time that a national Economic Cooperation Council was created, Its charter would be simple and basic: (1) to collect, analyze, and disseminate economic data; (2) to create a forum where the gap between business, labor, and government is bridged, where all three develop the trust, understanding, and cooperation necessary to improve productivity; and, (3) to identify national priorities, make recommendations on how best to reach those goals, and help build consensus for action.\n—State involvement—Under the guise of increasing the power of state government, the Reagan Administration has actually given the states only the power to decide what programs to cut or eliminate, because of the substantially decreased funding it has made available to the states. Should it be baby clinics, child immunization against disease, day care, maternal health, or youth services? The Democratic Party believes a strong partnership of federal, state and local governments is basic to effective and efficient decision-making, problem-solving, and provision of adequate services. We must also encourage cooperation between states and the private sector. State development agencies are already seeking closer ties to both business and universities. And universities are increasingly looking to the private sector in setting their research agendas.\n—Local and community involvement—Citizen involvement in governance should be as great as possible. The responsibility for general governance, the delivery of programs and services, and the resolution of problems should be with the level of government that is closest to the citizenry and that can still discharge those responsibilities effectively and efficiently. These levels of government must assure basic civil liberties and justice for all citizens. They must not be abrogated by any local jurisdiction. The federal government should focus on the importance of local initiatives. For example, vocational education is an area where local schools and local business will increasingly be brought together. Financial stability and adequate authority are essential prerequisites to developing successful public-private partnerships and maximizing citizen involvement in governance.\nGovernment financial and technical assistance programs should give preference to viable worker and/or community—owned or -run businesses, especially as a response to plant shutdowns.\nBroadening Labor-Management Cooperation\n\nWe support greater employee participation in the workplaces. Employees should have an opportunity to make a greater contribution to workplace productivity and qualify through actual ownership of the company, employee representation on corporate boards, quality work circles, and greater worker participation in management decisions. The government should encourage employee participation and ownership, particularly as an alternative to plant shutdowns. It is destructive of labor-management relations when concessions extracted from labor to preserve jobs are converted after the restoration of profitability, into management bonuses, rather than restoring the concessions that the workers made. Such practices offend our sense of fairness, as does the Reagan Administration-inspired union-busting. Essential to fairness in the workplace is the basic right of workers to organize collectively.\nConsumer Protection\n\nThe Democratic Party strongly reaffirms its commitment to federal programs which are designed to enhance and protect the health and safety of all Americans. Under the Reagan Administration, the critical missions of agencies such as the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) have been ignored and subverted.\nThe Reagan Administration proposed abolishing the CPSC, which has recalled over 300 million dangerous and defective products in its 10 year history. When it failed to accomplish this, the Administration attempted to submerge CPSC in the Department of Commerce. Also failing in this attempt, the Reagan Administration inflicted massive budget and personnel cuts on the Commission. The impact has been far reaching: recalls declined 66%, inspections were cut in half and over half of CPSC's regional offices have been closed. The result has been a paralysis of mission and an America more susceptible to dangerous product.\nThe record at the NHTSA, the agency mandated to reduce the appalling annual highway deaths of more than 50,000 Americans, is just as shameful. The President has appointed administrators with no safety background and even less commitment to the public health mission of the agency. Critical lifesaving safety standards, such as one requiring automatic crash protection in cars, have been revoked. The enforcement of defect and recall programs, designed to remove dangerous vehicles from our roads, has been cut back. Recalls are at an all-time low and only one safety standard has been proposed in four years.\nAt OSHA and MSHA, we have witnessed a retreat from agency mandates to provide safe and healthful working conditions for this nation's working men and women. Existing standards have been weakened or revoked and not one single new standard has been implemented. Similarly, at the FDA there has been an important shift away from removing dangerous and ineffective drugs in favor of weakening standards for products. The FTC has run roughshod over the nation's antitrust laws, allowing 9 of the 10 largest mergers in history to occur.\nThe dangerous trends in all these areas must be immediately reversed to allow these vital health and safety agencies to pursue their missions aggressively, to protect and enhance the health and safety of all Americans.\nIndividual Empowerment\n\nThe Democratic Party's commitment to full equality is as much a part of prodding individual opportunity as it is part of a program of social justice. At the heart of our values as a nation is our belief in independence. Anyone who has brought home a paycheck, bought a car, or paid off a mortgage knows the pride that economic self-sufficiency brings. And anyone who has lost a job, watched one's children go hungry, or been denied a chance at success knows the terrible indignity that comes with dependence.\nAs Democrats, we share that belief in independence. Our goal is to allow the greatest number of people the greatest opportunity for self-sufficiency.\nAs a Party, we are committed to preparing people to stand on their own: that is why we insist on adequate nutrition for our children and good education for our young people. We are committed to permitting independence; that's why wee believe discrimination on any basis must come to an end. We believe that independence should be prolonged for as long as possible; to ensure it continues even after retirement, we support Social Security and Medicare. And we believe we must preserve the self-respect of those who are unable to be completely self-sufficient—the very young, the unskilled, the disabled, the very old—and to help them toward as much independence as possible. As much as it is a strategy for long run economic growth, individual empowerment must itself be an operating philosophy. in the welfare system, in education, and in the laws affecting everyone from shareholders to the average voter, the Democratic Party will ask if the individual is being made stronger and more independent.\nAmerica in a World Economy\n\nThe reality of international competition in the 1980's requires government policies which will assure the competitiveness of American industry and American workers. Democrats will support and encourage innovation and research and development in both the private and public sector. We will seek to strengthen America's small businesses. And we will pursue trade policies and industrial strategies to ensure that out workers and our businesses can compete fully and fairly in the international arena.\nInnovation\n\nInnovation—in process and product technology—is at the heart of our ability to compete in a world economy and produce sustained economic growth at home. And research and development, critical as it is for our growing high technology industries, is no less important for our basic industries. In the past generation, our world leadership in innovation has been increasingly jeopardized. We have not invested enough—or wisely enough—to match our major competitors.\nResearch and Development—Since the mid-1960's, all the other major industrial nations have increased their expenditures for research and development more rapidly than we have. Over the past decade, manufacturing productivity rose more than four times faster in Japan, more than three times faster in France, and more than twice as fast in both West Germany and the United Kingdom than in the United States. And the number of patents granted to Americans each year has plunged by 40 percent.\nThe United States should revise its downward trend and increase the percentage of GNP devoted to commercially-related R&D as a long-term spending goal. We must be at the cutting edge, and we will not get there without cooperation between the government and the private sector. As Democrats, our goal is to increase civilian research and development in this country, to expand its commercial application, and to provide more industries with the opportunity to take advantage of it.\nAt the national level, this means enhanced support for undergraduate and graduate training in science, mathematics, and engineering; increased support to refurbish a modernize university research laboratories; increased support for the National Science Foundation and similar efforts; and a commitment to civilian research and development.\nCenters of Excellence—In the past generation, scientists and engineers, together with educators and business leaders throughout the United States, have begun countless new, high technology businesses such as those in Boston, Massachusetts, California's Silicon Valley, North Carolina's Research Triangle, greater Denver, Colorado, and Austin, Texas to establish this country as a leader in the next generation of high technology industries—biotechnology, polymer sciences, robotics, photovoltaics, marine sciences, microelectronics. The Democratic Party will encourage and support centers that provide for cooperation of academic and entrepreneurial excellence, thereby strengthening our scientific and technological resources and creating tomorrow's jobs.\nSmall and Minority Business\n\nThe Democratic Party recognizes that small businesses create many, if not most of the new jobs in our country, and are responsible for much of the innovation. They are thus our greatest hope for the future. Our capacity as a nation to create an environment that encourages and nurtures innovative new businesses will determine our success in providing jobs for our people. In the private sector, spurring innovation means paying special attention to the needs of small, including minority and women-owned, and rapidly growing businesses on the cutting edge of our economy.\nThis will require incentives for research and development and for employee education and training, including relaxing certain restrictions on pension fund investment; targeted reform that stimulates the flow of capital into new and smaller businesses: a tax code that is no longer biased against small and rapidly growing firms: vigorous enforcement of our antitrust laws, coupled with antitrust policies that permit clearly legitimate joint research and development ventures; expanded small business access to the Export-Import Bank and other agencies involved in export promotion; and targeted reform that provides for the delivery of community-based, community-supported management assistance, and innovative means of making seed capital available for companies in our large cities, as well as our rural communities.\nRules and regulations should not weigh more heavily on new firms or small businesses than they do on the large well-established enterprise, Risk taking is a key to economic growth in a modern industrial society. If anything, rules and regulations should encourage it.\nThe Small Business Administration must once again be responsive to the needs of entrepreneurs, including minorities and women. In addition, the heads of the Small Business Administration, the Minority Business Development Administration and other government agencies must ensure that the needs of smaller minority businesses are met at the regional and local levels. To further meet the needs of smaller minority businesses, we favor increasing government procurement, opportunities for smaller minority firms, encouraging deposits of federal funds in minority-owned financial institutions, and vigorously implementing all set-aside provisions for minority businesses.\nThe Democratic Party pledges to bring about these reforms and create a new era of opportunity for the entrepreneurs who have always led the way in our economy.\nMeeting the Challenge of Economic Competition\n\nThirty years ago, half of all goods produced in the world were made in the United States. While we have greatly expanded our output of services, our share of manufactured products is now just one-fifth of the world's total. Once dominant U.S. industries are now hard-pressed. In April, our trade deficit reached a stunning $12.2 billion for one month. At that rate, we would lose two million or more jobs this year alone. We will not allow our workers and our industries to be displaced by either unfair import competition, or irrational fiscal and monetary policies.\nSome of these difficulties we have brought on ourselves, with shortsighted strategies, inadequate investment in plant, equipment, and innovation, and fiscal and monetary policies that have impaired our international competitiveness by distorting the value of the dollar against foreign currencies. But other difficulties have been thrust upon us by foreign nations.\nThe reality of the 1980's is that the international economy is the arena in which we must compete, The world economy is an integrated economy: the challenge for our political leadership is to assure that the new arena is in fact a fair playing field for American businesses and consumers. We are committed to pursuing industrial strategies that effectively and imaginatively blend the genius of the free market with vital government partnership and leadership. As Democrats, we will be guided by the following principles and policies.\n—We need a vigorous, open and fair trade policy 'that builds America's competitive strength, and that allows our nation to remain an advanced, diversified economy while promoting full employment and raising living standards in the United States and other countries of the world; opens overseas markets for American products; strengthens the international economic system; assists adjustment to foreign competition; and recognizes the legitimate interests of American workers, farmers and businesses.\n—We will pursue international negotiations to open markets and eliminate trade restrictions, recognizing that the growth and stability of the Third World depends on its ability to sell its products in international markets. High technology, agriculture and other industries should be brought under the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs. Moreover, the developing world is a major market for U.S. exports, particularly capital goods. As a result, the U.S. has major stake in international economic institutions that support growth in the developing world.\n—We recognize that the growth and development of the Third World is vital both to global stability and to the continuing expansion of world trade. The U.S. presently sells more to the Third World than to the European Community and Japan combined. If we do not buy their goods, they cannot buy ours, not can they service their debt. Consequently, it is important to be responsive to the issues of the North/South dialogue such as volatile commodity prices, inequities in the functioning or the international financial and monetary markets, and removal of barriers to the expert or Third World goods.\n—If trade has become big business for the country, exports have become critical to the economic health of a growing list of American industries. In the future, national economic policy will have to be set with an eye to its impact on U.S. exports. The strength of the dollar, the nature of the U.S. tax system, and the adequacy of export finance all play a role in making U.S. exports internationally competitive.\n—The United States continues to struggle with trade barriers that affect its areas of international strength. Subsidized export financing on the part of Europe and Japan has also created problems for the United States, as has the use of industrial policies in Europe and Japan. In some cases, foreign governments target areas of America's competitive strength. In other cases, industrial targeting has been used to maintain industries that cannot meet international competition—often diverting exports to the American market and increasing the burden or adjustment for America's import-competing industries. We will ensure that timely and effective financing can be obtained by American businesses through the Export-Import Bank, so that they can compete effectively against subsidized competitors from abroad.\n—A healthy U.S. auto industry is essential to a strong trade balance and economy. That industry generates a large number of American jobs and both develops and consumes new technology needed for economic vitality. We believe it is a sound principle of international trade for foreign automakers which enjoy substantial sales in the United States to invest here and create jobs where their markets are. This can promote improved trade relations and a stronger American and world economy. We also believe U.S. auto makers need to maintain high volume small car production in the U.S. With the U.S. auto companies' return to profitability (despite continued unemployment in the auto sector), we urge expanded domestic investment to supply consumers with a full range of competitive vehicle. We support efforts by management and labor to improve auto quality and productivity, and to restrain prices.\n—Where foreign competition is fair, American industry should compete without government assistance. Where competition is unfair, we must respond powerfully. We will use trade law and international negotiations to aid U.S. workers, farmers, and businesses injured by unfair trade practices.\n—We need industrial strategies to create a cooperative partnership of labor, capital, and management to increase productivity and to make America competitive once more. Our keystone industries must be modernized and rebuilt, through industry-wide agreements. Where necessary, through Presidential leadership, we must negotiate industrial modernization and growth agreements that commit management to new domestic investment, higher levels of employment and worker training, as well as commit labor to ease the introduction of new technologies.\n—There must be a broad consensus and commitment among labor, business and financial institutions that industry should and can be assisted, and in a particular way. We believe that all parties to modernization agreements must contribute to their success and that the government must be prepared to use a range of tools—including tax, import, and regulatory relief, and appropriate financing mechanisms—to assist this revitalization. There should be a primary emphasis on private capital in any such agreements.\n—The problems of individual industries, rather than industry as a whole, is another area in which an Economic Cooperation Council will be effective. In the case of a particular industry, the Council would select sub-councils to solve specific problems. Key members of the interested businesses and unions, financial institutions, academic specialists and other concerned and knowledgeable parties would meet to hammer out proposed strategies and agreements. It is not a question of picking winners and losers. Nor is it even always a question of some industries being more important than others. Rather, it is an opportunity for government and the private sector to forge a consensus to capture new markets, to restore an industry to competitive health, or to smooth the transition of workers and firms to new opportunities.\n—We want industries to modernize so as to restore competitiveness where it is flagging. If temporary trade relief is granted, the quid pro quo for relief will be a realistic, hardheaded modernization plan which will restore competitiveness involving commitments by all affected parties. The public is entitled to receive a fair return on its investment. Where government initiatives are necessary to save an industry like steel, auto or textiles, we must see that those initiatives meet the needs of the whole community—workers as well as executives, taxpayers and consumers as well as stockholders.\n—To facilitate the efforts of workers and communities to keep plants open and operating and in cases which closings are unavoidable, to help workers and communities to adapt, we support a requirement that companies give advance notification of plant closings or large-scale layoffs to their employees, surrounding communities and local governments. Where plants are nonetheless closed, we will help workers and communities to adapt.\n—Finally, we need a vigorous effort to redress the currency distortions that are undermining our international competitiveness. In addition to reducing our budget deficit, we will press for improved economic coordination with the major industrialized nations; work with Japan and other countries to further liberalize currency and investment regulations; :and negotiate toward agreements that will blunt speculative currency swings and restore stability and predictability to the international monetary system.\nAgriculture\n\nAgriculture—America's largest, most fundamental industry—has been plunged into its worst depression since Herbert Hoover presided over the farm economy's collapse half a century ago. During President Reagan's stewardship of our nation's agriculture economy: real prices paid to farmers for their commodities have plummeted by twenty-one percent; real interest rates paid by farmers have increased be as much as 1,200 percent; real farm income has fallen to its lowest level since 1933; debt owed by U.S. farmers and ranchers has swelled to $215 billion; and farm foreclosures and forced sales have tripled.\nRonald Reagan has hung a \"for sale\" sign on America's independent, family-based system of agricultural production. While these farmers have raised their production efficiency to record highs, Reagan's policies have forced down their prices, income, and financial worth.\nThe Reagan Administration has been unwilling to take sensible, fiscally responsible action needed to halt this accelerating downward cycle in agriculture. Because of this failure of leadership, nearly 200,000 good farmers and ranchers, including minority farmers, have gone out of business since he took office in 1981. This is a rate of more than 1,000 families pushed off their land every week, the equivalent of all the farms and ranches in California and Iowa, our two largest agricultural states. Hundreds of thousands of the remaining enterprises teeter on the brink of bankruptcy and cannot survive another four years of this Administration's agricultural mismanagement.\nThis collapse is happening despite the fact that Ronald Reagan has squandered taxpayers' money on his farm policies, spending $31 billion on his programs last year alone. That is six times more than any other\nThe Democratic Party strongly opposes the Reagan Administration's policy or aggressively promoting and further subsidizing nuclear power. Today, millions of Americans arc concerned about the safety of nuclear power plants and their radioactive waste. We recognize the safety and economic factors which bring into question the viability of this energy source.\nWe will insist on the highest possible standards of safety and protection of public health with respect to nuclear power, including siting, design, operation, evacuation plans, and waste disposal procedures. We will require nuclear power to compete fairly in the marketplace. We will reexamine and review all federal subsidies to the nuclear industry, including the Price-Anderson Act's limits on the liability of the industry which will be considered for re-authorization in the next Congress. A Democratic Administration will give the Nuclear Regulatory Commission the integrity, competence, and credibility it needs to carry out its mandate to protect the public health and safety. We will expand the role of the public in NRC procedures.\nThe Democratic Party believes high-level radioactive waste and other hazardous materials should be transported only when absolutely necessary. We will guarantee states full participatory rights in all decisions affecting the movement of high-level radioactive waste within their borders. We will require radioactive waste and hazardous materials emergency response plans along transportation routes, similar to those required for nuclear power plants. The Democratic Party will act swiftly to ensure stales' authority to regulate routes and schedules for radioactive and other hazardous shipments.\nWe will ensure that no offshore oil and gas exploration will be taken up that is inconsistent with the protection of our fisheries and coastal resources. The leasing of public lands, both onshore and offshore, will be based on present demand and land use planning processes, and will be undertaken in ways that assure fair economic return to the public, protection of the environment and full participation by state and local governments. The Coastal Zone Management Act should be amended to require initial leasing decisions to be consistent with federally approved state and territorial coastal zone management plans. Interior states should be given consultation and concurrence rights with respect to onshore leases comparable to the rights afforded coastal states with respect to offshore leases.\nWe believe that synthetic fuels research and development support should emphasize environmental protection technologies and standards and hold out reasonable hope of long-term economic viability. The Democratic Party proposes to reevaluate the Synthetic Fuels Corporation.\nEnergy Conservation\n\nThe high cost of producing and using energy now constitutes a substantial share of U.S. capital spending. Energy conservation has become essential to our economy as well as our national security.\nStrict standards of energy efficiency for home appliances, for example, could save enough money in the next 15 years to avoid the need for 40 new power plants. Better insulated houses and apartments can sharply reduce power and heating bills for families throughout America, and help utilities avoid the high cost of building more expensive power plants.\nRonald Reagan sees no role for government in conserving energy, and he has gutted promising conservation efforts. The Democratic Party supports extension of the existing tax credits for business and residential energy conservation and renewable energy use, and expansion of the tax credits to include the incorporation of passive solar designs in new housing. The Democratic Party also supports faithful implementation of existing programs for energy efficiency standards for new appliances: upgrading of fuel efficiency standards for new automobile; establishment of comparable fuel efficiency standards for new light trucks and vans; and development of an energy efficiency rating system to be used to advise home-buyers at the time of sale of the likely future energy costs of houses.\nLifeline Utility Rates\n\nRecognizing that the elderly and the poor suffer most from high energy costs, the Democratic Party supports special, lower electricity and natural gas rates for senior citizens and low-income Americans.\nRecycling\n\nThe Democratic Party recognizes that recovering and recycling used materials can conserve energy and natural resources, create additional jobs, reduce the costs of material goods, eliminate solid waste and liter, and avoid pollution. We will increase efforts to recover and recycle useful materials from municipal waste.\nProtecting Our Environment\n\nAmericans know that industrial production and economic development do not have to mean ruined land or polluted air and water. Sound resource management, careful planning, and strict pollution control enforcement will allow us to have a prosperous economy and a healthy environment. For the last four years the Reagan Administration has assumed a radical position, working to eliminate the environmental protections forged through years of bipartisan cooperation.\nRonald Reagan's first appointees to key environmental positions have already been forced to resign. But the American people are entitled to more than the absence of scandal—they demand real action to protect the health and safety of our families and communities. The Democratic Party supports revitalizing the Environmental Protection Agency by providing it with a budget increase adequate to allow it to carry out its substantially increased responsibility to protect the people and enforce the law.\nHazardous Wastes\n\nThousands of dump sites across America contain highly dangerous poisons that can threaten the health and safety of families who live nearby or who depend on water supplies that could be contaminated by the poisons. Although Congress his established the Superfund for emergency cleanup of these dangerous sites, President Reagan refuses to use it vigorously. The Democratic Party is committed to enforcing existing laws, to dramatically increasing Superfund resources to clean up all sites that threaten public health, and to assuring that everyone whose health or property is damaged has a fair opportunity to force the polluters to pay for the damage. This increased support should be financed at least in part through new taxes on the generation of hazardous wastes, so companies have an economic incentive to reduce the volume and toxicity of their dangerous wastes.\nThe Resource Conservation and Recovery Act should be expanded to include major new requirements for safer management of newly generated toxic waste. High priority must be given to establishing and implementing a program to phase out the land disposal of untreated hazardous waste, requiring instead that it be treated by chemical, biological, or thermal processes that render it harmless and safe for disposal. The Environmental Protection Agency also should adopt standards to ensure that the safest possible methods of managing particular wastes are used, and that available methods are used to reduce the volume and toxicity of waste produced by industry.\nClean Air and Water\n\nThe Democratic Party supports a reauthorized and strengthened Clean Air Act. Statutory requirements for the control of toxic air pollutants should be strengthened, with the environmental agency required to identify and regulate within three years priority air pollutants known or anticipated to cause cancer and other serious diseases. The Democratic Party calls for an immediate program to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions by 50% from 1980 levels within the next decade; this program shall include interim reductions within five years of its enactment. In addition, significant progress will be made to further reductions of nitrogen oxide emissions. Our effort should be designed to reduce environmental and economic damage from acid ram while assuring such efforts do not cause regional economic dislocations. Every effort should be made to mitigate any job losses associated with any national acid rain program.\nThe Democratic Party is committed to strengthening the Clean Water Act to curb both direct and indirect discharge of toxic pollutants into our nation's waters, and supports a strengthened Environmental Protection Agency to assure help to American cities in providing adequate supplies of drinking water free of toxic chemicals and other contaminants.\nWorkplace Safety\n\nThe Democratic Party believes all Americans in their workplaces and communities, have the right to know what hazardous materials and chemicals they may have been exposed to and how they may protect their health from such exposure. The Democratic Party supports appropriate funding levels for the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, reversing the Reagan budget cuts in that agency; vigorous enforcement of occupational safety and health standards; and worker right-to-know requirements.\nPesticides and Herbicides\n\nThe Democratic Party is committed to establishing standards and deadlines requiring all pesticides and herbicides to be thoroughly tested to ensure they do not cause cancer, birth defects, or other adverse health effects. We support rigorous research and information programs to develop and assist farmers with the use of integrated pest management and non-chemical pest control methods to reduce the health risk of controlling agricultural pests, and the establishment of strict deadlines to ensure that pesticides are fully tested and in compliance with health and safety standards. The Democratic Party is committed to ensuring that our nation's food supply is free of pesticides whose danger to health has been demonstrate, and believes it is irresponsible to allow the export to other nations of herbicides and pesticides banned for use in the U.S. and will act swiftly to halt such exports.\nEPA Budget\n\nThe Democratic Party opposes the Reagan Administration's budget cuts, which have severely hampered the effectiveness or our environmental programs. The Environmental Protection Agency should receive a budget that exceeds in real dollars the agency's purchasing power when President Reagan took office, since the agency's workload has almost doubled in recent years.\nInternational Leadership\n\nThe Democratic Party strongly opposes the Reagan Administration's abandonment of the United States' historic leadership role in international efforts to control pollution, contrary to our interests and those of our allies. We will restore immediately our nation's leadership on international environmental issues, making the United States once again the best example of an industrial nation committed to protecting its land, water and air resources, as well as those of its neighbors.\nFederal Compliance\n\nThe Democratic Party will require all federal activities, including those associated with the Departments of Defense and Energy, to comply fully with federal health, safety and environmental laws.\nManaging our Public Lands\n\nThe Democratic Party believes in retaining ownership and control of our public lands, and in managing those lands according to the principles of multiple use and sustained yield, with appropriate environmental standards and mitigation requirements to protect the public interest. The Democratic Party supports the substantial expansion of the National Wilderness Preservation System, with designations of all types of ecosystems, including coastal areas, deserts, and prairies as well as forest and alpine areas. Congressional decisions to designate wilderness should include evaluations of mineral resources and other potential land values. Further, the Democratic Party believes that publicly owned timber resources should be priced at levels that reflect their true market value, taking into consideration their true costs to the government. Grazing on our public lands should not impair our grassland resources.\nThe Democratic Party believes the process of designating rivers for inclusion in the national wild and scenic rivers system, halted by the Reagan Administration, should be preserved in their free-flowing condition for the benefit and enjoyment of present and future generations.\nThe Democratic Party supports adequate funding of and restoration of federal programs to protect fully national parks, wildlife refuges, and wilderness areas from external and internal threats. Development activities within national wildlife refuges which are not compatible with the purposes for which the refuges were designated should not be allowed. The letter and the spirit of the Alaska National Interest Lands Consolation Act of 1980 should be followed, with an end to unsound land exchanges and other efforts to circumvent the law.\nA new Democratic Party will provide adequate appropriations for the Land and Water Conservation Fund.\nWetlands—The Democratic Party supports coherent and coordinated federal policies to protect our nation's valuable and disappearing wetlands, which are critical nurseries for commercial fisheries and vital ecological, scenic, and recreational resources. These policies will include more active efforts to acquire threatened wetland areas, consideration of new tax incentives to encourage private efforts to preserve instead of develop wetland, and elimination of current incentives that encourage wetlands destruction.\nWildlife—Fishing, hunting, and enjoyment of America's wildlife can continue to be an important part of our natural heritage only through active programs to maintain the diversity and abundance of plants, animals, and natural habitats. The Democratic Party supports protection of endangered species, land management to maintain healthy populations of wildlife, and full United States participation to implement international wildlife treaties.\nWater Policy—The Democratic Party recognizes that finite and diminishing quantities of water, and often antiquated, inadequate, or inefficient water supply systems, threaten economic growth and the quality of life in all regions of the country. We recognize that federal leadership is necessary to meet these needs, and to do so in environmentally sound ways.\nThe Democratic Party supports the creation of a national water resources planning board and a comprehensive review of the nation's water needs. We support major new water policy efforts addressing several national needs:\n—We will help meet our nation's infrastructure needs, including the construction of new projects which are economically and environmentally sound. New water project starts, by the Corps of Engineers throughout the country and by the Bureau of Reclamation in the West, are critical. In all cases, we will consider innovative and nonstructural alternatives on an equal basis.\n—We will examine the water quantity and water quality issues associated with providing adequate water supply.\n—We will help meet navigation, flood control, and municipal water supply system needs, with new assistance to urban areas needing financial help to rebuild deteriorating water systems.\n—We will give new priority attention to improving efficiency in the use of water, recognizing that more efficient water use is often the least costly and most environmentally acceptable way to meet our water needs and achieve the fullest possible beneficial use of our water resources.\n—We will carefully coordinate federal water policy efforts with affected state governments, making possible not only cooperative financing of water investments but a commensurate sharing of decision-making authority and responsibility.\n—We will provide assistance to states addressing the growing problems of groundwater depletion and contamination.\nChapter II:Justice, Dignity and Opportunity\n\nIntroduction\n\nFulfilling America's highest promise, equal justice for all: that is the Democratic agenda for a just future.\nFor many of our citizens, it is only in the last two decades that the efforts of a broad, bipartisan coalition have begun to give real meaning to the dream of freedom and equality. During that time Democrats, spurred by the Civil Rights Movement, have enacted landmark legislation in areas including voting, education, housing and employment.\nA nation is only as strong as its commitment to justice and equality. Today, a corrosive unfairness eats at the underpinnings of our society. Civil rights laws and guarantees—only recently achieved after hard-fought battles, personal sacrifice and loss of life—are imperiled by an Administration that consciously seeks to turn the clock back to an era when second-class citizenship for women and minorities, disenfranchisement, and de jure and de facto segregation were very much the facts of life for well over half of America's population. Moreover, justice encompasses more than our nation's laws. The poor, the female, the minority—many of them just like boats stuck on the bottom—have come to experience an implacable and intractable foe in the Reagan Administration.\nA new Democratic Administration will understand that the age-old scourge of discrimination and prejudice against many groups in American society is still rampant and very much a part of the reason for the debilitating circumstances in which disadvantaged peoples are forced to live. Although strides have been made in combatting discrimination and defamation against Americans of various ethic groups, much remains to be done. Therefore, we pledge an end to the Reagan Administration's punitive policy toward women, minorities, and the poor and support the reaffirmation of the principle that the government is still responsible for protecting the civil rights of all citizens. Government has a special responsibility to those whom society has historically prevented from enjoying the benefits of full citizenship for reasons of race, religion, sex, age, national origin and ethnic heritage, sexual orientation, or disability.\nThe goal for the coming decades is not only full justice under the law, but economic justice as well. In the recent past, we have put our nation on the road toward achieving equal protection of all our citizens' human rights. The challenge now is to continue to press that cause, while joining a new battle—to assure justice and opportunity in the workplace, and in the economy.\nJustice for all in today's America and the America of tomorrow demands not one, but two broad guarantees. First, we must guarantee that our nation will reinforce and extend its commitment to human rights and equal opportunity. And second, we must guarantee progress on the new frontier for the future: economic and social justice.\nWe are determined to enforce the laws guaranteeing equal opportunity, and to complete the civil rights agenda cast aside by the Reagan Administration. No President has the right to do what this Administration has done: to read selectively from the United Sates Code and simply ignore the laws ensuring basic rights and opportunities because they conflict with this Administration's ideology. As Democrats, we pledge to reverse the trend towards lawlessness which has characterized this Administration, and to keep our commitments to all in our community who look to the government for defense of their rights.\nBut we recognize that while a first step toward a just society is to guarantee the right of all workers to compete equally for a job, the next step is assuring that enough new jobs are created to give meaningful employment to all our workers for the future.\nIf in past decades we won the right for minorities to ride at the front of the bus, in coming years we must assure that minorities have the opportunity to own the bus company.\nIt will not be enough to say that our nation must offer equal access to health care—we must put comprehensive health care within the reach of all of our citizens, at a price all can afford.\nIt will not do simply to guarantee women a place in the work force—women deserve an equal chance at a career leading to the board of directors.\nAs Democrats, we believe that human rights and an economy of opportunity are two sides of the same coin of justice. No economic program can be considered just unless it advances the opportunity of all to live a better, more dignified life. No American is afforded economic justice when he or she is denied an opportunity to reap the rewards of economic growth.\nEconomic justice is also economic common sense. Any who doubt that should consider the toll of welfare, crime, prisons, public housing and urban squalor on our national wealth. We will pay a high price for all the disadvantaged or disenfranchised if we fail to include them in the new economic revolution.\nAs Democrats, therefore, we pledge to pursue a new definition of justice that meets the new demands of our time. Under a Democratic Administration, equality and fairness under the law will be matched by justice in the economy and in the workplace.\nThe Future If Reagan is Reelected\n\n\"Twenty years after the Equal Pay Act should have eradicated the last vestige of economic discrimination against women, employers have made little progress in integrating their work force. It is the Republican governor of Washington State, and the Republican County Executive of Nassau County, New York, who are committing public resources to mount a legal defense for their jurisdictions blatant sex discrimination practices...The Reagan Administration from the outset has made it abundantly clear that civil rights and economic justice are to be sacrificed on the altar of corporate greed...\"\nDiana Rock, Director of Women's Rights, American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees (Democratic Platform Committee Hearing, Cleveland, Ohio, May 21, 1984)\n\"The Reagan Administration, upon taking office in 1981, set upon a concerted effort to roll back civil rights protections. This attack is underway in agency enforcement, court litigation, legislative initiative, and nominations of federal appointees.\"\nVirna M. Canson. Regional Director, West Coast Region, NAACP (Democratic Platform Committee Hearing. Los Angeles, California. May 14, 1984)\nThe neglect of our historic human rights commitment will already be recorded as the first legacy of Ronald Reagan's years in the White House. But suppose Mr. Reagan is reelected.\nWhat would become of America's commitment to equal justice and opportunity if Mr. Reagan is reelected?\nThe hard truth is that if Mr. Reagan is reelected our most vigorous defender of the rule of law—the United States Supreme Court—could be lost to the cause of equal justice for another generation. Today, five of the nine members of that Court are over 75. Our next President will likely have the opportunity to shape that Court, not just for his own term—or even for his own lifetime—but for the rest of ours, and for our children's too.\nThere can be little doubt that a Supreme Court chosen by Ronald Reagan would radically restrict constitutional rights and drastically reinterpret existing laws. Today, the fundamental right of a woman to reproductive freedom rests on the votes of six members of the Supreme Court—five of whom are over 75. That right could easily disappear during a second Reagan term. Already, the protections against employment discrimination have been restricted by the Court: a Reagan Court surely would reduce them further. The same is true for the right of workers to have a healthy and safe workplace, and to organize collectively in unions. Although the statute protecting voting rights has been extended through a massive bipartisan effort, opposed by the Reagan Administration, a Reagan Supreme Court could still effectively nullify it simply by erecting impossible standards of proof. Not long ago, the Court decided it should hire independent counsel to argue that tax exemptions for racially discriminatory schools were unlawful because the Justice Department refused to do so. Can anyone imagine a Reagan Court doing that? How much easier it would be for a Reagan Court simply to agree with a Reagan Department of Justice.\n/f, Mr. Reagan is reelected, who would protect women and minorities against discrimination?\nIn the first year after the Reagan Administration assumed office, the number of cases involving charges of employment discrimination filed in court by the EEOC dropped by more than 70 percent. During this Administration, the EEOC has refused to process a single comparable worth case filed by a woman. Meanwhile, the Reagan Justice Department has sought to destroy effective affirmative action remedies, and even to undermine private plans to reduce discrimination in employment. The actions of the Reagan Administration serve only to delay the day when fairness is achieved and such remedial measures are, therefore, no longer needed.\nIt is now clear that if Mr. Reagan is reelected, women and minorities seeking protection of their rights would be forced to contend not only with their employers, but with a hostile government. Equal employment opportunity and equity would remain elusive dreams.\nIf Mr. Reagan is reelected, who would assure access to justice?\nSince the day of its inauguration, the Reagan Administration has conducted a continuous, full-scale war against the federal Legal Services Corporation, whose only job is to ensure that the poor are fairly heard in court, and that they get equal access to our system of justice. Thirty percent of the Corporation's lawyers have been laid off, and the Administration exhausted every means it could find to stack its Board with people hostile to the very concept of equal justice for the poor.\nIn the America of Ronald Reagan, you will only get as much justice as you pay for.\nIf Mr. Reagan is reelected, who would protect the rights of workers?\nThe Republican Administration has consistently viewed the dollar costs to businesses of providing a safe workplace as more important than the impact of injury and disease on working men and women. It has appointed officials to the National Labor Relations Board who openly oppose the right of workers to organize and bargain collectively. The Department of Labor has ignored its mandate to enforce fair labor standards and has sought to reverse hard won gains in protections for worker health and safety.\nWhat would happen if Mr. Reagan is reelected? Will the right to bargain collectively be eviscerated through Republican-approved abuses of the bankruptcy laws? Will the National Labor Relations Act be converted into a tool that limits working men and women and empowers only their employers? Who will ensure that our next generation does not suffer the effects of toxic substances in the workplace—substances whose existence is not even revealed to the worker?\nIf Mr. Reagan is reelected, who would protect the rights of senior citizens?\nSpeaking at Philadelphia in 1980 during his campaign, Ronald Reagan vowed to a large audience of senior citizens his strong support for Social Security. He assured thousands of senior citizens on that occasion that as President he would see to it that every commitment made by the federal government to the senior citizens was faithfully kept.\nRonald Reagan violated that promise shortly after he became President. In 1981, speaking to a joint session of Congress, President Reagan said, \"We will not cut Medicare.\" In a matter of weeks thereafter Present Reagan asked the Congress of the United States to cut $88 billion in 1981 and the following four years from Social Security programs. He proposed to reduce by a third the number of people protected by the disability insurance program. He proposed to reduce by a third the benefits a senior citizen would receive if he or she retired at 62. He proposed to cut out the burial program for recipients of Social Security.\nHe proposed to cut millions from programs that Democratic Administrations had provided for the education of the children of the elderly covered by Social Security, slashing the list of beneficiaries of these programs by hundreds of thousands of sons and daughters of men and women covered by Social Security. And he called for the abolition of the $122-a-month minimum benefit program, which would have dropped over three million people from Social Security altogether.\nThe American people then revolted, and so did the Congress. The Democratic Party put a stop to the decimation of the Social Security program, but not before President Reagan had cut $19 billion from Social Security benefits in 1981 and the ensuing four years. Democrats in Congress forced the restoration of the $122-a-month minimum benefit program to those who were covered before the Reagan cuts, but never succeeded in extending coverage to the additional 7,000 people a month who would have become eligible after the Reagan cuts.\nInstead of keeping his word that he would not cut Medicare, Reagan forced Congress every year beginning in 1981 to cut billions from the Medicare program. When Social Security developed financial problems due to massive unemployment in 1982, the Reagan Administration moved to \"solve\" them by cutting benefits further. Only the Democrats on the Social Security Commission prevented him from doing that.\nIf Mr. Reagan is reelected, how would we teach our children to respect the law?\nWe cannot teach our children to respect the law when they see the highest officials of government flaunting it at their will. Lawlessness has been a pattern in this Administration—and it is a pattern that is unlikely to be altered if Reagan and the Republicans stay in the White House.\nMore than forty top Republican officials have already been implicated in all kinds of wrongdoing. Murky transactions on the fringe of organized crime, accepting gifts from foreign journalists and governments, misusing government funds, lying under oath, stock manipulations, taking interest-free loans from wealthy businessmen who later receive federal jobs—all of these are part of business as usual with Ronald Reagan's appointees.\nThe Republicans profess to stand for \"law and order.\" But this is the same Administration that voted the bipartisan anti-crime bill in 1982. And when it comes to laws they do not like—whether they concern toxic wastes, pure food and drugs, or worker health and safety—this Administration simply makes believe they do not exist. The same is true overseas: this Administration is just as willing to ignore international law as domestic law. When we finally learned of illegal mining of Nicaragua's harbors, the Reagan Administration hastily attempted, the night before Nicaragua sued us, to withdraw jurisdiction over the question from the World Court. But even this maneuver was carried out in an illegal fashion that the World Court later set aside.\nThis Republican Administration has been unprecedentedly eager to limit public debate by instituting \"security agreements\" that censor ex-officials, \"revising\" the Freedom of Information Act, refusing visas to foreign visitors who might provide another perspective on American policies overseas, and denying our war correspondents their historic position alongside out troops. This comes as no surprise: in the first term, the Reagan Administration had a lot to hide. What would happen in a second?\nIf Mr. Reagan is reelected, what would happen to our unfinished civil rights agenda?\nThe answer is clear: an Administration which refuses to enforce the laws that are on the books can hardly be expected to respect—or even recognize—the rights of those who are not already specifically protected by existing law.\nNowhere is this Administration's hostility to equal rights and equal justice more apparent than in its attitude to the Equal Rights Amendment. As soon as the Reagan faction took control of the Republican Party at its convention in 1980, it ended that Party's forty-year commitment to passage of the Equal Rights Amendment. So long as this Administration remains in office, the proponents of unamended ERA have nothing less than an enemy in the White House. And if this is true for the women of America, it is equally true for disadvantaged minorities who must depend on this government's sense of justice to secure their rights and lead independent lives.\nSince assuming office, the Reagan Administration has shown more hostility—indeed, more outright and implacable aggression—toward the American ideal of equal justice for all than even its harshest critics would have predicted in 1980. Given its first-term record, even our most pessimistic forecasts for four more Republish years may well fall short of the mark. No one knows the full extent of the damage Reagan could wreak on this country in another term. But we do know one thing: we cannot afford to find out.\nThe Democratic Alternative:Equal Justice for All\n\n\"The Democratic Party is challenged as never before to redirect the present dangerous course of our nation and our world, and to provide meaningful work at adequate pay for all our citizens and justice for all Americans.\n\"The dream of a nation fully committed to peace, jobs, and justice has fast became a nightmare under this Administration...\n\"Our choice today is to become just a new party in power in November with new faces and new pledges—or a truly great party with the courage to develop a new vision and a new direction for the sake of our nation and our world.\"\nCoretta Scott King (Democratic Platform Committee Hearing, Washington, DC. June 11. 1984)\n\"The Equal Rights Amendment is the only guarantee of full equality the women of this nation can trust and count on. We have seen in the past three and one-half years an administration that has gone out of its way to prove that laws, court decisions, executive orders, and regulations are not enough—they can be changed by a new majority, overturned, swept aside, underfunded, or rescinded. Only when the legislative protections against such discrimination are in the bedrock of the Constitution can we at the vagaries of changing political climate or a hostile administration will not wipe out those protections.\"\nJudy Goldsmith. President. National Organization for Women (Democratic Platform Committee Hearing, Washington, DC, June 12, 1984)\nEqual justice for all, in a Democratic future, means that every individual must have a fair and equal opportunity to fulfill his or her potential, and to be an independent, working member of our society—and it is the commitment of our Party to secure that opportunity.\nWe are determined to build an America of self-sufficient, independent people. We will enforce the laws guaranteeing equal opportunity and human rights, and complete the unfinished civil rights agenda. We will keep our commitments to all of the members of our community who rely upon our word to stay, or to become, independent—our senior citizens, those who served in our Armed Forces, the handicapped and disabled, the members of our American family who are trapped in poverty, and all Americans who look to government to protect them from the pain, expense, and dislocation caused by crime. And in fulfilling these and all the duties of government, a Democratic Administration will stand as an example to all of integrity and justice.\n\nMany have suffered from historical patterns of discrimination and others, because of their recent immigration in sizeable numbers, are subject to new forms of discrimination. Over the years, the Democratic Party has voiced a commitment to eradicating the injustices. In 1948, the Democratic Platform for the first time contained a plank committing this Party to the cause of civil rights. For almost forty years, we have fought proudly for that cause. In 1964, a Democratic President and a Democratic Congress enacted the landmark legislation prohibiting discrimination in employment and public accommodations. And for nearly two decades, a bipartisan commitment has existed in Congress and in the White House to expand and enforce those laws. Until Ronald Reagan.\nThis Administration has sought to erode the force and meaning of constitutionally-mandated and court-sanctioned remedies for long-standing patterns of discriminatory conduct. It has attempted to create new standards under each of our nation's civil rights laws by requiring a showing of intent to discriminate, and case-by-case litigation of class-wide violations. Its interpretation of two recent Supreme Court decisions attempts to sound the death knell for equal opportunity and affirmative action.\nIn one case, the Administration interpreted the Court's decision as requiring that equal opportunity mandates associated with the receipt of all federal the special needs of the disabled. This Administration has closed its eyes to those needs, and in so doing, violated a fundamental trust by seeking to condemn millions of disabled Americans to dependency. We will honor our commitments. We will insist that those who receive federal funds accommodate disabled employees—a requirement this Administration sought to eliminate. We will insist that benefits be available for those who cannot work, and that training is available for those who need help to find work.\nThe Democratic Party will safeguard the rights of the elderly and disabled to remain free from institutionalization except where medically indicated. The rights of the disabled within institutions should be protected from violations of the integrity of their person. Also, we will promote accessible public transportation, buildings, make voting booths accessible, and strictly enforce laws such as the entire Rehabilitation Act of 1973\nOpportunities for Veterans—This country has a proud tradition of honoring and supporting those who have defended us. Millions of Americans in the years after World War II went to college and bought their homes thanks to GI benefits. But for the latest generation of American veterans, needed support and assistance have been missing.\nThe nation has begun to welcome home with pride its Vietnam veterans, as reflected in the extraordinary Vietnam Veterans Memorial which was built through public contributions. The Democratic Party shares the nation's commitment to Vietnam veterans.\nNo President since the beginning of the Vietnam War has been so persistently hostile to Vietnam veterans programs as Ronald Reagan. He has sought to dismantle the Readjustment Counseling Centers, opposed employment and Agent Orange benefits, as well as basic due process at the Veterans Administration, including judicial review.\nThe Vietnam War divided our nation. Many of the rifts remain, but all agree on the respect due Vietnam veterans for their distinguished service during a troubled time. The Democratic Party pledges to reverse Ronald Reagan's Vietnam veteran policies, helping our nation come together as one people. And we believe it is especially important that we end discrimination against women and minority veterans, particularly in health and education programs.\nWe believe that the government has a special obligation to all of this nation's veterans, and we are committed to fulfilling it—to providing the highest quality health care, improving education and training, providing the assistance they need to live independent and productive lives.\nOpportunities for the Poor—For the past four years, this Administration has callously pursued policies which have further impoverished those at the bottom of the economic ladder and pushed millions of Americans, particularly women and children, below the poverty line. Thanks to the Reagan budget cuts, many of the programs upon which the poor rely have been gutted—from education to housing to child nutrition. Far from encouraging independence, the Administration has penalized those seeking to escape poverty through work, by conditioning assistance on nonparticipation in the workplace. The figures tell part of the story:\n—Today, 15 percent of all Americans live below the poverty line;\n—Over three million more children are in poverty today than there were in 1979;\n—Over half of all black children under age three live in poverty;\n—More than one-third of all female-headed households are below the poverty line, and for non-white families headed by women with more than one child, the figure is 70 percent.\nBut the numbers tell only part of the story; numbers do not convey the frustration and suffering of women seeking a future for themselves and their children, with no support from anyone; numbers do not recount the pain of growing numbers of homeless men and women with no place to sleep, or of increasing infant mortality rates among children born to poor mothers. Numbers do not convey the human effects of unemployment on a once stable and strong family.\nAs Democrats, we call upon the American people to join with us in a renewed commitment to combat the feminization of poverty in our nation so that every American can be a productive, contributing member of our society. In that effort, our goal is to strengthen families and to reverse the existing incentives for their destruction. We therefore oppose laws requiring an unemployed parent to leave the family or drop out of the work force in order to quality for assistance and health care. We recognize the special need to increase the labor force participation of minority males, and we are committed to expanding their opportunities through education and training and to enforcing the laws which guarantee them equal opportunities. The plight of young mothers must be separately addresses as well; they too need education and training and quality child care must be available if they are to participate in such programs. Only through a nation that cares and a government that acts can those Americans trapped in poverty move toward meaningful independence.\nThe Hungry and the Homeless—In the late 1960's, the nation discovered widespread hunger and malnutrition in America, especially among poor children and the elderly. The country responded with a national effort, of which Americans should be justly proud. By the late 1970's, medical researchers found that hunger had nearly been eliminated.\nSince 1980, however, hunger has returned. High unemployment, coupled with deep cutbacks in food assistance and other basic support programs for poor families have led to conditions not seen in this country for years. Studies in hospitals and health departments document increases in numbers of malnourished children. Increasing numbers of homeless wander our cities streets in search of food and shelter. Religious organizations, charities and other agencies report record numbers of persons standing in line for food at soup kitchens and emergency food pantries.\nStrong action is needed to address this issue and to end the resurgence of hunger in America. The Democratic Party is committed to reversing regressive Reagan policies and to providing more adequate food aid for poor families, infants, children, elderly and handicapped persons. It is time to resume the national effort, jettisoned in 1980, to ensure that less fortunate Americans do not go without adequate food because they are too poor to secure a decent diet. As Democrats, we call upon the American people to join with us in a renewed commitment to fight hunger and homelessness so that every American can be a productive, contributing member of our society.\nHunger is an international problem as well. In many countries it shortens peace and stability. The United States should take the lead in working with our allies and other countries to help wipe hunger from the face of the earth.\nA Democratic President will ensure that the needs of the world's children are given priority in all U.S. foreign assistance programs and that international assistance programs are geared toward increasing self-reliance of local populations and self-sufficiency in food production.\nIntegrity In Government\n\nAs Democrats, we believe that the American people are entitled to a government that is honest, that is open, and that is fully representative of this nation and its people, and we are committed to providing it.\nAfter four years in which the roll of dishonor in the Administration has grown weekly and monthly—from Richard Allen to Rita Lavelle, from Thomas Reed to James Watt—it is time for an end to the embarrassment of Republican cronyism and malfeasance. Our appointments will be ones of which Americans can be proud. Our selection process in staffing the government will be severe. We will not tolerate impropriety in a Democratic Administration.\nWe must work to end political action committee funding of federal political campaigns. To achieve that, we must enact a system of public financing of federal campaigns. At the same time, our Party should assure that a system of public financing be responsive to the problem of under representation of women and minorities in elective offices.\nWe Democrats are not afraid to govern in public and to let the .American people know and understand the basis for our decisions. We will reverse current Administration policies that permit the widespread overclassification of documents lacking a relationship to our national security. We will rescind Reagan Administration directives imposing undue burdens on citizens seeking information about their government through the Freedom of Information Act.\nWe will insist that the government, in its relations with its own employees, set a standard of fairness which is a model for the private sector. We believe, moreover, that an Administration that cannot run its own house fairly cannot sere the American people fairly. We will ensure that government's number one priority is the performance of its mission under the law, and not the implementation of the narrow political agenda of a single Party. Sound management and fair government cannot be administered by a politicized work force. Neither can it be accomplished by a demoralized work force. A Democratic Administration will not devalue the pay, benefits, and retirement rights of federal workers guaranteed under the law. We will work to reverse personnel policies, including the contracting out of work traditionally performed by public employees, that have made it impossible for current federal employees to recommend a career in federal service to our nation's young people.\nOur judicial system must be one in which excellence and access are the foundations. It is essential to recruit people of high integrity, outstanding competence, and high quality of judgment to serve in our nation's judiciary. And we oppose efforts to strip the federal courts of their historic jurisdiction to adjudicate cases involving questions of federal law and constitutional right.\nCrime\n\nNo problem has worried Americas more persistently over the past 20 years than the problem of crime. Crime and the fear of crime affect us all, but the impact is greatest on poor Americans who live in our cities. Neither a permissive liberalism nor a static conservatism is the answer to reducing crime. While we must eliminate those elements—like unemployment and poverty—that foster the criminal atmosphere, we must never let them be used as an excuse.\nAlthough the primary responsibility for law enforcement rests at the local level. Democrats believe the federal government can play an important role by encouraging local innovation and the implementation of new crime control methods as their effectiveness is shown. And when crime spills acres state borders, the federal government must take the lead, and assume responsibility for enforcing the law. This Administration has done neither. It has talked \"law and order\" while cutting law enforcement budgets. It has decried the influence of drugs, while cutting back on customs enforcement.\nAs a result, drug trafficking and abuse have risen to crisis proportions in the United States. In 1983, an estimated 60 tons of cocaine, 15,000 tons of marijuana, and 10 tons of heroin entered the United States, clear evidence that we are losing the effort overseas to control the production and transshipment of these and other dangerous drugs. Domestically, the illicit trafficking in drugs is a $100 billion per year business; the economic and social costs to our society are far higher.\nToday, in our country, there are 25 million regular abusers of marijuana, close to 12 million abusers of cocaine, and half a million heroin addicts. Since 1979, hospital emergency room incidents—including deaths—related to cocaine have soared 300 percent; incidents related to heroin have climbed 80 percent. According to the 1983 National High School Survey on Drug Abuse, 63 percent of high school seniors have tried an illicit drug, and 40 percent have tried a drug other than marijuana. Alcohol abuse is also a serious problem which must be faced.\n—For this reason, the Democratic Party believes it is essential to make narcotics control a high priority on the national agenda, and a major consideration in our dealings with producer and transshipment countries, particularly if they are recipients of U.S. assistance.\n—At the national level, the effort must begin by introducing a comprehensive management plan to eliminate overlap and friction between the 113 different federal agencies with responsibilities for fighting crime, particularly with respect to the control of drug traffic. We must provide the necessary resources to federal agencies and departments with responsibility for the fight against drugs.\n—To spur local law enforcement efforts, establishment of an independent criminal justice corporation should be considered. This corporation could serve as a means of encouraging community-based efforts, such as neighborhood citizen watches, alternative deployment patterns for police, and community service sentencing programs, which have proven effectiveness.\n—Violent acts of bigotry, hatred and extremism aimed at women, racial, ethnic and religious minorities, and gay men and lesbians have become an alarmingly common phenomenon. A Democratic Administration will work vigorously to address, document, and end all such violence.\n—We believe that victims of crime deserve a workable program of compensation. We call for sentencing reforms that routinely include monetary or other forms of restitution to victims. The Federal government should ensure that victims of violent federal crime receive compensation. We need to establish a federal victim compensation fund, to be financed, in part, by fines and the proceeds from the sale of goods forfeited to the government.\n—We support tough restraints on the manufacture, transportation, and sale of snub-nosed handguns, which have no legitimate sporting use and are used in a high proportion of violent crimes.\n—We will establish a strong federal-state partnership to push for further progress in the nationwide expansion of comprehensive, community-based anti-drunk driving programs. With the support of citizens, private-sector business and government at all levels; we will institutionalize fatality and injury reduction on the nation's highways.\n—We support fundamental reform of the sentencing process so that offenders who commit similar crimes receive similar penalties. Reform should begin with the establishment of appropriately drafted sentencing guidelines, and judges deviating from such guidelines should be required to provide written reasons for doing so.\n—Finally, we believe that the credibility of our criminal courts must be restored. Our courts should not be attacked for failing to eliminate the major social problem of crime—courts of justice were not designed, and were never intended, to do that. A Democratic Administration will encourage experimentation with alternative dispute-resolution mechanisms, diversion programs for first and nonviolent offenders, and other devices to eliminate the congestion in our courts and restore to them an atmosphere in which they can perform their intended job: doing real individualized justice, in an orderly way.\nChapter III:Peace, Security, and Freedom\n\nIntroduction\n\nBuilding a safer future for our nations and the world: that is the Democratic agenda for our national security. Every responsibility before our nation, every task that we set, pales beside the most important challenge we face—providing new leadership that enhances our security, promotes our values, and works for peace.\nThe next American President will preside over a period of historic change in the international system. The relatively stable world order that has prevailed since World War II is bursting at the seams from the powerful forces of change —the proliferation of nuclear and conventional weapons, the relentless Soviet military buildup, the achievement of rough nuclear parity between the Soviet Union and the United States, the increasingly interdependent nature of the international economic order, the recovery and rise of European and Asian powers since the devastation of the Second World War, and the search for a new America political consensus in the wake of Vietnam and Lebanon and in the shadow of a regional crisis in Central America.\nThe greatest foreign policy imperative of the Democratic Party and of the next President is to learn from past mistakes and adapt to these changes, rather than to foist or ignore them. While not underestimating the Soviet threat, we can no longer afford simplistically to blame all of our troubles on a single \"focus of evil,\" for the sources of international change run even deeper than the sources of superpower competition. We must see change as an opportunity as well as a challenge. In the 1980's and beyond, America must not only make the world safe for diversity; we must learn to thrive on diversity.\nThe Domestic Party believes that it is time to harness the full range of America's capacity to meet the challenges of a changing world. We reject the notion that America is beset by forces beyond its control. Our commitment to freedom and democracy, our willingness to listen to contrasting viewpoints, and our ingenuity at devising new ideas and arrangements have given us advantages in an increasingly diverse world that no totalitarian system can match.\nThe Democratic Party has a constructive and confident vision of America's ability to use all of our economic, political, and military resources to pursue our wide-ranging security and economic interests in a diverse and changing world. We believe in a responsible defense policy that will increase our national security. We believe in a foreign policy that respects our allies, builds democracy, and advances the cause of human rights. We believe that our economic future lies in our ability to rise to the challenge of international economic competition by making our own industries more competitive. Above all, we believe that our security requires the direct, personal involvement of the President of the United States to limit the Soviet military threat and to reduce the danger of nuclear war.\nWe have no illusions about the forces arrayed against the democratic cause in our time. In the year made famous by George Orwell, we can see the realization of many of his grimmest prophecies in the totalitarian Soviet state, which has amassed an arsenal of weapons far beyond its defensive needs. In the communist and non-communist world, we find tyrannical regimes that trample on human rights and repress their people's cry for economic justice.\nThe Reagan Administration points to Soviet repression—but has no answer other than to escalate the arms race. It downgrades repression in the noncommunist world, by drawing useless distinctions between \"totalitarian\" and \"authoritarian\" regimes.\nThe Democratic Party understands the challenge posed by the enemies of democracy. Unlike the Reagan Administration, however, we are prepared to work constructively to reduce tensions and make genuine progress toward a safer world.\nThe Democratic Party is confident that American ideals and American interests reinforce each other in our foreign policy; the promotion of democracy and human rights not only distinguishes us from our adversaries, but it also builds the long-term stability that comes when governments respect their people. We look forward to the 21st Century as a century of democratic solidarity where security, freedom, and peace will flourish.\nPeace, freedom and security are the essence of America's dream. They are the future of our children and their children.\nThis is the test where failure could provide no opportunity to try once more. As President Kennedy once warned: \"We have the power to make this the best generation of mankind in the history of the world—or to make it the last.\"\nThe Future If Reagan Is Reelected\n\n\"Star Wars is not the path towards a less dangerous world. A direct and safe road exists: equitable and verifiable deep cuts in strategic offensive forces. We must abandon the illusion that ever more sophisticated technology can remove the perils that science and technology have created.\"\nStatement by Dr Jerome B. Wiesner, Dr. Carl Sagan, Dr. Henry Kendall, and Admiral Noel Gayler (Democratic Platform Committee Hearing, Washington, D.C., June 12, 1984)\n\"The minister of the apartheid government recently boasted of the fruitful relationship between Pretoria and Washington since the advent of the Reagan regime. Now apartheid South Africa has acquired the military muscle to bomb, to maim, to kill men, women, and children, and to bully these states into negotiating with apartheid through the threat of increased military action. This may be hailed as a victory for apartheid and for the Reagan Administration, but in truth it can only create anger and contempt in the African people.\"\nProfessor Dennis Brutus, Northwestern University (former political prisoner in South Africa) (Democratic Platform Committee Hearing, New York, New York. April 9, 1984)\nSuppose Mr. Reagan is reelected. How would he deal with the serious threats that face us and our children?\nUnder Mr. Reagan, the nuclear arms race would continue to spiral out of control. A new generation of destabilizing missiles will imperil all humanity. We will live in a world where the nuclear arms race has spread from earth into space.\nUnder Mr. Reason, we would continue to over-emphasize destabilizing and redundant nuclear weapons programs at the expense of our conventional forces. We will spend billions for weapons that do not work. We will continue to ignore proposals to improve defense management, to get a dollar's worth for each dollar spent, and to make our military more combat-effective and our weapons more cost-effective.\nUnder Mr. Reagan, regional conflicts would continue to be dangerously mismanaged. Young Americans may be sent to fight and die needlessly. The spread of nuclear materials to new nations and the spread of sophisticated conventional weapons to virtually every nation on earth will continue unabated.\nCan America afford a President so out of touch with reality that he tells us, \"I think the world is safer and further removed from a possible war than it was several years ago\"?\nCan America afford the recklessness of a President who exposed American Marines to mortal danger and sacrificed over 260 of them in a bungled mission in Lebanon against the advice of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and brought upon us the worst U.S. military disaster since the Vietnam War?\nCan America afford the irresponsibility of a President who undermines confidence in our deterrent with misleading allegations of Soviet nuclear \"superiority\" and whose Administration beguiles the American public with false claims that nuclear war can be survived with enough shovels?\nCan America afford the unresponsiveness of a President who thwarts the will of the majority of Americans by waging a secret war against Nicaragua?\nIn a second Reagan term, will our heavens become a nuclear battleground?\nIn 1980, candidate Ronald Reagan promised the American people a more secure world. Yet, as President:\n—He has raced to deploy new weapons that will be destabilizing and difficult to verify. He has pressed for a multi-billion dollar chemical weapons program. He has launched his trillion dollar \"Slat Wars\" arms race in space.\n—He has relaxed controls on nuclear proliferation, thus enhancing the risk that nuclear weapons will be acquired and used by unstable governments and international terrorists.\n—He has become the first President since the Cold War to preside over the complete collapse of air nuclear arms negotiations with the Soviets.\n—He has rejected SALT II, threatened the ABM Treaty, and abandoned the goal of a complete ban on nuclear weapons tests that that has been pursued by every President since Eisenhower. He has refused to seek negotiations to limit anti-satellite weapons that could threaten our vital early-warning and military satellites. Over 250 strategic missiles and bombers that would have been eliminated under SALT II are still in Soviet hands.\nCon we afford four more years of a Pentagon spending binge?\nIn 1980, candidate Ronald Reagan and the Republican Party promised the American people a defense spending increase \"to be applied judiciously to critically needed programs.\" Yet as President:\n—He has initiated the largest peacetime defense build-up in our history with no coherent plan for integrating the increased programs into an effective military posture.\n—He has slighted training and readiness of our conventional forces in favor of big ticket nuclear items, \"preparing,\" in the words of General Maxwell Taylor, \"for the least possible threats to the neglect of the most probable.\"\n—He has brought us the worst-managed and most wasteful Defense Department in history. Under the Pentagon's wasteful purchasing system, the American taxpayer has paid $435 for a $17 claw hammer, $1100 for a 22-cent plastic steel cap, over $2000 for a 13-cent plain round nut, and $9600 for a 12-cent Allen wrench.\nCan we afford four more years of dangerous foreign policy failures?\nIn 1980, candidate Ronald Reagan and the Republican Party promised \"to put America on a sound, secure footing in the international arena.\" Yet, as President:\n—He has contributed to the decline of U.S.-Soviet relations to a perilous point. Instead of challenges, he has used easy and abusive anti-Soviet rhetoric as a substitute for strength, progress, and careful use of power.\n—He has strained vital U.S. alliances through his bungled efforts to stop the Soviet natural gas pipeline, his inflammatory nuclear rhetoric and policies, and his failure to support the efforts of our democratic allies to achieve a negotiated political solution in Central America.\n—He has had as many Middle East policies as he has had staff turnovers. First, he offered strategic cooperation to Israel as if it were a gift. Then he took it away to punish Israel as if it were not our ally. Then he pressured Israel to make one-sided concessions to Jordan. Then he demanded that Israel withdraw from Lebanon. Then he pleaded with them to stay. Then he did not accept their offer of medical help for our wounded Marines. He undercut American credibility throughout the Middle East by declaring Lebanon a vital interest of the United States and then withdrawing.\n—He has brought us a strategy in Central America and the Caribbean that has failed. Since he took office, the region has become much more unstable; the hemisphere is much more hostile to us; and the poverty is much deeper. Today in El Salvador, after more than a billion dollars in American aid, the guerillas are stronger than they were three years ago, and the people are much poorer. In Nicaragua, our support for the contras and for the covert war has strengthened the totalitarians at the expense of the moderates. In Honduras, an emerging democracy has been transformed into a staging ground for possible regional war. And in Cost Rica our backing for rebels based there is in danger of dragging that peaceful democracy into a military confrontation with Nicaragua. In Grenada, Mr. Reagan renounced diplomacy for over two years, encouraging extremism, instability, and crisis. By his failure to avoid military intervention, he divided us from our European allies and alienated our friends throughout the Western hemisphere. And by excluding the press, he set a chilling precedent, greatly hampering public scrutiny of his policies. After three and one-half years of Mr. Reagan's tunnel vision, extremism is stronger, our democratic friends are weaker, and we are further than ever from achieving peace and security in the region.\n—He is the first President to fail to support publicly the ratification of the Genocide Convention. His Vice President has praised the Philippine dictator for his \"love of democracy,\" his first Secretary of State announced that human rights would be replaced as a foreign policy priority, and his first nominee for Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights was rejected by the U.S. Senate as unfit for that post. He has closely identified the United States with the apartheid regime in South Africa, and he has time and again failed to confront dictators around the globe.\nThis is an unprecedented record of failure. But President Reagan is content to make excuses for failure.\nPresident Reagan blames Congress and the Democratic Party. He rebukes Americans deeply and genuinely concerned about the threat of nuclear war. He rails at the Soviet Union—as if words alone, without strategy or effective policy, will make that nation change its course.\nIt is time for Democrats and Americans to apply a tough standard to Ronald Reagan. Let us paraphrase the question he asked in 1980: Are we safer today than we were three and a half years ago? Are we further from nuclear war? After more than a thousand days of Mr. Reagan, is the world anywhere less tense, anywhere closer to peace?\nAmericans throughout this land are answering with a resounding no.\nPresident Reagan himself is responsible—responsible for four years of a failed foreign policy. America elects its President to lead. It does not elect its President to make excuses.\nThe Democratic Party believes that it is time to harass the full power of America's spirit and capacity to meet the challenges of a changing world.\nThe Democratic Party has a different and positive vision of America's future. What is at stake may be freedom and survival itself.\nThe Democratic Alternative:A Safer Future for Our Nation and the World\n\n\"I do not see why we think of our nation as so weak and so vulnerable. Let us for heaven's sake have some confidence in America and not tremble, fearing that our society will fall apart at the least rattle of the door. If I were constructing this platform, I would ask that its planks be carved out of self-confidence, and planted in belief in our own system.\"\nHistorian Barbara Tuchman (Democratic Platform Committee Hearing. New York, New York, April 9, 1984)\n\"The Democratic Party requires a foreign policy which approaches the problems that confront us primarily in their national and regional contexts, rather than viewing them, as the Reagan Administration does, almost exclusively as a manifestation of the \"evil empire's\" efforts to extend its sway over the entire globe. What we need is a foreign policy which promotes the cause of human rights by opposing tyranny on the part of left as well as right wing governments, rather than a foreign policy like the one we have now, which supports virtually every reactionary and repressive regime that professes to be anti-communist.\"\nHonorable Stephen J. Solarz, U.S. Representative. New York (Democratic Platform Committee Hearing. New York, New York, April 9, 1984)\nThere is no higher goal for the Democratic Party than assuring the national security of the United States. This means a strong national defense, vigorous pursuit of nuclear arms control, and a foreign policy dedicated to salvaging the interests of America and the forces of freedom and democracy in a period of global transformation. This will require new leadership, strong alliances, skillful diplomacy, effective economic cooperation, and a foreign policy sustained by American strength and ideals. And to hold the support of the American people, our leaders must also be careful and measured in the use of force.\nThe Democratic Party is committed to a strong national defense. Democrats know that a relentless Soviet military build-up—well beyond its defensive needs—directly challenges world security, our democratic values, and our free institutions. On the nature of the Soviet threat and on the essential issue of our nation's security, Americans do not divide. On the common interest in human survival, the American and Soviet peoples do not divide.\nMaintaining strong and effective military forces is essential to keeping the peace and safeguarding freedom. Our allies and adversaries must never doubt our military power or our will to defend our vital interests. To that end, we pledge a strong defense built in concert with our allies, based on a coherent strategy, and supported by a sound economy.\nIn an age of about 50,000 nuclear weapons, however, nuclear arms control and reductions are also essential to our security. The most solemn responsibility of a President is to do all that he or she can to prevent a single nuclear weapon from ever being used. Democrats believe that mutual and verifiable controls on nuclear arms can, and must be, a serious integral part of national defense. True national security requires urgent measures to freeze and reverse the arms race, not the pursuit of the phantom of nuclear superiority or futile Star Wars schemes.\nThe Democratic Party believes that the purpose of nuclear weapons is to deter war, not to fight it. Democrats believe that America has the strength and tenacity to negotiate nuclear arms agreements that will reduce the risk of nuclear war and preserve our military security.\nToday we stand at one of the most critical junctures in the arms race since the explosion of the first atomic bomb. Mr. Reagan wants to open the heavens for warfare.\nHis Star Wars proposal would create a vulnerable and provocative \"shield\" that would lull our nation into a false sense of security. It would lead our allies to believe that we are retreating from their defense. It would lead to the death of the ABM Treaty—the most successful arms control treaty in history—and this trillion-dollar program would provoke a dangerous offensive and defensive arms race.\nIf we and our allies could defend our populations effectively against a nuclear war, the Democratic Party would be the first to endorse such a scheme. Unfortunately, our best scientists agree that an effective population defense is probably impossible. Therefore, we must oppose an arms race where the sky is no longer the limit.\nArms Control and Disarmament\n\nRonald Reagan is the first American President in over twenty years who has not reached any significant arms control agreements with the Soviet Union, and he is the first in over fifty years who has not met face to face with Soviet leaders. The unjustified Soviet walkout from key nuclear talks does not excuse the arms control failures of the Administration.\nTo reopen the dialogue, a Democratic President will propose an early summit with regular annual summits to follow with the Soviet leaders, and meetings between senior civilian and military officials, in order to reduce tensions and explore possible formal agreements. In a Democratic Administration, the superpowers will not communicate through megaphones.\nA new Democratic Administration will implement a strategy for peace which makes arms control an integral part of our national security policy. We must move the world back from the brink of nuclear holocaust and set a new direction toward an enduring peace, in which lower levels of military spending will be possible. Our ultimate aim must be to abolish all nuclear weapons in a world safe for peace and freedom.\nThis strategy calls for immediate steps to stop the nuclear arms race, medium-term measures to reduce the dangers of war, and long-term goals to put the world on a new and peaceful course.\nThese steps should lead promptly to the negotiation of a comprehensive, mutual and verifiable freeze on the testing, production, and deployment of all nuclear weapons.\nBuilding on this initiative, the Democratic President will:\n—update and resubmit the SALT II Treaty to the Senate for its advice and consent.\n—pursue deep, stabilizing reductions in nuclear arsenals within the framework of SALT II, in the meantime observing the SALT II limits ourselves and insisting that the Soviets do likewise.\n—propose the merging of the intermediate-range and strategic arms limitations negotiations, if the President judges that this could advance a comprehensive arms limitation agreement with the Soviet Union.\n—immediately resubmit to the Senate for its advice and consent the 1974 Threshold Test Ban Treaty and the 1976 Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty.\n—conclude a verifiable and Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.\n—reaffirm our commitment to the ABM Treaty, ensure U.S. compliance, and vigorously demand answers to questions about Soviet compliance through the Standing Consultative Commission and other appropriate channels.\n—actively pursue a verifiable, anti-satellite weapons treaty and ban on weapons in space.\n—seek a verifiable international ban on the production of nuclear weapons-grade fissile material, such as plutonium and highly enriched uranium.\n—undertake all-out efforts to halt nuclear proliferation.\n—terminate production of the MX missile and the B-1 bomber.\n—prohibit the production of nerve gas and work for a verifiable treaty banning chemical weapons.\n—establish U.S. nuclear risk reduction centers and other improved communications for a crisis.\n—invite the most eminent members of the scientific community to study and report on the worldwide human suffering and the long-term environmental damage which would follow in the days after a nuclear war, and take into account as fully as possible the results of such study in the formulation of our nuclear weapons and arms control policies.\n—strengthen broad-based, long-term public support for arms control by working closely with leaders of grass-roots, civic, women's, labor, business, religious and professional groups, including physicians, scientists, lawyers, and educators.\n—provide national leadership for economic adjustment for affected communities and industries, and retraining for any defense workers affected by the termination or cutbacks in weapons programs.\n—initiate, in close consultation with our NATO allies, a strategy for peace in Europe including:\n—achieving a balance of conventional forces in order to reduce reliance on nuclear weapons and to permit the Atlantic Alliance to move toward the adoption of a \"no first use\" policy;\n—mutually pulling back battlefield nuclear weapons from the front lines of Europe, in order to avoid the necessity of having to make a \"use them or lose them\" choice should hostilities erupt in Europe;\n—negotiating new approaches to intermediate nuclear force limits along the lines of the \"walk in the woods\" proposal, and then seeking to move closer to zero INF deployments by the U.S. and U.S.S.R.;\n—negotiating significant mutual and balanced reductions in conventional forces of both NATO and the Warsaw Pact, and confidence-building measures to reduce the dangers of a surprise attack.\nWe are under no illusion that these arms control proposals will be easy to achieve. Most will involve patience and dedication, and above all leadership in the pursuit of peace, freedom, and security. The Soviets are tough negotiators and too often seek to use arms control talks for propaganda purposes. On this issue—preventing nuclear war—America must lead, and the Democratic Party intends to lead. Without our leadership the nations of the world will be tempted to abandon themselves, perhaps slowly at first, but then relentlessly to the quest for nuclear weapons, and our children will look back with envy upon today's already dangerous nuclear world as a time of relative safety.\nDefense Policy\n\nThe Reagan Administration measures military might by dollars spent. The Democratic Party seeks prudent defense based on sound planning and a realistic assessment of threats. In the field of defense policy, the Democratic Administration will:\n—Work with our NATO and other allies to ensure our collective security, especially by strengthening our conventional defenses so as to reduce our need to rely on nuclear weapons, and to achieve this at increased spending levels, with funding to continue at levels appropriate to our collective security, with the firm hope that successful steps to reduce tensions and to obtain comprehensive and verifiable arms control agreements will guarantee our nation both military security and budgetary relief.\n—Cancel destabilizing or duplicative weapons systems, while proceeding in the absence of appropriate arms control agreements with necessary modernization of our strategic forces.\n—Scale back the construction of large, expensive and vulnerable nuclear carriers.\n—Modernize our conventional forces by balancing new equipment purchases with adequate resources spent on training, fuel, ammunition, maintenance, spare parts, and airlift and sea-lift to assure combat readiness and mobility, and by providing better equipment for our Reserves and National Guard.\n—Reorganize Pentagon management and strengthen the JCS system to reduce inter-service rivalries, promote military leadership over bureaucratic skills, assure effective execution of policies and decisions, undertake better multi-year planning based upon realistic projections of available resources, and reduce conflicts of interest.\n—Ensure open and fair competitive bidding for procurement of necessary equipment and parts, and establish a system of effective, independent testing of weapons for combat conditions.\n—Implement a program of military reform. Our forces must be combat ready; our doctrines should emphasize out-thinking and outmaneuvering our adversaries; and our policies should improve military organization and unit cohesion.\n—Press our European allies to increase their contributions to NATO defense to levels of effort comparable to our own—an approach that the Administration undercut by abandoning the NATO-wide agreement concluded by its Democratic predecessor—and pursue improved trans-Atlantic economic cooperation and coordination of arms procurement.\n—Recognize that the heart of our military strength is people, Americans in uniform who will have the skills and the will to maintain the peace. The men and women of our armed services deserve not only proper pay and benefits, but the nation's recognition, respect and gratitude as well.\n—Recognize the importance of the intelligence community and emphasize its mission as being dedicated to the timely collection and analysis of information and data. A Democratic Administration will also recognize the urgent need to de-politicize the intelligence community and to restore professional leadership to it.\n—Oppose a peacetime military draft or draft registration.\n—Oppose efforts to restrict the opportunities of women in the military based solely on gender. The Reagan Administration has used the combat designation as an arbitrary and inappropriate way to exclude women from work they can legitimately perform. Women nurses and technicians, for example, have long served with distinction on the front lines: women must not be excluded from jobs that they are trained and able to perform.\n—Seek ways to expand programs such as VISTA, the Young Adult Conservation Corps, and the Peace Corps.\nThese and other qualitative improvements will ensure effective American strength at affordable cost. With this strength we will restore the confidence of our fellow citizens and our allies; we will be able to mount an effective conventional defense; and we will present our adversaries with a credible capability to deter war.\nThe Democratic Party is committed to reversing the policies of the Reagan Administration in the area of military and defense procurement. Public accounts reveal a four-year record of waste, fraud, conflicts of interest, and indications of wrongdoing. Administration officials have engaged in practices that have cost the taxpayers billions of dollars. Further, the Reagan Administration has ignored legal remedies to stop the abuses, recover the funds, and punish those responsible.\nA Democratic President will demand full disclosure of all information, launch a thorough investigation, and seek recovery of any tax funds illegally spent. This will be a major step towards restoring integrity to defense procurements and reducing unnecessary expenditures in the defense budget.\nForeign Policy\n\nThe purpose of foreign policy is to attain a strong and secure United States and a world of peace, freedom and justice. On a planet threatened by dictatorships on the left and right, what is at stake may be freedom itself. On a planet shadowed by the threat of a nuclear holocaust, what is at stake may be nothing less than human survival.\nA Democratic Administration will comprehend that the gravest political and security dangers in the developing world flow from conditions that open opportunities for the Soviet Union and its surrogates: poverty, repression and despair. Against adversaries such as these, military force is of limited value. Such weapons as economic assistance, economic and political reform, and support for democratic values by, among other steps, funding scholarships to study at U.S. colleges and universities, must be the leading elements of our presence and the primary instruments of American influence in the developing countries.\nTo this end, a Democratic President will strengthen our Foreign Service, end the present practice of appointing unqualified persons as Ambassadors, strengthen our programs of educational and cultural exchange, and draw upon the best minds in our country in the quest for peace.\nA Democratic Administration will initiate and establish a Peace Academy. In the interests of balancing this nation's investment in the study of making war, the Peace Academy will study the disciplines and train experts in the arts of waging peace.\nThe Democratic Party is committed to ensuring strong representation of women and minorities in military and foreign policy decision-making positions in our government.\nIn addition, a Democratic President will understand that as Commander-in-Chief, he or she directs the forces of peace as well as those of war, and will restore an emphasis on skilled, sensitive, bilateral and multilateral diplomacy as a means to avert and resolve international conflict.\nA Democratic President will recognize that the United States, with broad economic, political and security interests in the world, had an unparalleled stake in the rule of international law. Under a Democratic Administration, there will be no call for clumsy attempts to escape the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice, such as those put forth by the Reagan Administration in connection with its mining of the harbors of Nicaragua.\nA Democratic President will reverse the automatic militarization of foreign policy and look to the causes of conflict to find out whether they are internal or external, whether they are political or primarily social and economic.\nIn the face of the Reagan Administration's cavalier approach to the use of military force around the world, the Democratic Party affirms its commitment too the selective, judicious use of American military power in consonance with Constitutional principles and reinforced by the War Powers Act.\nA Democratic President will be prepared to apply military force when vital American interests are threatened, particularly in the event of an attack upon the United States or its immediate allies. But he or she will not hazard American lives or engage in unilateral military involvement:\n* Where our objectives are not clear;\n* Until all instruments of diplomacy and nonmilitary leverage, as appropriate, have been exhausted;\n* Where our objectives threaten unacceptable costs or unreasonable levels of military force;\n* Where the local forces supported are not working to resolve the causes of conflict;\n* Where multilateral or allied options for the resolution of conflict are available.\nFurther, a Democratic Administration will take all reasonable domestic action to minimize U.S. vulnerability to international instability, such as reducing Western reliance on Persian Gulf oil and other strategic resources. To this end, a Democratic Administration will implement, with our allies, a multilateral strategy for reduction of allied dependence on critical resources from volatile regions of the world.\nU.S. covert operations under a Democratic President will be strictly limited to cases where secrecy is essential to the success of an operation and where there is an unmistakable foreign policy rationale. Secrecy will not be used simply to hide from the American people policies they might be expected to oppose.\nFinally, a Democratic President will recognize our democratic process as a source of strength and stability, rather than an unwelcome restraint on the control of foreign policy. He or she will respect the War Powers Resolution as a reflection of wise judgment that the sustained commitment of America's fighting forces must be made with the understanding and support of Congress and the American people. A Democratic President will understand that United States leadership among nations requires a proper respect for law and treaty obligations, and the rights of men and women everywhere.\nEurope and the Atlantic Alliance—American leadership is not about standing up to our friends. It is about standing up with them, and for them, In order to have allies, we must act like one.\nMaintaining a strong alliance is critically important. We remain absolutely committed to the defense of Europe, and we will work to ensure that our allies carry their fair share of the burden of the common defense. A Democratic Administration in turn will commit itself to increased consultation on security affair. We must work to sustain and enhance Western unity.\nWe must persuade the next generation of Europeans that America will use its power responsibly in partnership with them. We Democrats affirm that Western security is indivisible. We have a vital interest in the security of our allies in Europe. And it must always remain clear that an attack upon them is the same as an attack upon us—by treaty and in reality.\nA strong Western alliance requires frank discussions among friends about the issues that from time to time divide us. For example, we must enter into meaningful negotiations with the European Community to reduce their agricultural export subsidies which unfairly impair the competitiveness of American agricultural products in third-country markets.\nA Democratic President will encourage our European friends to resolve their longs-standing differences over Ireland and Cyprus.\nThe Democratic Party supports an active role by the United States in safeguarding human rights in Northern Ireland and achieving an enduring peaceful settlement of that conflict. We oppose the use of plastic bullets in Northern Ireland, and we urge all sides to reject the use of violence. The Democratic Party supports a ban on all commercial transactions by the U.S. government with firms in England and Ireland that practice, on an on-going basis, discrimination in Northern Ireland on the basis of race, religion, or sex. We affirm our strong commitment to Irish unity—achieved by consent and based on reconciliation of all the people of Ireland. The Democratic Party is greatly encouraged by the historic and hopeful Report of the New Ireland Forum which holds the promise of a real breakthrough. A Democratic President will promptly appoint a special envoy and urge the British as well as the political leaders in Northern Ireland to review the findings and proposals of the Forum with open hearts and open minds, and will appeal to them to join a new initiative for peace. The Congress and a Democratic President will stand ready to assist this process, and will help promote jobs and investments on a non-discriminatory basis, that will represent a significant contribution to the cause of peace in Ireland.\nIn strong contrast to President Reagan's failure to apply effective diplomacy in Cyprus and the Eastern Mediterranean, a Democratic President will act with urgency and determination to make a balanced policy in the area and a peaceful resolution of the Cyprus dispute a key foreign policy priority. A Democratic President will utilize all available U.S. foreign policy instruments and will play an active, instead of a passive, role in the efforts to secure implementation of U.N. Resolutions so as to achieve removal of Turkish troops, the return of refugees, reestablishment of the integrity of the Republic of Cyprus, and respect for all citizens' human rights on Cyprus.\nUnited States—Soviet Relations—U.S. relations with the Soviet Union are a critical element of our security policy. All Americans recognize the threat to world peace posed by the Soviet Union. The U.S.S.R. is the only adversary with the capability of destroying the United States. Moreover, Americans are more generally concerned about the Soviet leadership's dangerous behavior internationally and the totalitarian nature of their regime. The Brezhnev Doctrine proclaims Soviet willingness to maintain communist regimes against the opposition of their own people. Thus, Soviet troops have invaded and today continue to wage war on the proud people of Afghanistan. In Poland, a military government, acting under Soviet pressure, has sought to crush the indomitable spirit of the Polish people and to destroy Solidarity, a free trade Union movement of ten million members and the first such movement in a communist country. In recent years, the Soviet Union and its allies have played a more aggressive role in countries around the world. At the same time, the Soviet military arsenal, nuclear and conventional, far exceeds that needed for its defense.\nYet we also recognize that the Soviets share a mutual interest in survival. They, too, have no defense against a nuclear war. Our security and their security can only be strengthened by negotiation and cooperation.\nTo shape a policy that is both firm and wise, we must first stand confident and never fear the outcome of any competition between our systems. We must see the Soviet Union as it is—neither minimizing the threats that Soviet power and policies pose to U.S. interests, nor exaggerating the strength of a Soviet regime beset by economic stagnation and saddled with a bankrupt and sterile ideology. We must join with our allies and friends to maintain an effective deterrent to Soviet power. We must pursue a clear, consistent and firm policy of peaceful competition toward the Soviet Union, a steady and pragmatic approach that neither tolerates Soviet aggression and repression nor fuels Soviet paranoia.\nThe job of an American President is both to check Soviet challenges to our vital interests, and to meet them on the common ground of survival. The risk of nuclear war cannot be eliminated overnight. But every day it can be either increased or decreased. And one of the surest ways to increase it is to cut off communications.\nEastern Europe—We must respond to the aspirations and hopes of peoples of Eastern Europe and encourage, wherever possible, the forces of change and pluralism that will increase these people's freedom from Soviet tyranny and communist dictatorship. We should encourage Eastern European countries to pursue independent foreign policies and to permit greater liberalization in domestic affairs, and we should seek independent relationships to further these objectives with them.\nThe Democratic Party condemns the Soviet repression by proxy in Poland and the other countries of Eastern Europe. The emergence of the free trade union Solidarity is one of the most formidable developments in post-war Europe and inspires all who love freedom. The struggle of the Polish people for a democratic society and religious freedom is eloquent testimony to their national spirit and bravery that even a brutal martial law regime cannot stamp out.\nToday the Jaruzelski regime claims to have ended the harshest repressive measures. Yet it continues to hold political prisoners, it continues to mistreat them, and it continues to hunt down members of Solidarity.\nThe Democratic Party agrees with Lech Walesa that the underground Solidarity movement must not be deprived of union freedoms. We call for the release of all political prisoners in Poland and an end to their harassment. The recognition of the Free trade union Solidarity, and the resumption of progress toward liberty and human rights in that nation. A Democratic President will continue to press for effective international sanctions against the Polish regime until it makes satisfactory progress toward these objectives.\nThe Middle East—The Democratic Party believes that the security Israel and the pursuit of peace in the Middle East are fundamental priorities for American foreign policy. Israel remains more than a trusted friend, a steady ally, and a sister democracy. Israel is strategically important to the United States, and we must enter into meaningful strategic cooperation.\nJerusalem should remain forever undivided with free access to the holy places for people of all faiths. As stated in the 1976 and 1980 platforms, the Democratic Party recognizes and supports the established status of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel. As a symbol of this stand, the U.S. Embassy should be moved from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem.\nThe Democratic Party condemns this Administration's failure to maintain a high-level Special Negotiator for the Middle East, and believes that the Camp David peace process must be taken up again with urgency. No nation in the Middle East can afford to wait until a new war brings even worse destruction. Once again we applaud and support the example of both Israel and Egypt in taking bold steps for peace. We believe that the United States should press for negotiations among Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and other Arab states. We re-emphasize the fundamental principle that the prerequisite for a lasting peace in the Middle East remains an Israel with secure and defensible borders, strong beyond a shadow of a doubt; that the basis for peace is the unequivocal recognition of Israel's right to exist by all other states; and that there should be a resolution of the Palestinian issue.\nThe United States and our allies have vital interests in the Persian Gulf. We must be prepared to work with our allies in defense of those interests. We should stand by our historic support for the principle of freedom of the high seas. At the same time, we and our allies should employ active diplomacy to encourage the earliest possible end to Iran/Iraq conflict.\nThe Western Hemisphere—The Western Hemisphere is in trouble. Central America is region at war. Latin America is experiencing the most serious economic crisis in 50 years. The Inter-American system is on the verge of collapse. Concern about U.S. policies has risen sharply.\nIt is time to make this Hemisphere a top priority. We need to develop relations based on mutual respect and mutual benefit. Beyond essential security concerns, these relations must emphasize diplomacy, development and respect for human rights. Above all, support for democracy must be pursued. The Reagan Administration is committing the old error of supporting authoritarian military regimes against the wishes of the people they rule, but the United States was not founded, and defended for 200 years with American blood, in order to perpetuate tyranny among our neighbors.\nThe Hemisphere's nations must strive jointly to find acceptable solutions with judgments and actions based on equally-applied criteria. We must condemn violations of human rights, aggression and deprivation of basic freedoms wherever they occur. The United States must recognize that the economic and debt crisis of Latin America also directly affects us.\nThe Reagan Administration has badly misread and mishandled the conflict in Central America. The President has chosen to dwell on the strategic importance of Central America and to cast the struggle in almost exclusively East-West terms. The strategic importance of Central America is not in doubt, nor is the fact that the Soviet Union, Cuba and Nicaragua have all encouraged instability and supported revolution in the region. What the President ignores, however, are the indigenous causes of unrest. Historically, Central America had been burdened by widespread hunger and disease. And the historic pattern of concentrated wealth has done little to produce stable democratic societies.\nSadly, Mr. Reagan has opted for the all too frequent American response to the unrest that has characterized Central America-military assistance. Over the past 100 years, Panama. Nicaragua, and Honduras have all been occupied by U.S. forces in an effort to suppress indigenous revolutionary movements. In 1954, CIA-backed forces successfully toppled the Government of Guatemala.\nPresident Reagan's massive transfusions of military aid to El Salvador are no substitute for the social and economic reforms that are necessary to undermine the appeal the guerillas hold for many Salvadorans. The changes and upheavals in El Salvador and Nicaragua are home-grown, but they are exacerbated by forces from outside of Central America. The undoubted communist influence on these revolutions cannot be nullified by the dispatch of naval and air armadas to the waters off Nicaragua and thousands of troops to the jungles of Honduras. The solution lies with a new policy that fosters social, economic and political reforms that are compatible with our legitimate vital interests while accommodating the equally legitimate forces of change.\nAmerica must find a different approach. All too often, the United States thinks in terms of what it can do for the nations of Latin America and the Caribbean region. Rarely does it think in terms of what it can do with them. Even with the best of intentions, the difference is more than rhetorical, for paternalism can never be disguised and it is always resented—whether we choose to label it a \"special relationship\" or to call it a \"defensive shield.\" Acting for the nations of the Hemisphere rather than acting in concert with them is the surest way of repeating the mistakes of the past and casting dark shadow over the future.\nIt need not be. There is an alternative, a good alternative. The great Mexican patriot Benito Juarez pointed the way and said it best: \"Between men as between nations, respect for the rights of others is peace.\" Working with our hemispheric neighbors produces understanding and cooperation. Doing something for them produces resentment and conflict.\nDemocrats know there is a real difference between the two and a Democratic President will seek the advice and counsel of the authentic democratic voices within the region—voices that may be heard north and south, east and west; the voices of President Miguel de la Madrid of Mexico, President Balisario Betancur of Colombia, and President Raul Alfonsin of Argentina; the voices of President Jorge Blanco of the Dominican Republic, Prime Minister Tom Adams of Barbados, and President Alberto Monge of Costa Rica. By consulting with and listening carefully to these leaders and to their democratic colleagues elsewhere in the region, the next Democratic President of the United States will fashion a policy toward the region which recognizes that:\n—the security and well-being of the Hemisphere are more a function of economic growth and development than of military agreements and arms transfers;\n—the mounting debt crisis throughout the region poses a broader threat to democratic institutions and political stability than does any insurgency or armed revolutionary movement;\n—there is an urgent and genuine need for far-reaching economic, social and political reforms in much of the region and that such reforms are absolutely essential to the protection of basic human rights;\n—the future belongs as much to the people of the region—the politically forgotten and the economically deprived—as it does to the rich and powerful elite;\n—preservation and protection of U.S. interests in the Hemisphere requires mutual respect for national sovereignty and demilitarization of the region, prior consultation in accordance with the Rio Treaty and the OAS Charter regarding the application of the Monroe Doctrine, the use of military force, and a multilateral commitment to oppose the establishment of Soviet and Cuba military bases, strategic facilities, or combat presence in Central America or elsewhere in Latin America;\n—efforts to isolate Cuba only serve to make it more dependent on the Soviet Union: U.S. diplomatic skills must be employed to reduce that level of dependence and to explore the differences that divide us with a view to stabilizing our relations with Cuba. At the same time we must continue to oppose firmly Cuban intervention in the internal affairs of other nations. Progress in our relationship will depend on Cuba's willingness to end its support for violent revolution, to recognize the sovereignty and independence of other nations by respecting the principle of non-intervention, to demonstrate respect for human rights both inside and outside of Cuba, and to abide by international norms of behavior.\nMindful of these realities and determined to stop widening, militarizing, and Americanizing the conflict, a Democratic President's immediate objective will be to stop the violence and pursue a negotiated political solution in concert with our democratic allies in the Contadora group. He or she will approach Central American policy in the following terms:\n—First, there must be unequivocal support for the Contadora process and for the efforts by those countries to achieve political solutions to the conflicts that plague the Central American region.\n—Second, there must be a commitment on the part of the United States to reduce tensions in the region. We must terminate our support for the contras and other paramilitary groups fighting in Nicaragua. We must halt those U.S. military exercises in the region which are being conducted for no other real purpose than to intimidate or provoke the Nicaraguan government or which may be used as a pretext for deeper U.S. military involvement in the area. And, we must evidence our firm willingness to work for a demilitarized Central America, including the mutual withdrawal of all foreign forces and military advisors from the region. A Democratic President will seek a multilateral framework to protect the security and independence of the region which will include regional agreements to bar new military bases, to restrict the numbers and sophistication of weapons being introduced into Central America, and to permit international inspection of borders. This diplomatic effort can succeed, however, only if all countries in Central America, including Nicaragua, will agree to respect the sovereignty and integrity of their neighbors, to limit their military forces, to reject foreign military bases (other than those provided for in the Panama Canal Treaties), and to deny any external force or power the use of their territories for purposes of subversion in the region. The viability of any security agreement for Central America would be enhanced by the progressive development of pluralism in Nicaragua. To this end, the elections proposed for November are important; how they are conducted will be an indication of Nicaragua's willingness to move in the direction of genuine democracy.\n—Third, there must be a clear, concise signal to indicate that we are ready, willing and able to provide substantial economic resources, through the appropriate multilateral channels, to the nations of Central America, as soon as the Contadora process achieves a measure of success in restoring peace and stability in the region. In the meantime, of course, we will continue to provide humanitarian aid and refugee relief assistance. The Democratic Administration will work to help churches and universities which are providing sanctuary and assistance to Guatemalan, Haitian, and Salvadoran refugees, and will give all assistance to such refugees as is consistent with U.S. law.\n—Fourth, a Democratic President will support the newly elected President of El Salvador in his efforts to establish civilian democratic control, by channeling U.S. aid through him and by conditioning it on the elimination of government-supported death squads and on progress toward his objectives of land reform, human rights and serious negotiations with contending forces in El Salvador, in order to achieve a peaceful democratic political settlement of the Salvadoran conflict.\n—Fifth, a Democratic President will not use U.S. armed forces in or over El Salvador or Nicaragua for the purpose of engaging in combat unless: 1) Congress has declared war or otherwise authorized the use of U.S. combat forces, or 2) the use of U.S. combat forces is necessary to meet a clear and present danger of attack upon the U.S., its territories or possessions or upon U.S. embassies or citizens, consistent with the War Powers Act.\nThese are the key elements that evidence very real differences between the Democrats' approach to Central America and that of the Reagan Administration. And these are the key elements that will offer the American public a choice—a very significant choice—between war and peace in the Central American region.\nA Democratic President would seek to work with the countries of the Caribbean to strengthen democratic institutions. He or she would not overlook human rights, by refusing to condemn repression by the regimes of the right or the left in the region. A Democratic President would give high priority to democracy, freedom, and to multilateral development. A Democratic President would encourage regional cooperation and make of that important area a showplace rather than a footstool for economic development. Finally, support for democracy must be pursued in its own right, and not just as a tactic against communism.\nHuman rights principles were a cornerstone of President Carter's foreign policy and have always been a central concern in the Inter-American system. Regional multilateral action to protect and advance human rights is an international obligation.\nA Democratic President must not overlook human rights, refusing to condemn repression by the regimes of the right or the left in the region. Insistence that governments respect their obligations to their people, is a criterion that must apply equally to all. It is as important in Cuba as in El Salvador, Guatemala as in Nicaragua, in Haiti as in the Paraguay and Uruguay.\nA Democratic Administration would place protection of human rights in a core position in our relations with Latin America and the Caribbean. It would particularly seek multilateral support for such principles by strengthening and backing the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, and by encouraging the various private organizations in the hemisphere dedicated to monitoring and protecting human rights.\nAfrica—The Democratic Party will advocate a set of bold new initiatives for Third World nations in general and Africa in particular. Hunger, drought, and famine have brought untold suffering to millions in Africa. This human misery—and the armies of nationless—requires a policy of substantial increases in humanitarian assistance, a major thrust in agricultural technology transfer, and cessation of the unfortunate tendency to hold such aid hostage to East-West confrontation or other geopolitical aims. The United States also must offer substantially greater economic assistance to these nations, while engaging in a North-South multilateral dialogue that addresses mutual economic development strategies, commodities pricing, and other treaties relevant to international trade. A Democratic President will join with our friends within and outside the continent in support of respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all African states. Africa is the home of one-eighth of the world's population and a continent of vast resources. Our national interest demands that we give this rich and diverse continent a much higher priority.\nA Democratic President will reverse the Reagan Administration's failed policy of \"constructive engagement\" and strongly and unequivocally oppose the apartheid regime in South Africa. A Democratic Administration will.\n—exert maximum pressure on South Africa to hasten the establishment of a democratic, unitary political system within South Africa.\n—pursue scrupulous enforcement of the 1977 U.N. arms embargo against South Africa, including enforcement of restrictions on the sale of \"dual use\" equipment.\n—impose a ban on all new loans by U.S. business interests to the South African government and on all new investments and loans to the South African private sector, until there is substantial progress toward the full participation of all the people of South Africa in the social, political, and economic life in that country and toward an end to discrimination based on race or ethnic origin.\n—ban the sale or transfer of sophisticated computers and nuclear technology to South Africa and the importation of South African gold coins.\n—reimpose export controls in effect during the Carter Administration which were relaxed by the Reagan Administration.\n—withdraw landing rights to South African aircraft.\nThe Democratic Party condemns South Africa for unjustly holding political prisoners. Soviet harassment of the Sakharovs is identical to South African house arrests of political opponents of the South African regime. Specifically, the detention of Nelson Mandela, leader of the African National Congress, and Winnie Mandela must be brought to the world's attention, and we demand their immediate release. In addition, we demand the immediate release of all other political prisoners in South Africa.\nA Democratic Administration will work as well toward legitimate rights of self-determination of the peoples of Namibia by:\n—demanding compliance with U.N. Security Council Resolution 435—the six-year-old blueprint for Namibian independence;\n—imposing severe fines on U.S. companies that violate the United Nations Decree prohibiting foreign exploitation of Namibian mineral wealth until Namibia attains independence;\n—progressively increasing effective sanctions against South Africa unless and until it grants independence to Namibia and abolishes its own abhorrent apartheid system.\nAsia—Our relationship with the countries of Asia and the Pacific Basin will continue to be of increasing importance. The political, cultural, economic, and strategic ties which link the United States to this reason cannot be ignored.\nWith our Asian friends and allies, we have a common cause in preserving the security and enhancing democracy in the area.\nWith our Asian trading partners, we share a common interest in expanding commerce and fair trade between us, as evidenced by the 33 percent of total American trade now conducted with those countries.\nAnd with the growing number of Asian/Pacific-Americans, we welcome the strength and vitality which increased cultural ties bring to this country.\nOur relationship with Japan is a key to the maintenance of peace, security, and development in Asia and the Pacific region. Mutual respect, enhanced cooperation, and steady diplomacy must guide our dealings with Japan. At the same time, as allies and friends, we must work to resolve areas of disagreement. A Democratic President, therefore, will press for increased access to Japanese as well as other Asian markets for American firms and their produces. Finally, a Democratic President will expect Japan to continue moving toward assuming its fair share of the burden of collective security—in self-defense as well as in foreign assistance and democratic development.\nOur security in the Pacific region is also closely tied to the well-being of our long-time allies. Australia and New Zealand. A Democratic President will honor and strengthen our security commitment to ANZUS as well as to other Southeast Asian friends.\nOur relationship with the People's Republic of China must also be nurtured and strengthened. The Democratic Party believes that our developing relations with the PRC offer a historic opportunity to bring one quarter of the world's population into the community of nations, to strengthen a counterweight to Soviet expansionism, and to enhance economic relations that offer great potential for mutual advantage. At the same time, we recognize our historic ties to the people on Taiwan and we will continue to honor our commitments to them, consistent with the Taiwan Relations Act.\nOur own principles and interests demand that we work with those in Asia, as well as elsewhere, who can encourage democratic institutions and support greater respect for human rights. A Democratic President will work closely with the world's largest democracy, India, and maintain mutually beneficial ties. A Democratic President will press for the restoration of full democracy in the Philippines, further democratization and the elimination of martial law in Taiwan, the return to freedom of speech and press in South Korea, and restoration of human rights for the people of East Timor. Recognizing the strategic importance of Pakistan and the close relationship which has existed between our two countries, a Democratic President would press to restore democracy and terminate its nuclear weapons program. Finally, a Democratic President would press for the fullest possible accounting of Americans still missing in Indochina.\nFor the past four years, the Soviet Union has been engaged in a brutal effort to crush the resistance of the people or Afghanistan. It denies their right to independence. It is trying to stamp out their culture and to deny them the right to practice their religion, Islam. But despite appalling costs, the people of Afghanistan continue to resist—demonstrating the same qualities of human aspiration and fortitude that made our own nation great. We must continue to oppose Soviet aggression in Afghanistan. We should support the efforts of the Afghanistan freedom fighters with material assistance.\nIf the Soviet Union is prepared to abide by the principles of international law and human dignity, it should find the U.S. prepared to help produce a peaceful settlement.\nGlobal Debt and Development\n\nThe Democratic Party will pursue policies for economic development, for aid and trade that meet the needs of the people of the developing world and that further our own national interest. The next Democratic President will support development policies that meet the basic needs of the poor for food, water, energy, medical care, and shelter rather than \"trickle down\" policies that never reach those on the bottom. The next Democratic Administration will give preference in its foreign assistance to countries with democratic institutions and respect for human rights.\nA Democratic President will seek to cut back record U.S. budget deficits and interest rates not only for our own economic well-being, but to reduce the economic crisis confronting so many industrialized and developing states alike.\nMr. Reagan has perceived national security in very limited and parochial terms, and thus has failed completely to grasp the significance of the international debt which now has sky-rocketed to some $800 billion. In 1983, some thirty nations accounting for half of this total were forced to seek restructuring of their debts with public and private creditors because they were unable to meet their debt payments.\nThe U.S. economy is directly linked to the costs of these loans through their variable interest rates (tied to the U.S. prime rate). A rise in the U.S. prime rate by one percent added more than $4 billion to the annual interest costs associated with these external debts. The struggle to meet their external debts has slashed the purchasing power of these developing countries and forced them to curtail imports from the U.S. This accounts for one-third to one-half of the adverse turn in the U.S. trade deficit, which is projected to reach $130 billion this year.\nThe social and political stability of these developing countries is seriously challenged by the debt crisis. In light of the interdependence of the international economy, the crisis also threatens the very foundation of the international financial system. To answer these dangers, the Democratic Administration will:\n—Call immediately for discussions on improving the functioning of the international monetary systems and on developing a comprehensive long-term approach to the international debt problem.\n—Instruct the Treasury Department to work with the Federal Reserve Board, U.S. bank regulators, key private banks, and the finance ministers and central bankers of Europe and Japan, to develop a short-term program for reducing the debt service obligations of less developed countries, while 1) preserving the safety and soundness of the international banking system and 2) ensuring that the costs of the program shared equitably among all parties to existing and rescheduled debts.\n—Recommend an increase in the lending capacity of the World Bank, as well as an increase in the lending capacity of the Export-Import Bank of the U.S.. to ensure that debtor nations obtain adequate capital for investment in export industries.\n—Review international trade barriers which limit the ability of these countries to earn foreign exchange.\nSecurity assistance can in appropriate circumstances, help our friends meet legitimate defense needs. But shifting the balance from economic development toward military sales, as has occurred over the past three and one-half years, sets back the cause of peace and justice, fuels restful arms races, and places sophisticated weapons in the hands of those who could one day turn them back upon us and upon our friends and allies. The Democratic Party seeks now, as in the past, effective international agreements to limit and reduce the transfer of conventional arms.\nA Democratic President will seize new opportunities to make major advances at limited cost in the health and survival of the world's poorest people—thus enabling more people to contribute to and share in the world's resources, and promoting stability and popular participation in their societies. Recognizing that unrestrained population growth constitutes a danger for economic progress and political stability, a Democratic President will restore full U.S. support for national and international population programs that are now threatened by the policies of the Reagan Administration.\nA Democratic President will work to see the power and prestige of the U.S. fully committed to the reform and strengthening of the United Nations and other international agencies in the pursuit of their original purposes—peace, economic and social welfare, education, and human rights.\nBecause of the economic instability caused by global debts and by other problems, unprecedented migration into the United States and other parts of the world is occurring in the form of economic refugees. The Democratic Party will support economic development programs so as to aid nations in reducing migration from their countries, and thereby reduce the flow of economic refugees to the U.S. and other parts of the world.\nRather than scuttling the international Law of the Sea negotiations after over a decade of bipartisan U.S. involvement, a Democratic President will actively pursue efforts to achieve an acceptable Treaty and related agreements that protect U.S. interests in all uses of ocean space.\nHuman Rights and Solidarity\n\nThe Democratic Party believes that we need new approaches to replace the failed Republican policies. We need sustained, personal, presidential leadership in foreign policy and arms control. We need a President who will meet with the Soviets to challenge them to reduce the danger of nuclear war, who will become personally involved in reviving the Camp David peace process, who will give his or her full support to the Contadora negotiations, and who will press the South Africans to repeal their policies of apartheid and destabilization. We need a President who will understand that human rights and national security interests are mutually supportive. We need a President to restore our influence, enhance our security, pursue democracy and freedom, and work unremittingly for peace. With firm purpose, skill, sensitivity, and a recovery of our own pride in what we are—a Democratic President will build an international alliance of free people to promote these great causes.\nA Democratic President will pursue a foreign policy that advances basic civil and political rights—freedom of speech, association, thought and religion, the right to leave, freedom of the integrity of the person, and the prohibition of torture, arbitrary detention and cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment—and that seeks as well to attain basic, economic, social, and cultural rights. A Democratic President's concern must extend from the terror of the Russian Gulag to the jails of Latin generals. The banning of South African blacks is no more acceptable than the silencing of Cuban poets. A Democratic President will end U.S. support for dictators throughout the world from Haiti to the Philippines. He or she will support and defend the observance of basic human rights called for in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Helsinki Final Act. He or she will seek, through both quiet diplomacy and public measures, the release of political prisoners and the free immigration of prosecuted individuals and peoples around the world. He or she will seek U.S. ratification of the Genocide Convention, the International Covenants on Human Rights, and the American Convention on Human Rights, as well as the establishment of a U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights. He or she will fulfill the spirit as well as the letter of our legislation calling for the denial of military and economic assistance to governments that systematically violate human rights.\nThe Democratic Party believes that whether it is in response to totalitarianism in the Soviet Union or repression in Latin America and East Asia, to apartheid in South Africa or martial law in Poland, to terrorism in Libya or the reign of terror in Iran, or to barbaric aggression in Southeast Asia and Afghanistan, the foreign policy of the United States must be unmistakably on the side of those who love freedom.\nAs Democrats and as Americans, we will make support for democracy, human rights and economic and social justice the cornerstone of our policy. These are the most revolutionary ideas on our planet. They are not to be feared. They are the hallmarks of the democratic century that lies before us.", "Words" -> 36365, "WordCounts" -> <|"the" -> 2098, "and" -> 1519, "of" -> 1378, "to" -> 1204, "in" -> 667, "a" -> 638, "for" -> 433, "that" -> 406, "our" -> 384, "will" -> 369, "is" -> 339, "The" -> 266, "be" -> 234, "Democratic" -> 220, "on" -> 210, "are" -> 203, "as" -> 202, "We" -> 198, "with" -> 193, "we" -> 192, "by" -> 179, "has" -> 173, "Reagan" -> 169, "must" -> 167, "have" -> 162, "Administration" -> 140, "or" -> 139, "all" -> 134, "not" -> 130, "it" -> 129, "an" -> 129, "economic" -> 126, "their" -> 125, "Party" -> 122, "American" -> 113, "President" -> 109, "new" -> 107, "which" -> 90, "more" -> 90, "this" -> 84, "government" -> 84, "from" -> 84, "than" -> 82, "at" -> 82, "people" -> 79, "policy" -> 78, "America" -> 77, "its" -> 76, "who" -> 75, "In" -> 75, "U.S." -> 74, "other" -> 71, "economy" -> 70, "should" -> 69, "can" -> 68, "A" -> 68, "Americans" -> 67, "programs" -> 65, "national" -> 65, "been" 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-> 11, "created" -> 11, "conventional" -> 11, "clear" -> 11, "worker" -> 10, "War" -> 10, "Vietnam" -> 10, "Under" -> 10, "times" -> 10, "These" -> 10, "strengthened" -> 10, "strategies" -> 10, "still" -> 10, "stable" -> 10, "senior" -> 10, "see" -> 10, "risk" -> 10, "regional" -> 10, "regime" -> 10, "reducing" -> 10, "recovery" -> 10, "recession" -> 10, "principles" -> 10, "present" -> 10, "payments" -> 10, "once" -> 10, "negotiations" -> 10, "mutual" -> 10, "multilateral" -> 10, "loans" -> 10, "limit" -> 10, "life" -> 10, "land" -> 10, "itself" -> 10, "information" -> 10, "impact" -> 10, "goods" -> 10, "given" -> 10, "funds" -> 10, "farmers" -> 10, "face" -> 10, "example" -> 10, "dollars" -> 10, "does" -> 10, "danger" -> 10, "combat" -> 10, "civil" -> 10, "burden" -> 10, "bring" -> 10, "African" -> 10, "address" -> 10, "workplace" -> 9, "Where" -> 9, "today" -> 9, "throughout" -> 9, "threat" -> 9, "Third" -> 9, "then" -> 9, "systems" -> 9, "survival" -> 9, "strategy" -> 9, "stand" -> 9, "sound" -> 9, "services" -> 9, "second" -> 9, "safe" -> 9, "rise" -> 9, "relationship" -> 9, "reform" -> 9, "priorities" -> 9, "plants" -> 9, "plant" -> 9, "place" -> 9, "open" -> 9, "office" -> 9, "off" -> 9, "No" -> 9, "members" -> 9, "Latin" -> 9, "Ireland" -> 9, "integrity" -> 9, "Instead" -> 9, "insist" -> 9, "include" -> 9, "hunger" -> 9, "higher" -> 9, "guarantee" -> 9, "get" -> 9, "fully" -> 9, "firms" -> 9, "failure" -> 9, "failed" -> 9, "exports" -> 9, "European" -> 9, "Equal" -> 9, "efficiency" -> 9, "East" -> 9, "doing" -> 9, "different" -> 9, "Department" -> 9, "continues" -> 9, "companies" -> 9, "challenges" -> 9, "cases" -> 9, "build" -> 9, "beyond" -> 9, "area" -> 9, "appropriate" -> 9, "approach" -> 9, "apartheid" -> 9, "alone" -> 9, "almost" -> 9, "allow" -> 9, "aid" -> 9, "agricultural" -> 9, "ago" -> 9, "affordable" -> 9, "able" -> 9, "youth" -> 8, "York" -> 8, "world's" -> 8, "whose" -> 8, "While" -> 8, "What" -> 8, "verifiable" -> 8, "values" -> 8, "Treaty" -> 8, "toxic" -> 8, "took" -> 8, "threatened" -> 8, "threaten" -> 8, "sustained" -> 8, "success" -> 8, "students" -> 8, "spirit" -> 8, "spent" -> 8, "seeking" -> 8, "savings" -> 8, "return" -> 8, "Reserve" -> 8, "requires" -> 8, "require" -> 8, "remain" -> 8, "reductions" -> 8, "recent" -> 8, "reach" -> 8, "pressure" -> 8, "prepared" -> 8, "population" -> 8, "Over" -> 8, "offer" -> 8, "Middle" -> 8, "measures" -> 8, "makes" -> 8, "look" -> 8, "like" -> 8, "keep" -> 8, "join" -> 8, "Investing" -> 8, "increasingly" -> 8, "improve" -> 8, "II" -> 8, "Human" -> 8, "huge" -> 8, "hold" -> 8, "High" -> 8, "healthy" -> 8, "greatest" -> 8, "goal" -> 8, "funding" -> 8, "family" -> 8, "fairly" -> 8, "expanding" -> 8, "expand" -> 8, "existing" -> 8, "enormous" -> 8, "enforce" -> 8, "encouraging" -> 8, "elderly" -> 8, "effectively" -> 8, "educational" -> 8, "diversity" -> 8, "disadvantaged" -> 8, "disabled" -> 8, "decade" -> 8, "current" -> 8, "course" -> 8, "competitiveness" -> 8, "common" -> 8, "code" -> 8, "century" -> 8, "call" -> 8, "before" -> 8, "because" -> 8, "annual" -> 8, "alternative" -> 8, "agenda" -> 8, "addition" -> 8, "With" -> 7, "Western" -> 7, "ways" -> 7, "veterans" -> 7, "until" -> 7, "universities" -> 7, "unemployed" -> 7, "understand" -> 7, "turn" -> 7, "together" -> 7, "targeted" -> 7, "taking" -> 7, "successful" -> 7, "strengthening" -> 7, "stop" -> 7, "stock" -> 7, "steps" -> 7, "step" -> 7, "State" -> 7, "single" -> 7, "Since" -> 7, "simply" -> 7, "significant" -> 7, "service" -> 7, "serve" -> 7, "scientists" -> 7, "schools" -> 7, "Salvador" -> 7, "run" -> 7, "rising" -> 7, "revenues" -> 7, "repression" -> 7, "recognizes" -> 7, "question" -> 7, "pursuit" -> 7, "protecting" -> 7, "promised" -> 7, "promise" -> 7, "price" -> 7, "potential" -> 7, "peaceful" -> 7, "partnership" -> 7, "oil" -> 7, "Medicare" -> 7, "meaningful" -> 7, "materials" -> 7, "massive" -> 7, "Many" -> 7, "lower" -> 7, "long" -> 7, "legitimate" -> 7, "learn" -> 7, "leaders" -> 7, "Justice" -> 7, "involvement" -> 7, "initiatives" -> 7, "immediate" -> 7, "however" -> 7, "how" -> 7, "highest" -> 7, "hard" -> 7, "great" -> 7, "Government" -> 7, "good" -> 7, "goals" -> 7, "fund" -> 7, "focus" -> 7, "First" -> 7, "export" -> 7, "expanded" -> 7, "exist" -> 7, "excellence" -> 7, "establishment" -> 7, "equipment" -> 7, "entire" -> 7, "ensuring" -> 7, "emphasize" -> 7, "El" -> 7, "each" -> 7, "during" -> 7, "done" -> 7, "diverse" -> 7, "depends" -> 7, "demands" -> 7, "decent" -> 7, "cycle" -> 7, "cultural" -> 7, "Commission" -> 7, "commercial" -> 7, "changes" -> 7, "causes" -> 7, "Can" -> 7, "broad" -> 7, "Board" -> 7, "better" -> 7, "auto" -> 7, "attack" -> 7, "April" -> 7, "answer" -> 7, "air" -> 7, "agriculture" -> 7, "age" -> 7, "1983" -> 7, "1981" -> 7, "Yet" -> 6, "welfare" -> 6, "Washington" -> 6, "vision" -> 6, "vigorously" -> 6, "vigorous" -> 6, "value" -> 6, "unnecessary" -> 6, "unfair" -> 6, "true" -> 6, "transportation" -> 6, "ties" -> 6, "threats" -> 6, "thousands" -> 6, "That" -> 6, "telecommunications" -> 6, "taken" -> 6, "Supreme" -> 6, "suicide" -> 6, "substantial" -> 6, "standard" -> 6, "stake" -> 6, "sources" -> 6, "sought" -> 6, "some" -> 6, "Solidarity" -> 6, "smaller" -> 6, "Small" -> 6, "similar" -> 6, "short-term" -> 6, "sense" -> 6, "Second" -> 6, "sale" -> 6, "Safety" -> 6, "rich" -> 6, "restoration" -> 6, "responsible" -> 6, "responsibilities" -> 6, "response" -> 6, "requiring" -> 6, "regulations" -> 6, "regimes" -> 6, "refusing" -> 6, "reforms" -> 6, "rapidly" -> 6, "purpose" -> 6, "proud" -> 6, "protections" -> 6, "Protection" -> 6, "prosperous" -> 6, "procurement" -> 6, "principle" -> 6, "pressures" -> 6, "preserve" -> 6, "position" -> 6, "plans" -> 6, "personal" -> 6, "percentage" -> 6, "patterns" -> 6, "objectives" -> 6, "natural" -> 6, "movement" -> 6, "move" -> 6, "mortgage" -> 6, "methods" -> 6, "maintenance" -> 6, "low" -> 6, "lives" -> 6, "limits" -> 6, "likely" -> 6, "largest" -> 6, "invest" -> 6, "infants" -> 6, "ignored" -> 6, "hazardous" -> 6, "Growth" -> 6, "groups" -> 6, "flow" -> 6, "fiscal" -> 6, "financing" -> 6, "finance" -> 6, "fairness" -> 6, "fact" -> 6, "explosion" -> 6, "expense" -> 6, "especially" -> 6, "enhance" -> 6, "elimination" -> 6, "election" -> 6, "drugs" -> 6, "drug" -> 6, "direction" -> 6, "did" -> 6, "dependence" -> 6, "Defense" -> 6, "deep" -> 6, "decades" -> 6, "Cuba" -> 6, "corporate" -> 6, "commitments" -> 6, "commit" -> 6, "comes" -> 6, "colleges" -> 6, "collective" -> 6, "closely" -> 6, "choice" -> 6, "chance" -> 6, "centers" -> 6, "capacity" -> 6, "buy" -> 6, "built" -> 6, "bipartisan" -> 6, "benefit" -> 6, "ban" -> 6, "avoid" -> 6, "attention" -> 6, "assuring" -> 6, "always" -> 6, "agency" -> 6, "Afghanistan" -> 6, "advantage" -> 6, "active" -> 6, "account" -> 6, "worth" -> 5, "willingness" -> 5, "wildlife" -> 5, "wide" -> 5, "whole" -> 5, "White" -> 5, "whether" -> 5, "wealth" -> 5, "want" -> 5, "vulnerable" -> 5, "unless" -> 5, "treaty" -> 5, "total" -> 5, "top" -> 5, "Then" -> 5, "terms" -> 5, "tensions" -> 5, "technologies" -> 5, "taxpayers" -> 5, "suffering" -> 5, "substantially" -> 5, "study" -> 5, "struggle" -> 5, "steel" -> 5, "steady" -> 5, "stands" -> 5, "space" -> 5, "Soviets" -> 5, "sophisticated" -> 5, "shelter" -> 5, "sharply" -> 5, "sex" -> 5, "several" -> 5, "series" -> 5, "SALT" -> 5, "safer" -> 5, "roads" -> 5, "retraining" -> 5, "requirements" -> 5, "remains" -> 5, "relief" -> 5, "reject" -> 5, "refugees" -> 5, "range" -> 5, "radioactive" -> 5, "promoting" -> 5, "productive" -> 5, "product" -> 5, "produces" -> 5, "prisoners" -> 5, "prevent" -> 5, "practices" -> 5, "pledge" -> 5, "planning" -> 5, "plan" -> 5, "permit" -> 5, "peoples" -> 5, "Peace" -> 5, "parts" -> 5, "parents" -> 5, "ownership" -> 5, "others" -> 5, "On" -> 5, "often" -> 5, "officials" -> 5, "nor" -> 5, "neglect" -> 5, "nature" -> 5, "Moreover" -> 5, "mission" -> 5, "medical" -> 5, "low-income" -> 5, "loss" -> 5, "longer" -> 5, "Local" -> 5, "living" -> 5, "line" -> 5, "limited" -> 5, "legislation" -> 5, "least" -> 5, "lands" -> 5, "issues" -> 5, "intervention" -> 5, "instead" -> 5, "influence" -> 5, "incentives" -> 5, "Illinois" -> 5, "hungry" -> 5, "House" -> 5, "hostile" -> 5, "hope" -> 5, "highly" -> 5, "Hemisphere" -> 5, "heart" -> 5, "government's" -> 5, "gone" -> 5, "gas" -> 5, "fulfill" -> 5, "fuel" -> 5, "firm" -> 5, "fight" -> 5, "few" -> 5, "fearing" -> 5, "farm" -> 5, "external" -> 5, "expenditures" -> 5, "expected" -> 5, "expansion" -> 5, "ever" -> 5, "equity" -> 5, "equality" -> 5, "Environmental" -> 5, "environment" -> 5, "enough" -> 5, "engineers" -> 5, "emphasis" -> 5, "emergency" -> 5, "elsewhere" -> 5, "efficient" -> 5, "effectiveness" -> 5, "Eastern" -> 5, "due" -> 5, "dream" -> 5, "doubt" -> 5, "doubled" -> 5, "displaced" -> 5, "directly" -> 5, "designed" -> 5, "deposits" -> 5, "delivery" -> 5, "deeper" -> 5, "debts" -> 5, "deal" -> 5, "day" -> 5, "damage" -> 5, "Cyprus" -> 5, "cutting" -> 5, "credit" -> 5, "cooperative" -> 5, "contributing" -> 5, "consumers" -> 5, "consistent" -> 5, "consensus" -> 5, "concerned" -> 5, "concern" -> 5, "compliance" -> 5, "complete" -> 5, "competitors" -> 5, "community-based" -> 5, "communist" -> 5, "coming" -> 5, "come" -> 5, "collapse" -> 5, "closings" -> 5, "civilian" -> 5, "changed" -> 5, "careful" -> 5, "Black" -> 5, "billions" -> 5, "belief" -> 5, "bankruptcy" -> 5, "Bank" -> 5, "balance" -> 5, "associated" -> 5, "assist" -> 5, "aside" -> 5, "Asian" -> 5, "Asia" -> 5, "around" -> 5, "approaches" -> 5, "An" -> 5, "Agency" -> 5, "affected" -> 5, "adversaries" -> 5, "adapt" -> 5, "act" -> 5, "acceptable" -> 5, "abroad" -> 5, "20" -> 5, "1980's" -> 5, "works" -> 4, "why" -> 4, "When" -> 4, "went" -> 4, "well-being" -> 4, "wealthy" -> 4, "Water" -> 4, "wastes" -> 4, "Wars" -> 4, "virtually" -> 4, "victims" -> 4, "viability" -> 4, "various" -> 4, "urgent" -> 4, "urge" -> 4, "units" -> 4, "union" -> 4, "understanding" -> 4, "U.N." -> 4, "types" -> 4, "twice" -> 4, "trust" -> 4, "troops" -> 4, "transfer" -> 4, "train" -> 4, "totalitarian" -> 4, "today's" -> 4, "thus" -> 4, "third" -> 4, "therefore" -> 4, "teenagers" -> 4, "teenage" -> 4, "taxes" -> 4, "target" -> 4, "supported" -> 4, "supplies" -> 4, "strongly" -> 4, "stronger" -> 4, "stay" -> 4, "spread" -> 4, "sovereignty" -> 4, "source" -> 4, "solve" -> 4, "six" -> 4, "sites" -> 4, "shifting" -> 4, "setting" -> 4, "sentencing" -> 4, "seeks" -> 4, "save" -> 4, "sales" -> 4, "runaway" -> 4, "road" -> 4, "risen" -> 4, "revolution" -> 4, "review" -> 4, "reversing" -> 4, "retirement" -> 4, "result" -> 4, "respond" -> 4, "resolve" -> 4, "resolution" -> 4, "rely" -> 4, "religion" -> 4, "release" -> 4, "related" -> 4, "regions" -> 4, "refused" -> 4, "reduced" -> 4, "Recognizing" -> 4, "rebuilding" -> 4, "reason" -> 4, "reality" -> 4, "Reaganomics" -> 4, "reached" -> 4, "Rather" -> 4, "raise" -> 4, "pursued" -> 4, "provided" -> 4, "propose" -> 4, "proper" -> 4, "progressive" -> 4, "produce" -> 4, "prime" -> 4, "practice" -> 4, "positions" -> 4, "Policy" -> 4, "Poland" -> 4, "play" -> 4, "pesticides" -> 4, "performance" -> 4, "path" -> 4, "party" -> 4, "parties" -> 4, "particular" -> 4, "pain" -> 4, "paid" -> 4, "overall" -> 4, "ourselves" -> 4, "ours" -> 4, "operation" -> 4, "operating" -> 4, "Only" -> 4, "one-half" -> 4, "offenders" -> 4, "obligation" -> 4, "nothing" -> 4, "Northern" -> 4, "neighbors" -> 4, "necessity" -> 4, "nearly" -> 4, "NATO" -> 4, "my" -> 4, "modernization" -> 4, "minds" -> 4, "Millions" -> 4, "might" -> 4, "member" -> 4, "May" -> 4, "manufacturing" -> 4, "majority" -> 4, "lost" -> 4, "little" -> 4, "Lebanon" -> 4, "leading" -> 4, "larger" -> 4, "jurisdiction" -> 4, "issue" -> 4, "Interest" -> 4, "instability" -> 4, "injury" -> 4, "initiative" -> 4, "inflationary" -> 4, "increases" -> 4, "improving" -> 4, "improved" -> 4, "impossible" -> 4, "imports" -> 4, "implementation" -> 4, "immediately" -> 4, "ignore" -> 4, "How" -> 4, "homes" -> 4, "heritage" -> 4, "her" -> 4, "handicapped" -> 4, "halt" -> 4, "greatly" -> 4, "go" -> 4, "GNP" -> 4, "genuine" -> 4, "generations" -> 4, "general" -> 4, "Future" -> 4, "Further" -> 4, "framework" -> 4, "fortunate" -> 4, "following" -> 4, "five" -> 4, "fighting" -> 4, "fall" -> 4, "fail" -> 4, "faced" -> 4, "exhausted" -> 4, "evidence" -> 4, "eventually" -> 4, "equally" -> 4, "energies" -> 4, "employers" -> 4, "employees" -> 4, "employee" -> 4, "eliminated" -> 4, "effects" -> 4, "earth" -> 4, "During" -> 4, "dramatically" -> 4, "divide" -> 4, "direct" -> 4, "differences" -> 4, "devastating" -> 4, "destabilizing" -> 4, "despite" -> 4, "depend" -> 4, "defensive" -> 4, "decline" -> 4, "decide" -> 4, "death" -> 4, "David" -> 4, "dangers" -> 4, "currency" -> 4, "criminal" -> 4, "creating" -> 4, "courts" -> 4, "court" -> 4, "country's" -> 4, "Council" -> 4, "Cooperation" -> 4, "Contadora" -> 4, "consultation" -> 4, "Conservation" -> 4, "conservation" -> 4, "consequences" -> 4, "conflicts" -> 4, "conducted" -> 4, "conditions" -> 4, "condemn" -> 4, "completely" -> 4, "compensation" -> 4, "comparable" -> 4, "communications" -> 4, "combined" -> 4, "collectively" -> 4, "coastal" -> 4, "closed" -> 4, "close" -> 4, "climate" -> 4, "citizen" -> 4, "Cities" -> 4, "central" -> 4, "caused" -> 4, "Caribbean" -> 4, "calls" -> 4, "called" -> 4, "Business" -> 4, "bridges" -> 4, "breaking" -> 4, "borders" -> 4, "birth" -> 4, "became" -> 4, "bank" -> 4, "balanced" -> 4, "away" -> 4, "attempted" -> 4, "ask" -> 4, "arena" -> 4, "apply" -> 4, "antitrust" -> 4, "Amendment" -> 4, "Although" -> 4, "along" -> 4, "agreement" -> 4, "agree" -> 4, "aggressively" -> 4, "aggression" -> 4, "After" -> 4, "affect" -> 4, "advice" -> 4, "advances" -> 4, "adequately" -> 4, "added" -> 4, "acquire" -> 4, "achieving" -> 4, "achievement" -> 4, "abandoned" -> 4, "abandon" -> 4, "9" -> 4, "40" -> 4, "1989" -> 4, "10" -> 4, "$3.35" -> 3, "word" -> 3, "Women" -> 3, "woman" -> 3, "withdraw" -> 3, "willing" -> 3, "wilderness" -> 3, "widespread" -> 3, "wherever" -> 3, "West" -> 3, "weakening" -> 3, "wave" -> 3, "wasteful" -> 3, "wages" -> 3, "voting" -> 3, "volume" -> 3, "volatile" -> 3, "voices" -> 3, "violent" -> 3, "violence" -> 3, "violations" -> 3, "view" -> 3, "vehicle" -> 3, "useful" -> 3, "urban" -> 3, "Until" -> 3, "unproductive" -> 3, "unprecedented" -> 3, "unions" -> 3, "Unemployment" -> 3, "undermine" -> 3, "unable" -> 3, "tyranny" -> 3, "truly" -> 3, "treatment" -> 3, "treat" -> 3, "transition" -> 3, "transit" -> 3, "tradition" -> 3, "Trade" -> 3, "towards" -> 3, "tough" -> 3, "tool" -> 3, "tons" -> 3, "tight" -> 3, "tied" -> 3, "tide" -> 3, "Through" -> 3, "think" -> 3, "Therefore" -> 3, "theory" -> 3, "themselves" -> 3, "Texas" -> 3, "terminate" -> 3, "ten" -> 3, "tell" -> 3, "teachers" -> 3, "Taiwan" -> 3, "supporting" -> 3, "Such" -> 3, "story" -> 3, "stimulate" -> 3, "Star" -> 3, "standing" -> 3, "staff" -> 3, "Springfield" -> 3, "soon" -> 3, "solutions" -> 3, "solution" -> 3, "solely" -> 3, "societies" -> 3, "slashing" -> 3, "shock" -> 3, "shadow" -> 3, "severely" -> 3, "severe" -> 3, "settlement" -> 3, "served" -> 3, "seriously" -> 3, "sensible" -> 3, "Senate" -> 3, "self-sufficiency" -> 3, "seen" -> 3, "sectors" -> 3, "search" -> 3, "science" -> 3, "saved" -> 3, "said" -> 3, "rural" -> 3, "rule" -> 3, "roll" -> 3, "risks" -> 3, "revolutionary" -> 3, "returned" -> 3, "restrictions" -> 3, "restrict" -> 3, "restraint" -> 3, "restoring" -> 3, "responsive" -> 3, "required" -> 3, "Republicans" -> 3, "Republic" -> 3, "representation" -> 3, "repair" -> 3, "renewed" -> 3, "remove" -> 3, "remedies" -> 3, "religious" -> 3, "relentless" -> 3, "Relations" -> 3, "regulatory" -> 3, "regular" -> 3, "refuses" -> 3, "refuges" -> 3, "Reelected" -> 3, "reduction" -> 3, "Recovery" -> 3, "recover" -> 3, "recognition" -> 3, "recently" -> 3, "receiving" -> 3, "rebuild" -> 3, "reasonable" -> 3, "realistic" -> 3, "ready" -> 3, "rapid" -> 3, "questions" -> 3, "qualify" -> 3, "puts" -> 3, "purposes" -> 3, "purchasing" -> 3, "protected" -> 3, "prosperity" -> 3, "proposals" -> 3, "proliferation" -> 3, "projects" -> 3, "professional" -> 3, "processes" -> 3, "primary" -> 3, "primarily" -> 3, "pride" -> 3, "prevention" -> 3, "prevented" -> 3, "presence" -> 3, "Powers" -> 3, "positive" -> 3, "populations" -> 3, "pollution" -> 3, "pollutants" -> 3, "Polish" -> 3, "point" -> 3, "plunged" -> 3, "pledges" -> 3, "planet" -> 3, "persons" -> 3, "period" -> 3, "perform" -> 3, "payment" -> 3, "paying" -> 3, "pattern" -> 3, "partnerships" -> 3, "Pacific" -> 3, "outside" -> 3, "organize" -> 3, "opposes" -> 3, "opposed" -> 3, "one-third" -> 3, "One" -> 3, "older" -> 3, "old" -> 3, "offshore" -> 3, "offices" -> 3, "occupations" -> 3, "obligations" -> 3, "nutrition" -> 3, "newly" -> 3, "Neither" -> 3, "neither" -> 3, "neighborhoods" -> 3, "negotiating" -> 3, "negotiate" -> 3, "Namibia" -> 3, "mutually" -> 3, "moved" -> 3, "mount" -> 3, "mothers" -> 3, "More" -> 3, "moral" -> 3, "modern" -> 3, "minimum" -> 3, "middle" -> 3, "Mexico" -> 3, "mergers" -> 3, "mean" -> 3, "material" -> 3, "martial" -> 3, "marijuana" -> 3, "machine" -> 3, "love" -> 3, "lot" -> 3, "lose" -> 3, "loopholes" -> 3, "linked" -> 3, "lines" -> 3, "lies" -> 3, "let" -> 3, "legacy" -> 3, "leader" -> 3, "launch" -> 3, "Labor" -> 3, "knows" -> 3, "June" -> 3, "Jobs" -> 3, "Jerusalem" -> 3, "James" -> 3, "involving" -> 3, "investing" -> 3, "invested" -> 3, "inventory" -> 3, "Introduction" -> 3, "International" -> 3, "internal" -> 3, "Inter-American" -> 3, "intelligence" -> 3, "integrated" -> 3, "instruments" -> 3, "innovative" -> 3, "Infrastructure" -> 3, "infant" -> 3, "implement" -> 3, "imperative" -> 3, "ignores" -> 3, "ideology" -> 3, "ideals" -> 3, "hundreds" -> 3, "Houston" -> 3, "house" -> 3, "honor" -> 3, "Honduras" -> 3, "homeless" -> 3, "holocaust" -> 3, "Hispanic" -> 3, "His" -> 3, "high-level" -> 3, "heroin" -> 3, "here" -> 3, "hemisphere" -> 3, "helps" -> 3, "heavily" -> 3, "Health" -> 3, "harbors" -> 3, "happen" -> 3, "grow" -> 3, "ground" -> 3, "graduate" -> 3, "governance" -> 3, "global" -> 3, "Given" -> 3, "functions" -> 3, "fuels" -> 3, "front" -> 3, "Freedom" -> 3, "Fourth" -> 3, "foster" -> 3, "forward" -> 3, "forms" -> 3, "form" -> 3, "Foreign" -> 3, "financed" -> 3, "finally" -> 3, "favor" -> 3, "faster" -> 3, "fashion" -> 3, "false" -> 3, "failures" -> 3, "failing" -> 3, "facilities" -> 3, "extremism" -> 3, "extend" -> 3, "Export-Import" -> 3, "explore" -> 3, "experience" -> 3, "existed" -> 3, "excuse" -> 3, "exclusively" -> 3, "exchange" -> 3, "exceeds" -> 3, "Every" -> 3, "ethnic" -> 3, "establishing" -> 3, "established" -> 3, "era" -> 3, "equivalent" -> 3, "equitable" -> 3, "envy" -> 3, "environmentally" -> 3, "entrepreneurs" -> 3, "entitled" -> 3, "enterprises" -> 3, "enhanced" -> 3, "enforcing" -> 3, "Energy" -> 3, "encourages" -> 3, "encouraged" -> 3, "enact" -> 3, "employ" -> 3, "elements" -> 3, "either" -> 3, "effect" -> 3, "educators" -> 3, "Education" -> 3, "edge" -> 3, "economies" -> 3, "dropped" -> 3, "dreams" -> 3, "double" -> 3, "door" -> 3, "Doctrine" -> 3, "districts" -> 3, "distortions" -> 3, "distort" -> 3, "disposal" -> 3, "disease" -> 3, "dignity" -> 3, "difficulties" -> 3, "difference" -> 3, "die" -> 3, "dialogue" -> 3, "Development" -> 3, "developed" -> 3, "determined" -> 3, "determine" -> 3, "destruction" -> 3, "design" -> 3, "deserve" -> 3, "deregulation" -> 3, "depression" -> 3, "dependent" -> 3, "defend" -> 3, "dedicated" -> 3, "decision-making" -> 3, "decency" -> 3, "de" -> 3, "days" -> 3, "cutbacks" -> 3, "credibility" -> 3, "creation" -> 3, "CPSC" -> 3, "covert" -> 3, "covered" -> 3, "coupled" -> 3, "County" -> 3, "county" -> 3, "Corps" -> 3, "corporations" -> 3, "cornerstone" -> 3, "coordination" -> 3, "Convention" -> 3, "controls" -> 3, "contributions" -> 3, "contribution" -> 3, "contribute" -> 3, "Continental" -> 3, "continent" -> 3, "construction" -> 3, "Constitutional" -> 3, "constitutes" -> 3, "considered" -> 3, "consideration" -> 3, "consent" -> 3, "confront" -> 3, "confident" -> 3, "confidence" -> 3, "condemns" -> 3, "concessions" -> 3, "concert" -> 3, "concerns" -> 3, "computer" -> 3, "complex" -> 3, "competence" -> 3, "committing" -> 3, "college" -> 3, "coherent" -> 3, "cocaine" -> 3, "closer" -> 3, "Clean" -> 3, "children's" -> 3, "chemical" -> 3, "cheaper" -> 3, "characterized" -> 3, "Chapter" -> 3, "certain" -> 3, "case" -> 3, "carry" -> 3, "career" -> 3, "car" -> 3, "candidate" -> 3, "Camp" -> 3, "burdens" -> 3, "builds" -> 3, "Building" -> 3, "building" -> 3, "brink" -> 3, "bought" -> 3, "bomb" -> 3, "bold" -> 3, "big" -> 3, "beneficiaries" -> 3, "below" -> 3, "behind" -> 3, "begun" -> 3, "beginning" -> 3, "becoming" -> 3, "Because" -> 3, "bases" -> 3, "barriers" -> 3, "banks" -> 3, "authority" -> 3, "arts" -> 3, "armed" -> 3, "appointees" -> 3, "appointed" -> 3, "anyone" -> 3, "anti-inflation" -> 3, "Alternative" -> 3, "Also" -> 3, "allowed" -> 3, "alliance" -> 3, "All" -> 3, "afforded" -> 3, "affirm" -> 3, "affecting" -> 3, "affairs" -> 3, "advanced" -> 3, "advance" -> 3, "adjustment" -> 3, "adds" -> 3, "addresses" -> 3, "additional" -> 3, "activities" -> 3, "actively" -> 3, "acting" -> 3, "across" -> 3, "achieved" -> 3, "accounts" -> 3, "accomplish" -> 3, "academic" -> 3, "absolutely" -> 3, "Above" -> 3, "above" -> 3, "ABM" -> 3, "50" -> 3, "2" -> 3, "1982" -> 3, "12" -> 3, "1" -> 3, "$100" -> 2, "Young" -> 2, "you" -> 2, "wrongdoing" -> 2, "wrong" -> 2, "written" -> 2, "worst" -> 2, "worse" -> 2, "worry" -> 2, "workplaces" -> 2, "Workers" -> 2, "Work" -> 2, "words" -> 2, "won" -> 2, "wisely" -> 2, "wise" -> 2, "wipe" -> 2, "Will" -> 2, "wife" -> 2, "whom" -> 2, "wetlands" -> 2, "wetland" -> 2, "welcome" -> 2, "weaker" -> 2, "weakened" -> 2, "waters" -> 2, "wait" -> 2, "waging" -> 2, "vocational" -> 2, "vitality" -> 2, "violated" -> 2, "violate" -> 2, "viewpoints" -> 2, "Veterans" -> 2, "variety" -> 2, "variable" -> 2, "utilities" -> 2, "U.S.S.R." -> 2, "urgency" -> 2, "upward" -> 2, "upgrading" -> 2, "upgrade" -> 2, "unstable" -> 2, "unsound" -> 2, "unskilled" -> 2, "unrest" -> 2, "Unlike" -> 2, "Unless" -> 2, "unfinished" -> 2, "unequivocal" -> 2, "undertake" -> 2, "understood" -> 2, "understands" -> 2, "underemployed" -> 2, "undercut" -> 2, "uncertain" -> 2, "unacceptable" -> 2, "turned" -> 2, "truth" -> 2, "tripled" -> 2, "trillion" -> 2, "tried" -> 2, "trickle" -> 2, "trend" -> 2, "treaties" -> 2, "trapped" -> 2, "transshipment" -> 2, "transformation" -> 2, "transactions" -> 2, "trafficking" -> 2, "traditional" -> 2, "toxicity" -> 2, "toll" -> 2, "timely" -> 2, "thrust" -> 2, "thrive" -> 2, "Thirty" -> 2, "thinking" -> 2, "thing" -> 2, "There's" -> 2, "thereby" -> 2, "that's" -> 2, "testing" -> 2, "tested" -> 2, "Test" -> 2, "terror" -> 2, "territories" -> 2, "territorial" -> 2, "tells" -> 2, "Telecommunications" -> 2, "technical" -> 2, "teaching" -> 2, "teach" -> 2, "taxpayer" -> 2, "task" -> 2, "targeting" -> 2, "talks" -> 2, "talented" -> 2, "swings" -> 2, "swiftly" -> 2, "swept" -> 2, "sweeping" -> 2, "survive" -> 2, "surrounding" -> 2, "surprise" -> 2, "surest" -> 2, "surely" -> 2, "supportive" -> 2, "supplemental" -> 2, "superiority" -> 2, "Superfund" -> 2, "suggest" -> 2, "suffer" -> 2, "successfully" -> 2, "succeeded" -> 2, "succeed" -> 2, "substitute" -> 2, "subsidies" -> 2, "student" -> 2, "Strong" -> 2, "strictly" -> 2, "strict" -> 2, "strengths" -> 2, "streets" -> 2, "Strategic" -> 2, "strapped" -> 2, "strained" -> 2, "stopped" -> 2, "steadily" -> 2, "staying" -> 2, "status" -> 2, "starts" -> 2, "start" -> 2, "stamp" -> 2, "stabilizing" -> 2, "stabilize" -> 2, "squandered" -> 2, "spur" -> 2, "spend" -> 2, "speech" -> 2, "speculative" -> 2, "Specifically" -> 2, "specific" -> 2, "specialists" -> 2, "Southeast" -> 2, "Sound" -> 2, "something" -> 2, "Some" -> 2, "So" -> 2, "slow" -> 2, "skilled" -> 2, "size" -> 2, "significantly" -> 2, "sides" -> 2, "side" -> 2, "sick" -> 2, "shutdowns" -> 2, "shown" -> 2, "shortly" -> 2, "shortage" -> 2, "shipping" -> 2, "shippers" -> 2, "shield" -> 2, "shelters" -> 2, "sharp" -> 2, "sharing" -> 2, "shared" -> 2, "shape" -> 2, "sexual" -> 2, "sewers" -> 2, "sets" -> 2, "Service" -> 2, "separate" -> 2, "sensitive" -> 2, "sells" -> 2, "sell" -> 2, "selective" -> 2, "segregation" -> 2, "seem" -> 2, "sectorial" -> 2, "Secretary" -> 2, "scientific" -> 2, "sciences" -> 2, "scenic" -> 2, "sapping" -> 2, "sanctions" -> 2, "Salvadoran" -> 2, "sake" -> 2, "safeguarding" -> 2, "safeguard" -> 2, "saddled" -> 2, "sacrificed" -> 2, "sacrifice" -> 2, "runs" -> 2, "rules" -> 2, "routes" -> 2, "roughly" -> 2, "rivers" -> 2, "rigid" -> 2, "Rica" -> 2, "rhetoric" -> 2, "revoked" -> 2, "reversed" -> 2, "revenue" -> 2, "returning" -> 2, "retaining" -> 2, "results" -> 2, "resubmit" -> 2, "rests" -> 2, "restraints" -> 2, "restrain" -> 2, "rest" -> 2, "resource" -> 2, "Resolution" -> 2, "Research" -> 2, "requirement" -> 2, "repressive" -> 2, "represent" -> 2, "Report" -> 2, "report" -> 2, "replacement" -> 2, "replace" -> 2, "repeatedly" -> 2, "repeated" -> 2, "removal" -> 2, "reliance" -> 2, "relaxed" -> 2, "relatively" -> 2, "rejected" -> 2, "reinforce" -> 2, "rehabilitation" -> 2, "regulators" -> 2, "regulation" -> 2, "regulate" -> 2, "Regional" -> 2, "regardless" -> 2, "reflected" -> 2, "Reducing" -> 2, "reduces" -> 2, "reconstruction" -> 2, "recognizing" -> 2, "Recognize" -> 2, "recipients" -> 2, "reasons" -> 2, "realities" -> 2, "reaffirms" -> 2, "reaffirm" -> 2, "readiness" -> 2, "reaching" -> 2, "ratification" -> 2, "ranchers" -> 2, "raising" -> 2, "raised" -> 2, "racially" -> 2, "racial" -> 2, "quest" -> 2, "putting" -> 2, "pushed" -> 2, "pupils" -> 2, "punitive" -> 2, "punish" -> 2, "publicly" -> 2, "Public" -> 2, "provoke" -> 2, "provision" -> 2, "provides" -> 2, "proven" -> 2, "Protecting" -> 2, "Prosperity" -> 2, "proposal" -> 2, "promptly" -> 2, "promotion" -> 2, "promotes" -> 2, "promising" -> 2, "prohibiting" -> 2, "prohibit" -> 2, "programming" -> 2, "profits" -> 2, "profitability" -> 2, "producing" -> 2, "produced" -> 2, "procedures" -> 2, "Private" -> 2, "prior" -> 2, "price-wage" -> 2, "preventing" -> 2, "President's" -> 2, "Presidential" -> 2, "preside" -> 2, "preserving" -> 2, "presently" -> 2, "preparing" -> 2, "pregnant" -> 2, "preference" -> 2, "pragmatic" -> 2, "powerful" -> 2, "post" -> 2, "posed" -> 2, "ports" -> 2, "poorly" -> 2, "poorest" -> 2, "poisons" -> 2, "points" -> 2, "pluralism" -> 2, "plunging" -> 2, "pledged" -> 2, "playing" -> 2, "played" -> 2, "platform" -> 2, "plastic" -> 2, "planted" -> 2, "places" -> 2, "physical" -> 2, "philosophy" -> 2, "Philippines" -> 2, "Petroleum" -> 2, "pest" -> 2, "personnel" -> 2, "person" -> 2, "persistently" -> 2, "Persian" -> 2, "performed" -> 2, "per" -> 2, "people's" -> 2, "People" -> 2, "Pentagon" -> 2, "pensions" -> 2, "pension" -> 2, "peacetime" -> 2, "passive" -> 2, "passage" -> 2, "Party's" -> 2, "Partnership" -> 2, "partners" -> 2, "participate" -> 2, "parochial" -> 2, "parent" -> 2, "Panama" -> 2, "overlook" -> 2, "outcome" -> 2, "OSHA" -> 2, "origin" -> 2, "organizations" -> 2, "Oppose" -> 2, "Opportunities" -> 2, "onshore" -> 2, "ongoing" -> 2, "ones" -> 2, "Once" -> 2, "offensive" -> 2, "Of" -> 2, "occur" -> 2, "Occupational" -> 2, "obtain" -> 2, "Nuclear" -> 2, "nowhere" -> 2, "November" -> 2, "Not" -> 2, "North" -> 2, "Nicaragua's" -> 2, "NHTSA" -> 2, "networks" -> 2, "net" -> 2, "negotiation" -> 2, "negotiated" -> 2, "needy" -> 2, "nationwide" -> 2, "Nations" -> 2, "Namibian" -> 2, "myths" -> 2, "municipal" -> 2, "MSHA" -> 2, "mortality" -> 2, "month" -> 2, "Monetary" -> 2, "modernize" -> 2, "moderate" -> 2, "mobility" -> 2, "mistakes" -> 2, "missions" -> 2, "missing" -> 2, "missiles" -> 2, "misleading" -> 2, "minority-owned" -> 2, "Minority" -> 2, "mining" -> 2, "mineral" -> 2, "migration" -> 2, "met" -> 2, "meeting" -> 2, "measured" -> 2, "meantime" -> 2, "meaning" -> 2, "maximum" -> 2, "matter" -> 2, "match" -> 2, "mass" -> 2, "marketplace" -> 2, "maritime" -> 2, "Marines" -> 2, "manufactured" -> 2, "manner" -> 2, "Mandela" -> 2, "mandates" -> 2, "mandate" -> 2, "Managing" -> 2, "managing" -> 2, "malnutrition" -> 2, "males" -> 2, "Maintaining" -> 2, "mail" -> 2, "lowering" -> 2, "losers" -> 2, "looking" -> 2, "long-standing" -> 2, "locate" -> 2, "localities" -> 2, "litigation" -> 2, "literacy" -> 2, "list" -> 2, "light" -> 2, "letter" -> 2, "Let" -> 2, "lending" -> 2, "legislative" -> 2, "legal" -> 2, "led" -> 2, "leave" -> 2, "leasing" -> 2, "leases" -> 2, "learned" -> 2, "layoffs" -> 2, "lawyers" -> 2, "launched" -> 2, "latest" -> 2, "later" -> 2, "late" -> 2, "large-scale" -> 2, "Lands" -> 2, "landmark" -> 2, "landing" -> 2, "Land" -> 2, "ladder" -> 2, "known" -> 2, "kinds" -> 2, "kind" -> 2, "kept" -> 2, "keeping" -> 2, "judicial" -> 2, "judgment" -> 2, "judges" -> 2, "Jordan" -> 2, "joint" -> 2, "jeopardized" -> 2, "jails" -> 2, "Its" -> 2, "it's" -> 2, "Is" -> 2, "Iran" -> 2, "involved" -> 2, "Investment" -> 2, "intolerable" -> 2, "internationally" -> 2, "interested" -> 2, "interdependent" -> 2, "interdependence" -> 2, "intended" -> 2, "integrating" -> 2, "integral" -> 2, "insurance" -> 2, "insisting" -> 2, "innovate" -> 2, "initiate" -> 2, "Information" -> 2, "inefficient" -> 2, "ineffective" -> 2, "industrialized" -> 2, "individuals" -> 2, "indigenous" -> 2, "inadequate" -> 2, "improvements" -> 2, "imposing" -> 2, "import" -> 2, "implementing" -> 2, "implacable" -> 2, "impair" -> 2, "immigration" -> 2, "illusion" -> 2, "illicit" -> 2, "illegal" -> 2, "identify" -> 2, "ideas" -> 2, "Hunger" -> 2, "Hundreds" -> 2, "humanities" -> 2, "humanitarian" -> 2, "Housing" -> 2, "houses" -> 2, "households" -> 2, "hour" -> 2, "hopes" -> 2, "homelessness" -> 2, "holding" -> 2, "HMO's" -> 2, "historically" -> 2, "historical" -> 2, "himself" -> 2, "him" -> 2, "highs" -> 2, "high-quality" -> 2, "hide" -> 2, "herbicides" -> 2, "Helping" -> 2, "helping" -> 2, "helped" -> 2, "heavens" -> 2, "heard" -> 2, "having" -> 2, "harshest" -> 2, "harassment" -> 2, "happening" -> 2, "hands" -> 2, "hand" -> 2, "hammer" -> 2, "Haiti" -> 2, "Gulf" -> 2, "guidelines" -> 2, "guerillas" -> 2, "Guatemala" -> 2, "guaranteeing" -> 2, "Great" -> 2, "grants" -> 2, "granted" -> 2, "governs" -> 2, "government-assisted" -> 2, "going" -> 2, "globe" -> 2, "George" -> 2, "Genocide" -> 2, "General" -> 2, "gap" -> 2, "gains" -> 2, "Furthermore" -> 2, "functioning" -> 2, "fullest" -> 2, "fulfilling" -> 2, "FTC" -> 2, "freeze" -> 2, "freedoms" -> 2, "fragile" -> 2, "found" -> 2, "fought" -> 2, "Forum" -> 2, "forty" -> 2, "formal" -> 2, "footing" -> 2, "follow" -> 2, "fisheries" -> 2, "fines" -> 2, "Financial" -> 2, "filed" -> 2, "figures" -> 2, "Fifth" -> 2, "fields" -> 2, "field" -> 2, "fear" -> 2, "FDA" -> 2, "fate" -> 2, "fast" -> 2, "far-reaching" -> 2, "Farmer" -> 2, "farmer" -> 2, "fallen" -> 2, "faculty" -> 2, "facility" -> 2, "fabric" -> 2, "eye" -> 2, "exposed" -> 2, "exploitation" -> 2, "expensive" -> 2, "expenditure" -> 2, "expectations" -> 2, "expect" -> 2, "Existing" -> 2, "executives" -> 2, "excuses" -> 2, "excluding" -> 2, "excluded" -> 2, "excesses" -> 2, "except" -> 2, "examine" -> 2, "evil" -> 2, "evidenced" -> 2, "everyone" -> 2, "Even" -> 2, "escape" -> 2, "entrepreneurial" -> 2, "enterprise" -> 2, "enter" -> 2, "enrich" -> 2, "enjoyment" -> 2, "enjoy" -> 2, "enhancing" -> 2, "engaging" -> 2, "engaged" -> 2, "enforced" -> 2, "enduring" -> 2, "ended" -> 2, "enacted" -> 2, "enabling" -> 2, "Employees" -> 2, "emissions" -> 2, "emerging" -> 2, "embargo" -> 2, "else" -> 2, "eliminating" -> 2, "eligible" -> 2, "element" -> 2, "electronic" -> 2, "EEOC" -> 2, "economics" -> 2, "economically" -> 2, "easy" -> 2, "East-West" -> 2, "easier" -> 2, "earn" -> 2, "Each" -> 2, "Drug" -> 2, "driving" -> 2, "draw" -> 2, "drastically" -> 2, "draft" -> 2, "Dr." -> 2, "dozens" -> 2, "downward" -> 2, "dominant" -> 2, "Domestic" -> 2, "document" -> 2, "divided" -> 2, "diverting" -> 2, "diverted" -> 2, "disturbing" -> 2, "distinctions" -> 2, "dislocations" -> 2, "discussions" -> 2, "discriminatory" -> 2, "discriminate" -> 2, "discretionary" -> 2, "discouraged" -> 2, "discipline" -> 2, "discharge" -> 2, "disaster" -> 2, "disability" -> 2, "Director" -> 2, "diplomatic" -> 2, "dignified" -> 2, "dictators" -> 2, "deterrent" -> 2, "deteriorating" -> 2, "deter" -> 2, "detention" -> 2, "destructive" -> 2, "destroying" -> 2, "destroyed" -> 2, "destroy" -> 2, "despair" -> 2, "deprived" -> 2, "Depression" -> 2, "deployment" -> 2, "departments" -> 2, "deny" -> 2, "denies" -> 2, "denied" -> 2, "demonstrate" -> 2, "definition" -> 2, "defer" -> 2, "defenses" -> 2, "defended" -> 2, "defects" -> 2, "deductions" -> 2, "decreased" -> 2, "decision" -> 2, "decided" -> 2, "debtor" -> 2, "Debt" -> 2, "dealings" -> 2, "deadlines" -> 2, "DC" -> 2, "data" -> 2, "dark" -> 2, "dangerously" -> 2, "currently" -> 2, "culture" -> 2, "Cuban" -> 2, "crush" -> 2, "critically" -> 2, "crimes" -> 2, "Crime" -> 2, "credits" -> 2, "crash" -> 2, "courage" -> 2, "countless" -> 2, "count" -> 2, "counsel" -> 2, "cost-effective" -> 2, "Corporation" -> 2, "corporation" -> 2, "core" -> 2, "coordinated" -> 2, "convey" -> 2, "converted" -> 2, "convention" -> 2, "controlling" -> 2, "contrast" -> 2, "contras" -> 2, "contracting" -> 2, "context" -> 2, "contain" -> 2, "Consumer" -> 2, "consult" -> 2, "constructive" -> 2, "constitutional" -> 2, "Constitution" -> 2, "consider" -> 2, "confrontation" -> 2, "conduct" -> 2, "conditioning" -> 2, "concept" -> 2, "concentrated" -> 2, "computers" -> 2, "compromise" -> 2, "compatible" -> 2, "compared" -> 2, "company" -> 2, "Community" -> 2, "commodities" -> 2, "commerce" -> 2, "Colorado" -> 2, "clean" -> 2, "class" -> 2, "claims" -> 2, "claim" -> 2, "Civil" -> 2, "city" -> 2, "citizenship" -> 2, "circumstances" -> 2, "churches" -> 2, "chronically" -> 2, "chosen" -> 2, "choose" -> 2, "Children" -> 2, "Child" -> 2, "chemicals" -> 2, "channels" -> 2, "challenged" -> 2, "Centers" -> 2, "causing" -> 2, "cast" -> 2, "caring" -> 2, "carefully" -> 2, "careers" -> 2, "captive" -> 2, "capability" -> 2, "cap" -> 2, "can't" -> 2, "cancer" -> 2, "campaigns" -> 2, "calling" -> 2, "California" -> 2, "buying" -> 2, "bus" -> 2, "bungled" -> 2, "buildup" -> 2, "build-up" -> 2, "Budget" -> 2, "brutal" -> 2, "broadcasting" -> 2, "broad-based" -> 2, "brings" -> 2, "break" -> 2, "bound" -> 2, "bottom" -> 2, "borrowing" -> 2, "books" -> 2, "boards" -> 2, "board" -> 2, "black" -> 2, "Between" -> 2, "beset" -> 2, "beneficial" -> 2, "belongs" -> 2, "behavior" -> 2, "begin" -> 2, "began" -> 2, "bargain" -> 2, "banning" -> 2, "banking" -> 2, "bankers" -> 2, "Ban" -> 2, "balancing" -> 2, "badly" -> 2, "backing" -> 2, "baby" -> 2, "availability" -> 2, "automobile" -> 2, "automatic" -> 2, "authoritarian" -> 2, "attract" -> 2, "attempts" -> 2, "attain" -> 2, "atmosphere" -> 2, "Atlantic" -> 2, "assuming" -> 2, "assumed" -> 2, "aspirations" -> 2, "asked" -> 2, "arsenal" -> 2, "arrangements" -> 2, "Are" -> 2, "arbitrary" -> 2, "appropriations" -> 2, "appoint" -> 2, "application" -> 2, "appliances" -> 2, "appeal" -> 2, "appalling" -> 2, "apart" -> 2, "anywhere" -> 2, "anything" -> 2, "Any" -> 2, "anti-satellite" -> 2, "antiquated" -> 2, "amount" -> 2, "alternatives" -> 2, "ally" -> 2, "allied" -> 2, "alliances" -> 2, "Allen" -> 2, "alcohol" -> 2, "alarming" -> 2, "Air" -> 2, "Agriculture" -> 2, "aging" -> 2, "agency's" -> 2, "affirms" -> 2, "affirmative" -> 2, "adverse" -> 2, "adult" -> 2, "adopt" -> 2, "administration" -> 2, "addressing" -> 2, "actually" -> 2, "actual" -> 2, "acts" -> 2, "actions" -> 2, "acres" -> 2, "acquired" -> 2, "acid" -> 2, "accounting" -> 2, "According" -> 2, "according" -> 2, "accompanied" -> 2, "accessible" -> 2, "accepts" -> 2, "accept" -> 2, "accelerating" -> 2, "Academy" -> 2, "abuses" -> 2, "abusers" -> 2, "absence" -> 2, "abide" -> 2, "81" -> 2, "75" -> 2, "70" -> 2, "60" -> 2, "50,000" -> 2, "300" -> 2, "29" -> 2, "27" -> 2, "25" -> 2, "200" -> 2, "1979" -> 2, "1976" -> 2, "1973" -> 2, "1970's" -> 2, "1960's" -> 2, "15" -> 2, "122-a-month" -> 2, "100" -> 2, "$9600" -> 1, "$88" -> 1, "$800" -> 1, "$70" -> 1, "$60,000" -> 1, "$435" -> 1, "$40,000" -> 1, "$4" -> 1, "$31" -> 1, "$300" -> 1, "$3" -> 1, "$25" -> 1, "$248" -> 1, "$2,387" -> 1, "$215" -> 1, "$207" -> 1, "$2000" -> 1, "$19" -> 1, "$180" -> 1, "$17" -> 1, "$130" -> 1, "$1.3" -> 1, "$12.2" -> 1, "$1100" -> 1, "$110" -> 1, "$106" -> 1, "$1" -> 1, "Zone" -> 1, "zone" -> 1, "zero" -> 1, "Zealand" -> 1, "youths" -> 1, "Youth" -> 1, "younger" -> 1, "yielded" -> 1, "yield" -> 1, "yet" -> 1, "years—motor" -> 1, "Year" -> 1, "write-offs" -> 1, "wrench" -> 1, "wrecking" -> 1, "wreak" -> 1, "woven" -> 1, "wounded" -> 1, "worst-managed" -> 1, "Worse" -> 1, "worried" -> 1, "world—or" -> 1, "worldwide" -> 1, "Works" -> 1, "workplace—substances" -> 1, "Workplace" -> 1, "workload" -> 1, "Working" -> 1, "workers—to" -> 1, "worker(Democratic" -> 1, "worked" -> 1, "workable" -> 1, "woods" -> 1, "Women's" -> 1, "women's" -> 1, "women-owned" -> 1, "witnessed" -> 1, "Without" -> 1, "Within" -> 1, "withdrawing" -> 1, "withdrawal" -> 1, "wishing" -> 1, "wishes" -> 1, "wished" -> 1, "wish" -> 1, "Winnie" -> 1, "winners—but" -> 1, "winners" -> 1, "wing" -> 1, "win" -> 1, "wilt" -> 1, "Wildlife—Fishing" -> 1, "Wilderness" -> 1, "wild" -> 1, "Wiesner" -> 1, "wide-ranging" -> 1, "widening" -> 1, "Who" -> 1, "white" -> 1, "Whether" -> 1, "Whatever" -> 1, "whatever" -> 1, "whammy—empty" -> 1, "Wetlands—The" -> 1, "west" -> 1, "well-established" -> 1, "weight" -> 1, "weigh" -> 1, "weeks" -> 1, "weekly" -> 1, "week" -> 1, "wee" -> 1, "weapons-grade" -> 1, "weaponry" -> 1, "weapon" -> 1, "wealthiest" -> 1, "Wealthier" -> 1, "weaknesses" -> 1, "weak" -> 1, "Watt—it" -> 1, "Watt" -> 1, "watches" -> 1, "watched" -> 1, "Wastes" -> 1, "wasted" -> 1, "war—America" -> 1, "Warsaw" -> 1, "warned" -> 1, "warfare" -> 1, "ward" -> 1, "wants" -> 1, "wanted" -> 1, "wander" -> 1, "walkout" -> 1, "walk" -> 1, "Walesa" -> 1, "wake" -> 1, "waiting" -> 1, "wagered" -> 1, "wage" -> 1, "vulnerability" -> 1, "vowed" -> 1, "votes" -> 1, "voter" -> 1, "voted" -> 1, "vote" -> 1, "voodoo" -> 1, "voiced" -> 1, "Vocational" -> 1, "VISTA" -> 1, "visitors" -> 1, "vision—the" -> 1, "visas" -> 1, "Virna" -> 1, "Violent" -> 1, "views" -> 1, "viewing" -> 1, "viewed" -> 1, "victory" -> 1, "victimization" -> 1, "victim" -> 1, "Vice" -> 1, "viable" -> 1, "Veterans—This" -> 1, "veteran" -> 1, "vestige" -> 1, "veritable" -> 1, "verify" -> 1, "verge" -> 1, "ventures" -> 1, "vehicles" -> 1, "vastly" -> 1, "vast" -> 1, "varying" -> 1, "vans" -> 1, "values—the" -> 1, "valuable" -> 1, "Valley" -> 1, "vagaries" -> 1, "vaccine" -> 1, "utilize" -> 1, "Utility" -> 1, "us—by" -> 1, "usual" -> 1, "U.S.-Soviet" -> 1, "U.S.-Mexico" -> 1, "using" -> 1, "uses" -> 1, "useless" -> 1, "Uruguay" -> 1, "urgently" -> 1, "uranium" -> 1, "upheavals" -> 1, "update" -> 1, "unworkable" -> 1, "unwilling" -> 1, "unwelcome" -> 1, "unwavering" -> 1, "untreated" -> 1, "untold" -> 1, "unto" -> 1, "unsafe" -> 1, "Unrestrained" -> 1, "unrestrained" -> 1, "unresponsiveness" -> 1, "unremittingly" -> 1, "unreasonable" -> 1, "unqualified" -> 1, "unprecedentedly" -> 1, "unparalleled" -> 1, "unmistakably" -> 1, "unmistakable" -> 1, "unlimited" -> 1, "unlikely" -> 1, "unlike" -> 1, "unlawful" -> 1, "unjustly" -> 1, "unjustified" -> 1, "University" -> 1, "university" -> 1, "Universal" -> 1, "unity—achieved" -> 1, "unity" -> 1, "unitary" -> 1, "unit" -> 1, "unison" -> 1, "unique" -> 1, "Union—as" -> 1, "union-busting" -> 1, "unilateral" -> 1, "uniform" -> 1, "Unfortunately" -> 1, "unfortunate" -> 1, "unfit" -> 1, "unfairness" -> 1, "unfairly" -> 1, "unequivocally" -> 1, "unemployment—coupled" -> 1, "unemployable" -> 1, "undue" -> 1, "undoubted" -> 1, "undone" -> 1, "undivided" -> 1, "underway" -> 1, "undertaking" -> 1, "undertaken" -> 1, "underpinnings" -> 1, "undermining" -> 1, "undermines" -> 1, "Underlying" -> 1, "underlying" -> 1, "underground" -> 1, "undergraduate" -> 1, "underfunding" -> 1, "underfunded" -> 1, "underestimating" -> 1, "uncertainty" -> 1, "unavoidable" -> 1, "unamended" -> 1, "unabated" -> 1, "ultimately" -> 1, "ultimate" -> 1, "tyrannical" -> 1, "type" -> 1, "two-tier" -> 1, "Twice" -> 1, "twenty-one" -> 1, "Twenty" -> 1, "twenty" -> 1, "turnovers" -> 1, "Turkish" -> 1, "tunnel" -> 1, "Tuchman" -> 1, "trying" -> 1, "try" -> 1, "trusting" -> 1, "trustees" -> 1, "trusted" -> 1, "True" -> 1, "trucks" -> 1, "troubling" -> 1, "troubles" -> 1, "troubled" -> 1, "trouble" -> 1, "trimming" -> 1, "trillion-dollar" -> 1, "Triangle" -> 1, "trends" -> 1, "tremendous" -> 1, "tremble" -> 1, "Treaty—the" -> 1, "treatment—and" -> 1, "Treaties" -> 1, "treated" -> 1, "Treasury" -> 1, "treasury" -> 1, "treasures" -> 1, "transported" -> 1, "Transportation" -> 1, "Transitional" -> 1, "transitional" -> 1, "transfusions" -> 1, "transformed" -> 1, "transfers" -> 1, "trans-Atlantic" -> 1, "trample" -> 1, "Training" -> 1, "trained" -> 1, "Traffic" -> 1, "traffic" -> 1, "traditionally" -> 1, "trading" -> 1, "Toward" -> 1, "toughness" -> 1, "toughen" -> 1, "touch" -> 1, "totally" -> 1, "totality" -> 1, "totalitarians" -> 1, "totalitarianism" -> 1, "torture" -> 1, "toppled" -> 1, "tools—including" -> 1, "Took" -> 1, "tone" -> 1, "tomorrow's" -> 1, "tomorrow" -> 1, "Tom" -> 1, "tolerates" -> 1, "tolerate" -> 1, "told" -> 1, "Tokyo" -> 1, "tip" -> 1, "Timor" -> 1, "Time" -> 1, "timber" -> 1, "tilted" -> 1, "Tight" -> 1, "ticket" -> 1, "thwarts" -> 1, "Thus" -> 1, "throwing" -> 1, "throw" -> 1, "thrift" -> 1, "threw" -> 1, "Threshold" -> 1, "three-quarters" -> 1, "Threats" -> 1, "threatens" -> 1, "Thousands" -> 1, "thousand" -> 1, "thought" -> 1, "Those" -> 1, "thoroughly" -> 1, "thorough" -> 1, "Thomas" -> 1, "thirty" -> 1, "third-country" -> 1, "thinks" -> 1, "thermal" -> 1, "thereafter" -> 1, "That's" -> 1, "Thanks" -> 1, "thanks" -> 1, "textiles" -> 1, "textile" -> 1, "tests" -> 1, "testimony" -> 1, "test" -> 1, "terrorists" -> 1, "terrorism" -> 1, "terrible" -> 1, "term—or" -> 1, "termination" -> 1, "terminated" -> 1, "tense" -> 1, "tendency" -> 1, "tenacity" -> 1, "tempted" -> 1, "temporary" -> 1, "television" -> 1, "telephone" -> 1, "telecommunication" -> 1, "Tel" -> 1, "teeth" -> 1, "teeter" -> 1, "teens" -> 1, "Teenage" -> 1, "technology—is" -> 1, "technology—instead" -> 1, "Technology" -> 1, "technological" -> 1, "technicians" -> 1, "tears" -> 1, "teacher" -> 1, "Taylor" -> 1, "tax-simplification" -> 1, "taxation" -> 1, "Tax" -> 1, "tasks" -> 1, "Tariffs" -> 1, "targets" -> 1, "tape" -> 1, "tandem" -> 1, "talking" -> 1, "talked" -> 1, "takeover" -> 1, "tailor-made" -> 1, "tailored" -> 1, "tactics" -> 1, "tactic" -> 1, "systems—is" -> 1, "systematically" -> 1, "System" -> 1, "Synthetic" -> 1, "synthetic" -> 1, "symbol" -> 1, "Switzerland" -> 1, "swelled" -> 1, "sway" -> 1, "sustainable" -> 1, "sustain" -> 1, "susceptible" -> 1, "survived" -> 1, "surveys" -> 1, "Survey" -> 1, "surrogates" -> 1, "surplus" -> 1, "surges" -> 1, "suppress" -> 1, "supposed" -> 1, "Suppose" -> 1, "suppose" -> 1, "supply-siders" -> 1, "Supplemental" -> 1, "supplement" -> 1, "supervision" -> 1, "superpowers" -> 1, "superpower" -> 1, "superb" -> 1, "summits" -> 1, "summit" -> 1, "sum" -> 1, "sulfur" -> 1, "suggested—for" -> 1, "sufficient" -> 1, "suffered" -> 1, "sued" -> 1, "suddenly" -> 1, "sudden" -> 1, "sucked" -> 1, "subverted" -> 1, "subversion" -> 1, "subtraction" -> 1, "substances" -> 1, "subsidy" -> 1, "subsidizing" -> 1, "Subsidized" -> 1, "subsidized" -> 1, "subsidiaries" -> 1, "submerge" -> 1, "subject" -> 1, "sub-councils" -> 1, "stunning" -> 1, "Studies" -> 1, "Students" -> 1, "stuck" -> 1, "structure" -> 1, "striving" -> 1, "strive" -> 1, "strip" -> 1, "strides" -> 1, "Strict" -> 1, "stretching" -> 1, "strength—the" -> 1, "strengthens" -> 1, "Street" -> 1, "strategy—combining" -> 1, "strategically—the" -> 1, "strategically" -> 1, "stockholders" -> 1, "stimulative" -> 1, "stimulating" -> 1, "stimulates" -> 1, "stewardship" -> 1, "Steward" -> 1, "sterile" -> 1, "Stephen" -> 1, "stem" -> 1, "steering" -> 1, "Steel" -> 1, "steadfastly" -> 1, "Staying" -> 1, "Statutory" -> 1, "statutes" -> 1, "statute" -> 1, "stations" -> 1, "static" -> 1, "State—one" -> 1, "States—Soviet" -> 1, "statesmanship" -> 1, "Statement" -> 1, "stated" -> 1, "started" -> 1, "stark" -> 1, "Standing" -> 1, "stales" -> 1, "stagnation" -> 1, "staging" -> 1, "Staggers" -> 1, "staggering" -> 1, "staffing" -> 1, "Staff" -> 1, "stack" -> 1, "squalor" -> 1, "squads" -> 1, "spurring" -> 1, "spurred" -> 1, "Sprague" -> 1, "sporting" -> 1, "spiral—as" -> 1, "spirals" -> 1, "spiral" -> 1, "spills" -> 1, "Spending—In" -> 1, "Spending—A" -> 1, "specifically" -> 1, "species" -> 1, "Special" -> 1, "Speaking" -> 1, "speaking" -> 1, "spare" -> 1, "south" -> 1, "soup" -> 1, "Soundness" -> 1, "soundness" -> 1, "sophistication" -> 1, "sons" -> 1, "solving" -> 1, "solved" -> 1, "solidarity" -> 1, "solid" -> 1, "solemn" -> 1, "sold" -> 1, "Solarz" -> 1, "solar" -> 1, "society—and" -> 1, "so-called" -> 1, "soared" -> 1, "soar" -> 1, "snub-nosed" -> 1, "smooth" -> 1, "Smith" -> 1, "slowly" -> 1, "slowing" -> 1, "slowed" -> 1, "slighted" -> 1, "sleep" -> 1, "Slat" -> 1, "slashed" -> 1, "skyrocketing" -> 1, "skyrocketed" -> 1, "sky-rocketed" -> 1, "sky" -> 1, "skillful" -> 1, "skill" -> 1, "skew" -> 1, "sizeable" -> 1, "six-year-old" -> 1, "six-fold" -> 1, "sits" -> 1, "siting" -> 1, "sit" -> 1, "sister" -> 1, "singled" -> 1, "Singapore" -> 1, "simplistically" -> 1, "simplifying" -> 1, "simplification" -> 1, "simpler" -> 1, "Simple" -> 1, "simple" -> 1, "Similarly" -> 1, "Silicon" -> 1, "silencing" -> 1, "significance" -> 1, "signal" -> 1, "sign" -> 1, "sidelines" -> 1, "shut" -> 1, "showplace" -> 1, "showing" -> 1, "shovels" -> 1, "shoulder" -> 1, "Should" -> 1, "shot" -> 1, "shortsighted" -> 1, "short-sighted" -> 1, "short-range" -> 1, "shortens" -> 1, "short-changing" -> 1, "short" -> 1, "shipments" -> 1, "shipbuilding" -> 1, "shifts" -> 1, "shifted" -> 1, "shift" -> 1, "sheets" -> 1, "sheer" -> 1, "sharpest" -> 1, "shares" -> 1, "shareholders" -> 1, "shameful" -> 1, "shall" -> 1, "shadowed" -> 1, "sex-based" -> 1, "sewage" -> 1, "Seven" -> 1, "set-aside" -> 1, "session" -> 1, "Sesame" -> 1, "Services" -> 1, "sere" -> 1, "separately" -> 1, "sent" -> 1, "sensitivity" -> 1, "sense—and" -> 1, "Seniors" -> 1, "seniors" -> 1, "send" -> 1, "self-sufficient—the" -> 1, "self-sufficient" -> 1, "self-respect" -> 1, "self-reliance" -> 1, "selfishness" -> 1, "self-determination" -> 1, "self-destruction" -> 1, "self-defense" -> 1, "self-confidence" -> 1, "self" -> 1, "selectively" -> 1, "selection" -> 1, "select" -> 1, "seize" -> 1, "SEIU" -> 1, "sees" -> 1, "seems" -> 1, "Seek" -> 1, "Seeing" -> 1, "seed" -> 1, "security—in" -> 1, "securing" -> 1, "secured" -> 1, "Sector" -> 1, "secret" -> 1, "Secrecy" -> 1, "secrecy" -> 1, "second-class" -> 1, "Secondary" -> 1, "seat" -> 1, "seas" -> 1, "seams" -> 1, "sea-lift" -> 1, "Sea" -> 1, "scuttling" -> 1, "scrutiny" -> 1, "scrupulous" -> 1, "scourge" -> 1, "scour" -> 1, "Scott" -> 1, "scope" -> 1, "Science" -> 1, "schools—without" -> 1, "School" -> 1, "scholarships" -> 1, "scholars" -> 1, "schemes" -> 1, "scheme" -> 1, "schedules" -> 1, "scandal—they" -> 1, "scandalous" -> 1, "Scale" -> 1, "scale" -> 1, "say" -> 1, "saving" -> 1, "saves" -> 1, "Saudi" -> 1, "satisfactory" -> 1, "Sates" -> 1, "satellites" -> 1, "sanity" -> 1, "sanctuary" -> 1, "San" -> 1, "salvaging" -> 1, "Salvadorans" -> 1, "salaries" -> 1, "Sakharovs" -> 1, "Sagan" -> 1, "safety—this" -> 1, "safest" -> 1, "Safer" -> 1, "Safe" -> 1, "Sadly" -> 1, "sacrificing" -> 1, "Russian" -> 1, "Rumors" -> 1, "Rules" -> 1, "ruined" -> 1, "rude" -> 1, "routinely" -> 1, "round" -> 1, "roughshod" -> 1, "rough" -> 1, "rose" -> 1, "room" -> 1, "Roller" -> 1, "roller" -> 1, "Rock" -> 1, "robotics" -> 1, "Roberta" -> 1, "riverboat" -> 1, "rivalries" -> 1, "rivaling" -> 1, "Rita" -> 1, "risky" -> 1, "Risk" -> 1, "Rio" -> 1, "rigorous" -> 1, "rigidity" -> 1, "right-to-know" -> 1, "rights—freedom" -> 1, "rifts" -> 1, "ride" -> 1, "richness" -> 1, "Richard" -> 1, "rhetorical" -> 1, "rewards" -> 1, "revolutions" -> 1, "Revolution" -> 1, "revolted" -> 1, "reviving" -> 1, "revitalizing" -> 1, "revitalized—not" -> 1, "revitalize" -> 1, "revitalization" -> 1, "revising" -> 1, "revise" -> 1, "Review" -> 1, "revealed" -> 1, "reveal" -> 1, "retreating" -> 1, "retreat" -> 1, "retirement—instead" -> 1, "retired" -> 1, "retain" -> 1, "resurgence" -> 1, "resumption" -> 1, "resumed—but" -> 1, "resume" -> 1, "resulting" -> 1, "restructuring" -> 1, "restricting" -> 1, "restricted" -> 1, "Restoring" -> 1, "restored" -> 1, "restitution" -> 1, "restful" -> 1, "responsiveness" -> 1, "responsibly" -> 1, "responsible—responsible" -> 1, "Responsibilities" -> 1, "responses" -> 1, "responded" -> 1, "respect—or" -> 1, "respects" -> 1, "respecting" -> 1, "Resource" -> 1, "resounding" -> 1, "Resolutions" -> 1, "resist—demonstrating" -> 1, "resistance" -> 1, "resign" -> 1, "residential" -> 1, "reside" -> 1, "Reserves" -> 1, "reserves" -> 1, "reservations" -> 1, "resentment" -> 1, "resented—whether" -> 1, "researchers" -> 1, "researched" -> 1, "rescuing" -> 1, "rescinded" -> 1, "rescind" -> 1, "rescheduled" -> 1, "Republish" -> 1, "Republican's" -> 1, "Republican-approved" -> 1, "reproductive" -> 1, "repression—but" -> 1, "repress" -> 1, "Representative" -> 1, "representative" -> 1, "replenishment" -> 1, "replenish" -> 1, "replaced" -> 1, "repeating" -> 1, "repeal" -> 1, "repay" -> 1, "Reorganize" -> 1, "reorganizations" -> 1, "reopen" -> 1, "renters" -> 1, "rental" -> 1, "renounced" -> 1, "renewing" -> 1, "renewable" -> 1, "render" -> 1, "removing" -> 1, "removed" -> 1, "remotely" -> 1, "remedial" -> 1, "remaining" -> 1, "remainder" -> 1, "Religious" -> 1, "relied" -> 1, "relevant" -> 1, "relentlessly" -> 1, "relaxing" -> 1, "relative" -> 1, "Relations—U.S" -> 1, "relationships" -> 1, "rejoices" -> 1, "reinterpret" -> 1, "reinstated" -> 1, "reining" -> 1, "reinforced" -> 1, "reimpose" -> 1, "reimbursement" -> 1, "reign" -> 1, "Rehabilitation" -> 1, "Regulatory" -> 1, "regressive" -> 1, "registration" -> 1, "region—voices" -> 1, "region—the" -> 1, "Region" -> 1, "regarding" -> 1, "refurbish" -> 1, "refugee" -> 1, "Reform—America" -> 1, "Reform" -> 1, "reflection" -> 1, "reflect" -> 1, "refine" -> 1, "referral" -> 1, "reexamine" -> 1, "reevaluation" -> 1, "reevaluate" -> 1, "reestablishment" -> 1, "re-emphasize" -> 1, "Reed" -> 1, "redundant" -> 1, "redress" -> 1, "redirect" -> 1, "redefinition" -> 1, "red" -> 1, "Recycling" -> 1, "recycling" -> 1, "recycle" -> 1, "recruiting" -> 1, "recruit" -> 1, "recreational" -> 1, "Recovery—Ronald" -> 1, "recovering" -> 1, "recount" -> 1, "recorded" -> 1, "reconciling" -> 1, "reconciliation" -> 1, "recommendations" -> 1, "Recommend" -> 1, "recommend" -> 1, "recognize—the" -> 1, "Reclamation" -> 1, "recklessness" -> 1, "recession—deliberate" -> 1, "recessions" -> 1, "Recession" -> 1, "receipt" -> 1, "recapture" -> 1, "Recalls" -> 1, "recalls" -> 1, "recalled" -> 1, "recall" -> 1, "rebukes" -> 1, "rebuilt" -> 1, "rebels" -> 1, "reauthorized" -> 1, "re-authorization" -> 1, "reassess" -> 1, "Reason" -> 1, "reap" -> 1, "realizing" -> 1, "realization" -> 1, "Reality" -> 1, "Reagan-induced" -> 1, "Reagan-created" -> 1, "reaffirming" -> 1, "reaffirmed" -> 1, "reaffirmation" -> 1, "Readjustment" -> 1, "read" -> 1, "reactionary" -> 1, "R&D" -> 1, "Raul" -> 1, "rattle" -> 1, "rationale" -> 1, "Rational" -> 1, "rational" -> 1, "rating" -> 1, "Rates" -> 1, "Rarely" -> 1, "ranks" -> 1, "ranches" -> 1, "rampant" -> 1, "ram" -> 1, "raises" -> 1, "rain" -> 1, "rails" -> 1, "railroads" -> 1, "railroad" -> 1, "Rail" -> 1, "raging" -> 1, "radio" -> 1, "radically" -> 1, "radical" -> 1, "races" -> 1, "raced" -> 1, "quo" -> 1, "quiet" -> 1, "quid" -> 1, "quickly" -> 1, "quarter" -> 1, "quantity" -> 1, "quantities" -> 1, "quality—U.S" -> 1, "Quality" -> 1, "qualities" -> 1, "qualitative" -> 1, "qualified" -> 1, "push" -> 1, "pursuing" -> 1, "purposes—peace" -> 1, "pure" -> 1, "purchases" -> 1, "pumping" -> 1, "pulling" -> 1, "pull" -> 1, "public-private" -> 1, "publicly-assisted" -> 1, "prudent" -> 1, "proxy" -> 1, "provocative" -> 1, "provisions" -> 1, "Providing" -> 1, "providers" -> 1, "prove" -> 1, "proudly" -> 1, "proudest" -> 1, "prostitution" -> 1, "Prosperous" -> 1, "prospects" -> 1, "prosecuted" -> 1, "proposes" -> 1, "proportions" -> 1, "proportion" -> 1, "proponents" -> 1, "prophecies" -> 1, "property" -> 1, "propaganda" -> 1, "proof" -> 1, "pronounced" -> 1, "Prompt" -> 1, "prolonged" -> 1, "projections" -> 1, "projected" -> 1, "project" -> 1, "prohibition" -> 1, "progress—the" -> 1, "progressivity" -> 1, "progressively" -> 1, "Progress" -> 1, "program—compensatory" -> 1, "Programs" -> 1, "Program" -> 1, "profound" -> 1, "Professor" -> 1, "professions" -> 1, "profession" -> 1, "professes" -> 1, "profess" -> 1, "Productivity" -> 1, "productively" -> 1, "Product" -> 1, "producer's" -> 1, "producer" -> 1, "prodding" -> 1, "procures" -> 1, "procurements" -> 1, "proclaims" -> 1, "proceeds" -> 1, "proceeding" -> 1, "problem-solving" -> 1, "probably" -> 1, "probable" -> 1, "pro" -> 1, "privileged" -> 1, "private-sector" -> 1, "prisons" -> 1, "prisoner" -> 1, "principal" -> 1, "Prime" -> 1, "Primary" -> 1, "pricing" -> 1, "priced" -> 1, "Price-Anderson" -> 1, "Price" -> 1, "Preventive" -> 1, "preventive" -> 1, "Preventing" -> 1, "prevailed" -> 1, "Pretoria" -> 1, "pretext" -> 1, "pretending" -> 1, "prestige" -> 1, "pressured" -> 1, "pressed" -> 1, "Press" -> 1, "Presidents" -> 1, "presidential" -> 1, "presided" -> 1, "preserved" -> 1, "Preservation" -> 1, "preservation" -> 1, "Present" -> 1, "prescription" -> 1, "prerequisites" 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"pleaded" -> 1, "platforms" -> 1, "Plant" -> 1, "planks" -> 1, "plank" -> 1, "plain" -> 1, "plague" -> 1, "placing" -> 1, "placement" -> 1, "pipeline" -> 1, "picking" -> 1, "physicians" -> 1, "Physical" -> 1, "photovoltaics" -> 1, "Philippine" -> 1, "Philadelphia" -> 1, "phenomenon" -> 1, "PhD" -> 1, "phase" -> 1, "phantom" -> 1, "pests" -> 1, "Pesticides" -> 1, "pessimistic" -> 1, "persuade" -> 1, "perspective" -> 1, "personally" -> 1, "persistent" -> 1, "perpetuate" -> 1, "permitting" -> 1, "permitted" -> 1, "permissive" -> 1, "permanent" -> 1, "perils" -> 1, "perilous" -> 1, "peril" -> 1, "perhaps" -> 1, "performing" -> 1, "perennial" -> 1, "percent—a" -> 1, "percentages" -> 1, "perceived" -> 1, "people—thus" -> 1, "People's" -> 1, "people-oriented" -> 1, "Pentagon's" -> 1, "penalties" -> 1, "penalized" -> 1, "Peaceful" -> 1, "paycheck" -> 1, "Pay" -> 1, "paved" -> 1, "Patty" -> 1, "patriot" -> 1, "patience" -> 1, "paternalism" -> 1, "patents" -> 1, "patchwork" -> 1, "partly" -> 1, "partisan" -> 1, "participatory" -> 1, "Participation" -> 1, "partially" -> 1, "parks" -> 1, "parity" -> 1, "Paris" -> 1, "parenthood" -> 1, "parental" -> 1, "paraphrase" -> 1, "paranoia" -> 1, "paramilitary" -> 1, "paralysis" -> 1, "paralleled" -> 1, "Paraguay" -> 1, "pantries" -> 1, "panic" -> 1, "panel" -> 1, "Palestinian" -> 1, "pales" -> 1, "Pakistan" -> 1, "Pact" -> 1, "pace" -> 1, "oxide" -> 1, "own—the" -> 1, "own—an" -> 1, "owned" -> 1, "owed" -> 1, "overwhelmed" -> 1, "overwhelm" -> 1, "overvalued" -> 1, "over-valued" -> 1, "overturned" -> 1, "oversee" -> 1, "overnight" -> 1, "overlap" -> 1, "overhauled" -> 1, "overhaul" -> 1, "overhang" -> 1, "over-emphasize" -> 1, "overclassification" -> 1, "Overall" -> 1, "over-age" -> 1, "out-thinking" -> 1, "outstanding" -> 1, "outset" -> 1, "outright" -> 1, "output" -> 1, "outmaneuvering" -> 1, "outlays" -> 1, "otherwise" -> 1, "Orwell" -> 1, "original" -> 1, "orientation" -> 1, "organized" -> 1, "Organization" -> 1, "organization" -> 1, "orders" -> 1, "orderly" -> 1, "Orange" -> 1, "options" -> 1, "option" -> 1, "optimal" -> 1, "opted" -> 1, "opposition" -> 1, "opposing" -> 1, "Opportunity" -> 1, "opponents" -> 1, "operations" -> 1, "operated" -> 1, "operate" -> 1, "opens" -> 1, "openly" -> 1, "opening" -> 1, "opened" -> 1, "onslaught" -> 1, "on-going" -> 1, "one-sided" -> 1, "one's" -> 1, "one-fifth" -> 1, "one-eighth" -> 1, "old—and" -> 1, "Ohio" -> 1, "offset—point" -> 1, "offset" -> 1, "official" -> 1, "offers" -> 1, "offered" -> 1, "offend" -> 1, "odds" -> 1, "ocean" -> 1, "occurring" -> 1, "occurred" -> 1, "occupied" -> 1, "occupational" -> 1, "occasion" -> 1, "obtained" -> 1, "obsolescent" -> 1, "observing" -> 1, "observance" -> 1, "objective" -> 1, "oath" -> 1, "OAS" -> 1, "nut" -> 1, "nurtures" -> 1, "nurtured" -> 1, "nurses" -> 1, "nurseries" -> 1, "Numbers" -> 1, "nullify" -> 1, "nullified" -> 1, "NRC" -> 1, "Nowhere" -> 1, "Now" -> 1, "notion" -> 1, "notification" -> 1, "notice" -> 1, "Northwestern" -> 1, "North-South" -> 1, "north" -> 1, "norms" -> 1, "Nor" -> 1, "non-white" -> 1, "nonviolent" -> 1, "nonstructural" -> 1, "nonparticipation" -> 1, "nonmilitary" -> 1, "non-intervention" -> 1, "noninflationary" -> 1, "nonetheless" -> 1, "non-discriminatory" -> 1, "Non-defense" -> 1, "noncommunist" -> 1, "non-communist" -> 1, "non-chemical" -> 1, "nominee" -> 1, "nominations" -> 1, "Noel" -> 1, "nitrogen" -> 1, "nine" -> 1, "nightmare" -> 1, "night" -> 1, "Nicaraguan" -> 1, "neutrality" -> 1, "nerve" -> 1, "neo-natal" -> 1, "Nelson" -> 1, "neighborhood" -> 1, "negotiators" -> 1, "Negotiator" -> 1, "negligence" -> 1, "negative" -> 1, "need—instead" -> 1, "needs—directly" -> 1, "needlessly" -> 1, "needing" -> 1, "necessities" -> 1, "Nearly" -> 1, "nearby" -> 1, "near" -> 1, "navigation" -> 1, "naval" -> 1, "NATO-wide" -> 1, "Nationwide" -> 1, "nationless—requires" -> 1, "Nation" -> 1, "Nassau" -> 1, "narrow" -> 1, "narcotics" -> 1, "NAACP" -> 1, "Myths" -> 1, "myth" -> 1, "myself" -> 1, "My" -> 1, "MX" -> 1, "Mutual" -> 1, "museum-goers" -> 1, "muscle" -> 1, "Murky" -> 1, "Municipal" -> 1, "multi-year" -> 1, "multiple" -> 1, "multinational" -> 1, "multi-billion" -> 1, "muddle" -> 1, "Much" -> 1, "moving" -> 1, "movements" -> 1, "Movement" -> 1, "Move" -> 1, "mounting" -> 1, "motivate" -> 1, "Most" -> 1, "mortgages" -> 1, "Mortgage" -> 1, "mortal" -> 1, "Morrill" -> 1, "moreover" -> 1, "months" -> 1, "monthly—from" -> 1, "Monroe" -> 1, "monitoring" -> 1, "Monge" -> 1, "modernized" -> 1, "Modernize" -> 1, "moderates" -> 1, "model" -> 1, "mix" -> 1, "mitigation" -> 1, "mitigate" -> 1, "misusing" -> 1, "mistreat" -> 1, "missile" -> 1, "misread" -> 1, "mismanagement" -> 1, "mismanaged" -> 1, "mishandled" -> 1, "misery—and" -> 1, "misery" -> 1, "minority—many" -> 1, "Minorities" -> 1, "ministers" -> 1, "Minister" -> 1, "minister" -> 1, "minimizing" -> 1, "minimize" -> 1, "Mine" -> 1, "mine" -> 1, "Mindful" -> 1, "mind" -> 1, "military-related" -> 1, "militarizing" -> 1, "militarization" -> 1, "Miguel" -> 1, "mid-1960's" -> 1, "microelectronics" -> 1, "Mexican" -> 1, "messages" -> 1, "merging" -> 1, "merger" -> 1, "memories" -> 1, "Memorial" -> 1, "megaphones" -> 1, "mega-deficits" -> 1, "meets" -> 1, "meetings" -> 1, "Meeting" -> 1, "medium-term" -> 1, "Mediterranean" -> 1, "medically" -> 1, "media" -> 1, "mechanisms—to" -> 1, "mechanisms" -> 1, "measuring" -> 1, "measure" -> 1, "Measles" -> 1, "Meanwhile" -> 1, "meant" -> 1, "mayors" -> 1, "Maxwell" -> 1, "maximizing" -> 1, "matters" -> 1, "mathematics" -> 1, "math" -> 1, "maternal" -> 1, "matches" -> 1, "matched" -> 1, "mastering" -> 1, "mastered" -> 1, "master" -> 1, "Massachusetts" -> 1, "marketplace—will" -> 1, "marketing" -> 1, "mark" -> 1, "marine" -> 1, "map" -> 1, "manufacture" -> 1, "mankind" -> 1, "manipulations" -> 1, "manifestation" -> 1, "maneuver" -> 1, "mandatory" -> 1, "mandating" -> 1, "mandated" -> 1, "managers" -> 1, "Management" -> 1, "man" -> 1, "malnourished" -> 1, "malicious" 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1, "interrelated" -> 1, "interpreted" -> 1, "interpretation" -> 1, "internationally—U.S" -> 1, "intermediate-range" -> 1, "intermediate" -> 1, "Interior" -> 1, "interim" -> 1, "interest-free" -> 1, "intentions" -> 1, "intent" -> 1, "intensify" -> 1, "intends" -> 1, "intellectual" -> 1, "Integrity" -> 1, "insuring" -> 1, "insurgency" -> 1, "insure" -> 1, "insulated" -> 1, "instructional" -> 1, "Instruct" -> 1, "institutionalize" -> 1, "institutionalization" -> 1, "institutional" -> 1, "instituting" -> 1, "inspires" -> 1, "inspiration" -> 1, "inspections" -> 1, "inspection" -> 1, "Insistence" -> 1, "insights" -> 1, "inside" -> 1, "insensitivity" -> 1, "Innovation—in" -> 1, "Innovation" -> 1, "injustices" -> 1, "injured" -> 1, "initiated" -> 1, "initial" -> 1, "inhuman" -> 1, "ingenuity" -> 1, "infrastructure—our" -> 1, "influences" -> 1, "influenced" -> 1, "inflicted" -> 1, "inflation—its" -> 1, "inflation—in" -> 1, "Inflation" -> 1, "inflammatory" -> 1, "INF" -> 1, "inequities" -> 1, "inequality" -> 1, "industry—has" -> 1, "industry—from" -> 1, "industry-wide" -> 1, "industry-specific" -> 1, "industries—biotechnology" -> 1, "Industries" -> 1, "industrialization" -> 1, "indomitable" -> 1, "Indochina" -> 1, "indivisible" -> 1, "individualized" -> 1, "Individual" -> 1, "indirect" -> 1, "indignity" -> 1, "indications" -> 1, "indication" -> 1, "indicated" -> 1, "indicate" -> 1, "Indian" -> 1, "India" -> 1, "indexation" -> 1, "index" -> 1, "independent—our" -> 1, "Indeed" -> 1, "incubating" -> 1, "Increasing" -> 1, "Increased" -> 1, "incorporation" -> 1, "incorporating" -> 1, "inconsistent" -> 1, "incomes" -> 1, "inclusion" -> 1, "includes" -> 1, "incidents—including" -> 1, "incidents" -> 1, "incentive" -> 1, "inauguration" -> 1, "inappropriate" -> 1, "impropriety" -> 1, "improperly" -> 1, "impoverished" -> 1, "impose" -> 1, "Imports" -> 1, "import-competing" -> 1, "importation" -> 1, "implicated" -> 1, "implemented" -> 1, "Implement" -> 1, "imperiled" -> 1, "imperil" -> 1, "impaired" -> 1, "immunization" -> 1, "imbalance" -> 1, "imagine" -> 1, "imaginatively" -> 1, "imagination" -> 1, "illusions" -> 1, "illiterate" -> 1, "Illinois(Democratic" -> 1, "illegally" -> 1, "III" -> 1, "ignoring" -> 1, "idle" -> 1, "ideological" -> 1, "identified" -> 1, "identical" -> 1, "ideal" -> 1, "hunting" -> 1, "hunt" -> 1, "Hungry" -> 1, "hung" -> 1, "hundred" -> 1, "humanity" -> 1, "However" -> 1, "Howard" -> 1, "housewives" -> 1, "hostility—indeed" -> 1, "hostility" -> 1, "hostilities" -> 1, "hostage" -> 1, "hospitals" -> 1, "hospital" -> 1, "horizons" -> 1, "hopeful" -> 1, "Hoover" -> 1, "honors" -> 1, "honoring" -> 1, "honored" -> 1, "Honorable" -> 1, "honest" -> 1, "homilies" -> 1, "homes—instead" -> 1, "homeowner" -> 1, "homemaker" -> 1, "Homeless—In" -> 1, "home-grown" -> 1, "home-buyers" -> 1, "holy" -> 1, "holds" -> 1, "holdings" -> 1, "hit" -> 1, "history—indeed" -> 1, "history—and" -> 1, "Historically" -> 1, "Historian" -> 1, "hire" -> 1, "highways" -> 1, "Highway" -> 1, "highway" -> 1, "Higher" -> 1, "high-demand" -> 1, "hiding" -> 1, "Herbicides" -> 1, "Herbert" -> 1, "Henry" -> 1, "hemorrhage" -> 1, "hemispheric" -> 1, "Hemisphere—The" -> 1, "Hemisphere's" -> 1, "Helsinki" -> 1, "Heavily" -> 1, "heaven's" -> 1, "heating" -> 1, "heat" -> 1, "hearts" -> 1, "heartland" -> 1, "health—human" -> 1, "healthful" -> 1, "headway" -> 1, "heads" -> 1, "heading" -> 1, "headed" -> 1, "Hazardous" -> 1, "hazard" -> 1, "hatred" -> 1, "hastily" -> 1, "hasten" -> 1, "harvest" -> 1, "harsh" -> 1, "harness" -> 1, "harmony" -> 1, "harmless" -> 1, "hardware" -> 1, "hard-pressed" -> 1, "hardly" -> 1, "hard-hit" -> 1, "hardheaded" -> 1, "hard-fought" -> 1, "harass" -> 1, "happiness" -> 1, "hangs" -> 1, "handguns" -> 1, "hampering" -> 1, "hampered" -> 1, "halted" -> 1, "hallmarks" -> 1, "Haitian" -> 1, "hailed" -> 1, "haft" -> 1, "habitats" -> 1, "gutted—from" -> 1, "gutted" -> 1, "Gulag" -> 1, "guise" -> 1, "guided" -> 1, "guide" -> 1, "guidance" -> 1, "Guatemalan" -> 1, "Guard" -> 1, "guarantees—only" -> 1, "guarantees" -> 1, "guaranteed" -> 1, "growth—and" -> 1, "grows" -> 1, "grown" -> 1, "group" -> 1, "groundwater" -> 1, "Ground" -> 1, "grossly" -> 1, "grimmest" -> 1, "Grenada" -> 1, "greed" -> 1, "Grazing" -> 1, "gravest" -> 1, "gratitude" -> 1, "grass-roots" -> 1, "grassland" -> 1, "grasp" -> 1, "Grant" -> 1, "gradual" -> 1, "governor" -> 1, "government-supported" -> 1, "government-engineered" -> 1, "governmental" -> 1, "govern" -> 1, "got" -> 1, "Goldsmith" -> 1, "gold" -> 1, "goes" -> 1, "GNP—and" -> 1, "Global" -> 1, "giving" -> 1, "gifts" -> 1, "gifted" -> 1, "gift" -> 1, "GI" -> 1, "gets" -> 1, "Germany" -> 1, "geopolitical" -> 1, "genuinely" -> 1, "genius" -> 1, "generates" -> 1, "generated" -> 1, "generals" -> 1, "generally" -> 1, "gender" -> 1, "geared" -> 1, "Gayler" -> 1, "gay" -> 1, "gave" -> 1, "gamble" -> 1, "future—in" -> 1, "futures" -> 1, "futile" -> 1, "Funding" -> 1, "Fund" -> 1, "function" -> 1, "full-scale" -> 1, "Fulfilling" -> 1, "Fuels" -> 1, "frustration" -> 1, "fruitful" -> 1, "frozen" -> 1, "frontier" -> 1, "fringe" -> 1, "friend" -> 1, "friction" -> 1, "fresh" -> 1, "frequently" -> 1, "frequent" -> 1, "frequency" -> 1, "free-flowing" -> 1, "freed" -> 1, "Free" -> 1, "fraud" -> 1, "frank" -> 1, "Francisco" -> 1, "France" -> 1, "Framework" -> 1, "four-year" -> 1, "founded" -> 1, "foundations" -> 1, "Foundation" -> 1, "foundation" -> 1, "fosters" -> 1, "fostering" -> 1, "fostered" -> 1, "forum" -> 1, "forty-year" -> 1, "fortunes" -> 1, "fortitude" -> 1, "forth" -> 1, "formulation" -> 1, "formulate" -> 1, "formidable" -> 1, "former" -> 1, "forgotten" -> 1, "forget" -> 1, "forged" -> 1, "forge" -> 1, "forfeited" -> 1, "forever" -> 1, "forest" -> 1, "forefront" -> 1, "foreclosures" -> 1, "foreclosure" -> 1, "forecasts" -> 1, "force—women" -> 1, "force—by" -> 1, "Forces" -> 1, "footstool" -> 1, "Food" -> 1, "followed" -> 1, "foist" -> 1, "foe" -> 1, "focuses" -> 1, "flourishes" -> 1, "flourish" -> 1, "flood" -> 1, "float" -> 1, "flexibility" -> 1, "flaunting" -> 1, "flagging" -> 1, "five-step" -> 1, "Five" -> 1, "fissile" -> 1, "fiscally" -> 1, "first-term" -> 1, "first-rate" -> 1, "firmly" -> 1, "Firm" -> 1, "fires" -> 1, "finite" -> 1, "finest" -> 1, "fine" -> 1, "findings" -> 1, "Finance" -> 1, "Final" -> 1, "fill" -> 1, "figure" -> 1, "fighters" -> 1, "fifty" -> 1, "fiction" -> 1, "feminization" -> 1, "female-headed" -> 1, "female" -> 1, "fellow" -> 1, "fell" -> 1, "feet" -> 1, "feel" -> 1, "Federation" -> 1, "federal-state" -> 1, "federally" -> 1, "feared" -> 1, "favored" -> 1, "fault" -> 1, "fatality" -> 1, "fashioned" -> 1, "farms" -> 1, "Farmers" -> 1, "Far" -> 1, "famous" -> 1, "famine" -> 1, "family-based" -> 1, "falls" -> 1, "falling" -> 1, "faiths" -> 1, "faithfully" -> 1, "faithful" -> 1, "Fairness" -> 1, "fails" -> 1, "fading" -> 1, "facts" -> 1, "factors" -> 1, "factories" -> 1, "factor" -> 1, "facto" -> 1, "faction" -> 1, "facilitated" -> 1, "facilitate" -> 1, "face—providing" -> 1, "facets" -> 1, "faces" -> 1, "/f," -> 1, "eyes" -> 1, "extraordinary" -> 1, "extracted" -> 1, "extinction" -> 1, "extent" -> 1, "extension" -> 1, "extending" -> 1, "extended" -> 1, "express" -> 1, "exposure" -> 1, "Exports" -> 1, "Explosions" -> 1, "exploration" -> 1, "experts" -> 1, "expert" -> 1, "experimentation" -> 1, "experiencing" -> 1, "experienced" -> 1, "expenses" -> 1, "expansionism" -> 1, "expands" -> 1, "Expanding" -> 1, "ex-officials" -> 1, "exists" -> 1, "existence" -> 1, "exert" -> 1, "exercises" -> 1, "exemptions" -> 1, "Executive" -> 1, "executive" -> 1, "execution" -> 1, "excuse—as" -> 1, "exclude" -> 1, "exchanges" -> 1, "exceptions" -> 1, "excellent" -> 1, "Excellence—In" -> 1, "Excellence" -> 1, "exceed" -> 1, "examples" -> 1, "exaggerating" -> 1, "exacerbated" -> 1, "evoke" -> 1, "eviscerated" -> 1, "everywhere" -> 1, "everything" -> 1, "everyone—not" -> 1, "event" -> 1, "evenly" -> 1, "evasion" -> 1, "evaluations" -> 1, "evacuation" -> 1, "Europe—We" -> 1, "Europeans" -> 1, "ethic" -> 1, "estimated" -> 1, "establishes" -> 1, "Essential" -> 1, "essence" -> 1, "escalate" -> 1, "erupt" -> 1, "error" -> 1, "erratic" -> 1, "eroding" -> 1, "erode" -> 1, "erecting" -> 1, "eradicating" -> 1, "eradicated" -> 1, "ERA" -> 1, "equitably" -> 1, "equally-applied" -> 1, "EPA" -> 1, "envoy" -> 1, "Environment" -> 1, "entrusted" -> 1, "entrepreneur" -> 1, "entities—private" -> 1, "entirely" -> 1, "enterprising" -> 1, "entered" -> 1, "Ensuring" -> 1, "Ensure" -> 1, "ensuing" -> 1, "enriched" -> 1, "enough—to" -> 1, "enough—they" -> 1, "enough—or" -> 1, "enjoying" -> 1, "enhances" -> 1, "English" -> 1, "England" -> 1, "Engineers" -> 1, "engineering" -> 1, "engine" -> 1, "engagement" -> 1, "engage" -> 1, "energy-related" -> 1, "enemy" -> 1, "enemies" -> 1, "endured" -> 1, "endorse" -> 1, "endangered" -> 1, "Encouraging" -> 1, "encompasses" -> 1, "enactment" -> 1, "enables" -> 1, "enable" -> 1, "empowers" -> 1, "Empowerment" -> 1, "empowerment" -> 1, "employees—a" -> 1, "Employed" -> 1, "employed" -> 1, "empirical" -> 1, "empire's" -> 1, "emphasizes" -> 1, "eminent" -> 1, "emergence" -> 1, "embodies" -> 1, "Embassy" -> 1, "embassies" -> 1, "embarrassment" -> 1, "embarked" -> 1, "elusive" -> 1, "elsewhere—is" -> 1, "eloquent" -> 1, "elite" -> 1, "elements—like" -> 1, "elects" -> 1, "Electronically-delivered" -> 1, "electricity" -> 1, "elective" -> 1, "elections" -> 1, "Election" -> 1, "elected" -> 1, "elect" -> 1, "Eisenhower" -> 1, "eighty" -> 1, "eight" -> 1, "Egypt" -> 1, "efficiently" -> 1, "Education—While" -> 1, "Education—We" -> 1, "education—from" -> 1, "educating" -> 1, "educates" -> 1, "ecosystems" -> 1, "economy's" -> 1, "Economy" -> 1, "ecological" -> 1, "eats" -> 1, "East—The" -> 1, "east" -> 1, "easily" -> 1, "ease" -> 1, "earnings" -> 1, "earned" -> 1, "early-warning" -> 1, "Early" -> 1, "early" -> 1, "earliest" -> 1, "earlier" -> 1, "eager" -> 1, "dynamics" -> 1, "dynamic" -> 1, "dwindled" -> 1, "dwell" -> 1, "duties" -> 1, "durable" -> 1, "duplicative" -> 1, "dumps" -> 1, "dump" -> 1, "dual" -> 1, "drought" -> 1, "dropping" -> 1, "drop" -> 1, "driven" -> 1, "drive" -> 1, "drinking" -> 1, "draws" -> 1, "drawing" -> 1, "dragging" -> 1, "drafts" -> 1, "drafted" -> 1, "draconian" -> 1, "Dr" -> 1, "downgrades" -> 1, "double-talk" -> 1, "Doris" -> 1, "don't" -> 1, "Dominican" -> 1, "dominated" -> 1, "dominate" -> 1, "Domestically" -> 1, "dollar's" -> 1, "Doing" -> 1, "documents" -> 1, "doctrines" -> 1, "docks" -> 1, "divestiture" -> 1, "diversity—is" -> 1, "diversion" -> 1, "diversified" -> 1, "distributed" -> 1, "distorts" -> 1, "distorting" -> 1, "distorted" -> 1, "distinguishes" -> 1, "distinguished" -> 1, "distinction" -> 1, "disseminating" -> 1, "disseminate" -> 1, "disrupt" -> 1, "dispute-resolution" -> 1, "dispute" -> 1, "disproportionately" -> 1, "disposed" -> 1, "dispatch" -> 1, "dismantled" -> 1, "dismantle" -> 1, "dislocation" -> 1, "dislocated" -> 1, "dishonor" -> 1, "disguised" -> 1, "disenfranchisement" -> 1, "disenfranchised" -> 1, "diseases" -> 1, "discovered" -> 1, "discourage" -> 1, "disclosure" -> 1, "disciplines" -> 1, "Disarmament" -> 1, "disappointing" -> 1, "disappearing" -> 1, "disappeared" -> 1, "disappear" -> 1, "disagreement" -> 1, "directs" -> 1, "directors" -> 1, "directives" -> 1, "dioxide" -> 1, "diminishing" -> 1, "diminished" -> 1, "dilemma" -> 1, "Dignity" -> 1, "difficult" -> 1, "diet" -> 1, "did—unless" -> 1, "dictatorships" -> 1, "dictatorship" -> 1, "dictator" -> 1, "Diana" -> 1, "devoting" -> 1, "devoted" -> 1, "devising" -> 1, "devices" -> 1, "deviating" -> 1, "develops" -> 1, "Development—Since" -> 1, "developments" -> 1, "devastation" -> 1, "devastated" -> 1, "devalue" -> 1, "devaluations" -> 1, "determination" -> 1, "destabilization" -> 1, "designs" -> 1, "designations" -> 1, "designation" -> 1, "designating" -> 1, "designated" -> 1, "designate" -> 1, "deserves" -> 1, "deserts" -> 1, "deregulatory" -> 1, "deprived—as" -> 1, "deprivation" -> 1, "depositor" -> 1, "de-politicize" -> 1, "deployments" -> 1, "deploy" -> 1, "depletion" -> 1, "dependency" -> 1, "departures" -> 1, "Departments" -> 1, "denying" -> 1, "Denver" -> 1, "Dennis" -> 1, "denial" -> 1, "demoralized" -> 1, "democratization" -> 1, "Democrat" -> 1, "democracies" -> 1, "demilitarized" -> 1, "demilitarization" -> 1, "demanding" -> 1, "demanded" -> 1, "delay" -> 1, "degree" -> 1, "degrading" -> 1, "defined" -> 1, "Deficits" -> 1, "Deficit" -> 1, "defensible" -> 1, "defending" -> 1, "defender" -> 1, "defective" -> 1, "defect" -> 1, "defamation" -> 1, "deeply" -> 1, "deepening" -> 1, "dedication" -> 1, "decried" -> 1, "Decree" -> 1, "declined" -> 1, "declaring" -> 1, "declared" -> 1, "Declaration" -> 1, "decimation" -> 1, "Decent" -> 1, "deceit" -> 1, "Decade" -> 1, "debilitating" -> 1, "debate" -> 1, "deaths—related" -> 1, "deaths" -> 1, "D.C." -> 1, "daughters" -> 1, "date" -> 1, "dampening" -> 1, "damaged" -> 1, "cynical" -> 1, "cycles" -> 1, "Cuts" -> 1, "Cut" -> 1, "customs" -> 1, "customer" -> 1, "curtail" -> 1, "currencies" -> 1, "curb" -> 1, "Cuba's" -> 1, "cry" -> 1, "crunch" -> 1, "cruel" -> 1, "crucial" -> 1, "crossroads" -> 1, "cronyism" -> 1, "critics" -> 1, "Critical" -> 1, "criterion" -> 1, "criteria" -> 1, "crises" -> 1, "crippled" -> 1, "crime—courts" -> 1, "creditors" -> 1, "creditor" -> 1, "credible" -> 1, "Creativity" -> 1, "creative" -> 1, "crashes" -> 1, "craftswomen" -> 1, "craftsmen" -> 1, "CPSC's" -> 1, "coverage" -> 1, "Covenants" -> 1, "Court—five" -> 1, "Court—could" -> 1, "court-sanctioned" -> 1, "Court's" -> 1, "Coupled" -> 1, "counterweight" -> 1, "Counseling" -> 1, "councils" -> 1, "Costs" -> 1, "costly" -> 1, "Costa" -> 1, "Cost" -> 1, "corrosive" -> 1, "corrosion" -> 1, "correspondents" -> 1, "corrective" -> 1, "correcting" -> 1, "Corporation's" -> 1, "Coretta" -> 1, "coordinate" -> 1, "cooperation—In" -> 1, "cooperate" -> 1, "Controlling" -> 1, "Control" -> 1, "contributed" -> 1, "contrasting" -> 1, "contrary" -> 1, "continuous" -> 1, "Continuing" -> 1, "continuing" -> 1, "continued" -> 1, "contexts" -> 1, "content" -> 1, "contending" -> 1, "contend" -> 1, "contempt" -> 1, "contamination" -> 1, "contaminated" -> 1, "contaminants" -> 1, "contained" -> 1, "Contact" -> 1, "consumption" -> 1, "consumes" -> 1, "consumer" -> 1, "consulting" -> 1, "Consultative" -> 1, "constructively" -> 1, "constructing" -> 1, "constructed" -> 1, "constitutionally-mandated" -> 1, "constitutionally" -> 1, "constituency" -> 1, "constantly" -> 1, "conspicuous" -> 1, "consonance" -> 1, "Consolation" -> 1, "consistently" -> 1, "Consistent" -> 1, "considerations" -> 1, "considerably" -> 1, "conserving" -> 1, "conserve" -> 1, "conservatism" -> 1, "Consequently" -> 1, "consciously" -> 1, "connection" -> 1, "Congressional" -> 1, "conglomerate" -> 1, "congestion" -> 1, "confronting" -> 1, "confidence-building" -> 1, "condition" -> 1, "concurrence" -> 1, "concluded" -> 1, "conclude" -> 1, "concise" -> 1, "concerted" -> 1, "Concern" -> 1, "concept—but" -> 1, "concentration" -> 1, "concentrate" -> 1, "conceded" -> 1, "Con" -> 1, "Comprehensive" -> 1, "comprehensible" -> 1, "comprehend" -> 1, "composed" -> 1, "component" -> 1, "comply" -> 1, "Compliance" -> 1, "competitive—and" -> 1, "competition—often" -> 1, "Competition" -> 1, "Competing" -> 1, "competes" -> 1, "compassion" -> 1, "compact" -> 1, "community—workers" -> 1, "community—owned" -> 1, "community-supported" -> 1, "communism" -> 1, "communication" -> 1, "communicate" -> 1, "commodity" -> 1, "committee" -> 1, "Commissioner" -> 1, "commercially-related" -> 1, "commercially" -> 1, "Commercial" -> 1, "Commerce" -> 1, "commensurate" -> 1, "Commander-in-Chief" -> 1, "combination" -> 1, "combatting" -> 1, "combat-effective" -> 1, "Colombia" -> 1, "collection" -> 1, "collect" -> 1, "colleagues" -> 1, "Cold" -> 1, "coins" -> 1, "coin" -> 1, "cohesion" -> 1, "coherence" -> 1, "coequal" -> 1, "Code" -> 1, "Coaster—Following" -> 1, "coaster" -> 1, "Coastal" -> 1, "Coast" -> 1, "coalition" -> 1, "clumsy" -> 1, "Clowers" -> 1, "cloud" -> 1, "closing" -> 1, "closest" -> 1, "clock" -> 1, "clinics" -> 1, "climbed" -> 1, "Cleveland" -> 1, "clearly" -> 1, "cleanup" -> 1, "cleaning" -> 1, "cleaned" -> 1, "claw" -> 1, "class-wide" -> 1, "civic" -> 1, "city-oriented" -> 1, "citizenry" -> 1, "circumvent" -> 1, "circumstance" -> 1, "circles" -> 1, "CIA-backed" -> 1, "choice—between" -> 1, "choice—a" -> 1, "choices" -> 1, "China" -> 1, "chilling" -> 1, "Chiefs" -> 1, "Chemicals" -> 1, "check" -> 1, "cheap" -> 1, "Charter" -> 1, "charter" -> 1, "charities" -> 1, "charitable" -> 1, "charges" -> 1, "charged" -> 1, "characterize" -> 1, "channeling" -> 1, "Changing" -> 1, "Challenge" -> 1, "cessation" -> 1, "Century" -> 1, "center" -> 1, "censor" -> 1, "ceased" -> 1, "cavalier" -> 1, "catch" -> 1, "catalytic" -> 1, "catalysts" -> 1, "casting" -> 1, "case-by-case" -> 1, "carved" -> 1, "Carter's" -> 1, "Carter" -> 1, "cars" -> 1, "carriers" -> 1, "carried" -> 1, "Carolina's" -> 1, "Carl" -> 1, "care—we" -> 1, "cares" -> 1, "capture" -> 1, "Canson" -> 1, "candidates" -> 1, "cancellations" -> 1, "Cancel" -> 1, "Canal" -> 1, "campaigned" -> 1, "campaign" -> 1, "callously" -> 1, "Call" -> 1, "California's" -> 1, "buyers" -> 1, "busting" -> 1, "businessmen" -> 1, "Bush" -> 1, "bursting" -> 1, "burial" -> 1, "bureaucratic" -> 1, "Bureau" -> 1, "burdened" -> 1, "bully" -> 1, "bullets" -> 1, "bulk" -> 1, "Built" -> 1, "build-up—well" -> 1, "buildings" -> 1, "buffers" -> 1, "budgets" -> 1, "budgetary" -> 1, "Brutus" -> 1, "broader" -> 1, "Broadening" -> 1, "broadening" -> 1, "British" -> 1, "brings—means" -> 1, "bright" -> 1, "bridging" -> 1, "bridged" -> 1, "Brezhnev" -> 1, "breeding" -> 1, "breakthrough" -> 1, "breaks" -> 1, "breakfast" -> 1, "bravery" -> 1, "bottom—have" -> 1, "Boston" -> 1, "Borrowing" -> 1, "born" -> 1, "border" -> 1, "booths" -> 1, "boom" -> 1, "bonuses" -> 1, "bombers" -> 1, "bomber" -> 1, "body" -> 1, "boats" -> 1, "boasted" -> 1, "blunt" -> 1, "blueprint" -> 1, "blood" -> 1, "blindly" -> 1, "blend" -> 1, "bleak" -> 1, "blatant" -> 1, "blanket-tax" -> 1, "Blanco" -> 1, "blames" -> 1, "blameless" -> 1, "blame" -> 1, "blacks" -> 1, "Bit" -> 1, "bit" -> 1, "Birmingham" -> 1, "biological" -> 1, "binge" -> 1, "binds" -> 1, "bills" -> 1, "billion—twice" -> 1, "billion—more" -> 1, "bill" -> 1, "Bilingual" -> 1, "bilingual" -> 1, "bilateral" -> 1, "bigotry" -> 1, "bigger" -> 1, "bidding" -> 1, "bid" -> 1, "biased" -> 1, "Beyond" -> 1, "Better" -> 1, "Betancur" -> 1, "best-trained" -> 1, "best-educated" -> 1, "beside" -> 1, "Benito" -> 1, "Behind—But" -> 1, "beguiles" -> 1, "Before" -> 1, "bedrock" -> 1, "beauty" -> 1, "bear" -> 1, "battle—to" -> 1, "battles" -> 1, "battleground" -> 1, "battlefield" -> 1, "Basin" -> 1, "base" -> 1, "bargaining" -> 1, "barbaric" -> 1, "Barbara" -> 1, "Barbados" -> 1, "bar" -> 1, "banned" -> 1, "bankruptcies" -> 1, "bankrupt" -> 1, "balloon" -> 1, "Balisario" -> 1, "Baker" -> 1, "bad" -> 1, "background" -> 1, "backed" -> 1, "babies" -> 1, "B-1" -> 1, "B" -> 1, "awaits" -> 1, "avoidance" -> 1, "Aviv" -> 1, "avidly" -> 1, "avert" -> 1, "avenues" -> 1, "available—for" -> 1, "automakers" -> 1, "authorized" -> 1, "authentic" -> 1, "Australia" -> 1, "Austin" -> 1, "audience" -> 1, "attracting" -> 1, "attracted" -> 1, "attitude" -> 1, "attend" -> 1, "attempt" -> 1, "attains" -> 1, "attacked" -> 1, "atomic" -> 1, "assured" -> 1, "assumption" -> 1, "assume" -> 1, "association" -> 1, "assists" -> 1, "assisted" -> 1, "Assistant" -> 1, "Assistance" -> 1, "assessment" -> 1, "assault" -> 1, "aspiration" -> 1, "Asia—Our" -> 1, "Asian/Pacific-Americans" -> 1, "Arts" -> 1, "artists" -> 1, "artistic" -> 1, "artificial" -> 1, "art" -> 1, "arsenals" -> 1, "arrests" -> 1, "arrayed" -> 1, "array" -> 1, "arranging" -> 1, "Arms" -> 1, "armies" -> 1, "Armed" -> 1, "armadas" -> 1, "Arm" -> 1, "argument" -> 1, "argue" -> 1, 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1, "7,000" -> 1, "66%" -> 1, "63" -> 1, "62" -> 1, "60-70" -> 1, "6,000" -> 1, "6%" -> 1, "5.4" -> 1, "50%" -> 1, "44" -> 1, "435—the" -> 1, "42Вў" -> 1, "3-5" -> 1, "33" -> 1, "3-2-1" -> 1, "31" -> 1, "3" -> 1, "2708" -> 1, "260" -> 1, "26" -> 1, "250" -> 1, "24" -> 1, "22-cent" -> 1, "21st" -> 1, "21" -> 1, "200,000" -> 1, "1988" -> 1, "1986" -> 1, "1977" -> 1, "1974" -> 1, "1964" -> 1, "1954" -> 1, "1948" -> 1, "1937" -> 1, "1933" -> 1, "1929" -> 1, "18" -> 1, "1.8" -> 1, "15,000" -> 1, "15%" -> 1, "1.5" -> 1, "14" -> 1, "13-cent" -> 1, "13" -> 1, "12-cent" -> 1, "1,200" -> 1, "113" -> 1, "11" -> 1, "1,000" -> 1|>|>, <|"SourceURL" -> "http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29607", "Name" -> "Democratic Party Platform of 1980", "Party" -> "Democratic", "Year" -> 1980, "Date" -> DateObject[{1980, 8, 11}], "Text" -> "Preamble\n\nIn its third century, America faces great challenges and an uncertain future. The decade that America now enters presents us with decisions as monumental and fundamental as those we faced during the Civil War, during two World Wars, and during the Great Depression. Our current task is different from each of these historic challenges. But in many ways the challenge is the same: to marshall the talents and spirit of the American people, to harness our enormous resources, and to face the future with confidence and hope.\nThe task now before us is as global as the worldwide energy shortage, and as local as the plight of children in Appalachia. It reaches from the condition of older Eastern cities and the industries of the snowbelt, to the complex new demands of our sunbelt region and the special needs of our Western states. It is as basic as the entitlement of minorities and women to real equality in every aspect of the nation's life. It is as immediate as the refugee crisis in Miami and the natural disaster at Mount St. Helens. It is as futuristic as the exploration of space and the oceans. It is as idealistic as the spirit of liberty which imbues our Constitution. It requires nothing less than a continued dedication to Democratic principles by each element in our society—government, business, labor, and every citizen—to the promise and potential of our nation.\nWe live in a time when effective policy requires an understanding of the web of competing values and interests which exist in our country. We must combine compassion with self-discipline. We must forego simplistic answers for long-term solutions to our problems.\nWith the Republican leadership closing its eyes to the realities of our time and running for the Presidency on a program of the easy answer, of the pleasant-sounding political promise, it is time to take a page from Adlai Stevenson's 1952 presidential campaign—it is time \"to talk sense to the American people.\" It is time to talk bluntly and candidly about our problems and our proposed solutions; to face up to our problems and respond to them.\nIf we fail in this important task...if we fail to lay the issues squarely before the American people, we could well allow the federal government to revert to four years of Republicanism—neglect of the poor and disadvantaged, disdain for working men and women, compassion only for the rich and the privileged, failure to meet the challenges of energy, inflation and unemployment, and a breakdown of the partnership among local, state and federal governments. We as Democrats must not let this happen.\nAfter nearly four years in office, we Democrats have not solved all of America's problems.\nMost of these problems we inherited. Eight years of Republican politics left this nation weak, rudderless, unrespected and deeply divided.\nAs a result of this legacy, despite our progress, inflation still erodes the standard of living of every American.\nAs a result of this legacy, despite our progress, too many Americans are out of work.\nAs a result of this legacy, despite our progress, complete equality for all citizens has yet to be achieved.\nAs a result of this legacy, despite our progress, we still live in a very dangerous world, where competing ideologies and age-old animosities daily threaten the peace.\nAs a result of this legacy, our nation is still subject to the oil pricing and production decisions of foreign countries.\nWe will not run from these problems, nor will we fail. The record of the past four years is a testament to what the Democrats can do working together.\nTime and time again in these past four years, a Democratic Congress and a Democratic President proved that they were willing to make the tough decisions.\nToday, because of that Democratic partnership, we are a stronger nation.\nToday, because of that Democratic partnership, we are at peace.\nToday, because of that Democratic partnership, we are a more just nation.\nToday, because of that Democratic partnership, honor and truth and integrity have been restored to our government and to our political process.\nAnd so this party looks to the future with determination and confidence.\nWe have been and we shall remain the party of all Americans. We seek solutions that not only meet the needs of the many, but reaffirm our commitment to improve the conditions of the least fortunate in our society.\nIn this platform we offer programs and solutions that represent our dedication to Democratic principles. They define a spirit as well as a program...a set of beliefs as well as a set of ideas. Time and events may alter their priority or prospects. But nothing will alter the defining spirit and values of thee Democratic Party.\nThe platform of the Democratic Party is a contract with the people. We believe that accountability for Democratic principles goes hand in hand with dedication to those principles. The Democratic Party is proud of its historic heritage of commitment to the people of America. Fulfilling this platform will permit us to keep faith with that tradition.\nChapter I: The Economy\n\nA Commitment to Economic Fairness\n\nThe Democratic Party will take no action whose effect will be a significant increase in unemployment—no fiscal action, no monetary action, no budgetary action—if it is the assessment of either the Council of Economic Advisers or the Congressional Budget Office that such action will cause significantly greater unemployment.\nIn all of our economic programs, the one overriding principle must be fairness. All Americans must bear a fair share of our economic burdens and reap a fair share of our economic benefits. High interest rates impose an unfair burden—on farmers, small businesses, and younger families buying homes. Recession imposes an unfair burden on those least able to bear it. Democratic economic policy must assure fairness for workers, the elderly, women, the poor, minorities and the majority who are middle income Americans. In 1980, we pledge a truly Democratic economic policy to secure a prosperous economic future.\nEconomic Strength\n\nWhile the past three and a half years of Democratic leadership have been years of growth for our economy, we now find ourselves in a recession.\nThe Democratic Party is committed to taking the necessary steps to combat the current recession. However, we cannot abandon our fight against inflation. We must fight both of these problems at the same time; we are committed to do so. We will continue to pursue the fight against inflation in ways not designed or intended to increase unemployment.\nOur current economic situation is unique. In 1977, we inherited a severe recession from the Republicans. The Democratic Administration and the Democratic Congress acted quickly to reduce the unacceptably high levels of unemployment and to stimulate the economy. And we succeeded. We recovered from that deep recession and our economy was strengthened and revitalized. As that fight was won, the enormous increases in foreign oil prices—120 percent last year—and declining productivity fueled an inflationary spiral that also had to be fought. The Democrats did that, and inflation has begun to recede. In working to combat these dual problems, significant economic actions have been taken.\nTwo tax cuts have been enacted, in 1977 and 1978, reducing taxes on individuals and businesses by an amount equal, this year, to about $40 billion.\nWhile meeting our national security and pressing domestic needs, the Democratic Partnership has restrained the increase in government spending in ways which have steadily reduced the deficit we inherited.\nAirline and banking regulatory reforms have been enacted; further regulatory reforms are now under consideration.\nIn the effort to restrain inflation, a voluntary pay advisory committee has been established with labor, business, and public representatives pursuant to a National Accord.\nThe first national export policy was developed; export and trade responsibilities were reorganized and strengthened; the Multilateral Trade Negotiations were completed; and the MTN Agreement was approved by the Congress.\nTo ensure a greater impact for scarce federal dollars, grant and loan programs have been redirected to the areas of greatest need, and the formula programs have been redesigned to target the areas with the most serious problems.\nAs a result of these economic actions:\nEmployment—More than 8.5 million new jobs have been added to the work force; about 1 million of those jobs are held by Blacks, and nearly an additional 1 million are held by Hispanics. Gains have been made by all groups—more men, more women, more minorities, and more young people are working than ever before in our history. Despite these gains, current unemployment is too high and must be lowered.\nInflation—A strong anti-inflation program has been initiated and pursued aggressively, to deal both with the short-term inflation problem and with the long-term causes of inflation. The effects of the short-term effort are now evident: inflation is beginning to come down. Although some interest rates remain high, they are falling at record rates. This progress will continue as short-term actions continue to work and long-term initiatives begin to take hold.\nEconomic Growth—Despite the economic declines of the past few months, for the first three years of the Carter Administration our economy was strong. For the 1977—1979 period:\n—Gross National Product increased by 11.8 percent in real terms.\n—Real after-tax income per person increased by 10.3 percent.\n—Industrial production increased by 14.8 percent.\n—Dividends increased by 36 percent.\n—Real business fixed investment increased by 22.9 percent.\nEnergy—Our dependence on foreign off has decreased—in 1977 we imported 8.8 million barrels of oil per day, and our nation is now importing approximately 6.5 million per day, a decline of 26 percent.\nSolving Economic Problems\n\nThe Democratic Party commits itself to a strong economic program—one that builds on the progress we have made to date, one that corrects the very real problems we face now, one that is responsible, one that offers realistic hope, and one that can unify our Party. Such a Democratic program would contrast dramatically with the simplistic rhetoric and the traditional economic policies of the Republican Party.\nFull Employment—We specifically reaffirm our commitment to achieve all the goals of the Humphrey-Hawkins Full Employment Act within the currently prescribed dates in the Act, especially those relating to a joint reduction in unemployment and inflation. Full employment is important to the achievement of a rising standard of living, to the pursuit of sound justice, and to the strength and vitality of America.\nAnti-Recession Assistance—Immediately, we must undertake a short-term anti-recession program to reverse the tide of deepening recession and rising unemployment. Each percentage point increase in the unemployment rate adds $25 billion to the federal deficit.\nA Democratic anti-recession program must recognize that Blacks, Hispanics, other minorities, women and older workers bear the brunt of recession. We pledge a $12 billion anti-recession jobs program, providing at least 800,000 additional jobs, including full funding of the counter-cyclical assistance program for the cities, a major expansion of the youth employment and training program to give young people in our inner cities new hope, expanded training programs for women and displaced homemakers to give these workers a fair chance in the workplace, and new opportunities for the elderly to contribute their talents and skills.\nCoupling our need to rehabilitate our railroads with the need to create new job opportunities, we must commit ourselves to a $1 billion railroad renewal program which can employ 20,000 workers.\nWe must take steps to restore the housing industry, including effective implementation of the Brooke-Cranston program, and the addition of 200,000 new units a year for low and moderate income families.\nNational Accord—The National Accord with labor must be strengthened and continued. This enhances the unique opportunity afforded by a Democratic Administration for government, labor and business to work together to solve our inflationary and other economic problems.\nTax Reductions—We commit ourselves to targeted tax reductions designed to stimulate production and combat recession as soon as it appears so that tax reductions will not have a disproportionately inflationary effect. We must avoid untargeted tax cuts which would increase inflation. Any tax reduction must, if it is to help solve pressing economic problems, follow certain guiding principles:\n—The inflationary impact must be minimized;\n—Reductions provided to individuals must be weighted to help low and middle income individuals and families, to improve consumer purchasing power, and to enhance a growing economy while maintaining and strengthening the overall progressive nature of the tax code;\n—Productivity, investment, capital formation, as well as incentives, must be encouraged, particularly in distressed areas and industries;\n—The effect on our economy must be one which encourages job formation and business growth.\nFederal Spending—Spending restraint must be sensitive to those who look to the federal government for aid and assistance, especially to our nation's workers in times of high unemployment. At the same time, as long as inflationary pressures remain strong, fiscal prudence is essential to avoid destroying the progress made to date in reducing the inflation rate.\nFiscal policy must remain a flexible economic tool. We oppose a Constitutional amendment requiring a balanced budget.\nInterest Rates—The Democratic Party has historically been committed to policies that result in low interest rates in order to help our nation's workers, small businesses, farmers and homeowners. Therefore, we must continue to pursue a tough anti-inflationary policy which will lead to an across-the-board reduction in interest rates on loans.\nIn using monetary policy to fight inflation, the government should be sensitive to the special needs of areas of our economy most affected by high interest rates. The Federal Reserve shall use the tool of reserve requirements creatively in its effort to fight inflation. The Federal Reserve should also take particular care to make certain that it is aware of the concerns of labor, agriculture, housing, consumers and small business in its decision-making process. Finally, its Open Market Committee should continue to provide regular information to the public about its activities.\nRegulatory Reform—Consistent with our basic health, safety, and environmental goals, we must continue to deregulate over-regulated industries and to remove other unnecessary regulatory burdens on state and local governments and on the private sector, particularly those which inhibit competition.\nTargeting and Regional Balance—From the time of Franklin Roosevelt, the Democratic Party has dedicated itself to the principle that the federal government has a duty to ensure that all regions, states and localities share in the benefits of national economic prosperity and that none bears more than its share of economic adversity.\nOur 1976 platform stated: Even during periods of normal economic growth there are communities and regions of the country—particularly central cities and urban areas—that do not fully participate in national economic prosperity. The Democratic Party has supported national economic policies which have conscientiously sought to aid regions in the nation which have been afflicted with poverty, or newer regions which have needed resources for development. These policies were soundly conceived and have been successful. Today, we have different areas and regions in economic decline and once again face a problem of balanced economic growth. To restore balance, national economic policy should be designed to target federal resources in areas of greatest need.\nA Democratic Administration has welcomed and encouraged the sustained growth of the West and Southwest in recent years. Policies now in place ensure that this growth will continue and bring the greatest benefits to the nation as a whole.\nAt the same time, a Democratic Administration will be committed to the economic growth and prosperity of the other regions of the nation. The era of federal policies directed exclusively to the development of one region or another should be succeeded by government-wide policies designed to bring about balanced and shared growth in all regions.\nTo restore balance, we must continue to improve the targeting of federal programs in order to maximize their benefit to those most in need. To involve the private sector in solving our economic problems, and to reduce the burden on government, we must leverage federal dollars with funds from the private sector.\nRebuilding American Industry by Increasing Economic Productivity and Competitiveness—The Democratic Party has a long tradition of innovation, foresight, and flexibility in creating policies to solve the nation's most urgent economic needs. We now stand at another watershed in our economic history which demands our Party's full attention, creative powers, resources, and skills. To revive productivity and revitalize our economy, we need a national effort to strengthen the American economy. It must include new tax depreciation rules to stimulate selective capital investment; a simplified tax code to assist business planning; removal of governmental regulations which are unnecessary and stifle business initiative; effective incentives for saving that do not discriminate against low and middle income taxpayers; reform in patent rules and new incentives for research and development, especially by small business; cooperative efforts with labor and management to retool the steel, auto and shipbuilding industries; and strengthened worker training programs to improve job opportunities and working skills.\nEncouraging investment, innovation, efficiency and downward pressure on prices also requires new measures to increase competition in our economy. In regulated sectors of our economy, government serves too often to entrench high price levels and stifle competition. Regulations must balance protective benefits against potentially adverse effects on competitiveness. Necessary regulations should be achieved at minimum cost and at reduced burden to industry. In unregulated sectors of the economy, we must increase antitrust enforcement; greatly improve the speed and efficiency of antitrust litigation; and renew efforts to prevent the concentration of economic power—both in specific industries and across the economy as a whole—which operate to stifle growth and to fuel inflation.\nUnited States non-farm exports have risen 50 percent in real terms in the last three years. A Democratic President and a Democratic Congress have recognized and strengthened the export trade functions of the federal government. To create new markets for American products and strengthen the dollar, we must seek out new opportunities for American exports; help establish stable, long-term commercial relationships between nations; offer technical assistance to firms competing in world markets; promote reciprocal trading terms for nations doing business here; and help ensure that America's domestic retooling is consistent with new opportunities in foreign trade.\nOne of our main goals in this effort will be to enable American industry to compete more effectively with foreign products. We must intensify our efforts to promote American exports and to ensure that our domestic industries and workers are not affected adversely by unfair trade practices, such as dumping. We must make international trade a major focus of our domestic and international policy. We will continue to support the development of trading companies which will compete more effectively in world markets. We must ensure that our efforts to lower tariff barriers are reciprocated by our trading partners. We recognize the superior productivity of American agriculture and the importance of agricultural exports to the balance of trade. We support continuing efforts to promote agricultural exports.\nEnsuring Economic Equity\n\nBudget\n\nThe budget policy that has been put forth by the Democratic Party traditionally has been based on providing adequate federal resources to meet our nation's urgent needs. The current Democratic Partnership has continued that tradition while restraining the growth of the federal budget.\nWe have increased support for vital domestic programs. We have increased funding for education by 75 percent over the Ford budget. We have increased Head Start by 73 percent, basic skills programs by 233 percent, bilingual education by 113 percent, Native American education by 124 percent, summer jobs by 66 percent. Job Corps by 157 percent, employment and training programs by 115 percent, Medicare by 54 percent, National Health Service Corps by 179 percent, Child Nutrition by 43 percent, and Women, Infants and Children (WIC) Program by 300 percent.\nWe have been able to do this, while restraining the growth in federal spending, because the country has had a growing economy; tax cuts have been moderate; waste and fraud have been reduced; and aid has been targeted to those most in need.\nInternational events have required increased defense spending. The Soviet challenge cannot be ignored. We have had to reverse the steady decline in defense spending that occurred under the Republican Administration. A Democratic Administration and a Democratic Congress have done this; real defense spending has increased, in part through the elimination of waste and the emphasis on increased efficiency.\nIn the eight years preceding the first Carter budget, real federal spending had been growing at an average rate of 3 percent each year. By contrast, between FY 1978 and 1981, real federal spending will have declined at an average annual rate of 0.6 percent.\nThe federal budget has not been and must not be permitted to be an inflationary nor a recessionary force in our economy, but it also must not be permitted to ignore pressing human needs.\nWe support the discipline of attempting to live within the limits of our anticipated revenues. Government must set the example of fiscal responsibility for all our citizens who are helping in the fight against inflation. Spending discipline allows us to concentrate our resources to meet our most pressing human needs.\nWe as Democrats will continue our policy of opposing drastic cuts in social programs which impose unfair burdens on the poor and the aged, on women, on children and on minorities. We have always opposed and will continue to oppose imposition of ever greater burdens on the poor, who can least afford them.\nWe also recommit ourselves to operating our government more efficiently, and concentrating our efforts on eliminating waste, fraud, and abuse in government programs to make our tax dollars go further.\nWorker Protection\n\nThe Democratic Administration has worked with Congress to take actions which protect our nation's workers from declining incomes, unsafe working conditions, and threats to their basic rights. The Democratic Party will not pursue a policy of high interest rates and unemployment as the means to fight inflation. We will take no action whose effect will be a significant increase in unemployment, no fiscal action, no monetary action, no budgetary action. The Democratic Party remains committed to policies that will not produce high interest rates or high unemployment.\nBut much more needs to be done to protect our nation's workers. The Democratic Party has a long and proud tradition in this area and we must pledge to continue our efforts over the next four years.\nOver a generation ago this nation established a labor policy whose purpose is to encourage the practice and procedure of collective bargaining and the fight of workers to organize to obtain this goal. The Democratic Party is committed to extending the benefit of this policy to all workers and to removing the barriers to its administration.\nIn the future the Democratic Party will concentrate on the following areas.\nOur labor laws should be reformed to permit better administration and enforcement, and particularly to prevent the inordinate delays and outright defiance by some employers of our labor laws. We can no longer tolerate the fact that certain employers are willing to bear the cost of sanctions which are in our current laws in order to violate the rights of those attempting to organize.\nOSHA protections should be properly administered, with the concern of the worker being the highest priority; legislative or administrative efforts to weaken OSHA's basic worker protection responsibilities are unacceptable. OSHA has significantly reduced workplace accidents and fatalities. We will not limit its scope for any reason, including the size of business, since all workers face significant workplace dangers. The Democratic Party strongly opposes and urges all actions to defeat legislation which weakens OSHA's critical protections.\nHatch Act reforms should be enacted to give federal workers their basic First Amendment rights. We must protect federal workers from interruptions in their pay due to delays in the federal appropriations process and must seek ways to assure the comparability of pay scales between the federal and private sectors.\nWe support the fight of public employees and agricultural workers to organize and bargain collectively. We urge the adoption of appropriate federal legislation to ensure this goal.\nLegislation must be enacted to allow building trades workers the same peaceful picketing rights currently afforded industrial workers.\nAll fair labor standards acts, such as the minimum wage and Davis-Bacon protections, must continue to be effectively enforced against employers seeking to circumvent their worker protections.\nSection 14-b of the Taft-Hartley Act should be repealed.\nSpecial assistance should be made available for unemployed workers in a distressed industry, such as the automobile, steel, and shipbuilding industries.\nWe must improve and strengthen our trade adjustment assistance programs.\nWe support federal legislation designed to give protection and human rights to those workers affected by plant closings.\nJust as we must protect workers in their workplace, so must we protect them when they are disabled by accidents or sicknesses resulting from their work. The Democratic Party supports federal legislation to assure adequate minimum benefit levels to those who are unemployed, including expansion of coverage to all wage and salary workers and extended benefits for the long-term unemployed. It must not artificially disregard those who have already been unemployed for a long time.\nWe will continue to oppose a sub-minimum wage for youth and other workers and to support increases in the minimum wage so as to ensure an adequate income for all workers.\nSmall Business\n\nThe prosperity of small business is an important national priority. Over half of the major innovations in the past twenty years have come from firms with less than 1,000 employees, and technological innovation has accounted for nearly half of America's economic growth. Small firms have a cost-per-scientist or engineer half that of larger firms. Ninety-six percent of the six million jobs created in the private sector between 1968 and 1976 came from small businesses—primarily firms in business less than four years, employing less than 20 workers. In contrast, the biggest 500 manufacturing companies—accounting for 80 percent of national output—employed precisely the same number of workers in 1968 as they did in 1976.\nOf course, larger firms may offer other economic benefits to society, but the contribution of small business is vital and unique, and no overall program for economic recovery will succeed unless it relies heavily on small businesses. For this reason, the Democratic Party commits itself to the first comprehensive program for small business in American history. That program will include the following measures.\nA prompt review and response for the recommendations of the White House Conference on Small Business.\nLegislation to transfer from the SBA to the Farmers Home Administration responsibility for providing loans to farmers in financial need.\nAllocation of a fair percentage of federal research funds to small business.\nProtection of small and independent businesses against takeover by giant conglomerates.\nContinued efforts to end federal regulations which reinforce barriers to entry by new and small firms and which thereby entrench the dominance of market leaders.\nA review of regulations and requirements which impose unnecessary burdens upon smaller firms. Results should provide relief for smaller firms which now pay $12.7 billion a year to fill 850 million pages of government paperwork. We will adopt regulatory requirements to meet the needs of smaller firms, where such action will not interfere with the objectives of the regulation.\nMinority Business\n\nA Democratic Congress and a Democratic Administration have worked together to increase opportunities for minority businesses, which have suffered from inadequate capitalization. Enormous progress has been made in the last four years.\nFederal procurement from minority-owned firms has increased by nearly two and a half times.\nFederal deposits in minority-owned banks have already doubled.\nMinority ownership of radio and television stations has increased by 65 percent.\nAlmost 15 percent of the funds spent under the Local Public Works Act went to minority-owned firms.\nThe Section 8(a) program operated by the Small Business Administration has been reformed and strengthened.\nThe Democratic Party pledges itself to advance minority businesses, including Black, Hispanic, Asian/ Pacific Americans, Native Americans and other minorities to:\n—Increase the overall level of support and the overall level of federal procurement so that minority groups will receive additional benefits and opportunities.\n—Triple the 1980 level of federal procurement from minority-owned firms as we have tripled the 1977 levels in the past three years.\n—Increase substantially the targeting of Small Business Administration loans to minority-owned businesses.\n—Increase ownership of small businesses by minorities, especially in those areas which have traditionally been dosed to minorities, such as communications and newspapers.\n—Expand management, technical, and training assistance for minority firms, and strengthen minority capital development under the SBA's Minority Enterprise Small Business Investment Company (MESBIC) program.\n—Establish a Minority Business Development Agency in the Department of Commerce under statutory mandate.\n—Implement vigorously all set-aside provisions for minority businesses.\nWomen in Business\n\nThe Democrats have exercised effective leadership in the field of support to women-owned businesses. A national policy was developed to support women's business enterprises, and SBA created the first program to help women entrepreneurs, President Carter has issued an Executive Order creating a national women's business enterprise policy and prescribing arrangements for developing, coordinating, and implementing a national program for women's business enterprise.\nSupport of this program must be expanded through effective implementation of the Executive Order to ensure an equitable distribution of government prime and subcontracts to women business owners. Cabinet Secretaries and agency heads, working with the Office of Federal Procurement Policy, must monitor realistic goals established for the award of government business and financial support to women-owned businesses.\nAs the key office within the federal government for these programs, the Office of Women's Business Enterprise in SBA must be strengthened through adequate staffing and funding, and should receive continued emphasis by key White House and Office of Management and Budget personnel.\nWomen and The Economy\n\nWe pledge to secure the rights of working women, homemakers, minority women and elderly women to a fair share of our economy. A sound economy in the next four years is of vital importance to women, who are often at the bottom of the economic ladder. But if our economy is to be truly fair, additional steps are required to address the inequities that women now face.\nSpecial attention must be paid to the employment needs of women. Today, women who can find work earn, on average, only fifty-nine cents for every dollar earned by men.\nThe Democratic Party, therefore, commits itself to strong steps to close the wage gap between men and women, to expand child care opportunities for families with working parents, to end the tax discrimination that penalizes married working couples, and to ensure that women can retire in dignity.\nWe will strictly enforce existing anti-discrimination laws with respect to hiring, pay and promotions. We will adopt a full employment policy, with increased possibilities for part-time work Vocational programs for young women in our high schools and colleges will be equalized and expanded. Fields traditionally reserved for men...from construction to engineering...must be opened to women, a goal which must be promoted through government incentives and federally sponsored training programs.\nPerhaps most important, the Democratic Party is committed to the principle of equal pay for work of comparable value. Through new job classification studies by the Department of Labor, job reclassification by the Office of Personnel Management and new legislation from Congress if necessary, we will ensure that women in both the public and private sectors are not only paid equally for work which is identical to that performed by men, but are also paid equally for work which is of comparable value to that performed by men.\nThe Democratic Party must lead the way in ensuring that women and minorities are afforded real equality in the work force, neither displacing the other. As the nation's single largest employer, the hiring and promotion practices of the federal government must set an example. Every branch of government will be mandated not only to hire qualified women and minorities, but also affirmatively to seek out able minorities and women within the government for training and promotion. Opportunities for part-time work will be expanded and pay equalized to reflect the value of the work which is done.\nEconomic Inequities Facing Minorities\n\nWe must expand jobs and job training including apprenticeship training programs for those who have special problems—groups such as the young, veterans, older workers, minorities, those with limited fluency in English, and the handicapped. The Democratic Party pledges that anyone who wants to learn the skills necessary to secure a job will be able to do so.\nWe also must improve the quality of the programs designed to help the structurally unemployed. We must give trainees a better sense of what work will be like, assure a higher level of training, and undertake greater efforts to place people in jobs and help them adjust to the world of work. We should explore several methods for making such improvements, including performance funding. More money should go to those training programs which prove most successful. Particular emphasis should be given to training programs run by community-based organizations which have a superior record of success.\nWhere public agencies have trouble reaching those who seem unemployable, and where the training they provide is not effective we should assist business to provide that training. We should ensure that business is not paid merely for hiring those that would be hired anyway, and that federal subsidies are truly training subsidies and not disguised wage subsidies.\nA major effort must be undertaken to address youth employment. Half the unemployed are under twenty-five. Teenage inner city unemployment is at disastrous levels of 50 percent or higher. The problem is one of both employment and employability—a lack of jobs and a lack of skills.\nWe need new combinations of work experience and training for young people, new links between schools and the workplace, new ways to reach out to those who are out of school and out of work, but who have special need for skill development and job experience.\nConsumer Protection\n\nSince the first administration of Franklin Roosevelt, the Democratic Party has stood as the Party which championed consumer rights. It is our tradition to support and enact policies which guarantee that the consumer is sovereign in the market place. It is our history to institute necessary government programs to protect the health, safety and economic well-being of the American consumer. And it is our way of governing to ensure that consumers have full opportunity to participate in the decision-making processes of government.\nWorking together, the Democratic Administration and Congress have maintained that tradition. Prominent consumer advocates have been appointed to key government positions. A new National Consumer Cooperative Bank has been created, and a Fair Debt Collection Practices Act has been enacted. Each federal agency has been directed to establish procedures so that consumer needs and interests are adequately considered and addressed on a continual basis. The basic consumer protection authorities of the Federal Trade Commission have been preserved.\nOver the next four years, we must continue to guarantee and enhance the basic consumer rights to safety, to information, to choice and to a fair hearing.\nGovernment must continue its efforts to create a strong independent voice to ensure that the consumer's interest is considered in government proceedings. We pledge continued support for an independent consumer protection agency to protect the rights and interests of consumers. Until one is created, we must ensure that each department and agency of the government has established and adequately funded a consumer program which complies with the requirements of Executive Order 12160. Each agency must provide ample opportunity for public involvement in its proceedings and should strive to adopt a program to provide funds for consumers and small businesses to participate in those proceedings.\nWe must continue our support of basic health, safety, environmental and consumer protection regulatory programs and must undertake the following new initiatives to provide additional basic protections to consumers:\n—Comprehensive review of food safety and drug statutes, with particular emphasis on food labeling which discloses product ingredients.\n—Requirements for full warranties for new automobiles.\n—Class action reform to remove unnecessarily burdensome and expensive procedures.\n—Reform of requirements for legal standing to seek judicial redress.\n—Protection for consumers against dangerous products, including standards for automobile safety, clothing flammability, new drugs and chemicals, and food and children's products.\n—Vigorous enforcement of truth-in-lending, anti-redlining, and fair credit reporting laws.\n—Curtailment of abuses in sale of credit life insurance.\nWhile consumer regulatory programs are necessary to achieve social goals, we recognize that an effective competition policy frees the market place from regulation. Therefore, we support vigorous enforcement and strengthening of the antitrust laws. Legislation should be enacted to overturn the Illinois Brick case and allow consumers who are injured as a result of a violation of the antitrust laws to seek redress, whether or not they have dealt directly with the violator.\nWe are committed to ensuring that America's poor do not suffer from lack of food. To this end, we support continued funding of the Food Stamp Program and expansion of the Women, Infant and Children (WIC) program.\nWe support the efforts of the National Consumer Cooperative Bank to assist grass roots consumer organizations to undertake self-help programs.\nWe support a nationwide program of consumer education to enable citizens to fully understand their rights in the market place, to be informed of the opportunities for participation in government decision-making, and to be equipped to make intelligent, rational consumer decisions.\nAntitrust Enforcement\n\nAmerica must commit itself to a free, open and competitive economy. We pledge vigorous antitrust enforcement in those areas of the economy which are not regulated by government and in those which are, we pledge an agency-by-agency review to prevent regulation from frustrating competition.\nTo accomplish these goals, we must:\n—Enact the Illinois Brick legislation.\n—Permit consumers and other interested parties to seek enforcement of consent decrees issued in antitrust cases brought by government.\n— Prevent anti-competitive pricing by firms in concentrated industries, and combat price signalling and other forms of anti-competitive conduct which do not fall into the current legal categories of either monopoly or collusion.\n—Control conglomerate mergers, when such mergers undermine important economic, social and political values without offsetting economic benefits.\n—Reform antitrust procedures to speed up cases and deter dilatory conduct by any party.\n—Provide strong support for antitrust enforcement by the federal enforcement agencies.\n—Provide technical and financial support for the antitrust enforcement efforts of the state attorneys-general and other state antitrust agencies.\n—Develop a \"single stop\" clearance procedure to allow exporters to determine whether specific export agreements are permissible under the antitrust law.\nChapter II: Government and Human Needs\n\nThe Democratic Party has properly been known as the Party of the people. We Democrats believe in making government responsive to the needs of the people...making it work for the people. We do not claim that government has all the answers to our problems, but we do believe that government has a legitimate role to play in searching for those answers and in applying those answers.\nThe Democratic Party has a proud record of responding to the human needs of our citizens. After eight years of Republican government and systematic Republican efforts to dismantle all of the hard-won New Frontier and Great Society social programs, the Garter Administration and the Democratic Congress have resurrected, preserved and strengthened those programs which have proven effective.\nIn the areas of health care, housing, education, welfare and social services, civil rights, and care for the disabled, elderly and veterans, a Democratic President and a Democratic Congress have put the federal government back in the business of serving our people.\nOur progress has been significant, and in many areas unprecedented. In 1980, the people must decide whether our country will continue that progress, or whether we will allow the federal government to revert to four years of Republicanism—which means neglect of the poor and disadvantaged, disdain for working men and women, and compassion only for the rich and the privileged.\nWe will not allow this to happen. We pledge to build on the Democratic record of the past four years—to continue the process we have begun.\nWhile we recognize the need for fiscal restraint—and have proposed specific steps toward that goal—we pledge as Democrats that for the sole and primary purpose of fiscal restraint alone, we will not support reductions in the funding of any program whose purpose is to serve the basic human needs of the most needy in our society—programs such as unemployment, income maintenance, food stamps, and efforts to enhance the educational, nutritional or health needs of children.\nHealth\n\nThe Carter Administration and the Congress have worked closely together to improve the health care provided to all Americans. In many vital areas, there has been clear progress.\nThe United States spent over $200 billion for health care in 1979. Despite these high expenditures and although we possess some of the finest hospitals and health professionals in the world, millions of Americans have little or no access to health care services. Incredibly, costs are predicted to soar to $400 billion by 1984, without improvement in either access to care or coverage of costs. Health care costs already consume ten cents of every dollar spent for goods and services.\nThe answer to runaway medical costs is not, as Republicans propose, to pour money into a wasteful and inefficient system. The answer is not to cut back on benefits for the elderly and eligibility for the poor. The answer is to enact a comprehensive, universal national health insurance plan.\nTo meet the goals of a program that will control costs and provide health coverage to every American, the Democratic Party pledges to seek a national health insurance program with the following features:\n—Universal coverage, without regard to place of employment, sex, age, marital status, or any other factor;\n—Comprehensive medical benefits, including preventive, diagnostic, therapeutic, health maintenance and rehabilitation services, and complete coverage of the costs of catastrophic illness or injury;\n—Aggressive cost containment provisions along with provisions to strengthen competitive forces in the market place;\n—Enhancement of the quality of care;\n—An end to the widespread use of exclusions that disadvantage women and that charge proportionately higher premiums to women;\n—Reform of the health care system, including encouragement of health maintenance organizations and other alternative delivery systems;\n—Building on the private health care delivery sector and preservation of the physician-patient relationship;\n—Provision for maximum individual choice of physician, other provider, and insurer;\n—Maintenance of the private insurance industry with appropriate public regulation;\n—Significant administrative and organizational roles for state and local government in setting policy and in resource planning;\n—Redistribution of services to ensure access to health care in underserved areas;\n—Improvement of non-institutional health services so that elderly, disabled, and other patients may remain in their homes and out of institutions; and\nChild Health Assurance Program—We must continue to emphasize preventive health care for all citizens. As part of this commitment, we call for the enactment of legislation during the 96th Congress to expand the current Medicaid program and make an additional 5 million low-income children eligible for Medicaid benefits and an additional 200,000 low-income pregnant women eligible for prenatal and postnatal care.\nMental Health Systems Act—We must enact legislation to help the mentally ill, based on the recommendations of the President's Commission on Mental Health. The legislation should focus on deinstitutionalization of the chronically mentally ill, increased program flexibility at the local level, prevention, and the development of community-based mental health services. It is imperative that there be ongoing federal funding for the community-based mental health centers established under the 1963 Mental Health Act and that sufficient federal funding be provided for adequate staffing. We also endorse increased federal funding for ongoing training of mental health personnel in public facilities.\nIn the 1980s we must move beyond these existing health care initiatives and tackle other problems as well.\nLong-Term Care—We must develop a new policy on long-term care for our elderly and disabled populations that controls the cost explosion and at the same time provides more humane care. We must establish alternatives to the present provisions for long-term care, including adequate support systems and physical and occupational therapy in the home arid the community, to make it unnecessary to institutionalize people who could lead productive lives at home.\nWe must support legislation to expand home health care services under Medicare and other health programs. Visits from doctors, nurses and other health personnel are a cost-effective and necessary program for the elderly who often cannot travel to medical facilities. Without home health services, many elderly citizens would be forced to give up their homes and shift their lives to institutions.\nMultilingual Needs—We must support the utilization of bilingual interpreters in English-Spanish and other appropriate languages at federal and state-supported health care facilities. In addition, we support broader, more comprehensive health care for migrants.\nHealth Care Personnel—This nation must maintain an adequate supply of health professionals and personnel. Particular emphasis should be given to programs which educate nurses and other health professionals and related personnel, especially for the traditionally underserved rural and inner city areas.\nThe rising cost of education in health fields bars many who wish to enter these fields from doing so. In order to expand representation in the health professions of traditionally underrepresented groups, we support programs of financial assistance such as capitation grants. These programs must increase the presence of men and minorities in nursing, and must be targeted toward women and minorities in other health professions.\nMinority and Women Health Care Professionals—We recognize the need for a significant increase in the number of minority and women health care professionals. We are committed to placing greater emphasis on enrollment and retention of minorities and women in medical schools and related health education professional programs.\nWe are also committed to placing a greater emphasis on medical research and services to meet the needs of minorities, women and children.\nReproductive Rights—We fully recognize the religious and ethical concerns which many Americans have about abortion. We also recognize the belief of many Americans that a woman has a right to choose whether and when to have a child.\nThe Democratic Party supports the 1973 Supreme Court decision on abortion rights as the law of the land and opposes any constitutional amendment to restrict or overturn that decision.\nFurthermore, we pledge to support the right to be free of environmental and worksite hazards to reproductive health of women and men.\nWe further pledge to work for programs to improve the health and safety of pregnancy and childbirth, including adequate prenatal care, family planning, counseling, and services with special care to the needs of the poor, the isolated, the rural, and the young.\nFinancially Distressed Public Hospitals—Frequently, the only sources of medical care for much of the inner city population is the public general hospital. The ever-increasing costs of providing high quality hospital services and the lack of insurance coverage for many of the patients served have jeopardized the financial stability of these institutions. Immediate support is required for financially distressed public hospitals that provide a major community service in urban and rural areas.\nIn underserved areas where public hospitals have already been closed because of financial difficulty, we must explore methods for returning the needed hospitals to active service.\nWe must develop financial stability for these hospitals. Our approach should stress system reforms to assure that more primary medical care is provided in free-standing community centers, while the hospital is used for referral services and hospitalization.\nMedicaid Reimbursement—The Democratic Party supports programs to make the Medicaid reimbursement formulae more equitable.\nUnnecessary Prescriptions—We must reduce unnecessary prescribing of drugs and guarantee the quality and safety of products that reach the market through improved approval procedures.\nSubstance Abuse\n\nAlcoholism and drug abuse are unique illnesses which not only impair the health of those who abuse those products, but impose costs on society as a whole—in production losses, in crimes to supply habits, and in fatalities on the highway.\nThe Democratic Partnership has worked to reduce the serious national problem of substance abuse, and progress has been made.\nAs a result, in part, of a major adolescent drug abuse prevention campaign, levels of drug abuse among adolescents have begun to decline. However, as long as abuse still exists, we consider it a major problem requiring our attention.\nBecause of a coordinated, concerted attack on drug trafficking, heroin availability in the U.S. over the past four years has decreased by 44 percent; heroin-related injuries have declined by 50 percent.\nProgress made since 1977 must be continued.\nWe must continue to focus on preventing substance abuse in the early years of adolescence by working with grassroots organizations and parent groups throughout the country.\nSpecial efforts must be made to strengthen prevention and rehabilitation resources in the major urban areas that are so acutely affected by drug and alcohol abuse problems because of the cumulative effect of joblessness, poor housing conditions and other factors.\nWe must provide adequate funding for alcohol and drug abuse research and treatment centers designed to meet the special needs of women, and end the currently widespread discrimination, based on sex, age, race, and ethnicity, in alcohol and drug abuse programs.\nWe must treat addiction as a health problem and seek flexibility in administering Medicare and Medicaid for substance abuse treatment, especially alcohol and drug services.\nWe must reduce the availability of heroin and other illicit narcotics in this country and in the source countries.\nWe must conduct investigations leading to the prosecution and conviction of drug traffickers and to the forfeiture of financial and other assets acquired by their organizations.\nOlder Americans\n\nIn other sections of this platform (for example, health and the extensive section on Social Security), we have listed programs and commitments for improving the status of older Americans. As a Party, we are aware of the demographic and biomedical developments that call for a high priority approach to the issues of retirement, work, and income maintenance for the growing number of older citizens.\nThe Democratic Party stands for the achievement and maintenance of the quality of life for Americans in their later years. We speak for our future selves, as well as for the elderly of today.\nThere has been substantial progress, but much remains to be done. Too many senior citizens (especially among minority groups) live close to or below the poverty line, in isolated conditions, and without access to needed services.\nThe Democratic Party pledges to continue to improve the policies and programs which ensure a high quality of life for older Americans. This includes the following measures.\nAll Americans, regardless of age, must be afforded an opportunity to participate in the mainstream of society, and in activities at local and national levels, as useful citizens. The 1967 Age Discrimination in Employment Act, and the milestone amendments to that Act in 1978, are concrete examples of this principle. So are programs such as senior centers, nutrition services, and home attendants, as well as those programs under ACTION, the Administration on Aging, and the Community Services Administration.\nSuch programs have helped to diminish the conditions of dependency, isolation, and unnecessary institutionalization. We propose to continue and expand these programs to reach underserved areas and all segments of the elderly.\nThe Democratic Party is proud of the passage of legislation to protect and improve private pensions through the Employees Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), as well as current proposals to extend such protection to larger numbers of workers. No worker, after long years of employment, should lose his or her pension rights because of mobility, poor management, or economic reasons,\nOther priorities include working with the private sector to assure maintenance and expansion of employer-employee pension systems and continuing support of the federal-state partnership in SSI (Supplemental Security Income) for the least fortunate.\nA comprehensive program of long-term care services is a goal of the Democratic Party. The fastest growing segment of our population is the \"very old\" and the \"frail elderly.\" The Democratic Party will continue to be concerned with the provision of services for these groups, increasingly composed of women without access to family care. This will include home attendant care, day centers, and quality institutional care for those elderly with functional disabilities who cannot rely on non-institutional alternatives.\nFor many older citizens, continuing participation in the mainstream means continuing employment, or a return to the labor force as a result of widowhood or the \"empty nest.\" In addition to increasing employment opportunities by raising the allowable mandatory retirement age, we must continue existing, and create new, programs for the retention and re-entry of adult and older Americans in our labor force, including the private and community service sectors.\nThe Democratic Party will encourage the development of services by the public and private sectors to provide meals-on-wheels for those who need them; senior day centers; friendly visiting services; and similar supportive, educational-recreational, and outreach services.\nWe pledge to make the elderly secure in the necessities of life. The Democratic Party pledges that it will seek to increase the number of meals served under Title III of the Older Americans Act until it covers at least a quarter of all older people at or near the poverty level while at least maintaining current services for those who are not in poverty. The Democratic Party will seek expanded funding provided for the Section 202 housing program for the elderly.\nSocial Security\n\nNo group in our society deserves the commitment and respect of the Democratic Party more than the elderly. They have built the factories arid mills of the nation. They have fought to defend our country. They have paid taxes to finance the growth of our cities and towns. They have worked and sacrificed for a lifetime to give their children a better chance to achieve their dreams. They have a continuing reservoir of talent, skill and experience to contribute to our future.\nThe basic program and guarantee for older citizens is Social Security. It is the single most successful social program ever undertaken by the federal government. Ninety-five percent of those reaching 65 are eligible for this program: without it, 60 percent of the elderly would have incomes below the poverty level.\nThe Democratic Party will oppose any effort to tamper with the Social Security system by cutting or taxing benefits as a violation of the contract the American government has made with its people. We hereby make a covenant with the elderly of America that as we have kept the Social Security trust fund sound and solvent in the past, we shall keep it sound and solvent in the years ahead.\nIn 1977, the Social Security system faced bankruptcy. The Carter Administration and the Congress enacted legislation ensuring the Social Security system's financial stability and making certain that each of the 35 million recipients received his or her monthly check without interruption. They also worked together to strengthen the benefits provided to\nSocial Security recipients. As a result of our actions:\n—Workers have been protected against inflation;\n—Minimum benefit payments have been reformed to protect low-paid, long-time participants;\n—A 3 percent increase in primary benefit amounts has been added;\n—The retirement test has been liberalized. Despite our efforts, much remains to be done if the elderly are to receive the respect and dignity they have earned. Elderly households have only half the income of younger households. For women, the annual median income of those over 65 is only $2,800. One out of seven persons over 65 lives in poverty. Three-quarters of all elderly unmarried, widowed, or divorced women live in poverty. Millions of elderly persons live in special fear of crime. Health care costs for the elderly are now three and a half times the level for younger people. Actual out-of-pocket health expenditures for the elderly today are greater in real dollars than when Medicare was enacted.\nIn the 1980s we must continue to work for a financially strong Social Security system. The levels and types of benefits, as well as rates and systems of financing, must be continually reviewed in light of current circumstances. Decisions affecting Social Security benefits should be measured by the standards of Social Security's goals, not by the program's impact on the federal budget.\nThe Democratic Party is responsible for the adjustments of Social Security benefits to keep pace with increases in the cost of living. We remain committed to ensuring that these adjustments continue. We oppose any caps on Social Security benefits. No change in the index which determines cost of living adjustments should be made for the purpose of achieving smaller adjustments than those granted under the current index.\nWe oppose efforts to raise the age at which Social Security benefits will be provided. Our Party seeks to protect and assist those most in need. We continue to be sensitive to the economic and physical plight of the older worker and the elderly. We therefore stand unalterably opposed to the taxation of any portion of Social Security benefits. Taxing Social Security benefits would mean real hardship for millions of retired Americans. If government needs to expand the tax base, additional taxation should be borne by those most able to pay.\nWhile these steps are critically important, they will not, standing alone, secure adequate income for the elderly women of this nation. To reach this goal, we must also move immediately to eliminate all the gender-based classifications in the Social Security system. We must consider the special needs of elderly women in future benefit increases. We must end the unfairness in the current system that penalizes two-worker families. We must devise a practical way for the Social Security system to recognize the contributions of homemakers, and thus ensure the resources they need to live in dignity in old age.\nFinally, the Democratic Party vehemently opposes all forms of age discrimination and commits itself to eliminating mandatory retirement. With the surety of a guillotine, mandatory retirement severs productive persons from their livelihood, shears their sense of self-worth, and squanders their talents.\nPensions\n\nOur nation's complex and uneven pension system is a continuing source of concern. To help address this important problem, President Carter created a Presidential Commission on Pension Policy, charged with developing recommendations to improve public and private, federal, state and local pension systems. We applaud this initiative. We must achieve an equitable pension system with improved benefit safeguards and adequate benefit levels.\nWe urge the Commission to give special attention to recommendations which address the discrimination and hardships imposed on women in pension plans. Problem areas include, pension rights in divorce proceedings, lack of pension benefits for survivors when a worker dies before retirement age, the rules for establishing Individual Retirement Accounts, the vesting rules and participation in pension plans.\nWe support strong programs of portability in teacher and other public employee retirement programs and private pension plans in order to offer employees involved in geographic employment moves the opportunity to continue retirement security.\nWelfare Reform\n\nThe nation's welfare system continues to be inequitable and archaic. The existing organization of our delivery system is chaotic. The roles of the federal, state, and local governments, and of the courts are scrambled, with each vying for power and control over delivery. This confusion lends credence to public outrage.\nStates and cities which make an honest effort to meet the welfare crisis find themselves in deepening fiscal difficulty. In the past few years, the federal share of welfare costs in many of these states has actually declined.\nThe fiscal crisis of welfare recipients has also deepened, since states and localities are unable or unwilling to adjust benefits to prevent inflation from robbing them of their worth.\nThe fiscal crisis for taxpayers continues, as states have little ability or incentive to reduce welfare error rates.\nIncentives continue that cause families to break apart and fathers to leave home so that children may survive. Disincentives continue for welfare families to seek work on their own; no regular method links welfare recipients to the work force.\nWe are at a crossroad in the delivery of welfare. Serious reform is necessary if the inequities are to be remedied and administration improved.\nThe various components must be reorganized and simplified, with each level of government performing those services most suited to its organizational structure, taking advantage of economies allowed by large-scale delivery where appropriate, and of customized services where they are required, always treating each person with fairness and equity.\nThe components of an effective human service delivery system are these.\nEmployment—We must require work or necessary training leading to work of every capable person, except for the elderly and those responsible for the care of small children. However, we cannot make this requirement effective unless we can assure employment first through the private sector and, if that is insufficient, through public employment. We must provide an income floor both for the working poor and the poor not in the labor market. We must adopt a simple schedule of work incentives that guarantees equitable levels of assistance to the working poor.\nThe training and job program must emphasize supported work programs, in which welfare recipients receive intensive training, personnel counseling and help in the job search. Such services can lead to large increases in job placement, lower government expenditures and more productive workers.\nIncome Transfer—For those persons who cannot work and who have no independent means of support, we must provide assistance in an integrated, humane, dignified, and simple manner. These problems are national in scope and require a unified, national response.\nSocial Services—As society becomes more complex and faster paced, people such as senior citizens, handicapped, children, families, and those who need protection are under greater pressure and find it more difficult to find the help they need. As these issues vary among communities, communities should take the lead in design and provision of these services.\nSocial services must continue to be developed and operated at the local level, close to the users, with knowledge of and sensitivity to both the particular problems of each case and the community's unique infrastructure, resources, and support networks.\nWe must develop a community-level system for coordinating existing public and voluntary programs that support the family and individual initiative, and develop programs to fill existing gaps in order to provide the variety and extent of social services appropriate for each locality.\nFood Stamps—Hunger is one of the most debilitating and urgently felt human needs. A government pledged to a fairer distribution of wealth, income, and power, and to holding as a guiding concern the needs and aspirations of all, must also be a government which seeks to alleviate the hunger that results from economic conditions or personal circumstances. Over the years, the Food Stamp Program, expanded and made more responsive by a Democratic Congress and Administration, has become the bulwark of this nation's efforts to relieve hunger among its citizens.\nThe only form of assistance which is available to all those in financial need—food stamps—provides an important cushion for poor people, including those whose incomes are temporarily disrupted by layoffs or regional unemployment, or whose age or physical handicap leaves them unable to work.\nAs state and local governments modify other benefit programs on which low-income people depend, the Food Stamp Program becomes increasingly important. We will continue to work toward full employment in recognition of the importance of self-support. Until that goal can be attained, and for those who cannot be self-supporting, we remain committed to our current policy of full funding for the Food Stamp Program.\nMedical Care—Provision of medical care for the poor remains essential. This is a critical part of the national health debate, and should be handled as such.\nThese reforms may require an additional investment, but they offer the prospect of stabilization of welfare costs over the long run, and the assurance that the objective of this expenditure will be accomplished.\nToward these goals, President Carter proposed welfare reform to the Congress in the form of the Work and Training Opportunities Act and the Social Welfare Reform Amendments Act. These two Acts would lift over two million people out of poverty by providing assistance to individuals and families to enable them to meet minimum income standards and by providing employment to those able to work. We must continue to work to ensure the passage of these two very important acts.\nAs a means of providing immediate federal fiscal relief to state and local governments, the federal government will assume the local government's burden of welfare costs. Further, there should be a phased reduction in the states' share of welfare costs in the immediate future.\nThe Democratic Party pledges in the immediate future to introduce legislation to accomplish these purposes in the next year.\nWelfare policies significantly affect families. Most persons receiving Aid to Families with Dependent Children, for example, are children or the mothers of young children. Many of these young mothers want to work. So, too, many others receiving welfare are well-suited to work and want to work. A companion to any effective welfare reform must be provision for adequate and available child care, so that parents can participate in training programs and in the work force.\nGovernment should not encourage the break-up of intact families. On the contrary, we must provide the help a family needs to survive a crisis together. In 1962, America took and action which has been one of the greatest contributors to family stability in the history of federal policy. For the first time, states were permitted to provide assistance to families with both parents, and still be eligible for general reimbursement. We reaffirm our support for the 1962 action and urge that states not providing assistance to unified families begin to do so. We must treat stable and broken families equally.\nThe thirty-day waiting period for placement on the welfare rolls poses serious problems for individuals and families in dire need of assistance. We support efforts to streamline processing of new welfare recipients which also attempt to address the problem of administrative errors. Simplified rules and better administration machinery would significantly improve the operation of the welfare system.\nWe strongly reject the Republican Platform proposal to transfer the responsibility for funding welfare costs entirely to the states. Such a proposal would not only worsen the fiscal situation of state and local governments, but would also lead to reduced benefits and services to those dependent on welfare programs. The Democratic policy is exactly the opposite—to provide greater assistance to state and local governments for their welfare costs and to improve benefits and services for those dependent on welfare.\nLow Income Energy Assistance\n\nOur citizens see their family budgets stretched to the breaking point by an explosion of energy costs, while the profits of oil companies multiply to record levels. Last year's 120 percent increase in energy prices by OPEC led to a drastic decrease in the ability of needy families to pay for other necessities of life. The recently enacted low income energy assistance legislation is helping, but it is providing only $1 of help for every $4 in increased costs that have been imposed upon the poor. Significant expansion in this program is urgently needed, and we support such action as a major priority of our Party.\nVeterans\n\nThis Administration has worked to strengthen the federal government's commitment to our nation's veterans. The Veterans Administration has been given Cabinet-level participation. There have been three consecutive annual increases in VA compensation. The Veterans' and Survivors' Pension Improvement Act has assured veterans of and adequate minimum income. A treatment and rehabilitation program has been established for veterans with alcohol and drug-dependency disabilities. G.I. educational benefits have been considerably expanded. Unemployment among Vietnam veterans has been reduced. Veterans' health care has been improved. A process has been initiated for veterans to upgrade less than honorable discharges from the Vietnam War era.\nDuring the 1980s, we must commit ourselves to:\n—Equal opportunity and full voluntary participation in the military regardless of sex. We oppose quotas and/or percentages, rules, policies and practices which restrict or bar women from equal access to educational training and employment training and employment benefits which accrue during and after military service.\n—Continue improving education and training benefits and opportunities for veterans, especially those who are economically or educationally disadvantaged and those who are disabled.\n—Initiate and complete comprehensive epidemiological studies on veterans exposed to certain defoliants used during the Vietnam War as well as on veterans or civilians exposed to above-ground nuclear explosion. We then must establish appropriate and sensitive VA health care programs for those determined to have suffered from such exposure or service.\n—Complete promptly the current Cabinet-level study on Agent Orange.\n—Strive to maintain and improve quality health care in an independent VA health care system.\n—Continue priority care to veterans with service-connected disabilities and seek ways of improving and developing special treatment for the ever-increasing aging veterans population, including burial benefit programs sensitive to the needs of veterans and their families in rural areas.\n—Provide authority for the construction of a memorial in the nation's capital to those who died in service to their country in Southeast Asia.\nEducation\n\nPerhaps the single most important factor in spurring productivity in our society is a skilled work force. We must begin to think of federal expenditures as capital investments, favoring those which are productive and which reduce future costs. In this context, education must be one of our highest priorities. Education is also the indispensable prerequisite for effective democracy. As Daniel Webster said, \"On the diffusion of education among people rests the preservation and perpetuation of free institutions.\"\nThe Democratic Party is strongly committed to education as the best hope for America's future. We applaud the leadership taken by a Democratic President and a Democratic Congress in strengthening federal programs for education.\nIn the past four years:\n—Federal aid to education has increased by 73 percent—the greatest income increase in such a short period in our history.\n—Strong financial and administrative support has been provided for programs that enhance educational opportunities for women, minorities, American Indians and other native Americans, the handicapped, and students with lingered English-speaking ability and other special needs;\n—The Middle Income Student Assistance Act was adopted, expanding eligibility for need-based student financial aid to approximately one-third of the students enrolled in post-secondary education;\n—A number of legislative, regulatory and other administrative actions were taken to enhance benefits received by private school children from federal education programs; and\n—A new Department of Education was created to give education a stronger, more direct voice at the federal level, while at the same time reserving control over educational policy-making and operations to states, localities, and public and private institutions.\nOver the next four years, we pledge to continue our strong commitment to education. We will continue to support the Department of Education and assist in its all-important educational enterprise that involves three out of ten Americans.\nIn this regard, we endorse the language of the legislation which emphasized the intent of Congress \"to protect the rights of state and local governments and public and private institutions in the areas of educational policies and administration of programs....\"\nIt is now a decade and a half since the passage—by a Democratic Congress at the behest of a Democratic Administration—of the landmark Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965. At the time, there were sound and compelling reasons to undergird all federal aid to education with specific purposes. The specific purposes remain compelling and the specific programs addressed to them must be maintained.\nFederal aid to education plays a significant role in guaranteeing that jurisdictions of differing financial capacity can spend equal amounts on schooling. We favor a steady increase in federal support with an emphasis on reducing inter- and intra-state disparities in ability to support quality education. The federal government and the states should be encouraged to equalize or take over educational expenses, relieving the overburdened property taxpayer.\nThe Democratic Party renews its commitment to eliminating discrimination in education because of sex and demands full and expeditious enforcement of Title IX of the 1972 education amendments.\nThe Democratic Party strongly urges that the federal government be sensitive to mandating state and local programs without adequate provision for funding. Such mandates force the state and/or local governments to increase taxes to fund such required programs.\nEqual educational opportunity is at the heart of the Democratic program for education. Equality of opportunity must sometimes translate to compensatory efforts. For the disadvantaged, the handicapped, those with limited English language skills, American Indians/Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians, and other minorities, compensatory programs require concentrated federal spending.\nThe Democratic Administration and Congress have supported a comprehensive program of compensatory education and have expanded it to include secondary education. We will continue to target categorical assistance to low income and low achieving students.\nWe reaffirm our strong support for Title I concentration grants for remedial instruction for low income students. The Democratic Party pledges to achieve full funding of concentration grants under Title I and to expand the Headstart and Follow-through programs.\nThe Democratic Party will continue to advocate quality education in the Bureau of Indian Affairs and in tribally contracted schools to meet American Indian educational needs. The Democratic Party opposes the closing of schools serving American Indians and Alaska Natives without consultation with the tribes involved.\nThe Democratic Party recognizes the need to maintain quality education for children in school districts affected by federal activities and installations. We therefore will continue to be sensitive to the financial problems of these school districts.\nSchool desegregation is an important tool in the effort to give all children equal educational opportunity. The Democratic Party continues to support programs aimed at achieving communities integrated both in terms of race and economic class through constitutional means. We encourage redrawing of attendance lines, pairing of schools, utilizing the \"magnet school concept\" as much as possible, and enforcing fair housing standards. Mandatory transportation of students beyond their neighborhoods for the purpose of desegregation remains a judicial tool of last resort.\nWe call for strict compliance with civil rights requirements in hiring and promotion in school systems.\nWe support an effective bilingual program to reach all limited-English-proficiency people who need such assistance.\nThe Democratic Party supports efforts to broaden students' knowledge and appreciation of other cultures, languages and countries.\nWe also support vocational and technical education through increased support for teacher training, personnel development, and upgrading and modernizing equipment and facilities to provide the skill and technical training to meet the workforce needs for business, industry, and government services. Increased emphasis on basic skills is essential to the success of vocational and technical training. Vocational and technical education is a viable tool for establishing people in their own business through entrepreneurship programs. Vocational and technical education contributes to the economic development and productivity of our nation by offering every person an opportunity to develop a marketable skill.\nThe Party reaffirms its support of public school education and would not support any program or legislation that would create or promote economic, sociological or racial segregation. Our primary purpose in assisting elemental, and secondary education must be to assure a quality public school system for all students.\nPrivate schools, particularly parochial schools, are also an important part of our diverse educational system. The Party accepts its commitment to the support of a constitutionally acceptable method of providing tax aid for the education of all pupils in schools which do not racially discriminate, and excluding so-called segregation academies. Specifically, the Party will continue to advocate constitutionally permissible federal education legislation which provides for the equitable participation in federal programs of all low and moderate income pupils.\nThe Democratic Party reaffirms its commitment to the concept and promise that every handicapped child should have a full and appropriate public education in the least restrictive environment. To assure the best placement and program for handicapped students, we support maximum involvement of the regular classroom teacher in placement planning for handicapped students with assurance of barrier-free access. We further support increasing the federal share of the costs of education for the handicapped.\nWe applaud the actions taken by the government in strengthening federal programs for higher education. The nation must continue to ensure that our colleges and universities can provide quality higher education in the coming period of declining enrollment and rising operating costs.\nWe are especially interested in extending post-secondary opportunities to students from low and middle income families, older students, and minorities. We believe that no able student should be denied a college education for reasons of cost.\nThe Democratic Party is committed to a federal scholarship program adequate to meet the needs of all the underprivileged who could benefit from a college education. When those who are qualified for post-secondary education cannot afford to enter college, the nation ignores talent we cannot afford to lose. Basic Education Opportunity Grants, which offer both actress to a college education and the choice of a college, must continue to be strengthened and should be funded at full payment schedule.\nLikewise, campus-based programs of aid must be supported. With a coordinated and reliable system of grants, loans and work study, we can relieve the crisis in costs that could close all but the affluent colleges and universities.\nSince entry to institutions of higher learning is dependent upon a student's score on a standardized test, we support testing legislation which will assure that students will receive sufficient information relative to their performance on the test to determine their strengths and weaknesses on the tests.\nOur institutions of higher education deserve both public and private backing. The Party supports the continuation of tax deductions for charitable gifts, recognizing that such gifts represent the margin of excellence in higher education and foster scholarly independence within our institutions of higher learning.\nThe Democratic Party commits itself to the strengthening of graduate education and the support of basic and applied research. Graduate education, scholarship and research are of immense importance to the nation's economic and cultural development. Universities conduct most of the nation's basic research. Their graduate and research programs are the training grounds for the research personnel and professionals who discover knowledge and translate that knowledge into action.\nThe federal role is critical to the quality of these endeavors. We reaffirm the federal responsibility for stable support of knowledge production and development of highly trained personnel in all areas of fundamental scientific and intellectual knowledge to meet social needs.\nHigh priority should be assigned to strengthening the national structure for graduate education, scholarship and research and ensuring that the most talented students, especially women and minorities, can gain access to these programs.\nHistorically Black colleges and universities have played a pivotal role in educating minority students. The Democratic Party affirms its commitment to ensuring the financial viability and independence of these worthy institutions and supports expanded funding for Black institutions. The Democratic Party pledges to work vigorously for significant increases in programs which have traditionally provided funding for historically Black colleges and universities. Particular attention should be given to substantially increasing the share of funding Black colleges receive. We will substantially increase the level of participation of Black colleges in all federal programs for which they are eligible. In addition, we urge the establishment of an office within the Office of the Secretary of Education to ensure full executive implementation of the President's Black college directive. Similarly, colleges serving Hispanic, American Indian/Alaska Native, and Asian/Pacific Islander students should receive equal consideration in federal policies affecting their survival.\nFinally, educational quality should be strengthened through adequate support for libraries, federal leadership in educational research and development, and improved teacher training.\nThe Democratic Party further urges the federal government to take into account the geographical barriers to access to educational and library materials which particularly affect the non-contiguous territories of the United States. A study should be conducted to review the possibility of sending airmail, at surface mail rates, said materials to and from the mainland U.S. and the non-contiguous territories of the U.S.\nThe Party believes that improved teacher in-service training, building upon the successful \"Teacher Center Model\" implemented under this Administration, could contribute substantially to educational quality. We support the establishment of federally funded teacher centers in every state and will work toward a steady increase in the number of teachers served. Teacher centers should address such issues as bilingual, multi-cultural, non-racist, and non-sexist curricula.\nThe Party continues to support adult education and training to upgrade basic skills.\nWe propose federally financed family-centered developmental and educational child care programs available to all who need and desire them.\nWe support efforts to provide for the basic nutritional needs of students. We support the availability of nutritious school breakfast, milk and lunch programs. Students who are hungry or malnourished can experience serious learning difficulties. The Democratic Party affirms its commitment to restore fair eligibility requirements for this program and to set fees at a level which does not unfairly deny students the ability to participate.\nThe Democratic Party recognizes the importance of family and community involvement in public schools, and the impact their involvement can have on the quality of a child's educational environment. We support initiatives that will encourage parents and all members of the community to take an active interest in the educational future of our children.\nChild Care\n\nWhile the American family structure has changed radically in recent years, the family remains the key unit of our society. When the needs of families and children are ignored the nation as a whole ultimately suffers. It is not only morally right, but also far less expensive, for government to assist children in growing up whole, strong and able, than to pay the bill later for children and adults with health, social and educational problems. Government cannot and should not attempt to displace the responsibilities of the family; to the contrary, the challenge is to formulate policies which will strengthen the family.\nThe Democratic Party shall seek vigorously to enact an adequately funded, comprehensive quality child-care program based upon a national commitment to meet the health, safety, and educational needs of all children. Such a program shall provide for alternative low-cost child care arrangements so that parents may decide what is in the best interests of their children. To ensure the availability of choices, the Child Care Tax Credit shall be revised to benefit low and moderate income families. National policies shall ensure the availability of child care services for all parents. Our programs shall also address themselves vigorously to the issues of flex-time work programs, job sharing, and incentives for child care in private industry, in recognition of the social responsibilities of all citizens to children and their parents as the guardians of our future.\nJuvenile Justice\n\nJuvenile delinquency and other problems of young people, like truancy and running away, are often manifestations of serious problems in other areas—family, school, employment, or emotional disturbance. We are committed to maintaining and strengthening the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 and the Runaway Youth Act to help deal with these problems. In particular, we reaffirm our commitment to ending unnecessary institutionalization of young people who have not committed serious crimes and strengthening preventive efforts and other services at the community level to help young people and their families in the sometimes difficult transition to adulthood. Equally important, we are committed to continuing reform in the juvenile courts to assure right of due process and adequate counsel to young people who become enmeshed in the juvenile justice system.\nWe must continue and strengthen efforts at prison reform to upgrade the safety of our penal institutions. Our penal institutions enhance rehabilitation to offenders, and lower the recidivism level.\nFamilies\n\nThe Democratic Party supports efforts to make federal programs more sensitive to the needs of the family, in all its diverse forms.\nHousing\n\nSince 1976, the Administration's efforts in the area of housing have concentrated on achieving an adequate housing supply. From 1977-1979, housing starts increased substantially over the level of the prior Republican Administration. Additionally, increased emphasis has been placed on saving our existing housing stock through rehabilitation.\nBut the momentum to increase the housing supply for the 1980s has been threatened by the high rate of inflation. The downturn in economic activity during the first half of 1980 has created a period of severe difficulty for the housing industry and for those Americans in need of housing. These circumstances make it imperative that the Democratic Party redouble its efforts to meet the goal of a decent home in a suitable environment for every citizen. It is essential that we expand the construction and availability of affordable housing in order to match the growing needs of Americans during the 1980s and to help stabilize housing costs.\nHousing shortages and deterioration, and the need for economic development, are among the most critical problems facing local government today.\nThrough a patchwork of programs and tax incentives developed over the past fifty years, this nation is now spending between $25 and $30 billion each year on housing and economic development. These funds must be redirected in a cogent manner, to provide a comprehensive response to the housing problem. This effort should be pressed forward with the same national will that put a man on the moon, and will be a major step toward the revitalization of our local economies.\nDuring the 1980s, we must work to meet the nation's need for available, affordable housing by:\n—Achieving steady, high levels of production;\n—Continuing progress toward a non-inflationary environment with lower interest rates;\n—Pursuing monetary and credit policies which are especially sensitive to the needs of the housing and construction industries in order to help provide jobs;\n—Continuing progress toward eliminating sub-standard housing and meeting the housing needs of this nation's low and moderate income families, the elderly, and the handicapped, including a substantial increase in the authorization for public housing and Section 8 rental housing assistance;\n—Expanding the coverage of the Fair Housing laws to prohibit discrimination against single parents or single persons;\n—Ensuring that federal housing projects meet the needs of single-parent families;\n—Strengthening our efforts to provide higher levels of multi-family housing production to meet the rental housing needs of the postwar generation in the 1980s;\n—Continuing the development and expansion of new financial instruments designed to attract increased capital to the housing sector throughout the interest rate cycle;\n—Continuing to improve the efficiency and management of our housing programs;\n—Continuing support for efforts to improve our housing codes;\n—Expanding urban homestead and rehabilitation programs which will preserve neighborhoods in our cities for the people who live there;\n—Financing moderate income housing at below-market interest rates;\n—Adopting condominium conversion policies which protect tenants, particularly the elderly, against unfair and unreasonable conversion practices; and\n—Assisting cities, counties, and states which have effective programs to combat the growing and dangerous problem of housing abandonment.\nTransportation\n\nSince 1977, the Carter Administration has worked closely with the Congress to improve all the transportation modes so essential to our nation. These efforts have resulted in the elimination of unnecessary regulations, the expansion of the federal commitment to mass transit, and the savings of billions of dollars for consumers. In the 1980s we must continue our efforts in the same direction.\nThe Democratic Party commits itself to a balanced, competitive transportation system for the efficient movement of people and goods.\nThe trucking industry must be deregulated, and legislation to do that is now in place. This legislation would open entry to new truckers, lift restrictions on the goods truckers may haul and the routes they may use, promote vigorous price competition, reduce regulatory delays and improve road safety.\nTo improve their long-term viability, we must give railroads more flexibility in setting rates, without burdening excessively shippers dependent on rail service. Congress is now progressing on comprehensive legislation in this area. We expect regulatory reform of the railroad industry to speed the elimination of wasteful regulations and improve the facilities and equipment of railroads.\nCoal is a centerpiece of our nation's energy policy. We are concerned about the cost of transporting coal to its markets, particularly the cost of rail transportation. Within the context of regulatory reform, we must therefore be especially sensitive to the effects of railroad rates on coal. A healthy rail industry is of critical importance to our economy and our society.\nWe must ensure, through such efforts as completion of high-speed rail passenger service in the Northeast Corridor, that railroads are an efficient means for personal travel. The decline in the nation's railroad system must be reversed. Tracks must be rehabilitated, equipment modernized and maintenance improved if the nation is to have a rail system that adequately meets the needs of passengers and shippers. We must ensure that flexibility in setting rates does not become a license either for anti-competitive pricing at the expense of consumers, or for anti-competitive mergers that create or maintain inordinate market power at the expense of consumers.\nThe vital artery of urban America is mass transit. It saves energy by providing fuel-efficient alternatives to the automobile. For the poor, the elderly, the disabled, and many other city dwellers, there is no other transportation. If they are to travel at all, to go to work or to shop, they must rely on mass transit. Mass transit serves them, as well as the employers for whom they work and the businesses where they shop. It aids all of us, by unclogging our cities, cleansing our air, and increasing the economic health of our urban areas.\nThe Democratic Party pledges to strengthen the nation's mass transit systems. Federal funds must be provided for maintenance and repair of deteriorating systems, and for new equipment purchases for growing systems. Federal aid formulae should be amended to give greater weight to ridership in the allocation of dollars. Reasonable operating subsidies must be provided to help subsidize rider fares.\nMass transit is a high priority in our national transportation policy. We pledge support for significant increases in capital and operating subsidies for mass transit to enhance the reliability, safety, and affordability of existing and expanding systems.\nThe auto industry and its workers must be assisted during this difficult time. We are committed to an intensive review of the automobile industry's fundamental problems, and to prompt, effective action to help ameliorate those problems. We are also committed to a strong trade adjustment program to help currently unemployed auto workers.\nTo meet the needs of international commerce and national security, this nation must have a strong, competitive and efficient American-flag ocean transportation system. In recent years, there has been a significant reduction in the ability of our merchant marine to compete for the carriage of world commerce because of economic policies pursued by other nations. Action must be taken to revitalize our merchant marine.\nTo achieve this objective, we must develop a coherent, consistent, and responsive maritime policy which will encourage the development and maintenance of an American-flag ocean transportation system, staffed with trained and efficient American personnel, and capable of carrying a substantial portion of our international trade in a competitive and efficient manner. Our maritime policy must also lead to the development and maintenance of a domestic shipbuilding and ship repair mobilization base adequate to satisfy the commercial and national security, requirements of the United States. Furthermore, we pledge continued commitment to the Merchant Marine Act of 1970 and greater utilization of the private merchant marine by the Navy for its support functions.\nUrban Policy\n\nDuring the campaign of 1975—1976, our nation's great cities and urban counties were mired in a depression. Unemployment was well above 10 percent in many cities and counties; private sector investment and jobs were leaving the great urban centers; poverty and other serious social problems were left unattended; a severe budget squeeze was causing layoffs and cutbacks in essential city services; and the public works of our cities had been allowed to decay. The nation's mayors spent a portion of the year urging Congress to override the Republican Administration's veto of vitally important anti-recession programs. Most seriously, the leadership and citizens of our great urban centers had lost the hope that the future would be better.\nUpon taking office, the Democratic Administration responded to these conditions immediately with an $11 billion anti-recession package and, one year later, with the nation's first comprehensive urban policy. The urban policy was the product of a unique effort which actively involved the elected officials of state and local government, representatives of labor, neighborhood organizations, civil rights groups and the members of Congress.\nThese deliberations produced a blueprint to guide federal action toward cities. The Democratic Administration, in partnership with the Democratic Congress, has moved aggressively to implement parts of the urban policy. Some of these programs have already begun to contribute to the revitalization of the nation's older cities and to assure the continued health of the nation's growing cities. For example, the urban policy has:\n—Created the Urban Development Action Grant (UDAG) Program to encourage private investment and jobs to locate or remain in our nation's major cities. UDAG, which is funded at $675 million annually, has already leveraged more than $7 billion of private investment and created more than 200,000 permanent jobs;\n—Targeted federal government procurement, facilities and jobs to the high unemployment central cities;\n—Increased funding for the Community Development Block Grant program by more than 30 percent and proposed a formula change that provides substantial new aid to the older, more distressed cities and urban counties; and\n—Proposed a massive increase in the urban development programs of the Economic Development Administration.\nAlthough many gains have been made, we recognize that a great deal more remains to be done. This is especially true in those cities which have borne the brunt of the current recession. We recognize that no urban policy can completely succeed in a period of high inflation and deepening recession.\nIn this platform, the Democratic Party dedicates itself to the strength and survival of urban America. We are committed to developing imaginative, compassionate steps to deal with the causes and effects of rising unemployment, to make our cities fiscally strong, to provide jobs and economic growth, to preserve neighborhoods and communities and to meet the basic human needs of urban residents.\nOur policies must include the following features:\n—A strong jobs policy which supports productive employment of people in the public sector and encourages employment in the private sector by attracting and strengthening business in the cities.\nThis jobs policy—and the need to guarantee a job for every American who is able to work—is our single highest domestic priority, and will take precedence over all other domestic priorities.\n—Public works programs which help rebuild our cities' infrastructure and which provide the unemployed with the opportunity to rebuild their own neighborhoods;\n—Incentives for energy conservation by residents, business and industry in urban areas including incentives to convert oil facilities to coal and the construction of new coal-fired replacement plants;\n—Increased education and training programs with special attention to employment of youth, women, and minorities and to training people for private sector jobs;\n—National economic policies intended to maintain growth in our economy and reduce the inflation rate, thereby easing the fiscal burden on cities and their residents;\n—Prompt enactment of the Carter Administration's proposal to expand the economic development initiative programs of the Department of Commerce. When fully implemented, this initiative will provide more than $1 billion in new loan guarantees to our urban centers and will double the amount of economic development grants available;\n—Prompt enactment of the Administration's five-year extension of the local government revenue sharing program, including a $500 million transitional aid program for the areas most in need;\n—A serious examination of the urban impact of the federal tax code, to ensure that businesses have substantial incentives to invest in our nation's neediest locales; and\n—Renewed efforts to consolidate existing grants-in-aid programs in order to provide state and local governments with the flexibility to use these programs efficiently.\nIn the last analysis, we must recognize that America's cities are centers of people with needs...needs for jobs, decent housing and health care, affordable mass transit, quality education and streets where they can walk in safety. Each is a crucial part of any effective urban program. The Democratic Party is committed to placing the highest priority in our budgets and our programs on meeting these needs of city-dwellers.\nNeighborhoods\n\nFrom the beginning of the Carter Administration, the government has worked to revitalize neighborhoods and to make them a central component of urban life. As a result of these efforts, the federal government now has a strong neighborhoods policy.\nDuring the 1980s we must continue to strengthen neighborhoods by:\n—Making neighborhood organizations partners with government and private sectors in neighborhood revitalization projects;\n—Continuing to make neighborhood concerns a major element of our urban policy;\n—Developing urban revitalization programs that can be achieved without displacing neighborhood residents; and\n—Continuing to reduce discriminatory redlining practices in the mortgage and insurance industries.\nSmall Community and Rural Development\n\nThis Democratic Administration instituted the nation's first comprehensive small community and rural development policy. This policy establishes specific goals, directs numerous organizational and management changes, and initiates an extensive program of action to improve the quality of life for all rural Americans including American Indians/Alaska Natives, rural Hispanics, rural Blacks, and other minorities. Its principles emphasize the need for a strong partnership between the public and private sectors and among all levels of government. Recognizing rural America's great diversity and the limits of the federal role, the Administration's policy invites the nation's governors to establish rural affairs councils to define state rural development strategies and to advance federal-state coordination in addressing priority needs.\nSince assuming office in 1977, the Democratic Administration has acted to increase rural access to credit and capital, expand job opportunities, alleviate persistent rural poverty, rehabilitate substandard housing, address the shortage of health professionals in rural areas, improve the mobility of the rural transportation disadvantaged, and enhance educational and training opportunities for disadvantaged rural youth. For example, we have:\n—Addressed the problem of substandard housing through substantial increases in rural housing and community development assistance, and through revisions in minimum property standards to permit housing construction which is less expensive and better suited to rural conditions.\n—Improved rural access to credit and capital by tripling the economic development resources of the Farmers Home Administration.\n—Alleviated rural unemployment by doubling Department of Labor employment and training assistance to rural areas.\n—Addressed the shortage of doctors and other health professionals in rural areas through the Rural Health Clinic Services Act and a special initiative to construct 300 rural primary care health clinics by the end of 1981 in medically underserved areas.\nFor the future, we must move aggressively to address long-standing rural problems and to implement fully the Administration's small community and rural development policy, with emphasis on:\n—Synthesizing efforts to improve the quality of life for American Indians/Alaska Natives. We must provide incentives for the development of an economic base that will improve the quality of life on reservations;\n—Ensuring that federal programs are administered in ways which encourage local solutions to local problems; target assistance to communities and individuals most in need; make federal investments in ways that leverage private sector investments and complement local and tribal investments; and make federal programs more accessible to rural jurisdiction, better adapted to rural circumstances and needs, and better coordinated in their administration and delivery;\n—Promoting rural energy self-sufficiency through improved rural transit and the application of alternative energy technologies on farms and in our rural homes and communities;\n—Passing satisfactory welfare reform legislation, with special attention to the needs of the rural disadvantaged;\n—Protecting prime agricultural land as rural populations and the rural economy continue to grow;\n—Continuing to upgrade substandard rural housing to make it safe, decent, and sanitary;\n—Giving full attention to the health, education, and other basic needs of rural citizens, especially the young, the old, and the poor; and\n—Providing low cost electric and telephone services to rural areas through the Rural Electrification Administration and the hundreds of rural cooperatives that provide these services.\nScience and Technology\n\nThe Nixon-Ford Administration permitted serious decline in the state of science and technology in our country.\nThere had been a decade of erosion of federal support of research and development. The funding of basic research in particular was far below its peak level of the mid-1960s.\nScience and technology advice had been seriously downgraded and removed from the White House, until pressures from the science and engineering community had it restored through an act of Congress.\nThe previous decline in support had affected opportunities in science and engineering. It had resulted in the inadequate replacement of facilities and instrumentation and their growing obsolescence in the face of new scientific advances and needs.\nNot only the work of our academic research centers, but also our technological innovation and economic competitiveness were impaired by this erosion of federal support.\nTo counter these conditions and help revitalize the country's science and technology, the Carter Administration, working with Congress has taken a number of steps. The Office of Science and Technology Policy has been strengthened and upgraded. Growth has been restored in the budgets for federal research and development activities. Basic biomedical research has been strengthened to increase our fundamental knowledge of health and disease.\nThese are just a few of the innovations that have been made. Our scientific and technological agenda remains unfinished. The 1980s offer great promise. During the next four years, we will work to:\n—Continue to strengthen our science and technology and provide for continuity and stability of support to research and development;\n—Continue to monitor the flow of talent into science and engineering and provide the appropriate training and opportunities to ensure an adequate number of well-trained scientists and engineers in the coming years, with particular emphasis on women and minorities;\n—Pay continued attention to the support of research facilities to make certain they remain among the best in the world;\n—Successfully launch the Space Shuttle, take advantage of the many opportunities it offers to make space activities more economic and productive, and release new resources for the future scientific exploration of space; and\n—Expand our programs of cooperation in science and technology with all nations who seek development and a stable, peaceful world.\nIn sum, we must continue to expand our scientific and technological capabilities and apply them to the needs of people everywhere.\nThe Arts and the Humanities\n\nThe arts and humanities are a precious national resource.\nFederal commitment to the arts and humanities has been strengthened since 1977 by expanding government funding and services to arts institutions, individual artists, scholars, and teachers. The budgets for the National Endowment for the Arts and the National Endowment for the Humanities have increased substantially. The Federal Council on the Arts and Humanities has been reactivated. Policies of the Carter Administration have fostered high standards of creativity across our nation. The Administration has encouraged the arts and humanities through appropriate federal programs for the citizens of our smallest communities, as well as those of our largest cities. During the 1980s, the Party is committed to:\n—Continuing federal encouragement and support for institutions relating to the arts and to learning in the humanities;\n—Encouraging business participation in a comprehensive effort to achieve a truly mixed economy of support for the arts and humanities by individuals, foundations, corporations and governments at every level;\n—Exploring a variety of mechanisms to nurture the creative talent of our citizens and build audiences for their work;\n—Supporting strong, active National Endowments both for the Arts and the Humanities, and strengthening the Public Broadcasting System; and\n—Seeking greater recognition for the rich cultural tradition of the nation's minorities. We will work to meet the cultural needs of minorities, encourage their greater participation in the performing arts on a national level, and provide grants for the arts in low-income neighborhoods.\nEnsuring Basic Rights and Liberties\n\nEqual Rights Amendment\n\nThe Democratic Party recognizes that every issue of importance to this nation and its future concerns women as well as men. As workers and consumers, as parents and heads of households, women are vitally concerned with the economy, energy, foreign policy, and every other issue addressed in this platform. The concerns of women cannot be limited to a portion of the platform; they must be reflected in every section of our Party's policy.\nThem is, however, a particular concern of women which deserves special emphasis—their entitlement to full equality in our society.\nWomen are a majority of the population. Yet their equality is not recognized in the Constitution or enforced as the law of the land. The choices faced by women—such as whether to seek employment or work at home, what career or profession to enter, and how to combine employment and family responsibilities—continue to be circumscribe by stereotypes and prejudices. Minority women face the dual discrimination of racism and sexism.\nIn the 1980s, the Democratic Party commits itself to a Constitution, economy, and society open to women on an equal basis with men.\nThe primary route to that new horizon is fabrication of the Equal Rights Amendment. A Democratic Congress, working with women's leaders, labor, civil and religious organizations, first enacted ERA in Congress and later extended the deadline for ratification. Now, the Democratic Party must ensure that ERA at last becomes the 27th Amendment to the Constitution. We oppose efforts to rescind ERA in states which have already ratified the amendment, and we shall insist that at past recessions are invalid.\nIn view of the high priority which the Democratic Party places on ratification of the ERA, the Democratic National Committee renews its commitment not to hold national or multi-state meetings, conferences, or conventions in states which have not yet ratified the ERA. The Democratic Party shall withhold financial support and technical campaign assistance from candidates who do not support the ERA. The Democratic Party further urges all national organizations to support the boycott of the unratified states by not holding national meetings, conferences, or conventions in those states.\nFurthermore, the Democratic Party shall seek to eliminate sex-based discrimination and inequities from all aspects of our society.\nCivil Rights\n\nThe Democratic Party firmly commits itself to protect the civil fights of every citizen and to pursue justice and equal treatment under the law for all citizens.\nIn the 1960s, enormous progress was made in authorizing civil rights for all our citizens. In many areas, the promises of the civil rights efforts of the 1960s have been met, but much more remains to be done.\nAn effective affirmative action program is an essential component of our commitment to expanding civil rights protections. The federal government must be a model for private employers, making special efforts in recruitment, training, and promotion to aid minority Americans in overcoming both the historic patterns and the historic burdens of discrimination.\nWe call on the public and private sectors to live up to and enforce all civil rights laws and regulations, i.e., Equal Employment Opportunity Programs, Title VI and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, the Fair Housing Laws, and affirmative action requirements.\nWe advocate strengthening the Office of Civil Rights in the Department of Education and in the Department of Health and Human Resources.\nWe oppose efforts to undermine the Supreme Court's historic mandate of school desegregation, and we support affirmative action goals to overturn patterns of discrimination in education and employment.\nEthnic, racial and other minorities continue to be victims of police abuse, persistent harassment and excessive use of force. In 1979, the Community Relations Service of the Department of Justice noted that \"alleged use of deadly force by police and the reaction of minorities was a major force of racial unrest in the nation in 1978.\" In response to this finding:\n—We call for the Department of Justice's Civil Rights Division to develop uniform federal guidelines and penalties for the use of undue force by local law enforcement agencies;\n—We call for the Department of Justice's Civil Rights Division to establish civil rights units at appropriate U.S. Attorneys' offices; and\n—We call on the Department of Justice to move concurrently with federal prosecutors so that if a failure to obtain conviction takes place at the state or local level, federal prosecution can occur swiftly.\nThe Democratic Party strongly condemns the Ku Klux Klan and the American Nazi Party. We pledge vigorous federal prosecution of actions by the Klan and American Nazi Party that violate federal law, including the creation of such laws in jurisdictions where they do not exist. We further condemn those acts, symbols, and rituals. including cross-burnings, associated with anti-civil rights activities. We urge every state and local government to pursue vigorous prosecution of actions by the Klan and Nazi party that violate state or local law.\nThe Democratic Party asserts that the Immigration and Naturalization Service, in enforcing the immigration laws, must recognize its obligation to respect fully the human and constitutional rights of all within our borders. Such respect must include an end to practices affecting Hispanic, Caribbean, and Asian/Pacific American communities such as \"neighborhood sweeps\" and stop and search procedures which are discriminatory or without probable cause.\nOur commitment to civil rights embraces not only a commitment to legal equality, but a commitment to economic justice as well. It embraces a recognition of the right of every citizen—Black and Hispanic, American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian/Pacific Americans, and the majority who are women—to a fair share in our economy. When that opportunity is denied, and the promise of social justice is unfulfilled, the risks of tension and disorder in our cities are increased. The Democratic Party condemns violence and civil disorder wherever they occur. But, we also pledge to attack the underlying injustices that contribute to such violence so that no person need feel condemned to a life of poverty and despair.\nThe Democratic record provides a solid basis for future progress. There should be little doubt that virtually no progress would occur under a Republican Administration. Over the next four years, our Party must strengthen and improve what has already been accomplished.\nBoth the ERA and District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendments to the Constitution must be ratified and our full commitment must be given to those efforts.\nThe Fair Housing Act must be amended to give the Department of Housing and Urban Development greater enforcement ability, including cease and desist authority.\nThe Equal Pay and the Age Discrimination Acts must be strongly and effectively enforced by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.\nTo end discrimination against language minorities, we must enforce vigorously the amendments to the Voting Rights Act of 1975 to assist Hispanic citizens. We must recognize the value of cultural diversity in education, expand bilingual facilities, and guarantee full protection of the civil and human rights of all workers.\nWe must affirm the dignity. of all people and the right of each individual to have equal access to and participation in the institutions and services of our society.. All groups must be protected from discrimination based on race, color, religion, national origin, language, age, sex or sexual orientation. This includes specifically the right of foreign citizens to enter this country. Appropriate legislative and administrative actions to achieve these goals should be undertaken.\nWe are concerned about the opportunity for minorities to be adequately represented on trial juries if the trend toward smaller juries continues. Efforts must be initiated to correct this possible underrepresentation.\nCivil Liberties\n\nThe Democratic Party has been actively committed to protecting fundamental civil liberties. Toward that end, over the past four years, the Carter Administration and the Democratic Congress have enacted legislation to control the use of wiretaps by the government in the pursuit of foreign intelligence; developed the government's first comprehensive program to protect privacy; and worked to enact a criminal code which scrupulously protects civil liberties.\nAs we enter the 1980s, we must enact grand jury reform; revise the Uniform Code of Military Justice; enact charters for the FBI and the intelligence agencies which recognize vital civil liberty concerns while enabling those agencies to perform their important national security tasks; shape legislation to overturn the Supreme Court Stanford Daily decision; and enact a criminal code which meets the very real concerns about protecting civil liberties, and which does not interfere with existing workers' rights.\nWe call for passage of legislation to charter the purposes, prerogatives, and restraints on the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Central Intelligence Agency, and other intelligence agencies of government with full protection for the civil rights and liberties of American citizens living at home or abroad. Under no circumstances should American citizens be investigated because of their beliefs.\nWe support the concept that no employee should be discharged without just cause.\nPrivacy\n\nSocial and technological changes are threatening our citizens' privacy. To meet this challenge, the Carter Administration has developed the first comprehensive: privacy policy. Under this policy, administrative action has been taken to cut the number of federal files on individuals and legislation has been passed to protect the privacy of telephone conversations and bank accounts.\nIn the 1980s we must complete this privacy agenda. Broad legislation must be enacted to protect financial, insurance, medical, and research records. We must have these safeguards to preserve a healthy balance between efficiency and privacy.\nThe Democratic Party recognizes reproductive freedom as a fundamental human right. We therefore oppose government interference in the reproductive decisions of Americans, especially those government programs or legislative restrictions that deny poor Americans their fight to privacy by funding or advocating one or a limited number of reproductive choices only.\nSpecifically, the Democratic Party opposes involuntary or uninformed sterilization for women and men, and opposes restrictions on funding for health services for the poor that deny poor women especially the right to exercise a constitutionally-guaranteed right to privacy.\nFederal legislation is also necessary to protect workers from the abuse of their fights and invasion of their privacy resulting from increased employer use of polygraphs and other so-called \"truth test\" devices. Workers should have the right to review all records retained by their employers relating to medical and employment information.\nAppointments\n\nOne of President Carter's highest priorities has been to increase significantly the number of women, Blacks, Hispanics and other minorities in the federal government. That has been done.\nMore women, Blacks and Hispanics have been appointed to senior government positions than during any other Administration in history.\nOf the six women who have served in Cabinet positions, three have been Carter appointees.\nMore women, Blacks and Hispanics have been appointed to federal judgeships during the Carter Administration than during all previous Administrations in history.\nOf the 39 women federal judges, 35 have been Carter appointees; of the 38 Black federal judges, 19 have been Carter appointees; of the 14 Hispanic judges, 5 have been Carter appointees.\nThis record must be continued. The Democratic Party is committed to continue and strengthen the policy of appointing more women and minorities to federal positions at all levels including the Supreme Court.\nHandicapped\n\nGreat strides have been made toward ending discrimination against the handicapped, through increased employment and education opportunities and greater access to public facilities and services.\nIn the 1980s, we must continue to work towards the goals of eliminating discrimination and opening opportunities.\nAll federal agencies must complete their Section 504 regulations and implement them effectively.\nWe must continue to expand opportunities for independent living.\nThe Fair Housing Act and Title VI of the Civil Rights Act must be amended to include the handicapped.\nWe must face the task of making federal facilities and modes of transportation fully accessible.\nJob opportunities and job training for the handicapped, including apprenticeship training programs, must be expanded.\nWe must make the most basic American civil right—the right to vote—fully available to the handicapped.\nDr. Martin Luther King Jr.\n\nDr. Martin Luther King Jr. led this nation's effort to provide all of its citizens with civil rights and equal opportunities. His commitment to human rights, peace and non-violence stands as a monument to humanity and courage. To honor this outstanding national leader, we must enact legislation that will commemorate his birthday as a national holiday.\nDomestic Violence\n\nEach year, 3 to 6 million Americans are injured in acts of domestic violence. To combat this violence the Carter Administration has initiated a government-wide effort to assist and educate victims and rehabilitate victimizers, including:\n—The formation of a new Office of Domestic Violence in the Department of Health and Human Services; and\n—Amendments to the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act which provides funds to state and community groups.\nThe President has signed the Protection of Children Against Sexual Exploitation Act; HUD has developed demonstration projects for shelters for battered women: the Community Services Administration has established a pilot Family Crisis Center Program to assist low-income battered women and children; and the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights held a Consultation on Battered Women in 1978.\nExisting federal programs have been coordinated through the Interdepartmental Committee on Domestic Violence, chaired by the Secretary, of Health and Human Services. The Democratic Administration must continue to support the passage of the legislation before the Congress, HR 2977, which would provide direct, immediate assistance to victims effectively and sensitively.\nInsular Areas\n\nWe must be firmly committed to self-determination for the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa and the Northern Mariana Islands, and vigorously support the realization of whatever political status aspirations are democratically chosen by their peoples. The unique cultures, fragile economies, and locations of our Caribbean and Pacific Islands are distinct assets to the United States which require the sensitive application of policy. We are committed to pursuing initiatives we have begun to stimulate insular economic development, enhance treatment under federal programs, provide vitally needed special assistance and coordinate and rationalize policies. These measures will result in greater self-sufficiency and balanced growth.\nPuerto Rico\n\nWe are committed to Puerto Rico's right to enjoy full self-determination and a relationship that can evolve in ways that will most benefit U.S. citizens in Puerto Rico. The Democratic Party respects and supports the desire of the people of Puerto Rico to associate, by their own will freely expressed in a peaceful and democratic process, in permanent union with the United States either as a commonwealth or as a state, or to become an independent nation. We are also committed to respect the cultural heritage of the people of Puerto Rico and to the elimination of discriminatory or unfair treatment of Puerto Ricans, as American citizens under federal programs.\nAmerican Indians\n\nThe Carter Administration has upheld and defended the historic special relationship between the federal government and Indian tribes. In addition, it has strongly supported the policy of self-determination and the right to practice the ancestral religions that are important to many tribal members. More than $24 million over the next ten years has been committed to assist Indian tribes with energy resources in making decisions about the development and protection of these resources. The Administration has firmly reiterated its fundamental opposition to the policy of termination which was so detrimental to Indians and their relationship with the federal government.\nThese policies must continue as the federal government finds better means of dealing effectively and compassionately with Indian tribes and individuals. The federal government must honor its treaty commitments. The federal government must redouble its efforts to improve the housing, health care, education and general welfare of Indians. Finally, the federal government must work as an equal partner with tribes as they decide for themselves the best means of managing their substantial energy resources.\nEthnic America\n\nPresident Carter has stated that the composition of American society is analogous to a beautiful mosaic. Each separate part retains its own integrity and identity while adding to and being part of the whole.\nAmerica is a pluralistic society. Each of us must learn to live, communicate, and cooperate with persons of other cultures. Our public policies and programs must reflect this pluralism. Immigrants from every nation and their descendants have made numerous contributions to this country, economically, politically and socially. They have traditionally been the backbone of the labor movement and an integral part of the Democratic Party.\nEthnic Americans share the concerns of all Americans. They too are concerned about decent housing, health care, equal employment opportunities, care of the elderly, and education. In addition, ethnic Americans have some concerns of their own. They want to preserve the culture and language of their former homeland. They want to be integrated into the political, social and economic mainstream of American society, but at the same time they are concerned about the foreign policy issues that affect their native countries. We as a nation must be sensitive to their concerns.\nPresident Carter established the Office of Ethnic Affairs and charged it with a broad and diverse mission. The predominant functions of the office are to link the Administration and its ethnic constituents, to foster the concept of pluralism, and to enable all Americans to partake equally in the American way of life.\nAmericans Living Abroad\n\nAlmost 3 million American citizens live overseas, both as government employees and private citizens. We know only too well the dangers and sacrifices some of these government officials face in serving their country. With the threat of terrorism and political unrest always present, we are committed to improving the security of our embassies and missions abroad. Our government must work with other governments to ensure that Americans are protected while performing their vital duties in the interest of the United States.\nWe also recognize the contributions of private citizens living overseas in bringing American ideals and culture to other lands and in helping the U.S. economy by promoting exports and increased trade with other countries.\nThe President's Export Council has recommended that in order to encourage American exports and redress trade imbalances, the United States should conform with the practices of other major trading nations. Existing disincentives should be removed, so that Americans working abroad can compete more equitably and effectively with citizens from other nations.\nThe Administration must continue to support changes in the law which make it simpler for American parents to ensure that their children born overseas are not denied U.S. citizenship.\nWe also believe that Medicare should be made available to Americans abroad who are eligible for Social Security.\nChapter III: Government Operation and Reform\n\nMaking Government Effective and Efficient\n\nThe Democratic Party has long stood for an active, responsive, vigorous government. Democrats of our generation have a special obligation to ensure that government is also efficient and well managed.\nWe understand full well the importance of this obligation. We realize that even the most brilliantly conceived federal programs are doomed to failure if they are not intelligently and efficiently managed.\nThe kind of government we Democrats stand for is a government that cares and knows how to translate that caring into effective action; a government whose heart and head are working in concert.\nOver the last rotor years the Democratic Administration and the Democratic Congress have built a dramatic government reform record. In the years ahead we must carefully implement the changes we have made, and we must pursue additional measures to provide the efficient government the people have a right to expect.\nRegulatory Reform\n\nFederal regulations are needed to protect consumers and providers in the areas of health, safety, and the environment. Four years ago, however, the overall regulatory machine desperately needed an overhaul. Some rules served only to protect favored industries against competition, at the public's expense. Others imposed conflicting or needlessly costly requirements.\nFor decades, the economy has been hamstrung by anticompetitive regulations. A Democratic Administration and a Democratic Congress are completing the most sweeping deregulation in history. Actions already taken and bills currently pending are revamping the rules governing airlines, banking, trucking, railroads, and telecommunications. Airline deregulation in its first year of operation alone has saved passengers over 2.5 billion dollars.\nFor the regulatory programs our country does need, the Administration has established a new management system. Under Executive Order 12044, agencies are reviewing and eliminating outdated rules and analyzing the full impact of new rules before they are issued. They are developing alternative regulatory approaches which can reduce compliance costs without sacrificing goals. They are increasing public participation in the regulatory process. The Regulatory Council is publishing the first government-wide list of upcoming rules, the Regulatory Calendar, and is using it to eliminate conflict and duplication.\nThe challenges of the eighties will place great demands on our regulatory system. The reforms we have put in place are building machinery that can meet those challenges. However, much work lies ahead to implement the steps we have taken and go further.\nWe must continue to conduct an agency-by-agency review to make regulation less intrusive and more effective.\nWe must find and remove barriers that prevent steady progress toward competition in each industry.\nOn the management side, we must increase the use of cost-effective regulatory techniques, without adversely affecting worker health or safety.\nWe must strengthen our research programs to ensure that we set sensible priorities for regulatory action.\nWe must eliminate those delays, layers of review, and litigation that unduly tie up the process.\nWe must make the regulatory process accessible to all members of the public who are affected.\nWe must oppose special interest efforts to undermine the ability of federal agencies to protect consumers, the environment, or public health and safety; and efforts to enable federal agencies to override or exempt state or federal protections of the environment or public health and safety.\nTax Reform\n\nIn 1976, this Party pledged to seek fundamental tax reform, for we believed that our tax system had lost much of its needed fairness and equity. President Carter honored that pledge by proposing to Congress the most comprehensive and far-reaching set of tax reform proposals ever made by any Administration. That proposal would have dosed over $9 billion worth of tax loopholes, simplified our tax laws, and provided funds for substantial tax reduction for low and middle income taxpayers.\nOnce again, we call on Congress to legislate meaningful tax reform. We cannot any longer allow the special interests to preserve their particular benefits and loopholes at the expense of the average taxpayers. The fight for tax reform must go forward, and the Party pledges to be a part of that important effort. Therefore, we pledge to seek tax reforms which:\n—Encourage savings by low and middle income taxpayers;\n—Close tax loopholes which benefit only special interests at the expense of the average taxpayer and use the proceeds to bring relief to low and middle income Americans;\n—Simplify the tax code and ease the burden on taxpayers in the preparation of their tax returns;\n—Encourage capital formation, innovation and new production in the United States;\n—Curb tax deductions, like those for three-martini lunches, conventions, first class travel, and other expense account deductions, which encourage consumption, discourage saving, and thus impede productivity;\n—End tax discrimination that penalizes married working couples; and\n—End abuses in the tax treatment of foreign sources, such as special tax treatment and incentives for multi-national corporations that drain jobs and capital from the American economy.\nCapital formation is essential both to control inflation and to encourage growth. New tax reform efforts are needed to increase savings and investment, promote the principle of progressive taxation, close loopholes, and maintain adequate levels of federal revenue.\nManagement\n\nThe need to restrain federal spending means that every dollar of the budget must be spent in the most efficient way possible. To achieve this, the Democratic Partnership has been working to streamline the management of the federal government and eliminate waste and fraud from federal programs. Real progress has been made in these important areas.\nWhile these reforms have produced substantial savings for the taxpayers, they must be sustained in the coming years to realize their full potential.\nThe Civil Service Reform Act can be used to encourage improved productivity of the federal government.\nMore business-like control of our assets, placing the government's operations on a sound financial basis, must be used to produce real savings.\nSpecial investigations and improved accounting systems must be used to attack fraud, abuse and wasteful practices.\nEfforts must be continued to improve the delivery of services to citizens through greater accountability, consolidation and coordination in program administration, and elimination of unnecessary red tape and duplication.\nGovernment Openness and Integrity\n\nUnder the Nixon-Ford Administration the federal government was closed to all but a privileged few and the public had lost faith in the integrity of its public servants.\nThe Democratic Party takes pride in its long and outstanding record of leadership in opening up the processes of government to genuine participation by the people, and in making government truly responsive to the basic needs of all the American people.\nFor the last four years, the Carter Administration and the Democratic Congress have devoted a great deal of time and resources to opening government processes and ensuring the integrity of government officials.\nThe Ethics in Government Act now requires all senior government officials to make a full financial disclosure and severely limits the \"revolving door\" practice that has developed among former federal employees of representing private parties before the federal agencies in which they recently held significant positions.\nA statutory provision has now been made for the appointment of a special prosecutor in eases of alleged wrong-doing by senior government officials.\n\"Whistle-blowers\" in the federal government (those who report waste and illegalities) have now been given special statutory protection to prevent possible retribution.\nAn Executive Order has been issued significantly reducing the amount of classified information and increasing the amount of classified material to be released over the next decade by about 250 million pages.\nAs a result of actions such as these, trust and confidence in government officials have been restored. In the coming years, we must ensure full implementation of these initiatives. We must also work toward lobby law reform which is needed to ensure full disclosure of Congressional and executive lobbying activities.\nLaw Enforcement\n\nNumerous changes were necessary when the Democrats took office in 1976. The essential trust between police officers and the public they protect had deteriorated. Funds committed by Congress had been terribly misspent during the eight Republican years.\nThe Carter Administration has taken solid steps toward correcting this serious problem. It has formalized the relationship between federal and state law enforcement officials to ensure maximum cooperation between federal and state agencies. It has taken long strides toward creating and implementing uniform national guidelines for federal prisons and encouraging state penal institutions to use the same guidelines.\nThe Democratic Party supports the enactment of a revised federal criminal code which simplifies the currently complex federal criminal law in order to make our federal criminal justice efforts more effective, and repeals antiquated laws while fully protecting all civil liberties. As that effort proceeds, we must ensure that the rights of workers to engage in peaceful picketing during labor disputes are fully protected.\nThe Democratic Party affirms the right of sports-men to possess guns for purely hunting and target-shooting purposes. However, handguns simplify and intensify violent crime. Ways must be found to curtail the availability of these weapons. The Democratic Party supports enactment of federal legislation to strengthen the presently inadequate regulations over the manufacture, assembly, distribution, and possession of handguns and to ban \"Saturday night specials.\"\nMost important, the government has used its own resources to resolve satisfactorily concerns over the use of deadly force. The Administration has made progress toward the preparation of uniform guidelines for all police departments. They have also utilized the conciliation services available through the Community Relations Service to establish closer working ties among the police and community organizations.\nThe Democratic Party is pledged to continuing its strong record of providing needed assistance to local law enforcement. The new Law Enforcement Assistance Act, enacted by a Democratic Administration and a Democratic Congress, provides an important framework for this purpose. We are committed to using this framework effectively, in close cooperation with state and local law enforcement authorities.\nWe reaffirm our support for the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Act and the Runaway Youth Act as responses to the serious challenge of youth crime.\nWe must continue and strengthen efforts at prison reform, to upgrade the safety of our penal institutions, to enhance rehabilitation of offenders, and to lower the recidivism level.\nWe support federal assistance to the victims of crime, including special programs to assist the elderly and to aid the victims of rape and domestic violence. Further efforts should be made to demonstrate the feasibility of restitution by the perpetrators of crime.\nAs we work toward improved law enforcement, we must not permit or sanction excessive or illegal police force.\nMinorities in some areas have been discriminated against by such police actions, and we must take every action at the federal, state, and local level to prevent that from happening in the future, including a renewed commitment to affirmative action in the hiring of law enforcement personnel, establishment of civil rights units at appropriate U.S. Attorneys' offices, and swift investigation and prosecution of suspected civil rights violations.\nPaperwork Reduction\n\nOver the years the federal government has imposed more and more paperwork on the private sector. The Carter Administration has stopped that trend and worked to cut the paperwork burden. We have eliminated unnecessary forms, simplified and consolidated needed forms, and discouraged creation of new paperwork requirements. As a result, the federal paperwork burden has been cut 15 percent, or 127 million man-hours.\nThe Administration is currently putting into place the tools we will need to continue and expand this program. In November 1979, President Carter signed an Executive Order that created the first \"paperwork budget.\" This program will limit the reporting time each agency can impose on the public. In addition, the President has ordered agencies to tailor their forms to reduce the burden on individuals and small business.\nWe need further legislation. We urge a continuation of the effort to reduce government documents to simple English, easily understandable by all. The Administration is working with Congress to pass a Paperwork Reduction Act, which will close wide loopholes in the current oversight process.\nElection Reform\n\nRecent reforms in the election process have aided immeasurably in opening the process to more people and have begun to reduce the influence of special interests. The limitations on campaign contributions and the public financing of Presidential elections are two reforms which have worked very well. Business political action committees continue to spend excessively, however. Further reform in this area is essential. In the 1980s we need to enact reforms which will:\n—Provide for public financing of Congressional campaigns;\n—Lower contribution limits for political action committees;\n—Close the loophole that allows private spending in Presidential elections contrary to the intent of the election law reforms;\n—Encourage voter participation in elections through use of simplified procedures for registration in states that lack mail or election day registration procedures, and by resisting efforts to reduce access to bilingual ballots; and\n—Increase opportunities for full participation in all areas of party and government affairs by the low and moderate income majority of Americans.\nPostal Service\n\nThe private expression statutes guarantee the protection and security of the mail for all Americans. They are essential to the maintenance of a national postal system, which will require an adequate public service subsidy to assure the delivery of mail to all Americans.\nChapter IV: Energy, Natural Resources, Environment and Agriculture\n\nEnergy\n\nFor the past four years, the Democratic Party's highest legislative priority has been the development of our nation's first comprehensive energy policy. Our actions were necessitated by the Republican Administration's policy that fostered dependence on foreign oil. This Republican legacy led to America's petroleum paralysis, which weakened our security, undermined our strength abroad, threatened our environment and endangered our economic health.\nIn perhaps no other domestic area did we inherit such a dangerous situation:\n—Domestic production of oil and natural gas was steadily declining, with price controls discouraging exploration and production;\n—Natural gas shortages were regularly plaguing parts of our country;\n—Our dependence on foreign oil was increasing every year;\n—Wasteful energy practices existed in our industries, homes and transportation;\n—Solar and other renewable energy resources were being almost completely ignored;\n—Synthetic fuel production had been stalled;\n—The federal government was not promoting energy conservation;\n—Our allies were unwilling to make adequate efforts to reduce their energy consumption; and\n—Our energy policy was being made by nearly a dozen different agencies and bureaus throughout the federal government.\nThe struggle to develop an energy policy was difficult and time-consuming. Tough decisions, especially in the area of oil price decontrol, were necessary to reduce our dependence of foreign oil.\nNot all of our energy problems have been solved. Yet the achievements of the past four years leave little doubt that we are finally serious about the problems caused by our excessive reliance on foreign oil. As a result of our national energy policy, oil imports will be cut in half by the end of this decade, saving our nation hundreds of billions of dollars. A framework is now in place that will permit further progress in the 1980s. Our economic security demands that we drastically reduce the massive flow of dollars into the OPEC treasuries and oil company bank accounts at the expense of American consumers and business.\nOur progress on energy has been realized because we have achieved four principal goals:\n—Incentives have been provided for the production of new energy sources;\n—Incentives for new oil production have been added, together with a windfall profits tax, which will fund low income energy assistance and energy research and development;\n—Incentives have been provided to encourage conservation of our existing energy resources; and\n—Improved international energy cooperation has reduced our dependence on OPEC.\nThese actions have produced enormous energy benefits to our nation:\n—We are importing one million barrels of oil a day less than last year;\n—Domestic natural gas exploration and production are at record-high levels;\nDomestic oil exploration is at a 20-year high, and the decline in domestic production has been averted;\n—Per capita energy consumption is decreasing;\n—Use of solar energy has increased considerably, and gasohol production has increased by 600 percent;\n—Coal production has increased, and foreign markets for our coal have been developed;\n—Gasoline consumption is 8 percent less than last year.\nIn the 1980s, this program can be improved, as the framework laid in the last four years is used to ensure our energy security for all time.\nAmerica's energy future requires a continued strong national policy based on two fundamental principles: efficient use of energy that will conserve our resources, preserve our economy and create jobs for Americans; and development of secure, environmentally safe and reasonably priced energy sources.\nIt is—and must be—the goal of the Democratic Party to mobilize this nation to use energy efficiently without asking Americans to suffer the loss of our strong economy and hard-earned standard of living. Energy efficiency, especially in buildings, transportation, and industrial production, must be made this nation's top priority.\nThe following specific actions must be taken.\nWe must make energy conservation our highest priority, not only to reduce our dependence on foreign oil, but also to guarantee that our children and grandchildren have an adequate supply of energy. If we can convince one of every four drivers exceeding the 55 mile per hour speed limit to reduce their speed, we can save 100,000 barrels a day. Conservation is the cheapest form of energy production.\nWe must establish a massive residential energy conservation grant program. We must provide subsidized loans, direct financial assistance, and other substantial incentives to make all residences in the United States energy efficient, through upgraded insulation, heating, cooling and waterheating. Special incentives should he afforded for the use of renewable energy resources such as passive and active solar energy systems. Our goal should be to ensure that all economically justified energy efficiency investments are made by 1990.\nWe should use our energy programs to aid in rebuilding the industrial heartland. Industry must be given financial incentives to improve the energy efficiency of industrial processes and to build substantial amounts of generating capacity through co-generation.\nWe must implement mandatory Building Energy Performance Standards (BEPS) to encourage the design and construction of energy efficient buildings. Energy efficiency standards should apply to all new construction. Implementation of energy efficiency standards should begin with federal government buildings. In addition, the federal government should lead the way in implementing solar and energy efficiency improvements programs through its loan and insurance agencies by requiring energy conservation standards for federally assisted properties.\nIn recognition of the potential for substantial energy savings if our most efficient methods of transportation are utilized, we must provide direct economic assistance where private capital is unavailable to improve those means of transport.\nMajor new efforts must be launched to develop synthetic and alternative renewable energy sources. In pursuing a strong program of synthetic fuel plants we must also be sensitive to environmental and water concerns. The federal government must help eliminate red tape involved in the construction of vital energy facilities. The Energy Mobilization Board, an essential mechanism to speed the construction of vital energy facilities, should be able to override state and local substantive law only with the consent of Congress and the President.\nThe Democratic Party regards coal as our nation's greatest energy resource. It must play a decisive role in America's energy future. We must increase our use of coal. To accomplish this, we must see that shippers are not overburdened with excessive rates for transportation. Severance taxes levied for depletion of natural resources should be equitable. We must make clean coal conversion a reality. To this end, we will assist utilities that are large enough to permit coal conversion while maintaining or improving air quality. We must also provide incentives for industrial boiler coal conversion. Goal conversion can and must be accomplished in a manner that protects public health, nationally, regionally and locally. It can and must increase the use of coal, reduce the demand for oil, and provide employment where jobs are needed the most.\nThe federal government should accept its responsibility as trustee for the American Indian and Alaska Native tribes to ensure that tribal resources develop at a pace that preserves the existing life-style and that the tribes participate in the contracting process for resource development with full knowledge of the environmental tradeoffs. The federal government must continue to cooperate with tribal governments in such matters as changes in the use of sacred and religious areas. The Democratic Party believes that American Indian and Alaska Native reservations should remain the permanent homeland for these peoples.\nWe recognize that Hawaii, U.S. territories and Trust territories in the Pacific Basin are particularly vulnerable because of their total dependence on imported oil for meeting their energy needs. These insular areas do not have access to the alternative sources of energy that are available elsewhere. Consequently, the Democratic Party recommends that these areas, where feasible, be chosen as sites for demonstration and/or pilot alternative energy projects, especially ocean thermal energy conversion, solar and wind.\nWe must lead the Western World in developing a program for increased use of coal in Europe, Japan, and the developing nations.\nOil exploration on federal lands must be accelerated, consistent with environmental protections.\nOffshore energy leasing and development should be conditioned on full protection of the environment and marine resources. Lease sales should proceed only after appropriate safeguards necessary to preserve and protect vital natural resources are put in place. The determination of what safeguards are needed must be based on a complete assessment of the effects of offshore activity on the marine and coastal environment, and must be made in conjunction with the Environmental Protection Agency and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency, the federal agencies charged with protecting our nation's fisheries and other environmental resources.\nSolar energy use must be increased, and strong efforts, including continued financial support, must be undertaken to make certain that we achieve the goal of having solar energy account for 20 percent of our total energy by the year 2000.\nTo ensure that we reach the 20 percent goal, the Democratic Party commits itself to a federal program for solar or other renewable resources that exceeds the federal commitment to synthetic fuels. A greater share of federal funds should be committed to basic research and must be devoted to the development of renewable energy resources and fusion research and development. Moreover, we support the commercialization of solar, wind, low-head hydro, biomass and other renewable resources as quickly as possible through direct assistance, investment and loan guarantees in addition to monies available from the solar bank. The Democratic Party vigorously supports substantial funding for the construction of an engineering test facility for fusion technology. Fusion energy is a safe, clean alternative source of energy which can be used to generate electricity efficiently.\nWe must encourage research and development of hydrogen or electric powered vehicles. We must fully commit ourselves to an alcohol fuel program. The federal government should expand its use of alcohol fuels in government and military vehicles. This will help reduce surplus feed grain and help to stabilize prices. The Democratic Party pledges that production of fuel-grade alcohol will be increased until at least a target of 500 million barrels of ethanol by 1981 is achieved.\nA stand-by gasoline rationing plan must be adopted for use in the event of a serious energy supply interruption. In times of supply interruption, rationing is essential for equitable and prompt distribution of gas to the public. The Strategic Petroleum Reserve should be filled as market conditions permit, consistent with the requirements of existing law.\nWe must impose a moratorium on the acquisition of competing coal companies and solar energy companies by major oil companies.\nLegislation must be enacted to prohibit purchases by oil companies of energy or non-energy companies unless the purchase would enhance competition.\nThe major oil companies must be responsible and accountable in their production, importation and distribution of fossil fuels. Oil is as basic to our economy, defense, and general welfare as electric power and money. Consequently, the oil companies must be invested with public purpose. To accomplish this objective, we support strengthened leasing regulations, reporting requirements and monitoring by the departments of Energy and Justice.\nThorough investigations of the compliance of the off companies with energy price laws and regulations must be continued, and tough penalties imposed in the event of non-compliance. The Department of Energy, consistent with the law, should share its energy data with the Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission.\nWe must make conservation and renewable energy our nation's energy priorities for the future. Through the federal government's commitment to renewable energy sources and energy efficiency, and as alternative fuels become available in the future, we will retire nuclear power plants in an orderly manner.\nWe must give the highest priority to dealing with the nuclear waste disposal problem. Current efforts to develop a safe, environmentally sound nuclear waste disposal plan must be continued and intensified.\nThe NRC shall issue no licenses or permits for new nuclear plants until the Kemeny Commission recommendations are fully implemented.\nExisting plants must be required to meet the safer recommendations of the Kemeny Commission. The Democratic Party supports prompt implementation of their recommendations. No plant unable to meet these standards can be allowed to operate.\nSafe permanent disposal of all high-level radioactive waste and transuranic waste should be the primary responsibility of the federal government, in consultation and concurrence with state, local, tribal, and territorial governments throughout the entire decision-making process, including the actual siting and operation of repositories. Neither the federal government nor the state or tribal or territorial governments should be permitted to act in a manner that forces an unsafe resolution of this problem or prevents a safe resolution from being accomplished. It is, therefore, essential that state and tribal governments, acting according to\ntheir constitutional processes, have the power to reject unsafe sites within their borders. Clear standards should be developed so that the courts may determine whether the federal government or a state or tribe is acting in an arbitrary manner. Every state should be responsible for the management and disposal of all low-level waste generated by non-defense sources within its boundaries. Where appropriate, this responsibility should be exercised through state regional compacts. There should be more federal funding for research and development of safer, more efficient methods of radioactive waste disposal.\nFunds generated by the Windfall Profits Tax must be used to expand mass transit. Federal assistance should be provided for construction and operation costs.\nEnvironment\n\nWe are charged with the stewardship of an irreplaceable environment. The Democratic Party must continue to be as environmentally progressive in the future as it has been in the past. Progress in environmental quality—a major achievement of the 1970s—must continue in the 1980s. The environmental problems we face today are, if anything, more challenging and urgent than those of ten years ago.\nThe great strides we have taken during the past few years are the best evidence of our commitment to resource conservation and environmental restoration. We have compiled a proud record.\nDuring the next four years, we must carry forward vigorously with these important policies, and move to address a series of new challenges.\nWe must move decisively to protect our countryside and our coastline from overdevelopment and mismanagement. Major efforts are now underway to solve such problems as disappearing farmland and development on our barrier islands. These efforts should help forge a strong national consensus behind the realization that protection must be balanced with the need to properly manage and utilize our land resources during the 1980s.\nWe must develop new and improved working relationships among federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial governments and private interests, to manage effectively our programs for increased domestic energy production and their impact on people, water, air, and the environment in general. All of our energy development efforts should be carried out without sacrificing environmental quality.\nWe must continue on the path to a sustainable energy future—a future based increasingly on renewable resources and energy conservation. Our national goal of having 20 percent of our energy from renewable resources in the year 2000 must become a working target, not a forgotten slogan. Conservation must remain the cornerstone of our national energy supply.\nNew efforts at home and abroad will be required in the early 1980s to face squarely such global problems as the destruction of forests, the loss of countless irreplaceable species, growing world population, acid rain, and carbon dioxide buildup.\nPassage by Congress of the hazardous waste cleanup proposal will provide the basis for a major effort beginning in 1981 to clean up the thousands of hazardous waste dump sites across the country. Toxic chemicals are a serious threat to the health of our people. We must continue our programs to improve agency performance in many areas, such as protection of groundwater, in order to better protect the public.\nWe must strive to ensure that environmental regulations cost no more than necessary and are streamlined to eliminate waste, duplication and delay. We must not lose sight of the fact that the benefits of these regulations far outweigh their costs. We must work to reform legislation without deforming it.\nWe support the allocation of resources to the Environmental Protection Agency and other environmental agencies sufficient to carry out their mandates.\nWe support strict adherence to automobile pollution standards.\nWe will support policies to eliminate acid rain pollution from power plant emissions.\nWe will commit ourselves to efficient transportation alternatives, including mass transit, car pooling, van pooling, employer based commuter plans, and hydrogen and electric commuter vehicles.\nWe will continue to fight noise pollution in our urban centers and job sites.\nWe will encourage the recycling of municipal solid waste.\nWe will seek a strong \"super-fund\" law financed by government and industry.\nWe must continue to pursue offshore energy leasing to stimulate our domestic oil and gas production and reduce our dependence on foreign oil consistent with environmental and marine concerns.\nWe will fund adequately the Land and Water Conservation Fund to protect our national park system.\nWe will implement vigorously the Toxic Substances Control Act.\nOften, actions by one nation affect the economic growth and the quality of life in other nations. Such actions can be influenced by international agreement and incentives.\nTo defend against environmental risks that cross national frontiers, international cooperation must be extended to new areas, such as acid rain, deforestation and desertification, buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, thinning of the ozone shield, air and water pollution, oil spills, chemicals in the environment, and disposal of radioactive waste.\nWater\n\nWater is a necessity to all, and represents life itself to much of the American Union. We recognize especially the singular dependence of the Western states on scarce water supplies. The development of navigation, irrigation, flood control, and hydroelectric projects is vital to the economic health of the West, and correspondingly to the entire nation.\nWorking with Congress, the Democratic Administration will implement a national water policy which recognizes the special needs of the West. Toward this end, we support the modern standards and valid cost-benefit analysis suggested by the Federal Water Resources Council. We support a federal study, in partnership with the affected states, to explore possibilities and recommend alternatives relative to importation of water into arid and semi-arid states. We also support state, local, and tribal participation in all phases of water programs within their respective jurisdictions.\nRecently, water programs across the nation have become enmeshed in controversy and conflicting values. It is not unusual for a federal water project to take a generation from the time it is authorized to the time construction actually begins.\nYet the national need for expanded and accelerated investment in water development grows ever more pressing, and is increasingly acknowledged. If, as but one example, we are to develop our unequaled coal resources as a substitute for imported oil, we will require expansion of water transportation and improvement of seaports beyond the imagination of even those early Americans who sensed the path to empire in our inland waterways. The development of synthetic fuels, which must of necessity be concentrated in states with sparse water supplies, is an enormous challenge to engineering and science.\nSimilarly, the task of reindustrialization requires that we recognize the water development needs of all sections of the nation.\nWater to supply steel mills and automobile factories, to provide for the needs of commercial cities and associated suburbs, makes a legitimate and pressing claim on national priorities.\nWe recognize the need to develop a truly national water program which responds to the needs of each region of our country in an active and effective manner and which recognizes the social effects of water projects.\nThe Democratic Party strongly supports the desalinization of sea water and the development of water resources in those areas of the country where water is scarce.\nAgriculture\n\nAmerica's farmers are among the most vital economic forces of the nation. Because of their extraordinary productivity, Americas farm workers provide more food and fiber per person at a lower cost than their counterparts in any other country. American consumers have a more certain food supply than consumers in any other nation, even though a third of our farm production is sold abroad each year.\nIn 1977, the Democratic Administration inherited a farm economy marked by serious over-production and badly outdated price support programs. Farm prices and incomes were plummeting, partly in response to misguided attempts at price controls. The livestock sector was in its third straight year of loss, and a herd liquidation of unprecedented scale was under way.\nBecause of actions taken by the Democratic Administration and Democratic Congress, this situation was turned around in 1978 and 1979. U.S. agriculture was put back on a track of steady, sustained growth and improvement. The sharp decline of farm prices and farm incomes was reversed. An aggressive program of export promotion resulted in record high agricultural exports in each of the past three years.\nRecently, however, the nation's farm economy has been hurt by reduced prices; high costs of production, including energy, inflation, equipment, and high interest rates. As a result, our nation's farmers are facing a time of hardship.\nAgricultural policy in the 1980s must strengthen the forces which made American farmers the most productive in the world and American agriculture the hope of hungry people everywhere. In this way, we can ensure a decade of prosperity for farmers and of agricultural abundance for America's consumers.\nThe Democratic Party pledges itself to the following goals.\nContinued attention to expanding farm exports—American agriculture's long-run interests remain firmly tied to the sale of U.S. farm products abroad. Despite the significant progress made to date, it is important that we continue to work at breaking down barriers to trade and capitalizing on our nation's enormous advantage in the production of food and fiber.\nIf food is to be used as an instrument of foreign policy, it is inoperative that farm income be protected. Farmers must have access to free markets.\nRecognizing the patriotic sacrifices made by the American farmer during the agricultural embargo protesting the invasion of Afghanistan, we commend the agricultural community's contribution in the field of foreign affairs. Except in time of war or grave threats to national security, the federal government should impose no future embargoes on agricultural products.\nProtecting farm prices and farm income— Rapidly rising costs of production, especially energy costs, make it imperative that we increase the level of support for farm prices and income by increasing target prices to cover the cost of production. For those farm products not covered by target prices, such as soy-beans, cattle, hogs, poultry, sugar cane, and sugar beets, we pledge support programs that will maintain viable domestic production. Low cost farm credit should be extended with the least possible delay in times of stress from decreased farm income or disasters.\nIt is in the nation's long-run interest that returns to farmers keep pace with rising costs to ensure a fair return on investment.\nMeasures to protect and further enhance agricultural productivity—Although agricultural productivity remains high in comparison with productivity in the non-farm sector, its rate of increase has slowed over the past two or three decades. This trend must be reversed through greater attention to the effects of regulatory actions, increased support for agricultural research, and intensified efforts to conserve our vital land and water resources.\nRebuilding our agricultural transportation system—The transportation system which moves our agricultural products to their final markets, including ports for export shipment, has been strained to the limit. While needed improvements have begun, through such measures as trucking and rail deregulation and the expansion of Lock and Dam 26 (on the Mississippi River at Alton, Illinois), more intensive efforts will be required in the future. In the ease of railroads, a rebuilding effort will be required.\nProtecting our soil resource—American agriculture is critically dependent on the productivity of its soil. Without careful and consistent stewardship of this important resource, it can become depleted. An assessment of our nation's conservation needs is now underway. We must be prepared to act on the findings of this assessment. Emergency procedures should be enacted to increase soil conservation incentives for construction of watersheds, tile intake terraces, and other soil saving practices.\nProtecting family farms—The real genius of American agriculture is the role and prominence of the farm family. It is this form of organization that provides agriculture with its vitality, independent spirit, and progressiveness. We must protect farmers from land speculators, giant farm combinations, and foreign buyers. We support laws requiring disclosure of all foreign ownership of farmland and we will continue to monitor such ownership to determine its impact on our farms.\nWhile we recognize the need to modernize the 1902 Reclamation Act, we reaffirm our support for its intent—to assure that the federal subsidy program assists only family farmers.\nWe support reforms in the estate tax to strengthen the stability of family farms.\nFarmer Involvement—There is a continuing need to devise better ways of involving people in the decisions of their government, particularly in those decisions that have direct and important effects on their lives. We realize the need for a strong cattle industry and for ranchers' involvement in the development of farm programs. Considerable progress has been made in this regard, but more is required.\nCapper-Volstead Act—We reaffirm our strong support for agricultural cooperatives and bargaining associations to engage in vigorous programs to pack, process and market their members' crops as provided for in the Capper-Volstead Act.\nFarm labor—We must vigorously enforce existing laws relating to farm labor organization and recognize the right of farm workers to bargain collectively, while ensuring the legal rights of farmers.\nFarm mechanization—We support restraining programs for farm workers displaced by mechanized farming.\nForestry\n\nAmerica's national forests contain a national treasure that provides recreation, wilderness, fish and wildlife, and timber products.\nWe reaffirm the Democratic Party's traditional support for multiple-use management to ensure the survival of these precious resources for this generation and generations to come.\nWe call for the speedy resolution by Congress of the Roadless Area Review and Evaluation, stimulated by this Administration, to determine which areas are best suited for wilderness and which should be released for timber harvest and multiple-use management.\nWe support continued assistance to private, non-industrial forest owners to increase their management potential.\nOn federal lands identified as part of our timber resource, we support:\n—Management policies which, consistent with sound, complete land management plans, will result in the highest timber yields, when trees are mature, and which can be sustained over the long term;\n—Concentration of timber sales on areas of greater potential;\n—Management of these irreplaceable and environmentally unique areas to maintain perpetually their value; and\n—Provision of adequate access facilities for all of these uses.\nWe shall insist that administration of public lands by the Department of Interior be fair and equitable. The interest of the state within which such public lands lie must be of paramount importance in the decision-making process. We encourage all federal agencies to consult with the states on such matters.\nFisheries\n\nUnder the Democratic Administration the U.S. fishing industry has made substantial progress, as evidenced by the following:\n—Commercial landings of fish in 1979 were up 45 percent in value and 21 percent in quantity compared with 1977;\n—The U.S. share of the catch in our 200-mile fisheries conservation zone increased from 27 percent in 1978 to 33 percent in 1979;\n—Over the same period, the foreign catch of fish in the U.S. 200-mile zone dropped 6 percent, and 29 percent from the average for the five preceding years;\n—The U.S. has moved from fifth in the world in 1977 to fourth in 1978 in total commercial fish landings; and\n—Exports of U.S. edible fishery products in 1979 were up 116 percent in value and 67 percent in quantity compared with 1977.\nWhile such trends are encouraging, there remains a tremendous potential for growth. By volume, 67 percent, and by value, 34 percent, of the harvest in the fishery conservation zone is still taken by foreign vessels. The value of the catch to foreign fishermen was $470 million in 1979.\nThe need for more rapid growth of the U.S. fishing industry is illustrated by the fact that imports of fisheries' products outweighed exports by $1.7 billion last year. With full development of our industry, this deficit could be erased. Moreover, 43,000 new jobs could be created.\nOne-fifth of the world's fish are found in waters off the United States. We pledge to continue the development of our fishing industry so that the U.S. achieves self-sufficiency in this sector and fully utilizes the valuable and abundant fisheries resources off our shores. To this end, continuing effort in the following areas is needed:\n—Develop a balanced U.S. harvesting processing and marketing capability on a geographical and fishery-by-fishery basis;\n—Continue to phase out foreign fishing within our 200-mile zone;\n—Target efforts to stimulate and expand those fisheries that are presently unutilized and underutilized;\n—Increase research and development through cooperative federal-private efforts with emphasis on industry initiatives;\n—Encourage the availability of capital in sectors where it is particularly needed;\n—Promote market development, and to that end, continue to allocate surplus fishery resources of the U.S. 200-mile zone to foreign nations in order to stimulate improved access to their markets for our fish products;\n—Enhance conservation and management of U.S. fishery resources and in that effort, increase observer coverage of foreign fishing operations in the 200-mile zone;\n—Work toward ensuring that a fair share of the costs of conservation, management, research and enforcement in the 200-mile zone is borne by foreign fishermen who enjoy access to our surplus fishery resources;\n—Assist the U.S. distant-water fleets through international agreements;\n—Support an international ocean regime for fisheries management through successful completion of Law-of-the-Sea negotiations;\n—Encourage development of a diversified U.S. aquaculture industry;\n—Protect, restore and enhance fish habitats;\n—Continue support for research, propagation and management of our anadromous fish resource; and\n—In recognition of its economic and recreational importance, accord a high priority to maintaining and improving marine sports fishing.\nChapter V: Foreign Policy\n\nIntroduction\n\nWhen the Democratic Party came into office almost four years ago, the most dangerous threat to America's position in the world was the profound disillusionment and mistrust which the American people felt for their own government. This had reached the point where the very term \"national security\" had become synonymous with the abuse of power, deceit and violation of public trust. It undermined our capacity to defend our interests and to play our proper role in the world at a time when Soviet power was continuing to grow.\nThe hallmark of the previous eight years of Republican Administration had been to emphasize the primacy of power politics irrespective of compatibility with American values and with the increasing power of the Soviet Union. The result was disrespect abroad and discontent at home.\nThe Democratic Party was determined to make our values a central factor in shaping American foreign policy. The one-sided emphasis of the previous Republican Administration had led many Americans to a suspicion of power, and in some respects, even to rejection of military strength. The American people longed to see their country once again identified with widespread human aspirations. The Democratic Party understood, if the Republicans did not, that this is essential to preserve our long-term interest in the world.\nThe Democratic Administration sought to reconcile these two requirements of American foreign policy—principle and strength. Both are required to maintain a constructive and secure relationship between America and the rest of the world. We have tried to make clear the continuing importance of American strength in a world of change. Without such strength, there is a genuine risk that global change will deteriorate into anarchy to be exploited by our adversaries' military power. Thus, the revival of American strength has been a central preoccupation of the Democratic Administration.\nThe use of American power is necessary as a means of shaping not only a more secure, but also a more decent world. To shape a decent world, we must pursue objectives that are moral, that make clear our support for the aspirations of mankind and that are rooted in the ideals of the American people.\nThat is why the Democrats have stressed human rights. That is why America once again has supported the aspirations of the vast majority of the world's population for greater human justice and freedom. As we continue to strive to solve our own internal problems, we are proud of the values for which the United States has always stood. We should continue to be a beacon of liberty around the world and to effectively and positively state America's case for freedom to the world through various governmental and nongovernmental channels.\nA foreign policy which seeks to blend our ideals and our strength does not easily reduce itself to simple statements.\nFirst, we must consistently strengthen our relations with like-minded industrial democracies. In meeting the dangers of the coming decade the United States will consult closely with our Allies to advance common security and political goals. As a result of annual summit meetings, coordinated economic policies and effective programs of international energy conservation have been fashioned. With the cooperation of rich and poor nations alike, a new international trade agreement has been reached which safeguards our free enterprise system from protectionism and gives us greater economic opportunity in the world, while it gives the developing world a stake in the stability of the world's economy.\nSecond, we must continue to improve our relations with the Third World by being sensitive to their legitimate aspirations. The United States should be a positive force for peaceful change in responding to ferment in the Third World. Today, thanks to a number of steps that have been taken—strengthening the international aid institutions, the Panama Canal treaties, the Zimbabwe settlement, the normalization of relations with China—the United States has a healthier and more productive relationship with these countries.\nOur third objective must be peace in the Middle East. The Carter Administration has pursued this objective with determination and together with the leaders of Israel and Egypt, has overcome great obstacles in the last three years. America made this commitment for two fundamental reasons—morality and national security.\nOur nation feels a profound moral obligation to sustain and assure the security of Israel. That is why our relationship with Israel is, in most respects, a unique one. Israel is the single democracy, the most stable government, the most strategic asset and our closest ally in the region.\nTo fulfill this imperative, we must move towards peace in the Middle East. Without peace, there is a growing prospect, indeed inevitability, that this region will become radicalized, susceptible to foreign intrusion, and possibly involved in another war. Thus, peace in the Middle East also is vital for our national security interests.\nThe strength of these two impulses—our moral commitment and national security—has sustained the Democratic Administration in many difficult trials. The result has been the first peace ever between Israel and an Arab country, as well as the eventual prospect of a wider comprehensive agreement which will assure peace and security to all parties concerned. Our goal is to make the Middle East an area of stability and progress in which the United States can play a full and constructive role.\nOur fourth major objective is to strengthen the military security of the United States and our Allies at a time when trends in the military balance have become increasingly adverse. America is now, and will continue to be, the strongest power on earth. It was the Democratic Party's greatest hope that we could, in fact, reduce our military effort. But realities of the world situation, including the unremitting buildup of Soviet military forces, required that we begin early to reverse the decade-long decline in American defense efforts.\nIn 1977,В the United States joined with NATO to develop, for the first time in the history of the Alliance, a long-term defense program calling for 3 percent annual real growth in our collective defense efforts. This is being fulfilled. In the first year, the Democratic Administration decided that the U.S. needed an enhanced strategic posture and policy to deal with the increased first strike capability of the Soviet Union. To this end basic commitments were made regarding U.S. strategic capabilities for the late 1980s, in particular, the MX land-based mobile ICBM deterrent. Finally, development is now underway of a rapid deployment force capable of defending our interests and protecting our friends in those parts of the world where American military forces are not regularly present.\nAt the same time, the Democratic Administration has determined to cut waste in defense spending. The B-1 bomber was cancelled because it was technologically obsolete. A defense bill containing unnecessary expenditures for a new nuclear carrier, while neglecting the readiness of our day-to-day forces, was vetoed and the veto was sustained. These decisions involved difficult choices, but the result is a leaner, stronger American military posture.\nAs a fifth objective the Democrats have been and remain committed to arms control, especially to strategic arms limitations, and to maintain a firm and balanced relationship with the Soviet Union. Our resolve to pursue this goal remains as strong as ever.\nTo avoid the danger to all mankind from an intensification of the strategic arms competition, and to curb a possible acceleration of the nuclear arms race while awaiting the ratification of the SALT II Treaty, we endorse the policy of continuing to take no action which would be inconsistent with its object and purpose, so long as the Soviet Union does likewise,\nArms control and strategic arms limitation are of crucial importance to us and to all other people. The Salt II Agreement is a major accomplishment of the Democratic Administration. It contributes directly to our national security, and we will seek its ratification at the earliest feasible time.\nDefense\n\nAmerica's military strength is and must be unsurpassed. The Democratic Administration has moved to reverse the threatened decline in America's world position. While claiming concern for our nation's defense preparedness, the Nixon-Ford Administration presided over a steady decline of 33 percent in real U.S. military pending between 1968 and 1976.\nAs a result of the joint efforts of the Democratic Administration and Congress, there has been a real increase in our defense spending every year since 1976.\nThis increase is necessary in order to compensate for the decline in U.S. military strength over the previous eight years and to assure a high quality of military personnel, an effective nuclear deterrent capability, a capable conventional fighting force and an improved intelligence capability. We will act to further improve intelligence gathering and analysis.\nWe must be careful that our defense dollars are spent wisely. We must make sure that we develop and deploy practical weapons and that we have the resources to ensure that the men and women who must operate these weapons have the skill to do so.\nThe serious question of manpower shortages must be addressed promptly. In order to prevent the necessity of a peacetime draft, the all-volunteer force must have wage standards which will retain experienced personnel or recruit new personnel upon whom an increasingly sophisticated military heavily depends.\nWe will upgrade the combat readiness of our armed forces. We will give the highest priority to combat training, to an effective Reserve and Guard force, and to sufficient supplies, spare parts, fuel and ammunition. Registration of 18-year-olds is intended to enable the United States to mobilize more rapidly in the event of an emergency, which is the only time it should be used. We do not favor a peacetime draft or the exclusion of women from registration. We will seek ways to expand voluntary service in both the armed forces and non-military programs such as VISTA, the Young Adult Conservation Corps, and the Peace Corps.\nWe need to go forward to protect our retaliatory capabilities in the face of continuing Soviet advances in their strategic forces.\nThe nation has moved to modernize its strategic deterrent through the MX, Trident, and cruise missile systems. The MX missile deployment will enhance the survivability of our land-based intercontinental ballistic missile force. Cruise missiles will modernize our strategic air deterrent, and the new Trident submarine, with a missile range of over 4,000 miles, will both improve and help guarantee the invulnerability of our nuclear deterrent.\nThe United States has acted to correct the dangerous military imbalance which had developed in Europe by initiating and obtaining Allied support for a long overdue NATO long-term defense program and proceeding toward the deployment in Europe of long-range theater nuclear deterrents to counter the Soviet buildup of such weaponry in Europe. Our commitment to increase defense speeding by at least 3 percent per year is crucial to the maintenance of Allied consensus and confidence in his regard. We need to modernize our conventional military capabilities so that we can better protect American lives and American an interests abroad.\nThe Democratic Administration has acted to improve our ability to make rapid responses to contingencies by organizing and supporting rapid deployment forces capable of responding to military problems in any part of the world where our vital interests are threatened. To that end, we favor the development and production of a new fleet of cargo aircraft with intercontinental range, the design and procurement of a force of Maritime Propositioning ships that will carry heavy equipment and supplies for three Marine Corps brigades, and an increase in regional military exercises, in cooperation with friendly states. We have given particular attention to developing the facilities and capabilities to further support the policy of the United States with regard to the Persian Gulf enunciated by President Carter in the State of the Union address on January 23, 1980: \"Let our position be absolutely dear: an attempt by any outside force to gain control of the Persian Gulf region will be regarded as an assault on the vital interests of the United States of America and such an assault will be repelled by any means necessary, including military force.\"\nWe are confident that the negotiation of American overseas military facilities in support of this effort as well as in other areas of the world will be conducted with respect for the independence, integrity and cultural values of the host countries.\nThe Democratic Party recognizes the strategic value of Israel and that peace in the Middle East requires a military secure Israel. Because Middle East nations that have not joined the peace process have been able to purchase the latest sophisticated Soviet and other weaponry, the technological advantage which Israel holds over its adversaries has been jeopardized. The progress of the peace talks means that Israel has gained considerable security advantages from peace with Egypt. At the same time, Israel will lose some of the tactical advantages previously provided by territory occupied in 1967. Any further war Israel fights could take place close to its population centers. Therefore, we pledge a continued high level of U.S. military support for Israel.\nU.S.-Soviet\nRelations\nA strong, consistent, and principled policy toward the Soviet Union is a vital element of our foreign policy everywhere. The Democratic Administration will use all its resources—including both firm diplomacy and military power—to deter adventurism and to make restraint the only acceptable course available to our adversaries.\nWe stand ready to pursue good faith negotiations with the Soviet Union at every opportunity on a wide range of issues including strategic arms forces in the European theater, and other matters which would contribute to peace and a more genuine and reciprocal detente.\nAt the heart of our policy toward the Soviet Union must be a clear recognition of the reality of Soviet power. We must reject the easy mythology that the Soviets see the world as we do. A long-term strategy for the 1980s requires a dear view of the Soviet Union, a view without illusion that our adversary is either benign or omnipotent.\nThe Soviet attack on Afghanistan, the murder of its leaders, and the ruthless effort to exterminate those resisting the Soviet invasion have violated all norms of international law and practice and have been thoroughly condemned by the international community.\nThis attempt to subjugate an independent, non-aligned Islamic people is a callous violation of international law, the United Nations Charter, and the principle of restraint which underlies detente.\nThis invasion places the Soviet armed forces within fighter aircraft range of the Straits of Hormuz, the lifeline of the bulk of the world's exportable oil.\nIt creates fear and instability among our friends in the region who are already buffeted by the disintegration of Iran as a stabilizing force.\nMore broadly, the success or failure of Soviet military aggression will affect present and future Soviet leaders' readiness to use force to gain their ends.\nHence, it is a threat not only to our strategic interests in the region but to world peace.\nA strong American response to the illegal and brutal invasion of Afghanistan serves our nation's security interests. It must and will be sustained, as long as Soviet troops remain there.\nIn response to the Soviet invasion, the United States has cut grain exports, curbed high technology trade and interrupted scientific and cultural relations.\nThe United States has also committed itself to a boycott of Moscow as the site of the Olympic Games. To attend while the Soviet armed might brutally seeks to crush the national liberation movement in Afghanistan would be a travesty of the Olympic spirit.\nWe must continue to support U.S. actions such as the Olympic boycott and trade restrictions in order to show determined opposition to Soviet aggression. We insist on immediate Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan and the reestablishment of a non-aligned, independent government which is supported by the people of Afghanistan. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan makes it extremely important that the United States be ready to aid those in the Third World resisting Soviet, Cuban, and East German domination.\nWhile the invasion of Afghanistan has sidetracked our pursuit of a productive relationship with the Soviet Union, the Democratic Party supports efforts to strengthen ties to the nations of Eastern Europe. Treating each of those nations with sensitivity to its individual situation, the U.S. has steadily improved relations with the people of Hungary, Poland, and Romania. While Soviet conduct has profoundly damaged East-West relations, the U.S. should continue to draw distinctions, to the extent possible, between the sanctions it imposes on economic dealings with Moscow and similar relations with some other members of the Warsaw Pact, as long as they are not diverting that trade, in grain or items under export control, to the use of the Soviet Union and as long as they are willing to maintain a constructive dialogue on issues of concern and significance to the United States.\nThrough the measures now being taken, including both denial of economic benefits and the Olympic boycott, as well as our efforts to enhance the security of the region more directly affected, the objective should be to make the Soviets pay a price for their act of international aggression. We should continue to do so along with efforts to strengthen our national defense. We cannot permit this attack across an international border, with the threat it poses to the region and thus to the strategic balance, to go unanswered. Only firmness now can prevent new adventures later.\nThe Democratic Administration will also seek to reverse the recent sharp downturn in Soviet Jewish emigration and to obtain the release of dissidents now detained in the Soviet Union, including 41 members of the Helsinki Watch Groups who are in Soviet prisons, labor camps and banishment for their human rights activity. We will pursue our human rights concerns as a necessary part of overall progress on the range of political, military and economic issues between the United States and the Soviet Union—including the possibility of improved, mutually beneficial economic relations between our two countries.\nConsideration of human rights should be a permanent feature of U.S.-Soviet relations. We salute those Soviet citizens active in the Moscow, Ukrainian, Lithuanian, Armenian, and Georgian Helsinki Monitoring Groups, assert our support of the courageous human rights advocate, Nobel Peace Prize Winner, Dr. Andrei Sakharov, and call for Dr. Sakharov's release from forced exile as well as the release of all political prisoners in the U.S.S.R.\nWe pledge that a Democratic Administration will raise the question of the Soviet violation of human rights at all appropriate international forums.\nArms Control\n\nThe SALT II Treaty also serves our security interests. It is a vital step in an arms control process that can begin to lift from humanity the shadow of nuclear war. That process, also, must be sustained.\nSoviet aggression against Afghanistan has delayed the course of ratification of the SALT II Treaty, but we must continue to pursue both security priorities: deterrence of Soviet aggression and balanced arms control agreements. Both the response to Afghanistan and the SALT II Treaty serve this purpose.\nThe SALT Treaty is in the U.S. interest because it is an important way of restraining Soviet behavior.\nWithout SALT II, the Soviets could have hundreds more missiles and thousands more nuclear warheads than the Treaty permits. Under the Treaty, they would have to eliminate many nuclear weapons they already have.\nThe Treaty helps sustain a strong American position in the world. Our Allies and other nations around the world know the SALT II Treaty serves their security interests as well as ours. American support for arms control is important to our standing in the international community, the same community that has rebuked the Soviets for their attempted suppression of Afghanistan. It is also important to our efforts to organize an enduring response to the growing threat to Europe of the Soviet SS-20 nuclear missiles and to Soviet aggression in Afghanistan.\nAlong with support for SALT, we seek to maintain a stable conventional and theater nuclear balance in Europe. We will support modernization programs in which European countries bear their fair share of the cost and other burdens. At the same time, we will ensure that no possibility for effective limits on theater nuclear weapons is left unexplored. The Democratic Administration will join with our NATO allies in making far-reaching, equitable, and verifiable proposals for nuclear and conventional arms control in Europe.\nThe Democratic Party wants an arms control process to continue, just as it wants to sustain strong policies against Soviet aggression in Afghanistan. We understand that both build peace and make our nation more secure. Accordingly, we must persist in a strong policy regarding the Soviet aggression, and we must seek ratification of SALT as soon as it is feasible.\nA Democratic Administration will not accept an indefinite deferral of strategic arms control. On the basis of review and planning of U.S. security requirements in the coming decade, we are determined to pursue negotiations with the Soviet Union, aimed at the achievement of strategic stability and, for the first time, of major reductions and qualitative limits on strategic systems. The American SALT proposals in March 1977 were the first effort to seek such reductions, which remain the goal and justification of arms control. A Democratic Administration will treat the Soviet government's readiness to negotiate verifiable, substantial and significant reductions and qualitative limits as a test of its seriousness about arms control and the compatibility of its approach to arms control with that of the United States.\nWe will pursue other arms control opportunities that can enhance both our national security and the prospects of peace. In particular, the Democratic Administration will pursue a Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Such a treaty is vital to our hopes to control the proliferation of nuclear weapons. Following the 1980 Review Conference on the Nuclear NonProliferation Treaty, we will step up our efforts to expand adherence to the treaty, to strengthen international safeguards and controls over nuclear materials, equipment and technology, and to forestall the spread of nuclear explosive capabilities. In any peaceful nuclear supply, we will continue to seek the full application of international safeguards and undertakings not to explode nuclear devices.\nWe have placed significant limits on our conventional arms transfers and will vigorously press other arms suppliers and recipients to accept mutual restraints.\nThe Democratic Administration has increased our capacity to counter national terrorism, both on a national basis and in coordination with other governments, and to deal with acts of terrorism including hostage-taking committed either by individuals or by governments. We will strengthen multilateral arrangements for contingency planning, information sharing, military coordination, and the isolation of countries that harbor terrorists.\nHuman Rights\n\nIn the area of international affairs, the Democratic Administration has placed America's power in the service of a more decent world by once again living up to our own values and working in a formal, deliberate way to foster the principles set out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.\nThis has been accomplished through a strong commitment to human rights, which must be seen not only as a moral imperative but as the only secure and enduring basis upon which a truly stable world order can he fashioned. There have been successes in Asia, Latin America, and elsewhere in the world. We must be undaunted by the increasing repression in the Soviet Union. We support measures designed to restrict trade with the Soviet Union until such time as Soviet emigration policy is made fair and non-restrictive.\nWe must be vigilant about human rights violations in any country in which they occur including South Africa. We note in particular that many of the Communist-dominated countries are persistent violators of the most basic human freedoms—the right to free speech, the right to religious freedom, the right to travel and emigrate, and the right to be free from arbitrary harassment.\nWe support Senate ratification of the Genocide Convention and the International Covenants on Human Rights as soon as possible.\nWe support continuation of the leadership role taken by the United States in the area of human rights and urge that the Democratic Administration continue to speak out openly and forcefully on human rights violations whenever and wherever they occur.\nWe will fulfill the letter and the spirit of current law by denying assistance to governments that violate fundamental human rights, except for that aid which is clearly humanitarian. We also recognize the exception for assistance that is required for overriding security purposes, but that exception should not he used as an excuse for ignoring abuses of human rights.\nWe will provide additional assistance and support, as needed, to governments that strive successfully for greater political liberty and protection of human rights.\nRefugees and Migration\n\nAmerica's roots are found in the immigrants and refugees who have come to our shores to build new lives in a new world. The Democratic Party pledges to honor our historic commitment to this heritage.\nThe first comprehensive reform of this nation's refugee policies in over 25 years was completed with the signing in March 1980 of the Refugee Act of 1980, based on legislation submitted to Congress by the Carter Administration in March 1979.\nThis act offers a comprehensive alternative to the chaotic movement and the inefficient and inequitable administration of past refugee programs in the United States. We favor the full use of refugee legislation now to cope with the flow of Cuban and Haitian refugees, and to help the states, local communities and voluntary agencies resettle them across our land. We urge that monies be distributed to voluntary agencies fairly so that aid is distributed to all refugees without discrimination.\nThe Administration also established the first refugee coordination office in the Department of State under the leadership of a special ambassador and coordinator for refugee affairs and programs.\nThe new legislation and the coordinator's office will bring common sense and consolidation to our nation's previously fragmented, inconsistent, and, in many ways, outdated refugee and immigration policies.\nA Select Commission on Immigration and Refugee Policy is now at work to further reform the system. We pledge oar support to the goals and purposes of the Commission, and we urge the Administration to move aggressively in this area once the Commission submits its report.\nOnce that report has been completed, we must work to resolve the issue of undocumented residents in a fair and humane way. We will oppose any legislation designed to allow workers into the country to undercut U.S. wages and working conditions, and which would re-establish the bracero program of the past.\nWorld population projections, as well as international economic indicators—especially in the Third World—forewarn us that migration pressures will mount rapidly in many areas of the world in the decade ahead. Our own situation of undocumented workers underscores how difficult it is to deal with economic and employment forces that are beyond any nation's immediate control. Most of Europe, and many parts of Latin America and Asia, face similar dilemmas. For example, Mexico faces the pressure of migration from Central America.\nWe will work with other nations to develop international policies to regularize population movement and to protect the human rights of migrants even as we protect the jobs of American workers and the economic interest of the United States. In this hemisphere, such a policy will require close cooperation with our neighbors, especially Mexico and Canada.\nWe must also work to resolve the difficult problems presented by the immigration from Haiti and from the more recent immigration from Cuba. In doing so, we must ensure that there is no discrimination in the treatment afforded to the Cubans or Haitians. We must also work to ensure that future Cuban immigration is handled in an orderly way, consistent with our laws. To ameliorate the impact on state and local communities and school districts of the influx of new immigrants from Cuba and Haiti, we must provide the affected areas with special fiscal assistance.\nWe support continued financial backing of international relief programs such as those financed by the United States, the International Red Cross, UNICEF and the private, non-profit organizations to aid the starving people of Kampuehea. We also endorse such support for the Cambodian refugees and encourage participation in the campaign of the National Cambodian Crisis Committee.\nWe support, through U.S. contributions to the UN High Commissioner for Refugees and other means, aid for the mounting Afghan refugee population in Pakistan and other desperate refugee situations.\nThe Middle East\n\nWhen the Democratic Administration began in 1977, the prospects for peace in the Middle East were bleak. Despite efforts over thirty years, Israel still faced an Arab world that was totally hostile to it; it was still denied any movement towards its dream of living at peace with its neighbors, behind secure and recognized frontiers.\nAlmost immediately after his inauguration, President Carter undertook to move the peace process forward. Following the historic visit of President Sadat to Jerusalem, the Administration's efforts led to Camp David, where the two presidents and Prime Minister Begin in thirteen days created the Camp David Accords—the most promising effort in three decades for creating a genuine and lasting peace in the Middle East.\nFollowing President Carter's trip to the Middle East in March 1979, Prime Minister Begin and President Sadat signed the Israel-Egypt peace treaty at the White House. A year later, that treaty has led to the transfer of two-thirds of the Sinai to Egypt—along with the Sinai oil fields; ambassadors have been exchanged; borders have been opened; and normalization of relations is well underway. Israel has finally gained peace with its largest Arab neighbor. In sum, this Democratic Administration has done more to achieve Israel's dream of peace than any other Administration in thirty years.\nNegotiations are continuing under the Camp David framework on full autonomy for the inhabitants of the West Bank and Gaza, in order to preserve fully Israel's security while permitting the Palestinians living in the territories to participate in determining their own future. The United States is a full partner in negotiations between Israel and Egypt to provide for a five-year transitional regime in the West Bank and Gaza.\nIt is recognized that the Democratic Administration has to proceed with special care and sensitivity resulting from its deep engagement in the delicate process of promoting a wider peace for Israel.\nAt the same time, the United States' commitment to the independence, security, and future of Israel has been strengthened. Nearly half of all U.S. aid to Israel since its creation as a sovereign state—more than $10 billion—has been requested during the last three and a half years. We provide Israel with modern military equipment and we fully support Israel's efforts to create a just and lasting peace with all of its Arab neighbors.\nU.S. policy is—and should continue to be—guided also by the following principles.\nUN Security council Resolution 242, unchanged, and the Camp David Accords are the basis for peace in the Middle East.\nWe support Israel's security, and will continue to provide generous military and economic aid to that end.\nWe pledge not to provide Israel's potential enemies with sophisticated offensive equipment that could endanger the security of Israel.\nJerusalem should remain forever undivided, with free access to the holy places for people of all faiths.\nWe oppose creation of an independent Palestinian state.\nWe will not negotiate with or recognize the Palestinian Liberation Organization, unless and until it accepts Israel's right to exist and UN Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338. It is also long past time for an end to all terrorism and other acts of violence against Israel.\nWe have not and will not use our aid to Israel as a bargaining tool; and we will never permit oil policies to influence our policy toward peace or our support for Israel.\nAs stated in the 1976 platform, the Democratic Party recognizes and supports \"the established status of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, with free access to all its holy places provided to all faiths. As a symbol of this stand, the U.S. Embassy should be moved from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem.\"\nElsewhere in the Middle East, we support the improvement of relations with moderate Arab states. We support the independence, sovereignty, and integrity of Lebanon. We earl upon all states in the region to support the historic efforts of Israel and Egypt to build a comprehensive peace.\nWe believe a cooperative effort among the nations of the Middle East and the United States can help provide needed assistance to Israel and her Middle East neighbors engaging in the peace process with Israel in the vital areas of refugee resettlement, agricultural development, water development, health and medical facilities, and productivity and trade. A planning group should be created to pursue an effort to provide this type of assistance.\nThe Democratic Administration will also take needed measures to protect American interests in the Persian Gulf, including energy security, regional stability, and national independence. This will require sophisticated diplomacy as well as military capability. We will seek both to counter external threats and to encourage necessary political and economic development. In the end, our allies have an equal or greater interest than we in the security of oil supply and regional stability, and the Democratic Administration will continue to cooperate with them in a common strategy and to share common burdens.\nWe condemn the government of Iran for its outrageous conduct in the taking of our diplomatic personnel as hostages. We insist upon respect for the principle—as repeatedly enunciated by the UN Security Council and the International Court of Justice—of the inviolability for diplomatic personnel. We call upon all governments to abide by and uphold this basic tenet of civilized international conduct.\nIn the region as a whole, we must end our dangerous dependence on foreign oil. Only in this way can our foreign policy counter effectively the pressures of OPEC and of Soviet power poised above the Persian Gulf in Afghanistan. The Democratic Administration will fulfill its commitments to the Strategic Petroleum Reserve to protect America against an oil embargo. As we reduce oil consumption and dependence on OPEC, we will be able to bargain on equal terms with the OPEC states for an assurance of more certain supplies of oil at more stable prices.\nEurope and Japan\n\nAmerica and her allies must continue the mutual confidence and commitment, the sense of common purpose, that marked our relations for decades. The problems we face are global in scope. We cannot begin to solve them if each of us goes a separate way. We must learn to work in partnership, on an increasing range of problems, in areas such as Africa and the Persian Gulf, and on worldwide economic and security issues.\nThe Democratic Administration will be committed to a strong NATO and a stable military balance in Europe. We will pursue both modernization of NATO conventional and nuclear forces and equitable limitations between NATO and the Warsaw Pact.\nThe Democratic Administration will seek collective solutions to the common economic problems of inflation, unemployment, energy, trade and monetary. relations which confront us and our allies. This will require increased cooperation and coordination among all OECD countries.\nThe Democratic Administration will continue to support the growth and cohesion of the European community, and will increase our support for Greece, Spain and Portugal, which have rejoined the ranks of democracy.\nWe have been particularly concerned about the need to maintain strategic stability in the eastern Mediterranean. To this end, we have worked with Congress toward the resolution of differences between Greece and Turkey over Cyprus and other divisive issues. We have worked toward a balanced treatment of both countries in our assistance programs.\nWe will give priority to the reintegration of Greece into NATO's military structure and to the strengthening of NATO's southern flank, including the economic progress of each of our allies in southern Europe.\nWe have worked towards a fair settlement of the Cyprus issue by giving our support to the United Nations efforts to encourage intercommunal talks. We agree with Secretary General Waldheim's opinion that such talks, if properly used, represent the best possible solution to a just and lasting political settlement of the Cyprus problem based on the legitimate rights of the two communities.\nWe must do all that is possible, consistent with our interest in a strong NATO in southern Europe and stability in the eastern Mediterranean, to encourage a fair settlement of the Cyprus issue, which has caused so much suffering in that area.\nWe will press strongly for the full implementation of UN Resolution 3212 in order to bring about an agreed resolution to the tragic conflict in Cyprus; including the withdrawal of all Turkish military forces from Cyprus, the safe return of all refugees to their homes, full cooperation of all parties with a negotiated solution and a full peace and respect for human rights in Cyprus.\nConsistent with our traditional concern for peace and human rights, the next Democratic Administration will play a positive role in seeking peace in Northern Ireland. We condemn the violence on all sides. We will encourage progress toward a long-term solution based upon consent of all parties to the conflict, based on the principle of Irish unity. We take note of the Saint Patrick's Day statement \"...that the solution offering the greatest promise of permanent peace is to end the division of the Irish people\" and its urging of \"...the British Government to express its interest in the unity of Ireland and to join with the government of Ireland in working to achieve peace and reconciliation.\" New political structures which are created should protect human rights, and should be acceptable to both Great Britain and Ireland and to both parts of the community of Northern Ireland.\nOur relations with Japan have moved to a new level of maturity and cooperation. The United States is able to deal with patience and understanding on a wide range of difficult and contentious economic issues. In the foreign policy and security area, Japan's record in support of U.S. foreign policy objectives is second to none. We will continue to nurture this relationship.\nThe International Economy\n\nA vigorous American foreign policy and a sustained defense effort depend on the strength of the U.S. economy and its ability to compete in the international marketplace.\nThrough annual economic summits in London, Bonn, Tokyo and Venice, we have established a sound basis for economic progress in the 1980s by improving the coordination of our economic policies. We have sought to strengthen international institutions to deal with our common problems; to reduce worldwide inflation, which undermines Western security and prosperity; to encourage investment and innovation to increase productivity; and simultaneously to find ways to reduce unemployment, especially among our youth. We have made substantial progress, but the battle continues.\nThe Democratic Administration, which has wrestled with these issues over the past three and a half years, pledges a renewed effort to revitalize the world economy and to maintain our position as the leader of the free world's economic forces.\nTrade\n\nIn 1976, we called for trade policies that would benefit economic growth. Trade promotes new jobs for American workers, new markets for farmers and businessmen, and lower prices for consumers. But trade can also cause dislocations within the economy, and we have sought—and will continue to seek—ways to ease the burden of adjustment to foreign competition without impeding the process of structural change so vital to our economic health. We favor a free international trading system, but that system must also be fair. We will not allow our workers and industries to be displaced by unfair import competition. We have entered orderly marketing agreements and other arrangements in areas such as color television, footwear and textiles, to help promote the competitive position of American industry. Others may be necessary.\nLast year, we successfully concluded the Multilateral Trade Negotiations, an ambitious set of negotiations designed to reduce barriers to international trade. Before the Democratic Administration took office, these negotiations had proceeded at a snail's pace, and there had been a growing risk of failure which could have sparked a trade war damaging to our interests. It was the imaginative leadership of this Administration which breathed new life into an otherwise somnolent negotiation.\nTo strengthen the U.S. economy and improve our competitive position in the world economy, U.S. export-import policy must be based on the principle of fair trade that will enhance our exports while safeguarding domestic industry from unfair trade practices. In assuring orderly foreign trade, the U.S. must require observance of our trade laws, as well as cooperation with our trade policies if economic disruption is to be avoided. This will require:\n—Encouragement of exert expansion through vigorous negotiations to open foreign markets and enforce U.S. rights;\n—The government to take swift, effective antidumping actions and enforce all U.S. trade laws to assure an end to unfair trade practices that lead to the export of American jobs;\n—Regulations of imports of textiles and apparel in accordance with current laws and agreements;\n—Enforcement of customs laws through the assessment of appropriate penalties. Imports, exports, technology transfers, money flows and investments must be reported in accordance with current laws, monitored and regulated to protect U.S. interests; and\n—Implementation of the government procurement code only as negotiated and on a truly reciprocal basis.\nWe bargained long and hard to obtain concessions which would benefit Americans and open new markets to U.S. producers of both agricultural and industrial goods. The agreements, which won the overwhelming support of the U.S. Congress, achieved that objective. They represent a sensible balance of benefits. At the same time, they will ensure a liberal, but fair, international trading environment for the 1980s.\nMonetary Affairs\n\nWe will continue to take whatever actions are necessary to maintain a sound and stable dollar. We will cooperate with other nations to minimize exchange rate disturbances. We fully support efforts underway to strengthen the ability of international financial institutions to adapt to changing needs and to facilitate the recycling of funds from the surplus off-producing nations to those countries facing large, oil-induced deficits. We will urge OPEC countries to participate constructively in this process.\nInternational Energy Cooperation\n\nWe have cooperated with other industrial countries, at summit meetings and in the International Energy Agency, in developing joint programs to conserve oil and increase production of alternative energy sources. Only through a truly global effort can the present imbalance between energy supply and demand be redressed. We will continue to support such efforts, showing our leadership by continuing the actions that have reduced oil consumption and imports by a greater proportion in the U.S. than in any other industrial country in the last year. We will work with our partners abroad to elicit increased effort by them, even as we seek increased U.S. effort at home, to the same ends.\nThe Developing World\n\nUnder the previous Republican Administration, the nations of the Third World viewed the United States as uninterested in or hostile to the need to treat the North-South economic issues which are of greatest importance to developing countries. Since then, the United States has adopted a range of economic policies on trade (MTN, Generalized System of Preferences expansion), commodities (Common Fund, sugar, coffee, tin), aid (International Financial Institutions replenishments) which have demonstrated that the Carter administration is responsive to the aspirations of peoples in developing countries.\nBut this task is only begun. We share the globe with more than 4 billion people, more than three-quarters of whom live in developing nations, most of them poor. By the end of this century, the population of developing countries will grow by about 1.7 billion people. Their prospects for jobs, food, and peace will increasingly affect our own prospects. These nations can be the fastest growing market for our exports, as they are today, or they can become sources for new immigration and hostility toward the industrial democracies.\nThus, America's defense, energy, and economic security depend on stability and growth not only among our allies, but among our friends in the Third World. It is unacceptable that the United States ranks 13th among 17 major industrial powers in percentage of GNP devoted to development assistance.\nThe Democratic Administration will work with the Congress to develop and sustain policies and programs of economic cooperation with the developing nations, guided by the test of mutual interest. We will approach the global negotiations next year on economic relations between the industrial North and developing South in this positive spirit. We will contribute the United States' fair share to the capital of the multilateral development banks and agencies, and we will continue substantial and innovative U.S. programs of direct development assistance to low-income countries.\nThese policies will be reflected in further concentration of U.S. development assistance in countries that make good use of aid and on programs that address the basic needs of poor people, especially food, health, and voluntary family planning services. We will increase U.S. and multilateral technical and financial assistance to oil-importing nations for the development of their energy resource. The participation of U.S. private enterprises in the economic growth of developing nations will be selectively encouraged, with due regard for our own employment objectives.\nWe are deeply concerned about the growing problem of world hunger as reported by the President's Commission on World Hunger. We are determined to increase our resources, and to seek a similar increase on the part of other nations, with a view toward solving this problem by the end of the century.\nTogether with our allies, the Democratic Administration will challenge OPEC and the Communist nations to reach a new collective worldwide commitment to economic development. All sides must increase their contributions for this development, so that the world may escape the spectre of international bankruptcy from rising energy costs and rising burdens of debt. Development in the Third World is vital to international political and economic stability and therefore to our own national security.\nIn all of our relations with developing nations, we will actively promote the cause of human rights and express America's abhorrence of the denial of freedom.\nOur security depends critically on events in the Middle East, Asia, Latin America, and Africa, events marked by either the pursuit of goals common to or conflicting with our interests. We will continue to cooperate with key friendly developing nations in security relations and in economic measures ensuring our mutual security. Great care will be exercised in our security assistance activities to avoid stimulating regional arms races or needlessly diverting resources from development to armament.\nThe Third World\n\nUnder the previous Republican Administration relations with the Third World were at their nadir. The United States appeared hostile and indifferent to the developing world's aspirations for greater justice, respect, and dignity. All this has changed.\nLatin America and the Caribbean\n\nIn stark contrast to the policies of previous Republican Administrations, this Democratic Administration has begun to forge a new, collaborative relationship with nations of Latin America and the Caribbean; one resting on a firm commitment to human rights, democratization, increased economic and industrial development, and non-intervention.\nWe must now move innovatively to strengthen our ties with our neighbors in the Western Hemisphere, first to obviate any vacuum for outside intervention and second to promote bilateral approaches for social progress and economic development including energy resources.\nThrough systematic and structural high level attention to the problems of the Western Hemisphere we will mobilize the resources of our government to achieve this end. One such possibility to be considered is to appoint an Under Secretary of State for the Western Hemisphere. This would encourage both economic and political freedom throughout the Hemisphere.\nWe have given particular attention to developing a more balanced relationship with Mexico, a country with which we share so many important interests and also problems.\nThe successful negotiation of the Panama Canal Treaties—after fourteen fruitless years of effort—was seen as an indication of our willingness to treat Latin America on the basis of mutual respect. With those treaties ratified, the United States in 1980 is not only identified with the cause of human rights and democracy, but also we have opened a new chapter in our relations with the nations of this Hemisphere. Moreover, through regular multilateral consultations at all levels, more balanced relationships with the nations in the region have been forged.\nThe United States has worked hard to encourage the expansion of democracy in Latin America, respect for human rights, and the preservation of national independence and integrity from the threat of Soviet and Cuban intervention.\nFor the first time, an approach has been developed and tailored to the unique needs and aspirations of the Caribbean area. The Administration has supported change within a Democratic framework; more than doubled aid programs; and worked with twenty-nine other nations and fifteen international institutions to establish the Caribbean Group for Cooperation in Economic Development, which has quadrupled external aid to the region.\nThrough strengthened relations with the Caribbean Community and the Andean Pact, the Administration has worked to enhance subregional cooperation as well.\nPresident Carter has worked for peace in the region. By signing Protocol I of the Treaty of Tlatelolco, President Carter has demonstrated his support for nonproliferation objectives in the Hemisphere. We support its ratification. By supporting regional efforts at arms restraints, the United States has taken the lead in trying to reduce the possibilities for conflict in the region.\nWe reaffirm our commitment to the protection of universally recognized and fundamental human rights throughout the Americas by urging that the Senate ratify the American Convention on Human Rights, which was signed by' President Carter in June 1977.\nWe will join with other like-minded states in pursuing human fights, democracy, and economic development throughout the region. We will uphold our own law and terminate all aid except for clearly humanitarian purposes to human rights violators. In our relationships with Argentina, Chile, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti and others throughout the Hemisphere we will press further for respect for human rights and political liberalization. In Central America especially, we will align ourselves with those who are trying to build a better future out of the aftermath of tyranny, corruption and civil war.\nWe will oppose a spiral of confrontation with Cuba, for its own sake, but we will not evade the real issues between that country and the United States. Under no condition will we accept a Soviet military offensive capability based in Cuba or anywhere else in the Hemisphere.\nIn order to permit the pursuit of normal relations between our countries, Cuba should stop its disorderly movement of those seeking to leave; it should cooperate with the international community to develop a fair and orderly emigration program; it must withdraw its armed forces from Africa; it must cease subversive activities throughout the Hemisphere; and it should follow the principles of the American Convention on Human Rights.\nAsia\n\nThe establishment of normal diplomatic and economic relations with China is an historic foreign policy achievement.\nProgress in U.S.-China relations was stalled in 1977, but with patience, political courage and historic vision, the deadlock was broken by this Democratic Administration.\nIn the fifteen months since normalization, the benefits of normalization have already become clear: trade, travel, cultural exchange, and, most important of all, the security and stability of the Pacific region is greater now than in any time in this century.\nThe Democratic Party commits itself to a broadening and deepening of our relationship with China in a way that will benefit both our peoples and the peace and security of the world. We will continue to seek new areas where the United States and China can cooperate in support of common interests. We have not and will not play \"China cards\" or other dangerous games; nor will we allow our relationship with any other country to impede our efforts to continue the process of normalization of relations with China.\nIn 1976, the so-called Koreagate affair had badly hurt our ties to Korea. A friendly and increasingly frank dialogue with the Korean government has been promoted. We will continue not only to fulfill our commitment to security, but equally to the promotion of a more democratic government. North and South Korea have renewed their dialogue and made a difficult but hopeful start down a long, uncertain road. In our relationships with the Philippines, Taiwan and others in the region, we will also press for political liberalization and human rights.\nWith ASEAN, the Democratic Administration has developed a coherent and supportive approach, encouraging the cohesion of those five nations just at the time when their unity was being tested by the Vietnamese aggression in Kampuchea. ASEAN now stands as one of the most viable regional organizations in the world. The Democratic Party recognize the important role the U.S. territories and other emerging island states in the Pacific Basin play in the solidification of defense and economic ties with the ASEAN nations. The Democratic Party commits itself to humanitarian aid to the people of East Timor.\nAfrica\n\nAfrica will be of central importance to American foreign policy in the 1980s. By the end of the previous Republican Administration in 1977, the United States had little credibility in Black Africa for they had made little or no attempt to see African problems from an African perspective. Our policy had no clearly defined goals. As a consequence, our attempts to bring an end to the war in Southern Africa were ineffective. We were becoming, in African eyes, irrelevant—even antagonistic—to African aspirations.\nThe Democratic Administration developed a long-term African policy—a policy that is viable on its own merits and does not treat Africa as an appendage to great power competition. It recognized the need for a new approach to the Continent, an approach based on mutual respect, fundamental concern for human rights and the necessity for economic justice.\nConsiderable success has been achieved, perhaps most notably in Southern Africa. Our diplomatic efforts there have been instrumental in helping to bring about a peaceful settlement in Rhodesia—now Zimbabwe—while lessening Soviet/Cuban influence in the area. We will continue to assist in the reconstruction and development of an independent Zimbabwe, as a means of promoting stability in the region.\nMuch remains to be done. Many of the fifty African nations are politically unstable and economically weak—partially as a result of their colonial heritage, but increasingly due to endemic drought and the economic dislocation resulting from ever-rising energy costs.\nThe Democratic Party pledges itself to continue efforts to improve U.S. relations with all African nations, on the basis of mutual respect and a mutual commitment to enhance economic justice and human dignity everywhere, with particular emphasis on the recurrent problem of drought and starvation. U.S. aid in the form of grain and foodstuffs must be continued but, in addition, we must seek with African governments ways of removing famine permanently from the African Continent.\nThe Democratic Party pledges itself to the process of economic reconstruction in Zimbabwe within the context of a coherent multi-donor development plan for all the cooperating nations of the Southern African region.\nThe Democratic Party pledges active support for self-determination in Namibia, and for full social and economic justice for all the peoples of Southern Africa.\nThe Democratic Administration will press for the withdrawal of Soviet and Cuban troops.\nIn Southern Africa, we will exert our influence to promote progress toward majority rule and to end the racist system of apartheid. We condemn the brutal suppression of Black Native African people in Soweto and Capetown by the South African regime and support increased political and economic pressure on this oppressive regime, through legal sanctions.\nWe support increased pressure through legal diplomatic sanctions on the oppressive South African regime. Initially we will divest, under legal procedures, South African holdings of all public institutions and deploy full legal economic sanctions until that government abandons its undemocratic apartheid system.\nFollowing the removal of Cuban troops from Angola, we will seek to normalize relations with Angola. We will strengthen relations with nations committed to the objectives of economic development, respect for human rights and political liberalization. In the western Sahara we will support a negotiated settlement to the conflict.\nThe United Nations and International Agencies\n\nIn each of the regions of the globe, international organizations and agencies will be tested in the coming decade and will play an increasingly crucial role. The United Nations remains the only forum where rich and poor, East and West, and neutral nations can come together to air their grievances, participate in respected forums of world opinion, and find mechanisms to resolve disputes without resort to force. In particular, in recent months the UN has been a forum for expressing the world's condemnation and rejection of both the hostage-taking in Iran and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.\nThe United Nations is also vital in other ways—through its international refugee efforts, coordination of development assistance, support for agricultural research, and worldwide eradication of disease.\nIn the next decade, international monetary and development institutions will also be under increasing pressure. Their efforts must be expanded to meet more fully the urgent needs of the two-thirds of the world's population which suffers the damaging and depressing effects of underdevelopment.\nThe United Nations and these agencies perform a vital role in the search for peace. They deserve America's continuing support—and they will receive it from the Democratic Administration. We support the U.S. position on freedom of the press to be voted again in Belgrade during the 1980 UNESCO meeting.\nWe support the call in Section 503 of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act of 1978, for the United States to make \"a major effort toward reforming and restructuring the United Nations system.\"\nWe also endorse that portion of the President's report to Congress in March, 1978 on UN reform and restructuring which calls for the Senate \"to reexamine the Connally reservation,\" \"the creation of a U.N. Peacekeeping Reserve composed of national contingents trained in peacekeeping functions,\" the establishment of \"a new UN senior post as High Commissioner of Human Rights,\" and the development of autonomous sources of income for the international community.\nWe will work toward new structures which will enhance the UN in the fields of economic development, including international trade organizations, higher education, volunteer service, mediation and conciliation, international disarmament, implementation of the Law of the Sea Agreement, and controlling international terrorism.\nInto the 1980s\n\nAs we look to the 1980s, we have a full and challenging agenda.\nWith our Allies, we face the challenge of building greater unity of action while preserving the diversity of our democracies. Europe is increasingly united and is finding its own identity and voice. We must forge new links of consultation and revive the political process within the North Atlantic Alliance so that Europe remains America's partner in meeting the challenges to our common security and economic interests. We must find ways to include Japan in this process, broadening the mechanisms for cooperation which exist in current international forums, such as the Seven-Nation Summit.\nWith the Third World countries, we must continue to do our part in the realization of their aspirations for justice, respect, and freedom. We must continue to work for full political participation by all in South Africa, including independence and majority rule in Namibia. We must work to strengthen democracy in the Caribbean and Central America in the face of efforts by the Cubans to export their failed revolution. Throughout Latin America, we must continue to cooperate for the realization of greater human rights and the fulfillment of basic human needs. In Asia, we must continue to strengthen our relationships with our friends and Allies as they confront the twin dangers flowing from the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the Soviet-backed invasion of Cambodia.\nWe must persevere with the Middle East peace process. There is no viable alternative. We can welcome initiatives from other countries so long as they contribute to the Camp David process that is leading toward a comprehensive peace in that region. But we will oppose efforts that undermine Camp David while offering no viable alternative. Our goal is to see the achievement of a comprehensive peace for all parties.\nWith our defenses, we will continue to meet the requirements of the Administration's five-year defense program, including the deployment of the MX missile, cruise missiles, the Trident submarine, and long-range theater nuclear forces in Europe. At the same time, we intend to increase readiness and strengthen the All-Volunteer Force with a standby system of draft registration. We will continue with our Allies to meet the commitments of the long-term NATO defense program and, as we strengthen our military capabilities and presence in Southwest Asia and the region of the Persian Gulf, we will look to our Allies to assume more of the burden for the defense and security of Europe. Finally, we must recognize that development assistance represents a crucial part of our national security. As such, we may have to make a greater contribution of resources to these programs.\nIn the field of arms control, in addition to ratification of SALT II, we must proceed to more comprehensive and drastic reductions and qualitative limitations on strategic nuclear forces. SALT III must also include effective limitations and reductions in long-range theater nuclear forces based on the principle of equality. We must pursue to a conclusion a comprehensive test ban, effective curbs in the international traffic of conventional arms and a more rigorously effective international regime to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology. We must bring to at least an initial conclusion the negotiations for mutual and balanced force reductions in Europe. The decade of the 1980s is not to become the decade of violence. We must make renewed efforts to stabilize the arms competition and widen the scrape of arms control arrangements.\nAs we look to the future, we hope the progress in arms control and the strength and determination we shall demonstrate in the face of Soviet aggression in Afghanistan will soon result in the fashioning of stronger, more productive relationship with the Soviet Union. We favor a genuine detente—one with equivalent benefits to ourselves and the Soviets, one that is based on genuine restraint, one that benefits all mankind by harnessing the enormous potential of our two societies for cooperation rather than competition and confrontation. This will take patience, but we shall persevere for the prize is peace.\nBy reaffirming America's values as the centerpiece of our foreign policy and by pursuing realistically the requirements of military strength, the Democratic Party is forging a new and broader consensus among the American people in support of our foreign policy. We are turning the tide against the paralysis of despair that came from a tragic war in Asia and political scandal at home. We are restoring America to its rightful place, not only as the strongest nation in the world but as the nation which is the champion of human justice and freedom.", "Words" -> 38077, "WordCounts" -> <|"the" -> 2258, "and" -> 1679, "of" -> 1506, "to" -> 1442, "in" -> 766, "a" -> 527, "for" -> 464, "our" -> 387, "We" -> 356, "must" -> 321, "that" -> 309, "The" -> 291, "be" -> 253, "with" -> 252, "we" -> 233, "is" -> 232, "will" -> 231, "Democratic" -> 224, "as" -> 205, "have" -> 204, "by" -> 202, "on" -> 187, "are" -> 185, "has" -> 177, "which" -> 159, "federal" -> 157, "support" -> 143, "Party" -> 135, "been" -> 131, "this" -> 129, "programs" -> 127, "government" -> 123, "all" -> 121, "an" -> 120, "Administration" -> 119, "or" -> 112, "economic" -> 112, "their" -> 108, "continue" -> 102, "should" -> 99, "other" -> 96, "energy" -> 95, "In" -> 93, "not" -> 91, "its" -> 87, "from" -> 86, "those" -> 85, "efforts" -> 85, "at" -> 84, "American" -> 83, "policy" -> 81, "development" -> 79, 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"More" -> 6, "monetary" -> 6, "Minority" -> 6, "low-income" -> 6, "lives" -> 6, "little" -> 6, "legacy" -> 6, "led" -> 6, "later" -> 6, "lack" -> 6, "issue" -> 6, "Israel's" -> 6, "involved" -> 6, "investments" -> 6, "innovation" -> 6, "initiative" -> 6, "information" -> 6, "inflationary" -> 6, "immigration" -> 6, "If" -> 6, "homes" -> 6, "Hispanics" -> 6, "Hispanic" -> 6, "his" -> 6, "Gulf" -> 6, "grants" -> 6, "government's" -> 6, "global" -> 6, "genuine" -> 6, "framework" -> 6, "forms" -> 6, "flexibility" -> 6, "fishing" -> 6, "fisheries" -> 6, "Finally" -> 6, "favor" -> 6, "exploration" -> 6, "Executive" -> 6, "even" -> 6, "engineering" -> 6, "enforce" -> 6, "enable" -> 6, "employers" -> 6, "eliminating" -> 6, "eligible" -> 6, "Domestic" -> 6, "disposal" -> 6, "disabled" -> 6, "dignity" -> 6, "determined" -> 6, "David" -> 6, "crisis" -> 6, "credit" -> 6, "contributions" -> 6, "continues" -> 6, "Continue" -> 6, "consumption" -> 6, "commit" -> 6, "college" -> 6, "changes" -> 6, "central" -> 6, "capability" -> 6, "Camp" -> 6, "Blacks" -> 6, "bilingual" -> 6, "believe" -> 6, "average" -> 6, "automobile" -> 6, "annual" -> 6, "air" -> 6, "agreements" -> 6, "Agency" -> 6, "afforded" -> 6, "affect" -> 6, "adequately" -> 6, "acts" -> 6, "act" -> 6, "across" -> 6, "achievement" -> 6, "3" -> 6, "200-mile" -> 6, "worldwide" -> 5, "workplace" -> 5, "Without" -> 5, "whole" -> 5, "Water" -> 5, "violation" -> 5, "victims" -> 5, "underway" -> 5, "underserved" -> 5, "treaty" -> 5, "today" -> 5, "times" -> 5, "timber" -> 5, "ties" -> 5, "terrorism" -> 5, "terms" -> 5, "supplies" -> 5, "subsidies" -> 5, "stand" -> 5, "Special" -> 5, "Soviets" -> 5, "Southern" -> 5, "smaller" -> 5, "skill" -> 5, "simplified" -> 5, "sex" -> 5, "Services" -> 5, "serves" -> 5, "served" -> 5, "sense" -> 5, "saving" -> 5, "sanctions" -> 5, "rich" -> 5, "revitalize" -> 5, "reverse" -> 5, "restraint" -> 5, "restore" -> 5, "responsible" -> 5, "resolve" -> 5, "resolution" -> 5, "residents" -> 5, "regulation" -> 5, "refugees" -> 5, "readiness" -> 5, "pursuit" -> 5, "provision" -> 5, "protecting" -> 5, "protected" -> 5, "prospects" -> 5, "prosecution" -> 5, "proposal" -> 5, "processes" -> 5, "President's" -> 5, "present" -> 5, "positions" -> 5, "portion" -> 5, "plants" -> 5, "plans" -> 5, "permitted" -> 5, "peoples" -> 5, "Party's" -> 5, "party" -> 5, "paid" -> 5, "orderly" -> 5, "open" -> 5, "once" -> 5, "On" -> 5, "occur" -> 5, "normalization" -> 5, "neighbors" -> 5, "nearly" -> 5, "natural" -> 5, "Most" -> 5, "missile" -> 5, "minority-owned" -> 5, "Medicare" -> 5, "Medicaid" -> 5, "March" -> 5, "Management" -> 5, "maintaining" -> 5, "loopholes" -> 5, "loans" -> 5, "limitations" -> 5, "liberties" -> 5, "legislative" -> 5, "leaders" -> 5, "language" -> 5, "lands" -> 5, "key" -> 5, "Ireland" -> 5, "involvement" -> 5, "intelligence" -> 5, "individual" -> 5, "Increase" -> 5, "incomes" -> 5, "Income" -> 5, "Incentives" -> 5, "imposed" -> 5, "imperative" -> 5, "humanities" -> 5, "However" -> 5, "hospitals" -> 5, "hiring" -> 5, "Great" -> 5, "generation" -> 5, "general" -> 5, "gas" -> 5, "funded" -> 5, "fuels" -> 5, "fuel" -> 5, "forward" -> 5, "formation" -> 5, "form" -> 5, "Food" -> 5, "fishery" -> 5, "few" -> 5, "Fair" -> 5, "failure" -> 5, "expenditures" -> 5, "expanding" -> 5, "establishment" -> 5, "equally" -> 5, "enter" -> 5, "endorse" -> 5, "encouraged" -> 5, "Encourage" -> 5, "enactment" -> 5, "employees" -> 5, "elimination" -> 5, "eight" -> 5, "efficiently" -> 5, "effect" -> 5, "dollar" -> 5, "distribution" -> 5, "diplomatic" -> 5, "deterrent" -> 5, "determine" -> 5, "Despite" -> 5, "deployment" -> 5, "dependent" -> 5, "demands" -> 5, "decision-making" -> 5, "Cuba" -> 5, "crucial" -> 5, "critical" -> 5, "criminal" -> 5, "crime" -> 5, "creation" -> 5, "counter" -> 5, "Corps" -> 5, "coordinated" -> 5, "Constitution" -> 5, "conflict" -> 5, "confidence" -> 5, "compete" -> 5, "commitments" -> 5, "come" -> 5, "clear" -> 5, "city" -> 5, "circumstances" -> 5, "China" -> 5, "Child" -> 5, "Chapter" -> 5, "capable" -> 5, "campaign" -> 5, "bear" -> 5, "attempt" -> 5, "attack" -> 5, "assessment" -> 5, "arrangements" -> 5, "armed" -> 5, "Arab" -> 5, "anti-recession" -> 5, "An" -> 5, "alternatives" -> 5, "affairs" -> 5, "accomplished" -> 5, "women's" -> 4, "White" -> 4, "want" -> 4, "violate" -> 4, "view" -> 4, "Veterans" -> 4, "urges" -> 4, "urgent" -> 4, "unless" -> 4, "universities" -> 4, "unity" -> 4, "undertaken" -> 4, "undertake" -> 4, "undermine" -> 4, "trust" -> 4, "towards" -> 4, "threatened" -> 4, "third" -> 4, "Therefore" -> 4, "ten" -> 4, "taxes" -> 4, "Tax" -> 4, "talent" -> 4, "taking" -> 4, "synthetic" -> 4, "sustain" -> 4, "surplus" -> 4, "Supreme" -> 4, "sufficient" -> 4, "success" -> 4, "study" -> 4, "structure" -> 4, "stronger" -> 4, "strive" -> 4, "status" -> 4, "Stamp" -> 4, "sophisticated" -> 4, "soon" -> 4, "solution" -> 4, "soil" -> 4, "sites" -> 4, "simple" -> 4, "similar" -> 4, "signed" -> 4, "short-term" -> 4, "serving" -> 4, "self-determination" -> 4, "seeks" -> 4, "Secretary" -> 4, "Rico" -> 4, "revitalization" -> 4, "resulting" -> 4, "restrictions" -> 4, "restraining" -> 4, "restored" -> 4, "responsibilities" -> 4, "requiring" -> 4, "reproductive" -> 4, "represent" -> 4, "report" -> 4, "renewed" -> 4, "religious" -> 4, "relief" -> 4, "release" -> 4, "Relations" -> 4, "relating" -> 4, "Regulatory" -> 4, "regular" -> 4, "registration" -> 4, "reducing" -> 4, "realization" -> 4, "ratified" -> 4, "rapid" -> 4, "railroad" -> 4, "race" -> 4, "pursuing" -> 4, "Public" -> 4, "provisions" -> 4, "Provide" -> 4, "Protecting" -> 4, "proposed" -> 4, "proposals" -> 4, "properly" -> 4, "prompt" -> 4, "promoting" -> 4, "proceedings" -> 4, "pressures" -> 4, "practice" -> 4, "possibility" -> 4, "pollution" -> 4, "plan" -> 4, "placing" -> 4, "places" -> 4, "placement" -> 4, "penal" -> 4, "passage" -> 4, "Partnership" -> 4, "pace" -> 4, "ownership" -> 4, "overturn" -> 4, "overseas" -> 4, "organize" -> 4, "operation" -> 4, "operating" -> 4, "opening" -> 4, "One" -> 4, "Olympic" -> 4, "often" -> 4, "off" -> 4, "ocean" -> 4, "obtain" -> 4, "obligation" -> 4, "nor" -> 4, "No" -> 4, "New" -> 4, "necessity" -> 4, "Natives" -> 4, "MX" -> 4, "multilateral" -> 4, "moral" -> 4, "money" -> 4, "modernize" -> 4, "missiles" -> 4, "methods" -> 4, "meetings" -> 4, "mandatory" -> 4, "mail" -> 4, "lose" -> 4, "look" -> 4, "loan" -> 4, "limited" -> 4, "limit" -> 4, "liberty" -> 4, "legitimate" -> 4, "Legislation" -> 4, "learning" -> 4, "keep" -> 4, "Juvenile" -> 4, "Jerusalem" -> 4, "Japan" -> 4, "issued" -> 4, "insist" -> 4, "inner" -> 4, "initiated" -> 4, "inherited" -> 4, "influence" -> 4, "improvement" -> 4, "imports" -> 4, "I" -> 4, "Humanities" -> 4, "however" -> 4, "House" -> 4, "honor" -> 4, "High" -> 4, "heritage" -> 4, "her" -> 4, "helping" -> 4, "held" -> 4, "guidelines" -> 4, "grain" -> 4, "goods" -> 4, "fund" -> 4, "functions" -> 4, "fulfill" -> 4, "friends" -> 4, "friendly" -> 4, "fraud" -> 4, "Following" -> 4, "firmly" -> 4, "fights" -> 4, "fields" -> 4, "federally" -> 4, "fairness" -> 4, "fact" -> 4, "faced" -> 4, "extended" -> 4, "experience" -> 4, "exist" -> 4, "excessive" -> 4, "everywhere" -> 4, "events" -> 4, "Ethnic" -> 4, "environmentally" -> 4, "enterprise" -> 4, "Ensuring" -> 4, "Enforcement" -> 4, "Employment" -> 4, "emphasize" -> 4, "electric" -> 4, "Egypt" -> 4, "economically" -> 4, "early" -> 4, "due" -> 4, "Dr." -> 4, "distressed" -> 4, "did" -> 4, "determination" -> 4, "despite" -> 4, "denied" -> 4, "delays" -> 4, "deepening" -> 4, "declining" -> 4, "decades" -> 4, "dangers" -> 4, "cuts" -> 4, "creating" -> 4, "Court" -> 4, "counties" -> 4, "controls" -> 4, "contribution" -> 4, "contrast" -> 4, "constitutional" -> 4, "Conservation" -> 4, "condemn" -> 4, "concept" -> 4, "concentration" -> 4, "concentrated" -> 4, "complex" -> 4, "competing" -> 4, "Committee" -> 4, "commercial" -> 4, "collective" -> 4, "choices" -> 4, "Children" -> 4, "charged" -> 4, "century" -> 4, "Central" -> 4, "Care" -> 4, "capacity" -> 4, "buildup" -> 4, "building" -> 4, "budgets" -> 4, "boycott" -> 4, "beyond" -> 4, "Because" -> 4, "barrels" -> 4, "Bank" -> 4, "avoid" -> 4, "Asian" -> 4, "Arts" -> 4, "appointees" -> 4, "anti-competitive" -> 4, "answers" -> 4, "answer" -> 4, "amount" -> 4, "Amendment" -> 4, "always" -> 4, "ahead" -> 4, "ago" -> 4, "aggressively" -> 4, "after" -> 4, "affirmative" -> 4, "affecting" -> 4, "advocate" -> 4, "advantage" -> 4, "adopt" -> 4, "adjustments" -> 4, "addressed" -> 4, "acted" -> 4, "achieving" -> 4, "accomplish" -> 4, "accept" -> 4, "65" -> 4, "20" -> 4, "1981" -> 4, "$1" -> 3, "Zimbabwe" -> 3, "younger" -> 3, "Yet" -> 3, "withdrawal" -> 3, "willing" -> 3, "widespread" -> 3, "wide" -> 3, "why" -> 3, "whom" -> 3, "Welfare" -> 3, "wasteful" -> 3, "War" -> 3, "wants" -> 3, "voice" -> 3, "Vocational" -> 3, "vitally" -> 3, "Violence" -> 3, "violations" -> 3, "Vietnam" -> 3, "vehicles" -> 3, "VA" -> 3, "using" -> 3, "urging" -> 3, "Urban" -> 3, "unsafe" -> 3, "units" -> 3, "uniform" -> 3, "understand" -> 3, "unable" -> 3, "trucking" -> 3, "troops" -> 3, "Trident" -> 3, "trend" -> 3, "translate" -> 3, "transfer" -> 3, "trained" -> 3, "traditional" -> 3, "Toward" -> 3, "tough" -> 3, "total" -> 3, "took" -> 3, "Thus" -> 3, "thus" -> 3, "threats" -> 3, "themselves" -> 3, "Their" -> 3, "territorial" -> 3, "taxation" -> 3, "targeted" -> 3, "talks" -> 3, "talents" -> 3, "survival" -> 3, "suited" -> 3, "sugar" -> 3, "substandard" -> 3, "substance" -> 3, "strides" -> 3, "stop" -> 3, "stood" -> 3, "stifle" -> 3, "step" -> 3, "steel" -> 3, "steadily" -> 3, "statutory" -> 3, "stated" -> 3, "State" -> 3, "stands" -> 3, "standing" -> 3, "standard" -> 3, "stabilize" -> 3, "space" -> 3, "southern" -> 3, "source" -> 3, "sought" -> 3, "solid" -> 3, "so-called" -> 3, "shortages" -> 3, "shortage" -> 3, "shippers" -> 3, "shipbuilding" -> 3, "sharing" -> 3, "severe" -> 3, "setting" -> 3, "sensitivity" -> 3, "Senate" -> 3, "self-sufficiency" -> 3, "seeking" -> 3, "search" -> 3, "scope" -> 3, "Science" -> 3, "scholarship" -> 3, "scarce" -> 3, "SBA" -> 3, "Rural" -> 3, "run" -> 3, "reversed" -> 3, "return" -> 3, "resulted" -> 3, "restrict" -> 3, "restraints" -> 3, "responding" -> 3, "respects" -> 3, "Resources" -> 3, "resisting" -> 3, "Republicans" -> 3, "reporting" -> 3, "remove" -> 3, "reject" -> 3, "rehabilitate" -> 3, "regulated" -> 3, "reformed" -> 3, "redress" -> 3, "reciprocal" -> 3, "reasons" -> 3, "realize" -> 3, "Real" -> 3, "rain" -> 3, "radioactive" -> 3, "racial" -> 3, "qualitative" -> 3, "pursued" -> 3, "prospect" -> 3, "propose" -> 3, "progressive" -> 3, "Progress" -> 3, "produced" -> 3, "proceed" -> 3, "privileged" -> 3, "pricing" -> 3, "preventive" -> 3, "prevention" -> 3, "Presidential" -> 3, "preservation" -> 3, "post-secondary" -> 3, "possibilities" -> 3, "positive" -> 3, "point" -> 3, "pledged" -> 3, "plant" -> 3, "placed" -> 3, "physical" -> 3, "persistent" -> 3, "performing" -> 3, "performance" -> 3, "percentage" -> 3, "penalties" -> 3, "penalizes" -> 3, "patience" -> 3, "partners" -> 3, "partner" -> 3, "Particular" -> 3, "Pact" -> 3, "override" -> 3, "outdated" -> 3, "others" -> 3, "organizational" -> 3, "organization" -> 3, "Opportunity" -> 3, "operations" -> 3, "operate" -> 3, "opened" -> 3, "Only" -> 3, "old" -> 3, "offers" -> 3, "offering" -> 3, "Of" -> 3, "Northern" -> 3, "North" -> 3, "normal" -> 3, "Nixon-Ford" -> 3, "Negotiations" -> 3, "negotiation" -> 3, "negotiated" -> 3, "Nazi" -> 3, "Moscow" -> 3, "Moreover" -> 3, "months" -> 3, "monitor" -> 3, "mobilize" -> 3, "Mexico" -> 3, "mergers" -> 3, "merchant" -> 3, "Mental" -> 3, "mental" -> 3, "mechanisms" -> 3, "maximum" -> 3, "matters" -> 3, "materials" -> 3, "massive" -> 3, "marked" -> 3, "mankind" -> 3, "mainstream" -> 3, "lost" -> 3, "loss" -> 3, "long-range" -> 3, "localities" -> 3, "links" -> 3, "like" -> 3, "lift" -> 3, "liberalization" -> 3, "left" -> 3, "leave" -> 3, "leasing" -> 3, "learn" -> 3, "leading" -> 3, "Law" -> 3, "lasting" -> 3, "largest" -> 3, "larger" -> 3, "large" -> 3, "Klan" -> 3, "jurisdictions" -> 3, "judges" -> 3, "joint" -> 3, "join" -> 3, "Islands" -> 3, "irreplaceable" -> 3, "Iran" -> 3, "investigations" -> 3, "interruption" -> 3, "intensive" -> 3, "intended" -> 3, "integrated" -> 3, "inequities" -> 3, "Increased" -> 3, "inadequate" -> 3, "improvements" -> 3, "imported" -> 3, "implementing" -> 3, "implemented" -> 3, "immediately" -> 3, "Illinois" -> 3, "III" -> 3, "ignored" -> 3, "identified" -> 3, "ideals" -> 3, "hunger" -> 3, "hundreds" -> 3, "humanitarian" -> 3, "humane" -> 3, "how" -> 3, "households" -> 3, "hostile" -> 3, "hospital" -> 3, "homemakers" -> 3, "heart" -> 3, "he" -> 3, "Haiti" -> 3, "guarantees" -> 3, "grow" -> 3, "Greece" -> 3, "graduate" -> 3, "government-wide" -> 3, "gain" -> 3, "Furthermore" -> 3, "Further" -> 3, "Full" -> 3, "found" -> 3, "foster" -> 3, "forums" -> 3, "forge" -> 3, "focus" -> 3, "flow" -> 3, "five-year" -> 3, "firm" -> 3, "financing" -> 3, "financed" -> 3, "field" -> 3, "feasible" -> 3, "farms" -> 3, "Farmers" -> 3, "Farm" -> 3, "far" -> 3, "faith" -> 3, "fail" -> 3, "factor" -> 3, "facing" -> 3, "explosion" -> 3, "explore" -> 3, "expensive" -> 3, "Existing" -> 3, "exercised" -> 3, "except" -> 3, "event" -> 3, "European" -> 3, "entry" -> 3, "English" -> 3, "enforced" -> 3, "encouraging" -> 3, "employer" -> 3, "emigration" -> 3, "eligibility" -> 3, "element" -> 3, "elections" -> 3, "election" -> 3, "Economy" -> 3, "economies" -> 3, "ease" -> 3, "duplication" -> 3, "drastic" -> 3, "draft" -> 3, "down" -> 3, "doing" -> 3, "diversity" -> 3, "diverse" -> 3, "districts" -> 3, "displaced" -> 3, "discriminatory" -> 3, "disclosure" -> 3, "disabilities" -> 3, "directly" -> 3, "difficulty" -> 3, "different" -> 3, "dialogue" -> 3, "devoted" -> 3, "design" -> 3, "desegregation" -> 3, "deregulation" -> 3, "depend" -> 3, "deny" -> 3, "democracies" -> 3, "deficit" -> 3, "defend" -> 3, "deductions" -> 3, "dedication" -> 3, "declined" -> 3, "decision" -> 3, "decide" -> 3, "date" -> 3, "cultures" -> 3, "critically" -> 3, "courts" -> 3, "course" -> 3, "cooperative" -> 3, "conventions" -> 3, "Convention" -> 3, "Control" -> 3, "contrary" -> 3, "continuation" -> 3, "context" -> 3, "Consumer" -> 3, "consultation" -> 3, "constructive" -> 3, "considered" -> 3, "conserve" -> 3, "consent" -> 3, "consensus" -> 3, "Congressional" -> 3, "conflicting" -> 3, "Comprehensive" -> 3, "compliance" -> 3, "completed" -> 3, "compensatory" -> 3, "compassion" -> 3, "community-based" -> 3, "coherent" -> 3, "closely" -> 3, "clearly" -> 3, "clean" -> 3, "choice" -> 3, "chemicals" -> 3, "catch" -> 3, "case" -> 3, "carry" -> 3, "came" -> 3, "buildings" -> 3, "Budget" -> 3, "Both" -> 3, "borne" -> 3, "borders" -> 3, "below" -> 3, "beginning" -> 3, "becomes" -> 3, "Basic" -> 3, "base" -> 3, "bargaining" -> 3, "bargain" -> 3, "bank" -> 3, "back" -> 3, "auto" -> 3, "assurance" -> 3, "Assistance" -> 3, "assets" -> 3, "ASEAN" -> 3, "around" -> 3, "arid" -> 3, "appointed" -> 3, "application" -> 3, "applaud" -> 3, "another" -> 3, "And" -> 3, "analysis" -> 3, "amounts" -> 3, "Amendments" -> 3, "amendments" -> 3, "amendment" -> 3, "amended" -> 3, "alone" -> 3, "Almost" -> 3, "allowed" -> 3, "Agreement" -> 3, "agreement" -> 3, "agenda" -> 3, "affordable" -> 3, "afford" -> 3, "affirms" -> 3, "Affairs" -> 3, "adversaries" -> 3, "advance" -> 3, "adopted" -> 3, "adjustment" -> 3, "added" -> 3, "activity" -> 3, "actively" -> 3, "acid" -> 3, "account" -> 3, "accessible" -> 3, "acceptable" -> 3, "abuses" -> 3, "8" -> 3, "50" -> 3, "200,000" -> 3, "1968" -> 3, "$25" -> 2, "Youth" -> 2, "yet" -> 2, "worth" -> 2, "works" -> 2, "Working" -> 2, "Workers" -> 2, "Work" -> 2, "won" -> 2, "women-owned" -> 2, "wind" -> 2, "wilderness" -> 2, "wider" -> 2, "WIC" -> 2, "wherever" -> 2, "Where" -> 2, "whatever" -> 2, "weaponry" -> 2, "Warsaw" -> 2, "Voting" -> 2, "vocational" -> 2, "vitality" -> 2, "violators" -> 2, "viability" -> 2, "VI" -> 2, "veto" -> 2, "verifiable" -> 2, "various" -> 2, "variety" -> 2, "utilized" -> 2, "utilization" -> 2, "U.S.-Soviet" -> 2, "urgently" -> 2, "uphold" -> 2, "upgraded" -> 2, "unwilling" -> 2, "Until" -> 2, "unrest" -> 2, "unprecedented" -> 2, "Universal" -> 2, "unified" -> 2, "Unemployment" -> 2, "undocumented" -> 2, "understanding" -> 2, "undermined" -> 2, "uncertain" -> 2, "unacceptable" -> 2, "UDAG" -> 2, "two-thirds" -> 2, "trying" -> 2, "truth" -> 2, "truckers" -> 2, "trends" -> 2, "treaties" -> 2, "transitional" -> 2, "transfers" -> 2, "tragic" -> 2, "Toxic" -> 2, "Time" -> 2, "tide" -> 2, "thousands" -> 2, "thirty" -> 2, "thereby" -> 2, "then" -> 2, "textiles" -> 2, "tested" -> 2, "term" -> 2, "television" -> 2, "telephone" -> 2, "Technology" -> 2, "teachers" -> 2, "Teacher" -> 2, "taxpayer" -> 2, "targeting" -> 2, "tape" -> 2, "talk" -> 2, "takes" -> 2, "systematic" -> 2, "System" -> 2, "swift" -> 2, "survive" -> 2, "suppression" -> 2, "supportive" -> 2, "supporting" -> 2, "Support" -> 2, "superior" -> 2, "summit" -> 2, "sum" -> 2, "suffers" -> 2, "suffered" -> 2, "suffer" -> 2, "successfully" -> 2, "succeeded" -> 2, "succeed" -> 2, "subsidy" -> 2, "submarine" -> 2, "studies" -> 2, "student" -> 2, "structures" -> 2, "structural" -> 2, "strongest" -> 2, "strict" -> 2, "stress" -> 2, "streamline" -> 2, "strategy" -> 2, "Strategic" -> 2, "stewardship" -> 2, "statutes" -> 2, "stalled" -> 2, "staffing" -> 2, "squarely" -> 2, "spread" -> 2, "spiral" -> 2, "spend" -> 2, "Specifically" -> 2, "specifically" -> 2, "speak" -> 2, "sovereign" -> 2, "Southwest" -> 2, "sometimes" -> 2, "Some" -> 2, "solving" -> 2, "solvent" -> 2, "solved" -> 2, "Solar" -> 2, "So" -> 2, "six" -> 2, "Sinai" -> 2, "simplistic" -> 2, "Similarly" -> 2, "signing" -> 2, "Significant" -> 2, "sides" -> 2, "shores" -> 2, "shop" -> 2, "sharp" -> 2, "shaping" -> 2, "shape" -> 2, "serve" -> 2, "seriously" -> 2, "separate" -> 2, "sensible" -> 2, "segregation" -> 2, "seen" -> 2, "sections" -> 2, "section" -> 2, "secondary" -> 2, "second" -> 2, "schedule" -> 2, "sales" -> 2, "sale" -> 2, "said" -> 2, "safer" -> 2, "Sadat" -> 2, "sacrificing" -> 2, "sacrifices" -> 2, "running" -> 2, "Runaway" -> 2, "rule" -> 2, "roots" -> 2, "Roosevelt" -> 2, "roles" -> 2, "road" -> 2, "risks" -> 2, "risk" -> 2, "revive" -> 2, "revised" -> 2, "Review" -> 2, "revert" -> 2, "revenue" -> 2, "returns" -> 2, "Retirement" -> 2, "retire" -> 2, "retention" -> 2, "restructuring" -> 2, "restrain" -> 2, "responses" -> 2, "resort" -> 2, "Resolution" -> 2, "reservations" -> 2, "represents" -> 2, "representatives" -> 2, "reported" -> 2, "replacement" -> 2, "repair" -> 2, "reorganized" -> 2, "rental" -> 2, "renews" -> 2, "removing" -> 2, "removed" -> 2, "removal" -> 2, "rely" -> 2, "relieve" -> 2, "released" -> 2, "relative" -> 2, "related" -> 2, "rejection" -> 2, "reimbursement" -> 2, "Regulations" -> 2, "regularly" -> 2, "regardless" -> 2, "regarding" -> 2, "Refugees" -> 2, "Refugee" -> 2, "reflected" -> 2, "reflect" -> 2, "Reduction" -> 2, "redouble" -> 2, "redirected" -> 2, "red" -> 2, "recycling" -> 2, "records" -> 2, "reconstruction" -> 2, "Recognizing" -> 2, "recidivism" -> 2, "Recently" -> 2, "recently" -> 2, "receiving" -> 2, "received" -> 2, "Rebuilding" -> 2, "rebuilding" -> 2, "rebuild" -> 2, "reason" -> 2, "reality" -> 2, "realities" -> 2, "realistic" -> 2, "reaffirms" -> 2, "ready" -> 2, "reaching" -> 2, "reached" -> 2, "rationing" -> 2, "rapidly" -> 2, "ranks" -> 2, "raise" -> 2, "quickly" -> 2, "question" -> 2, "quantity" -> 2, "qualified" -> 2, "purchases" -> 2, "purchase" -> 2, "pupils" -> 2, "Provision" -> 2, "protects" -> 2, "property" -> 2, "promptly" -> 2, "Prompt" -> 2, "promoted" -> 2, "prohibit" -> 2, "profound" -> 2, "profits" -> 2, "professions" -> 2, "Productivity" -> 2, "product" -> 2, "produce" -> 2, "processing" -> 2, "proceeds" -> 2, "procedure" -> 2, "prisons" -> 2, "prison" -> 2, "Prime" -> 2, "prime" -> 2, "previously" -> 2, "Prevention" -> 2, "preserved" -> 2, "presently" -> 2, "presence" -> 2, "prescribing" -> 2, "preparation" -> 2, "prenatal" -> 2, "precious" -> 2, "preceding" -> 2, "practical" -> 2, "powers" -> 2, "posture" -> 2, "possess" -> 2, "poses" -> 2, "populations" -> 2, "pooling" -> 2, "politics" -> 2, "politically" -> 2, "Policies" -> 2, "pluralism" -> 2, "plight" -> 2, "pilot" -> 2, "picketing" -> 2, "Petroleum" -> 2, "personal" -> 2, "persevere" -> 2, "permits" -> 2, "permissible" -> 2, "Perhaps" -> 2, "perhaps" -> 2, "performed" -> 2, "perform" -> 2, "Pension" -> 2, "pending" -> 2, "peacetime" -> 2, "Peace" -> 2, "Pay" -> 2, "patterns" -> 2, "patients" -> 2, "path" -> 2, "passengers" -> 2, "part-time" -> 2, "paralysis" -> 2, "Paperwork" -> 2, "Panama" -> 2, "Palestinian" -> 2, "pages" -> 2, "owners" -> 2, "overriding" -> 2, "overburdened" -> 2, "outstanding" -> 2, "outside" -> 2, "Others" -> 2, "OSHA's" -> 2, "OSHA" -> 2, "oppressive" -> 2, "opposition" -> 2, "opposed" -> 2, "Opportunities" -> 2, "opinion" -> 2, "operated" -> 2, "ongoing" -> 2, "Once" -> 2, "Older" -> 2, "Oil" -> 2, "offshore" -> 2, "offices" -> 2, "offensive" -> 2, "offenders" -> 2, "nutritional" -> 2, "nurture" -> 2, "nurses" -> 2, "numerous" -> 2, "Nuclear" -> 2, "nothing" -> 2, "note" -> 2, "Not" -> 2, "non-institutional" -> 2, "non-farm" -> 2, "none" -> 2, "non-contiguous" -> 2, "non-aligned" -> 2, "negotiate" -> 2, "needy" -> 2, "needlessly" -> 2, "necessities" -> 2, "Natural" -> 2, "NATO's" -> 2, "native" -> 2, "Namibia" -> 2, "multiple-use" -> 2, "Multilateral" -> 2, "MTN" -> 2, "moves" -> 2, "mothers" -> 2, "monies" -> 2, "modes" -> 2, "modernization" -> 2, "modern" -> 2, "mobility" -> 2, "Minorities" -> 2, "Minister" -> 2, "mills" -> 2, "millions" -> 2, "migration" -> 2, "migrants" -> 2, "method" -> 2, "mentally" -> 2, "meets" -> 2, "Mediterranean" -> 2, "Mass" -> 2, "Martin" -> 2, "married" -> 2, "marketing" -> 2, "maritime" -> 2, "Marine" -> 2, "Many" -> 2, "mandates" -> 2, "mandate" -> 2, "managed" -> 2, "manage" -> 2, "Making" -> 2, "makes" -> 2, "Major" -> 2, "maintained" -> 2, "machinery" -> 2, "Luther" -> 2, "Low" -> 2, "long-run" -> 2, "longer" -> 2, "litigation" -> 2, "like-minded" -> 2, "Liberties" -> 2, "leverage" -> 2, "leader" -> 2, "layoffs" -> 2, "Last" -> 2, "languages" -> 2, "landings" -> 2, "land-based" -> 2, "Labor" -> 2, "Korea" -> 2, "know" -> 2, "King" -> 2, "Kemeny" -> 2, "juvenile" -> 2, "Justice's" -> 2, "juries" -> 2, "judicial" -> 2, "Jr." -> 2, "joined" -> 2, "Job" -> 2, "jeopardized" -> 2, "is—and" -> 2, "isolation" -> 2, "isolated" -> 2, "Irish" -> 2, "intervention" -> 2, "interfere" -> 2, "interested" -> 2, "intercontinental" -> 2, "intent" -> 2, "intensify" -> 2, "intensified" -> 2, "insular" -> 2, "institutionalization" -> 2, "inordinate" -> 2, "innovations" -> 2, "injured" -> 2, "infrastructure" -> 2, "inequitable" -> 2, "inefficient" -> 2, "Industry" -> 2, "index" -> 2, "inconsistent" -> 2, "includes" -> 2, "Improvement" -> 2, "Improved" -> 2, "imposes" -> 2, "importing" -> 2, "importation" -> 2, "Implementation" -> 2, "impede" -> 2, "Immigration" -> 2, "immigrants" -> 2, "imbalance" -> 2, "imaginative" -> 2, "illegal" -> 2, "ill" -> 2, "identity" -> 2, "hydrogen" -> 2, "hurt" -> 2, "hungry" -> 2, "humanity" -> 2, "hostage-taking" -> 2, "homeland" -> 2, "Home" -> 2, "holy" -> 2, "holding" -> 2, "hold" -> 2, "historically" -> 2, "heroin" -> 2, "Helsinki" -> 2, "heavily" -> 2, "healthy" -> 2, "heads" -> 2, "hazardous" -> 2, "having" -> 2, "harvest" -> 2, "hardship" -> 2, "hard" -> 2, "harassment" -> 2, "happen" -> 2, "handled" -> 2, "handguns" -> 2, "hand" -> 2, "guiding" -> 2, "Groups" -> 2, "group" -> 2, "Grant" -> 2, "grant" -> 2, "governmental" -> 2, "governing" -> 2, "good" -> 2, "goes" -> 2, "globe" -> 2, "gives" -> 2, "gifts" -> 2, "giant" -> 2, "geographical" -> 2, "generated" -> 2, "Gaza" -> 2, "gains" -> 2, "gained" -> 2, "fusion" -> 2, "Funds" -> 2, "Fund" -> 2, "frontiers" -> 2, "From" -> 2, "Franklin" -> 2, "fourth" -> 2, "fought" -> 2, "fostered" -> 2, "forum" -> 2, "fortunate" -> 2, "formulae" -> 2, "formula" -> 2, "former" -> 2, "forests" -> 2, "Foreign" -> 2, "forced" -> 2, "follow" -> 2, "five" -> 2, "fishermen" -> 2, "First" -> 2, "finding" -> 2, "financially" -> 2, "finally" -> 2, "fill" -> 2, "fifty" -> 2, "fifth" -> 2, "fifteen" -> 2, "fiber" -> 2, "felt" -> 2, "federal-state" -> 2, "features" -> 2, "fear" -> 2, "fatalities" -> 2, "fastest" -> 2, "fashioned" -> 2, "far-reaching" -> 2, "farmland" -> 2, "Families" -> 2, "faiths" -> 2, "factories" -> 2, "faces" -> 2, "eyes" -> 2, "external" -> 2, "extent" -> 2, "extensive" -> 2, "extending" -> 2, "express" -> 2, "exposed" -> 2, "expect" -> 2, "Expanding" -> 2, "Expand" -> 2, "exert" -> 2, "executive" -> 2, "exchange" -> 2, "excessively" -> 2, "exception" -> 2, "Every" -> 2, "ever-increasing" -> 2, "ethnic" -> 2, "establishing" -> 2, "erosion" -> 2, "era" -> 2, "equity" -> 2, "equalized" -> 2, "Environmental" -> 2, "Environment" -> 2, "enunciated" -> 2, "entrench" -> 2, "entitlement" -> 2, "entire" -> 2, "enterprises" -> 2, "Enterprise" -> 2, "enrollment" -> 2, "enmeshed" -> 2, "enjoy" -> 2, "engage" -> 2, "enforcing" -> 2, "enduring" -> 2, "ends" -> 2, "Endowment" -> 2, "ending" -> 2, "End" -> 2, "Encouraging" -> 2, "encourages" -> 2, "encouragement" -> 2, "Employment—We" -> 2, "employee" -> 2, "embraces" -> 2, "embargo" -> 2, "elsewhere" -> 2, "Efforts" -> 2, "educate" -> 2, "easy" -> 2, "Eastern" -> 2, "eastern" -> 2, "easily" -> 2, "earned" -> 2, "dual" -> 2, "drugs" -> 2, "drought" -> 2, "dream" -> 2, "downturn" -> 2, "doubt" -> 2, "doubled" -> 2, "dosed" -> 2, "doctors" -> 2, "Division" -> 2, "diverting" -> 2, "distributed" -> 2, "disputes" -> 2, "displacing" -> 2, "disorder" -> 2, "disease" -> 2, "disdain" -> 2, "Discrimination" -> 2, "discriminate" -> 2, "discipline" -> 2, "directed" -> 2, "diplomacy" -> 2, "dioxide" -> 2, "devise" -> 2, "devices" -> 2, "Developing" -> 2, "Develop" -> 2, "deter" -> 2, "detente" -> 2, "despair" -> 2, "desire" -> 2, "deserves" -> 2, "deserve" -> 2, "deploy" -> 2, "depends" -> 2, "departments" -> 2, "denial" -> 2, "demonstration" -> 2, "demonstrated" -> 2, "demonstrate" -> 2, "democratic" -> 2, "demand" -> 2, "Delinquency" -> 2, "delay" -> 2, "define" -> 2, "deeply" -> 2, "deep" -> 2, "decreased" -> 2, "dear" -> 2, "dealing" -> 2, "deadly" -> 2, "damaging" -> 2, "culture" -> 2, "Cubans" -> 2, "cruise" -> 2, "Crisis" -> 2, "crimes" -> 2, "creative" -> 2, "courage" -> 2, "couples" -> 2, "counseling" -> 2, "cost-effective" -> 2, "correct" -> 2, "corporations" -> 2, "coordinating" -> 2, "cooperatives" -> 2, "Cooperative" -> 2, "Cooperation" -> 2, "conviction" -> 2, "contributes" -> 2, "contract" -> 2, "Continued" -> 2, "Continent" -> 2, "consult" -> 2, "constitutionally" -> 2, "consolidation" -> 2, "consideration" -> 2, "considerably" -> 2, "Considerable" -> 2, "consider" -> 2, "Consequently" -> 2, "confrontation" -> 2, "confront" -> 2, "conferences" -> 2, "Conference" -> 2, "conducted" -> 2, "condition" -> 2, "condemns" -> 2, "condemned" -> 2, "conclusion" -> 2, "conciliation" -> 2, "concentrate" -> 2, "conceived" -> 2, "composed" -> 2, "components" -> 2, "component" -> 2, "completion" -> 2, "completely" -> 2, "competitiveness" -> 2, "compelling" -> 2, "compatibility" -> 2, "compared" -> 2, "comparable" -> 2, "commuter" -> 2, "community's" -> 2, "committees" -> 2, "Commissioner" -> 2, "Commerce" -> 2, "commerce" -> 2, "combine" -> 2, "combinations" -> 2, "color" -> 2, "collectively" -> 2, "cohesion" -> 2, "Coal" -> 2, "closing" -> 2, "closed" -> 2, "Close" -> 2, "classified" -> 2, "class" -> 2, "claim" -> 2, "citizen" -> 2, "chosen" -> 2, "chaotic" -> 2, "changed" -> 2, "chance" -> 2, "challenging" -> 2, "cents" -> 2, "centerpiece" -> 2, "Center" -> 2, "cease" -> 2, "causes" -> 2, "caused" -> 2, "cattle" -> 2, "cases" -> 2, "Carter's" -> 2, "careful" -> 2, "carbon" -> 2, "Capper-Volstead" -> 2, "Canal" -> 2, "Cambodian" -> 2, "Cabinet-level" -> 2, "Cabinet" -> 2, "Bureau" -> 2, "built" -> 2, "Building" -> 2, "budgetary" -> 2, "brutal" -> 2, "brunt" -> 2, "broken" -> 2, "broader" -> 2, "broadening" -> 2, "Brick" -> 2, "breaking" -> 2, "biomedical" -> 2, "billions" -> 2, "bill" -> 2, "believes" -> 2, "beliefs" -> 2, "behind" -> 2, "Begin" -> 2, "battered" -> 2, "Basin" -> 2, "banks" -> 2, "bankruptcy" -> 2, "banking" -> 2, "ban" -> 2, "badly" -> 2, "backing" -> 2, "aware" -> 2, "authority" -> 2, "authorities" -> 2, "Attorneys" -> 2, "attempts" -> 2, "attempting" -> 2, "assume" -> 2, "associated" -> 2, "assisted" -> 2, "assault" -> 2, "Arms" -> 2, "arbitrary" -> 2, "approximately" -> 2, "approaches" -> 2, "apprenticeship" -> 2, "apply" -> 2, "apartheid" -> 2, "Any" -> 2, "Angola" -> 2, "Americas" -> 2, "American-flag" -> 2, "ameliorate" -> 2, "Although" -> 2, "alter" -> 2, "along" -> 2, "almost" -> 2, "allows" -> 2, "allocation" -> 2, "Allied" -> 2, "Alliance" -> 2, "alleviate" -> 2, "alleged" -> 2, "Airline" -> 2, "aircraft" -> 2, "aimed" -> 2, "Agriculture" -> 2, "agency-by-agency" -> 2, "Age" -> 2, "After" -> 2, "adversely" -> 2, "adverse" -> 2, "advantages" -> 2, "advances" -> 2, "adult" -> 2, "Administrations" -> 2, "administered" -> 2, "adjust" -> 2, "adherence" -> 2, "Addressed" -> 2, "Act—We" -> 2, "actually" -> 2, "Acts" -> 2, "Action" -> 2, "acting" -> 2, "accounts" -> 2, "accountability" -> 2, "accordance" -> 2, "Accord" -> 2, "accidents" -> 2, "accepts" -> 2, "accelerated" -> 2, "Abuse" -> 2, "above" -> 2, "abortion" -> 2, "73" -> 2, "67" -> 2, "6" -> 2, "500" -> 2, "5" -> 2, "35" -> 2, "33" -> 2, "300" -> 2, "26" -> 2, "242" -> 2, "2000" -> 2, "1967" -> 2, "1962" -> 2, "1960s" -> 2, "15" -> 2, "1" -> 2, "$9" -> 1, "$7" -> 1, "$675" -> 1, "$500" -> 1, "$470" -> 1, "$400" -> 1, "$40" -> 1, "$4" -> 1, "$30" -> 1, "$2,800" -> 1, "$24" -> 1, "$200" -> 1, "$1.7" -> 1, "$12.7" -> 1, "$12" -> 1, "$11" -> 1, "$10" -> 1, "Zimbabwe—while" -> 1, "Young" -> 1, "yields" -> 1, "year—and" -> 1, "years—to" -> 1, "year's" -> 1, "wrong-doing" -> 1, "wrestled" -> 1, "worthy" -> 1, "worsen" -> 1, "World—forewarn" -> 1, "work—is" -> 1, "worksite" -> 1, "Works" -> 1, "workforce" -> 1, "Worker" -> 1, "women—to" -> 1, "women—such" -> 1, "Women's" -> 1, "woman" -> 1, "Within" -> 1, "withhold" -> 1, "withdraw" -> 1, "wish" -> 1, "wisely" -> 1, "wiretaps" -> 1, "Winner" -> 1, "Windfall" -> 1, "windfall" -> 1, "willingness" -> 1, "wildlife" -> 1, "widowhood" -> 1, "widowed" -> 1, "widen" -> 1, "whole—which" -> 1, "whole—in" -> 1, "Whistle-blowers" -> 1, "whenever" -> 1, "western" -> 1, "went" -> 1, "well-trained" -> 1, "well-suited" -> 1, "well-being" -> 1, "welcomed" -> 1, "welcome" -> 1, "weighted" -> 1, "weight" -> 1, "Webster" -> 1, "web" -> 1, "wealth" -> 1, "weak—partially" -> 1, "weaknesses" -> 1, "weakens" -> 1, "weakened" -> 1, "weaken" -> 1, "weak" -> 1, "ways—through" -> 1, "Ways" -> 1, "waterways" -> 1, "watersheds" -> 1, "watershed" -> 1, "waters" -> 1, "waterheating" -> 1, "Watch" -> 1, "Wasteful" -> 1, "Wars" -> 1, "warranties" -> 1, "warheads" -> 1, "walk" -> 1, "Waldheim's" -> 1, "waiting" -> 1, "wages" -> 1, "vying" -> 1, "vulnerable" -> 1, "vote—fully" -> 1, "voter" -> 1, "voted" -> 1, "volunteer" -> 1, "volume" -> 1, "VISTA" -> 1, "Visits" -> 1, "visiting" -> 1, "visit" -> 1, "vision" -> 1, "virtually" -> 1, "Virgin" -> 1, "violent" -> 1, "violator" -> 1, "violated" -> 1, "VII" -> 1, "Vigorous" -> 1, "vigilant" -> 1, "viewed" -> 1, "Vietnamese" -> 1, "victimizers" -> 1, "vetoed" -> 1, "vesting" -> 1, "vessels" -> 1, "Venice" -> 1, "vehemently" -> 1, "vast" -> 1, "vary" -> 1, "van" -> 1, "valuable" -> 1, "valid" -> 1, "vacuum" -> 1, "V" -> 1, "utilizing" -> 1, "utilizes" -> 1, "utilize" -> 1, "utilities" -> 1, "U.S.S.R." -> 1, "uses" -> 1, "users" -> 1, "useful" -> 1, "Use" -> 1, "U.S.-China" -> 1, "Upon" -> 1, "upheld" -> 1, "upgrading" -> 1, "upcoming" -> 1, "unutilized" -> 1, "unusual" -> 1, "untargeted" -> 1, "unsurpassed" -> 1, "unstable" -> 1, "unrespected" -> 1, "unremitting" -> 1, "unregulated" -> 1, "unreasonable" -> 1, "unratified" -> 1, "Unnecessary" -> 1, "unnecessarily" -> 1, "unmarried" -> 1, "Universities" -> 1, "universally" -> 1, "universal" -> 1, "united" -> 1, "unit" -> 1, "Union—including" -> 1, "union" -> 1, "uninterested" -> 1, "uninformed" -> 1, "unify" -> 1, "Uniform" -> 1, "UNICEF" -> 1, "unfulfilled" -> 1, "unfinished" -> 1, "unfairness" -> 1, "unfairly" -> 1, "unexplored" -> 1, "uneven" -> 1, "UNESCO" -> 1, "unequaled" -> 1, "unemployment—no" -> 1, "unemployable" -> 1, "unduly" -> 1, "undue" -> 1, "undivided" -> 1, "underutilized" -> 1, "undertook" -> 1, "undertakings" -> 1, "understood" -> 1, "understandable" -> 1, "underscores" -> 1, "underrepresented" -> 1, "underrepresentation" -> 1, "underprivileged" -> 1, "undermines" -> 1, "underlying" -> 1, "underlies" -> 1, "undergird" -> 1, "underdevelopment" -> 1, "undercut" -> 1, "undemocratic" -> 1, "undaunted" -> 1, "unclogging" -> 1, "unchanged" -> 1, "unavailable" -> 1, "unattended" -> 1, "unanswered" -> 1, "unalterably" -> 1, "unacceptably" -> 1, "U.N." -> 1, "ultimately" -> 1, "Ukrainian" -> 1, "tyranny" -> 1, "types" -> 1, "type" -> 1, "two-worker" -> 1, "Two" -> 1, "twin" -> 1, "twenty-nine" -> 1, "twenty-five" -> 1, "twenty" -> 1, "turning" -> 1, "turned" -> 1, "Turkish" -> 1, "Turkey" -> 1, "truth-in-lending" -> 1, "trustee" -> 1, "Trust" -> 1, "true" -> 1, "truancy" -> 1, "trouble" -> 1, "tripling" -> 1, "tripled" -> 1, "Triple" -> 1, "trip" -> 1, "tried" -> 1, "tribe" -> 1, "tribally" -> 1, "trials" -> 1, "trial" -> 1, "tremendous" -> 1, "trees" -> 1, "Treatment" -> 1, "Treating" -> 1, "treating" -> 1, "Treaties—after" -> 1, "treasuries" -> 1, "treasure" -> 1, "travesty" -> 1, "transuranic" -> 1, "transporting" -> 1, "Transportation" -> 1, "transport" -> 1, "transition" -> 1, "Transfer—For" -> 1, "Training" -> 1, "trainees" -> 1, "trafficking" -> 1, "traffickers" -> 1, "traffic" -> 1, "trades" -> 1, "tradeoffs" -> 1, "Tracks" -> 1, "track" -> 1, "towns" -> 1, "Tough" -> 1, "totally" -> 1, "top" -> 1, "tools" -> 1, "Too" -> 1, "tolerate" -> 1, "Tokyo" -> 1, "Together" -> 1, "Tlatelolco" -> 1, "tin" -> 1, "Timor" -> 1, "time-consuming" -> 1, "tile" -> 1, "tied" -> 1, "tie" -> 1, "Throughout" -> 1, "Three-quarters" -> 1, "three-quarters" -> 1, "three-martini" -> 1, "threatening" -> 1, "threaten" -> 1, "though" -> 1, "thoroughly" -> 1, "Thorough" -> 1, "thirty-day" -> 1, "thirteen" -> 1, "thinning" -> 1, "think" -> 1, "thermal" -> 1, "therapy" -> 1, "therapeutic" -> 1, "Them" -> 1, "thee" -> 1, "thanks" -> 1, "tests" -> 1, "testing" -> 1, "testament" -> 1, "Test" -> 1, "terrorists" -> 1, "territory" -> 1, "terribly" -> 1, "terraces" -> 1, "termination" -> 1, "terminate" -> 1, "tension" -> 1, "tenet" -> 1, "tenants" -> 1, "temporarily" -> 1, "telecommunications" -> 1, "Tel" -> 1, "Teenage" -> 1, "technologies" -> 1, "technologically" -> 1, "techniques" -> 1, "Taxing" -> 1, "taxing" -> 1, "tasks" -> 1, "tariff" -> 1, "target-shooting" -> 1, "Targeting" -> 1, "Targeted" -> 1, "Target" -> 1, "tamper" -> 1, "talented" -> 1, "takeover" -> 1, "taken—strengthening" -> 1, "Taiwan" -> 1, "tailored" -> 1, "tailor" -> 1, "Taft-Hartley" -> 1, "tactical" -> 1, "tackle" -> 1, "system—The" -> 1, "Systems" -> 1, "system's" -> 1, "Synthetic" -> 1, "Synthesizing" -> 1, "synonymous" -> 1, "symbols" -> 1, "symbol" -> 1, "swiftly" -> 1, "sweeps" -> 1, "sweeping" -> 1, "sustainable" -> 1, "suspicion" -> 1, "suspected" -> 1, "susceptible" -> 1, "Survivors" -> 1, "survivors" -> 1, "survivability" -> 1, "surface" -> 1, "surety" -> 1, "sure" -> 1, "support—and" -> 1, "Supporting" -> 1, "suppliers" -> 1, "Supplemental" -> 1, "super-fund" -> 1, "sunbelt" -> 1, "summits" -> 1, "Summit" -> 1, "summer" -> 1, "suitable" -> 1, "suggested" -> 1, "suffering" -> 1, "Successfully" -> 1, "successes" -> 1, "subversive" -> 1, "suburbs" -> 1, "substitute" -> 1, "substantive" -> 1, "sub-standard" -> 1, "Substances" -> 1, "Substance" -> 1, "subsidized" -> 1, "subsidize" -> 1, "subregional" -> 1, "submitted" -> 1, "submits" -> 1, "sub-minimum" -> 1, "subjugate" -> 1, "subject" -> 1, "subcontracts" -> 1, "Students" -> 1, "student's" -> 1, "Student" -> 1, "struggle" -> 1, "structurally" -> 1, "Strong" -> 1, "Strive" -> 1, "strike" -> 1, "strictly" -> 1, "stretched" -> 1, "stressed" -> 1, "strengths" -> 1, "Strengthening" -> 1, "Strength" -> 1, "streets" -> 1, "streamlined" -> 1, "strategies" -> 1, "Straits" -> 1, "strained" -> 1, "straight" -> 1, "stopped" -> 1, "stock" -> 1, "stimulating" -> 1, "stimulated" -> 1, "Stevenson's" -> 1, "sterilization" -> 1, "stereotypes" -> 1, "stations" -> 1, "state—more" -> 1, "state-supported" -> 1, "statements" -> 1, "statement" -> 1, "starving" -> 1, "starvation" -> 1, "starts" -> 1, "Start" -> 1, "start" -> 1, "stark" -> 1, "Stanford" -> 1, "standby" -> 1, "stand-by" -> 1, "Standards" -> 1, "standardized" -> 1, "stamps—provides" -> 1, "Stamps—Hunger" -> 1, "stamps" -> 1, "stake" -> 1, "staffed" -> 1, "stabilizing" -> 1, "stabilization" -> 1, "St." -> 1, "SSI" -> 1, "SS-20" -> 1, "squeeze" -> 1, "squanders" -> 1, "spurring" -> 1, "sports-men" -> 1, "sports" -> 1, "sponsored" -> 1, "spills" -> 1, "Spending—Spending" -> 1, "Spending" -> 1, "speedy" -> 1, "speeding" -> 1, "speech" -> 1, "speculators" -> 1, "spectre" -> 1, "species" -> 1, "specials" -> 1, "sparse" -> 1, "sparked" -> 1, "spare" -> 1, "Spain" -> 1, "Space" -> 1, "soy-beans" -> 1, "Soweto" -> 1, "Soviet-backed" -> 1, "sovereignty" -> 1, "Southeast" -> 1, "soundly" -> 1, "sought—and" -> 1, "somnolent" -> 1, "Solving" -> 1, "solidification" -> 1, "sole" -> 1, "sold" -> 1, "sociological" -> 1, "society—programs" -> 1, "society—government" -> 1, "Society" -> 1, "societies" -> 1, "socially" -> 1, "soar" -> 1, "snowbelt" -> 1, "snail's" -> 1, "smallest" -> 1, "slowed" -> 1, "slogan" -> 1, "skilled" -> 1, "size" -> 1, "situations" -> 1, "siting" -> 1, "site" -> 1, "singular" -> 1, "single-parent" -> 1, "simultaneously" -> 1, "Simplify" -> 1, "simplify" -> 1, "simplifies" -> 1, "Simplified" -> 1, "simpler" -> 1, "significance" -> 1, "signalling" -> 1, "sight" -> 1, "sidetracked" -> 1, "side" -> 1, "sicknesses" -> 1, "Shuttle" -> 1, "showing" -> 1, "show" -> 1, "short" -> 1, "ships" -> 1, "shipment" -> 1, "ship" -> 1, "shift" -> 1, "shield" -> 1, "shelters" -> 1, "shears" -> 1, "shared" -> 1, "shadow" -> 1, "Sexual" -> 1, "sexual" -> 1, "sexism" -> 1, "sex-based" -> 1, "severs" -> 1, "severely" -> 1, "Severance" -> 1, "several" -> 1, "Seven-Nation" -> 1, "seven" -> 1, "set-aside" -> 1, "Services—As" -> 1, "service-connected" -> 1, "servants" -> 1, "seriousness" -> 1, "Serious" -> 1, "series" -> 1, "sensitively" -> 1, "sensed" -> 1, "sending" -> 1, "semi-arid" -> 1, "selves" -> 1, "self-worth" -> 1, "self-supporting" -> 1, "self-support" -> 1, "self-help" -> 1, "self-discipline" -> 1, "selectively" -> 1, "selective" -> 1, "Select" -> 1, "segments" -> 1, "segment" -> 1, "seem" -> 1, "seek—ways" -> 1, "Seeking" -> 1, "security—has" -> 1, "Security's" -> 1, "Secretaries" -> 1, "Secondary" -> 1, "Second" -> 1, "searching" -> 1, "seaports" -> 1, "Sea" -> 1, "sea" -> 1, "scrupulously" -> 1, "scrape" -> 1, "scrambled" -> 1, "score" -> 1, "scientists" -> 1, "schooling" -> 1, "School" -> 1, "scholars" -> 1, "scholarly" -> 1, "scandal" -> 1, "scales" -> 1, "scale" -> 1, "SBA's" -> 1, "saves" -> 1, "saved" -> 1, "save" -> 1, "Saturday" -> 1, "satisfy" -> 1, "satisfactory" -> 1, "satisfactorily" -> 1, "sanitary" -> 1, "sanction" -> 1, "Samoa" -> 1, "Salvador" -> 1, "salute" -> 1, "Salt" -> 1, "salary" -> 1, "Sakharov's" -> 1, "Sakharov" -> 1, "sake" -> 1, "Saint" -> 1, "Sahara" -> 1, "safeguarding" -> 1, "Safe" -> 1, "sacrificed" -> 1, "sacred" -> 1, "ruthless" -> 1, "runaway" -> 1, "rudderless" -> 1, "routes" -> 1, "route" -> 1, "rotor" -> 1, "rooted" -> 1, "Romania" -> 1, "rolls" -> 1, "robbing" -> 1, "Roadless" -> 1, "River" -> 1, "rituals" -> 1, "risen" -> 1, "rigorously" -> 1, "right—the" -> 1, "Rights—We" -> 1, "rightful" -> 1, "ridership" -> 1, "rider" -> 1, "Rico's" -> 1, "Ricans" -> 1, "Rhodesia—now" -> 1, "rhetoric" -> 1, "revolving" -> 1, "revolution" -> 1, "revival" -> 1, "revitalized" -> 1, "revisions" -> 1, "revise" -> 1, "reviewing" -> 1, "reviewed" -> 1, "revenues" -> 1, "revamping" -> 1, "returning" -> 1, "retribution" -> 1, "retooling" -> 1, "retool" -> 1, "retired" -> 1, "retaliatory" -> 1, "retains" -> 1, "retained" -> 1, "retain" -> 1, "resurrected" -> 1, "Results" -> 1, "results" -> 1, "rests" -> 1, "restrictive" -> 1, "restraint—and" -> 1, "restrained" -> 1, "restoring" -> 1, "restoration" -> 1, "restitution" -> 1, "resting" -> 1, "rest" -> 1, "responsibilities—continue" -> 1, "responds" -> 1, "responded" -> 1, "respond" -> 1, "respective" -> 1, "respected" -> 1, "resource—American" -> 1, "resources—including" -> 1, "Resolutions" -> 1, "residential" -> 1, "residences" -> 1, "resettlement" -> 1, "resettle" -> 1, "reservoir" -> 1, "reserving" -> 1, "reserved" -> 1, "reserve" -> 1, "reservation" -> 1, "rescind" -> 1, "Requirements" -> 1, "requirement" -> 1, "requested" -> 1, "Republicanism—which" -> 1, "Republicanism—neglect" -> 1, "Reproductive" -> 1, "repression" -> 1, "representing" -> 1, "represented" -> 1, "representation" -> 1, "repositories" -> 1, "replenishments" -> 1, "repelled" -> 1, "repeatedly" -> 1, "repeals" -> 1, "repealed" -> 1, "Renewed" -> 1, "renewal" -> 1, "renew" -> 1, "remedied" -> 1, "remedial" -> 1, "religions" -> 1, "religion" -> 1, "relieving" -> 1, "relies" -> 1, "reliance" -> 1, "reliable" -> 1, "reliability" -> 1, "rejoined" -> 1, "reiterated" -> 1, "reintegration" -> 1, "reinforce" -> 1, "reindustrialization" -> 1, "Reimbursement—The" -> 1, "rehabilitated" -> 1, "regularize" -> 1, "Registration" -> 1, "regionally" -> 1, "Regional" -> 1, "regards" -> 1, "regarded" -> 1, "Reform—Consistent" -> 1, "reforming" -> 1, "referral" -> 1, "reexamine" -> 1, "reestablishment" -> 1, "re-establish" -> 1, "re-entry" -> 1, "Reductions—We" -> 1, "Reductions" -> 1, "redressed" -> 1, "redrawing" -> 1, "redlining" -> 1, "Redistribution" -> 1, "redesigned" -> 1, "Red" -> 1, "recurrent" -> 1, "recruitment" -> 1, "recruit" -> 1, "recreational" -> 1, "recreation" -> 1, "recovery" -> 1, "recovered" -> 1, "record-high" -> 1, "reconciliation" -> 1, "reconcile" -> 1, "recommit" -> 1, "recommends" -> 1, "recommended" -> 1, "recommend" -> 1, "recognizing" -> 1, "reclassification" -> 1, "Reclamation" -> 1, "reciprocated" -> 1, "recessions" -> 1, "recessionary" -> 1, "Recession" -> 1, "Recent" -> 1, "recede" -> 1, "rebuked" -> 1, "reasons—morality" -> 1, "reasonably" -> 1, "Reasonable" -> 1, "reap" -> 1, "realized" -> 1, "realistically" -> 1, "reaffirming" -> 1, "reactivated" -> 1, "reaction" -> 1, "reaches" -> 1, "rationalize" -> 1, "rational" -> 1, "ratify" -> 1, "rather" -> 1, "Rates—The" -> 1, "Rapidly" -> 1, "rape" -> 1, "ranchers" -> 1, "raising" -> 1, "radio" -> 1, "radically" -> 1, "radicalized" -> 1, "racist" -> 1, "racism" -> 1, "racially" -> 1, "races" -> 1, "quotas" -> 1, "quarter" -> 1, "quality—a" -> 1, "quadrupled" -> 1, "putting" -> 1, "Pursuing" -> 1, "pursuant" -> 1, "purely" -> 1, "purchasing" -> 1, "publishing" -> 1, "public's" -> 1, "prudence" -> 1, "Providing" -> 1, "providers" -> 1, "provider" -> 1, "proven" -> 1, "proved" -> 1, "prove" -> 1, "Protocol" -> 1, "protesting" -> 1, "protective" -> 1, "protectionism" -> 1, "Protect" -> 1, "prosperous" -> 1, "prosecutors" -> 1, "prosecutor" -> 1, "Propositioning" -> 1, "proposing" -> 1, "Proposed" -> 1, "proportionately" -> 1, "proportion" -> 1, "properties" -> 1, "proper" -> 1, "propagation" -> 1, "promotions" -> 1, "Promoting" -> 1, "promotes" -> 1, "Promote" -> 1, "promising" -> 1, "promises" -> 1, "Prominent" -> 1, "prominence" -> 1, "proliferation" -> 1, "projections" -> 1, "project" -> 1, "progressiveness" -> 1, "progressing" -> 1, "Program—We" -> 1, "program—one" -> 1, "Programs" -> 1, "program's" -> 1, "profoundly" -> 1, "Profits" -> 1, "Professionals—We" -> 1, "professional" -> 1, "profession" -> 1, "productivity—Although" -> 1, "Product" -> 1, "producers" -> 1, "Procurement" -> 1, "proceeding" -> 1, "proceeded" -> 1, "problems—groups" -> 1, "Problems" -> 1, "Problem" -> 1, "probable" -> 1, "Prize" -> 1, "prize" -> 1, "Private" -> 1, "Privacy" -> 1, "prisoners" -> 1, "prior" -> 1, "principle—as" -> 1, "principled" -> 1, "principal" -> 1, "primacy" -> 1, "pride" -> 1, "prices—120" -> 1, "priced" -> 1, "prevents" -> 1, "preventing" -> 1, "Prevent" -> 1, "pressed" -> 1, "presidents" -> 1, "presidential" -> 1, "Presidency" -> 1, "presided" -> 1, "preserving" -> 1, "preserves" -> 1, "presents" -> 1, "presented" -> 1, "Prescriptions—We" -> 1, "prescribed" -> 1, "prerogatives" -> 1, "prerequisite" -> 1, "preparedness" -> 1, "prepared" -> 1, "preoccupation" -> 1, "premiums" -> 1, "prejudices" -> 1, "pregnant" -> 1, "pregnancy" -> 1, "Preferences" -> 1, "predominant" -> 1, "predicted" -> 1, "precisely" -> 1, "precedence" -> 1, "Preamble" -> 1, "Practices" -> 1, "power—to" -> 1, "power—both" -> 1, "powered" -> 1, "pour" -> 1, "poultry" -> 1, "potentially" -> 1, "postwar" -> 1, "postnatal" -> 1, "Postal" -> 1, "postal" -> 1, "post" -> 1, "possibly" -> 1, "possession" -> 1, "positively" -> 1, "Portugal" -> 1, "ports" -> 1, "portability" -> 1, "polygraphs" -> 1, "policy—principle" -> 1, "policy—and" -> 1, "policy—a" -> 1, "policy-making" -> 1, "Poland" -> 1, "poised" -> 1, "pluralistic" -> 1, "plummeting" -> 1, "pleasant-sounding" -> 1, "plays" -> 1, "played" -> 1, "Platform" -> 1, "plaguing" -> 1, "pivotal" -> 1, "physician-patient" -> 1, "physician" -> 1, "Philippines" -> 1, "phases" -> 1, "phased" -> 1, "phase" -> 1, "petroleum" -> 1, "perspective" -> 1, "Personnel—This" -> 1, "Personnel" -> 1, "persist" -> 1, "perpetuation" -> 1, "perpetually" -> 1, "perpetrators" -> 1, "permitting" -> 1, "Permit" -> 1, "permanently" -> 1, "periods" -> 1, "Performance" -> 1, "percent—the" -> 1, "percentages" -> 1, "Per" -> 1, "Pensions" -> 1, "pensions" -> 1, "peak" -> 1, "Peacekeeping" -> 1, "peacekeeping" -> 1, "payments" -> 1, "payment" -> 1, "patriotic" -> 1, "Patrick's" -> 1, "patent" -> 1, "patchwork" -> 1, "passive" -> 1, "Passing" -> 1, "passenger" -> 1, "passed" -> 1, "passage—by" -> 1, "Passage" -> 1, "pass" -> 1, "partly" -> 1, "participants" -> 1, "partake" -> 1, "parochial" -> 1, "park" -> 1, "parent" -> 1, "paramount" -> 1, "Palestinians" -> 1, "Pakistan" -> 1, "pairing" -> 1, "page" -> 1, "package" -> 1, "pack" -> 1, "paced" -> 1, "ozone" -> 1, "overwhelming" -> 1, "oversight" -> 1, "over-regulated" -> 1, "over-production" -> 1, "overhaul" -> 1, "overdue" -> 1, "overdevelopment" -> 1, "overcoming" -> 1, "overcome" -> 1, "outweighed" -> 1, "outweigh" -> 1, "outright" -> 1, "outreach" -> 1, "outrageous" -> 1, "outrage" -> 1, "output—employed" -> 1, "out-of-pocket" -> 1, "ours" -> 1, "otherwise" -> 1, "Other" -> 1, "origin" -> 1, "orientation" -> 1, "organizing" -> 1, "Organization" -> 1, "ordered" -> 1, "Orange" -> 1, "opposite—to" -> 1, "opposing" -> 1, "Operation" -> 1, "Openness" -> 1, "openly" -> 1, "Open" -> 1, "one-third" -> 1, "one-sided" -> 1, "One-fifth" -> 1, "omnipotent" -> 1, "oil-induced" -> 1, "oil-importing" -> 1, "Often" -> 1, "Offshore" -> 1, "offsetting" -> 1, "off-producing" -> 1, "officers" -> 1, "OECD" -> 1, "oceans" -> 1, "Oceanic" -> 1, "occurred" -> 1, "occupied" -> 1, "occupational" -> 1, "obviate" -> 1, "obtaining" -> 1, "obstacles" -> 1, "obsolete" -> 1, "obsolescence" -> 1, "observer" -> 1, "observance" -> 1, "object" -> 1, "oar" -> 1, "nutritious" -> 1, "Nutrition" -> 1, "nutrition" -> 1, "nursing" -> 1, "Numerous" -> 1, "numbers" -> 1, "NRC" -> 1, "Now" -> 1, "November" -> 1, "noted" -> 1, "notably" -> 1, "North-South" -> 1, "Northeast" -> 1, "norms" -> 1, "normalize" -> 1, "non-violence" -> 1, "non-sexist" -> 1, "non-restrictive" -> 1, "non-racist" -> 1, "NonProliferation" -> 1, "nonproliferation" -> 1, "non-profit" -> 1, "non-military" -> 1, "non-intervention" -> 1, "non-inflationary" -> 1, "non-industrial" -> 1, "nongovernmental" -> 1, "non-energy" -> 1, "non-defense" -> 1, "non-compliance" -> 1, "noise" -> 1, "Nobel" -> 1, "Ninety-six" -> 1, "Ninety-five" -> 1, "night" -> 1, "newspapers" -> 1, "newer" -> 1, "never" -> 1, "neutral" -> 1, "networks" -> 1, "nest" -> 1, "Neither" -> 1, "neither" -> 1, "Neighborhoods" -> 1, "neighbor" -> 1, "neglecting" -> 1, "neglect" -> 1, "need—food" -> 1, "Needs—We" -> 1, "Needs" -> 1, "neediest" -> 1, "need-based" -> 1, "necessitated" -> 1, "Necessary" -> 1, "Nearly" -> 1, "near" -> 1, "Navy" -> 1, "navigation" -> 1, "nature" -> 1, "Naturalization" -> 1, "nationwide" -> 1, "nationally" -> 1, "narcotics" -> 1, "nadir" -> 1, "mythology" -> 1, "mutually" -> 1, "murder" -> 1, "municipal" -> 1, "multi-state" -> 1, "multiply" -> 1, "multi-national" -> 1, "Multilingual" -> 1, "multi-family" -> 1, "multi-donor" -> 1, "multi-cultural" -> 1, "Much" -> 1, "mounting" -> 1, "Mount" -> 1, "mount" -> 1, "mosaic" -> 1, "mortgage" -> 1, "moratorium" -> 1, "morally" -> 1, "moon" -> 1, "monumental" -> 1, "monument" -> 1, "monthly" -> 1, "monopoly" -> 1, "Monitoring" -> 1, "monitoring" -> 1, "monitored" -> 1, "Monetary" -> 1, "momentum" -> 1, "modify" -> 1, "modernizing" -> 1, "modernized" -> 1, "Model" -> 1, "model" -> 1, "Mobilization" -> 1, "mobilization" -> 1, "mobile" -> 1, "mixed" -> 1, "mistrust" -> 1, "misspent" -> 1, "Mississippi" -> 1, "missions" -> 1, "mission" -> 1, "mismanagement" -> 1, "misguided" -> 1, "mired" -> 1, "Minimum" -> 1, "minimized" -> 1, "minimize" -> 1, "Millions" -> 1, "milk" -> 1, "Military" -> 1, "milestone" -> 1, "miles" -> 1, "mile" -> 1, "Migration" -> 1, "might" -> 1, "mid-1960s" -> 1, "Miami" -> 1, "met" -> 1, "MESBIC" -> 1, "merits" -> 1, "merely" -> 1, "Merchant" -> 1, "memorial" -> 1, "medically" -> 1, "Medical" -> 1, "mediation" -> 1, "median" -> 1, "mechanized" -> 1, "mechanization—We" -> 1, "mechanism" -> 1, "Measures" -> 1, "measured" -> 1, "meaningful" -> 1, "mean" -> 1, "meals-on-wheels" -> 1, "meals" -> 1, "mayors" -> 1, "maximize" -> 1, "maturity" -> 1, "mature" -> 1, "material" -> 1, "match" -> 1, "marshall" -> 1, "marketplace" -> 1, "marketable" -> 1, "Market" -> 1, "Maritime" -> 1, "marital" -> 1, "Mariana" -> 1, "margin" -> 1, "manufacturing" -> 1, "manufacture" -> 1, "manpower" -> 1, "manifestations" -> 1, "man-hours" -> 1, "Mandatory" -> 1, "mandating" -> 1, "mandated" -> 1, "managing" -> 1, "man" -> 1, "malnourished" -> 1, "Maintenance" -> 1, "mainland" -> 1, "main" -> 1, "magnet" -> 1, "machine" -> 1, "lunches" -> 1, "lunch" -> 1, "low-paid" -> 1, "low-level" -> 1, "low-head" -> 1, "lowered" -> 1, "Lower" -> 1, "low-cost" -> 1, "losses" -> 1, "loophole" -> 1, "looks" -> 1, "long-time" -> 1, "Long-Term" -> 1, "long-standing" -> 1, "longed" -> 1, "London" -> 1, "Lock" -> 1, "locations" -> 1, "locate" -> 1, "locally" -> 1, "locality" -> 1, "locales" -> 1, "Local" -> 1, "lobbying" -> 1, "lobby" -> 1, "Living" -> 1, "livestock" -> 1, "livelihood" -> 1, "Lithuanian" -> 1, "listed" -> 1, "list" -> 1, "liquidation" -> 1, "link" -> 1, "lingered" -> 1, "lines" -> 1, "line" -> 1, "limited-English-proficiency" -> 1, "limitation" -> 1, "Likewise" -> 1, "likewise" -> 1, "light" -> 1, "lifetime" -> 1, "life-style" -> 1, "lifeline" -> 1, "lies" -> 1, "lie" -> 1, "licenses" -> 1, "license" -> 1, "library" -> 1, "libraries" -> 1, "Liberation" -> 1, "liberation" -> 1, "liberalized" -> 1, "liberal" -> 1, "levied" -> 1, "leveraged" -> 1, "letter" -> 1, "Let" -> 1, "let" -> 1, "lessening" -> 1, "lends" -> 1, "legislate" -> 1, "Lebanon" -> 1, "leaving" -> 1, "leaves" -> 1, "Lease" -> 1, "leaner" -> 1, "layers" -> 1, "lay" -> 1, "Laws" -> 1, "Law-of-the-Sea" -> 1, "launched" -> 1, "launch" -> 1, "latest" -> 1, "late" -> 1, "large-scale" -> 1, "landmark" -> 1, "Land" -> 1, "laid" -> 1, "ladder" -> 1, "labor—We" -> 1, "labeling" -> 1, "Ku" -> 1, "Korean" -> 1, "Koreagate" -> 1, "knows" -> 1, "known" -> 1, "Klux" -> 1, "kind" -> 1, "kept" -> 1, "Kampuehea" -> 1, "Kampuchea" -> 1, "justified" -> 1, "justification" -> 1, "Justice—of" -> 1, "Just" -> 1, "jury" -> 1, "jurisdiction" -> 1, "June" -> 1, "judgeships" -> 1, "joblessness" -> 1, "Jewish" -> 1, "Japan's" -> 1, "January" -> 1, "IX" -> 1, "IV" -> 1, "Its" -> 1, "items" -> 1, "Israel-Egypt" -> 1, "islands" -> 1, "Islander" -> 1, "island" -> 1, "Islamic" -> 1, "irrigation" -> 1, "irrespective" -> 1, "irrelevant—even" -> 1, "invulnerability" -> 1, "involving" -> 1, "involves" -> 1, "Involvement—There" -> 1, "involve" -> 1, "involuntary" -> 1, "invites" -> 1, "inviolability" -> 1, "Investment" -> 1, "Investigation" -> 1, "investigation" -> 1, "investigated" -> 1, "invested" -> 1, "invest" -> 1, "invalid" -> 1, "intrusive" -> 1, "intrusion" -> 1, "Introduction" -> 1, "introduce" -> 1, "intra-state" -> 1, "Into" -> 1, "interruptions" -> 1, "interrupted" -> 1, "interpreters" -> 1, "internal" -> 1, "Interior" -> 1, "interference" -> 1, "Interest" -> 1, "Interdepartmental" -> 1, "intercommunal" -> 1, "inter" -> 1, "intent—to" -> 1, "intensification" -> 1, "intend" -> 1, "intelligently" -> 1, "intelligent" -> 1, "Intelligence" -> 1, "intellectual" -> 1, "Integrity" -> 1, "integral" -> 1, "intake" -> 1, "intact" -> 1, "insurer" -> 1, "insulation" -> 1, "Insular" -> 1, "insufficient" -> 1, "instruments" -> 1, "instrumentation" -> 1, "instrumental" -> 1, "instrument" -> 1, "instruction" -> 1, "Institutions" -> 1, "institutionalize" -> 1, "institutional" -> 1, "instituted" -> 1, "institute" -> 1, "installations" -> 1, "instability" -> 1, "in-service" -> 1, "inoperative" -> 1, "innovatively" -> 1, "innovative" -> 1, "inland" -> 1, "injustices" -> 1, "injury" -> 1, "injuries" -> 1, "initiating" -> 1, "initiates" -> 1, "Initiate" -> 1, "Initially" -> 1, "initial" -> 1, "inhibit" -> 1, "inherit" -> 1, "inhabitants" -> 1, "ingredients" -> 1, "informed" -> 1, "influx" 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"Humphrey-Hawkins" -> 1, "HUD" -> 1, "HR" -> 1, "hour" -> 1, "hostility" -> 1, "hostages" -> 1, "host" -> 1, "Hospitals—Frequently" -> 1, "hospitalization" -> 1, "Hormuz" -> 1, "horizon" -> 1, "hopes" -> 1, "hopeful" -> 1, "honored" -> 1, "honorable" -> 1, "honest" -> 1, "homestead" -> 1, "homeowners" -> 1, "holiday" -> 1, "holds" -> 1, "holdings" -> 1, "hogs" -> 1, "Historically" -> 1, "His" -> 1, "hired" -> 1, "hire" -> 1, "highway" -> 1, "high-speed" -> 1, "highly" -> 1, "high-level" -> 1, "heroin-related" -> 1, "hereby" -> 1, "here" -> 1, "herd" -> 1, "Hence" -> 1, "hemisphere" -> 1, "helps" -> 1, "helped" -> 1, "Helens" -> 1, "heavy" -> 1, "heating" -> 1, "heartland" -> 1, "hearing" -> 1, "healthier" -> 1, "Headstart" -> 1, "Head" -> 1, "head" -> 1, "hazards" -> 1, "Hawaiians" -> 1, "Hawaii" -> 1, "haul" -> 1, "Hatch" -> 1, "harvesting" -> 1, "harnessing" -> 1, "harness" -> 1, "hard-won" -> 1, "hardships" -> 1, "hard-earned" -> 1, "harbor" -> 1, "happening" -> 1, "Handicapped" -> 1, "handicap" -> 1, "hamstrung" -> 1, "hallmark" -> 1, "Half" -> 1, "Haitians" -> 1, "Haitian" -> 1, "habits" -> 1, "habitats" -> 1, "guns" -> 1, "guillotine" -> 1, "guided" -> 1, "guide" -> 1, "Guatemala" -> 1, "guardians" -> 1, "Guard" -> 1, "guaranteeing" -> 1, "Guam" -> 1, "Growth—Despite" -> 1, "Growth" -> 1, "grows" -> 1, "groups—more" -> 1, "Group" -> 1, "groundwater" -> 1, "grounds" -> 1, "Gross" -> 1, "grievances" -> 1, "greatly" -> 1, "grave" -> 1, "grassroots" -> 1, "grass" -> 1, "grants-in-aid" -> 1, "Grants" -> 1, "granted" -> 1, "grandchildren" -> 1, "grand" -> 1, "Graduate" -> 1, "governors" -> 1, "goal—we" -> 1, "Goal" -> 1, "GNP" -> 1, "Giving" -> 1, "giving" -> 1, "G.I." -> 1, "German" -> 1, "Georgian" -> 1, "geographic" -> 1, "Genocide" -> 1, "genius" -> 1, "generous" -> 1, "generations" -> 1, "generating" -> 1, "generate" -> 1, "Generalized" -> 1, "General" -> 1, "gender-based" -> 1, "gathering" -> 1, "Gasoline" -> 1, "gasoline" -> 1, "gasohol" -> 1, "Garter" -> 1, "gaps" -> 1, "gap" -> 1, "Games" -> 1, "games" -> 1, "Gains" -> 1, "FY" -> 1, "futuristic" -> 1, "future—a" -> 1, "Fusion" -> 1, "functional" -> 1, "fulfillment" -> 1, "Fulfilling" -> 1, "fulfilled" -> 1, "fuel-grade" -> 1, "fuel-efficient" -> 1, "fueled" -> 1, "frustrating" -> 1, "fruitless" -> 1, "Frontier" -> 1, "free-standing" -> 1, "frees" -> 1, "freely" -> 1, "freedoms—the" -> 1, "frank" -> 1, "frail" -> 1, "fragmented" -> 1, "fragile" -> 1, "fourteen" -> 1, "Four" -> 1, "foundations" -> 1, "fossil" -> 1, "forth" -> 1, "formulate" -> 1, "formalized" -> 1, "formal" -> 1, "forgotten" -> 1, "forging" -> 1, "forged" -> 1, "forfeiture" -> 1, "forever" -> 1, "Forestry" -> 1, "forestall" -> 1, "forest" -> 1, "foresight" -> 1, "forego" -> 1, "Ford" -> 1, "forcefully" -> 1, "Force" -> 1, "footwear" -> 1, "foodstuffs" -> 1, "Follow-through" -> 1, "fluency" -> 1, "flows" -> 1, "flowing" -> 1, "floor" -> 1, "flood" -> 1, "flex-time" -> 1, "flexible" -> 1, "fleets" -> 1, "fleet" -> 1, "flank" -> 1, "flammability" -> 1, "fixed" -> 1, "fishery-by-fishery" -> 1, "Fisheries" -> 1, "fiscally" -> 1, "Fiscal" -> 1, "firmness" -> 1, "finest" -> 1, "finds" -> 1, "findings" -> 1, "Financing" -> 1, "Financially" -> 1, "Financial" -> 1, "finance" -> 1, "final" -> 1, "filled" -> 1, "files" -> 1, "fighting" -> 1, "fighter" -> 1, "fifty-nine" -> 1, "Fields" -> 1, "ferment" -> 1, "fees" -> 1, "feels" -> 1, "feel" -> 1, "feed" -> 1, "federal-private" -> 1, "feature" -> 1, "feasibility" -> 1, "FBI" -> 1, "favoring" -> 1, "favored" -> 1, "fathers" -> 1, "faster" -> 1, "fashioning" -> 1, "farms—The" -> 1, "farming" -> 1, "Farmer" -> 1, "farmer" -> 1, "fares" -> 1, "famine" -> 1, "family-centered" -> 1, "Family" -> 1, "falling" -> 1, "fall" -> 1, "Fairness" -> 1, "fairly" -> 1, "fairer" -> 1, "failed" -> 1, "factors" -> 1, "Facing" -> 1, "facility" -> 1, "facilitate" -> 1, "fabrication" -> 1, "extremely" -> 1, "extraordinary" -> 1, "exterminate" -> 1, "extension" -> 1, "extend" -> 1, "expression" -> 1, "expressing" -> 1, "expressed" -> 1, "exposure" -> 1, "exports—American" -> 1, "Exports" -> 1, "export-import" -> 1, "exporters" -> 1, "exportable" -> 1, "Export" -> 1, "explosive" -> 1, "Exploring" -> 1, "exploited" -> 1, "Exploitation" -> 1, "explode" -> 1, "experienced" -> 1, "expenses" -> 1, "expenditure" -> 1, "expeditious" -> 1, "exists" -> 1, "existed" -> 1, "exile" -> 1, "exercises" -> 1, "exercise" -> 1, "exempt" -> 1, "excuse" -> 1, "exclusively" -> 1, "exclusions" -> 1, "exclusion" -> 1, "excluding" -> 1, "exchanged" -> 1, "Except" -> 1, "excellence" -> 1, "exceeds" -> 1, "exceeding" -> 1, "examples" -> 1, "examination" -> 1, "exactly" -> 1, "evolve" -> 1, "evident" -> 1, "evidenced" -> 1, "evidence" -> 1, "ever-rising" -> 1, "eventual" -> 1, "Even" -> 1, "Evaluation" -> 1, "evade" -> 1, "ethnicity" -> 1, "Ethics" -> 1, "ethical" -> 1, "ethanol" -> 1, "estate" -> 1, "establishes" -> 1, "Establish" -> 1, "escape" -> 1, "errors" -> 1, "error" -> 1, "erodes" -> 1, "ERISA" -> 1, "erased" -> 1, "eradication" -> 1, "equivalent" -> 1, "Equity" -> 1, "equitably" -> 1, "equipped" -> 1, "Equally" -> 1, "equalize" -> 1, "Equality" -> 1, "epidemiological" -> 1, "entrepreneurship" -> 1, "entrepreneurs" -> 1, "entirely" -> 1, "enters" -> 1, "entered" -> 1, "enrolled" -> 1, "enough" -> 1, "Enormous" -> 1, "enhances" -> 1, "Enhancement" -> 1, "enhanced" -> 1, "Enhance" -> 1, "English-speaking" -> 1, "English-Spanish" -> 1, "engineers" -> 1, "engineer" -> 1, "engaging" -> 1, "engagement" -> 1, "Energy—Our" -> 1, "enemies" -> 1, "Endowments" -> 1, "endemic" -> 1, "endeavors" -> 1, "endangered" -> 1, "endanger" -> 1, "Encouragement" -> 1, "Enact" -> 1, "enabling" -> 1, "empty" -> 1, "Employment—More" -> 1, "employing" -> 1, "employer-employee" -> 1, "Employees" -> 1, "employability—a" -> 1, "employ" -> 1, "empire" -> 1, "emphasized" -> 1, "emphasis—their" -> 1, "emotional" -> 1, "emissions" -> 1, "emigrate" -> 1, "emerging" -> 1, "Emergency" -> 1, "emergency" -> 1, "Embassy" -> 1, "embassies" -> 1, "embargoes" -> 1, "Elsewhere" -> 1, "else" -> 1, "eliminated" -> 1, "elicit" -> 1, "Elementary" -> 1, "elemental" -> 1, "Electrification" -> 1, "electricity" -> 1, "Election" -> 1, "elected" -> 1, "Elderly" -> 1, "El" -> 1, "eighties" -> 1, "Eight" -> 1, "Egypt—along" -> 1, "effort—was" -> 1, "Efficient" -> 1, "Effective" -> 1, "educational-recreational" -> 1, "educationally" -> 1, "educating" -> 1, "edible" -> 1, "East-West" -> 1, "easing" -> 1, "eases" -> 1, "earth" -> 1, "earn" -> 1, "earliest" -> 1, "earl" -> 1, "dwellers" -> 1, "duty" -> 1, "duties" -> 1, "dumping" -> 1, "dump" -> 1, "drug-dependency" -> 1, "dropped" -> 1, "drivers" -> 1, "dreams" -> 1, "draw" -> 1, "drastically" -> 1, "dramatically" -> 1, "dramatic" -> 1, "drain" -> 1, "dozen" -> 1, "downward" -> 1, "downgraded" -> 1, "doubling" -> 1, "double" -> 1, "door" -> 1, "doomed" -> 1, "domination" -> 1, "dominance" -> 1, "documents" -> 1, "divorced" -> 1, "divorce" -> 1, "divisive" -> 1, "division" -> 1, "Dividends" -> 1, "divided" -> 1, "divest" -> 1, "diversified" -> 1, "disturbances" -> 1, "disturbance" -> 1, "District" -> 1, "Distressed" -> 1, "distinctions" -> 1, "distinct" -> 1, "distant-water" -> 1, "dissidents" -> 1, "disruption" -> 1, "disrupted" -> 1, "disrespect" -> 1, "disregard" -> 1, "disproportionately" -> 1, "displace" -> 1, "disparities" -> 1, "disorderly" -> 1, "dismantle" -> 1, "dislocations" -> 1, "dislocation" -> 1, "disintegration" -> 1, "Disincentives" -> 1, "disincentives" -> 1, "disillusionment" -> 1, "disguised" -> 1, "discriminated" -> 1, "discover" -> 1, "discouraging" -> 1, "discouraged" -> 1, "discourage" -> 1, "discontent" -> 1, "discloses" -> 1, "discharges" -> 1, "discharged" -> 1, "disastrous" -> 1, "disasters" -> 1, "disaster" -> 1, "disarmament" -> 1, "disappearing" -> 1, "disadvantage" -> 1, "directs" -> 1, "directive" -> 1, "direction" -> 1, "dire" -> 1, "diminish" -> 1, "dilemmas" -> 1, "dilatory" -> 1, "dignified" -> 1, "diffusion" -> 1, "difficulties" -> 1, "differing" -> 1, "differences" -> 1, "dies" -> 1, "died" -> 1, "diagnostic" -> 1, "developments" -> 1, "developmental" -> 1, "detrimental" -> 1, "deterrents" -> 1, "deterrence" -> 1, "determining" -> 1, "determines" -> 1, "deterioration" -> 1, "deteriorating" -> 1, "deteriorated" -> 1, "deteriorate" -> 1, "detente—one" -> 1, "detained" -> 1, "destruction" -> 1, "destroying" -> 1, "desperately" -> 1, "desperate" -> 1, "desist" -> 1, "desertification" -> 1, "descendants" -> 1, "desalinization" -> 1, "deregulated" -> 1, "deregulate" -> 1, "Depression" -> 1, "depression" -> 1, "depressing" -> 1, "depreciation" -> 1, "deposits" -> 1, "depletion" -> 1, "depleted" -> 1, "Dependent" -> 1, "dependency" -> 1, "department" -> 1, "denying" -> 1, "demographic" -> 1, "democratization" -> 1, "democratically" -> 1, "delinquency" -> 1, "delicate" -> 1, "deliberations" -> 1, "deliberate" -> 1, "delayed" -> 1, "deinstitutionalization" -> 1, "deforming" -> 1, "deforestation" -> 1, "defoliants" -> 1, "defining" -> 1, "defined" -> 1, "deficits" -> 1, "defiance" -> 1, "deferral" -> 1, "defenses" -> 1, "Defense" -> 1, "defending" -> 1, "defended" -> 1, "defeat" -> 1, "deepened" -> 1, "dedicates" -> 1, "dedicated" -> 1, "decrees" -> 1, "decreasing" -> 1, "decreased—in" -> 1, "decrease" -> 1, "decontrol" -> 1, "declines" -> 1, "Declaration" -> 1, "decisively" -> 1, "decisive" -> 1, "Decisions" -> 1, "decided" -> 1, "deceit" -> 1, "decay" -> 1, "decade-long" -> 1, "Debt" -> 1, "debt" -> 1, "debilitating" -> 1, "debate" -> 1, "dealt" -> 1, "dealings" -> 1, "deadlock" -> 1, "deadline" -> 1, "day-to-day" -> 1, "days" -> 1, "Day" -> 1, "Davis-Bacon" -> 1, "dates" -> 1, "data" -> 1, "Daniel" -> 1, "danger" -> 1, "damaged" -> 1, "Dam" -> 1, "Daily" -> 1, "daily" -> 1, "cycle" -> 1, "cutting" -> 1, "cutbacks" -> 1, "customs" -> 1, "customized" -> 1, "cushion" -> 1, "Curtailment" -> 1, "curtail" -> 1, "curricula" -> 1, "Current" -> 1, "curbs" -> 1, "curbed" -> 1, "Curb" -> 1, "curb" -> 1, "cumulative" -> 1, "crush" -> 1, "Cruise" -> 1, "crossroad" -> 1, "cross-burnings" -> 1, "Cross" -> 1, "cross" -> 1, "crops" -> 1, "Credit" -> 1, "credibility" -> 1, "credence" -> 1, "creativity" -> 1, "creatively" -> 1, "creates" -> 1, "Created" -> 1, "covers" -> 1, "covered" -> 1, "cover" -> 1, "Covenants" -> 1, "covenant" -> 1, "Court's" -> 1, "courageous" -> 1, "Coupling" -> 1, "country—particularly" -> 1, "countryside" -> 1, "country's" -> 1, "countless" -> 1, "counterparts" -> 1, "counter-cyclical" -> 1, "counsel" -> 1, "councils" -> 1, "council" -> 1, "cost-per-scientist" -> 1, "costly" -> 1, "cost-benefit" -> 1, "corruption" -> 1, "Corridor" -> 1, "correspondingly" -> 1, "corrects" -> 1, "correcting" -> 1, "cornerstone" -> 1, "cope" -> 1, "coordinator's" -> 1, "coordinator" -> 1, "coordinate" -> 1, "cooperating" -> 1, "cooperated" -> 1, "cooling" -> 1, "convince" -> 1, "convert" -> 1, "conversations" -> 1, "controversy" -> 1, "controlling" -> 1, "contributors" -> 1, "contracting" -> 1, "contracted" -> 1, "continuity" -> 1, "continually" -> 1, "continual" -> 1, "contingents" -> 1, "contingency" -> 1, "contingencies" -> 1, "contentious" -> 1, "containment" -> 1, "containing" -> 1, "contain" -> 1, "consumer's" -> 1, "consume" -> 1, "consultations" -> 1, "Consultation" -> 1, "constructively" -> 1, "construct" -> 1, "constitutionally-guaranteed" -> 1, "Constitutional" -> 1, "constituents" -> 1, "consolidated" -> 1, "consolidate" -> 1, "consistently" -> 1, "Consistent" -> 1, "Consideration" -> 1, "considerable" -> 1, "consequence" -> 1, "consecutive" -> 1, "conscientiously" -> 1, "Connally" -> 1, "conjunction" -> 1, "conglomerates" -> 1, "conglomerate" -> 1, "confusion" -> 1, "conform" -> 1, "confident" -> 1, "condominium" -> 1, "conditioned" -> 1, "condemnation" -> 1, "concurrently" -> 1, "concurrence" -> 1, "concrete" -> 1, "concluded" -> 1, "concessions" -> 1, "concerted" -> 1, "concert" -> 1, "Concentration" -> 1, "concentrating" -> 1, "composition" -> 1, "complies" -> 1, "completing" -> 1, "Complete" -> 1, "complement" -> 1, "compiled" -> 1, "Competitiveness—The" -> 1, "compensation" -> 1, "compensate" -> 1, "compassionately" -> 1, "compassionate" -> 1, "comparison" -> 1, "comparability" -> 1, "Company" -> 1, "company" -> 1, "companion" -> 1, "companies—accounting" -> 1, "compacts" -> 1, "community-level" -> 1, "Communist-dominated" -> 1, "Communist" -> 1, "communications" -> 1, "communicate" -> 1, "commonwealth" -> 1, "Common" -> 1, "commodities" -> 1, "committee" -> 1, "Commitment" -> 1, "commercialization" -> 1, "Commercial" -> 1, "commend" -> 1, "commemorate" -> 1, "Columbia" -> 1, "colonial" -> 1, "collusion" -> 1, "Collection" -> 1, "collaborative" -> 1, "cogent" -> 1, "co-generation" -> 1, "coffee" -> 1, "codes" -> 1, "Code" -> 1, "coastline" -> 1, "coastal" -> 1, "coal-fired" -> 1, "clothing" -> 1, "closings" -> 1, "closest" -> 1, "closer" -> 1, "clinics" -> 1, "Clinic" -> 1, "clearance" -> 1, "Clear" -> 1, "cleanup" -> 1, "cleansing" -> 1, "classroom" -> 1, "classifications" -> 1, "classification" -> 1, "Class" -> 1, "claiming" -> 1, "civilized" -> 1, "civilians" -> 1, "city-dwellers" -> 1, "citizen—to" -> 1, "citizen—Black" -> 1, "citizenship" -> 1, "circumvent" -> 1, "circumscribe" -> 1, "chronically" -> 1, "choose" -> 1, "China—the" -> 1, "Chile" -> 1, "child's" -> 1, "children's" -> 1, "child-care" -> 1, "childbirth" -> 1, "check" -> 1, "cheapest" -> 1, "charters" -> 1, "Charter" -> 1, "charter" -> 1, "charitable" -> 1, "charge" -> 1, "chapter" -> 1, "channels" -> 1, "changing" -> 1, "championed" -> 1, "champion" -> 1, "chaired" -> 1, "causing" -> 1, "categories" -> 1, "categorical" -> 1, "catastrophic" -> 1, "carrying" -> 1, "carrier" -> 1, "carried" -> 1, "carriage" -> 1, "caring" -> 1, "cargo" -> 1, "Care—We" -> 1, "Care—Provision" -> 1, "cares" -> 1, "carefully" -> 1, "career" -> 1, "cards" -> 1, "car" -> 1, "caps" -> 1, "capitation" -> 1, "capitalizing" -> 1, "capitalization" -> 1, "Capital" -> 1, "capita" -> 1, "Capetown" -> 1, "cane" -> 1, "candidly" -> 1, "candidates" -> 1, "cancelled" -> 1, "Canada" -> 1, "campus-based" -> 1, "camps" -> 1, "campaign—it" -> 1, "campaigns" -> 1, "Cambodia" -> 1, "calls" -> 1, "callous" -> 1, "calling" -> 1, "called" -> 1, "Calendar" -> 1, "buying" -> 1, "buyers" -> 1, "businessmen" -> 1, "business-like" -> 1, "businesses—primarily" -> 1, "burial" -> 1, "bureaus" -> 1, "burden—on" -> 1, "burdensome" -> 1, "burdening" -> 1, "bulwark" -> 1, "bulk" -> 1, "builds" -> 1, "buffeted" -> 1, "brutally" -> 1, "brought" -> 1, "Brooke-Cranston" -> 1, "broadly" -> 1, "broaden" -> 1, "Broadcasting" -> 1, "Broad" -> 1, "broad" -> 1, "British" -> 1, "Britain" -> 1, "bringing" -> 1, "brilliantly" -> 1, "brigades" -> 1, "breathed" -> 1, "break-up" -> 1, "breakfast" -> 1, "breakdown" -> 1, "break" -> 1, "branch" -> 1, "bracero" -> 1, "boundaries" -> 1, "bottom" -> 1, "born" -> 1, "border" -> 1, "Bonn" -> 1, "bomber" -> 1, "boiler" -> 1, "Board" -> 1, "bluntly" -> 1, "blueprint" -> 1, "Block" -> 1, "blend" -> 1, "bleak" -> 1, "birthday" -> 1, "biomass" -> 1, "bills" -> 1, "billion—has" -> 1, "bilateral" -> 1, "biggest" -> 1, "be—the" -> 1, "be—guided" -> 1, "BEPS" -> 1, "benign" -> 1, "beneficial" -> 1, "below-market" -> 1, "believed" -> 1, "belief" -> 1, "Belgrade" -> 1, "behest" -> 1, "behavior" -> 1, "begins" -> 1, "began" -> 1, "Before" -> 1, "beets" -> 1, "becoming" -> 1, "beautiful" -> 1, "bears" -> 1, "beacon" -> 1, "battle" -> 1, "Battered" -> 1, "bars" -> 1, "barrier-free" -> 1, "barrier" -> 1, "bargained" -> 1, "bar" -> 1, "banishment" -> 1, "Ban" -> 1, "ballots" -> 1, "ballistic" -> 1, "Balance—From" -> 1, "backbone" -> 1, "B-1" -> 1, "away" -> 1, "award" -> 1, "awaiting" -> 1, "avoided" -> 1, "Aviv" -> 1, "averted" -> 1, "autonomy" -> 1, "autonomous" -> 1, "automobiles" -> 1, "authorizing" -> 1, "authorized" -> 1, "Authorization" -> 1, "authorization" -> 1, "audiences" -> 1, "attracting" -> 1, "attract" -> 1, "attorneys-general" -> 1, "attendants" -> 1, "attendant" -> 1, "attendance" -> 1, "attend" -> 1, "attempted" -> 1, "attained" -> 1, "Atmospheric" -> 1, "atmosphere" -> 1, "Atlantic" -> 1, "assuring" -> 1, "assured" -> 1, "Assurance" -> 1, "assuming" -> 1, "associations" -> 1, "associate" -> 1, "assists" -> 1, "Assisting" -> 1, "assisting" -> 1, "Assistance—Immediately" -> 1, "Assist" -> 1, "assigned" -> 1, "asset" -> 1, "asserts" -> 1, "assert" -> 1, "assembly" -> 1, "aspects" -> 1, "aspect" -> 1, "asking" -> 1, "artists" -> 1, "artificially" -> 1, "artery" -> 1, "Armenian" -> 1, "armament" -> 1, "Argentina" -> 1, "areas—that" -> 1, "areas—family" -> 1, "Areas" -> 1, "Area" -> 1, "archaic" -> 1, "aquaculture" -> 1, "approved" -> 1, "approval" -> 1, "appropriations" -> 1, "Appropriate" -> 1, "appreciation" -> 1, "Appointments" -> 1, "appointment" -> 1, "appointing" -> 1, "appoint" -> 1, "applying" -> 1, "applied" -> 1, "appendage" -> 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1, "20-year" -> 1, "202" -> 1, "20,000" -> 1, "1990" -> 1, "1984" -> 1, "1977—1979" -> 1, "1977-1979" -> 1, "1977,В" -> 1, "1975—1976" -> 1, "1975" -> 1, "1974" -> 1, "1973" -> 1, "1972" -> 1, "1970s—must" -> 1, "1970" -> 1, "1965" -> 1, "1963" -> 1, "1952" -> 1, "1902" -> 1, "19" -> 1, "18-year-olds" -> 1, "179" -> 1, "17" -> 1, "1.7" -> 1, "157" -> 1, "14-b" -> 1, "14.8" -> 1, "14" -> 1, "13th" -> 1, "127" -> 1, "124" -> 1, "12160" -> 1, "12044" -> 1, "120" -> 1, "11.8" -> 1, "116" -> 1, "115" -> 1, "113" -> 1, "10.3" -> 1, "100,000" -> 1, "1,000" -> 1, "10" -> 1, "0.6" -> 1|>|>, <|"SourceURL" -> "http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29606", "Name" -> "Democratic Party Platform of 1976", "Party" -> "Democratic", "Year" -> 1976, "Date" -> DateObject[{1976, 7, 12}], "Text" -> "Preamble\n\nWe meet to adopt a Democratic platform, and to nominate Democratic candidates for President and Vice President of the United States, almost 200 years from the day that our revolutionary founders declared this country's independence from the British crown.\nThe founder of the Democratic Party—Thomas Jefferson of Virginia—set forth the reasons for this separation and expressed the basic tenets of democratic government: That all persons are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness—That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among People, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.\nThese truths may still be self-evident, but they have been tragically abused by our national government during the past eight years.\nTwo Republican Administrations have both misused and mismanaged the powers of national government, obstructing the pursuit of economic and social opportunity, causing needless hardship and despair among millions of our fellow citizens.\nTwo Republican Administrations have betrayed the people's trust and have created suspicion and distrust of government through illegal and unconstitutional actions.\nWe acknowledge that no political party, nor any President or Vice President, possesses answers to all of the problems that face us as a nation, but neither do we concede that every human problem is beyond our control. We recognize further that the present distrust of government cannot be transformed easily into confidence.\nIt is within our power to recapture, in the governing of this nation, the basic tenets of fairness, equality, opportunity and rule of law that motivated our revolutionary founders.\nWe do pledge a government that has as its guiding concern, the needs and aspirations of all the people, rather than the perquisites and special privilege of the few.\nWe do pledge a government that listens, that is truthful, and that is not afraid to admit its mistakes.\nWe do pledge a government that will be committed to a fairer distribution of wealth, income and power.\nWe do pledge a government in which the new Democratic President will work closely with the leaders of the Congress on a regular, systematic basis so that the people can see the results of unity.\nWe do pledge a government in which the Democratic members in both houses of Congress will seek a unity of purpose on the principles of the party.\nNow, as we enter our 200th year as a nation, we as a party, with a sense of our obligations, pledge a reaffirmation of this nation's founding principles.\nIn this platform of the Democratic Party, we present a clear alternative to the failures of preceding administrations and a projection of the common future to which we aspire: a world at peace; a just society of equals; a society without violence; a society in consonance with its natural environment, affording freedom to the individual and the opportunity to develop to the fullest human Potential.\nI. Full Employment, Price Stability and Balanced Growth\n\nThe Democratic Party's concern for human dignity and freedom has been directed at increasing the economic opportunities for all our citizens and reducing the economic deprivation and inequities that have stained the record of American democracy.\nToday, millions of people are unemployed. Unemployment represents mental anxiety, fear of harassment over unpaid bills, idle hours, loss of self-esteem, strained family relationships, deprivation of children and youth, alcoholism, drug abuse and crime. A job is a key measure of a person's place in society—whether as a full-fledged participant or on the outside. Jobs are the solution to poverty, hunger and other basic needs of workers and their families. Jobs enable a person to translate legal rights of equality into reality.\nOur industrial capacity is also wastefully under-utilized. There are houses to build, urban centers to rebuild, roads and railroads to construct and repair, rivers to clean, and new sources of energy to develop. Something is wrong when there is work to be done, and the people who are willing to do it are without jobs. What we have lacked is leadership.\nRepublican Mismanagement\n\nDuring the past 25 years, the American economy has suffered five major recessions, all under Republican administrations. During the past eight years, we have had two costly recessions with continuing unprecedented peacetime inflation. \"Stagflation\" has become a new word in our language just as it has become a product of Republican economic policy. Never before have we had soaring inflation in the midst of a major recession.\nStagnation, waste and human suffering are the legacy left to the American people by Republican economic policies. During the past five years, U.S. economic growth has averaged only 1-1/2 per cent per year compared with an historical average of about 4 per cent. Because of this shortfall, the nation has lost some $500—billion in the production of goods and services, and, if Republican rule continues, we can expect to lose another $600—$800—billion by 1980.\nTen million people are unemployed right now, and twenty to thirty million were jobless at some time in each of the last two years. For major groups in the labor force—minorities, women, youth, older workers, farm, factory and construction workers—unemployment has been, and remains, at depression levels.\nThe rising cost of food, clothing, housing, energy and health care has eroded the income of the average American family, and has pushed persons on fixed incomes to the brink of economic disaster. Since 1970, the annual rate of inflation has averaged more than 6 percent and is projected by the Ford administration to continue at an unprecedented peacetime rate of 6 to 7 per cent until 1978.\nThe depressed production and high unemployment rates of the Nixon-Ford administrations have produced federal deficits totaling $242 billion. Those who should be working and paying taxes are collecting unemployment compensation or other welfare payments in order to survive. For every one per cent increase in the unemployment rate—for every one million Americans out of work —we all pay $3 billion more in unemployment compensation and $2 billion in welfare and related costs, and lose $14 billion in taxes. In fiscal 1976, $76 billion was lost to the federal government through increased recession-related expenditures and lost revenues. In addition, state and local governments lost $27 billion in revenues. A return to full employment will eliminate such deficits. With prudent management of existing programs, full employment revenues will permit the financing of national Democratic initiatives.\nFor millions of Americans, the Republican Party has substituted welfare for work. Huge sums will be spent on food stamps and medical care for families of the unemployed. Social insurance costs are greatly increased. This year alone the federal government will spend nearly $20 billion on unemployment compensation. In contrast, spending on job development is only $2—1/2 billion. The goal of the new Democratic administration will be to turn unemployment cheeks into pay cheeks.\nWhat Democrats Can Achieve\n\nIn contrast to the record of Republican mismanagement, the most recent eight years of Democratic leadership, under John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, produced economic growth that was virtually uninterrupted. The unemployment rate dropped from 6.7 per cent in 1961 to 3.6 per cent in 1968, and most segments of the population benefited. Inflation increased at an average annual rate of only 2 per cent, and the purchasing power of the average family steadily increased. In 1960, about 40 million people were living in poverty. Over the next eight years, 14—1/2 million people moved out of poverty because of training opportunities, increased jobs and higher incomes. Since 1968, the number of persons living in poverty has remained virtually unchanged.\nWe have met the goals of full employment with stable prices in the past and can do it again. The Democratic Party is committed to the right of all adult Americans willing, able and seeking work to have opportunities for useful jobs at living wages. To make that commitment meaningful, we pledge ourselves to the support of legislation that will make every responsible effort to reduce adult unemployment to 3 per cent within 4 years.\nModernizing Economic Policy\n\nTo meet our goals we must set annual targets for employment, production and price stability; the Federal Reserve must be made a full partner in national economic decisions and become responsive to the economic goals of Congress and the President; credit must be generally available at reasonable interest rates; tax, spending and credit policies must be carefully coordinated with our economic goals, and coordinated within the framework of national economic planning.\nOf special importance is the need for national economic planning capability. This planning capability should provide roles for Congress and the Executive as equal partners in the process and provide for full participation by the private sector, and state and local government. Government must plan ahead just like any business, and this type of planning can be implemented without the creation of a new bureaucracy but rather through the well-defined use of existing bodies and techniques. If we do not plan, but continue to react to crisis after crisis, our economic performance will be further eroded.\nFull Employment Policies\n\nInstitutional reforms and the use of conventional tax, spending and credit policies must be accompanied by a broad range of carefully-targeted employment programs that will reduce unemployment in the private sector, and in regions, states and groups that have special employment problems.\nThe lack of formal coordination among federal, state and local governments is a major obstacle to full employment. The absence of economic policy coordination is particularly visible during times of high unemployment. Recessions reduce tax revenues, and increase unemployment-related expenditures for state and local governments. To maintain balanced budgets or reduce budget deficits these governments are forced to increase taxes and cut services—actions that directly undermine federal efforts to stimulate the economy.\nConsistent and coherent economic policy requires federal anti-recession grant programs to state and local government, accompanied by public employment, public works projects and direct stimulus to the private sector. In each case, the programs should be phased in automatically when unemployment rises and phased out as it declines.\nEven during periods of normal economic growth there are communities and regions of the country—particularly central cities and rural areas —that do not fully participate in national economic prosperity. The Democratic Party has supported national economic policies which have consciously sought to aid regions in the nation which have been afflicted with poverty, or newer regions which have needed resources for development. These policies were soundly conceived and have been successful. Today, we have different areas and regions in economic decline and once again face a problem of balanced economic growth. To restore balance, national economic policy should be designed to target federal resources in areas of greatest need. To make low interest loans to businesses and state and local governments for the purpose of encouraging private sector investment in chronically depressed areas, we endorse consideration of programs such as a domestic development bank or federally insured taxable state and local bonds with adequate funding, proper management and public disclosure.\nSpecial problems faced by young people, especially minorities, entering the labor force persist regardless of the state of the economy. To meet the needs of youth, we should consolidate existing youth employment programs; improve training, apprenticeship, internship and job-counseling programs at the high school and college levels; and permit youth participation in public employment projects.\nThere are people who will be especially difficult to employ. Special means for training and locating jobs for these people in the private sector, and, to the extent required, in public employment, should be established. Every effort should be made to create jobs in the private sector. Clearly, useful public jobs are far superior to welfare and unemployment payments. The federal government has the responsibility to ensure that all Americans able, willing and seeking work are provided opportunities for useful jobs.\nEqual Employment Opportunity\n\nWe must be absolutely certain that no person is excluded from the fullest opportunity for economic and social participation in our society on the basis of sex, age, color, religion or national origin. Minority unemployment has historically been at least double the aggregate unemployment rate, with incomes at two-thirds the national average. Special emphasis must be placed on closing this gap.\nAccordingly, we reaffirm this Party's commitment to full and vigorous enforcement of all equal opportunities laws and affirmative action. The principal agencies charged with anti-discrimination enforcement in jobs—the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the Department of Labor, and the Justice Department—are locked into such overlapping and uncoordinated strategies that a greatly improved government-wide system for the delivery of equal job and promotion opportunities must be developed and adequate funding committed to that end. New remedies to provide equal opportunities need exploration.\nAnti-Inflation Policies\n\nThe economic and social costs of inflation have been enormous. Inflation is a tax that erodes the income of our workers, distorts business investment decisions, and redistributes income in favor of the rich, Americans on fixed incomes, such as the elderly, are often pushed into poverty by this cruel tax.\nThe Ford administration and its economic advisors have been consistently wrong about the sources and cures of the inflation that has plagued our nation and our people. Fighting inflation by curtailing production and increasing unemployment has done nothing to restrain it. With the current high level of unemployment and low level of capacity utilization, we can increase production and employment without rekindling inflation.\nA comprehensive anti-inflation policy must be established to assure relative price stability. Such a program should emphasize increased production and productivity and should take other measures to enhance the stability and flexibility of our economy.\nThe see-saw progress of our economy over the past eight years has disrupted economic growth. Much of the instability has been created by stop-and-go monetary policies. High interest rates and the recurring underutilization of our manufacturing plant and equipment have retarded new investment. The high cost of credit has stifled small businesses and virtually halted the housing industry. Unemployment in the construction industry has been raised to depression levels and home ownership has been priced beyond the reach of the majority of the people.\nStable economic growth with moderate interest rates will not only place downward pressure on prices through greater efficiency and productivity, but will reduce the prospects for future shortages of supply by increasing the production of essential goods and services and by providing a more predictable environment for business investment.\nThe government must also work to improve the ability of our economy to respond to change. Competition in the private sector, a re-examination, reform and consolidation of the existing regulatory structure, and promotion of a freer but fair system of international trade will aid in achieving that goal.\nAt times, direct government involvement in wage and price decisions may be required to insure price stability. But we do not believe that such involvement requires a comprehensive system of mandatory controls at this time. It will require that businesses and labor must meet fair standards of wage and price change. A strong domestic council on price and wage stability should be established with particular attention to restraining price increases in those sectors of our economy where prices are \"administered\" and where price competition does not exist.\nThe federal government should hold public hearings, investigate and publish facts on price, profit, wage and interest rate increases that seriously threaten national price stability. Such investigations and proper planning can focus public opinion and awareness on the direction of price, profit, wage and interest rate decisions.\nFinally, tax policy should be used if necessary to maintain the real income of workers as was done with the 1975 tax cut.\nEconomic Justice\n\nThe Democratic Party has a long history of opposition to the undue concentration of wealth and economic power. It is estimated that about three-quarters of the country's total wealth is owned by one-fifth of the people. The rest of our population struggles to make ends meet in the face of rising prices and taxes.\nAnti-trust enforcement. The next Democratic administration will commit itself to move vigorously against anti-competitive concentration of power within the business sector. This can be accomplished in part by strengthening the anti-trust laws and insuring adequate commitment and resources for the enforcement of these laws. But we must go beyond this negative remedy to a positive policy for encouraging the development of a small business, including the family farm.\nSmall businesses. A healthy and growing small business community is prerequisite for increasing competition and a thriving national economy. While most people would accept this view, the federal government has in the past impeded the growth of small businesses.\nTo alleviate the unfavorable conditions for small businesses, we must make every effort to assure the availability of loans to small business, including direct government loans at reasonable interest rates particularly to those in greatest need, such as minority-owned businesses. For example, efforts should be made to strengthen minority business programs, and increase minority opportunities for business ownership. We support similar programs and opportunities for women. Federal contract and procurement opportunities in such areas as housing, transportation and energy should support efforts to increase the volume of minority and small business involvement. Regulatory agencies and the regulated small business must work together to see that federal regulations are met, without applying a stranglehold on the small firm or farm and with less paper work and red tape.\nTax reform. Economic justice will also require a firm commitment to tax reform at all levels. In recent years there has been a shift in the tax burden from the rich to the working people of this country. The Internal Revenue Code offers massive tax welfare to the wealthiest income groups in the population and only higher taxes for the average citizen. In 1973, there were 622 people with adjusted income of $100,000 or more who still managed to pay no tax. Most families pay between 20 and 25 per cent of their income in taxes.\nWe have had endless talk about the need for tax reform and fairness in our federal tax system. It is now time for action.\nWe pledge the Democratic Party to a complete overhaul of the present tax system, which will review all special tax provisions to ensure that they are justified and distributed equitably among our citizens. A responsible Democratic tax reform program could save over $5—billion in the first year with larger savings in the future.\nWe will strengthen the internal revenue tax code so that high income citizens pay a reasonable tax on all economic income.\nWe will reduce the use of unjustified tax shelters in such areas as oil and gas, tax-loss farming, real estate, and movies.\nWe will eliminate unnecessary and ineffective tax provisions to business and substitute effective incentives to encourage small business and capital formation in all businesses. Our commitment to full employment and sustained purchasing power will also provide a strong incentive for capital formation.\nWe will end abuses in the tax treatment of income from foreign sources; such as special tax treatment and incentives for multinational corporations that drain jobs and capital from the American economy.\nWe will overhaul federal estate and gift taxes to provide an effective and equitable structure to promote tax justice and alleviate some of the legitimate problems faced by farmers, small business men and women and others who would otherwise be forced to liquidate assets in order to pay the tax.\nWe will seek and eliminate provisions that encourage uneconomic corporate mergers and acquisitions.\nWe will eliminate tax inequities that adversely affect individuals on the basis of sex or marital status.\nWe will curb expense account deductions.\nAnd we will protect the rights of all taxpayers against oppressive procedures, harassment and invasions of privacy by the Internal Revenue Service.\nAt present, many federal government tax and expenditure programs have a profound but unintended and undesirable impact on jobs and on where people and business locate. Tax policies and other indirect subsidies have promoted deterioration of cities and regions. These policies should be reversed.\nThere are other areas of taxation where change is also needed. The Ford administration's unwise and unfair proposal to raise the regressive social security tax gives new urgency to the Democratic Party's goal of redistributing the burden of the social security tax by raising the wage base for earnings subject to the tax with effective exemptions and deductions to ease the impact on low income workers and two-earner families. Further revision in the Social Security program will be required so that women are treated as individuals.\nThe Democratic Party should make a reappraisal of the appropriate sources of federal revenues. The historical distribution of the tax burden between corporations and individuals, and among the various types of federal taxes, has changed dramatically in recent years. For example, the corporate tax share of federal revenue has declined from 30 per cent in 1954 to 14 per cent in 1975.\nLabor Standards and Rights\n\nThe purpose of fair labor standards legislation has been the maintenance of the minimum standards necessary for the health, efficiency and general well-being of workers. Recent inflation has eroded the real value of the current minimum wage. This rapid devaluation of basic income for working people makes a periodic review of the level of the minimum wage essential. Such a review should insure that the minimum wage rate at least keep pace with the increase in the cost of living.\nRaising the pay standard for overtime work, additional hiring of part-time persons and flexible work schedules will increase the independence of workers and create additional job opportunities, especially for women. We also support the principle of equal pay for comparable work.\nWe are committed to full implementation and enforcement of the Equal Credit Opportunity Act.\nOver a generation ago this nation established a labor policy whose purpose is to encourage the practice and procedure of collective bargaining and the right of workers to organize to obtain this goal. The Democratic Party is committed to extending the benefit of the policy to all workers and to removing the barriers to its administration. We support the right of public employees and agricultural workers to organize and bargain collectively. We urge the adoption of appropriate federal legislation to ensure this goal.\nWe will seek to amend the Fair Labor Standards Act to speed up redress of grievances of workers asserting their legal rights.\nWe will seek to enforce and, where necessary, to amend the National Labor Relations Act to eliminate delays and inequities and to provide for more effective remedies and administration.\nWe will support the full right of construction workers to picket a job site peacefully.\nWe will seek repeal of Section 14(b) of the Taft-Hartley Act which allows states to legislate the anti-union open shop.\nWe will maintain strong support for the process of voluntary arbitration, and we will enact minimum federal standards for workers compensation laws and for eligibility, benefit amounts, benefit duration and other essential features of the unemployment insurance program. Unemployment insurance should cover all wage and salary workers.\nThe Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 should cover all employees and be enforced as intended when the law was enacted. Early and periodic review of its provisions should be made to insure that they are reasonable and workable.\nThe Democratic Party will also seek to enact a comprehensive mine safety law, utilizing the most effective and independent enforcement by the federal government and support special legislation providing adequate compensation to coal miners and their dependents who have suffered disablement or death as a result of the black lung disease.\nWe believe these policies will put America back to work, bring balanced growth to our economy\nand give all Americans an opportunity to share in the expanding prosperity that will come from a new Democratic administration.\nII. Government Reform and Business Accountability\n\nThe current Republican administration did not invent inept government, but it has saddled the country with ineffective government; captive government, subservient to the special pleading of private economic interests; insensitive government, trampling over the rights of average citizens; and remote government, secretive and unresponsive.\nDemocrats believe that the cure for these ills is not the abandonment of governmental responsibility for addressing national problems, but the restoration of legitimate popular control over the organs and activities of government.\nThere must be an ever-increasing accountability of government to the people. The Democratic Party is pledged to the fulfillment of four fundamental citizen rights of governance: the right to competent government; the right to responsive government; the right to integrity in government; the right to fair dealing by government.\nThe Right to Competent Government\n\nThe Democratic Party is committed to the adoption of reforms such as zero-based budgeting, mandatory reorganization timetables, and sunset laws which do not jeopardize the implementation of basic human and political rights. These reforms are designed to terminate or merge existing agencies and programs, or to renew them, only after assuring elimination of duplication, overlap, and conflicting programs and authorities, and the matching of funding levels to public needs. In addition, we seek flexibility to reflect changing public needs, the use of alternatives to regulation and the elimination of special interest favoritism and bias.\nTo assure that government remains responsive to the people's elected representatives, the Democratic Party supports stepped-up congressional agency oversight and program evaluation, including full implementation of the congressional budget process; an expanded, more forceful role for the General Accounting Office in performing legislative audits for Congress; and restraint by the President in exercising executive privilege designed to withhold necessary information from Congress.\nThe Right to Responsive Government\n\nTo begin to restore the shaken faith of Americans that the government in Washington is their government—responsive to their needs and desires, not the special interests of wealth, entrenched political influence, or bureaucratic self-interest—government decision-making must be opened up to citizen advocacy and participation.\nGovernmental decision-making behind closed doors is the natural enemy of the people. The Democratic Party is committed to openness throughout government: at regulatory commissions, advisory committee meetings and at hearings. Public calendars of scheduled meetings between regulators and the regulated, and freedom of information policies, should be designed to facilitate rather than frustrate citizen access to documents and information.\nAll persons and citizen groups must be given standing to challenge illegal or unconstitutional government action in court and to compel appropriate action. Where a court or an agency finds evidence of government malfeasance or neglect those who brought forward such evidence should be compensated for their reasonable expenses in doing so.\nDemocrats have long sought—against fierce Republican and big business opposition—the creation and maintenance of an independent consumer agency with the staff and power to intervene in regulatory matters on behalf of the consuming and using public. Many states have already demonstrated that such independent public or consumer advocates can win important victories for the public interest in proceedings before state regulatory agencies and courts.\nThis nation's Civil Service numbers countless strong and effective public servants. It was the resistance of earnest and steadfast federal workers that stemmed the Nixon-Ford efforts to undermine the integrity of the Civil Service. The reorganization of government which we envision will protect the job rights of civil servants and permit them to more effectively serve the public.\nThe Democratic Party is committed to the review and overhaul of Civil Service laws to assure:\ninsulation from political cronyism, accountability for nonfeasance as well as malfeasance, protection for the public servant who speaks out to identify corruption or failure, performance standards and incentives to reward efficiency and innovation and to assure nondiscrimination and affirmative action in the recruitment, hiring and promotion of civil service employees.\nWe support the revision of the Hatch Act so as to extend to federal workers the same political rights enjoyed by other Americans as a birthright, while still protecting the Civil Service from political abuse.\nThe Right to Integrity in Government\n\nThe Democratic Party is pledged to the concept of full public disclosure by major public officials and urges appropriate legislation to effectuate this policy.\nWe support divestiture of all financial holdings which directly conflict with official responsibilities and the development of uniform standards, review procedures and sanctions to identify and eliminate potential conflicts of interest.\nTough, competent regulatory commissioners with proven commitment to the public interest are urgently needed.\nWe will seek restrictions on \"revolving door\" careerism—the shuttling back and forth of officials between jobs in regulatory or procurement agencies and in regulated industries and government contractors.\nAll diplomats, federal judges and other major officials should be selected on a basis of qualifications. At all levels of government services, we will recruit, appoint and promote women and minorities.\nWe support legislation to ensure that the activities of lobbyists be more thoroughly revealed both within the Congress and the Executive agencies.\nThe Democratic Party has led the fight to take the presidency off the auction block by championing the public financing of presidential elections. The public has responded with enthusiastic use of the $1 income tax checkoff. Similar steps must now be taken for congressional candidates. We call for legislative action to provide for partial public financing on a matching basis of the congressional elections, and the exploration of further reforms to insure the integrity of the electoral process.\nThe Right to Fair Dealing by Government\n\nA citizen has the right to expect fair treatment from government. Democrats are determined to find a means to make that right a reality.\nAn Office of Citizen Advocacy should be established as part of the executive branch, independent of any agency, with full access to agency records and with both the power and the responsibility to investigate complaints.\nFreedom of information requirements must be interpreted in keeping with the right of the individual to be free from anonymous accusation or slander. Each citizen has the right to know and to review any information directly concerning him or her held by the government for any purpose whatsoever under the Freedom of Information Act and the Privacy Act of 1974, other than those exceptions set out in the Freedom of Information Act. Such information should be forthcoming promptly, without harassment and at a minimal cost to the citizen.\nAppropriate remedies must be found for citizens who suffer hardship as the result of abuse of investigative or prosecutorial powers.\nBusiness Accountability\n\nThe Democratic Party believes that competition is preferable to regulation and that government has a responsibility to seek the removal of unreasonable restraints and barriers to competition, to restore and, where necessary, to stimulate the operation of market forces. Unnecessary, regulation should be eliminated or revised, and the burden of excessive paperwork and red tape imposed on citizens and businesses should be removed.\nThe Democratic Party encourages innovation and efficiency in the private sector.\nThe Democratic Party also believes that strengthening consumer sovereignty—the ability of consumers to exercise free choice, to demand satisfaction, and to obtain direct redress of grievances—is similarly preferable to the present indirect government protection of consumers. However, government must not shirk its responsibility to impose and rigorously enforce regulation where necessary to ensure health, safety and fairness.\nWe reiterate our support for unflinching antitrust enforcement, and for the selection of an Attorney General free of political obligation and committed to rigorous antitrust prosecution.\nWe shall encourage consumer groups to establish and operate consumer cooperatives that will enable consumers to provide themselves marketplace alternatives and to provide a competitive spur to profit-oriented enterprises.\nWe support responsible cost savings in the delivery of professional services including the use of low-cost paraprofessionals, efficient group practice and federal standards for state no-fault insurance programs.\nWe reiterate our support for full funding of neighborhood legal services for the poor.\nThe Democratic Party is also committed to strengthening the knowledge and bargaining power of consumers through government-supported systems for developing objective product performance standards; advertising and labeling requirements for the disclosure of essential consumer information; and efficient and low-cost redress of consumer complaints including strengthened small claims courts, informal dispute settlement mechanisms, and consumer class actions.\nThe Democratic Party is committed to making the U.S. Postal Service function properly as an essential public service.\nWe reaffirm the historic Democratic commitment to assure the wholesomeness of consumer products such as food, chemicals, drugs and cosmetics, and the safety of automobiles, toys and appliances. Regulations demanding safe performance can be developed in a way that minimizes their own costs and actually stimulates product innovation beneficial to consumers.\nIII. Government and Human Needs\n\nThe American people are demanding that their national government act more efficiently and effectively in those areas of urgent human needs such as welfare reform, health care and education.\nHowever, beyond these strong national initiatives, state and local governments must be given an increased, permanent role in administering social programs. The federal government's role should be the constructive one of establishing standards and goals with increased state and local participation. There is a need for a new blueprint for the public sector, one which identifies and responds to national problems, and recognizes the proper point of administration for both new and existing programs. In shifting administrative responsibility, such programs must meet minimum federal standards.\nGovernment must concentrate, not scatter, its resources. It should not divide our people by inadequate and demanding programs. The initiatives we propose do not require larger bureaucracy. They do require committed government.\nThe Democratic Party realizes that accomplishing our goals in the areas of human needs will require time and resources. Additional resources will become available as we implement our full-employment policies. Federal revenues also grow over time. After full-employment has been achieved, $20 billion of increased revenue will be generated by a fully operating economy each year. The program detailed in the areas of human needs cannot be accomplished immediately, but an orderly beginning can be made and the effort expanded as additional resources become available.\nHealth Care\n\nIn 1975, national health expenditures averaged $547 per person—an almost 40 per cent increase in four years. Inflation and recession have combined to erode the effectiveness of the Medicare and Medicaid programs.\nAn increasingly high proportion of health costs have been shifted back to the elderly. An increasing Republican emphasis on restricting eligibility and services is emasculating basic medical care for older citizens who cannot meet the rising costs of good health.\nWe need a comprehensive national health insurance system with universal and mandatory coverage. Such a national health insurance system should be financed by a combination of employer-employee shared payroll taxes and general tax revenues. Consideration should be given to developing a means of support for national health insurance that taxes all forms of economic income. We must achieve all that is practical while we strive for what is ideal, taking intelligent steps to make adequate health services a right for all our people. As resources permit, this system should not discriminate against the mentally ill.\nMaximum personal interrelationships between patients and their physicians should be preserved. We should experiment with new forms of medical care delivery to mold a national health policy that will meet our needs in a fiscally responsible manner.\nWe must shift our emphasis in both private and public health care away from hospitalization and acute-care services to preventive medicine and the early detection of the major cripplers and killers of the American people. We further support increased federal aid to the government laboratories as well as private institutions to seek the cure to heart disease, cancer, sickle cell anemia, paralysis from spinal cord injury, drug addiction and other such afflictions.\nNational health insurance must also bring about a more responsive consumer-oriented system of health care delivery. Incentives must be used to increase the number of primary health care providers, and shift emphasis away from limited-application, technology-intensive programs. By reducing the barriers to primary preventive care, we can lower the need for costly hospitalization. Communities must be encouraged to avoid duplication of expensive technologies and meet the genuine needs of their populations. The development of community health centers must be resumed. We must develop new health careers, and promote a better distribution of health care professionals, including the more efficient use of paramedics. All levels of government should concern themselves with increasing the number of doctors and para-medical personnel in the field of primary health care.\nA further need is the comprehensive treatment of mental illness, including the development of Community Mental Health Centers that provide comprehensive social services not only to alleviate, but to prevent mental stresses resulting from social isolation and economic dislocation. Of particular importance is improved access to the health care system by underserved population groups.\nWe must have national health insurance with strong built-in cost and quality controls. Rates for institutional care and physicians' services should be set in advance, prospectively. Alternative approaches to health care delivery, based on prepayment financing, should be encouraged and developed.\nAmericans are currently spending $133 billion for health care—8.3% of our Gross National Product. A return to full employment and the maintenance thereafter of stable economic growth will permit the orderly and progressive development of a comprehensive national health insurance program which is federally financed. Savings will result from the removal of inefficiency and waste in the current multiple public and private insurance programs and the structural integration of the delivery system to eliminate duplication and waste. The cost of such a program need not exceed the share of the GNP this nation currently expends on health care; but the resulting improvement of health service would represent a major improvement in the quality of life enjoyed by Americans at all economic levels.\nWelfare Reform\n\nFundamental welfare reform is necessary. The problems with our current chaotic and inequitable system of public assistance are notorious. Existing welfare programs encourage family instability. They have few meaningful work incentives. They do little or nothing for the working poor on substandard incomes. The patchwork of federal, state and local programs encourages unfair variations in benefit levels among the states, and benefits in many states are well below the standards for even lowest-income budgets.\nOf the current programs, only Food Stamps give universal coverage to all Americans in financial need. Cash assistance, housing aid and health care subsidies divide recipients into arbitrary categories. People with real needs who do not fit existing categories are ignored altogether.\nThe current complexity of the welfare structure requires armies of bureaucrats at all levels of government. Food Stamps, Aid to Families with Dependent Children, and Medicaid are burdened by unbelievably complex regulations, statutes and court orders. Both the recipients of these benefits, and the citizen who pays for them, suffer as a result. The fact that our current system is administered and funded at different levels of government makes it difficult to take initiatives to improve the status of the poor.\nWe should move toward replacement of our existing inadequate and wasteful system with a simplified system of income maintenance, substantially financed by the federal government, which includes a requirement that those able to work be provided with appropriate available jobs or job training opportunities. Those persons who are physically able to work (other than mothers with dependent children) should be required to accept appropriate available jobs or job training. This maintenance system should embody certain basic principles. First and most important, it should provide an income floor both for the working poor and the poor not in the labor market. It must treat stable and broken families equally. It must incorporate a simple schedule of work incentives that guarantees equitable levels of assistance to the working poor. This reform may require an initial additional investment, but it offers the prospect of stabilization of welfare costs over the long run, and the assurance that the objectives of this expenditure will be accomplished.\nAs an interim step, and as a means of providing immediate federal fiscal relief to state and local governments, local governments should no longer be required to bear the burden of welfare costs. Further, there should be a phased reduction in the states' share of welfare costs.\nCivil and Political Rights\n\nTo achieve a just and healthy society and enhance respect and trust in our institutions, we must insure that all citizens are treated equally before the law and given the opportunity, regardless of race, color, sex, religion, age, language or national origin, to participate fully in the economic, social and political processes and to vindicate their legal and constitutional rights.\nIn reaffirmation of this principle, an historic commitment of the Democratic Party, we pledge vigorous federal programs and policies of compensatory opportunity to remedy for many Americans the generations of injustice and deprivation; and full funding of programs to secure the implementation and enforcement of civil rights.\nWe seek ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment, to insure that sex discrimination in all its forms will be ended, implementation of Title IX, and elimination of discrimination against women in all federal programs.\nWe support the right of all Americans to vote for President no matter where they live; vigorous enforcement of voting rights legislation to assure the constitutional rights of minority and language-minority citizens; the passage of legislation providing for registration by mail in federal elections to erase existing barriers to voter participation; and full home rule for the District of Columbia, including authority over its budget and local revenues, elimination of federal restrictions in matters which are purely local and voting representation in the Congress, and the declaration of the birthday of the great civil rights leader, Martin Luther King, Jr., as a national holiday.\nWe pledge effective and vigorous action to protect citizens' privacy from bureaucratic technological intrusions, such as wiretapping and bugging without judicial scrutiny and supervision; and a full and complete pardon for those who are in legal or financial jeopardy because of their peace fill opposition to the Vietnam War, with deserters to be considered on a case-by-case basis.\nWe fully recognize the religious and ethical nature of the concerns which many Americans have on the subject of abortion. We feel, however, that it is undesirable to attempt to amend the U.S. Constitution to overturn the Supreme Court decision in this area.\nThe Democratic Party reaffirms and strengthens its legal and moral trust responsibilities to the American Indian. We believe it is honorable to obey and implement our treaty obligations to the first Americans. In discharging our duty, we shall exert all and necessary assistance to afford the American Indians the protection of their land, their water and their civil rights.\nFederal laws relating to American Indians and the functions and purposes of the Bureau of Indian Affairs should be reexamined.\nWe support a provision in the immigration laws to facilitate acquisition of citizenship by Resident Aliens.\nWe are committed to Puerto Rico's right to enjoy full self-determination and a relationship that can evolve in ways that will most benefit U.S. citizens in Puerto Rico. The Democratic Party respects and supports the present desire of the people of Puerto Rico to freely associate in permanent union with the United States, as an autonomous commonwealth or as a State.\nEducation\n\nThe goal of our educational policy is to provide our citizens with the knowledge and skills they need to live successfully. In pursuing this goal, we will seek adequate funding, implementation and enforcement of requirements in the education programs already approved by Congress.\nWe should strengthen federal support of existing programs that stress improvement of reading and math skills. Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act must reach those it is intended to benefit to effectively increase these primary skills. \"Break-throughs\" in compensatory education require a concentration of resources on each individual child and a mix of home and school activities that is not possible with the underfunded Republican programs. Compensatory education is realistic only when there is a stable sequence of funding that allows proper planning and continuity of programs, an impossibility under Republican veto and impoundment politics.\nWe should also work to expand federal support in areas of educational need that have not yet been addressed sufficiently by the public schools—education of the handicapped, bilingual education and vocational education, and early childhood education. We propose federally financed, family centered developmental and educational child care programs—operated by the public schools or other local organizations, including both private and community—and that they be available to all who need and desire them. We support efforts to provide for the basic nutritional needs of students.\nWe recognize the right of all citizens to education, pursuant to Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1968, and the need in affected communities for bilingual and bicultural educational programs. We call for compliance with civil rights requirements in hiring and promotion in school systems.\nFor the disadvantaged child, equal opportunity requires concentrated spending. And for all children, we must guarantee that jurisdictions of differing financial capacity can spend equal amounts on education. These goals do not conflict but complement each other.\nThe principle that a child's education should depend on the property wealth of his or her school jurisdiction has been discredited in the last few years. With increased federal funds, it is possible to enhance educational opportunity by eliminating spending disparities within state borders. State-based equalizations, even state takeover of education costs, to relieve the overburdened property taxpayer and to avoid the inequities in the existing finance system, should be encouraged.\nThe essential purpose of school desegregation is to give all children the same educational opportunities. We will continue to support that goal. The Supreme Court decision of 1954 and the aftermath were based on the recognition that separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. It is clearly our responsibility as a party and as citizens to support the principles of our Constitution.\nThe Democratic Party pledges its concerted help through special consultation, matching funds, incentive grants and other mechanisms to communities which seek education, integrated both in terms of race and economic class, through equitable, reasonable and constitutional arrangements. Mandatory transportation of students beyond their neighborhoods for the purpose of desegregation remains a judicial tool of the last resort for the purpose of achieving school desegregation. The Democratic Party will be an active ally of those communities which seek to enhance the quality as well as the integration of educational opportunities. We encourage a variety of other measures, including the redrawing of attendance lines, pairing of schools, use of the \"magnet school\" concept, strong fair housing enforcement, and other techniques for the achievement of racial and economic integration.\nThe Party reaffirms its support of public school education. The Party also renews its commitment to the support of a constitutionally acceptable method of providing tax aid for the education of all pupils in non-segregated schools in order to insure parental freedom in choosing the best education for their children. Specifically, the Party will continue to advocate constitutionally permissible federal education legislation which provides for the equitable participation in federal programs of all low- and moderate-income pupils attending all the nation's schools.\nThe Party commits itself to support of adult education and training which will provide skills upgrading.\nIn higher education, our Party is strongly committed to extending postsecondary opportunities for students from low- and middle-income families, including older students and students who eau attend only part-time. The Basic Educational Opportunity Grants should be funded at the full payment schedule, and campus-based programs of aid must be supported to provide a reasonable choice of institutions as well as access. With a coordinated and reliable system of grants, loans and work study, we can relieve the crisis in costs that could shut all but the affluent out of our colleges and universities.\nThe federal government and the states must develop strategies to support institutions of higher education from both public and private sources. The federal government should directly provide cost of education payments to all higher education institutions, including predominantly black colleges, to help cover per-student costs, which far exceed those covered by tuition and fees.\nFinally, government must systematically support basic and applied research in the liberal arts, the sciences, education and the professions—without political interference or bureaucratic restraint. The federal investment in graduate education should be sustained and selectively increased to meet the need for highly trained individuals. Trainee-ships and fellowships should be provided to attract the most talented students, especially among minority groups and women.\nLibraries should receive continuous guaranteed support and the presently impounded funds for nationwide library planning and development should be released immediately.\nSocial Services\n\nThe Nixon-Ford administration would limit eligibility for federally-subsidized social services to the very poor. Social services can make significant changes in the lives of the non-poor, as well. The problems of alcoholism, drug abuse, mental retardation, child abuse or neglect, and mental illness arise at every income level, and quality day-care has become increasingly urgent for low- and middle-income families. Federal grants to the states should support a broad community-based program of social services to low- and middle-income families, to assure that these programs reach their intended populations.\nThe states are now being required to take over an increasing share of existing social service programs. In 1972, the ceiling for federal social service grants was frozen at $2.5 billion, and subsequent inflation of 28 per cent has reduced the effective federal aid to existing programs. While there must certainly be a ceiling on such grants, it should be raised to compensate for inflation and to encourage states and localities to expand social services to low- and moderate-income families.\nDisabled Citizens\n\nWe support greater recognition of the problems of the disabled and legislation assuring that all people with disabilities have reasonable access to all public accommodations and facilities. The Democratic Party supports affirmative action goals for employment of the disabled.\nOlder Citizens\n\nThe Democratic Party has always emphasized that adequate income and health care for senior citizens are basic federal government responsibilities. The recent failure of government to reduce unemployment and alleviate the impact of the rising costs of food, housing and energy have placed a heavy burden on those who live on fixed and limited incomes, especially the elderly. Our other platform proposals in these areas are designed to help achieve an adequate income level for the elderly.\nWe will not permit an erosion of social security benefits, and while our ultimate goal is a health security system ensuring comprehensive and quality care for all Americans, health costs paid by senior citizens under the present system must be reduced.\nWe believe that Medicare should be made available to Americans abroad who are eligible for Social Security.\nDemocrats strongly support employment programs and the liberalization of the allowable earnings limitation under Social Security for older Americans who wish to continue working and living as productive citizens. We will put an end to delay in implementation of nutrition programs for the elderly and give high priority to a transportation policy for senior citizens under the Older Americans Act. We pledge to enforce vigorously health and safety standards for nursing homes, and seek alternatives which allow senior citizens where possible to remain in their own homes.\nVeterans\n\nAmerica's veterans have been rhetorically praised by the Nixon-Ford administration at the same time that they have been denied adequate medical, educational, pension and employment benefits.\nVietnam veterans have borne the brunt of unemployment and economic mismanagement at home. As late as December 1975, the unemployment rate for Vietnam veterans was over 10 per cent. Younger Vietnam veterans (ages 20—24) have had unemployment rates almost twice the rate of similarly-aged non-veterans. Job training, placement, and information and counseling programs for veterans are inadequate.\nThe Veterans Administration health care program requires adequate funding and improved management and health care delivery in order to provide high quality service and effectively meet the changing needs of the patient population.\nThe next Democratic administration must act to rescue pensioner veterans below the poverty line. Thirty per cent of the veterans and 50 per cent of the widows receiving pensions have total incomes below the poverty line. Cost of living increases should be automatic in the veterans' pension and disability system.\nEducational assistance should be expanded two years for those veterans already enrolled and drawing benefits in VA-approved educational and training programs.\nThe Arts and Humanities\n\nWe recognize the essential role played by arts and humanities in the development of America. Our nation cannot afford to be materially rich and spiritually poor. We endorse a strong role for the federal government in reinforcing the vitality and improving the economic strength of the nation's artists and arts institutions, while recognizing that artists must be absolutely free of any government control. We would support the growth and development of the National Endowments for the Arts and Humanities through adequate funding, the development of special anti-recession employment programs for artists, copyright reforms to protect the rights of authors, artists and performers, and revision of the tax laws that unfairly penalize artists. We further pledge our support for the concept and adequate financing of public broadcasting.\nIV. States, Counties and Cities\n\nMore than eight years ago, the Kerner Commission on Civil Disorders concluded that the disorders of the 1960s were caused by the deteriorating conditions of life in our urban centers—abject poverty, widespread unemployment, uninhabitable housing, declining services, rampant crime and disintegrating families. Many of these same problems plagued rural America as well. Little has been done by the Republican administrations to deal with the fundamental challenges to our society. This policy of neglect gives the lie to the current administration's rhetorical commitment to state and local governments.\nBy tolerating intolerable unemployment, by vetoing programs for the poor, the old, and the ill, by abandoning the veterans and the young, and by withholding necessary funds for the decaying cities, the Nixon-Ford years have been years of retrogression in the nation's efforts to meet the needs of our cities. By abdicating responsibility for meeting these needs at the national level, the current administration has placed impossible burdens on fiscally hard-pressed state and local governments. In turn, local governments have been forced to rely excessively on the steadily diminishing and regressive property tax—which was originally designed to cover property related services and was never intended to support the services now required in many of our cities and towns.\nFederal policies and programs have inadvertently exacerbated the urban crisis. Within the framework of a new partnership of federal, state and local governments, and the private sector, the Democratic Party is pledged to the development of America's first national urban policy. Central to the success of that policy are the Democratic Party's commitments to full employment, incentives for urban and rural economic development, welfare reform, adequate health care, equalization of education expenditures, energy conservation and environmental quality. If progress were made in these areas, much of the inappropriately placed fiscal burden would be removed, and local governments could better fulfill their appropriate responsibilities.\nTo assist further in relieving both the fiscal and service delivery problems of states and local governments, the Democratic Party reaffirms its support for general revenue sharing as a base for the fiscal health of all levels of government, acknowledging that the civil rights and citizens' participation provisions must be strengthened. We further believe that there must be an increase in the annual funding to compensate for the erosion of inflation. We believe the distribution formula should be adjusted to reflect better community and state needs, poverty levels, and tax effort.\nFinally, to alleviate the financial burden placed on our cities by the combination of inflation and recession, the Democratic Party restates its support for an emergency anti-recession aid to states and cities particularly hard hit by recession.\nHousing and Community Development\n\nIn the past eight Republican years, housing has become a necessity priced as a luxury. Housing prices have nearly doubled in the past six years and housing starts have dropped by almost one-quarter. The effect is that over three-fourths of American families cannot afford to buy an average-priced home. The basic national goal of providing decent housing and available shelter has been sacrificed to misguided tax, spending and credit policies which were supposed to achieve price stability but have failed to meet that goal. As a result, we do not have decent housing or price stability. The vision of the Housing Act of 1968, the result of three decades of enlightened Democratic housing policy, has been lost. The Democratic Party reasserts these goals, and pledges to achieve them.\nThe Democratic Party believes it is time for a housing and urban development policy which recognizes the needs and difficulties of both the buying and renting public and the housing industry. We support a revitalized housing program which will be able to meet the public's need for housing at reasonable cost and the industry's need for relief from years of stagnation and now-chronic unemployment.\nWe support direct federal subsidies and low interest loans to encourage the construction of low and moderate income housing. Such subsidies shall not result in unreasonable profit for builders, developers or credit institutions.\nWe support the expansion of the highly successful programs of direct federal subsidies to provide housing for the elderly.\nWe call for greatly increased emphasis on the rehabilitation of existing housing to rebuild our neighborhoods—a priority which is undercut by the current pattern of federal housing money which includes actual prohibitions to the use of funds for rehabilitation.\nWe encourage public and private commitments to the preservation and renovation of our country's historic landmarks so that they can continue as a vital part of our commercial and residential architectural heritage.\nWe will work to assure that credit institutions make greater effort to direct mortgage money into the financing of private housing.\nWe will take all necessary steps to prohibit the practice of red-lining by private financial institutions, the FHA, and the secondary mortgage market which have had the effect of depriving certain areas of the necessary mortgage funds which they need to upgrade themselves. We will further encourage an increase in loans and subsidies for housing and rehabilitation, especially in poverty stricken areas.\nWe support greater flexibility in the use of community development block grants at the local level.\nThe current Housing and Community Development Act should be reformed and restructured so that its allocation, monitoring, and citizen participation features better address the needs of local communities, major cities and underdeveloped rural areas.\nThe revitalization of our cities must proceed with an understanding that housing, jobs and related community facilities are all critical to a successful program. The Democratic Party will create the necessary incentives to insure that private and public jobs are available to meet the employment needs of these communities and pledges a more careful planning process for the location of the federal government's own employment-creating facilities.\nThe Democratic Party proposes a revitalization of the Federal Housing Administration as a potent institution to stabilize new construction and existing housing markets. To this end, the Agency's policies must be simplified, its operating practices and insurance rate structures modernized and the sense of public service which was the hallmark of the FHA for so many years must be restored. In addition, we propose automatic triggering of direct production subsidies and a steady flow of mortgage funds during periods when housing starts fall below acceptable levels.\nWomen, the elderly, single persons and minorities are still excluded from exercising their right to select shelter in the areas of their choice, and many \"high-risk\" communities are systematically denied access to the capital they require. The Democratic Party pledges itself to the aggressive enforcement of the Fair Housing Act; to the promotion and enforcement of equal opportunity in housing; and to the pursuit of new regulatory and incentive policies aimed at providing minority groups and women with equal access to mortgage credit.\nIn addition to direct attacks upon such known violations of the law, a comprehensive approach to these problems must include policies aimed at the underlying causes of unequal credit allocations. The Democratic Party pledges itself to aggressive policies designed to assure lender that their commitments will be backed by government resources, so that investment risks will be shared by the public and private sectors.\nThe Special Needs of Older Cities\n\nThe Democratic Party recognizes that a number of major, older cities—including the nation's largest city—have been forced to undertake even greater social responsibilities, which have resulted in unprecedented fiscal crises. There is a national interest in helping such cities in their present travail, and a new Democratic President and the Congress shall undertake a massive effort to do so.\nLaw Enforcement and Law Observance\n\nThe total crime bill in the United States has been estimated at $90 billion a year, almost as much as the cost of our national defense. But over and above the economic impact, the raging and unchecked growth of crime seriously impairs the confidence of many of our citizens in their ability to walk on safe streets, to live securely in peaceful and happy homes, and to work safely in their places of business. Fear mounts along with the crime rate. Homes are made into fortresses. In large sections of every major city, people are afraid to go out at night. Outside big cities, the crime rate is growing even faster, so that suburbs, small towns and rural areas are no longer secure havens.\nDefaulting on their \"law and order\" promises, the Republicans in the last eight years have let the rising tide of crime soil the highest levels government, allowed the crime rate to skyrocket and failed to reform the criminal justice system. Recognizing that law enforcement is essentially a local responsibility, we declare that control of crime is an urgent national priority and pledge the efforts of the Democratic Party to insure that the federal government act effectively to reverse these trends and to be an effective partner to reverse cities and states in a well-coordinated war on crime.\nWe must restore confidence in the criminal justice system by insuring that detection, conviction and punishment of lawbreakers is swift and sure; that the criminal justice system is just and efficient; that jobs, decent housing and educational opportunities provide a real alternative to crime to those who suffer enforced poverty and injustice We pledge equally vigorous prosecution and punishment for corporate crime, consumer fraud and deception; programs to combat child abuse and crimes against the elderly; criminal laws that reflect national needs; application of the law with a balanced and fair hand; a judiciary that renders equal justice for all; criminal sentences that provide punishment that actually punishes and rehabilitation that actually rehabilitates; and a correctional system emphasizing effective job training, educational and post-release programs. Only such measures will restore the faith of the citizens in our criminal justice system.\nToward these ends, we support a major reform of the criminal justice system, but we oppose any legislative effort to introduce repressive and anti-civil libertarian measures in the guise of reform of the criminal code.\nThe Law Enforcement Assistance Administration has not done its job adequately. Federal funding for crime-fighting must be wholly revamped to more efficiently assist local and state governments in strengthening their law enforcement and criminal justice systems, rather than spend money on the purchase of expensive equipment, much of it useless.\nCitizen confidence in law enforcement can be enhanced through increased citizen participation, by informing citizens of police and prosecutor policies, assuring that police departments reflect a cross-section of the communities they serve, establishing neighborhood forums to settle simple disputes, restoring the grand jury to fair and vigorous independence, establishing adequate victim compensation programs, and reaffirming our respect for the individual's right to privacy.\nCoordinated action is necessary to end the vicious cycle of drug addiction and crime. We must break up organized crime syndicates dealing in drugs, take necessary action to get drug pushers off the streets, provide drug users with effective rehabilitation programs, including medical assistance, ensure that all young people are aware of the costs of a life of drug dependency, and use worldwide efforts to stop international production and trafficking in illicit drugs.\nA Democratic Congress in 1974 passed the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act to come to grips with the fact that juveniles account for almost half of the serious crimes in the United States, and to remedy the fact that federal programs thus far have not met the crisis of juvenile delinquency. We pledge funding and implementation of this Act, which has been ignored by the Republican Administration.\nHandguns simplify and intensify violent crime. Ways must be found to curtail the availability of these weapons. The Democratic Party must provide the leadership for a coordinated federal and state effort to strengthen the presently inadequate controls over the manufacture, assembly, distribution and possession of handguns and to ban Saturday night specials.\nFurthermore, since people and not guns commit crimes, we support mandatory sentencing for individuals convicted of committing a felony with a gun.\nThe Democratic Party, however, affirms the right of sportsmen to possess guns for purely hunting and target-shooting purposes.\nThe full implementation of these policies will not in themselves stop lawlessness. To insure professionally trained and equitably rewarded police forces, law enforcement officers must be properly recruited and trained, and provided with decent wages, working conditions, support staff, and federal death benefits for those killed in line of duty.\nEffective police forces cannot operate without just and speedy court systems. We must reform bail and pre-trial detention procedures. We must assure speedy trials and ease court congestion by increasing the number of judges, prosecutors and public defenders. We must improve and streamline courthouse management procedures, require criminal justice records to be accurate and responsible, and establish fair and more uniform sentencing for crimes.\nCourts should give priority to crimes which are serious enough to deserve imprisonment. Law enforcement should emphasize the prosecution of crimes against persons and property as a higher priority than victimless crimes. Current rape laws need to be amended to abolish archaic evidence rules that discriminate against rape victims.\nWe pledge that the Democratic Party will not tolerate abuses of governmental processes and unconstitutional action by the government itself. Recognizing the value of legitimate intelligence efforts to combat espionage and major crime, we call for new legislation to ensure that these efforts will no longer be used as an excuse for abuses such as bugging, wiretaps, mail opening and disruption aimed at lawful political and private activities.\nThe Attorney General in the next Democratic administration will be an independent, non-political official of the highest integrity. If lawlessness is found at any level, in any branch, immediate and decisive action will be taken to root it out. To that end, we will establish the machinery for appointing an independent Special Prosecutor whenever needed.\nAs a party, as a nation, we must commit ourselves to the elimination of injustice wherever it plagues our government, our people and our future.\nTransportation\n\nAn effective national transportation policy must be grounded in an understanding of all transportation systems and their consequences for costs, reliability, safety, environmental quality and energy savings. Without public transportation, the rights of all citizens to jobs and social services cannot be met.\nTo that end, we will work to expand substantially the discretion available to states and cities in the use of federal transportation money, for either operating expenses or capital programs on the modes of transportation which they choose. A greater share of Highway Trust Fund money should also be available on a flexible basis.\nWe will change further the current restrictive limits on the use of mass transit funds by urban and rural localities so that greater amounts can be used as operating subsidies; we emphatically oppose the Republican administration's efforts to reduce federal operating subsidies.\nWe are committed to dealing with the transportation needs of rural America by upgrading secondary roads and bridges and by completion of the original plan of 1956 for the interstate highway system where it benefits rural Americans. Among other benefits, these measures would help overcome the problems of getting products to market, and services to isolated persons in need.\nWe will take whatever action is necessary to reorganize and revitalize our nation's railroads.\nWe are also committed to the support of healthy trucking and bus, inland waterway and air transport systems.\nA program of national rail and road rehabilitation and improved mass transit would not only mean better transportation for our people, but it would also put thousands of unemployed construction workers back to work and make them productive tax-paying citizens once again.\nFurther, it would move toward the Democratic Party's goal of assuring balanced transportation services for all areas of the nation—urban and rural. Such a policy is intended to reorganize both pressing urban needs and the sorry state of rural public transportation.\nRural Development\n\nThe problems of rural America are closely linked to those of our cities. Rural poor and the rural elderly suffer under the same economic pressures and have at least as many social needs as their counterparts in the cities. The absence of rural jobs and rural vitality and the continuing demise of the family farm have promoted a migration to our cities which is beyond the capacity of the cities to absorb. Over 20 million Americans moved to urban areas between 1940 and 1960 alone. We pledge to develop programs to make the family farm economically healthy again so as to be attractive to young people.\nTo that end, the Democratic Party pledges to strengthen the economy and thereby create jobs in our great agricultural and rural areas by the full implementation and funding of the Rural Development Act of 1972 and by the adoption of an agricultural policy which recognizes that our capacity to produce food and fiber is one of our greatest assets.\nWhile it is bad enough to be poor, or old, or alone in the city, it is worse in the country. We are therefore committed to overcome the problems of rural as well as urban isolation and poverty by insuring the existence of adequate health facilities, critically-needed community facilities such as water supply and sewage disposal systems, decent housing, adequate educational opportunity and needed transportation throughout rural America.\nAs discussed in the transportation section, we believe that transportation dollars should be available in a manner to permit their flexible use. In rural areas this means they could be used for such needs as secondary road improvement, taxi systems, buses, or other systems to overcome the problems of widely dispersed populations, to facilitate provisions of social services and to assure access of citizens to meet human needs.\nTwo thousand family farms are lost per week. To help assure that family farms stay in the family where they belong, we will push increases in relevant estate tax exemptions. This increased exemption, when coupled with programs to increase generally the vitality of rural America, should mean that the demise of the family farm can be reversed.\nWe will seek adequate levels of insured and guaranteed loans for electrification and telephone facilities.\nOnly such a coordinated program can make rural America again attractive and vigorous, as it needs to be if we are to deal with the challenges facing the nation as a whole.\nAdministration of Federal Aid\n\nFederal aid programs impose jurisdictional and administrative complications which substantially diminish the good accomplished by the federal expenditure of about $50 billion annually on state and local governments. An uncoordinated policy regarding eligibility requirements, audit guidelines, accounting procedures and the like comprise the over 800 categorical aid programs and threaten to bog down the more broadly conceived flexible block grant programs. The Democratic Party is committed to cutting through this chaos and simplifying the grant process for both recipient governments and program administrators.\nThe Democratic Party also reaffirms the role of state and general purpose local governments as the principal governments in the orderly administration of federal aid and revenue sharing programs.\nV. Natural Resources and Environmental Quality\n\nEnergy\n\nAlmost three years have passed since the off embargo. Yet, by any measure, the nation's energy lifeline is in far greater peril today. America is running out of energy—natural gas, gasoline and oil.\nThe economy is already being stifled. The resulting threat of unemployment and diminished production is already present.\nIf America, as we know it, is to survive, we must move quickly to develop renewable sources of energy.\nThe Democratic Party will strive to replace the rapidly diminishing supply of petroleum and natural gas with solar, geothermal, wind, tide and other forms of energy, and we recommend that the federal government promptly expand whatever funds are required to develop new systems of energy.\nWe have grown increasingly dependent on imported oil. Domestic production, despite massive price increases, continues to decline. Energy stockpiles, while authorized, are yet to be created. We have no agreements with any producing nations for security of supply. Efforts to develop alternative energy sources have moved forward slowly. Production of our most available and plentiful alternative—coal—is not increasing. Energy conservation is still a slogan, instead of a program.\nRepublican energy policy has rafted because it is based on illusions; the illusion of a free market in energy that does not exist, the illusion that ever-increasing energy prices will not harm the economy, and the illusion of an energy program based on unobtainable independence.\nThe time has come to deal with the realities of the energy crisis, not its illusions. The realities are that rising energy prices, falling domestic supply, increasing demand, and the threat to national security of growing imports, have not been contained by the private sector.\nThe Democratic energy platform begins with a recognition that the federal government has an important role to play in insuring the nation's energy future, and that it must he given the tools it needs to protect the economy and the nation's consumers from arbitrary and excessive energy price increases and help the nation embark on a massive domestic energy program focusing on conservation, coal conversion, exploration and development of new technologies to insure an adequate short-term and long-term supply of energy for the nation's needs. A nation advanced enough and wealthy enough to send a man to the moon must dedicate itself to developing alternate sources of energy.\nEnergy pricing. Enactment of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 established oil ceiling prices at levels sufficient to maximize domestic production but still below OPEC equivalents. The act was a direct result of the Democratic Congress' commitment to the principle that beyond certain levels, increasing energy prices simply produce high-cost energy—without producing any additional energy supplies.\nThis oil-pricing lesson should also be applied to natural gas. Those not pressing to turn natural gas price regulation over to OPEC, while arguing the rhetoric of so-called deregulation, must not prevail. The pricing of new natural gas is in need of reform. We should narrow the gap between oil and natural gas prices with new natural gas ceiling prices that maximize production and investment while protecting the economy and the consumer. Any reforms in the pricing of new natural gas should not be at the cost of severe economic dislocations that would accelerate inflation and increase unemployment.\nAn examination must be made of advertising cost policies of utilities and the imposition of these costs on the consumer. Advertising costs used to influence public policy ought to be borne by stockholders of utility companies and not by the consumers.\nDomestic supply and demand. The most promising neglected domestic option for helping balance our energy budget is energy conservation. But major investments in conservation are still not being made.\nThe Democratic Party will support legislation to establish national building performance standards on a regional basis designed to improve energy efficiency. We will provide new incentives for aiding individual homeowners, particularly average income families and the poor in undertaking conservation investments. We will support the reform of utility rate structures and regulatory rules to encourage conservation and ease the utility rate burden on residential users, farmers and other consumers who can least afford it; make more efficient use of electrical generating capacity; and we will aggressively pursue implementation of automobile efficiency standards and appliance labeling programs already established by Democratic initiative in the Energy Policy and Conservation Act.\nCoal currently comprises 80 percent of the nation's energy resources, but produces only 16 per cent of the nation's energy. The Democratic Party believes that the United States' coal production can and must be increased without endangering the health and safety of miners, diminishing the land and water resources necessary for increased food production, and sacrificing the personal and property rights of farmers, ranchers and Indian tribes.\nWe must encourage the production of the highest quality coal, closest to consumer markets, in order to insure that investments in energy production reinforce the economics of energy producing and consuming regions. Improved rail transportation systems will make coal available where it is actually needed, and will insure a rail transport network required for a healthy industrial and agricultural economy.\nWe support an active federal role in the research and development of clean burning and commercially competitive coal burning systems and technologies, and we encourage the conversion to coal of industrial users of natural gas and imported oil. Air quality standards that make possible the burning of coal without danger to the public health or degradation of the nation's clear air must be developed and implemented.\nThe Democratic Party wants to put an end to the economic depression, loss of life and environmental destruction that has long accompanied irresponsible coal development in Appalachia. Strip mining legislation designed to protect and restore the environment, while ending the uncertainty over the rules governing future coal mining, must be enacted.\nThe huge reserves of oil, gas and coal on federal territory, including the outer continental shelf, belong to all the people. The Republicans have pursued leasing policies which give the public treasury the least benefit and the energy industry the most benefit from these public resources. Consistent with environmentally sound practices, new leasing procedures must be adopted to correct these policies, as well as insure the timely development of existing leases.\nMajor federal initiatives, including major governmental participation in early high-risk development projects, are required if we are to harness renewable resources like solar, wind, geothermal, the oceans, and other new technologies such as fusion, fuel cells and the conversion of solid waste and starches into energy. The Ford Administration has failed to provide those initiatives, and, in the process, has denied American workers important new opportunities for employment in the building and servicing of emerging new energy industries.\nU.S. dependence on nuclear power should be kept to the minimum necessary to meet our needs. We should apply stronger safety standards as we regulate its use. And we must be honest with our people concerning its problems and dangers as well as its benefits.\nAn increasing share of the nuclear research dollar must be invested in finding better solutions to the problems of nuclear waste disposal, reactor safety and nuclear safeguards—both domestically and internationally.\nCompetition in the domestic petroleum industry. Legislation must be enacted to insure energy administrators and legislators access to information they need for making the kind of informed decisions that future energy policy will require. We believe full disclosure of data on reserves, supplies and costs of production should be mandated by law.\nIt is increasingly clear that there is no free, competitive market for crude oil in the United States. Instead, through their control of the nation's oil pipelines, refineries and marketing, the major oil producers have the capability of controlling the field and often the downstream price of almost all off.\nWhen competition inadequate to insure free markets and maximum benefit to American consumers exists, we support effective restrictions on the right of major companies to own all phases of the oil industry.\nWe also support the legal prohibition against corporate ownership of competing types of energy, such as oil and coal. We believe such \"horizontal\" concentration of economic power to be dangerous both to the national interest and to the functioning of the competitive system.\nImproved energy planning. Establishment of a more orderly system for setting energy goals and developing programs for reaching those goals should be undertaken. The current proliferation of energy jurisdictions among many executive agencies underscores the need for a more coordinated system. Such a system should be undertaken, and provide for centralization of overall energy planning in a specific executive agency and an assessment of the capital needs for all priority programs to increase production and conservation of energy.\nMineral Resources. As with energy resources, many essential mineral resources may soon be inadequate to meet our growing needs unless we plan more wisely than we have with respect to energy. The Democratic Party pledges to undertake a long-range assessment of supply of our mineral reserves as well as the demand for them.\nAgriculture\n\nAs a nation, we are blessed with rich resources of land, water and climate. When the supporting technology has been used to preserve and promote the family ownership and operation of farms and ranches, the people have been well served.\nAmerica's farm families have demonstrated their ability and eagerness to produce food in sufficient quantity to feed their fellow citizens and share with hungry people around the world as well. Yet this national asset has been neither prudently developed nor intelligently used.\nThe eight-year record of the Nixon-Ford administration is a record of lost opportunities, failure to meet the challenges of agricultural statesmanship, and favoritism to the special pleading of giant corporate agricultural interests.\nRepublican misrule in agriculture has caused wide fluctuations in prices to producers, inflated food prices to consumers, unconscionable profiteering on food by business, unscrupulous shipping practices by grain traders, and the mishandling of our abundance in export markets. Republican agricultural policy has spelled high food prices, unstable farm income, windfalls for commodity speculators and multinational corporations, and confrontations between farmer and consumer.\nForemost attention must be directed to the establishment of a national food and fiber policy which will be fair to both producer and consumer, and be based on the family farm agricultural system which has served the nation and the world so well for so long.\nMaximum agricultural production will be the most effective means of achieving an adequate food and fiber supply and reasonable price stability to American consumers. Without parity income assurance to farmers, full production cannot be achieved in an uncertain economy. We must assure parity return to farmers based on costs of production plus a reasonable profit.\nWe must continue and intensify efforts to expand agriculture's long-term markets abroad, and at the same time we must prevent irresponsible and inflationary sales from the American granary to foreign purchasers. Aggressive but stable and consistent export policy must be our goal. The production of food and fiber in America must be used as part of a constructive foreign policy based on long-term benefits at home and abroad, but not at the expense of the farmers.\nProducers shall be encouraged to produce at full capacity within the limits of good conservation practices, including the use of recycled materials, if possible and desirable, to restore natural soil fertility. Any surplus production needed to protect the people of the world from famine shall be stored on the farm in such a manner as to isolate it from the market place.\nExcess production beyond the needs of the people for food shall be converted to industrial purposes.\nFarmers as individual producers must deal constantly with organized suppliers and marketers, and compete with non-farm conglomerates. To assist them in bargaining for the tools of production, and to strengthen the institution of the family farm, the Democratic Party will: support the Capper-Volstead Act in its present form; curb the influence of non-farm conglomerates which, through the elimination of competition in the marketplace, pose a threat to farmers; support the farmer cooperatives and bargaining associations; scrutinize and remedy any illegal concentrations and price manipulations of farm equipment and supply industries; revitalize basic credit programs for farmers; provide adequate credit tailored to the needs of young farmers; assure access for farmers and rural residents to energy, transportation, electricity and telephone services; reinstate sound, locally administered soil conservation programs; eliminate tax shelter farming; and overhaul federal estate and gift taxes to alleviate some of the legal problems faced by farm families who would otherwise be forced to liquidate their assets to pay the tax.\nLong overdue are programs of assistance to farm workers in housing, employment, health, social services and education.\nTo protect the health of our citizens the government shall insure that all agricultural imports must meet the same quality standards as those imposed on agricultural products produced in the United States and that only quality American agricultural products be exported.\nFisheries. America's fisheries must be protected and enhanced as a renewable resource through ecologically sound conservation practices and meaningful international agreements and compacts between individual states.\nEnvironmental Quality\n\nThe Democratic Party's strong commitment to environmental quality is based on its conviction that environmental protection is not simply an aesthetic goal, but is necessary to achieve a more just society. Cleaning up air and water supplies and controlling the proliferation of dangerous chemicals is a necessary part of a successful national health program. Protecting the worker from workplace hazards is a key element of our full employment program. Occupational disease and death must not be the price of a weekly wage.\nThe Democratic Party, through the Congress, has recognized the need for basic environmental scrutiny, and has authored a comprehensive program to achieve this objective. In eight years, the efforts to implement that program have been thwarted by an administration committed only to unfounded allegations that economic growth and environmental protection are incompatible.\nQuite to the contrary, the Democratic Party believes that a concern for the environment need not and must not stand in the way of a much-needed policy of high economic growth.\nMoreover, environmental protection creates jobs. Environmental legislation enacted since 1970 already has produced more than one million jobs, and we pledge to continue to work for additional laws to protect, restore and preserve the environment while providing still more jobs.\nToday, permanently harmful chemicals are dispersed, and irrecoverable land is rendered worthless. If we are to avoid repeated environmental crises, we must now renew our efforts to restore both environmental quality and economic growth.\nThose who would use the environment must assume the burden of demonstrating that it will not be abused. For too long this burden has been on government agencies, representing the public, to assess and hopefully correct the damage that has already been done.\nOur irreplaceable natural and aesthetic resources must be managed to ensure abundance for future generations. Strong land and ocean use planning is an essential element of such management. The artifacts of the desert, the national forests, the wilderness areas, the endangered species, the coastal beaches and barrier dunes and other precious resources are in danger. They cannot be restored. They must be protected.\nEconomic inequities created by subsidies for virgin materials to the disadvantage of recycled materials must be eliminated. Depletion allowances and unequal freight rates serve to discourage the growing numbers of businesses engaged in recycling efforts.\nEnvironmental research and development within the public sector should be increased substantially. For the immediate future, we must learn how to correct the damage we have already done, but more importantly, we need research on how to build a society in which renewable and nonrenewable resources are used wisely and efficiently.\nFederal environmental anti-pollution requirement programs should be as uniform as possible to eliminate economic discrimination. A vigorous program with national minimum environmental standards fully implemented, recognizing basic regional differences, will ensure that states and workers are not penalized by pursuing environmental programs.\nThe technological community should be encouraged to produce better pollution-control equipment, and more importantly, to produce technology which produces less pollution.\nVI. International Relations\n\nThe next Democratic administration must and will initiate a new American foreign policy.\nEight years of Nixon-Ford diplomacy have left our nation isolated abroad and divided at home. Policies have been developed and applied secretly and arbitrarily by the executive department from the time of secret bombing in Cambodia to recent covert assistance in Angola. They have been policies that relied on ad hoc, unilateral maneuvering, and a balance-of-power diplomacy suited better to the last century than to this one. They have disdained traditional American principles which once earned the respect of other peoples while inspiring our own. Instead of efforts to foster freedom and justice in the world, the Republican administration has built a sorry record of disregard for human rights, manipulative interference in the internal affairs of other nations,\nand, frequently, a greater concern for our relations with totalitarian adversaries than with our democratic allies. And its efforts to preserve, rather than reform, the international status quo betray a self-fulfilling pessimism that contradicts a traditional American belief in the possibility of human progress.\nDefense Policy and spending for military forces must be consistent with meeting the real security needs of the American people. We recognize that the security of our nation depends first and foremost on the internal strength of American society —economic, social and political. We also recognize that serious international threats to our security, such as shortages of food and raw materials, are not solely military in nature and cannot be met by military force or the threat of force. The Republican Administration has, through mismanagement and misguided Policies, undermined the security of our nation by neglecting human needs at home while, for the first time in our nation's history, increasing military spending after a war. Billions of dollars have been diverted into wasteful, extravagant and, in some instances, destabilizing military programs. Our country can—and under a Democratic administration it will—work vigorously for the adoption of policies of full employment and economic growth which will enable us to meet both the justified domestic needs of our citizens and our needs for an adequate national defense.\nA Democratic administration will work to create a foreign policy that does justice to the strength and decency of the American people through adherence to these fundamental principles and priorities:\nWe will act on the premise that candor in policy-making, with all its liabilities, is preferable to deceit. The Congress will be involved in the major international decisions of our government, and our foreign policies will be openly and consistently presented to the American people. For even if diplomatic tactics and national security information must sometimes remain secret, there can be no excuse for formulating and executing basic policy without public understanding and support.\nOur policy must be based on our nation's commitment to the ideal of individual freedom and justice. Experience has taught us not to rely solely on military strength or economic power, as necessary as they are, in pursuit of our international objectives. We must rely too on the moral strength of our democratic values—the greatest inspiration to our friends and the attribute most feared by our enemies. We will ensure that human needs are not sacrificed to military spending, while maintaining the military forces we require for our security.\nWe will strengthen our ties to the other great democracies, working together to resolve common economic and social problems as well as to keep our defenses strong.\nWe will restore the Democratic tradition of friendship and support to Third World nations.\nWe must also seek areas of cooperation with our traditional adversaries. There is no other option, for human survival itself is at stake. But pursuit of detente will require maintenance of a strong American military deterrent, hard bargaining for our own interest, recognition of continuing competition, and a refusal to oversell the immediate benefits of such a policy to the American public.\nWe will reaffirm the fundamental American commitment to human rights across the globe. America must work for a release of all political prisoners—men and women who are in jail simply because they have opposed peacefully the policies of their governments or have aided others who have—in all countries. America must take a firm stand to support and implement existing U.S. law to bring about liberalization of emigration policy in countries which limit or prohibit free emigration. America must be resolute in its support of the right of workers to organize and of trade unions to act freely and independently, and in its support of freedom of the press. America must continue to stand as a bulwark in support of human liberty in all countries. A return to the politics of principle requires a reaffirmation of human freedom throughout the world.\nThe Challenge of Interdependence\n\nThe international economy. Eight years of mismanagement of the American economy have contributed to global recession and inflation. The most important contribution a Democratic administration will make to the returning health of the world economy will be to restore the health of our own economy, with all that means to international economic stability and progress.\nWe are committed to trade policies that can benefit a full employment economy—through creation of new jobs for American workers, new markets for American farmers and businesses, and lower prices and a wider choice of goods for American consumers. Orderly reductions in trade barriers should be negotiated on a reciprocal basis that does not allow other nations to deny us access to their markets while enjoying access to ours. These measures must be accompanied by improved programs to ease dislocations and to relieve the hardship of American workers affected by foreign competition.\nThe Democratic Party will also seek to promote higher labor standards in those nations where productivity far outstrips wage rates, harming American workers through unfair exploitation of foreign labor, and encouraging American capital to pursue low wage opportunities that damage our own economy and weaken the dollar.\nWe will exert leadership in international efforts to strengthen the world economic system. The Ford administration philosophy of reliance on the international \"market economy\" is insufficient in a world where some governments and multinational corporations are active in managing and influencing market forces.\nWe pledge constant efforts to keep world monetary systems functioning properly in order to provide a reasonably stable economic environment for business and to prevent the importation of inflation. We will support reform of the international monetary system to strengthen institutional means of coordinating national economic policies, especially with our European and Japanese allies, thus facilitating efforts by our government and others to achieve full employment.\nThe Democratic Party is committed to a strong and competitive merchant fleet, built in the United States and manned by American seamen, as an instrument of international relations and national security. In order to revitalize our merchant fleet, the party pledges itself to a higher level of coordination of maritime policy, reaffirmation of the objectives of the Merchant Marine Acts of 1936 and 1970, and the development of a national cargo policy which assures the U.S. fleet a fair participation in all U.S. trade.\ncode of conduct for multinational corporations and host countries.\nWe will encourage multinational corporations—before they relocate production across international boundaries—to make sufficient advance arrangements for the workers whose jobs will be affected.\nWe will eliminate bribery and other corrupt practices.\nWe will prevent these corporations from interfering in the political systems of the countries in which they operate.\nIf such a code cannot be negotiated or proves to be unenforceable, our country should reserve the right to take unilateral action directed toward each of these problems, specifically including the outlawing of bribes and other improper payments to government officials of other nations.\nIn pursuit of open and fair international economic relationships, we will seek mechanisms, including legislation, to ensure that foreign governments cannot introduce third party boycotts or racial and religious discrimination into the conduct of American foreign commerce.\nEnergy. The United States must be a leader in promoting cooperation among the industrialized countries in developing alternative energy sources and reducing energy consumption, thus reducing our dependence on imports from the Middle East and restraining high energy prices. Under a Democratic Administration, the United States also will support international efforts to develop the vast energy potential of the developing countries.\nWe will also actively seek to limit the dangers inherent in the international development of atomic energy and in the proliferation of nuclear weapons. Steps to be given high priority will include: revitalization of the Nonproliferation Treaty, expansion of the International Atomic Energy Agency and other international safeguards and monitoring of national facilities, cooperation against potential terrorism involving nuclear weapons, agreement by suppliers not to transfer enrichment or reprocessing facilities, international assurance of supply of nuclear fuel only to countries cooperating with strict nonproliferation measures, subsidization of multinational nuclear facilities, and gradual conversion to international control of non-weapon fissionable material.\nThe developing world. We have a historic opportunity in the next decade to improve the extent and quality of cooperation between the rich and poor countries. The potential benefits to our nation of a policy of constructive cooperation with the developing world would be considerable: uninterrupted access at reasonable cost to raw materials and to basic commodities; lower rates of global inflation; improved world markets for our goods; and a more benign atmosphere for international negotiation in general. Above all, the prospects for the maintenance of peace will be vastly higher in a world in which fewer and fewer people suffer the pangs of hunger and the yoke of economic oppression.\nWe support efforts to stabilize and increase export earnings of developing countries through our participation in reasonable commodity arrangements. We support strengthening of global financing mechanisms and trade liberalization efforts. We will assist in promoting greater developing country, capital markets.\nBecause our country provides food and fiber to all the world, the American farmer is heavily dependent on world markets. These markets must be developed in a way that prevents the wild gyrations of food prices and the periodic shortages that have been common under recent Republican Administrations. We pledge significant financial support to the International Fund for Agricultural Development; more effective food aid through further revision of the U.S. Food for Peace program; significant contributions to a multination world food reserve system, with appropriate safeguards for American farmers; and continuing efforts to promote American food exports.\nThe proliferation in arms, both conventional and nuclear, is a principal potential source of conflict in the developing as well as the industrialized world. The United States should limit significantly conventional arms sales and reduce military aid to developing countries, should include conventional arms transfers on the arms control agenda, and should regulate country-by-country justification for U.S. arms transfers, whether by sales or aid. Such sales or aid must be justified in terms of foreign policy benefits to the United States and not simply because of their economic value to American weapons producers.\nA primary, object of American aid, both military and economic, is first of all to enhance the condition of freedom in the world. The United States should not provide aid to any government—anywhere in the world—which uses secret police, detention without charges, and torture to enforce its powers. Exceptions to this policy should be rare, and the aid provided should be limited to that which is absolutely necessary. The United States should be open and unashamed in its exercise of diplomatic efforts to encourage the observance of human rights in countries which receive American aid.\nCurrent world population growth is a threat to the long-range well-being of mankind. We pledge to support effective voluntary family planning around the world, as well as at home, and to recognize officially the link between social and economic development and the willingness of the individual to limit family size.\nTo be true to the traditional concern of Americans for the disadvantaged and the oppressed, our aid programs should focus on alleviating poverty and on support of the quest for human liberty and dignity. We will work to see that the United States does its fair share in international development assistance efforts, including participation in the fifth replenishment of the World Bank's International Development Association. We will implement a foreign assistance policy which emphasizes utilization of multilateral and regional development institutions, and one that includes a review of aid programs, country by country, to reinforce those projects whose financial benefits go to the people most in need and which are consistent with overall United States foreign policy goals.\nThe world environment. Decay of the environment knows no national boundary. A government committed to protect our environment knows no national boundary. A government committed to protect our environment at home must also seek international cooperation in defending the global environment.\nWorking through and supporting such organizations as the United Nations Environmental Program, we will join other governments in more effective efforts to preserve the quality and resources of the oceans; to preserve endangered species of fish and wildlife; to reverse the encroachment of the deserts, the erosion of the world's agricultural lands, and the accelerating destruction of its forests; to limit pollution of the atmosphere; and to control alterations of the global climate.\nCriminal justice rights of Americans abroad. We will protect the rights and interests of Americans charged with crimes or jailed in foreign countries by vigorously exerting all appropriate efforts to guarantee humane treatment and due process and to secure extradition to the United States where appropriate.\nInternational drug tragic. We call for the use of diplomatic efforts to stop international production and trafficking in illicit drugs including the possible cut-off of foreign aid to noncooperating countries.\nDefense Policy\n\nThe size and structure of our military forces must be carefully related to the demands of our foreign policies in this new era. These should be based on a careful assessment of what will be needed in the long-run to deter our potential adversaries; to fight successfully, if necessary, conventional wars in areas in which our national security is threatened; and to reassure our allies and friends—notably in Western Europe, Japan and the Near East. To this end, our strategic nuclear forces must provide a strong and credible deterrent to nuclear attack and nuclear blackmail. Our conventional forces must be strong enough to deter aggression in areas whose security is vital to our own. In a manner consistent with these objectives, we should seek those disarmament and arms control agreements which will contribute to mutual reductions in both nuclear and conventional arms.\nThe hallmarks of the Nixon-Ford administration's defense policy, however, have been stagnation and vulnerability.\nBy its reluctance to make changes in those features of our armed forces which were designed to deal with the problems of the past, the Administration has not only squandered defense dollars, but also neglected making improvements which are needed to increase our forces' fighting effectiveness and their capability to deter future aggression.\nBy its undue emphasis on the overall size of the defense budget as the primary measure of both our national resolve and the proficiency of our armed forces, the administration has forgotten that we are seeking not to outspend, but to be able to deter and, if necessary, outright our potential adversaries. While we must spend whatever is legitimately needed for defense, cutbacks on duplication and waste are both feasible and essential. Barring any major change in the international situation, with the proper management, with the proper kind of investment of defense dollars, and with the proper choice of military programs, we believe we can reduce present defense spending by about $5 billion to $7 billion. We must be tough-minded about the development of new weapons systems which add only marginal military value. The size of our defense budget should not be dictated by bureaucratic imperatives or the needs of defense contractors but by our assessment of international realities. In order to provide for a comprehensive review of the B-1 test and evaluation program, no decision regarding B-1 production should be made prior to February 1977.\nThe Pentagon has one of the federal government's most overgrown bureaucracies. The Department of Defense can be operated more effectively and efficiently and its budget reduced, without in any way compromising our defense posture. Our armed forces have many more admirals and generals today than during World War II, when our fighting force was much larger than now. We can reduce the ratio of officers to men and of support forces to combat troops.\nMisdirected efforts such as the construction of pork-barrel projects under the jurisdiction of the Defense Department can be terminated. Exotic arms systems which serve no defense or foreign policy purpose should not be initiated.\nBy ignoring opportunities to use our advanced technology innovatively to obtain maximum effectiveness in weapons and minimize complexity and cost, the Republican administration has failed to reverse the trend toward increasingly intricate and expensive weapons systems. Thus, it has helped to put our forces—particularly the Navy—on the dangerous path of becoming both smaller in numbers and more vulnerable.\nA new approach is needed. Our strategic nuclear forces should be structured to ensure their ability to survive nuclear attack, thereby assuring deterrence of nuclear war. Successful nuclear deterrence is the single most important task of our armed forces. We should, however, avoid becoming diverted into making expenditures which have only symbolic or prestige value or which themselves contribute to nuclear instability.\nThe United States Navy must remain the foremost fleet in the world. Our naval forces should be improved to stress survivability and our modem technology should be used in new ways to keep the essential sea lanes open. Concretely, we should put more stress on new sensors and armaments, and give priority to a navy consisting of a greater number of smaller and less vulnerable vessels.\nOur land forces should be structured to fight effectively in support of our political and military commitments. To this end, modern, well-equipped and highly mobile land forces are more important than large numbers of sparsely-equipped infantry divisions.\nOur tactical air-forces should be designed to establish air superiority quickly in the event of hostilities, and to support our land and naval forces.\nWe can and will make significant economies in the overhead and support structure of our military forces.\nThe defense procurement system should be reformed to require, wherever possible and consistent with efforts to encourage full participation by small and minority businesses, advertised competitive bids and other improvements in procurement procedure so as to encourage full and fair competition among potential contractors and to cut the current waste in defense procurement. A more equitable formula should be considered for distribution of defense contracts and other federal procurement on a state or regional basis.\nThe United States and other nations share a common interest in reducing military expenditures and transferring the savings into activities which raise living standards. In order to smooth the path for such changes, the Executive Branch and the Congress should encourage long-range planning by defense-dependent communities and managements of defense firms and unions. This process should take place within the context of the Democratic Party's commitment to planned full employment.\nOur civilian and military intelligence agencies should be structured to provide timely and accurate information and analysis of foreign affairs and military matters. Covert action must be used only in the most compelling cases where the national security of the U.S. is vitally involved; assassination must be prohibited. There should be full and thorough congressional oversight of our intelligence agencies. The constitutional rights of American citizens can and must be fully protected, and intelligence abuses corrected, without endangering the confidentiality of properly classified intelligence or compromising the fundamental intelligence mission.\nU.S.-U.S.S.R. relations. The United States and the Soviet Union are the only powers who, by rivalry or miscalculation, could bring general nuclear war upon our civilization. A principal goal must be the continued reduction of tension with the U.S.S.R. This can, however, only be accomplished by fidelity to our principles and interests and through business-like negotiations about specific issues, not by the bad bargains, dramatic posturing, and the stress on general declarations that have characterized the Nixon-Ford administration's detente policy.\nSoviet actions continue to pose severe threats to peace and stability in many parts of the world and to undermine support in the West for fruitful negotiations toward mutually beneficial agreements. The U.S.S.R. has undertaken a major military buildup over the last several years in its navy, in its strategic forces, and in its land forces stationed in Eastern Europe and Asia. It has sought one-sided advantages in negotiations, and has exerted political and military pressure in such areas as the Near East and Africa, not hesitating to dispatch to Angola its own advisors as well as the expeditionary forces of its clients.\nThe continued U.S.S.R. military dominance of many Eastern European countries remains a source of oppression for the peoples of those nations, an oppression we do not accept and to which we are morally opposed. Any attempt by the Soviet Union similarly to dominate other parts of Europe—such as Yugoslavia—would be an action posing a grave threat to peace. Eastern Europe will not truly be an area of stability until these countries regain their independence and become part of a large European framework.\nOur task is to establish U.S.-U.S.S.R. relations on a stable basis, avoiding excesses of both hope and fear. Patience, a clear sense of our own priorities, and a willingness to negotiate specific firm agreements in areas of mutual interest can return balance to relations between the United States and the Soviet Union.\nIn the field of nuclear disarmament and arms control we should work toward: limitations on the international spread of fissionable materials and nuclear weapons; specific strategic arms limitation agreements which will increase the stability of the strategic balance and reduce the risk of nuclear war, emphasizing mutual reductions and limitations on future weapons deployment which most threaten the strategic balance because their characteristics indicate a potential first-strike use; a comprehensive ban on nuclear tests; mutual reduction with the Soviet Union and others, under assured safeguards, of our nuclear arsenals, leading ultimately to the elimination of such arsenals; mutual restrictions with the Soviet Union and others on sales or other transfers of arms to developing countries; and conventional arms agreements and mutual and balanced force reductions in Europe.\nHowever, in the area of strategic arms limitation, the U.S. should accept only such agreements that would not overall limit the U.S. to levels of intercontinental strategic forces inferior to the limits provided for the Soviet Union.\nIn the long-run, further development of more extensive economic relations between the United States and the Soviet Union may bring significant benefit to both societies. The U.S.S.R. has sought, however, through unfair trade practices to dominate such strategic fields as merchant shipping. Rather than effectively resisting such efforts, the Nixon-Ford administration has looked favorably on such steps as subsidizing U.S.-U.S.S.R. trade by giving the Soviet Union concessionary credits, promoting trade increases because of a short-run hope of using trade to modify political behavior, and even placing major United States energy investment in pawn to Soviet Union policy. Where bilateral trade agreements with the U.S.S.R. are to our economic advantage, we should pursue them, but our watch-words would be tough bargaining and concrete economic, political or other benefits for the United States. We should also press the Soviet Union to take a greater share of responsibility in multilateral solutions to such problems as creating adequate world grain reserves.\nOur stance on the issue of human rights and political liberties in the Soviet Union is important to American self-respect and our moral standing in the world. We should continually remind the Soviet Union, by word and conduct, of its commitments in Helsinki to the free flow of people and ideas and of how offensive we and other free people find its violations of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. As part of our programs of official, technical, trade, cultural and other exchanges with the U.S.S.R., we should press its leaders to open their society to a genuine interchange of people and ideas.\nWe must avoid assuming that the whole of American-Soviet relations is greater than the sum of its parts, that any agreement is superior to none, or that we can negotiate effectively as supplicants. We must realize that our firmness can help build respect for us and improve the long-run opportunities for mutually-beneficial concrete agreements. We must beware of the notion that Soviet-American relations are a seamless web in which concessions in one area will bring us benefits in others. By the same token, we must husband our resources to concentrate on what is most important to us. Detente must be military as well as political.\nMore fundamentally, we must recognize that the general character of our foreign policies will not be set by our direct relationship with the Soviet Union. Our allies and friends must come first. Nor can the pursuit of our interests elsewhere in the world be dominated by concern for Soviet views. For example, American policy toward China should continue to be based on a desire for a steady improvement and broadening of relations, whatever the tenor and direction of Chinese-Soviet relations.\nAbove all, we must be open, honest, mature and patient with ourselves and with our allies. We must recognize that, in the long-run, an effective policy toward the Soviet Union can only be grounded on honest discussion, and on a national and, to some extent, an international consensus. Our own institutions, especially the Congress, must be consulted and must help formulate our policy. The governments of our allies and friends must be made partners in our undertakings. Haste and secret bilateral executive arrangements in our dealings with the U.S.S.R. can only promote a mood of uncertainty and suspicion which undermines the public support essential to effective and stable international relations.\nAmerica in the World Community\n\nMany of the critical foreign policy issues we face require global approaches, but an effective international role for the United States also demands effective working with the special interests of specific foreign nations and regions. The touchstone of our policy must be our own interests, which in turn means that we should not seek or expect to control events everywhere. Indeed, intelligent pursuit of our objectives demands a realization that even where our interests are great and our involvement essential, we do not act alone, but in a world setting where others have interests and objectives as well.\nWe cannot give expression to our national values without continuing to play a strong role in the affairs of the United Nations and its agencies. Firm and positive advocacy of our positions is essential.\nWe should make a major effort at reforming and restructuring the U.N. systems. The intensity of interrelated problems is rapidly increasing, and it is likely that in the future, the issues of war and peace will be more a function of economic and social problems than of the military security problems that have dominated international relations since 1945.\nThe heat of debate at the General Assembly should not obscure the value of our supporting United Nations involvement in keeping the peace and in the increasingly complex technical and social problems—such as pollution, health, economic development and population growth—that challenge the world community. But we must let the world know that anti-American polemics are no substitute for sound policy and that the United Nations is weakened by harsh rhetoric from other countries or by blasphemous resolutions such as the one equating Zionism and racism.\nA Democratic Administration should seek a fair and comprehensive Law-of-the-Sea Treaty that will balance the interests of the developed and less developed countries.\nEurope. The nations of Western Europe, together with Japan, are among our closest allies. Except for our closest neighbors in this hemisphere, it is in these regions where our interests are most strongly linked with those of other nations. At the same time, the growing economic and political strength of Europe and Japan creates areas of conflict and tension in a relationship both sides must keep close and healthy.\nOn the great economic issues—trade, energy, employment, international finance, resources—we must work with the Europeans, the Japanese and other nations to serve our long-run mutual interests in stability and growth, and in the development of poorer nations.\nThe military security of Europe is fundamental to our own. To that end, NATO remains a vital commitment. We should retain in Europe a U.S. contribution to NATO forces so that they are sufficient to deter or defeat attack without premature resort to nuclear weapons. This does not exclude moderate reductions in manpower levels made possible by more efficiency, and it affirmatively requires a thorough reform and overhaul of NATO forces, plans and deployments. We encourage our European allies to increase their share of the contributions to NATO defense, both in terms of troops and hardware. By mutual agreement or through modernization, the thousands of tactical nuclear weapons in Europe should be reduced, saving money and manpower and increasing our own and international security.\nEurope, like the rest of the world, faces substantial political change. We cannot control that process. However, we can publicly make known our preference for developments consistent with our interests and principles. In particular, we should encourage the most rapid possible growth of stable democratic institutions in Spain, and a continuation on the path of democracy of Portugal and Greece, opposing authoritarian takeover from either left or right. We can make clear our sense of the risks and dangers of Communist participation in Western European governments, while being equally clear that we will work on a broad range of non-military matters with any legally-constituted government that is prepared to do the same with us. We similarly must reaffirm our support for the continued growth and cohesion of the institutions of the European community.\nThe voice of the United States should be heard in Northern Ireland against violence and terror, against the discrimination, repression and deprivation which brought about that civil strife, and for the efforts of the parties toward a peaceful resolution of the future of Northern Ireland. Pertinent alliances such as NATO and international organizations such as the United Nations should be fully apprised of the interests of the United States with respect to the status of Ireland in the international community of nations.\nWe must do all that is possible, consistent with our interest in a strong NATO in Southern Europe and stability in the Eastern Mediterranean, to encourage a fair settlement of the Cyprus issue, which continues to extract human costs.\nMiddle East. We shall continue to seek a just and lasting peace in the Middle East. The cornerstone of our policy is a firm commitment to the independence and security of the State of Israel. This special relationship does not prejudice improved relations with other nations in the region. Real peace in the Middle East will permit Israel and her Arab neighbors to turn their energies to internal development, and will eliminate the threat of world conflict spreading from tensions there.\nThe Middle East conflict is complex, and a realistic, pragmatic approach is essential. Our policy must be based on firm adherence to these fundamental principles of Middle East policy:\nWe will continue our consistent support of Israel, including sufficient military and economic assistance to maintain Israel's deterrent strength in the region, and the maintenance of U.S. military forces in the Mediterranean adequate to deter military intervention by the Soviet Union.\nWe steadfastly oppose any move to isolate Israel in the international arena or suspend it from the United Nations or its constituent organizations.\nWe will avoid efforts to impose on the region an externally devised formula for settlement, and will provide support for initiatives toward settlement, based on direct face-to-face negotiation between the parties and normalization of relations and a full peace within secure and defensible boundaries.\nWe vigorously support the free passage of shipping in the Middle East—especially in the Suez Canal.\nWe recognize that the solution to the problems of Arab and Jewish refugees must be among the factors taken into account in the course of continued progress toward peace. Such problems cannot be solved, however, by recognition of terrorist groups which refuse to acknowledge their adversary's right to exist, or groups which have no legitimate claim to represent the people for whom they purport to be speaking.\nWe support initiation of government enforcement action to insure that stated U.S. policy—in opposition to boycotts against friendly countries—is fully and vigorously implemented.\nWe recognize and support the established status of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, with free access to all its holy places provided to all faiths. As a symbol of this stand, the U.S. Embassy should be moved from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem.\nAsia. We remain a Pacific power with important stakes and objectives in the region, but the Vietnam War has taught us the folly of becoming militarily involved where our vital interests were not at stake.\nFriendship and cooperation with Japan are the cornerstone of our Asian interests and policy. Our commitment to the security of Japan is central to our own, and it is an essential condition to a constructive, peaceful role for that nation in the future of Asia. In our economic dealings with Japan, we must make clear our insistence on mutuality of benefits and opportunities, while focusing on ways to expand our trade, avoiding economic shocks and resultant retaliation on either side. We must avoid the \"shocks\" to Japan which have resulted from Republican foreign policy.\nWe reaffirm our commitment to the security of the Republic of Korea, both in itself and as a key to the security of Japan. However, on a prudent and carefully planned basis, we can redeploy, and gradually phase out, the U.S. ground forces, and can withdraw the nuclear weapons now stationed in Korea without endangering that support, as long as our tactical air and naval forces in the region remain strong. Our continued resolve in the area should not be misunderstood. However, we deplore the denial of human rights in the Republic of Korea, just as we deplore the brutal and aggressive acts of the regime in North Korea.\nWe have learned, at a tragically high price, certain lessons regarding Southeast Asia. We should not seek to control the political future of that region. Rather, we should encourage and welcome peaceful relations with the nations of that area. In conjunction with the fullest possible accounting of our citizens still listed as missing in action, we should move toward normalized relations with Vietnam.\nNo foreign policy that reflects traditional American humanitarian concerns can be indifferent to the plight of the peoples of the Asian subcontinent.\nThe recent improvement in relations with China, which has received bipartisan support, is a welcome recognition that there are few areas in which our vital interests clash with those of China. Our relations with China should continue to develop on peaceful lines, including early movement toward normalizing diplomatic relations in the context of a peaceful resolution of the future of Taiwan.\nThe Americas. We recognize the fundamental importance of close relations and the easing of economic tension with our Canadian and Mexican neighbors.\nIn the last eight years, our relations with Latin America have deteriorated amid high-level indifference, increased military, domination of Latin American governments, and revelations of extensive American interference in the internal politics of Chile and other nations. The principles of the Good Neighbor Policy and the Alliance for Progress, under which we are committed to working with the nations of the Americas as equals, remain valid today but seem to have been forgotten by the present administration.\nThe U.S. should adopt policies on trade, aid and investment that include commodity agreements and an appropriate system of trade preferences.\nWe must make clear our revulsion at the systematic violations of basic human rights that have occurred under some Latin American military regimes.\nWe pledge support for a new Panama Canal treaty, which insures the interests of the United States in that waterway, recognizes the principles already agreed upon, takes into account the interests of the Canal work force, and which will have wide hemispheric support.\nRelations with Cuba can only be normalized if Cuba refrains from interference in the internal affairs of the United States, and releases all U.S. citizens currently detained in Cuban prisons and labor camps for political reasons. We can move towards such relations if Cuba abandons its provocative international actions and policies.\nAfrica. Eight years of indifference, accompanied by increasing cooperation with racist regimes, have left our influence and prestige in Africa at an historical low. We must adopt policies that recognize the intrinsic importance of Africa and its development to the United States, and the inevitability of majority rule on that continent.\nThe first task is to formulate a rational African policy in terms of enlightened U.S.-African priorities, not as a corollary of U.S.-Soviet policy. Angola demonstrated that we must have sound relations with Black Africa and disassociate our policies from those of South Africa to achieve the desired African response to Soviet expansionism in Africa. Our policy must foster high-level U.S.-Africa communications and establish a sound basis for dealing when crises arise.\nThe next Democratic administration will work aggressively to involve black Americans in foreign policy positions, at home and abroad, and in decisions affecting African interests.\nTo promote African economic development, the U.S. should undertake increased bilateral and multilateral assistance, continue congressional initiatives in food assistance and food production, with special aid to the Sahel and implementation of the Sahel Development Plan; and carry forward our commitment to negotiate with developing countries on key trade and economic issues such as commodity arrangements and trade preferences.\nOur policy must be reformulated towards unequivocal and concrete support of majority rule in Southern Africa, recognizing that our true interests lie in peaceful progress toward a free South Africa for all South Africans, black and white. As part of our commitment to the development of a free and democratic South Africa, we should support the position of African nations in denying recognition to \"homelands\" given pseudo-independence by the South African government under its current policy of \"separate development.\"\nThe Republican administration's relaxation of the arms embargo against South Africa must be ended, and the embargo tightened to prevent transfers of military significance, particularly of nuclear material. The U.S. government should not engage in any activity regarding Namibia that would recognize or support the illegal South African administration, including granting tax credits to U.S. companies doing business in Namibia and paying taxes to South Africa. Moreover, the U.S. government should deny tax advantages to all corporations doing business in South Africa and Rhodesia who support or participate in apartheid practices and policies.\nThe U.S. government should fully enforce the U.N.-ordered Rhodesia sanctions, seek universal compliance with such measures, and repeal the Byrd Amendment.\nEfforts should be made to normalize relations with Angola.", "Words" -> 21139, "WordCounts" -> <|"the" -> 1178, "and" -> 1037, "of" -> 932, "to" -> 741, "in" -> 375, "a" -> 283, "for" -> 233, "be" -> 230, "that" -> 209, "our" -> 201, "We" -> 176, "The" -> 176, "must" -> 145, "will" -> 140, "should" -> 134, "is" -> 131, "with" -> 128, "as" -> 127, "on" -> 115, "by" -> 113, "we" -> 104, "are" -> 99, "have" -> 89, "Democratic" -> 89, "support" -> 85, "government" -> 81, "has" -> 80, "which" -> 78, "not" -> 75, "economic" -> 75, "all" -> 73, "or" -> 71, "programs" -> 70, "federal" -> 67, "policy" -> 65, "Party" -> 61, "an" -> 59, "national" -> 56, "at" 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"fundamental" -> 8, "first" -> 8, "financial" -> 8, "established" -> 8, "especially" -> 8, "Energy" -> 8, "East" -> 8, "drug" -> 8, "domestic" -> 8, "delivery" -> 8, "crimes" -> 8, "cooperation" -> 8, "conventional" -> 8, "consistent" -> 8, "clear" -> 8, "civil" -> 8, "By" -> 8, "beyond" -> 8, "better" -> 8, "become" -> 8, "average" -> 8, "allies" -> 8, "waste" -> 7, "U.S.S.R." -> 7, "threat" -> 7, "They" -> 7, "strength" -> 7, "requires" -> 7, "recognition" -> 7, "recent" -> 7, "pursuit" -> 7, "provided" -> 7, "proper" -> 7, "population" -> 7, "peaceful" -> 7, "Party's" -> 7, "party" -> 7, "others" -> 7, "objectives" -> 7, "next" -> 7, "move" -> 7, "minority" -> 7, "million" -> 7, "Middle" -> 7, "lost" -> 7, "long" -> 7, "loans" -> 7, "living" -> 7, "limit" -> 7, "last" -> 7, "increases" -> 7, "incomes" -> 7, "improve" -> 7, "however" -> 7, "given" -> 7, "financing" -> 7, "every" -> 7, "even" -> 7, "establish" -> 7, "elimination" -> 7, "efficiency" -> 7, "done" -> 7, "does" -> 7, "Development" -> 7, "decisions" -> 7, "corporations" -> 7, "construction" -> 7, "concern" -> 7, "Civil" -> 7, "capacity" -> 7, "budget" -> 7, "because" -> 7, "avoid" -> 7, "An" -> 7, "almost" -> 7, "African" -> 7, "act" -> 7, "year" -> 6, "war" -> 6, "vigorously" -> 6, "Vietnam" -> 6, "value" -> 6, "students" -> 6, "sound" -> 6, "Social" -> 6, "Service" -> 6, "rising" -> 6, "respect" -> 6, "remain" -> 6, "rehabilitation" -> 6, "region" -> 6, "reforms" -> 6, "real" -> 6, "put" -> 6, "provisions" -> 6, "protection" -> 6, "property" -> 6, "progress" -> 6, "produce" -> 6, "procurement" -> 6, "procedures" -> 6, "primary" -> 6, "Policy" -> 6, "open" -> 6, "number" -> 6, "NATO" -> 6, "Nations" -> 6, "multinational" -> 6, "money" -> 6, "materials" -> 6, "management" -> 6, "internal" -> 6, "intelligence" -> 6, "industry" -> 6, "independent" -> 6, "independence" -> 6, "increasingly" -> 6, "inadequate" -> 6, "improvement" -> 6, "If" -> 6, "However" -> 6, "Housing" -> 6, "healthy" -> 6, "growing" -> 6, "grants" -> 6, "global" -> 6, "force" -> 6, "fiscal" -> 6, "firm" -> 6, "expenditures" -> 6, "expand" -> 6, "executive" -> 6, "European" -> 6, "emphasis" -> 6, "each" -> 6, "distribution" -> 6, "deter" -> 6, "crisis" -> 6, "coordinated" -> 6, "congressional" -> 6, "conflict" -> 6, "competitive" -> 6, "compensation" -> 6, "change" -> 6, "But" -> 6, "bring" -> 6, "bargaining" -> 6, "balanced" -> 6, "balance" -> 6, "area" -> 6, "alleviate" -> 6, "agency" -> 6, "administration's" -> 6, "additional" -> 6, "abuse" -> 6, "abroad" -> 6, "able" -> 6, "youth" -> 5, "young" -> 5, "wealth" -> 5, "water" -> 5, "vital" -> 5, "turn" -> 5, "treatment" -> 5, "traditional" -> 5, "themselves" -> 5, "sufficient" -> 5, "suffer" -> 5, "structure" -> 5, "strengthening" -> 5, "status" -> 5, "specific" -> 5, "Special" -> 5, "significant" -> 5, "serve" -> 5, "secure" -> 5, "sales" -> 5, "rule" -> 5, "Rights" -> 5, "rich" -> 5, "revenue" -> 5, "return" -> 5, "responsible" -> 5, "responsibilities" -> 5, "research" -> 5, "requirements" -> 5, "remains" -> 5, "regulation" -> 5, "reductions" -> 5, "reducing" -> 5, "record" -> 5, "recognizes" -> 5, "recession" -> 5, "reaffirm" -> 5, "rather" -> 5, "promotion" -> 5, "projects" -> 5, "principle" -> 5, "prevent" -> 5, "preserve" -> 5, "powers" -> 5, "police" -> 5, "placed" -> 5, "performance" -> 5, "particularly" -> 5, "overhaul" -> 5, "operating" -> 5, "older" -> 5, "mortgage" -> 5, "met" -> 5, "mental" -> 5, "medical" -> 5, "may" -> 5, "long-run" -> 5, "least" -> 5, "keep" -> 5, "Israel" -> 5, "involvement" -> 5, "International" -> 5, "intended" -> 5, "inequities" -> 5, "individuals" -> 5, "implement" -> 5, "had" -> 5, "great" -> 5, "Ford" -> 5, "forced" -> 5, "fiber" -> 5, "far" -> 5, "equitable" -> 5, "Environmental" -> 5, "enough" -> 5, "enhance" -> 5, "enforce" -> 5, "encouraged" -> 5, "efficient" -> 5, "during" -> 5, "discrimination" -> 5, "Democrats" -> 5, "democratic" -> 5, "decent" -> 5, "deal" -> 5, "created" -> 5, "create" -> 5, "court" -> 5, "could" -> 5, "corporate" -> 5, "continuing" -> 5, "continued" -> 5, "commitments" -> 5, "choice" -> 5, "children" -> 5, "child" -> 5, "certain" -> 5, "call" -> 5, "below" -> 5, "believes" -> 5, "barriers" -> 5, "assuring" -> 5, "artists" -> 5, "arrangements" -> 5, "air" -> 5, "again" -> 5, "activities" -> 5, "accomplished" -> 5, "accompanied" -> 5, "ability" -> 5, "1975" -> 5, "World" -> 4, "With" -> 4, "whose" -> 4, "While" -> 4, "whatever" -> 4, "way" -> 4, "up" -> 4, "unfair" -> 4, "unemployed" -> 4, "undertake" -> 4, "transfers" -> 4, "Those" -> 4, "terms" -> 4, "technology" -> 4, "technologies" -> 4, "successful" -> 4, "substantially" -> 4, "stress" -> 4, "steps" -> 4, "stand" -> 4, "spend" -> 4, "skills" -> 4, "size" -> 4, "since" -> 4, "simply" -> 4, "sex" -> 4, "settlement" -> 4, "set" -> 4, "sense" -> 4, "senior" -> 4, "secret" -> 4, "schools" -> 4, "savings" -> 4, "Right" -> 4, "revision" -> 4, "reverse" -> 4, "restrictions" -> 4, "responsive" -> 4, "reserves" -> 4, "renewable" -> 4, "remedy" -> 4, "relationship" -> 4, "related" -> 4, "regional" -> 4, "regarding" -> 4, "reflect" -> 4, "reduced" -> 4, "reaffirms" -> 4, "reaffirmation" -> 4, "properly" -> 4, "proliferation" -> 4, "profit" -> 4, "products" -> 4, "producers" -> 4, "produced" -> 4, "principal" -> 4, "Policies" -> 4, "platform" -> 4, "plan" -> 4, "place" -> 4, "payments" -> 4, "ownership" -> 4, "overall" -> 4, "organizations" -> 4, "orderly" -> 4, "Opportunity" -> 4, "officials" -> 4, "off" -> 4, "numbers" -> 4, "National" -> 4, "much" -> 4, "moved" -> 4, "mismanagement" -> 4, "mechanisms" -> 4, "matters" -> 4, "massive" -> 4, "manner" -> 4, "mandatory" -> 4, "making" -> 4, "maintain" -> 4, "live" -> 4, "like" -> 4, "life" -> 4, "less" -> 4, "legitimate" -> 4, "left" -> 4, "leadership" -> 4, "Law" -> 4, "Labor" -> 4, "Korea" -> 4, "key" -> 4, "issues" -> 4, "interference" -> 4, "integrity" -> 4, "insuring" -> 4, "influence" -> 4, "industrial" -> 4, "include" -> 4, "importance" -> 4, "implemented" -> 4, "impact" -> 4, "immediate" -> 4, "illegal" -> 4, "historic" -> 4, "greatest" -> 4, "goods" -> 4, "General" -> 4, "forms" -> 4, "flexible" -> 4, "fleet" -> 4, "financed" -> 4, "few" -> 4, "failed" -> 4, "face" -> 4, "estate" -> 4, "equipment" -> 4, "equally" -> 4, "Equal" -> 4, "enacted" -> 4, "Employment" -> 4, "eligibility" -> 4, "efficiently" -> 4, "Economic" -> 4, "Eastern" -> 4, "ease" -> 4, "early" -> 4, "duplication" -> 4, "drugs" -> 4, "dollars" -> 4, "disclosure" -> 4, "directly" -> 4, "diplomatic" -> 4, "deprivation" -> 4, "demand" -> 4, "Defense" -> 4, "dealing" -> 4, "currently" -> 4, "cover" -> 4, "conversion" -> 4, "constructive" -> 4, "constitutional" -> 4, "confidence" -> 4, "concentration" -> 4, "Community" -> 4, "common" -> 4, "commodity" -> 4, "come" -> 4, "code" -> 4, "China" -> 4, "ceiling" -> 4, "capability" -> 4, "bureaucratic" -> 4, "black" -> 4, "being" -> 4, "back" -> 4, "At" -> 4, "assist" -> 4, "assessment" -> 4, "Asia" -> 4, "armed" -> 4, "annual" -> 4, "Angola" -> 4, "And" -> 4, "America's" -> 4, "alternative" -> 4, "alone" -> 4, "afford" -> 4, "affairs" -> 4, "adversaries" -> 4, "adoption" -> 4, "administrations" -> 4, "addition" -> 4, "actually" -> 4, "actions" -> 4, "account" -> 4, "accept" -> 4, "abuses" -> 4, "1970" -> 4, "1968" -> 4, "willing" -> 3, "what" -> 3, "Western" -> 3, "ways" -> 3, "War" -> 3, "vitality" -> 3, "virtually" -> 3, "violations" -> 3, "utility" -> 3, "U.S.-U.S.S.R" -> 3, "users" -> 3, "useful" -> 3, "urgent" -> 3, "upon" -> 3, "unprecedented" -> 3, "universal" -> 3, "uniform" -> 3, "unequal" -> 3, "Unemployment" -> 3, "undertaken" -> 3, "understanding" -> 3, "undermine" -> 3, "unconstitutional" -> 3, "Two" -> 3, "two" -> 3, "trust" -> 3, "trained" -> 3, "total" -> 3, "together" -> 3, "Today" -> 3, "today" -> 3, "Title" -> 3, "thus" -> 3, "throughout" -> 3, "threaten" -> 3, "tension" -> 3, "task" -> 3, "taken" -> 3, "tactical" -> 3, "survive" -> 3, "supports" -> 3, "supporting" -> 3, "supplies" -> 3, "structured" -> 3, "strongly" -> 3, "stop" -> 3, "sought" -> 3, "soil" -> 3, "similarly" -> 3, "shortages" -> 3, "shipping" -> 3, "shift" -> 3, "shelter" -> 3, "serious" -> 3, "seeking" -> 3, "see" -> 3, "Security" -> 3, "secondary" -> 3, "safeguards" -> 3, "Rural" -> 3, "rules" -> 3, "revitalize" -> 3, "revitalization" -> 3, "resulting" -> 3, "resolve" -> 3, "remedies" -> 3, "rely" -> 3, "relieve" -> 3, "Relations" -> 3, "regulated" -> 3, "reduction" -> 3, "redress" -> 3, "recognizing" -> 3, "realities" -> 3, "reach" -> 3, "rail" -> 3, "pursue" -> 3, "purposes" -> 3, "punishment" -> 3, "Puerto" -> 3, "protected" -> 3, "prosecution" -> 3, "propose" -> 3, "promoting" -> 3, "productivity" -> 3, "product" -> 3, "producing" -> 3, "privacy" -> 3, "priorities" -> 3, "pricing" -> 3, "press" -> 3, "preferable" -> 3, "practice" -> 3, "populations" -> 3, "pollution" -> 3, "politics" -> 3, "pledged" -> 3, "phased" -> 3, "periodic" -> 3, "peoples" -> 3, "path" -> 3, "parts" -> 3, "particular" -> 3, "participate" -> 3, "overcome" -> 3, "Over" -> 3, "ourselves" -> 3, "organize" -> 3, "oppression" -> 3, "opposition" -> 3, "oppose" -> 3, "operate" -> 3, "once" -> 3, "Older" -> 3, "official" -> 3, "Of" -> 3, "obtain" -> 3, "neighbors" -> 3, "negotiations" -> 3, "negotiate" -> 3, "neglect" -> 3, "naval" -> 3, "multilateral" -> 3, "moral" -> 3, "monetary" -> 3, "moderate" -> 3, "minorities" -> 3, "millions" -> 3, "middle-income" -> 3, "merchant" -> 3, "measure" -> 3, "meaningful" -> 3, "matching" -> 3, "Many" -> 3, "majority" -> 3, "lower" -> 3, "long-term" -> 3, "long-range" -> 3, "longer" -> 3, "line" -> 3, "limits" -> 3, "limitation" -> 3, "liberalization" -> 3, "legislative" -> 3, "Latin" -> 3, "larger" -> 3, "large" -> 3, "know" -> 3, "justified" -> 3, "Justice" -> 3, "Ireland" -> 3, "involved" -> 3, "investments" -> 3, "integration" -> 3, "instability" -> 3, "innovation" -> 3, "injustice" -> 3, "Inflation" -> 3, "industries" -> 3, "Indian" -> 3, "includes" -> 3, "incentive" -> 3, "impose" -> 3, "imports" -> 3, "illusion" -> 3, "how" -> 3, "honest" -> 3, "homes" -> 3, "historical" -> 3, "hiring" -> 3, "highly" -> 3, "highest" -> 3, "her" -> 3, "Health" -> 3, "hardship" -> 3, "harassment" -> 3, "greatly" -> 3, "grant" -> 3, "government's" -> 3, "governmental" -> 3, "good" -> 3, "go" -> 3, "Further" -> 3, "fullest" -> 3, "friends" -> 3, "Freedom" -> 3, "framework" -> 3, "found" -> 3, "forward" -> 3, "formula" -> 3, "Food" -> 3, "flexibility" -> 3, "fixed" -> 3, "Finally" -> 3, "fight" -> 3, "field" -> 3, "federally" -> 3, "features" -> 3, "farms" -> 3, "farmer" -> 3, "fairness" -> 3, "Fair" -> 3, "failure" -> 3, "fact" -> 3, "facilitate" -> 3, "faced" -> 3, "extent" -> 3, "export" -> 3, "exploration" -> 3, "expensive" -> 3, "expenditure" -> 3, "expect" -> 3, "expanded" -> 3, "exist" -> 3, "Executive" -> 3, "example" -> 3, "evidence" -> 3, "establishing" -> 3, "erosion" -> 3, "eroded" -> 3, "endangering" -> 3, "encouraging" -> 3, "enable" -> 3, "employees" -> 3, "embargo" -> 3, "elections" -> 3, "either" -> 3, "Eight" -> 3, "effectiveness" -> 3, "earnings" -> 3, "During" -> 3, "doing" -> 3, "disease" -> 3, "directed" -> 3, "diminishing" -> 3, "deterrent" -> 3, "desire" -> 3, "desegregation" -> 3, "depression" -> 3, "dependent" -> 3, "Department" -> 3, "denied" -> 3, "demonstrated" -> 3, "demands" -> 3, "demanding" -> 3, "deficits" -> 3, "decision" -> 3, "death" -> 3, "dangers" -> 3, "dangerous" -> 3, "damage" -> 3, "cut" -> 3, "Cuba" -> 3, "crises" -> 3, "creation" -> 3, "country's" -> 3, "correct" -> 3, "coordination" -> 3, "controls" -> 3, "contractors" -> 3, "continues" -> 3, "conduct" -> 3, "conditions" -> 3, "concrete" -> 3, "concept" -> 3, "complex" -> 3, "companies" -> 3, "commit" -> 3, "combat" -> 3, "closest" -> 3, "chemicals" -> 3, "changes" -> 3, "challenges" -> 3, "carefully" -> 3, "Canal" -> 3, "burning" -> 3, "build" -> 3, "broad" -> 3, "block" -> 3, "bilateral" -> 3, "before" -> 3, "becoming" -> 3, "averaged" -> 3, "attack" -> 3, "assurance" -> 3, "assets" -> 3, "arts" -> 3, "approach" -> 3, "applied" -> 3, "Any" -> 3, "anti-recession" -> 3, "amounts" -> 3, "amend" -> 3, "alternatives" -> 3, "All" -> 3, "aimed" -> 3, "agreement" -> 3, "aggressive" -> 3, "after" -> 3, "affirmative" -> 3, "affected" -> 3, "adult" -> 3, "adopt" -> 3, "Administrations" -> 3, "administered" -> 3, "active" -> 3, "achieving" -> 3, "absolutely" -> 3, "$20" -> 2, "Yet" -> 2, "yet" -> 2, "wrong" -> 2, "word" -> 2, "Without" -> 2, "wisely" -> 2, "wind" -> 2, "willingness" -> 2, "wide" -> 2, "whole" -> 2, "wherever" -> 2, "Where" -> 2, "When" -> 2, "What" -> 2, "well-being" -> 2, "welcome" -> 2, "waterway" -> 2, "wasteful" -> 2, "wages" -> 2, "vulnerable" -> 2, "voting" -> 2, "voluntary" -> 2, "violence" -> 2, "Vice" -> 2, "VI" -> 2, "Veterans" -> 2, "utilization" -> 2, "using" -> 2, "upgrading" -> 2, "until" -> 2, "unreasonable" -> 2, "unity" -> 2, "unions" -> 2, "uninterrupted" -> 2, "unilateral" -> 2, "undue" -> 2, "undesirable" -> 2, "uncoordinated" -> 2, "uncertainty" -> 2, "types" -> 2, "true" -> 2, "troops" -> 2, "Treaty" -> 2, "treaty" -> 2, "treated" -> 2, "transport" -> 2, "transit" -> 2, "tragically" -> 2, "trafficking" -> 2, "towns" -> 2, "towards" -> 2, "tools" -> 2, "too" -> 2, "times" -> 2, "timely" -> 2, "tide" -> 2, "three" -> 2, "threats" -> 2, "thousands" -> 2, "thorough" -> 2, "thereby" -> 2, "tenets" -> 2, "telephone" -> 2, "technological" -> 2, "techniques" -> 2, "technical" -> 2, "Tax" -> 2, "taught" -> 2, "tape" -> 2, "takeover" -> 2, "systematically" -> 2, "systematic" -> 2, "sustained" -> 2, "suspicion" -> 2, "Supreme" -> 2, "supported" -> 2, "suppliers" -> 2, "superior" -> 2, "suffered" -> 2, "successfully" -> 2, "substitute" -> 2, "subject" -> 2, "structures" -> 2, "strive" -> 2, "strengthened" -> 2, "streets" -> 2, "strategies" -> 2, "stimulate" -> 2, "stifled" -> 2, "steady" -> 2, "steadily" -> 2, "stationed" -> 2, "State" -> 2, "starts" -> 2, "standing" -> 2, "Standards" -> 2, "Stamps" -> 2, "stake" -> 2, "stagnation" -> 2, "staff" -> 2, "stabilize" -> 2, "speedy" -> 2, "species" -> 2, "Southern" -> 2, "source" -> 2, "sorry" -> 2, "solutions" -> 2, "solution" -> 2, "solely" -> 2, "solar" -> 2, "smaller" -> 2, "single" -> 2, "Since" -> 2, "simplified" -> 2, "simple" -> 2, "shocks" -> 2, "sharing" -> 2, "shared" -> 2, "severe" -> 2, "setting" -> 2, "served" -> 2, "servants" -> 2, "seriously" -> 2, "separate" -> 2, "sentencing" -> 2, "sectors" -> 2, "scrutiny" -> 2, "schedule" -> 2, "sanctions" -> 2, "Sahel" -> 2, "safe" -> 2, "sacrificed" -> 2, "roads" -> 2, "road" -> 2, "risks" -> 2, "Rico" -> 2, "Rhodesia" -> 2, "rhetoric" -> 2, "revolutionary" -> 2, "reversed" -> 2, "Revenue" -> 2, "resulted" -> 2, "restraint" -> 2, "restraining" -> 2, "restored" -> 2, "rest" -> 2, "Resources" -> 2, "resort" -> 2, "resolution" -> 2, "residential" -> 2, "reserve" -> 2, "requirement" -> 2, "Republicans" -> 2, "Republic" -> 2, "represent" -> 2, "repeal" -> 2, "reorganize" -> 2, "reorganization" -> 2, "renew" -> 2, "removed" -> 2, "removal" -> 2, "religious" -> 2, "religion" -> 2, "relief" -> 2, "relationships" -> 2, "reiterate" -> 2, "reinforce" -> 2, "regulations" -> 2, "regulate" -> 2, "regressive" -> 2, "regimes" -> 2, "regardless" -> 2, "reformed" -> 2, "Reform" -> 2, "red" -> 2, "recycled" -> 2, "records" -> 2, "Recognizing" -> 2, "recipients" -> 2, "recessions" -> 2, "receive" -> 2, "rebuild" -> 2, "reasons" -> 2, "reality" -> 2, "realistic" -> 2, "raw" -> 2, "Rather" -> 2, "rapidly" -> 2, "rapid" -> 2, "rape" -> 2, "range" -> 2, "raised" -> 2, "raise" -> 2, "railroads" -> 2, "racial" -> 2, "race" -> 2, "quickly" -> 2, "Quality" -> 2, "pushed" -> 2, "pursuing" -> 2, "purely" -> 2, "purchasing" -> 2, "pupils" -> 2, "prudent" -> 2, "provides" -> 2, "protecting" -> 2, "prosperity" -> 2, "prospects" -> 2, "promptly" -> 2, "promoted" -> 2, "prohibit" -> 2, "productive" -> 2, "produces" -> 2, "processes" -> 2, "procedure" -> 2, "problem" -> 2, "privilege" -> 2, "priced" -> 2, "preventive" -> 2, "prestige" -> 2, "pressure" -> 2, "pressing" -> 2, "presently" -> 2, "preferences" -> 2, "positive" -> 2, "positions" -> 2, "pose" -> 2, "pleading" -> 2, "play" -> 2, "planned" -> 2, "plagued" -> 2, "places" -> 2, "physicians" -> 2, "petroleum" -> 2, "personal" -> 2, "person" -> 2, "permanent" -> 2, "periods" -> 2, "percent" -> 2, "people's" -> 2, "People" -> 2, "pension" -> 2, "peacetime" -> 2, "peacefully" -> 2, "paying" -> 2, "patient" -> 2, "passed" -> 2, "passage" -> 2, "part-time" -> 2, "partners" -> 2, "partner" -> 2, "parties" -> 2, "parity" -> 2, "oversight" -> 2, "otherwise" -> 2, "origin" -> 2, "organized" -> 2, "option" -> 2, "opposed" -> 2, "operation" -> 2, "OPEC" -> 2, "Only" -> 2, "old" -> 2, "often" -> 2, "officers" -> 2, "Office" -> 2, "offers" -> 2, "oceans" -> 2, "Occupational" -> 2, "obligations" -> 2, "objective" -> 2, "nothing" -> 2, "Northern" -> 2, "normalized" -> 2, "nor" -> 2, "non-farm" -> 2, "night" -> 2, "neither" -> 2, "neighborhood" -> 2, "negotiation" -> 2, "negotiated" -> 2, "neglected" -> 2, "Needs" -> 2, "nearly" -> 2, "Near" -> 2, "navy" -> 2, "nature" -> 2, "Namibia" -> 2, "Moreover" -> 2, "More" -> 2, "monitoring" -> 2, "moderate-income" -> 2, "misguided" -> 2, "mining" -> 2, "miners" -> 2, "mineral" -> 2, "men" -> 2, "meetings" -> 2, "meeting" -> 2, "Mediterranean" -> 2, "Medicare" -> 2, "Medicaid" -> 2, "mean" -> 2, "Maximum" -> 2, "maximum" -> 2, "maximize" -> 2, "material" -> 2, "mass" -> 2, "marketplace" -> 2, "manpower" -> 2, "managed" -> 2, "malfeasance" -> 2, "makes" -> 2, "mail" -> 2, "low-cost" -> 2, "loss" -> 2, "lose" -> 2, "localities" -> 2, "liquidate" -> 2, "linked" -> 2, "lines" -> 2, "limited" -> 2, "limitations" -> 2, "lie" -> 2, "liberty" -> 2, "let" -> 2, "leasing" -> 2, "leaders" -> 2, "leader" -> 2, "lawlessness" -> 2, "language" -> 2, "labeling" -> 2, "knows" -> 2, "known" -> 2, "knowledge" -> 2, "kind" -> 2, "keeping" -> 2, "jurisdictions" -> 2, "jurisdiction" -> 2, "judicial" -> 2, "judges" -> 2, "Jobs" -> 2, "Jerusalem" -> 2, "Japanese" -> 2, "issue" -> 2, "isolation" -> 2, "isolated" -> 2, "isolate" -> 2, "irresponsible" -> 2, "investigate" -> 2, "introduce" -> 2, "Internal" -> 2, "intensify" -> 2, "intelligent" -> 2, "insured" -> 2, "institutional" -> 2, "institution" -> 2, "Instead" -> 2, "Information" -> 2, "ineffective" -> 2, "industrialized" -> 2, "indirect" -> 2, "indifference" -> 2, "Indians" -> 2, "improvements" -> 2, "Improved" -> 2, "imposed" -> 2, "imported" -> 2, "importantly" -> 2, "immediately" -> 2, "illusions" -> 2, "illness" -> 2, "illicit" -> 2, "ill" -> 2, "II" -> 2, "ignored" -> 2, "identify" -> 2, "ideas" -> 2, "ideal" -> 2, "I" -> 2, "hunger" -> 2, "Humanities" -> 2, "Human" -> 2, "houses" -> 2, "hospitalization" -> 2, "hope" -> 2, "history" -> 2, "high-risk" -> 2, "high-level" -> 2, "helping" -> 2, "hearings" -> 2, "hard" -> 2, "guns" -> 2, "guaranteed" -> 2, "guarantee" -> 2, "grounded" -> 2, "grain" -> 2, "governing" -> 2, "gives" -> 2, "gift" -> 2, "geothermal" -> 2, "genuine" -> 2, "generations" -> 2, "generally" -> 2, "gap" -> 2, "funded" -> 2, "Fund" -> 2, "functioning" -> 2, "function" -> 2, "full-employment" -> 2, "Full" -> 2, "fuel" -> 2, "freely" -> 2, "four" -> 2, "founders" -> 2, "foster" -> 2, "forth" -> 2, "formulate" -> 2, "formation" -> 2, "forgotten" -> 2, "forests" -> 2, "foremost" -> 2, "focusing" -> 2, "focus" -> 2, "flow" -> 2, "five" -> 2, "fissionable" -> 2, "fiscally" -> 2, "find" -> 2, "finance" -> 2, "fighting" -> 2, "FHA" -> 2, "fewer" -> 2, "fellow" -> 2, "fear" -> 2, "favoritism" -> 2, "farming" -> 2, "faith" -> 2, "extensive" -> 2, "extending" -> 2, "expenses" -> 2, "expense" -> 2, "expansion" -> 2, "exert" -> 2, "exercising" -> 2, "exercise" -> 2, "exemptions" -> 2, "excuse" -> 2, "excluded" -> 2, "excessive" -> 2, "exceed" -> 2, "ever-increasing" -> 2, "evaluation" -> 2, "estimated" -> 2, "equitably" -> 2, "equals" -> 2, "equality" -> 2, "enlightened" -> 2, "enjoyed" -> 2, "enhanced" -> 2, "Enforcement" -> 2, "enforced" -> 2, "ends" -> 2, "endorse" -> 2, "ended" -> 2, "endangered" -> 2, "encourages" -> 2, "enact" -> 2, "emphasizing" -> 2, "emphasize" -> 2, "emigration" -> 2, "eliminated" -> 2, "element" -> 2, "Efforts" -> 2, "effect" -> 2, "Educational" -> 2, "Education" -> 2, "duty" -> 2, "dropped" -> 2, "dominated" -> 2, "dominate" -> 2, "Domestic" -> 2, "dollar" -> 2, "divide" -> 2, "diverted" -> 2, "distrust" -> 2, "disposal" -> 2, "dispersed" -> 2, "dislocations" -> 2, "discriminate" -> 2, "disarmament" -> 2, "disadvantaged" -> 2, "disabled" -> 2, "direction" -> 2, "diplomacy" -> 2, "dignity" -> 2, "difficult" -> 2, "different" -> 2, "deterrence" -> 2, "detention" -> 2, "detente" -> 2, "detection" -> 2, "destruction" -> 2, "depressed" -> 2, "deplore" -> 2, "dependence" -> 2, "deny" -> 2, "democracy" -> 2, "demise" -> 2, "deductions" -> 2, "decline" -> 2, "decision-making" -> 2, "dealings" -> 2, "danger" -> 2, "Current" -> 2, "cure" -> 2, "curb" -> 2, "critical" -> 2, "credits" -> 2, "creates" -> 2, "coverage" -> 2, "courts" -> 2, "Court" -> 2, "costly" -> 2, "cornerstone" -> 2, "cooperatives" -> 2, "conviction" -> 2, "controlling" -> 2, "contributions" -> 2, "contribution" -> 2, "contribute" -> 2, "contrast" -> 2, "context" -> 2, "consuming" -> 2, "constitutionally" -> 2, "Constitution" -> 2, "consistently" -> 2, "Consistent" -> 2, "considered" -> 2, "Conservation" -> 2, "conglomerates" -> 2, "condition" -> 2, "concerns" -> 2, "concerning" -> 2, "concentrate" -> 2, "conceived" -> 2, "compromising" -> 2, "compliance" -> 2, "complexity" -> 2, "complete" -> 2, "complaints" -> 2, "Competition" -> 2, "competent" -> 2, "compensatory" -> 2, "compensate" -> 2, "Commission" -> 2, "combination" -> 2, "color" -> 2, "colleges" -> 2, "closely" -> 2, "close" -> 2, "climate" -> 2, "clean" -> 2, "class" -> 2, "city" -> 2, "Citizens" -> 2, "Citizen" -> 2, "Cities" -> 2, "cheeks" -> 2, "charged" -> 2, "changing" -> 2, "challenge" -> 2, "central" -> 2, "centers" -> 2, "caused" -> 2, "categories" -> 2, "careful" -> 2, "candidates" -> 2, "Business" -> 2, "bureaucracy" -> 2, "built" -> 2, "building" -> 2, "bugging" -> 2, "budgets" -> 2, "brought" -> 2, "branch" -> 2, "boycotts" -> 2, "boundary" -> 2, "borne" -> 2, "bilingual" -> 2, "big" -> 2, "beneficial" -> 2, "belong" -> 2, "Because" -> 2, "base" -> 2, "ban" -> 2, "bad" -> 2, "B-1" -> 2, "away" -> 2, "avoiding" -> 2, "availability" -> 2, "automatic" -> 2, "attractive" -> 2, "Attorney" -> 2, "attention" -> 2, "attempt" -> 2, "atmosphere" -> 2, "Asian" -> 2, "Arts" -> 2, "arsenals" -> 2, "around" -> 2, "arise" -> 2, "arbitrary" -> 2, "Arab" -> 2, "approaches" -> 2, "antitrust" -> 2, "Americas" -> 2, "Amendment" -> 2, "allows" -> 2, "allow" -> 2, "alcoholism" -> 2, "Aid" -> 2, "ago" -> 2, "aggressively" -> 2, "aggression" -> 2, "age" -> 2, "afraid" -> 2, "aesthetic" -> 2, "advocacy" -> 2, "advisors" -> 2, "advertising" -> 2, "advantages" -> 2, "advanced" -> 2, "advance" -> 2, "administrators" -> 2, "administrative" -> 2, "adjusted" -> 2, "adherence" -> 2, "addiction" -> 2, "across" -> 2, "acknowledge" -> 2, "achieved" -> 2, "accurate" -> 2, "accounting" -> 2, "Accountability" -> 2, "accountability" -> 2, "acceptable" -> 2, "abused" -> 2, "abundance" -> 2, "absence" -> 2, "Above" -> 2, "6" -> 2, "40" -> 2, "4" -> 2, "25" -> 2, "20" -> 2, "1974" -> 2, "1972" -> 2, "1960" -> 2, "1954" -> 2, "14" -> 2, "$90" -> 1, "$76" -> 1, "$7" -> 1, "$547" -> 1, "$50" -> 1, "$5" -> 1, "$3" -> 1, "$27" -> 1, "$2.5" -> 1, "$242" -> 1, "$2" -> 1, "$14" -> 1, "$133" -> 1, "$100,000" -> 1, "$1" -> 1, "Zionism" -> 1, "zero-based" -> 1, "Yugoslavia—would" -> 1, "Younger" -> 1, "yoke" -> 1, "worthless" -> 1, "worse" -> 1, "world—which" -> 1, "worldwide" -> 1, "world's" -> 1, "works" -> 1, "workplace" -> 1, "Working" -> 1, "workers—unemployment" -> 1, "worker" -> 1, "workable" -> 1, "Women" -> 1, "Within" -> 1, "withholding" -> 1, "withhold" -> 1, "withdraw" -> 1, "wish" -> 1, "wiretaps" -> 1, "wiretapping" -> 1, "windfalls" -> 1, "win" -> 1, "will—work" -> 1, "wildlife" -> 1, "wilderness" -> 1, "wild" -> 1, "widows" -> 1, "widespread" -> 1, "wider" -> 1, "widely" -> 1, "whom" -> 1, "wholly" -> 1, "wholesomeness" -> 1, "white" -> 1, "whether" -> 1, "whenever" -> 1, "whatsoever" -> 1, "West" -> 1, "well-equipped" -> 1, "well-defined" -> 1, "well-coordinated" -> 1, "Welfare" -> 1, "weekly" -> 1, "week" -> 1, "web" -> 1, "wealthy" -> 1, "wealthiest" -> 1, "weakened" -> 1, "weaken" -> 1, "Ways" -> 1, "watch-words" -> 1, "wastefully" -> 1, "Washington" -> 1, "wars" -> 1, "wants" -> 1, "walk" -> 1, "vulnerability" -> 1, "voter" -> 1, "vote" -> 1, "volume" -> 1, "voice" -> 1, "vocational" -> 1, "vitally" -> 1, "vision" -> 1, "visible" -> 1, "Virginia—set" -> 1, "virgin" -> 1, "violent" -> 1, "vindicate" -> 1, "views" -> 1, "view" -> 1, "victories" -> 1, "victims" -> 1, "victimless" -> 1, "victim" -> 1, "vicious" -> 1, "vetoing" -> 1, "veto" -> 1, "vessels" -> 1, "very" -> 1, "vastly" -> 1, "vast" -> 1, "various" -> 1, "variety" -> 1, "variations" -> 1, "values—the" -> 1, "values" -> 1, "valid" -> 1, "VA-approved" -> 1, "V" -> 1, "utilizing" -> 1, "utilities" -> 1, "U.S.-Soviet" -> 1, "uses" -> 1, "useless" -> 1, "U.S.-African" -> 1, "U.S.-Africa" -> 1, "urges" -> 1, "urgently" -> 1, "urgency" -> 1, "urge" -> 1, "upgrade" -> 1, "unwise" -> 1, "unstable" -> 1, "unscrupulous" -> 1, "unresponsive" -> 1, "unpaid" -> 1, "U.N.-ordered" -> 1, "unobtainable" -> 1, "Unnecessary" -> 1, "unnecessary" -> 1, "unless" -> 1, "unjustified" -> 1, "universities" -> 1, "Universal" -> 1, "union" -> 1, "unintended" -> 1, "uninhabitable" -> 1, "unfounded" -> 1, "unflinching" -> 1, "unfavorable" -> 1, "unfairly" -> 1, "unequivocal" -> 1, "unenforceable" -> 1, "unemployment-related" -> 1, "uneconomic" -> 1, "under-utilized" -> 1, "underutilization" -> 1, "undertakings" -> 1, "undertaking" -> 1, "underserved" -> 1, "underscores" -> 1, "undermines" -> 1, "undermined" -> 1, "underlying" -> 1, "underfunded" -> 1, "underdeveloped" -> 1, "undercut" -> 1, "Under" -> 1, "unconscionable" -> 1, "unchecked" -> 1, "unchanged" -> 1, "uncertain" -> 1, "unbelievably" -> 1, "unashamed" -> 1, "unalienable" -> 1, "U.N." -> 1, "ultimately" -> 1, "ultimate" -> 1, "type" -> 1, "two-thirds" -> 1, "two-earner" -> 1, "twice" -> 1, "twenty" -> 1, "tuition" -> 1, "truths" -> 1, "truthful" -> 1, "Trust" -> 1, "truly" -> 1, "trucking" -> 1, "triggering" -> 1, "tribes" -> 1, "trials" -> 1, "trends" -> 1, "trend" -> 1, "treat" -> 1, "treasury" -> 1, "travail" -> 1, "Transportation" -> 1, "translate" -> 1, "transformed" -> 1, "transferring" -> 1, "transfer" -> 1, "trampling" -> 1, "Trainee-ships" -> 1, "tragic" -> 1, "tradition" -> 1, "traders" -> 1, "toys" -> 1, "Toward" -> 1, "tough-minded" -> 1, "Tough" -> 1, "tough" -> 1, "touchstone" -> 1, "totalitarian" -> 1, "totaling" -> 1, "torture" -> 1, "tool" -> 1, "tolerating" -> 1, "tolerate" -> 1, "token" -> 1, "timetables" -> 1, "tightened" -> 1, "ties" -> 1, "thwarted" -> 1, "Thus" -> 1, "thriving" -> 1, "three-quarters" -> 1, "three-fourths" -> 1, "threatened" -> 1, "thousand" -> 1, "thoroughly" -> 1, "Thirty" -> 1, "thirty" -> 1, "Third" -> 1, "third" -> 1, "therefore" -> 1, "thereafter" -> 1, "That" -> 1, "tests" -> 1, "test" -> 1, "terrorist" -> 1, "terrorism" -> 1, "terror" -> 1, "territory" -> 1, "terminated" -> 1, "terminate" -> 1, "tensions" -> 1, "tenor" -> 1, "Ten" -> 1, "Tel" -> 1, "technology-intensive" -> 1, "tax—which" -> 1, "tax-paying" -> 1, "taxpayers" -> 1, "taxpayer" -> 1, "tax-loss" -> 1, "taxi" -> 1, "taxation" -> 1, "taxable" -> 1, "target-shooting" -> 1, "targets" -> 1, "target" -> 1, "talk" -> 1, "talented" -> 1, "taking" -> 1, "takes" -> 1, "Taiwan" -> 1, "tailored" -> 1, "Taft-Hartley" -> 1, "tactics" -> 1, "syndicates" -> 1, "symbolic" -> 1, "symbol" -> 1, "swift" -> 1, "suspend" -> 1, "survival" -> 1, "survivability" -> 1, "surplus" -> 1, "sure" -> 1, "supposed" -> 1, "supplicants" -> 1, "supervision" -> 1, "superiority" -> 1, "sunset" -> 1, "sums" -> 1, "sum" -> 1, "suited" -> 1, "sufficiently" -> 1, "suffering" -> 1, "Suez" -> 1, "Successful" -> 1, "success" -> 1, "suburbs" -> 1, "substituted" -> 1, "substantial" -> 1, "substandard" -> 1, "subsidizing" -> 1, "subsidization" -> 1, "subservient" -> 1, "subsequent" -> 1, "subcontinent" -> 1, "study" -> 1, "struggles" -> 1, "structural" -> 1, "stronger" -> 1, "Strong" -> 1, "Strip" -> 1, "strife" -> 1, "strict" -> 1, "stricken" -> 1, "stresses" -> 1, "strengthens" -> 1, "streamline" -> 1, "stranglehold" -> 1, "strained" -> 1, "stored" -> 1, "stop-and-go" -> 1, "stockpiles" -> 1, "stockholders" -> 1, "stimulus" -> 1, "stimulates" -> 1, "Steps" -> 1, "stepped-up" -> 1, "step" -> 1, "stemmed" -> 1, "steadfastly" -> 1, "steadfast" -> 1, "stay" -> 1, "statutes" -> 1, "statesmanship" -> 1, "stated" -> 1, "State-based" -> 1, "starches" -> 1, "standard" -> 1, "stance" -> 1, "stamps" -> 1, "stakes" -> 1, "stained" -> 1, "Stagnation" -> 1, "Stagflation" -> 1, "Stable" -> 1, "stabilization" -> 1, "Stability" -> 1, "squandered" -> 1, "spur" -> 1, "spreading" -> 1, "spread" -> 1, "sportsmen" -> 1, "spiritually" -> 1, "spinal" -> 1, "spent" -> 1, "spelled" -> 1, "speed" -> 1, "speculators" -> 1, "Specifically" -> 1, "specifically" -> 1, "specials" -> 1, "speaks" -> 1, "speaking" -> 1, "sparsely-equipped" -> 1, "Spain" -> 1, "Soviet-American" -> 1, "sovereignty—the" -> 1, "Southeast" -> 1, "soundly" -> 1, "sought—against" -> 1, "soon" -> 1, "sometimes" -> 1, "Something" -> 1, "solved" -> 1, "solid" -> 1, "society—whether" -> 1, "societies" -> 1, "so-called" -> 1, "soaring" -> 1, "smooth" -> 1, "Small" -> 1, "slowly" -> 1, "slogan" -> 1, "slander" -> 1, "skyrocket" -> 1, "six" -> 1, "situation" -> 1, "site" -> 1, "simplifying" -> 1, "simplify" -> 1, "similarly-aged" -> 1, "Similar" -> 1, "similar" -> 1, "significantly" -> 1, "significance" -> 1, "sides" -> 1, "side" -> 1, "sickle" -> 1, "shuttling" -> 1, "shut" -> 1, "short-term" -> 1, "short-run" -> 1, "shortfall" -> 1, "shop" -> 1, "shirk" -> 1, "shifting" -> 1, "shifted" -> 1, "shelters" -> 1, "shelf" -> 1, "shaken" -> 1, "sewage" -> 1, "several" -> 1, "settle" -> 1, "servicing" -> 1, "services—actions" -> 1, "Services" -> 1, "servant" -> 1, "sequence" -> 1, "separation" -> 1, "sentences" -> 1, "sensors" -> 1, "send" -> 1, "self-respect" -> 1, "self-interest—government" -> 1, "self-fulfilling" -> 1, "self-evident" -> 1, "self-esteem" -> 1, "self-determination" -> 1, "selectively" -> 1, "selection" -> 1, "selected" -> 1, "select" -> 1, "segments" -> 1, "see-saw" -> 1, "seem" -> 1, "securely" -> 1, "sections" -> 1, "Section" -> 1, "section" -> 1, "secretly" -> 1, "secretive" -> 1, "Secondary" -> 1, "seamless" -> 1, "seamen" -> 1, "sea" -> 1, "scrutinize" -> 1, "sciences" -> 1, "schools—education" -> 1, "schedules" -> 1, "scheduled" -> 1, "scatter" -> 1, "Savings" -> 1, "saving" -> 1, "save" -> 1, "Saturday" -> 1, "satisfaction" -> 1, "salary" -> 1, "Safety" -> 1, "safely" -> 1, "safeguards—both" -> 1, "saddled" -> 1, "sacrificing" -> 1, "running" -> 1, "run" -> 1, "root" -> 1, "roles" -> 1, "rivers" -> 1, "rivalry" -> 1, "risk" -> 1, "rises" -> 1, "rigorously" -> 1, "rigorous" -> 1, "Rico's" -> 1, "rhetorically" -> 1, "rhetorical" -> 1, "rewarded" -> 1, "reward" -> 1, "revulsion" -> 1, "revolving" -> 1, "revitalized" -> 1, "revised" -> 1, "revelations" -> 1, "revealed" -> 1, "revamped" -> 1, "returning" -> 1, "retrogression" -> 1, "retarded" -> 1, "retardation" -> 1, "retaliation" -> 1, "retain" -> 1, "resumed" -> 1, "results" -> 1, "resultant" -> 1, "restructuring" -> 1, "restructured" -> 1, "restrictive" -> 1, "restricting" -> 1, "restraints" -> 1, "restrain" -> 1, "restoring" -> 1, "restoration" -> 1, "restates" -> 1, "Responsive" -> 1, "response" -> 1, "responds" -> 1, "responded" -> 1, "respond" -> 1, "respects" -> 1, "resources—we" -> 1, "resource" -> 1, "resolutions" -> 1, "resolute" -> 1, "resisting" -> 1, "resistance" -> 1, "residents" -> 1, "Resident" -> 1, "Reserve" -> 1, "rescue" -> 1, "reprocessing" -> 1, "repressive" -> 1, "repression" -> 1, "represents" -> 1, "representing" -> 1, "representatives" -> 1, "representation" -> 1, "replenishment" -> 1, "replacement" -> 1, "replace" -> 1, "repeated" -> 1, "repair" -> 1, "renting" -> 1, "renovation" -> 1, "renews" -> 1, "renders" -> 1, "rendered" -> 1, "removing" -> 1, "remote" -> 1, "remind" -> 1, "remained" -> 1, "reluctance" -> 1, "relocate" -> 1, "relieving" -> 1, "relied" -> 1, "reliance" -> 1, "reliable" -> 1, "reliability" -> 1, "relevant" -> 1, "releases" -> 1, "released" -> 1, "release" -> 1, "relaxation" -> 1, "relative" -> 1, "relating" -> 1, "rekindling" -> 1, "reinstate" -> 1, "reinforcing" -> 1, "rehabilitates" -> 1, "Regulatory" -> 1, "regulators" -> 1, "Regulations" -> 1, "regular" -> 1, "registration" -> 1, "regime" -> 1, "regain" -> 1, "refuse" -> 1, "refusal" -> 1, "refugees" -> 1, "refrains" -> 1, "reformulated" -> 1, "reforming" -> 1, "reflects" -> 1, "refineries" -> 1, "reexamined" -> 1, "re-examination" -> 1, "redrawing" -> 1, "red-lining" -> 1, "redistributing" -> 1, "redistributes" -> 1, "redeploy" -> 1, "recycling" -> 1, "recurring" -> 1, "recruitment" -> 1, "recruited" -> 1, "recruit" -> 1, "recommend" -> 1, "recognized" -> 1, "reciprocal" -> 1, "recipient" -> 1, "Recessions" -> 1, "recession-related" -> 1, "Recent" -> 1, "receiving" -> 1, "received" -> 1, "recapture" -> 1, "reassure" -> 1, "reasserts" -> 1, "reasonably" -> 1, "reappraisal" -> 1, "realizes" -> 1, "realize" -> 1, "realization" -> 1, "Real" -> 1, "reaffirming" -> 1, "reading" -> 1, "reactor" -> 1, "react" -> 1, "reaching" -> 1, "rational" -> 1, "ratio" -> 1, "ratification" -> 1, "rate—for" -> 1, "Rates" -> 1, "rare" -> 1, "ranches" -> 1, "ranchers" -> 1, "rampant" -> 1, "Raising" -> 1, "raising" -> 1, "raging" -> 1, "rafted" -> 1, "racist" -> 1, "racism" -> 1, "quo" -> 1, "Quite" -> 1, "quest" -> 1, "quantity" -> 1, "qualifications" -> 1, "pushers" -> 1, "push" -> 1, "Pursuit" -> 1, "pursued" -> 1, "pursuant" -> 1, "purport" -> 1, "purchasers" -> 1, "purchase" -> 1, "punishes" -> 1, "publish" -> 1, "public's" -> 1, "publicly" -> 1, "Public" -> 1, "pseudo-independence" -> 1, "prudently" -> 1, "provocative" -> 1, "provision" -> 1, "providers" -> 1, "proves" -> 1, "proven" -> 1, "Protecting" -> 1, "prospectively" -> 1, "prospect" -> 1, "prosecutors" -> 1, "prosecutorial" -> 1, "Prosecutor" -> 1, "prosecutor" -> 1, "proposes" -> 1, "proposals" -> 1, "proposal" -> 1, "proportion" -> 1, "promising" -> 1, "promises" -> 1, "projection" -> 1, "projected" -> 1, "prohibitions" -> 1, "prohibition" -> 1, "prohibited" -> 1, "progressive" -> 1, "Progress" -> 1, "programs—operated" -> 1, "Program" -> 1, "profound" -> 1, "profit-oriented" -> 1, "profiteering" -> 1, "proficiency" -> 1, "professions—without" -> 1, "professionals" -> 1, "professionally" -> 1, "professional" -> 1, "Production" -> 1, "Product" -> 1, "Producers" -> 1, "producer" -> 1, "proceedings" -> 1, "proceed" -> 1, "problems—such" -> 1, "Privacy" -> 1, "prisons" -> 1, "prisoners—men" -> 1, "prior" -> 1, "Price" -> 1, "prevents" -> 1, "Prevention" -> 1, "prevail" -> 1, "pre-trial" -> 1, "pressures" -> 1, "presidential" -> 1, "presidency" -> 1, "preserved" -> 1, "preservation" -> 1, "presented" -> 1, "prerequisite" -> 1, "prepayment" -> 1, "prepared" -> 1, "premise" -> 1, "premature" -> 1, "prejudice" -> 1, "preference" -> 1, "predominantly" -> 1, "predictable" -> 1, "precious" -> 1, "preceding" -> 1, "Preamble" -> 1, "praised" -> 1, "pragmatic" -> 1, "practical" -> 1, "Potential" -> 1, "potent" -> 1, "posturing" -> 1, "posture" -> 1, "postsecondary" -> 1, "post-release" -> 1, "Postal" -> 1, "possibility" -> 1, "possession" -> 1, "possesses" -> 1, "possess" -> 1, "position" -> 1, "posing" -> 1, "Portugal" -> 1, "pork-barrel" -> 1, "popular" -> 1, "poorer" -> 1, "pollution-control" -> 1, "Political" -> 1, "policy—in" -> 1, "policy-making" -> 1, "polemics" -> 1, "point" -> 1, "plus" -> 1, "plight" -> 1, "plentiful" -> 1, "played" -> 1, "plant" -> 1, "plans" -> 1, "Plan" -> 1, "plagues" -> 1, "placing" -> 1, "placement" -> 1, "pipelines" -> 1, "picket" -> 1, "physically" -> 1, "philosophy" -> 1, "phases" -> 1, "phase" -> 1, "pessimism" -> 1, "Pertinent" -> 1, "per-student" -> 1, "person—an" -> 1, "person's" -> 1, "personnel" -> 1, "persist" -> 1, "perquisites" -> 1, "permissible" -> 1, "permanently" -> 1, "peril" -> 1, "performing" -> 1, "performers" -> 1, "Pentagon" -> 1, "pensions" -> 1, "pensioner" -> 1, "penalized" -> 1, "penalize" -> 1, "Peace" -> 1, "pays" -> 1, "payroll" -> 1, "payment" -> 1, "pawn" -> 1, "pattern" -> 1, "patients" -> 1, "Patience" -> 1, "patchwork" -> 1, "Party—Thomas" -> 1, "partnership" -> 1, "participant" -> 1, "partial" -> 1, "parental" -> 1, "pardon" -> 1, "paraprofessionals" -> 1, "paramedics" -> 1, "para-medical" -> 1, "paralysis" -> 1, 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1, "nutrition" -> 1, "nursing" -> 1, "now-chronic" -> 1, "Now" -> 1, "notorious" -> 1, "notion" -> 1, "North" -> 1, "normalizing" -> 1, "normalize" -> 1, "normalization" -> 1, "normal" -> 1, "Nor" -> 1, "non-weapon" -> 1, "non-veterans" -> 1, "non-segregated" -> 1, "nonrenewable" -> 1, "Nonproliferation" -> 1, "nonproliferation" -> 1, "non-poor" -> 1, "non-political" -> 1, "non-military" -> 1, "nonfeasance" -> 1, "none" -> 1, "nondiscrimination" -> 1, "noncooperating" -> 1, "nominate" -> 1, "no-fault" -> 1, "No" -> 1, "newer" -> 1, "New" -> 1, "Never" -> 1, "never" -> 1, "network" -> 1, "neighborhoods—a" -> 1, "neighborhoods" -> 1, "Neighbor" -> 1, "neglecting" -> 1, "negative" -> 1, "needless" -> 1, "necessity" -> 1, "Navy—on" -> 1, "Navy" -> 1, "Natural" -> 1, "nation—urban" -> 1, "nationwide" -> 1, "narrow" -> 1, "mutually-beneficial" -> 1, "mutually" -> 1, "mutuality" -> 1, "multiple" -> 1, "multination" -> 1, "much-needed" -> 1, "Much" -> 1, "movies" -> 1, "movement" -> 1, 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1, "manned" -> 1, "mankind" -> 1, "manipulative" -> 1, "manipulations" -> 1, "maneuvering" -> 1, "Mandatory" -> 1, "mandated" -> 1, "managing" -> 1, "managements" -> 1, "man" -> 1, "Major" -> 1, "maintaining" -> 1, "magnet" -> 1, "machinery" -> 1, "Lyndon" -> 1, "luxury" -> 1, "Luther" -> 1, "lung" -> 1, "lowest-income" -> 1, "looked" -> 1, "Long" -> 1, "locked" -> 1, "location" -> 1, "locating" -> 1, "locate" -> 1, "locally" -> 1, "lobbyists" -> 1, "lives" -> 1, "Little" -> 1, "little" -> 1, "listens" -> 1, "listed" -> 1, "link" -> 1, "limited-application" -> 1, "likely" -> 1, "lifeline" -> 1, "Life" -> 1, "library" -> 1, "Libraries" -> 1, "Liberty" -> 1, "liberties" -> 1, "libertarian" -> 1, "liberal" -> 1, "liabilities" -> 1, "lessons" -> 1, "lesson" -> 1, "lender" -> 1, "legitimately" -> 1, "legislators" -> 1, "Legislation" -> 1, "legislate" -> 1, "legally-constituted" -> 1, "legacy" -> 1, "led" -> 1, "leases" -> 1, "learned" -> 1, "learn" -> 1, "leading" -> 1, "Law-of-the-Sea" -> 1, "lawful" -> 1, "lawbreakers" -> 1, "late" -> 1, "lasting" -> 1, "largest" -> 1, "language-minority" -> 1, "lanes" -> 1, "lands" -> 1, "landmarks" -> 1, "lacked" -> 1, "lack" -> 1, "laboratories" -> 1, "King" -> 1, "killers" -> 1, "killed" -> 1, "Kerner" -> 1, "kept" -> 1, "Kennedy" -> 1, "juveniles" -> 1, "Juvenile" -> 1, "juvenile" -> 1, "justification" -> 1, "jury" -> 1, "jurisdictional" -> 1, "judiciary" -> 1, "Jr." -> 1, "join" -> 1, "Johnson" -> 1, "John" -> 1, "jobs—the" -> 1, "jobless" -> 1, "job-counseling" -> 1, "Job" -> 1, "Jewish" -> 1, "jeopardy" -> 1, "jeopardize" -> 1, "Jefferson" -> 1, "jailed" -> 1, "jail" -> 1, "IX" -> 1, "IV" -> 1, "issues—trade" -> 1, "Israel's" -> 1, "irreplaceable" -> 1, "irrecoverable" -> 1, "involving" -> 1, "involve" -> 1, "investigative" -> 1, "investigations" -> 1, "invested" -> 1, "invent" -> 1, "invasions" -> 1, "intrusions" -> 1, "intrinsic" -> 1, "intricate" -> 1, "intolerable" -> 1, "intervention" -> 1, "intervene" -> 1, "interstate" 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"independently" -> 1, "Indeed" -> 1, "incorporate" -> 1, "incompatible" -> 1, "Incentives" -> 1, "inappropriately" -> 1, "inadvertently" -> 1, "improving" -> 1, "improper" -> 1, "imprisonment" -> 1, "impoundment" -> 1, "impounded" -> 1, "impossible" -> 1, "impossibility" -> 1, "imposition" -> 1, "importation" -> 1, "imperatives" -> 1, "impeded" -> 1, "impairs" -> 1, "immigration" -> 1, "ills" -> 1, "III" -> 1, "ignoring" -> 1, "idle" -> 1, "identifies" -> 1, "husband" -> 1, "hunting" -> 1, "hungry" -> 1, "humanities" -> 1, "humanitarian" -> 1, "humane" -> 1, "Huge" -> 1, "huge" -> 1, "hours" -> 1, "hostilities" -> 1, "host" -> 1, "horizontal" -> 1, "hopefully" -> 1, "honorable" -> 1, "Homes" -> 1, "homeowners" -> 1, "homelands" -> 1, "holy" -> 1, "holiday" -> 1, "holdings" -> 1, "hold" -> 1, "hoc" -> 1, "hit" -> 1, "historically" -> 1, "his" -> 1, "him" -> 1, "Highway" -> 1, "highway" -> 1, "high-cost" -> 1, "High" -> 1, "hesitating" -> 1, "heritage" -> 1, "hemispheric" -> 1, "hemisphere" -> 1, "Helsinki" -> 1, "helped" -> 1, "held" -> 1, "heavy" -> 1, "heavily" -> 1, "heat" -> 1, "heart" -> 1, "heard" -> 1, "he" -> 1, "hazards" -> 1, "have—in" -> 1, "havens" -> 1, "Hatch" -> 1, "Haste" -> 1, "harsh" -> 1, "harness" -> 1, "harming" -> 1, "harmful" -> 1, "harm" -> 1, "hardware" -> 1, "hard-pressed" -> 1, "happy" -> 1, "Happiness—That" -> 1, "handicapped" -> 1, "Handguns" -> 1, "handguns" -> 1, "hand" -> 1, "halted" -> 1, "hallmarks" -> 1, "hallmark" -> 1, "half" -> 1, "gyrations" -> 1, "gun" -> 1, "guise" -> 1, "guiding" -> 1, "guidelines" -> 1, "guarantees" -> 1, "growth—that" -> 1, "Growth" -> 1, "grown" -> 1, "grow" -> 1, "group" -> 1, "ground" -> 1, "Gross" -> 1, "grips" -> 1, "grievances—is" -> 1, "grievances" -> 1, "Greece" -> 1, "grave" -> 1, "Grants" -> 1, "granting" -> 1, "grand" -> 1, "granary" -> 1, "graduate" -> 1, "gradually" -> 1, "gradual" -> 1, "government—responsive" -> 1, "government—anywhere" -> 1, "government-wide" -> 1, 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1, "firms" -> 1, "firmness" -> 1, "Firm" -> 1, "finds" -> 1, "finding" -> 1, "fill" -> 1, "Fighting" -> 1, "fifth" -> 1, "fierce" -> 1, "fields" -> 1, "fidelity" -> 1, "fertility" -> 1, "felony" -> 1, "fellowships" -> 1, "fees" -> 1, "feel" -> 1, "feed" -> 1, "federally-subsidized" -> 1, "February" -> 1, "feasible" -> 1, "feared" -> 1, "Fear" -> 1, "favorably" -> 1, "favor" -> 1, "faster" -> 1, "Farmers" -> 1, "famine" -> 1, "Families" -> 1, "falling" -> 1, "fall" -> 1, "faiths" -> 1, "fairer" -> 1, "failures" -> 1, "facts" -> 1, "factory" -> 1, "factors" -> 1, "facing" -> 1, "facilitating" -> 1, "face-to-face" -> 1, "faces" -> 1, "F" -> 1, "extravagant" -> 1, "extradition" -> 1, "extract" -> 1, "externally" -> 1, "extend" -> 1, "expression" -> 1, "expressed" -> 1, "exports" -> 1, "exported" -> 1, "exploitation" -> 1, "experiment" -> 1, "Experience" -> 1, "expends" -> 1, "expeditionary" -> 1, "expansionism" -> 1, "expanding" -> 1, "Exotic" -> 1, "exists" -> 1, "Existing" -> 1, "existence" -> 1, "exerting" -> 1, "exerted" -> 1, "exemption" -> 1, "executing" -> 1, "exclude" -> 1, "exchanges" -> 1, "excessively" -> 1, "excesses" -> 1, "Excess" -> 1, "Exceptions" -> 1, "exceptions" -> 1, "Except" -> 1, "examination" -> 1, "exacerbated" -> 1, "evolve" -> 1, "everywhere" -> 1, "Every" -> 1, "events" -> 1, "event" -> 1, "Even" -> 1, "Europe—such" -> 1, "Europeans" -> 1, "ethical" -> 1, "Establishment" -> 1, "establishment" -> 1, "essentially" -> 1, "espionage" -> 1, "erodes" -> 1, "erode" -> 1, "erase" -> 1, "era" -> 1, "equivalents" -> 1, "equating" -> 1, "equalizations" -> 1, "equalization" -> 1, "envision" -> 1, "environmentally" -> 1, "entrenched" -> 1, "enthusiastic" -> 1, "enterprises" -> 1, "entering" -> 1, "enter" -> 1, "ensuring" -> 1, "enrolled" -> 1, "enrichment" -> 1, "enormous" -> 1, "enjoying" -> 1, "enjoy" -> 1, "engaged" -> 1, "engage" -> 1, "energy—without" -> 1, "energy—natural" -> 1, "energies" -> 1, "enemy" -> 1, "enemies" -> 1, "Endowments" -> 1, "endowed" -> 1, "endless" -> 1, "ending" -> 1, "encroachment" -> 1, "Enactment" -> 1, "employment-creating" -> 1, "employer-employee" -> 1, "employ" -> 1, "emphatically" -> 1, "emphasizes" -> 1, "emphasized" -> 1, "emerging" -> 1, "emergency" -> 1, "embody" -> 1, "Embassy" -> 1, "embark" -> 1, "emasculating" -> 1, "elsewhere" -> 1, "eliminating" -> 1, "eligible" -> 1, "Elementary" -> 1, "electrification" -> 1, "electricity" -> 1, "electrical" -> 1, "electoral" -> 1, "elected" -> 1, "eight-year" -> 1, "effectuate" -> 1, "Effective" -> 1, "economy—through" -> 1, "economies" -> 1, "economics" -> 1, "economically" -> 1, "ecologically" -> 1, "eau" -> 1, "East—especially" -> 1, "easing" -> 1, "easily" -> 1, "earnest" -> 1, "earned" -> 1, "Early" -> 1, "eagerness" -> 1, "Each" -> 1, "duration" -> 1, "dunes" -> 1, "due" -> 1, "drawing" -> 1, "dramatically" -> 1, "dramatic" -> 1, "drain" -> 1, "downward" -> 1, "downstream" -> 1, "down" -> 1, "doubled" -> 1, "double" -> 1, "doors" -> 1, "door" -> 1, "domination" -> 1, "dominance" -> 1, "domestically" -> 1, "documents" -> 1, "doctors" -> 1, "divisions" -> 1, "divided" -> 1, "divestiture" -> 1, "District" -> 1, "distributed" -> 1, "distorts" -> 1, "disruption" -> 1, "disrupted" -> 1, "disregard" -> 1, "disputes" -> 1, "dispute" -> 1, "dispatch" -> 1, "disparities" -> 1, "Disorders" -> 1, "disorders" -> 1, "dislocation" -> 1, "disintegrating" -> 1, "disdained" -> 1, "discussion" -> 1, "discussed" -> 1, "discretion" -> 1, "discredited" -> 1, "discourage" -> 1, "discharging" -> 1, "disaster" -> 1, "disassociate" -> 1, "disadvantage" -> 1, "disablement" -> 1, "Disabled" -> 1, "disability" -> 1, "disabilities" -> 1, "diplomats" -> 1, "diminished" -> 1, "diminish" -> 1, "difficulties" -> 1, "differing" -> 1, "differences" -> 1, "did" -> 1, "dictated" -> 1, "devised" -> 1, "developments" -> 1, "developmental" -> 1, "developers" -> 1, "devaluation" -> 1, "determined" -> 1, "deterioration" -> 1, "deteriorating" -> 1, 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"cord" -> 1, "copyright" -> 1, "coordinating" -> 1, "Coordinated" -> 1, "cooperating" -> 1, "convicted" -> 1, "converted" -> 1, "contributed" -> 1, "contrary" -> 1, "contradicts" -> 1, "contracts" -> 1, "contract" -> 1, "continuous" -> 1, "continuity" -> 1, "continuation" -> 1, "continually" -> 1, "continental" -> 1, "continent" -> 1, "contained" -> 1, "consumption" -> 1, "consumer-oriented" -> 1, "consulted" -> 1, "consultation" -> 1, "construct" -> 1, "constituent" -> 1, "constantly" -> 1, "constant" -> 1, "consonance" -> 1, "consolidation" -> 1, "consolidate" -> 1, "consisting" -> 1, "Consideration" -> 1, "consideration" -> 1, "considerable" -> 1, "consequences" -> 1, "consent" -> 1, "consensus" -> 1, "consciously" -> 1, "conjunction" -> 1, "congestion" -> 1, "confrontations" -> 1, "conflicts" -> 1, "conflicting" -> 1, "confidentiality" -> 1, "Concretely" -> 1, "concluded" -> 1, "concessions" -> 1, "concessionary" -> 1, "concerted" -> 1, "concentrations" -> 1, "concentrated" -> 1, 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"Year" -> 1972, "Date" -> DateObject[{1972, 7, 10}], "Text" -> "New Directions: 1972-76\n\nSkepticism and cynicism are widespread in America. The people are skeptical of platforms filled with political platitudes—of promises made by opportunistic politicians.\nThe people are cynical about the idea that a rosy future is just around the corner.\nAnd is it any wonder that the people are skeptical and cynical of the whole political process?\nOur traditions, our history, our Constitution, our lives, all say that America belongs to its people.\nBut the people no longer believe it.\nThey feel that the government is run for the privileged few rather than for the many-and they are right.\nNo political party, no President, no government can by itself restore a lost sense of faith. No Administration can provide solutions to all our problems. What we can do is to recognize the doubts of Americans, to speak to those doubts, and to act to begin turning those doubts into hopes.\nAs Democrats, we know that we share responsibility for that loss of confidence. But we also know, as Democrats that at decisive moments of choice in our past, our party has offered leadership that has tapped the best within our country.\nOur party-standing by its ideals of domestic progress and enlightened internationalism--has served America well. We have nominated or elected men of the high calibre of Woodrow Wilson, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, Adlai E. Stevenson, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Lyndon Baines Johnson—and in the last election Hubert Humphrey and Edmund S. Muskie. In that proud tradition we are now prepared to move forward.\nWe know that our nation cannot tolerate any longer a government that shows no regard for the people's basic needs and no respect for our right to the truth from those who lead us. What do the people want? They want three things:\nThey want a personal life that makes us all feel that life is worth living;\nThey want a social environment whose institutions promote the good of all; and\nThey want a physical environment whose resources are used for the good of all.\nThey want an opportunity to achieve their aspirations and their dreams for themselves and their children.\nWe believe in the rights of citizens to achieve to the limit of their talents and energies. We are determined to remove barriers that limit citizens because they are black, brown, young or women; because they never had the chance to gain an education; because there was no possibility of being anything but what they were.\nWe believe in hard work as a fair measure of our own willingness to achieve. We are determined that millions should not stand idle while work demands to be done. We are determined that the dole should not become a permanent way of life for any. And we are determined that government no longer tax the product of hard work more rigorously than it taxes inherited wealth, or money that is gained simply by having money in the first place.\nWe believe that the law must apply equally to all, and that it must be an instrument of justice. We are determined that the citizen must be protected in his home and on his streets. We are determined also that the ordinary citizen should not be imprisoned for a crime before we know whether he is guilty or not while those with the right friends and the right connections can break the law without ever facing the consequences of their actions.\nWe believe that war is a waste of human life. We are determined to end forthwith a war which has cost 50,000 American lives, $150 billion of our resources, that has divided us from each other, drained our national will and inflicted incalculable damage to countless people. We will end that war by a simple plan that need not be kept secret: The immediate total withdrawal of all Americans from Southeast Asia.\nWe believe in the right of an individual to speak, think, read, write, worship, and live free of official intrusion. We are determined that our government must no longer tap the phones of law-abiding citizens nor spy on those who have broken no law. We are determined that never again shall government seek to censor the newspapers and television. We are determined that the government shall no longer mock the supreme law of the land, while it stands helpless in the face of crime which makes our neighborhoods and communities less and less safe.\nPerhaps most fundamentally, we believe that government is the servant, not the master, of the people. We are determined that government should not mean a force so huge, so impersonal, that the complaint of an ordinary citizen goes unheard.\nThat is not the kind of government America was created to build. Our ancestors did not fight a revolution and sacrifice their lives against tyrants from abroad to leave us a government that does not know how to listen to its own people.\nThe Democratic Party is proud of its past; but we are honest enough to admit that we are part of the past and share in its mistakes. We want in 1972 to begin the long and difficult task of reviewing existing programs, revising them to make them work and finding new techniques to serve the public need. We want to speak for, and with, the citizens of our country. Our pledge is to be truthful to the people and to ourselves, to tell you when we succeed, but also when we fail or when we are not sure. In 1976, when this nation celebrates its 200th anniversary, we want to tell you simply that we have done our best to give the government to those who formed it—the people of America.\nEvery election is a choice: In 1972, Americans must decide whether they want their country back again.\nII. Jobs, Prices and Taxes\n\n\"I went to school here and I had some training for truck driver school and I go to different places and put in applications for truck driving but they say, 'We can't hire you without the experience.' Now, I don't have the experience. I don't get the experience without the job first. I have four kids, you know, and I'm on unemployment. And when my unemployment runs out, I'll probably be on relief, like a lot of other people. But, being that I have so many kids, relief is just not going to be enough money. I'm looking for maybe the next year or two, if I don't get a job, they'll probably find me down at the county jail, because I have to do something.\"-Robert Coleman, Pittsburgh Hearing, June 2, 1972.\nThe Nixon Administration has deliberately driven people out of work in a heartless and ineffective effort to deal with inflation. Ending the Nixon policy of creating unemployment is the first task of the Democratic Party.\nThe Nixon \"game plan\" called for more unemployment. Tens of millions of families have suffered joblessness or work cutbacks in the last four years in the name of fighting inflation . . . and for nothing.\nPrices rose faster in early 1972 than at any time from 1960 to 1968.\nToday there are 5.5 million unemployed. The nation will have suffered $175 billion in lost production during the Nixon Administration by election day. Twenty per cent of our people have suffered a period without a job each year in the last three.\nBusiness has lost more in profits than it has gained from this Administration's business-oriented tax cuts.\nIn pockets of cities, up to 40 per cent of our young people are jobless.\nFarmers have seen the lowest parity ratios since the Great Depression.\nFor the first time in 30 years, there is substantial unemployment among aerospace technicians, teachers and other white-collar workers.\nThe economic projections have been manipulated for public relations purposes.\nThe current Nixon game plan includes a control structure which keeps workers' wages down while executive salaries soar, discourages productivity and distributes income away from those who need it and has produced no significant dent in inflation, as prices for food, clothes, rent and basic necessities soar.\nThese losses were unnecessary. They are the price of a Republican Administration which has no consistent economic philosophy, no adequate regard for the human costs of its economic decisions and no vision of what a full employment economy could mean for all Americans.\nJobs, Income and Dignity\n\nFull employment—a guaranteed job for all—is the primary economic objective of the Democratic Party. The Democratic Party is committed to a job for every American who seeks work. Only through full employment can we reduce the burden on working people. We are determined to make economic security a matter of right. This means a job with decent pay and good working conditions for everyone willing and able to work and an adequate income for those unable to work. It means abolition of the present welfare system.\nTo assure jobs and economic security for all, the next Democratic Administration should support:\nA full employment economy, making full use of fiscal and monetary policy to stimulate employment;\nTax reform directed toward equitable distribution of income and wealth and fair sharing of the cost of government;\nFull enforcement of all equal employment opportunity laws, including federal contract compliance and federally-regulated industries and giving the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission adequate staff and resources and power to issue cease and desist orders promptly;\nVastly increased efforts to open education at all levels and in all fields to minorities, women and other under-represented groups;\nAn effective nation-wide job placement system to entrance worker mobility;\nOpposition to arbitrarily high standards for entry to jobs;\nOverhaul of current manpower programs to assure training-without sex, race or language discrimination for jobs that really exist with continuous skill improvement and the chance for advancement;\nEconomic development programs to ensure the growth of communities and industry in lagging parts of the nation and the economy;\nUse of federal depository funds to reward banks and other financial institutions which invest in socially productive endeavors;\nImproved adjustment assistance and job creation for workers and employers hurt by foreign competition, reconversion of defense-oriented companies, rapid technological change and environmental protection activities;\nClosing tax loopholes that encourage the export of American jobs by American-controlled multi-national corporations;\nAssurance that the needs of society are considered when a decision to close or move an industrial plant is to be made and that income loss to workers and revenue loss to communities does not occur when plants are closed;\nAssurance that, whatever else is done in the income security area, the social security system provides a decent income for the elderly, the blind and the disabled and their dependents, with escalators so that benefits keep pace with rising prices and living standards;\nReform of social security and government employment security programs to remove all forms of discrimination by sex; and adequate federal income assistance for those who do not benefit sufficiently from the above measures.\nThe last is not least, but it is last for good reason. The present welfare system has failed because it has been required to make up for too many other failures. Millions of Americans are forced into public assistance because public policy too often creates no other choice.\nThe heart of a program of economic security based on earned income must be creating jobs and training people to fill them. Millions of jobs—real jobs, not make-work-need to be provided. Public service employment must be greatly expanded in order to make the government the employer of last resort and guarantee a job for all. Large sections of our cities resemble bombed-out Europe after World War II. Children in Appalachia cannot go to school when the dirt road is a sea of mud. Homes, schools and clinics, roads and mass transit systems need to be built.\nCleaning up our air and water will take skills and people in large numbers. In the school, the police department, the welfare agency or the recreation program, there are new careers to be developed to help ensure that social services reach the people for whom they are intended.\nIt may cost more, at least initially, to create decent jobs than to perpetuate the hand-out system of present welfare. But the return—in new public facilities and services, in the dignity of bringing a paycheck home and in the taxes that will come back in—far outweigh the cost of the investment.\nThe next Democratic Administration must end the present welfare system and replace it with an income security program which places cash assistance in an appropriate context with all of the measures outlined above, adding up to an earned income approach to ensure each family an income substantially more than the poverty level ensuring standards of decency and health, as officially defined in the area. Federal income assistance will supplement the income of working poor people and assure an adequate income for those unable to work. With full employment and simpler, fair administration, total costs will go down, and with federal financing the burden on local and state budgets will be eased. The program will protect current benefit goals during the transitional period.\nThe system of income protection which replaces welfare must he a part of the full employment policy which assures every American a job at a fair wage under conditions which make use of his ability and provide an opportunity for advancement. H.R. 1, and its various amendments, is not humane and does not meet the social and economic objectives that we believe in, and it should be defeated. It perpetuates the coercion of forced work requirements.\nEconomic Management\n\nEvery American family knows how its grocery bill has gone up under Nixon. Every American family has felt the bite of higher and higher prices for food and housing and clothing. The Administration attempts to stop price rises have been dismal failures—for which the working people have paid in lost jobs, missed raises and higher prices.\nThis nation achieved its economic greatness under a system of free enterprise, coupled with human effort and ingenuity, and thus it must remain. This will be the attitude and objective of the Party.\nThere must be an end to inflation and the ever-increasing cost of living. This is of vital concern to the laborer, the housewife, the farmer and the small businessman, as well as the millions of Americans dependent upon their weekly or monthly income for sustenance. It wrecks the retirement plans and lives of our elderly who must survive on pensions or savings gauged by the standards of another day.\nThrough greater efficiency in the operation of the machinery of government, so badly plagued with duplication, overlapping and excesses in programs, we will ensure that bureaucracy will cease to exist solely for bureaucracy's own sake. The institutions and functions of government will be judged by their efficiency of operation and their contribution to the lives and welfare of our citizens.\nA first priority of a Democratic Administration must be eliminating the unfair, bureaucratic Nixon wage and price controls.\nWhen price rises threaten to or do get out of control—as they are now—strong, fair action must be taken to protect family income and savings. The theme of that action should be swift, tough measures to break the wage-price spiral and restore the economy. In that kind of economic emergency, America's working people will support a truly fair stabilization program which affects profits, investment earnings, executive salaries and prices, as well as wages. The Nixon controls do not meet that standard. They have forced the American worker, who suffers most from inflation, to pay the price of trying to end it.\nIn addition to stabilizing the economy, we propose:\nTo develop automatic instruments protecting the livelihood of Americans who depend on fixed incomes, such as savings bonds with purchasing power guarantees and cost-of-living escalators in government social security and income support payments;\nTo create a system of \"recession insurance\" for states and localities to replace lost local revenues with federal funds in economic downturns, thereby avoiding reduction in public employment or public services;\nTo establish longer-term budget and fiscal planning; and\nTo create new mechanisms to stop unwarranted price increases in concentrated industries.\nToward Economic Justice\n\nThe Democratic Party deplores the increasing concentration of economic power in fewer and fewer hands. Five per cent of the American people control 90 per cent of our productive national wealth. Less than one per cent of all manufacturers have 88 per cent of the profits. Less than two per cent of the population now owns approximately 80 per cent of the nation's personally-held corporate stock, 90 per cent of the personally-held corporate bonds and nearly 100 per cent of the personally-held municipal bonds. The rest of the population—including all working men and women—pay too much for essential products and services because of national policy and market distortions.\nThe Democratic Administration should pledge itself to combat factors which tend to concentrate wealth and stimulate higher prices.\nTo this end, the federal government should:\nDevelop programs to spread economic growth among the workers, farmers and businessmen;\nHelp make parts of the economy more efficient such as medical care—where wasteful and inefficient practices now increase prices;\nStep up anti-trust action to help competition, with particular regard to laws and enforcement curbing conglomerate mergers which swallow up efficient small business and feed the power of corporate giants;\nStrengthen the anti-trust laws so that the divestiture remedy will be used vigorously to break up large conglomerates found to violate the antitrust laws;\nAbolish the oil import quota that raises prices for consumers;\nDeconcentrate shared monopolies such as auto, steel and tire industries which administer prices, create unemployment through restricted output and stifle technological innovation;\nAssure the right of the citizen to recover costs and attorneys fees in all successful suits including class actions involving Constitutionally-guaranteed rights, or rights secured by federal statutes;\nAdjust rate-making and regulatory activities, with particular attention to regulations which increase prices for food, transportation and other necessities;\nRemove artificial constraints in the job market by better job manpower training and strictly enforcing equal employment opportunity;\nStiffen the civil and criminal statutes to make corporate officers responsible for their actions; and\nEstablish a temporary national economic commission to study federal chartering of large multi-national and international corporations, concentrated ownership and control in the nation's economy.\nTax Reform\n\nThe last ten years have seen a massive shift in the tax burden from the rich to the working people of America. This is due to cuts in federal income taxes simultaneous with big increases in taxes which bear heavily on lower incomes—state and local sales and property taxes and the payroll tax. The federal tax system is still grossly unfair and over-complicated. The wealthy and corporations get special tax favors; major reform of the nation's tax structure is required to achieve a more equitable distribution of income and to raise the funds needed by government. The American people neither should nor will accept anything less from the next Administration.\nThe Nixon Administration, which fought serious reform in 1969, has no program, only promises, for tax reform. Its clumsy administrative favoring of the well-off has meant quick action on corporate tax giveaways like accelerated depreciation, while over-withholding from workers' paychecks goes on and on while the Administration tries to decide what to do.\nIn recent years, the federal tax system has moved precipitously in the wrong direction. Corporate taxes have dropped from 30 per cent of federal revenues in 1954 to 16 per cent in 1973, but payroll taxes for Social Security—regressive because the burden falls more heavily on the worker than on the wealthy—have gone from ten per cent to 29 per cent over the same period. If legislation now pending in Congress passes, pay-roll taxes will have increased over 500 per cent between 1960 and 1970—from $144 to $755—for the average wage earner. Most people earning under $10,000 now pay more in regressive payroll tax than in income tax.\nNow the Nixon Administration—which gave corporations the largest tax cut in American history—is considering a hidden national sales tax (Value Added Tax) which would further shift the burden to the average wage earner and raise prices of virtually everything ordinary people buy. It is cruel and unnecessary to pretend to relieve one bad tax, the property tax, by a new tax which is just as bad. We oppose this price-raising unfair tax in any form.\nFederal income tax. The Democratic Party believes that all unfair corporate and individual tax preferences should be removed. The tax law is clogged with complicated provisions and special interests, such as percentage oil depletion and other favors for the oil industry, special rates and rules for capital gains, fast depreciation unrelated to useful life, easy-to-abuse \"expense-account\" deductions and the ineffective minimum tax. These hidden expenditures in the federal budget are nothing more than billions of \"tax welfare\" aid for the wealthy, the privileged and the corporations.\nWe, therefore, endorse as a minimum step the Mills-Mansfield Tax Policy Review Act of 1972, which would repeal virtually all tax preferences in the existing law over the period 1974-1976, as a means of compelling a systematic review of their value to the nation. We acknowledge that the original reasons for some of these tax preferences may remain valid, but believe that none should escape close scrutiny and full public exposure. The most unjustified of the tax loopholes should, however, be closed immediately, without waiting for a review of the whole system.\nAfter the implementation of the minimum provisions of the Mills-Mansfield Act, the Democratic Party, to combat the economically-depressing effect of a regressive income tax scheme, proposes further revision of the tax law to ensure economic equality of opportunity to ordinary Americans.\nWe hold that the federal tax structure should reflect the following principles:\nThe cost of government must be distributed more fairly among income classes. We reaffirm the long-established principle of progressive taxation —allocating the burden according to ability to pay —which is all but a dead letter in the present tax code.\nThe cost of government must be distributed fairly among citizens in similar economic circumstances:\nDirect expenditures by the federal government which can be budgeted are better than tax preferences as the means for achieving public objectives. The lost income of those tax preferences which are deemed desirable should be stated in the annual budget.\nWhen relief for hardship is provided through federal tax policy, as for blindness, old age or poverty, benefits should be provided equally by credit rather than deductions which favor recipients with more income, with special provisions for those whose credits would exceed the tax they owe.\nProvisions which discriminate against working women and single people should be corrected in addition to greater fairness and efficiency, these principles would mean a major redistribution of personal tax burdens and permit considerable simplification of the tax code and tax forms.\nSocial security tax. The Democratic Party commits itself to make the Social Security tax progressive by raising substantially the ceiling on earned income. To permit needed increases in Social Security benefits, we will use general revenues as necessary to supplement payroll tax receipts. In this way, we will support continued movement toward general revenue financing for social security.\nProperty tax. Greater fairness in taxation at the federal level will have little meaning for the vast majority of American households if the burden of inequitable local taxation is not reduced. To reduce the local property tax for all American families, we support equalization of school spending and substantial increases in the federal share of education costs and general revenue sharing.\nNew forms of federal financial assistance to states and localities should be made contingent upon property tax reforms, including equal treatment and full publication of assessment ratios.\nTax policy should not provide incentives that encourage overinvestment in developed countries by American business, and mechanisms should be instituted to limit undesirable capital exports that exploit labor abroad and damage the American worker at home.\nLabor-Management Relations\n\nFree private collective bargaining between management and independent labor unions has been, and must remain, the cornerstone of our free enterprise system. America achieved its greatness through the combined energy and efforts of the working men and women of this country. Retention of its greatness rests in their hands. Through their great trade union organizations, these men and women, have exerted tremendous influence on the economic and social life of the nation and have attained a standard of living known to no other nation. The concern of the Party is that the gains which labor struggled so long to obtain not be lost to them, whether through inaction or subservience to illogical Republican domestic policies. We pledge continued support for our system of free collective bargaining and denounce any attempt to substitute compulsory arbitration for it. We, therefore, oppose the Nixon Administration's effort to impose arbitration in transportation disputes through its last-offer-selection bill.\nThe National Labor Relations Act should be updated to ensure:\nExtension of protection to employees of non-profit institutions;\nRemedies which adequately reflect the losses caused by violations of the Act;\nRepeal of section 14(b), which allows states to legislate the open shop and remove the ban on common-sites picketing; and\nEffective opportunities for unions, as well as employers, to communicate with employees, without coercion by either side or by anyone acting on their behalf.\nThe Railway Labor Act should be updated to ensure:\nThat strikes on a single carrier or group of carriers cannot be transformed into nation-wide strikes or lockouts;\nIncentives for bargaining which would enable both management and labor to resolve their differences without referring to government intervention; and\nPartial operation of struck railroads to ensure continued movement of essential commodities.\nNew legislation is needed to ensure:\nCollective bargaining rights for government employees;\nUniversal coverage and longer duration of the Unemployment Insurance and Workmen's Compensation programs and to establish minimum federal standards, including the establishment of equitable wage-loss ratios in those programs, including a built-in escalator clause that fairly reflects increases in average wage rates; and\nThat workers covered under private pension plans actually receive the personal and other fringe benefits to which their services for their employer entitle them. This requires that the fixed right to benefits starts early in employment, that reserves move with the worker from job to job and that re-insurance protection be given pension plans.\nLabor Standards\n\nAmerican workers are entitled to job safety at a living wage. Most of the basic protections needed have been recognized in legislation already enacted by Congress.\nThe Fair Labor Standards Act should be updated, however, to:\nMove to a minimum wage of $2.50 per hour, which allows a wage earner to earn more than a poverty level income for 40 hours a week, with no subminimums for special groups or age differentials;\nExpand coverage to include the 16 million workers not presently covered, including domestic workers, service workers, agricultural employees and employees of governmental and nonprofit agencies; and\nSet overtime premiums which give an incentive to hire new employees rather than to use regular employees for extended periods of overtime.\nThe Longshoremen and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act should be updated to provide adequate protection for injured workers and federal standards for workmen's compensation should be set by Congress.\nThe Equal Pay Act of 1963 should be extended to be fully effective, and to cover professional, executive and administrative workers.\nMaternity benefits should be made available to all working women. Temporary disability benefits should cover pregnancy, childbirth, miscarriage and recovery.\nOccupational Health and Safety\n\nEach year over 14,000 American workers are killed on their jobs, and nine million injured. Unknown millions more are exposed to long-term danger and disease from exposure to dangerous substances. Federal and state laws are supposed to protect workers; but these laws are not being enforced. This Administration has hired only a handful of inspectors and proposes to turn enforcement over to the same state bureaucracies that have proven inadequate in the past. Where violations are detected, only token penalties have been assessed.\nWe pledge to fully and rigorously enforce the laws which protect the safely and health of workers on their jobs and to extend those laws to all jobs, regardless of number of employees. This must include standards that truly protect against all health hazards, adequate federal enforcement machinery backed up by rigorous penalties and an opportunity for workers themselves to participate in the laws' enforcement by sharing responsibility for plant inspection.\nWe endorse federal research and development of effective approaches to combat the dehumanizing debilitating effects of monotonous work.\nFarm Labor\n\nThe Sixties and Seventies have seen the struggle for unionization by the poorest of the poor in our country—America's migrant farm workers.\nUnder the leadership of Cesar Chavez, the United Farm Workers have accomplished in the non-violent tradition what was thought impossible only a short time ago. Through hard work and much sacrifice, they are the one group that is successfully organizing farm workers.\nTheir movement has caught the imagination of millions of Americans who have not eaten grapes so that agribusiness employers will recognize their workers as equals and sit down with them in meaningful collective bargaining.\nWe now call upon all friends and supporters of this movement to refrain from buying or eating non-union lettuce.\nFurthermore, we support the farm workers' movement and the use of boycotts as a non-violent and potent weapon for gaining collective bargaining recognition and contracts for agricultural workers. We oppose the Nixon Administration's effort to enjoin the use of the boycott.\nWe also affirm the right of farm workers to organize free of repressive anti-labor legislation, both state and federal.\nIII. Rights, Power and Social Justice\n\n\"We're just asking, and we don't ask for much. Just to give us opportunity to live as human beings as other people have lived.\"-Dorothy Bolden, Atlanta Hearing, June 9, 1972.\n\"All your platform has to say is that the rights, opportunities and political power of citizenship will be extended to the lowest level, to neighborhoods and individuals. If your party can live up to that simple pledge, my faith will lie restored.\"—Bobby Westbrooks, St. Louis Hearing, June 17, 1972.\n\"We therefore urge the Democratic Party to adopt the principle that America has a responsibility to offer every American family the best in health care, whenever they need it, regardless of income or any other factor. We must devise a system which will assure that . . . every American receives comprehensive health services from the day he is born to the day he dies, with an emphasis on preventive care to keep him healthy.\"-Joint Statement of Senator Edward M. Kennedy and Representative Wilbur Mills, St. Louis Hearing, June 17, 1972.\nThe Democratic Party commits itself to be responsive to the millions of hard working, lower-and middle-income Americans who are traditionally courted by politicians at election time, get bilked at tax-paying time, and are too often forgotten the balance of the time.\nThis is an era of great change. The world is fast moving into a future for which the past has not prepared us well; a future where to survive, to find answers to the problems which threaten us as a people, we must create qualitatively new solutions. We can no longer rely on old systems of thought, the results of which were partially successful programs that were heralded as important social reforms in the past. It is time now to rethink and reorder the institutions of this country so that everyone—women, blacks, Spanish-speaking, Puerto Ricans, Indians, the young and the old—can participate in the decision-making process inherent in the democratic heritage to which we aspire. We must restructure the social, political and economic relationships throughout the entire society in order to ensure the equitable distribution of wealth and power.\nThe Democratic Party in 1972 is committed to resuming the march toward equality; to enforcing the laws supporting court decisions and enacting new legal rights as necessary, to assuring every American true opportunity, to bringing about a more equal distribution of power, income and wealth and equal and uniform enforcement in all states and territories of civil rights statutes and acts.\nIn the 1970's, this commitment requires the fulfillment—through laws and policies, through appropriations and directives; through leadership and exhortation of a wide variety of rights:\nThe right to full participation in government and the political process;\nThe rights of free speech and free political expression, of freedom from official intimidation, harassment and invasion of privacy, as guaranteed by the letter and the spirit of the Constitution;\nThe right to a decent job and an adequate income, with dignity;\nThe right to quality, accessibility and sufficient quantity in tax-supported services and amenities —including educational opportunity, health care, housing and transportation;\nThe right to quality, safety and the lowest possible cost on goods and services purchased in the market place;\nThe right to be different, to maintain a cultural or ethnic heritage or lifestyle, without being forced into a compelled homogeneity;\nThe rights of people who lack rights: Children, the mentally retarded, mentally ill and prisoners, to name some; and\nThe right to legal services, both civil and criminal, necessary to enforce secured rights.\nFree Expression and Privacy\n\nThe new Democratic Administration should bring an end to the pattern of political persecution and investigation, the use of high office as a pulpit for unfair attack and intimidation and the blatant efforts to control the poor and to keep them from acquiring additional economic security or political power.\nThe epidemic of wiretapping and electronic surveillance engaged in by the Nixon Administration and the use of grand juries for purposes of political intimidation must be ended. The rule of law and the supremacy of the Constitution, as these concepts have traditionally been understood, must be restored.\nWe strongly object to secret computer data banks on individuals. Citizens should have access to their own files that are maintained by private commercial firms and the right to insert corrective material. Except in limited cases, the same should apply to government files. Collection and maintenance by federal agencies of dossiers on law-abiding citizens, because of their political views and statements, must be stopped, and files which never should have been opened should be destroyed. We firmly reject the idea of a National Computer Data Bank.\nThe Nixon policy of intimidation of the media and Administration efforts to use government power to block access to media by dissenters must end, if free speech is to he preserved. A Democratic Administration must be an open one, with the fullest possible disclosure of information, with an end to abuses of security classifications and executive privilege, and with regular top-level press conferences.\nThe Right to Be Different\n\nThe new Democratic Administration can help lead America to celebrate the magnificence of the diversity within its population, the racial, national, linguistic and religious groups which have contributed so much to the vitality and richness of our national life. As things are, official policy too often forces people into a mold of artificial homogeneity.\nRecognition and support of the cultural identity and pride of black people are generations overdue. The American Indians, the Spanish-speaking, the Asian Americans—the cultural and linguistic heritage of these groups is too often ignored in schools and communities. So, too, are the backgrounds, traditions and contributions of white national, ethnic, religious and regional communities ignored. All official discrimination on the basis of sex, age, race, language, political belief, religion, region or national origin must end. No American should be subject to discrimination in employment or restriction in business because of ethnic background or religious practice. Americans should be free to make their own choice of life-styles and private habits without being subject to discrimination or prosecution. We believe official policy can encourage diversity while continuing to place full emphasis on equal opportunity and integration.\nWe urge full funding of the Ethnic Studies bill to provide funds for development of curriculum to preserve America's ethnic mosaic.\nRights of Children\n\nOne measure of a nation's greatness is the care it manifests for all of its children. The Nixon Administration has demonstrated a callous attitude toward children repeatedly through veto and administrative decisions. We, therefore, call for a reordering of priorities at all levels of American society so that children, our most precious resource, and families come first. To that end, we call for:\nThe federal government to fund comprehensive development child care programs that will be family centered, locally controlled and universally available. These programs should provide for active participation of all family members in the development and implementation of the program. Health, social service and early childhood education should be part of these programs, as well as a variety of options most appropriate to their needs. Child care is a supplement, not a substitute, for the family;\nThe establishment of a strong child advocacy program, financed by the federal government and other sources, with full ethnic, cultural, racial and sexual representation;\nFirst priority for the needs of children, as we move toward a National Health Insurance Program;\nThe first step should be immediate implementation of the federal law passed in the 1967 Social Security Amendments providing for \"early and periodic screening, diagnosis and treatment\" of children's health problems;\nLegislation and administrative decisions to drastically reduce childhood injuries—prenatal, traffic, poisoning, burns, malnutrition, rat bites and to provide health and safety education.\nFull funding of legislation designed to meet the needs of children with special needs: The retarded, the physically and mentally handicapped, and those whose environment produces abuse and neglect and directs the child to anti-social conduct;\nReaffirmation of the rights of bilingual, handicapped or slow-learning children to education in the public schools, instead of being wrongly classified as retarded or uneducable and dismissed;\nRevision of the juvenile court system; dependency and neglect cases must be removed from the corrections system, and clear distinctions must be drawn between petty childhood offenses and the more serious crimes;\nAllocation of funds to the states to provide counsel to children in juvenile proceedings, legal or administrative; and\nCreation by Congress of permanent standing committees on Children and Youth.\nRights of Women\n\nWomen historically have been denied a full voice in the evolution of the political and social institutions of this country and are therefore allied with all under-represented groups in a common desire to form a more humane and compassionate society. The Democratic Party pledges the following:\nA priority effort to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment;\nElimination of discrimination against women in public accommodations and public facilities, public education and in all federally-assisted programs and federally-contracted employment:\nExtension of the jurisdiction of the Civil Rights Commission to include denial of civil rights on the basis of sex;\nFull enforcement of all federal statutes and executive laws barring job discrimination on the basis of sex, giving the Equal Employment Opportunities Commission adequate staff and resources and power to issue cease-and-desist orders promptly;\nElimination of discriminatory features of criminal laws and administration;\nIncreased efforts to open educational opportunities at all levels, eliminating discrimination against women in access to education, tenure, promotion and salary;\nGuarantee that all training programs are made more equitable, both in terms of the numbers of women involved and the job opportunities provided; jobs must be available on the basis of skill, not sex;\nAvailability of maternity benefits to all working women; temporary disability benefits should cover pregnancy, childbirth, miscarriage and recovery;\nElimination of all tax inequities that affect women and children, such as higher taxes for single women;\nAmendment of the Social Security Act to provide equitable retirement benefits for families with working wives, widows, women heads of households and their children;\nAmendment of the Internal Revenue Code to permit working families to deduct from gross income as a business expense, housekeeping and child care costs;\nEquality for women on credit, mortgage, insurance, property, rental and financial contracts;\nExtension of the Equal Pay Act to all workers, with amendment to read \"equal pay for comparable work;\"\nAppointment of women to positions of top responsibility in all branches of the federal government to achieve all equitable ratio of women and men. Such positions include Cabinet members, agency and division heads and Supreme Court Justices; inclusion of women advisors in equitable ratios on all government studies, commissions and hearings; and\nLaws authorizing federal grants on a matching basis for financing State Commissions of the Status of Women.\nRights of Youth\n\nIn order to ensure, maintain and secure the proper role and functions of youth in American government, politics and society, the Democratic Party will endeavor to:\nLower the age of legal majority and consent to 18;\nActively encourage and assist in the election of youth to federal, state and local offices;\nDevelop special programs for employment of youth, utilizing governmental resources to guarantee development, training and job placement; and\nSecure the electoral reforms called for under \"People and the Government.\"\nRights of Poor People\n\nPoor people, like all Americans, should be represented at all levels of the Democratic Party in reasonable proportion of their numbers in the general population. Affirmative action must be taken to ensure their representation at every level. The Democratic Party guidelines guaranteeing proportional representation to \"previously discriminated against groups\" (enumerated as \"women, young people and minorities\") must be extended to specifically include poor people.\nPolitical parties, candidates and government institutions at all levels must be committed to working with and supporting poor people's organizations and ending the tokenism and co-optation that has characterized past dealings.\nWelfare rights organizations must be recognized as representative of welfare recipients and be given access to regulations, policies and decision-making processes, as well as being allowed to represent clients at all governmental levels.\nThe federal government must protect the right of tenants to organize tenant organizations and negotiate collective bargaining agreements with private landlords and encourage the participation of the tenants in the management and control of all subsidized housing.\nRights of American Indians\n\nWe support rights of American Indians to full rights of citizenship. The federal government should commit all necessary funds to improve the lives of Indians, with no division between reservation and non-reservation Indians. We strongly oppose the policy of termination, and we urge the government to provide unequivocal advocacy for the protection of the remaining Indian land and water resources. All land rights due American Indians, and Americans of Spanish and Mexican descent, on the basis of treaties with the federal government will be protected by the federal government. In addition we support allocation of Federal surplus lands to American Indians on a first priority basis.\nAmerican Indians should be given the right to receive bilingual medical services from hospitals and physicians of their choice.\nRights of the Physically Disabled\n\nThe physically disabled have the right to pursue meaningful employment and education, outside a hospital environment, free from unnecessary discrimination, living in adequate housing, with access to public mass transportation and regular medical care. Equal opportunity employment practices should be used by the government in considering their application for federal jobs and equal access to education from pre-school to the college level guaranteed. The physically disabled like all disadvantaged peoples, should be represented in any group making decisions affecting their lives.\nRights of the Mentally Retarded\n\nThe mentally retarded must be given employment and educational opportunities that promote their dignity as individuals and ensure their civil rights. Educational treatment facilities must guarantee that these rights always will be recognized and protected. In addition, to assure these citizens a more meaningful life, emphasis must be placed on programs of treatment that respect their right to life in a non-institutional environment.\nRights of the Elderly\n\nGrowing old in America for too many means neglect, sickness, despair and, all too often, poverty. We have failed to discharge the basic obligation of a civilized people—to respect and assure the security of our senior citizens. The Democratic Party pledges, as a final step to economic security for all, to end poverty—as measured by official standards-among the retired, the blind and the disabled. Our general program of economic and social justice will benefit the elderly directly. In addition, a Democratic Administration should:\nIncrease social security to bring benefits in line with changes on the national standard of living;\nProvide automatic adjustments to assure that benefits keep pace with inflation;\nSupport legislation which allows beneficiaries to earn more income, without reduction of social security payments;\nProtect individual's pension rights by pension re-insurance and early vesting;\nLower retirement eligibility age to 60 in all government pension programs;\nExpand housing assistance for the elderly; Encourage development of local programs by which senior citizens can serve their community in providing education, recreation, counseling and other services to the rest of the population;\nEstablish federal standards and inspection of nursing homes and full federal support for qualified nursing homes;\nTake the needs of the elderly and the handicapped into account in all federal programs, including construction of federal buildings, housing and transportation planning;\nPending a full national health security system, expand Medicare by supplementing trust funds with general revenues in order to provide a complete range of care and services; eliminate the Nixon Administration cutbacks in Medicare and Medicaid; eliminate the part B premium under Medicare and include under Medicare and Medicaid the costs of eyeglasses, dentures, hearing aids, and all prescription drugs and establish uniform national standards for Medicaid to bring to an end the present situation which makes it worse to be poor in one state than in another.\nThe Democratic Party pledges itself to adopt rules to give those over 60 years old representation on all Party committees and agencies as nearly as possible in proportion to their percentage in the total population.\nRights of Veterans\n\nIt is time that the nation did far more to recognize the service of our 28 million living veterans and to serve them in return. The veterans of Vietnam must get special attention, for no end of the war is truly honorable which does not provide these men the opportunities to meet their needs.\nThe Democratic Party is committed to extending and improving the benefits available to American veterans and society, to ending the neglect shown by the Nixon Administration to these problems and to the human needs of our ex-servicemen.\nMedical care—The federal government must guarantee quality medical care to ex-servicemen, and to all disabled veterans, expanding and improving Veterans Administration facilities and manpower and preserving the independence and integrity of the VA hospital program. Staff-patient ratios in these hospitals should be made comparable to ratios in community hospitals. Meanwhile, there should be an increase in the VA's ability to deliver out-patient care and home health services, wherever possible treating veterans as part of a family unit.\nWe support future coordination of health care for veterans with the national health care insurance program, with no reduction in scale or quality of existing veterans care and with recognition of the special health needs of veterans.\nThe VA separate personnel system should be expanded to take in all types of health personnel, and especially physician's assistants; and VA hospitals should be used to develop medical schools and area health education centers.\nThe VA should also assume responsibility for the care of wives and children of veterans who are either permanently disabled or who have died from service-connected causes. Distinction should no longer be made between veterans who have seen \"wartime,\" as opposed to \"peacetime,\" service.\nEducation.—Educational benefits should be provided for Vietnam-era veterans under the GI Bill at levels comparable to those of the original Bill after World War II, supplemented by special veteran's education loans. The VA should greatly expand and improve programs for poor or educationally disadvantaged veterans. In addition, there should be a program under which service-men and women can receive high school, college or job training while on active duty. GI Bill trainees should be used more extensively to reach out to other veterans who would otherwise miss these educational opportunities.\nDrug addiction.—The Veterans Administration should provide either directly or through community facilities, a comprehensive, individually tailored treatment and rehabilitation program for all drug- and alcohol-addicted veterans, on a voluntary and confidential basis, and regardless of the nature of their discharge or the way in which they acquired their condition.\nUnemployment.—There should be an increase in unemployment compensation provided to veterans, and much greater emphasis on the Veterans Employment Service of the Department of Labor, expanding its activities in every state. There should be a greatly enlarged effort by the federal government to employ Vietnam-era veterans and other veterans with service-connected disabilities. In addition, veterans' preferences in hiring should he written into every federal contract or sub-contract and for public service employment.\nRights of Servicemen and Servicewomen\n\nMilitary discipline must be maintained, but unjustifiable restriction on the Constitutional rights of members of the armed services must cease. We support means to ensure the protection of G.I. rights to express political opinion and engage in off-base political activity.\nWe should explore new procedures for providing review of discharges other than honorable, in cases involving political activity.\nWe oppose deferential advancement, punishment assignment or any other treatment on the basis of race, and support affirmative action to end discrimination.\nWe support rights of women in the armed forces to be free from unfair discrimination.\nWe support an amendment of the Uniform Code of Military Justice to provide for fair and uniform sentencing procedures.\nRights of Consumers\n\nConsumers need to be assured of a renewed commitment to basic rights and freedoms. They must have the mechanisms available to allow self-protection against the abuses that the Kennedy and Johnson programs were designed to eliminate. We propose a new consumer program:\nIn the Executive Branch.—The executive branch must use its power to expand consumer information and protection:\nEnsure that every policy-making level of government concerned with economic or procurement decisions should have a consumer input either through a consumer advisory committee or through consumer members on policy advisory committees;\nSupport the development of an independent consumer agency providing a focal point on consumer matters with the right to intervene on behalf of the consumer before all agencies and regulatory bodies; and\nExpand all economic policy-making mechanisms to include an assessment of social as well as economic indicators of human well-being.\nIn the Legislative Branch,—We support legislation which will expand the ability of consumers to defend themselves:\nEnsure an extensive campaign to get food, drugs and all other consumer products to carry complete informative labeling about safety, quality and cost. Such labeling is the first step in ensuring the economic and physical health of the consumer. In the food area, it should include nutritional unit pricing, full ingredients by percentage, grade, quality and drained weight in formation. For drugs, it should include safety, quality, price and operation data, either on the label or in an enclosed manual;\nSupport a national program to encourage the development of consumer cooperatives, patterned after the rural electric cooperatives in areas where they might help eliminate inflation and restore consumer rights; and\nSupport federal initiatives and federal standards to reform automobile insurance and assure coverage on a first-party, no-fault basis.\nIn the Judicial Branch.—The Courts should become an effective forum to hear well-rounded consumer grievances.\nConsumer class action: Consumers should be given access to the federal courts in a way that allows them to initiate group action against fraudulent, deceitful, or misleading or dangerous business practices.\nSmall Claims Court: A national program should be undertaken to improve the workings of small claims courts and spread their use so that consumers injured in economically small, though individually significant amounts (e.g. $500), can bring their complaints to the attention of a court and collect their damages without self-defeating legal fees,\nThe Quality and Quantity of Social Service\n\nThe new Democratic Administration can begin a fundamental re-examination of all federal domestic social programs and the patterns of service delivery they support. Simply advocating the expenditure of more funds is not enough, although funds are needed, for billions already have been poured into federal government programs—programs like urban renewal, current welfare and aid to education, with meager results. The control, structure and effectiveness of every institution and government grant system must be fully examined and these institutions must be made accountable to those they are supposed to serve.\nWe will, therefore, pursue the development of new rights of two kinds: Rights to the service itself and rights to participate in the delivery process.\nHealth Care\n\nGood health is the least this society should promise its citizens. The state of health services in this country indicates the failure of government to respond to this fundamental need. Costs skyrocket while the availability of services for all but the rich steadily declines.\nWe endorse the principle that good health is a right of all Americans.\nAmerica has a responsibility to offer to every American family the best in health care whenever they need it, regardless of income or where they live or any other factor.\nTo achieve this goal the next Democratic Administration should:\nEstablish a system of universal National Health Insurance which covers all Americans with a comprehensive set of benefits including preventive medicine, mental and emotional disorders, and complete protection against catastrophic costs, and in which the rule of free choice for both provider and consumer is protected. The program should be federally-financed and federally-administered. Every American must know he can afford the cost of health care whether given in a hospital or a doctor's office;\nIncorporate in the National Health Insurance System incentives and controls to curb inflation in health care costs and to assure efficient delivery of all services;\nContinue and evaluate Health Maintenance Organizations;\nSet up incentives to bring health service personnel back to inner-cities and rural areas;\nContinue to expand community health centers and availability of early screening diagnosis and treatment;\nProvide federal funds to train added health manpower including doctors, nurses, technicians and para-medical workers;\nSecure greater consumer participation and control over health care institutions;\nExpand federal support for medical research including research in heart disease, hypertension, stroke, cancer, sickle cell anemia, occupational and childhood diseases which threaten millions and in preventive health care;\nEventual replacement of all federal programs of health care by a comprehensive National Health Insurance System;\nTake legal and other action to curb soaring prices for vital drugs using anti trust laws as applicable and amending patent laws to end price-raising abuses, and require generic-name labeling of equal-effective drugs; and\nExpand federal research and support for drug abuse treatment and education, especially development of non-addictive treatment methods.\nFamily Planning\n\nFamily planning services, including the education, comprehensive medical and social services necessary to permit individuals freely to determine and achieve the number and spacing of their children, should be available to all, regardless of sex, age, marital status, economic group or ethnic origin, and should be administered in a non-coercive and non-discriminatory manner.\nPuerto Rico\n\nThe Democratic Party respects and supports the frequently-expressed desire of the people of Puerto Rico to freely associate in permanent union with the United States, as an autonomous commonwealth. We are committed to Puerto Rico's right to enjoy full self-determination and a relationship that can evolve in ways that will most benefit both parties.\nTo this end, we support equal treatment for Puerto Rico in the distribution of all federal grants-in-aid, amendment of federal laws that restrict aid to Puerto Rico; and we pledge no further restrictions in future laws. Only in this way can the people of Puerto Rico come to participate more fully in the many areas of social progress made possible by Democratic efforts, on behalf of all the people.\nFinally, the Democratic Party pledges to end all Naval shelling and bombardment of the tiny, inhabited island of Culebra and its neighboring keys, not later than June 1, 1975. With this action, and others, we will demonstrate the concern of the Democratic Party to develop and maintain a productive relationship between the Commonwealth and the United States.\nVirgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa and the Trust Territories of the Pacific\n\nWe pledge to include all of these areas in federal grant-in-aid programs on a full and equitable basis.\nWe praise the Democratic Congress for providing a non-voting delegate to the House of Representatives from Guam and the Virgin Islands and urge that these elected delegates be accorded the full vote in the committees to which they are assigned.\nWe support the right of American Samoans to elect their Governor, and will consider methods by which American citizens residing in American territories can participate in Presidential elections.\nIV. Cities, Communities, Counties and the Environment\n\n\"When the Democratic Platform is written and acted on in Miami, let it be a blueprint for the life and survival of our cities and our people.\"\nMayor Kenneth A. Gibson U.S. Conference of Mayors New Orleans June 19, 1972\nIntroduction\n\nAlways the vital center of our civilization, the American city since World War II has been suffering growing pains, caused partly by the change of the core city into a metropolitan city and partly by the movement of people from towns and rural areas into the cities.\nThe burgeoning of the suburbs—thrust outward with too little concern for social, economic and environmental consequences—has both broadened the city's limits and deepened human and neighborhood needs.\nThe Nixon Administration has failed to meet most of these needs. It has met the problem of urban decay with tired, decaying \"solutions\" that are unworthy of the name. It could act to revitalize our urban areas; instead, we see only rising crime, fear and flight, racial and economic polarization, loss of confidence and depletion of community resources.\nThis Administration has ignored the cities and suburbs, permitting taxes to rise and services to decline; housing to deteriorate faster than it can be replaced, and morale to suffer. It actually has impounded funds appropriated by a Democratic Congress to help cities in crisis.\nThe Administration has ignored the needs of city and suburban residents for public services, for property tax relief and for the planning and coordination that alone can assure that housing, jobs, schools and transportation are built and maintained in suitable locations and in needed numbers and quality.\nMeanwhile, the Nixon Administration has forgotten small-town America, too, refusing to provide facilities that would make it an attractive alternative to city living.\nThis has become the American crisis of the 1970's. Today, our highest national priority is clear and precise: To deal effectively—and now with the massive, complex and urgent needs of our cities, suburbs and towns.\nThe federal government cannot solve all the problems of these communities. Too often, federal bureaucracy has failed to deliver the services and keep the promises that are made. But only the federal government can be the catalyst to focus attention and resources on the needs of every neighborhood in America.\nUnder the Nixon Administration, piecemeal measures, poorly funded and haphazardly applied, have proved almost totally inadequate. Words have not halted the decline of neighborhoods. Words have not relieved the plight of tenants in poorly managed, shoddy housing. Our scarce urban dollars have been wasted, and even the Republican Secretary of Housing and Urban Development has admitted it.\nThe Democratic Party pledges to stop the rot in our cities, suburbs and towns, and stop it now. We pledge commitment, coordination, planning and funds:\nCommitment to make our communities places where we are proud to raise our children;\nCoordination and planning to help all levels of government achieve the same goals, to ensure that physical facilities meet human needs and to ensure that land—a scarce resource—is used in ways that meet the needs of the entire nation; and\nFunds to reduce the burden of the inequitable property tax and to help local government meet legitimate and growing demands for public facilities and services.\nThe nation's urban areas must and can be habitable. They are not only centers of commerce and trade, but also repositories of history and culture, expressing the richness and variety of their region and of the larger society. They are worthy of the best America can offer. They are America.\nPartnership among Governments\n\nThe federal government must assist local communities to plan for their orderly growth and development, to improve conditions and opportunities for all their citizens and to build the public facilities they need.\nEffective planning must be done on a regional basis. New means of planning are needed that are practical and realistic, but that go beyond the limits of jurisdictional lines. If local government is to be responsive to citizen needs, public services and programs must efficiently be coordinated and evolved through comprehensive regional planning and decision-making. Government activities should take account of the future as well as the present.\nIn aiding the reform of state and local government, federal authority must insist that local decisions take into account the views and needs of all citizens, white and black, haves and have-nots, young and old, Spanish and other non-English-speaking, urban, suburban and rural.\nAmericans ask more and more of their local governments, but the regressive property tax structure makes it impossible for cities and counties to deliver. The Democratic Party is committed to ensure that state and local governments have the funds and the capacity to achieve community service and development goals—goals that are nationally recognized. To this end:\nWe fully support general revenue sharing and the principle that the federal income tax should be used to raise more revenues for local use;\nWe pledge adequate federal funds to halt property tax increases and to begin to roll them back. Turning over federal funds to local governments will permit salaries of underpaid state and local government employees to climb to acceptable levels; and it will reduce tax pressures on the aged, the poor, Spanish and other non-English-speaking Americans and young couples starting out in life;\nWe further commit ourselves to reorganize categorical grant programs. They should be consolidated, expanded and simplified. Funding should be adequate, dependable, sustained, long-term and related to state and local fiscal timetables and priorities. There should be full funding of all programs, without the impounding of funds by the Executive Branch to thwart the will of Congress. And there should be performance standards governing the distribution of all federal funds to state and local governments; and\nWe support efforts to eliminate gaps and costly overlaps in services delivered by different levels of government.\nUrban Growth Policy\n\nThe Nixon Administration has neither developed an effective urban growth policy designed to meet critical problems, nor concerned itself with the needed recreation of the quality of life in our cities, large and small. Instead, it has severely over-administered and underfunded existing federal aid programs. Through word and deed, the Administration has widened the gulf between city and suburb, between core and fringe, between haves and have-nots.\nThe nation's urban growth policies are seen most clearly in the legitimate complaints of suburban householders over rising taxes and center-city families over houses that are falling apart and services that are often non-existent. And it is here, in the center city, that the failure of Nixon Administration policies is most clear to all who live there.\nThe Democratic Party pledges:\nA national urban growth policy to promote a balance of population among cities, suburbs, small towns and rural areas, while providing social and economic opportunities for everyone. America needs a logical urban growth policy, instead of today's inadvertent, chaotic and haphazard one that doesn't work. An urban growth policy that truly deals with our tax and mortgage insurance and highway policies will require the use of federal policies as leverage on private investment;\nA policy on housing—including low- and middle-income housing—that will concentrate effort in areas where there are jobs, transportation, schools, health care and commercial facilities. Problems of over growth are not caused so much by land scarcity, as by the wrong distribution of people and the inadequate servicing of their needs; and\nA policy to experiment with alternative strategies to reserve land for future development—land banks—and a policy to recoup publicly created land values for public benefit.\nThe Cities\n\nMany of the worst problems in America are centered in our cities. Countless problems contribute to their plight: decay in housing, the drain of welfare, crime and violence, racism, failing schools, joblessness and poor mass transit, lack of planning for land use and services.\nThe Democratic Party pledges itself to change the disastrous policies of the Nixon Administration toward the cities and to reverse the steady process of decay and dissolution. We will renew the battle begun under the Kennedy and Johnson Administrations to improve the quality of life in our cities. In addition to pledging the resources critically needed, we commit ourselves to these actions.\nHelp localities to develop their own solutions to their most pressing problems—the federal government should not stifle or usurp local initiative;\nCarry out programs developed elsewhere in this Platform to assure every American decent shelter, freedom from hunger, good health care, the opportunity to work, adequate income and a decent education;\nProvide sufficient management and planning funds for cities, to let them increase staff capacity and improve means of allocating resources;\nDistribute funds according to standards that will provide center cities with enough resources to revitalize old neighborhoods and build new ones, to expand and improve community services and to help local governments better to plan and deliver these services; and\nCreate and fund a housing strategy that will recognize that housing is neighborhood and community as well as shelter—a strategy that will serve all the nation's urban areas and all the American people.\nHousing and Community Development\n\nThe 1949 Housing Act pledged \"a decent home and suitable living environment for every American family.\" Twenty-three years later, this goal is still far away. Under this Administration, there simply has been no progress in meeting our housing needs, despite the Democratic Housing Act of 1968. We must build 2.6 million homes a year, including two-thirds of a million units of federally-subsidized low- and middle-income housing. These targets are not being met. And the lack of housing is particularly critical for people with low and middle incomes.\nIn the cities, widespread deterioration and abandonment are destroying once sound homes and apartments, and often entire neighborhoods, faster than new homes are built.\nFederal housing policy creates walled compounds of poor, elderly and ethnic minorities, isolating them in the center city.\nThese harmful policies include the Administration's approach to urban renewal, discrimination against the center city by the Federal Housing Administration, highway policies that destroy neighborhoods and create ghettoes and other practices that work against housing for low- and middle-income families.\nMillions of lower—and middle-class Americans-each year the income level is higher—are priced out of housing because of sharply rising costs.\nUnder Republican leadership, the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) has become the biggest slumlord in the country. Some unsophisticated home buyers have purchased homes with FHA mortgage insurance or subsidies. These consumers, relying on FHA appraisals to protect them, often have been exploited by dishonest real estate speculators. Unable to repair or maintain these houses, the buyers often have no choice but to abandon them. As a result, the FHA will acquire a quarter million of these abandoned houses at a cost to the taxpayers of billions of dollars.\nUnder the Republican Administration, the emphasis has been on housing subsidies for the people who build and sell houses rather than for those people who need and live in them. In many cases, the only decent shelter provided is a tax shelter.\nTo correct this inequity the Democratic Party pledges:\nTo overhaul completely the FHA to make it a consumer oriented agency;\nTo use the full faith and credit of the Treasury to provide direct, low-interest loans to finance the construction and purchase of decent housing for the American people; and\nTo insist on building practices, inspection standards and management that will assure quality housing.\nThe next Administration must build and conserve housing that not only meets the basic need for shelter, but also provides a wider choice of quality housing and living environments. To meet this challenge, the Democratic Party commits itself to a housing approach that:\nPrevents the decay and abandonment of homes and neighborhoods. Major rehabilitation programs to conserve and rehabilitate housing are needed. Consumers should be aided in purchasing homes, and low-income housing foreclosed by the FHA should be provided to poor families at minimal cost as an urban land grant. These houses should be rehabilitated and lived in, not left to rot;\nProvides federal funds for preservation of existing neighborhoods. Local communities should decide whether they want renewal or preservation. Choosing preservation should not mean steady deterioration and inadequate facilities;\nProvides for improved housing quality for all families through strict enforcement of housing quality standards and full compliance with state and local health and safety laws;\nProvides effective incentives to reduce housing costs—to the benefit of poor and middle-income families alike through effective use of unused, undeveloped land, reform of building practices and the use of new building techniques, including factory-made and modular construction;\nAssures that residents have a strong voice in determining the destiny of their own neighborhoods;\nPromotes free choice in housing—the right of all families, regardless of race, color, religion or income, to choose among a wide range of homes and neighborhoods in urban, suburban and rural areas—through the greater use of grants to individuals for housing, the development of new communities offering diversified housing and neighborhood options and the enforcement of fair housing laws; and\nAssures fair and equitable relationships between landlords and tenants.\nNew Towns\n\nNew towns meet the direct housing and community needs of only a small part of our populations. To do more, new towns must be developed in concert with massive efforts to revitalize central cities and enhance the quality of life in still growing suburban areas.\nThe Democratic Party pledges:\nTo strengthen the administration of the New Towns program; to reduce onerous review requirements that delay the start of New Towns and thus thwart Congressional mandates; to release already appropriated monies and provide new planning and development funds needed to assure the quality of life in New Towns; and\nTo assure coordination between development of New Towns and renewed efforts to improve the quality of life in established urban and suburban areas. We also promise to use effectively the development of New Towns to increase housing choices for people now living in central and suburban areas.\nTransportation\n\nUrban problems cannot be separated from transportation problems. Whether tying communities together, connecting one community to another or linking our cities and towns to rural areas, good transportation is essential to the social and economic life of any community. It joins workers to jobs; makes commercial activity both possible and profitable and provides the means for expanding personal horizons and promoting community cultural life.\nToday, however, the automobile is the principal form of transportation in urban areas. The private automobile has made a major contribution to economic growth and prosperity in this century. But now we must have better balanced transportation—more of it public. Today, 15 times as much federal aid goes to highways as to mass transit; tomorrow this must change. At the same time, it is important to preserve and improve transportation in America's rural areas, to end the crisis in rural mobility.\nThe Democratic Party pledges:\nTo create a single Transportation Trust Fund, to replace the Highway Trust Fund, with such additional funds as necessary to meet our transportation crisis substantially from federal resources. This fund will allocate monies for capital projects on a regional basis, permitting each region to determine its own needs under guidelines that will ensure a balanced transportation system and adequate funding of mass transit facilities.\nMoreover, we will:\nAssist local transit systems to meet their capital operating needs;\nEnd the deterioration of rail and rural transportation and promote a flexible rural transportation system based on local, state and regional needs;\nTake steps to meet the particular transportation problems of the elderly, the handicapped and others with special needs; and\nAssist development of airport terminals, facilities and access to them, with due regard to impact on environment and community.\nEnvironment, Technology and Resources\n\nEvery American has the right to live, work and play in a clean, safe and healthy environment. We have the obligation to ourselves and to our children. It is not enough simply to prevent further environmental deterioration and the despoilation of our natural endowment. Rather, we must improve the quality of the world in which we and they will live.\nThe Nixon Administration's record on the environment is one of big promises and small actions.\nInadequate enforcement, uncertain requirements, reduced funding and a lack of manpower have undercut the effort commenced by a Democratic Administration to clean up the environment.\nWe must recognize the costs all Americans pay for the environmental destruction with which we all live: Poorer health, lessened recreational opportunities, higher maintenance costs, lower land productivity and diminished beauty in our surroundings. Only then can we proceed wisely, yet vigorously, with a program of environmental protection which recognizes that, although environmental protection will not be cheap, it is worth a far greater price, in effort and money, than we have spent thus far.\nSuch a program must include adequate federal funding for waste management, recycling and disposal and for purification and conservation of air and water resources.\nThe next Administration must reconcile any conflicts among the goals of cleaner air and water, inexpensive power and industrial development and jobs in specific places. These difficulties do exist—to deny them would be deceptive and irresponsible. At the same time, we know they can be resolved by an Administration with energy, intelligence and commitment-qualities notably absent from the current Administration's handling of the problem.\nWe urge additional financial support to the United States Forest Service for planning and management consistent with the environmental ideal stated in this Platform.\nChoosing the Right Methods of Environmental Protection\n\nThe problem we face is to choose the most efficient, effective and equitable techniques for solving each new environmental problem. We cannot afford to waste resources while doing the job, any more than we can afford to leave the job undone.\nWe must enforce the strict emission requirements on all pollution sources set under the 1970 Clean Air Act.\nWe must support the establishment of a policy of no harmful discharge into our waters by 1985.\nWe must have adequate staffing and funding of all regulatory and enforcement agencies and departments to implement laws, programs and regulations protecting the environment, vigorous prosecution of violators and a Justice Department committed to enforcement of environmental law.\nWe must fully support laws to assure citizens' standing in federal environmental court suits.\nStrict interstate environmental standards must be formulated and enforced to prevent pollution from high-density population areas being dumped into low-density population areas for the purpose of evasion of strict pollution enforcement.\nThe National Environmental Policy Act should be broadened to include major private as well as public projects, and a genuine commitment must be made to making the Act work.\nOur environment is most threatened when the natural balance of an area's ecology is drastically altered for the sole purpose of profits. Such practices as \"clear cut\" logging, strip mining, the indiscriminate destruction of whole species, creation of select ocean crops at the expense of other species and the unregulated use of persistent pesticides cannot be justified when they threaten our ability to maintain a stable environment.\nWhere appropriate, taxes need to be levied on pollution, to provide industry with an incentive to clean up.\nWe also need to develop new public agencies that can act to abate pollution-act on a scale commensurate with the size of the problem and the technology of pollution control.\nExpanded federal funding is required to assist local governments with both the capital and operating expenses of water pollution control and solid waste management.\nJobs and the Environment\n\nThe United States should not be condemned to the choice between the development of resources and economic security or preservation of those resources.\nA decent job for every American is a goal that need not, and must not, be sacrificed to our commitment to a clean environment. Far from slowing economic growth, spending for environmental protection can create new job opportunities for many Americans. Nevertheless, some older and less efficient plants might find themselves in a worse competitive position due to environmental protection requirements. Closely monitored adjustment assistance should be made available to those plants willing to modernize and institute environmental protection measures.\nScience and Technology\n\nFor years, the United States was the world's undisputed leader in science and technology. Now that leadership is being challenged, in part because of the success of efforts in other countries, and in part because of the Nixon Administration's neglect of our basic human and material resources in this field.\nAs Democrats, we understand the enormous investment made by the nation in educating and training hundreds of thousands of highly skilled Americans in science and technology. Many of these people are now unemployed, as aerospace and defense programs are slowly cut back and as the Administration's economic policies deprive these Americans, as well as others, of their livelihood.\nSo far, however, the Nixon Administration has paid scant attention to these problems. By contrast, the Democratic Party seeks both to increase efforts by the federal government and to stimulate research in private industry.\nIn addition, the Democratic Party is committed to increasing the overall level of scientific research in the United States, which has been allowed to fall under the Nixon Administration. And we are eager to take management methods and techniques devised for the space and defense programs, as well as our technical resources, and apply them to the city, the environment, education, energy, transportation, health care and other urgent domestic needs. We propose also to work out a more effective relationship between government and industry in this area, to stimulate the latter to a greater research and development effort, thus helping buoy up the economy and create more jobs.\nFinally, we will promote the search for new approaches in science and technology, so that the benefits of progress may be had without further endangering the environment—indeed, so that the environment may be better preserved. We must create a systematic way to decide which new technologies will contribute to the nation's development, and which will cause more problems than they solve. We are committed to a role for government in helping to bring the growth of technology into a harmonious relationship with our lives.\nEnergy Resources\n\nThe earth's natural resources, once in abundant and seemingly unlimited supply, can no longer be taken for granted. In particular, the United States is facing major changes in the pattern of energy supply that will force us to reassess traditional policies. By 1980, we may well have to depend on imports from the Eastern Hemisphere for as much as 30 to 50 percent of our oil supplies. At the same time, new forms of energy supply—such as nuclear, solar or geothermal power—lag far behind in research and development.\nIn view of these concerns, it is shocking that the Nixon Administration still steadfastly refuses to develop a national energy policy.\nThe Democratic Party would remedy that glaring oversight. To begin with, we should:\nPromote greater research and development, both by government and by private industry, of unconventional energy sources, such as solar power, geothermal power, energy from water and a variety of nuclear power possibilities to design clean breeder fission and fusion techniques. Public funding in this area needs to be expanded, while retaining the principle of public administration of public funds;\nRe-examine our traditional view of national security requirements in energy to reconcile them with our need for long-term abundant supplies of clean energy at reasonable cost;\nExpand research on coal technology to minimize pollution, while making it possible to expand the efficiency of coal in meeting our energy needs;\nEstablish a national power plant siting procedure to examine and protect environmental values;\nReconcile the demand for energy with the demand to protect the environment;\nRedistribute the cost of power among consumers, so that all, especially the poor, may be guaranteed adequate power at reasonable costs;\nDevelop a national power grid to improve the reliability and efficiency of our electricity system;\nEnd the practice of allowing promotional utility advertising as an expense when rates are set; and\nFind new techniques to encourage the conservation of energy. We must also require full disclosure of the energy needs of consumer products and home heating to enable consumers to make informed decisions on their use of energy.\nThe Oceans\n\nAs with the supply of energy, no longer can we take for granted the precious resources we derive from the oceans. Here, too, we need comprehensive national and international policies to use and protect the vast potential contained in the sea. In particular we must:\nAgree with other nations on stopping pollution of the seas, if they are not one day to become one large sewer, or be filled with dangerous poisons that will deprive us of vital food resources;\nAgree with other nations on the conservation of food resources in the seas and promote the use of management techniques that will end the decline of the world's fish catch on the continental shelf through international cooperation for fishing gear regulations and species quota and preserve endangered species;\nAgree on an international accord for the seas, so resources can be shared equitably among the world's nations. We must be prepared to act constructively at next year's Conference on the Law of the Seas;\nBegin to reconcile competing interests in the future of the seas, including our national security objectives, to protect ocean resources in cooperation with other nations; and Support strongly the protection of ocean mammals (seal, whale, walrus) from indiscriminate destruction by both foreign and tuna fishing industries, but specifically exempting those native Americans whose subsistence depends completely on their total use of the ocean's resources.\nNinety percent of all salt water fish species live on our continental shelves, where plant life is plentiful. For this reason, we support monitoring and strict enforcement of all safety regulations on all offshore drilling equipment and on environmentally-safe construction of all tankers transporting oil.\nPublic Lands\n\nFor generations, Americans have been concerned with preserving the natural treasures of our country: Our lakes and rivers, our forests and mountains. Enlightened Americans of the past decided that the federal government should take a major role in protecting these treasures, on behalf of everyone. Today, however, neglect on the part of the Nixon Administration is threatening this most valued heritage—and that of our children. Never before in modern history have our public lands been so neglected and the responsible agencies so starved of funds.\nThe Democratic Party is concerned about preserving our public lands, and promoting policies of land management in keeping with the broad public interest. In particular, it is imperative to restore lost funds for land, park and forest management. It is imperative that decisions about the future use of our public lands be opened up to all the people for widespread public debate and discussion. Only through such an open process can we set ground rules that appropriately limit the influence of special interests and allow for cohesive guidelines for national land-use planning.\nWe are particularly aware of the potential conflicts among the use of land, rivers, lakes and the seashore for economic development, large-scale recreation and for preservation as unspoiled wilderness. We recognize that there are competing goals, and shall develop means for resolving these conflicts in a way that reflects the federal government's particular responsibilities as custodian for the public. We need more National Seashores and expansion of the National Park system. Major steps must be taken to follow up on Congressional commitment to scenic riverways.\nRecreation areas must be made available to people where they live. This includes the extension of our national wilderness preserves to include de facto wilderness areas and their preservation free of commercialization. In this way, we will help to preserve and improve the quality of life for millions of our people.\nWith regard to the development of the vast natural resources on our public lands, we pledge a renewed commitment to proceed in the interests of all our citizens.\nV. Education\n\n\"The American people want overwhelmingly to give to our children and adults equitable educational opportunities of the highest possible quality, not predicated on race, not predicated on past social accomplishment or wealth, except in a compensatory way to those who have been deprived in the past.\" Governor Jimmy Carter, Atlanta Hearing, June 9, 1972.\nOur schools are failing our children. Never, more than now, have we needed the schools to play their traditional role—to create a sense of national unity and to reconcile ethnic, religious and racial conflicts. Yet the Nixon Administration—by ignoring the plight of the nation's schools, by twice vetoing funds for education—has contributed to this failure.\nAmerica in the 1970's requires something the world has never seen: Masses of educated people —educated to feel and to act, as well as to think. The children who enter school next fall still will be in the labor force in the year 2030; we cannot even imagine what American society will be like then, let alone what specific jobs they may hold. For them, education must be done by teaching them how to learn, how to apply man's wisdom to new problems as they arise and how to recognize new problems as they arise. Education must prepare students not just to earn a living but to live a life—a creative, humane and sensitive life.\nSchool Finance\n\nAchieving educational excellence requires adequate financial support. But today local property taxes—which do not keep pace with inflation—can no longer support educational needs. Continued reliance on this revenue source imposes needless hardship on the American family without supplying the means for good schools. At the same time, the Nixon recession has sapped the resources of state government, and the Administration's insensitivity to school children has meant inadequate federal expenditures in education.\nThe next Democratic Administration should: Support equalization in spending among school districts. We support Court decisions holding unconstitutional the disparities in school expenditures produced by dependence on local property taxes. We pledge equality of spending as a way to improve schools and to assure equality of access to good education for all children;\nIncrease federal financial aid for elementary and secondary education to enhance achievement of quality education anywhere, and by fully funding the programs passed by the Congress and by fully funding ESEA Title I;\nStep up efforts to meet the special needs and costs of educationally disadvantaged children handicapped by poverty, disability or non-English-speaking family background;\nChannel financial aid by a Constitutional formula to children in non-public schools;\nSupport suburban-urban cooperation in education to share resources and expenses;\nDevelop and implement the retraining of displaced black and other minority teachers affected by desegregation; and\nContinue with full federal funding the breakfast and lunch programs for all children and the development of other programs to combat hunger.\nEarly Childhood Education\n\nOur youngest children are most ignored by national policy and most harshly treated by the Nixon Administration. President Nixon's cruel, irresponsible veto of the Comprehensive Child Development Act of 1971 indicates dramatically the real values of the present Administration.\nThat legislation struck down by President Nixon remains the best program to bring support to family units threatened by economic and social pressures; to eliminate educational handicaps which leave disadvantaged children unable to compete in school; to prevent early childhood disease before it results in adult disability; to interrupt the painful, destructive cycle of welfare dependence, and, most important, to allow all children happy lives as children and the opportunity to develop their full potential.\nWe support legislation for positive and preventive approaches to early childhood education.\nThese approaches should be designed to help eliminate educational handicaps before they require remedial treatment. A Democratic President will support and sign a program for universal comprehensive child development.\nWe should give reality to the right of mentally retarded children to adequate health care and educational opportunities through such measures as including necessary care under national health insurance and federal aid to assure an opportunity for education for all retarded persons.\nEqual Access to Quality Education\n\nThe Supreme Court of the United States in Brown v Board of Education established the Constitutional principle that states may not discriminate between school children on the basis of their race and that separate but equal has no place in our public education system. Eighteen years later the provision of integration is not a reality.\nWe support the goal of desegregation as a means to achieve equal access to quality education for all our children. There are many ways to desegregate schools: School attendance lines may he redrawn; schools may be paired; larger physical facilities may be built to serve larger, more diverse enrollments; magnet schools or educational parks may be used. Transportation of students is another tool to accomplish desegregation. It must continue to be available according to Supreme Court decisions to eliminate legally imposed segregation and improve the quality of education for all children.\nBilingual Education\n\nTen per cent of school children in the United States speak a language other than English in their homes and communities. The largest of the linguistic and cultural groups—Spanish-speaking and American Indians—are also among the poorest people in the United States. Increasing evidence indicates an almost total failure of public education to educate these children.\nThe drop out rates of Spanish speaking and Indian children are the worst of any children in the country. The injury is compounded when such children are placed in special \"compensatory\" programs or programs for the \"dumb\" or the \"retarded\" on the basis of tests and evaluations conducted in English.\nThe passage of the Bilingual Education Act of 1967 began a commitment by the nation to do something about the injustices committed against the bilingual child. But for 1972-73, Congress appropriated $35 million—enough to serve only two per cent of the children who need help.\nThe next Democratic Administration should: Increase federal support for bilingual, bicultural educational programs, pre-school through secondary school, including funding of bilingual Adult Basic Education;\nEnsure sufficient teacher training and curriculum development for such schools;\nImplement an affirmative action program to train and to hire bilingual-bicultural Spanish-speaking persons at all levels in the educational system;\nProvide inventories for state and local districts to initiate bilingual bicultural education programs;\nRequire testing of bilingual-bicultural children in their own languages; and\nProhibit discrimination against bilingual-bicultural children in school.\nCareer Education\n\nAcademic accomplishment is not the only way to financial success, job satisfaction or rewarding life in America. Many young Americans think that college is the only viable route when for some a vocational-technical career offers as much promise of a full life. Moreover, the country desperately needs skilled workers, technicians, men and women who understand and can handle the tools and equipment that mean growth and jobs. By 1975 the need for skilled craftsmen will increase 18 per cent while the need for college-trained persons will remain stable.\nYoung people should be permitted to make a career choice consistent with their interests, aptitudes and aspirations. We must create an atmosphere where the dignity of work is respected, where diversity of talent and taste is encouraged and where continuing opportunity exists to keep pace with change and gives a saleable skill.\nTo aid this, the next Democratic Administration can:\nGive vocational-technical education the same priority in funds and emphasis previously given academic education;\nSupport full appropriations for the recently-passed Occupational Education Act;\nStrengthen the career counseling programs in elementary, secondary and post-secondary education so that young people are made aware of all of the opportunities open to them and provide special kinds of vocational-technical education and experience to meet specific area needs;\nDevelop and promote a climate conducive to free, rational choice by young people, dispelling the current prejudices that influence career decisions for most young people almost from birth;\nEstablish a lifetime system of continuing education to enhance career mobility, both vertically and laterally, so that the career choice made at 18 or 20 years of age does not have to be the only or the final choice; and\nGrant equal representation to minorities and women in vocational technical education.\nHigher Education\n\nWe support universal access to opportunities to post-secondary education. The American education system has always been an important path toward social and economic advancement. Federal education policy should ensure that our colleges and universities continue as an open system. It must also stimulate the creative development and expansion of higher education to meet the new social, economic and environmental problems confronting society. To achieve the goals of equal opportunity in education, to meet the growing financial crisis in higher education and to stimulate reform of educational techniques, the next Democratic Administration should:\nSupport guaranteed access for all students to loan funds with long-term repayment based on future earnings. Not only the poor, but families with moderate incomes must be provided relief from the cost of a college and professional education;\nGrant supplements and contingent loans to institutions, based on enrollment of federally-aided students;\nProvide research funds to stimulate a partnership between post-secondary, secondary and primary education, in an effort to find new patterns for learning and to provide training and retraining of teachers, especially in urban areas;\nDevelop broad opportunities for lifelong learning including encouragement for post-secondary education throughout adult years and permit \"stopping-off\" during higher education;\nDevelop affirmative programs in universities and colleges for recruitment of minorities and women for administrative and teaching positions and as students; and\nCreate incentives for non-traditional education which recognize the contribution of experience to an individual's educational status.\nArts and Humanities\n\nSupport for the arts and humanities is one of the benchmarks of a civilized society. Yet, the continued existence of many of America's great symphonies, theatres and museums, our film institutes, dance companies and other art forms, is now threatened by rising costs, and the public contribution, far less than in most advanced industrial societies, is a fraction of the need.\nWe should expand support of the arts and humanities by direct grants through the National Foundation for the Arts and Humanities, whose policy should be to stimulate the widest variety of artistic and scholarly expression.\nWe should support long-range financing for public broadcasting, insulated from political pressures. We deplore the Nixon Administration's crude efforts to starve and muzzle public broadcasting, which has become a vital supplement to commercial television.\nVI. Crime, Law and Justice\n\n\"I think we can reduce crime. Society has no more important challenge because crime is human conduct and more than any other activity of people it reflects the moral character of a nation.\" -Ramsey Clark, Washington Hearing, June 23, 1972.\nWe advocate and seek a society and a government in which there is an attitude of respect for the law and for those who seek its enforcement and an insistence on the part of our citizens that the judiciary be ever mindful of their primary duty and function of punishing the guilty and protecting the innocent. We will insist on prompt, fair and equal treatment for all persons before the bar of justice.\nThe problem of crime in America is real, immediate and fundamental; its costs to the nation are staggering; nearly three-quarters of a million victims of violent crime in one year alone; more than 15,000 murders, billions of dollars of property loss.\nThe indirect, intangible costs are even more ominous. A frightened nation is not a free nation. Its citizens are prisoners, suspicious of the people they meet, restricted in when they go out and when they return, threatened even in their own homes. Unless government at all levels can restore a sense of confidence and security to its people, there is the ever-present danger that alarm will turn to panic, triggering short-cut remedies that jeopardize hard-won liberties.\nWhen law enforcement breaks down, not only the victims of street violence suffer; the worker's health and safety is imperiled by unsafe, illegal conditions on the job; the society is defenseless against fraud and pollution; most tragically of all, parents and communities are ravaged by traffic in dangerous drugs.\nThe Nixon Administration campaigned on a pledge to reduce crime—to strengthen the \"peace forces\" against the \"criminal forces.\" Despite claims to the contrary, that pledge has been broken:\nViolent crime has increased by one-third, to the highest levels in our history;\nFueled by the immense profits of narcotics traffic, organized crime has thrust its corruption farther and farther, into law enforcement agencies and the halls of justice;\nThe Department of Justice has become the handmaiden of the White House political apparatus, offering favors to those special interests which buy their \"law\" in Washington.\nThe Justice Department has failed to enforce laws protecting key legal rights, such as the Voting Rights Act of 1965;\nNixon and Mitchell use federal crime control funds for political purposes, squandering $1.5 billion.\nTo reverse this course, through equal enforcement of the law, and to rebuild justice the Democratic Party believes:\nThe impact of crime in America cuts across racial, geographic and economic lines;\nHard-line rhetoric, pandering to emotion, is both futile and destructive;\nWe can protect all people without undermining fundamental liberties by ceasing to use \"law and order\" as justification for repression and political persecution, and by ceasing to use stop-gap measures as preventive detention, \"no-knock\" entry, surveillance, promiscuous and unauthorized use of wire taps, harassment, and secret dossiers; and The problems of crime and drug abuse cannot be isolated from the social and economic conditions that give rise to them.\nPreventing Crime\n\nEffective law enforcement requires tough planning and action. This Administration has given us nothing but tough words. Together with unequal law enforcement by police, prosecutors and judges, the result is a \"turnstile\" system of injustice, where most of those who commit crime are not arrested, most of those arrested are not prosecuted, and many of those prosecuted are not convicted. Under this Administration, the conviction rate for federal prosecutions has declined to one-half its former level. Tens of thousands of offenders simply never appear in court and are heard from again only when they commit another crime. This system does not deter crime. It invites it. It will be changed only when all levels of government act to return firmness and fairness to every part of the criminal justice system.\nFear of crime, and firm action against it, is not racism. Indeed the greatest victims of crime today—whether of business fraud or of the narcotics plague—are the people of the ghetto, black and brown. Fear now stalks their streets far more than it does the suburbs.\nSo that Americans can again live without fear of each other the Democratic Party believes:\nThere must be equally stringent law enforcement for rich and poor, corporate and individual offenders;\nCitizens must he actively involved with the police in a joint effort;\nPolice forces must be upgraded, and recruiting of highly qualified and motivated policemen must be made easier through federally-assisted pay commensurate with the difficulty and importance of their job, and improved training with comprehensive scholarship and financial support for anyone who is serving or will contract to serve for an appropriate period of police service;\nThe complex job of policing requires a sensitivity to the changing social demands of the communities in which police operate;\nWe must provide the police with increased technological facilities and support more efficient use of police resources, both human and material;\nWhen a person is arrested, both justice and effective deterrence of crime require that he be speedily tried, convicted or acquitted, and if convicted, promptly sentenced. To this end we support financial assistance to local courts, prosecutors, and independent defense counsel for expansion, streamlining, and upgrading, with trial in 60 days as the goal;\nTo train local and state police officers, a Police Academy on a par with the other service academies should be established as well as an Academy of Judicial Administration;\nWe will provide every assistance to our law enforcement agencies at federal and local levels in the training of personnel and the improvement of techniques and will encourage mutual cooperation between each in its own sphere of responsibility;\nWe will support needed legislation and action to seek out and bring to justice the criminal organization of national scope operating in our country;\nWe will provide leadership and action in a national effort against the usage of drugs and drug addiction, attacking this problem at every level and every source in a full scale campaign to drive this evil from our society. We recognize drug addiction as a health problem and pledge that emphasis will be put on rehabilitation of addicts;\nWe will provide increased emphasis in the area of juvenile delinquency and juvenile offenses in order to deter and rehabilitate young offenders;\nThere must be laws to control the improper use of hand guns. Four years ago a candidate for the presidency was slain by a handgun. Two months ago, another candidate for that office was gravely wounded. Three out of four police officers killed in the line of duty are slain with hand guns. Effective legislation must include a ban on sale of hand guns known as Saturday night specials which are unsuitable for sporting purposes;\nA comprehensive fully-funded program is needed to improve juvenile justice, to ensure minimum standards, to expand research into rehabilitation techniques, including alternatives to reform schools and coordinate existing programs for treating juvenile delinquency; and\nThe block-grant system of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration which has produced ineffectiveness, waste and corruption should be eliminated. Funds should go directly to operating agencies that are committed to change and improvement in local law enforcement, including agencies concerned with research, rehabilitation, training and treatment.\nNarcotic Drugs\n\nDrug addiction and alcoholism are health problems. Drugs prey on children, destroy lives and communities, force crimes to satisfy addicts, corrupt police and government and finance the expansion of organized crime. A massive national effort, equal to the scale and complexity of the problem, is essential.\nThe next Democratic Administration should support:\nA massive law enforcement effort, supported by increased funds and personnel, against the suppliers and distributors of heroin and other dangerous drugs, with increased penalties for major narcotics traffickers;\nFull use of all existing resources to halt the illegal entry of narcotics into the United States, including suspension of economic and military assistance to any country that fails to take appropriate steps to prevent narcotic drugs produced or processed in that country from entering the United States illegally, and increases in customs personnel fighting smuggling of hard drugs;\nAn all-out investigative and prosecutory effort against corruption in government and law enforcement. Where corruption exists it is a major factor in permitting criminal activity, especially large-scale narcotic distribution, to flourish. It also destroys respect for the law in all who are conscious of its operation. We are determined that our children—whether in the ghetto or in a suburban high school shall no longer be able to see a pusher protected from prosecution, openly plying his trade;\nStrict regulation and vigorous enforcement of existing quotas regulating production and distribution of dangerous drugs, including amphetamines and barbiturates, to prevent diversion into illegal markets, with legislation for strong criminal penalties against drug manufacturers engaging in illegal overproduction, distribution and importation;\nExpanded research into dangerous drugs and their abuse, focusing especially on heroin addiction among the young and development of effective, non-addictive heroin treatment methods;\nConcentration of law enforcement efforts on major suppliers and distributors, with most individual users diverted into treatment before prosecution;\nImmediate placement in medical or psychiatric treatment, available to any individual drug abuser without fear of disclosure or harassment. Work opportunities should be provided for addicts in treatment by supported work and other programs; and\nDrug education in schools based on fact, not scare tactics to teach young people the dangers of different drugs, and full treatment opportunities for youthful drug abusers. Hard drug trafficking in schools must be met with the strongest possible law enforcement.\nOrganized and Professional Crime\n\nWe are determined to exert the maximum power and authority of the federal government to protect the many victims who cannot help themselves against great criminal combinations.\nAgainst the organized criminal syndicates, we pledge an expanded federal enforcement effort; one not restricted to criminals of any particular ethnic group, but which recognizes that organized crime in the United States cuts across all boundaries of race, national origin and class.\nAgainst white-collar crime, we pledge to enforce the maximum penalties provided by law. Justice cannot survive when, as too often is the case, a boy who steals a television set is sentenced to a long jail term, while a stock manipulator who steals millions is only commanded to sin no more.\nAt least where life or personal injury are at stake, we pledge to seek expanded criminal penalties for the violation of federal laws. Employers who violate the worker safety and health laws, or manufacturers who knowingly sell unsafe products or drugs profit from death and injury as knowingly as the common mugger. They deserve equally severe punishment.\nRehabilitation of Offenders\n\nFew institutions in America are as uniformly condemned and as consistently ignored as our existing prison system. Many prisons that are supposed to rehabilitate and separate, in fact train their inmates for nothing but brutality and a life of further crime. Only when public understanding recognizes that our existing \"corrections\" system contributes to escalating crime, will we get the massive effort necessary for fundamental restructuring.\nTherefore, the Democratic Party commits itself to:\nRestoration, after release, of rights to obtain drivers licenses and to public and private employment, and, after completion of sentence and conditions of parole, restoration of civil rights to vote and hold public office;\nRevision of sentencing procedures and greater use of community-based rehabilitation facilities, especially for juveniles;\nRecognition of the constitutional and human rights of prisoners; realistic therapeutic, vocational, wage-earning, education, alcoholism and drug treatment programs;\nMaking correctional personnel an integral part of the rehabilitative process;\nEmergency, educational and work-release furlough programs as an available technique, support for \"self-help\" programs; and\nRestoration of civil rights to ex-convicts after completion of their sentences, including the right to vote, to hold public office, to obtain drivers' licenses and to public and private employment.\nThe Quality of Justice\n\nJustice is not merely effective law enforcement —though that is an essential part of it. Justice, rather, expresses the moral character of a nation and its commitment to the rule of law, to equality of all people before the law.\nThe Democratic Party believes that nothing must abridge the faith of the American citizens in their system of law and justice.\nWe believe that the quality of justice will be enhanced by:\nEqual treatment for all citizens in the court without fear or favor—corporations as well as individual offenders;\nSwift trials for accused persons;\nEquitable pre-trial release systems and the elimination of plea bargaining abuses;\nEnding subversion of the legal system for political gain in court appointments, in antitrust cases and in administration of law enforcement programs;\nAdministering the laws and funding enacted by the Congress;\nRespecting and abiding by Constitutional protections of due process; and\nAbolishing capital punishment, recognized as an ineffective deterrent to crime, unequally applied and cruel and excessive punishment.\nVII. Farming and Rural Life\n\n\"A blight hangs over the land caused by misguided farm policies.\"—Tony Dechant, Sioux City hearing, June 16, 1972.\nFor many decades, American agriculture has been the envy of the world; and American farmers and American ranchers have made possible a level of nutrition and abundance for our people that is unrivaled in history, while feeding millions of people abroad.\nThe basis for this success—and its promise for the future—lies with the family-type farm. It can and must be preserved, in the best interests of all Americans and the nation's welfare.\nToday, as dwindling income forces thousands of family farmers into bankruptcy each year, the family-type farm is threatened with extinction. American farming is passing to corporate control.\nThese trends will benefit few of our people, while hurting many. The dominance of American food production by the large corporation would destroy individual enterprise and links that millions of our people have with the land; and it would lead to higher prices and higher food costs for everyone.\nMajor efforts must be made to prevent this disaster for the fabric of rural life, for the American farmer, rancher, farm worker and for the consumer and other rural people throughout our nation;\nFarm income must be improved to enable farmers, ranchers and farm workers to produce a steady and dependable supply of food and fiber products in return for full parity; and\nWe must recognize and fulfill the social contract that exists between the family-farm producers of food and the non-farm consumer.\nThe Democratic Party understands these urgent needs; the Nixon Administration does not and has failed the American farmer. Its record today is consistent with the Republican record of the past: Low prices, farm surpluses that depress the market and callous disregard for the people in rural America.\nThis Administration has sold out agriculture to interests bent on eliminating family-type farmers and bent on delivering agriculture to conglomerates, agribusiness giants and rich investors seeking to avoid taxes.\nIts policies have driven farm income as low as 67 per cent of parity, unequalled since the Depression. Between 50,000 and 75,000 farm families are driven off the land each year. Hundreds of thousands of demoralized people are being forced into overcrowded cities, emptying the countryside and bankrupting small business in rural towns and cities.\nThe Nixon Administration tries to hide its failures by misleading the people, juggling the parity formula to make prices look higher, distorting reports to make corporate farming look insignificant and trying to break up the U.S. Department of Agriculture and still the farmer's voice.\nThe Democratic Party will reverse these disastrous policies, and begin to recreate a rural society of widespread family farming, individual opportunity and private and cooperative enterprises, where honest work will bring a decent income.\nWe repudiate the Administration's set aside program, which pushes up the cost of farm programs while building huge surpluses that depress prices.\nWe repudiate the Report of the USDA Young Executives Committee which would eliminate the family-type farm by ending price support, loan and purchasing programs on all farm commodities and which would put farm people on the welfare rolls.\nWe repudiate a Presidential commission report recommending that future federal investment in many small towns and cities should make their decline merely more bearable rather than reverse it.\nIn place of these negative and harmful policies, the Democratic Party pledges itself to take positive and decisive action:\nWe will replace the 1970 Farm Act, when it expires next year, with a permanent law to provide fair prices to family type farm and ranch operators. This law will include loans and payments to farmers and effective supply management to raise family farm income to 100 percent of parity, based on the 1910-14 ratios:\nWe will resist a price ceiling on agriculture products until farm prices reach 110 per cent of parity, based on the 1910-14 ratios, and we will conduct a consumer education program to inform all Americans of the relationship between the prices of raw commodities and retail prices;\nWe will end farm program benefits to farm units larger than family-size; and\nWe will work for production adjustment that will assure adequate food and fiber for all our people, including low-income families and individuals whose purchasing power is supplemented with food stamps and that can provide enough commodities for export and for the Food for Peace Program.\nExporting Our Abundance\n\nFor many years, farm exports have made a major contribution to our balances of trade and payments. But this benefit for the entire nation must not be purchased with depressed prices for the producer.\nThe Democratic Party will ensure that:\nPrices for commodities sent abroad as exports or aid return the cost of production plus a profit for the American farmer;\nWe will negotiate international commodity agreements to include prices that guarantee prices to producers based on cost of production plus a reasonable profit;\nWe will require U.S. corporations producing commodities outside the country for consumption here to pay duties high enough to prevent unfair competition for domestic producers;\nWe will assure that the same rigid standards for inspection of domestic dairy products and meat will be applied to imports; and\nWe will create a strategic reserve of storable commodities, insulated from the market, rotated regularly to maintain quality and stored to the extent possible on farms.\nStrengthening the Family Farm\n\nThese policies and actions will not be enough on their own to strengthen the family farm. The Democratic Party also recognizes that farmers and ranchers must be able to gain economic strength in the marketplace by organizing and bargaining collectively for the sale of their products. And they need to be free of unfair competition from monopoly and other restrictive corporate practices. We therefore pledge:\nTo remove all obstacles to farm bargaining for the sale of products;\nTo extend authority for marketing orders to all farm commodities including those used for processing;\nTo prohibit farming, or the gaining of monopolistic control of production, on the part of corporations whose resources and income derive primarily from non-farm sources;\nTo investigate violations and enforce anti-trust laws in corporation-agriculture-agribusiness interlocks;\nTo prohibit corporations and individuals from setting up tax shelters or otherwise engaging in agriculture primarily for the purpose of tax avoidance or tax loss;\nTo encourage and support the use of cooperatives and membership associations in all areas of the country, which we pledge to protect from interference, punitive taxation or other hindrances; and\nTo assist small rural cooperatives to promote projects in housing, health, social services, marketing, farming, employment and transportation for rural areas with such things as technical assistance and credit.\nGuaranteeing Farm People a Voice\n\nNone of these policies can begin to work unless farmers, ranchers, farm workers and other rural people have full rights of participation in our democratic institutions of government. The Democratic Party is committed to seeing that family-type farmers and ranchers will be heard and that they will have ample opportunity to help shape policies affecting agriculture and rural America. To this end:\nWe support the appointment of a farmer or rancher as Secretary of Agriculture;\nWe oppose all efforts to abolish or dismantle the U.S. Department of Agriculture;\nWe will require that decisions relating to dams and other public land-use projects in rural areas involving federal funds be considered at well-publicized public hearings. Government is not now giving adequate protection to individual rights in condemnation procedures. It must set new and better procedures and requirements to, assure individual rights;\nWe supported the United Farm Workers in their non-violent efforts to gain collective bargaining recognition and contracts. We also support unemployment insurance compensation benefits, workman's compensation benefits and delivery of health services for farm workers; and\nWe support the removal of sugar workers from the custody of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.\nRevitalizing Rural America\n\nSound rural development must start with improved farm income, which also promotes the prosperity of the small businesses that serve all rural people. But there must be other efforts, as well, to ensure equity for farm and rural people in the American economy. The Democratic Party pledges:\nTo support the rural cooperative electrification and telephone programs and to implement rural transportation programs as explained in the section Cities, Communities, Counties and the Environment of this Platform. We will extend the agricultural exemption in the Motor Carriers Act to products and supplies and ensure rural areas an equitable share of Highway Trust Funds;\nTo apply general revenue sharing in ways that will permit state and local taxation of family farm lands on the basis of value for farm use rather than value for land speculation;\nTo guarantee equal treatment of rural and urban areas in the provision of federal funds for schools, poverty programs, health facilities, housing, highways, air services, pollution control, senior citizen programs and employment opportunities and manpower and training programs;\nTo provide loans to aid young farm families and small businesses to get established in rural areas; and\nTo ensure agricultural research toward an examination of the social and economic consequences of technology.\nThe prime goal of land grant colleges and research should be to help family farms and rural people.\nVIII. Foreign Policy\n\n\"The Administration is continuing a war—continuing the killing of Americans and Vietnamese —when our national security is not at stake.\n\"It is our duty as the opposition party to point out the Administration's errors and to offer a responsible alternative.\"—W. Averell Harriman, New York Hearing, June 22, 1972.\nStrength in defense and wisdom in foreign affairs are essential to prosperity and tranquility. In the modern world, there can be no isolationism in reality or policy. But the measure of our nation's rank in the world must be our success in achieving a just and peaceful society at home.\nFor the Nixon Administration, foreign policy results have fallen short of the attention and the slogans:\nAfter four years of \"Vietnamization,\" the war in Southeast Asia continues and Nixon's plan is still a secret;\nVital foreign policy decisions are made without consultation with Congress or our allies; and\nExecutive secrecy runs wild with unparalleled efforts to intimidate the media and suppress those who seek to put a different view before the American people.\nThe next Democratic Administration should:\nEnd American participation in the war in Southeast Asia;\nRe-establish control over military activities and reduce military spending, where consistent with national security;\nDefend America's real interests and maintain our alliances, neither playing world policeman nor abandoning old and good friends;\nNot neglect America's relations with small third-world nations in placing reliance to great power relationships;\nReturn to Congress, and to the people, a meaningful role in decisions on peace and war; and\nMake information public, except where real national defense interests are involved.\nVietnam\n\nNothing better describes the need for a new American foreign policy than the fact that now, as for the past seven years, it begins with the war in Vietnam.\nThe task now is still to end the war, not to decide who is to blame for it. The Democratic Party must share the responsibility for this tragic war. But, elected with a secret plan to end this war, Nixon's plan is still secret, and we—and the Vietnamese—have had four more years of fighting and death.\nIt is true that our involvement on the ground has been reduced. Troops are coming home. But the war has been extended in Laos and Cambodia; the bombing of North Vietnam has been expanded to levels of destruction undreamed of four years ago; North Vietnam has been blockaded; the number of refugees increases each day, and the Secretary of Defense warns us of still further escalation.\nAll this has accomplished nothing except to prolong the war. The hollowness of \"Vietnamization\"—a delusive slogan seeming to offer cheap victory—has been exposed by the recent offensive. The Saigon Government, despite massive U.S. support, is still not viable. It is militarily ineffective, politically corrupt and economically near collapse. Yet it is for this regime that Americans still die, and American prisoners still rot in Indo-China camps.\nThe plight of these American prisoners justly arouses the concern of all Americans. We must insist that any resolution of the war include the return of all prisoners held by North Vietnam and other adversary forces and the fullest possible accounting for the missing. With increasing lack of credibility, the Nixon Administration has sought to use the prisoners of war as an excuse for its policies. It has refused to make the simple offer of a definite and final end to U.S. participation in the war, in conjunction with return of all U.S. prisoners.\nThe majority of the Democratic Senators have called for full U.S. withdrawal by October 1, 1972. We support that position. If the war is not ended before the next Democratic Administration takes office, we pledge, as the first order of business, an immediate and complete withdrawal of all U.S. forces in Indo-China. All U.S. military action in Southeast Asia will cease. After the end of U.S. direct combat participation, military aid to the Saigon Government, and elsewhere in Indo-China, will be terminated.\nThe U.S. will no longer seek to determine the political future of the nations of Indo-China. The issue is not whether we will depose the present South Vietnamese Government, rather when we will cease insisting that it must be the core of any political settlement. We will do what we can to foster an agreement on an acceptable political solution but we recognize that there are sharp limits to our ability to influence this process, and to the importance of the outcome to our interest.\nDisengagement from this terrible war will not be a \"defeat\" for America. It will not imply any weakness in America's will or ability to protect its vital interests from attack. On the contrary, disengagement will enable us to heal domestic diversions and to end the distortion of our international priorities which the war has caused.\nA Democratic Administration will act to ease the hard transitions which will come with the end of this war. We pledge to offer to the people of Vietnam humanitarian assistance to help them repair the ravages of 30 years of war to the economy and to the people of that devastated land.\nTo our own people, we pledge a true effort to extend the hand of reconciliation and assistance to those most affected by the war.\nTo those who have served in this war, we pledge a full G.I. Bill of Rights, with benefits sufficient to pay for an education of the veteran's choice, job training programs and the guarantee of employment and the best medical care this country can provide, including a full program of rehabilitation for those who have returned addicted to dangerous drugs. To those who for reasons of conscience refused to serve in this war and were prosecuted or sought refuge abroad, we state our firm intention to declare an amnesty, on an appropriate basis, when the fighting has ceased and our troops and prisoners of war have returned.\nMilitary Policy\n\nWe propose a program of national defense which is both prudent and responsible, which will retain the confidence of our allies and which will be a deterrent to potential aggressors.\nMilitary strength remains an essential element of a responsible international policy. America must have the strength required for effective deterrence.\nBut military defense cannot be treated in isolation from other vital national concerns. Spending for military purposes is greater by far than federal spending for education, housing, environmental protection, unemployment insurance or welfare. Unneeded dollars for the military at once add to the tax burden and pre-empt funds from programs of direct and immediate benefit to our people. Moreover, too much that is now spent on defense not only adds nothing to our strength but makes us less secure by stimulating other countries to respond.\nUnder the Nixon stewardship of our defense policy, lack of sound management controls over defense projects threatens to price us out of an adequate defense. The reaction of the Defense Department to exposure of cost overruns has been to strike back at the critics instead of acting to stop the waste.\nNeedless projects continue and grow, despite evidence of waste, military ineffectiveness and even affirmative danger to real security. The \"development\" budget starts pressures for larger procurement budgets in a few years. Morale and military effectiveness deteriorate as drugs, desertion and racial hatreds plague the armed forces, especially in Vietnam.\nThe Democratic Party pledges itself to maintain adequate military forces for deterrence and effective support of our international position. But we will also insist on the firm control of specific costs and projects that are essential to ensure that each defense dollar makes a real contribution to national security. Specifically, a Democratic Administration should:\nPlan military budgets on the basis of our present needs and commitments, not past practices or force levels;\nStress simplicity and effectiveness in new weapons and stop goldplating and duplication which threatens to spawn a new succession of costly military white elephants; avoid commitment to new weapons unless and until it becomes clear that they are needed;\nReject calls to use the SALT agreement as an excuse for wasteful and dangerous acceleration of our military spending;\nReduce overseas bases and forces; and\nRebuild the morale and military tradition of our armed forces through creative programs to combat drug abuse, racial tensions and eroded pride in service. We will support reforms of the conditions of military life to restore military service as an attractive career for men and women from all segments of our society.\nBy these reforms and this new approach to budgeting, coupled with a prompt end to U.S. involvement in the war in Indo-China, the military budget can be reduced substantially with no weakening of our national security. Indeed a leaner, better-run system will mean added strength, efficiency and morale for our military forces.\nWorkers and industries now dependent on defense spending should not be made to pay the price of altering our priorities. Therefore, we pledge reconversion policies and government resources to assure jobs and new industrial opportunities for all those adversely affected by curtailed defense spending.\nDraft\n\nWe urge abolition of the draft.\nDisarmament and Arms Control\n\nThe Democratic Party stands for keeping America strong; we reject the concept of unilateral reductions below levels needed for adequate military defense. But effective international arms control and disarmament do not threaten American security; they enhance it.\nThe last Democratic Administration took the lead in pressing for U.S.-Soviet agreement on strategic arms limitation. The recent SALT agreement is an important and useful first step.\nThe SALT agreement should be quickly ratified and taken as a starting point for new agreements. It must not be used as an excuse for new \"bargaining chip\" military programs or the new round of the arms race.\nThe next Democratic Administration should: Carry on negotiations to expand the initial SALT agreement to other areas, especially to seek limits to the qualitative arms race and to begin reducing force levels on each side;\nSeek a comprehensive ban on all nuclear testing, verified, as SALT will be, by national means;\nPress for wide adherence to the Non-Proliferation Treaty, signed in 1968, and for extension of the concept of nuclear free regions;\nSeek ratification of the Protocol on Chemical Warfare without reservations;\nIn concert with our allies, pursue with the U.S.S.R. mutual force reductions in Europe; and\nWiden the range of arms control discussions to include new subjects, such as mutual budget cuts, control of arms transfer to developing countries, restrictions on naval force deployments and other measures to limit conventional forces.\nU.S. and the World Community\n\nA new foreign policy must be adequate for a rapidly changing world. We welcome the opportunity this brings for improved relations with the U.S.S.R. and China. But we value even more America's relations with our friends and allies in the Hemisphere, in Western Europe, Japan and other industrialized countries, Israel and the Middle East, and in the developing nations of Asia and Africa. With them, our relations must be conducted on a basis of mutual trust and consultation, seeking to strengthen our ties and to resolve differences on a basis of mutual advantage. Throughout the world, the focus of our policy should be a commitment to peace, self-determination, development, liberty and international cooperation, without distortion in favor of military points of view.\nEurope.—Europe's increasing economic and political strength and the growing cooperation and self-confidence of its people have made the Atlantic Alliance a partnership of equals. If we face the challenge of this new relationship, our historic partnership can endure.\nThe next Democratic Administration should: Reduce U.S. troop levels in Europe in close consultation with our allies, as part of a program to adjust NATO to changed conditions. What is essential in our relations with the other NATO nations is not a particular troop level, but our continued commitment to collective defense;\nPledge to work in greater cooperation with the European economic communities to ensure that integration in Europe does not serve as a formula for discrimination against American goods and enterprises;\nCease American support for the repressive Greek military government; and\nMake the voice of the United States heard in Northern Ireland against violence and terror and against the discrimination, repression and deprivation which brought about that awful civil strife.\nWe welcome every improvement in relations between the United States and the Soviet Union and every step taken toward reaching vital agreements on trade and other subjects. However, in our pursuit of improved relations, America cannot afford to be blind to the continued existence of serious differences between us. In particular, the United States should, by diplomatic contacts, seek to mobilize world opinion to express concern at the denial to the oppressed peoples of Eastern Europe and the minorities of the Soviet Union, including the Soviet Jews, of the right to practice their religion and culture and to leave their respective countries.\nMiddle East.—The United States must be unequivocally committed to support of Israel's right to exist within secure and defensible boundaries. Progress toward a negotiated political settlement in the Middle East will permit Israel and her Arab neighbors to live at peace with each other, and to turn their energies to internal development. It will also free the world from the threat of the explosion of Mid-East tensions into world war. In working toward a settlement, our continuing pledge to the security and freedom of Israel must be both clear and consistent.\nThe next Democratic Administration should: Make and carry out a firm, long-term public commitment to provide Israel with aircraft and other military equipment in the quantity and sophistication she needs to preserve her deterrent strength in the face of Soviet arsenaling of Arab threats of renewed war;\nSeek to bring the parties into direct negotiations toward a permanent political solution based on the necessity of agreement on secure and defensible national boundaries;\nMaintain a political commitment and a military force in Europe and at sea in the Mediterranean ample to deter the Soviet Union from putting unbearable pressure on Israel.\nRecognize and support the established status of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, with free access to all its holy places provided to all faiths. As a symbol of this stand, the U.S. Embassy should be moved from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem; and\nRecognize the responsibility of the world community for a just solution to the problems of the Arab and Jewish refugees.\nAfrica.—The central feature of African politics today is the struggle against racism and colonialism in Southern Africa. There should be no mistake about which side we are on. We stand for full political, civil and economic rights for black and other nonwhite peoples in Southern Africa. We are against white-minority rule. We should not underwrite a return to the interventionism of the past. But we can end United States complicity with such governments.\nThe focus of America's concern with Africa must be on economic and social development. Economic aid to Africa, without political conditions, should be expanded, and African states assured an adequate share of the aid dollar. Military aid and aid given for military purposes should be sharply reduced.\nAll military aid to Portugal should be stopped and the Nixon $435 million deal for unneeded Azores bases should be canceled.\nU.N. sanctions against the illegal racist regime in Southern Rhodesia should be supported vigorously, especially as they apply to chrome imports.\nThe U.S. should give full support to U.N. assertion of its control over Namibia (South West Africa), in accordance with the World Court's ruling.\nThe U.S. should make clear its opposition to the radical totalitarianism of South Africa. The U.S. government should act firmly to press U.S. businesses in South Africa to take measures for the fullest possible justice for their black employees. Blacks should be assigned at all levels to U.S. offices in South Africa, and throughout Africa. The South African sugar quota should be withdrawn.\nNo U.S. company or its subsidiary should be given U.S. tax credit for taxes paid to white-minority-ruled countries of Africa.\nJapan.—Our relations with Japan have been severely strained by a series of \"Nixon shocks.\" We must restore our friendship with Japan, the leading industrial nation of Asia and a growing world power. There are genuine issues between us and Japan in the economic area, but accommodation of trade problems will be greatly eased by an end to the Nixon Administration's calculated insensitivity to Japan and her interests, marked by repeated failures to afford advance warnings, much consultation over sudden shifts in U.S. diplomatic and economic policy that affect Japan.\nIndia, Pakistan and Bangla Desh.—A Democratic Administration should work to restore the damage done to America's friendship with India as a result of the Administration's folly in \"tilting\" in favor of Pakistan and against Bangla Desh. The alienation by the Nixon Administration of India, the world's largest democracy, and the continued suspension of economic aid to India have seriously damaged the status of the United States in Asia. We pledge generous support for the essential work of reconstruction and reconciliation in Bangla Desh. At the same time, we will maintain friendship and developmental assistance to the \"new\" Pakistan which has emerged from these sad events.\nChina.—The beginnings of a new U.S.-China relationship are welcome and important. However, so far, little of substance has changed, and the exaggerated secrecy and rhetoric of the Nixon Administration have produced unnecessary complications in our relationship with our allies and friends in Asia and with the U.S.S.R.\nWhat is needed now is serious negotiation on trade, travel exchanges and progress on more basic issues. The U.S. should take the steps necessary to establish regular diplomatic relations with China.\nOther Asian Countries.—The future of Asia will be determined by its people, not by the United States. We should support accommodation and cooperation among all Asian countries and continue to assist in economic development.\nCanada.—A Democratic Administration should restore close U.S.-Canadian cooperation and communication, respecting Canada's nationhood and pride. In settling economic issues, we should not compromise our interests; but seek mutually advantageous and equitable solutions. In areas such as environmental protection and social policies, the Americans and Canadians share common problems and we must act together.\nLatin America.—The Good Neighbor policy of Franklin Roosevelt and the Alliance for Progress of John Kennedy set still-living goals-insulation from external political conflicts, mutual non-interference in internal affairs, and support for political liberty, social justice and economic progress. The Nixon Administration has lost sight of these goals, and the result is hostility and suspicion of the U.S. unmatched in generations.\nThe next Democratic Administration should: Re-establish an inter-American alliance of equal sovereign nations working cooperatively for development;\nSharply reduce military assistance throughout the area;\nStrive to deepen the exchange of people and ideas within the Hemisphere;\nTake account of the special claims of democratically-elected governments on our resources and sympathy;\nPursue a policy of non-intervention by military means in domestic affairs of Latin American nations;\nRecognize that, while Cuba must not be permitted to become a foreign military base, after 13 years of boycott, crisis and hostility, the time has come to re-examine our relations with Cuba and to seek a way to resolve this cold war confrontation on mutually acceptable terms; and\nRe-establish a U.S.-Mexico border commission, with Mexican-American representatives, to develop a comprehensive program to desalinate and eradicate pollution of the Colorado River and other waterways flowing into Mexico, and conduct substantial programs to raise the economic level on both sides of the border. This should remove the economic reasons which contribute to illegal immigration and discourage run-away industries, in addition, language requirements for citizenship should be removed.\nThe United Nations.—The U.N. cannot solve all the great political problems of our time, but in an increasingly interdependent world, a world body is essential and its potential must be increasingly relied upon.\nThe next Democratic Administration should: Re-establish the U.N. as a key forum for international activity, and assign representatives with the highest qualification for diplomacy;\nGive strong executive branch leadership for U.S. acceptance of its obligations for U.N. financing, while renegotiating arrangement for sharing U.N. costs;\nAbide by the binding U.N. Security Council decision on Rhodesia sanctions, and support U.N. peace-keeping efforts;\nWork for development of enforceable world law as a basis for peace, and endorse repeal of the Connally Reservation on U.S. acceptance of World Court jurisdiction; and\nWork to involve the U.N. increasingly on the complex technical and social problems such as pollution, health, communication, technology and population policy, which are worldwide in scope and demand a worldwide approach, and help provide the means for these U.N. efforts and for U.N. economic development functions.\nInternational Economic Policy\n\nIn a prosperous economy, foreign trade has benefits for virtually everyone. For the consumer, it means lower prices and a wider choice of goods. For the worker and the businessman, it means new jobs and new markets. For nations, it means greater efficiency and growth.\nBut in a weak economy—with over five million men and women out of work—foreign imports bring hardships to many Americans. The automobile or electrical worker, the electronics technician, the small businessman—for them, and millions of others, foreign competition coinciding with a slack economy has spelled financial distress. Our national commitment to liberal trade policies takes its toll when times are bad, but yields its benefits when the economy is fully employed.\nThe Democratic Party proposes no retreat from this commitment. Our international economic policy should have these goals: To expand jobs and business opportunities in this country and to establish two-way trade relations with other nations. To do this, we support the following policies:\nEnd the high-unemployment policy of the Nixon Administration. When a job is available for everyone who wants to work, imports will no longer be a threat. Full employment is a realistic goal, it is a goal which has been attained under Democratic Administrations, and it is a goal we intend to achieve again;\nAdopt broad programs to ease dislocations and relieve the hardship of workers injured by foreign competition;\nSeek higher labor standards in the advanced nations where productivity far outstrips wage rates, thus providing unfair competition to American workers and seek to limit harmful flows of American capital which exploit both foreign and American workers;\nAdhere to liberal trade policies, but we should oppose actions and policies which harm American workers through unfair exploitation of labor abroad and the encouragement of American capital to run after very low wage opportunities for quick profits that will damage the economy of the United States and further weaken the dollar;\nNegotiate orderly and reciprocal reductions of trade barriers to American products. Foreign nations with access to our markets should no longer be permitted to fence us out of theirs;\nSupport reform of the international monetary system. Increased international reserves, provision for large margins in foreign exchange fluctuations and strengthened institutions for the coordination of national economic policies can free our government and others to achieve full employment;\nSupport efforts to promote exports of American farm products; and\nDevelop ground rules for pollution controls with our industrialized trading partners so that no country gains competitive advantage at the expense of the environment.\nDeveloping Nations\n\nPoverty at home or abroad is part of a common problem. Great and growing income gaps among nations are no more tenable than such gaps among groups in our own country. We should remain committed to U.S. support for economic and social development of countries in need. Old ways of providing aid must be revised—to reduce U.S. involvement in administration; to encourage other nations to contribute jointly with us. But funding must be adequate to help poor countries achieve accelerated rates of growth.\nSpecifically, the next Democratic Administration should support: Provision of more assistance through international organizations, along with measures to strengthen the development agencies of the U.N.; A curtailment of military aid;\nImproved access to the markets of industrial nations for the products of the developing countries;\nA greater role in international monetary affairs for poor countries; in particular distributing the new Special Drawing Rights in support of the poor countries; and\nA fair share for poor countries in the resources of the seabeds.\nThe Methods and Structures of U.S. Foreign and Military Policy\n\nThe needed fundamental reordering of U.S. foreign and military policy calls for changes in the structure of decision-making, as well as in particular policies. This means:\nGreater sharing with Congress of real decisions on issues of war and peace, and providing Congress with the information and resources needed for a more responsible role;\nMore honest information policies, beginning with a fundamental reform of the document classification system and including regular press conferences by the President, his cabinet and senior advisors;\nEnding the present drastic overbalance in favor of military opinion by redefining the range of agencies and points of view with a proper claim to be heard on foreign and military policies;\nSubjecting the military budget to effective civilian control and supervision;\nEstablishing effective executive control and legislative oversight of the intelligence agencies;\nEnding political domination of USIA's reporting and Peace Corps dedication and, in general, making it clear that the White House understands the crucial distinction between dissent and disloyalty; and\nUrging the appointment of minority Americans to top positions of ambassadors and diplomats, to let the world know that America is a multi-racial nation and proud of it.\nIX. The People and the Government\n\n\"Our people are dispirited because there seems to be no way by which they can call to office a government which will cut the ties to the past, meeting the challenge of leadership and begin a new era of bold action.\n\"Bold action by innovative government—responsive to the people's needs and desires—is essential to the achievement of our national hopes.\"—Leonard Woodcock, President, United Auto Workers, New York Hearing, June 22, 1972.\nRepresentative democracy fails when citizens cannot know:\nWhen public officials ignore or work against the principles of due process;\nHow their public officials conduct the public's business;\nWhether public officials have personal financial stakes in the very matters they are legislating, administering or enforcing; and\nWhat special interest pressures are being exerted on public officials by lobbyists.\nToday, it is imperative that the Democratic Party again take the lead in reforming those practices that limit the responsiveness of government and remove it from the control of the people.\nSeniority\n\nThe seniority system is one of the principal reasons that party platforms—and parties themselves—have lost meaning and importance in our political life. Seniority has weakened Congress as an effective and responsive institution in a changing society. It has crippled effective Congressional leadership and made it impossible to present and enact a coherent legislative program. It has permitted the power of the Democratic majority to be misused and abused. It has stifled initiative and wasted the talents of many members by making length of service the only criterion for selection to the vital positions of Congressional power and leadership.\nWe, therefore, call on the Democratic Members of the Congress to use the powers inherent in their House and Senate caucuses to implement the policies and programs of the National Democratic Party. It is specifically not intended that Democratic members be directed how to vote on issues on the floor. But, in order that they be responsive to broad party policies and programs, we nonetheless call upon Members of Congress to:\nChoose committee chairmen as provided in existing caucus rules and procedures, but by separate open ballot; chair-people should be chosen who will carry out party policies and programs which come within the jurisdiction of their committees;\nAssure that Democratic programs and policies receive full and fair consideration and are brought to a vote in each house;\nDiscipline committee members, including chair-people, who refuse to comply with caucus instructions regarding the reporting of legislation from their committees; and\nWithhold any seniority benefits from a Member of Congress who fails to overtly identify with the Democratic organization in his state which is recognized by the National Democratic Party.\nSecrecy\n\nPublic business should be transacted publicly, except when national security might be jeopardized.\nTo combat secrecy in government, we call on the Democratic Members of Congress and state legislatures to:\nEnact \"open meetings\" legislation, barring the practice of conducting the public business behind closed doors. This should include so-called mark-up sessions by legislative committees, but should allow for exceptions involving national security and invasions of privacy. To the extent possible, the same principle should apply to the Executive Branch;\nAssure that all committee and floor votes are taken in open session, recorded individually for each legislator; record caucus votes, and make all of these available to the public;\nUrge reservation of executive privilege for the President alone;\nUrge that the judgment in the U.S. Senate in a contested election case be rendered in open Senate session;\nImmediately strengthen the Federal Freedom of Information Act. Congress should improve its oversight of Executive secrecy by requiring federal agencies to report annually on every refusal to grant information requested under the Act. Citizens should have full recourse to the courts to deal with violation or circumvention of the Act. It should be amended to allow courts to review the reasonableness of a claim of executive privilege; and\nAdminister the security system so as to limit the number of officials who can make a document secret, and provide for frequent declassification of documents. Congress should be given the means to obtain documents necessary to fulfill its responsibilities.\nWe also call on the Democratic Members of the House of Representatives to take action through their caucus to end the \"closed rule,\" which is used to prevent amendments and votes on vital tax matters and other important issues, and we call on the Democratic Members of the Senate to liberalize the cloture rule, which is used to prevent votes in that body, so that after full and extensive debate majority rule can prevail.\nAdministrative Agencies\n\nThere is, among more and more citizens, a growing revolt against large, remote and impersonal government agencies that are not responsive to human needs. We pledge to build a representative process into the Executive Branch, so that individuals affected by agency programs can be involved in formulating, implementing and revising them. This requires a basic restructuring of procedures—public hearings before guidelines and regulations are handed down, the processing of citizen complaints, the granting of citizen standing and the recovery of litigation fees for those who win suits against the government.\nWe recommend these specific changes in the rule making and adjudication process of the federal government:\nThere should be no non-written communication between an agency and outside parties about pending decisions. All written communications should promptly be made a part of the public record;\nAll communications between government employees and outside parties about possible future action should be made a part of the public record;\nAll government employees involved in rule-making and adjudication should be subject to conflict of interest laws;\nThe Justice Department should make available to the public any consent decree 90 days prior to its submission to court, to allow any interested party to comment on it to the Court; and The Justice Department should report to Congress each year, to explain its action on major suits.\nIn addition, we must more effectively protect consumer rights before the government. The consumer must be made an integral part of any relationship between government and institutions (public or private) at every level of proceedings whether formal or informal.\nA Democratic Administration would instruct all federal agencies to identify American Indians, Asian Americans and Spanish-speaking Americans in separate categories in all statistical data that note racial or ethnic heritage. Only in this way can these Americans be assured their rights under federal programs.\nFinally, in appropriate geographical areas, agencies of the federal government should be equipped to conduct business in such a fashion that Spanish-speaking citizens should not be hampered by language difficulties.\nConflict of Interest\n\nThe public interest must not be sacrificed to personal gain. Therefore, we call for legislation requiring full disclosure of the financial interests of Members of Congress and their staffs and high officials of the Executive Branch and independent agencies. Disclosure should include business directorships held and associations with individuals or firms lobbying or doing business with the government.\nFurther, Congress should forbid its members to engage in the practice of law or to retain association with a law firm while in office. Legislators serving on a committee whose jurisdiction includes matters in which they have financial interest should divest themselves of the interest or resign from the committee.\nCampaign Finance\n\nA total overhaul of the present system of financing elections is a national necessity. Candidates should not be dependent on large contributors who seek preferential treatment. We call for Congressional action to provide for public financing of more election costs by 1974. We recommend a statutory ceiling on political gifts at a reasonable limit. Publicly owned communications facilities such as television, radio and the postal service should be made available, but on a limited basis, to candidates for federal Office.\nRegulation of Lobbyists\n\nWe also call upon Congress to enact rigorous lobbying disclosure legislation, to replace the present shockingly ineffective law. There should be full disclosure of all organized lobbying—including names of lobbyists, identity of the source of funds, total receipts and expenditures, the nature of the lobbying operation and specific target issues or bills. Reports should be filed at least quarterly, with criminal penalties for late filing. Lobbying regulations should cover attempts to influence both legislative and Executive Branch decisions. The legislation should specifically cover lobbying appeals in subscription publications.\nAs a safeguard, we urge the availability of subpoena and cease-and-desist powers to enforce these conflict of interest, campaign financing and lobby disclosure laws. We also affirm the citizens' right to seek enforcement through the courts, should public officials fail in enforcement.\nTaking Part in the Political Process\n\nThe Presidential primary system today is an unacceptable patchwork. The Democratic Party supports federal laws that will embody the following principles:\nProtect the opportunity for less-known candidates to build support;\nEstablish uniform ground rules; Reduce the cost of primary campaigns; Promote maximum voter turnout; Ensure that issues are clarified;\nFoster the selection of nominees with broad popular support to assure the continued viability of the two party system;\nEnsure every citizen the ability to take part in the Presidential nomination process; and\nEqualize the ability of people from all income levels to participate in the political decision-making processes of the Democratic Party, by providing financial assistance through party funds for delegates, alternates and standing committee members to state and national conventions.\nWe also call for full and uniform enforcement of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. But further steps are needed to end all barriers to participation in the political process:\nUniversal voter registration by post card; Bilingual means of registration and voting; Bilingual voter education programs; Liberalized absentee voting;\nLower minimum age requirements for service in the Senate and House of Representatives;\nMinimum residency requirements of 30 days for all elections, including primaries;\nStudent voting where they attend schools; Study and review of the Hatch Act, to see what can be done to encourage good citizenship and reasonable participation by government employees;\nFull home rule for the District of Columbia, including an elected mayor-city council government, broad legislative power, control over appointments, automatic federal payment and voting representation in both Houses of Congress; No discriminatory districting;\nWe favor a Constitutional change to abolish the Electoral College and to give every voter a direct and equal voice in Presidential elections. The amendment should provide for a run-off election, if no candidate received more than 40 percent of the popular vote;\nEarly ratification of the equal rights amendment to the Constitution;\nAppointment of women to positions of top responsibilities in all branches of the federal government, to achieve an equitable ratio of women and men;\nInclusion of women advisors in equitable ratios on all government studies, commissions and hearings; and\nLaws authorizing federal grants on a matching basis for financing state commissions of the status of women.\nThese changes in themselves will not solve the problems of government for all time. As our society changes, so must the ways we use to make government more responsive to the people. Our challenge, today, as always, is to ensure that politics and institutions belong in spirit and in practice to all the people of our nation. In 1972, Americans are deciding that they want their country back again.", "Words" -> 25528, "WordCounts" -> <|"the" -> 1310, "and" -> 1248, "of" -> 1061, "to" -> 940, "in" -> 455, "for" -> 352, "a" -> 337, "be" -> 237, "that" -> 224, "The" -> 198, "should" -> 170, "on" -> 166, "with" -> 163, "is" -> 163, "We" -> 153, "our" -> 146, "all" -> 145, "as" -> 140, "by" -> 136, "are" -> 133, "will" -> 125, "must" -> 119, "or" -> 106, "federal" -> 102, "Democratic" -> 99, "we" -> 97, "people" -> 94, "which" -> 93, "not" -> 92, "government" -> 92, "their" -> 90, "has" -> 85, "an" -> 83, "Administration" -> 83, "have" -> 81, "American" -> 75, "from" -> 70, "support" -> 69, "programs" -> 68, "this" -> 64, "it" -> 63, "other" -> 61, "tax" -> 59, "public" -> 59, "economic" -> 59, "Party" -> 56, "more" -> 55, "education" -> 54, "can" -> 54, "new" -> 50, "To" -> 48, "Nixon" -> 48, "national" -> 48, "its" -> 47, "income" -> 47, "system" -> 46, "no" -> 46, "they" -> 45, "who" -> 44, "full" -> 44, "at" 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"World" -> 6, "were" -> 6, "ways" -> 6, "was" -> 6, "vote" -> 6, "upon" -> 6, "Towns" -> 6, "structure" -> 6, "strengthen" -> 6, "stop" -> 6, "step" -> 6, "specific" -> 6, "South" -> 6, "seen" -> 6, "rules" -> 6, "role" -> 6, "review" -> 6, "revenue" -> 6, "responsive" -> 6, "responsible" -> 6, "Republican" -> 6, "representation" -> 6, "remove" -> 6, "regardless" -> 6, "record" -> 6, "recognized" -> 6, "reasonable" -> 6, "rates" -> 6, "raise" -> 6, "purposes" -> 6, "progress" -> 6, "profits" -> 6, "procedures" -> 6, "priority" -> 6, "preservation" -> 6, "preferences" -> 6, "practice" -> 6, "poverty" -> 6, "positions" -> 6, "peace" -> 6, "parties" -> 6, "participate" -> 6, "parity" -> 6, "operation" -> 6, "Only" -> 6, "official" -> 6, "mutual" -> 6, "movement" -> 6, "minorities" -> 6, "Military" -> 6, "Members" -> 6, "mean" -> 6, "manpower" -> 6, "low" -> 6, "loss" -> 6, "like" -> 6, "less" -> 6, "lands" -> 6, "lack" -> 6, "Labor" -> 6, "juvenile" -> 6, "Israel" -> 6, "information" -> 6, "industry" -> 6, "industries" -> 6, "industrial" -> 6, "improved" -> 6, "illegal" -> 6, "ignored" -> 6, "if" -> 6, "how" -> 6, "Housing" -> 6, "House" -> 6, "his" -> 6, "hard" -> 6, "group" -> 6, "great" -> 6, "go" -> 6, "four" -> 6, "FHA" -> 6, "failed" -> 6, "Expand" -> 6, "everyone" -> 6, "even" -> 6, "Establish" -> 6, "efficient" -> 6, "due" -> 6, "disabled" -> 6, "day" -> 6, "current" -> 6, "cultural" -> 6, "crisis" -> 6, "courts" -> 6, "contribution" -> 6, "consumers" -> 6, "consistent" -> 6, "conduct" -> 6, "come" -> 6, "clean" -> 6, "childhood" -> 6, "child" -> 6, "changes" -> 6, "broad" -> 6, "bilingual" -> 6, "attention" -> 6, "At" -> 6, "arms" -> 6, "another" -> 6, "allow" -> 6, "allies" -> 6, "agriculture" -> 6, "agency" -> 6, "administrative" -> 6, "administration" -> 6, "activity" -> 6, "Workers" -> 5, "within" -> 5, "With" -> 5, "What" -> 5, "voice" -> 5, "view" -> 5, "variety" -> 5, "VA" -> 5, "uniform" -> 5, "two" -> 5, "transit" -> 5, "today" -> 5, "thus" -> 5, "throughout" -> 5, "threatened" -> 5, "threaten" -> 5, "taxation" -> 5, "Tax" -> 5, "supply" -> 5, "suburbs" -> 5, "students" -> 5, "strong" -> 5, "steps" -> 5, "status" -> 5, "species" -> 5, "Spanish-speaking" -> 5, "Soviet" -> 5, "some" -> 5, "solutions" -> 5, "simply" -> 5, "separate" -> 5, "Senate" -> 5, "Security" -> 5, "SALT" -> 5, "rising" -> 5, "Rico" -> 5, "revenues" -> 5, "respect" -> 5, "replace" -> 5, "remain" -> 5, "relief" -> 5, "regular" -> 5, "regional" -> 5, "regard" -> 5, "reforms" -> 5, "reduced" -> 5, "ranchers" -> 5, "Provide" -> 5, "protecting" -> 5, "protected" -> 5, "produced" -> 5, "primary" -> 5, "preventive" -> 5, "pressures" -> 5, "Presidential" -> 5, "preserve" -> 5, "potential" -> 5, "places" -> 5, "place" -> 5, "persons" -> 5, "permanent" -> 5, "period" -> 5, "pension" -> 5, "others" -> 5, "organized" -> 5, "organizations" -> 5, "oil" -> 5, "No" -> 5, "never" -> 5, "natural" -> 5, "middle-income" -> 5, "mentally" -> 5, "mass" -> 5, "market" -> 5, "majority" -> 5, "long-term" -> 5, "loans" -> 5, "legislative" -> 5, "least" -> 5, "lead" -> 5, "larger" -> 5, "language" -> 5, "Kennedy" -> 5, "involved" -> 5, "investment" -> 5, "Insurance" -> 5, "insist" -> 5, "influence" -> 5, "ineffective" -> 5, "Indo-China" -> 5, "incentives" -> 5, "inadequate" -> 5, "imports" -> 5, "immediate" -> 5, "If" -> 5, "however" -> 5, "houses" -> 5, "history" -> 5, "handicapped" -> 5, "guaranteed" -> 5, "grant" -> 5, "gain" -> 5, "friends" -> 5, "forms" -> 5, "forced" -> 5, "firm" -> 5, "favor" -> 5, "farming" -> 5, "farmer" -> 5, "family-type" -> 5, "extended" -> 5, "experience" -> 5, "expenditures" -> 5, "Every" -> 5, "established" -> 5, "establish" -> 5, "equality" -> 5, "Ensure" -> 5, "either" -> 5, "Economic" -> 5, "different" -> 5, "developed" -> 5, "decision-making" -> 5, "decide" -> 5, "cuts" -> 5, "credit" -> 5, "cover" -> 5, "coordination" -> 5, "controls" -> 5, "continuing" -> 5, "Constitutional" -> 5, "Congressional" -> 5, "conflicts" -> 5, "concerned" -> 5, "commit" -> 5, "challenge" -> 5, "center" -> 5, "cease" -> 5, "caused" -> 5, "cases" -> 5, "assist" -> 5, "approach" -> 5, "amendment" -> 5, "afford" -> 5, "addiction" -> 5, "activities" -> 5, "abuse" -> 5, "30" -> 5, "you" -> 4, "world's" -> 4, "widespread" -> 4, "voting" -> 4, "votes" -> 4, "voter" -> 4, "victims" -> 4, "Veterans" -> 4, "value" -> 4, "updated" -> 4, "unnecessary" -> 4, "Trust" -> 4, "truly" -> 4, "train" -> 4, "Through" -> 4, "thousands" -> 4, "think" -> 4, "That" -> 4, "tenants" -> 4, "television" -> 4, "technical" -> 4, "Take" -> 4, "systems" -> 4, "supported" -> 4, "supplement" -> 4, "suits" -> 4, "sufficient" -> 4, "Such" -> 4, "substantially" -> 4, "strict" -> 4, "statutes" -> 4, "standing" -> 4, "specifically" -> 4, "speak" -> 4, "Spanish" -> 4, "Southeast" -> 4, "sources" -> 4, "solve" -> 4, "single" -> 4, "shelter" -> 4, "shall" -> 4, "serious" -> 4, "senior" -> 4, "Seek" -> 4, "secure" -> 4, "secrecy" -> 4, "secondary" -> 4, "seas" -> 4, "scale" -> 4, "rich" -> 4, "reverse" -> 4, "results" -> 4, "result" -> 4, "required" -> 4, "renewed" -> 4, "religious" -> 4, "Re-establish" -> 4, "recreation" -> 4, "reconcile" -> 4, "recognizes" -> 4, "receive" -> 4, "reasons" -> 4, "range" -> 4, "put" -> 4, "purchasing" -> 4, "punishment" -> 4, "Public" -> 4, "proud" -> 4, "prosecution" -> 4, "propose" -> 4, "promptly" -> 4, "promises" -> 4, "promise" -> 4, "priorities" -> 4, "principles" -> 4, "post-secondary" -> 4, "plight" -> 4, "Platform" -> 4, "plant" -> 4, "physical" -> 4, "permitted" -> 4, "percent" -> 4, "People" -> 4, "payroll" -> 4, "payments" -> 4, "pace" -> 4, "outside" -> 4, "ourselves" -> 4, "ordinary" -> 4, "operating" -> 4, "offenders" -> 4, "obtain" -> 4, "numbers" -> 4, "number" -> 4, "nuclear" -> 4, "nor" -> 4, "neighborhood" -> 4, "narcotics" -> 4, "move" -> 4, "money" -> 4, "methods" -> 4, "Medicare" -> 4, "mechanisms" -> 4, "meaningful" -> 4, "matters" -> 4, "markets" -> 4, "Many" -> 4, "lobbying" -> 4, "limits" -> 4, "let" -> 4, "leave" -> 4, "jurisdiction" -> 4, "Its" -> 4, "involving" -> 4, "intimidation" -> 4, "instead" -> 4, "inspection" -> 4, "injured" -> 4, "India" -> 4, "independent" -> 4, "increasing" -> 4, "improvement" -> 4, "implement" -> 4, "II" -> 4, "hospitals" -> 4, "hold" -> 4, "highest" -> 4, "heritage" -> 4, "hearings" -> 4, "heard" -> 4, "harmful" -> 4, "hand" -> 4, "had" -> 4, "guidelines" -> 4, "ground" -> 4, "greatness" -> 4, "greatly" -> 4, "grants" -> 4, "following" -> 4, "find" -> 4, "fighting" -> 4, "fear" -> 4, "faith" -> 4, "failure" -> 4, "face" -> 4, "extend" -> 4, "exports" -> 4, "expense" -> 4, "expansion" -> 4, "except" -> 4, "equally" -> 4, "Environment" -> 4, "entire" -> 4, "enhance" -> 4, "endorse" -> 4, "Ending" -> 4, "End" -> 4, "enable" -> 4, "elections" -> 4, "elected" -> 4, "Effective" -> 4, "duty" -> 4, "don't" -> 4, "dollars" -> 4, "disadvantaged" -> 4, "disability" -> 4, "dignity" -> 4, "deterioration" -> 4, "destruction" -> 4, "designed" -> 4, "delivery" -> 4, "deliver" -> 4, "decline" -> 4, "decay" -> 4, "deal" -> 4, "damage" -> 4, "cut" -> 4, "corruption" -> 4, "cooperatives" -> 4, "contribute" -> 4, "contract" -> 4, "continue" -> 4, "Consumers" -> 4, "consultation" -> 4, "construction" -> 4, "Constitution" -> 4, "confidence" -> 4, "complete" -> 4, "compensation" -> 4, "common" -> 4, "commits" -> 4, "commercial" -> 4, "college" -> 4, "closed" -> 4, "close" -> 4, "citizenship" -> 4, "Children" -> 4, "caucus" -> 4, "By" -> 4, "built" -> 4, "building" -> 4, "break" -> 4, "billions" -> 4, "Bill" -> 4, "Bilingual" -> 4, "believes" -> 4, "behalf" -> 4, "automobile" -> 4, "Asian" -> 4, "armed" -> 4, "approaches" -> 4, "alone" -> 4, "allows" -> 4, "air" -> 4, "Agriculture" -> 4, "agricultural" -> 4, "agreements" -> 4, "ago" -> 4, "affirmative" -> 4, "affected" -> 4, "affairs" -> 4, "advancement" -> 4, "account" -> 4, "abuses" -> 4, "youth" -> 3, "Yet" -> 3, "written" -> 3, "Work" -> 3, "Women" -> 3, "withdrawal" -> 3, "wilderness" -> 3, "wide" -> 3, "whole" -> 3, "white" -> 3, "Where" -> 3, "welcome" -> 3, "War" -> 3, "vocational-technical" -> 3, "virtually" -> 3, "violence" -> 3, "violations" -> 3, "vigorously" -> 3, "vast" -> 3, "values" -> 3, "U.S.S.R." -> 3, "urgent" -> 3, "Urban" -> 3, "universal" -> 3, "units" -> 3, "Union" -> 3, "unable" -> 3, "turn" -> 3, "trust" -> 3, "true" -> 3, "Transportation" -> 3, "traffic" -> 3, "traditional" -> 3, "tradition" -> 3, "tough" -> 3, "top" -> 3, "things" -> 3, "Therefore" -> 3, "technological" -> 3, "technicians" -> 3, "teachers" -> 3, "task" -> 3, "survive" -> 3, "Supreme" -> 3, "supposed" -> 3, "supplies" -> 3, "suffered" -> 3, "success" -> 3, "substantial" -> 3, "subject" -> 3, "strongly" -> 3, "steady" -> 3, "standard" -> 3, "stand" -> 3, "staff" -> 3, "Southern" -> 3, "source" -> 3, "something" -> 3, "solution" -> 3, "So" -> 3, "skilled" -> 3, "skill" -> 3, "since" -> 3, "simple" -> 3, "side" -> 3, "settlement" -> 3, "Service" -> 3, "sense" -> 3, "see" -> 3, "Secretary" -> 3, "sea" -> 3, "science" -> 3, "say" -> 3, "savings" -> 3, "sale" -> 3, "salaries" -> 3, "rot" -> 3, "revitalize" -> 3, "retirement" -> 3, "restricted" -> 3, "responsibilities" -> 3, "resolve" -> 3, "repudiate" -> 3, "Representatives" -> 3, "report" -> 3, "renewal" -> 3, "removed" -> 3, "religion" -> 3, "release" -> 3, "relationships" -> 3, "rehabilitate" -> 3, "regulatory" -> 3, "regressive" -> 3, "region" -> 3, "reflects" -> 3, "reductions" -> 3, "reduction" -> 3, "Reduce" -> 3, "recovery" -> 3, "Recognize" -> 3, "recognition" -> 3, "recent" -> 3, "reality" -> 3, "realistic" -> 3, "reach" -> 3, "racism" -> 3, "quota" -> 3, "Quality" -> 3, "pursue" -> 3, "purpose" -> 3, "purchased" -> 3, "provisions" -> 3, "provision" -> 3, "Provides" -> 3, "provides" -> 3, "prosperity" -> 3, "prosecuted" -> 3, "proposes" -> 3, "profit" -> 3, "productivity" -> 3, "productive" -> 3, "producers" -> 3, "privilege" -> 3, "pride" -> 3, "Prices" -> 3, "press" -> 3, "preserving" -> 3, "preserved" -> 3, "prepared" -> 3, "position" -> 3, "politics" -> 3, "point" -> 3, "plants" -> 3, "plans" -> 3, "placement" -> 3, "physically" -> 3, "personally-held" -> 3, "permitting" -> 3, "percentage" -> 3, "peoples" -> 3, "people's" -> 3, "partnership" -> 3, "Pakistan" -> 3, "paid" -> 3, "oversight" -> 3, "origin" -> 3, "orders" -> 3, "opinion" -> 3, "once" -> 3, "officers" -> 3, "ocean" -> 3, "objectives" -> 3, "Now" -> 3, "North" -> 3, "non-violent" -> 3, "non-English-speaking" -> 3, "Nixon's" -> 3, "neither" -> 3, "nearly" -> 3, "name" -> 3, "mortgage" -> 3, "Moreover" -> 3, "morale" -> 3, "monetary" -> 3, "mobility" -> 3, "Millions" -> 3, "might" -> 3, "Middle" -> 3, "met" -> 3, "meeting" -> 3, "Medicaid" -> 3, "media" -> 3, "measure" -> 3, "maximum" -> 3, "material" -> 3, "manufacturers" -> 3, "Make" -> 3, "Major" -> 3, "maintained" -> 3, "lowest" -> 3, "Lower" -> 3, "lower" -> 3, "long" -> 3, "localities" -> 3, "little" -> 3, "linguistic" -> 3, "lines" -> 3, "Law" -> 3, "later" -> 3, "largest" -> 3, "labeling" -> 3, "Jobs" -> 3, "issue" -> 3, "involvement" -> 3, "integration" -> 3, "injury" -> 3, "individually" -> 3, "indicates" -> 3, "increasingly" -> 3, "Increase" -> 3, "incomes" -> 3, "includes" -> 3, "impossible" -> 3, "importance" -> 3, "implementation" -> 3, "imperative" -> 3, "humane" -> 3, "hospital" -> 3, "honest" -> 3, "hire" -> 3, "heroin" -> 3, "here" -> 3, "her" -> 3, "Hemisphere" -> 3, "hardship" -> 3, "harassment" -> 3, "guns" -> 3, "governmental" -> 3, "goods" -> 3, "goes" -> 3, "giving" -> 3, "generations" -> 3, "gaps" -> 3, "gains" -> 3, "Funds" -> 3, "fund" -> 3, "functions" -> 3, "fullest" -> 3, "friendship" -> 3, "freedom" -> 3, "formula" -> 3, "form" -> 3, "Foreign" -> 3, "focus" -> 3, "fiscal" -> 3, "Finally" -> 3, "final" -> 3, "files" -> 3, "few" -> 3, "fees" -> 3, "feel" -> 3, "favors" -> 3, "faster" -> 3, "Family" -> 3, "fairness" -> 3, "fairly" -> 3, "failures" -> 3, "fails" -> 3, "factor" -> 3, "fact" -> 3, "Extension" -> 3, "exposure" -> 3, "expanding" -> 3, "exists" -> 3, "exist" -> 3, "excuse" -> 3, "establishment" -> 3, "equipment" -> 3, "entry" -> 3, "enterprise" -> 3, "enforcing" -> 3, "ending" -> 3, "Employment" -> 3, "employers" -> 3, "Elimination" -> 3, "eliminating" -> 3, "effectiveness" -> 3, "East" -> 3, "earner" -> 3, "earned" -> 3, "earn" -> 3, "during" -> 3, "Drug" -> 3, "driven" -> 3, "doubts" -> 3, "dollar" -> 3, "diversity" -> 3, "disease" -> 3, "discharge" -> 3, "directly" -> 3, "diplomatic" -> 3, "differences" -> 3, "Development" -> 3, "developing" -> 3, "deterrent" -> 3, "deterrence" -> 3, "determine" -> 3, "deter" -> 3, "destroy" -> 3, "despite" -> 3, "Desh" -> 3, "desegregation" -> 3, "dependent" -> 3, "Democrats" -> 3, "demands" -> 3, "demand" -> 3, "days" -> 3, "data" -> 3, "danger" -> 3, "cruel" -> 3, "Crime" -> 3, "creative" -> 3, "coverage" -> 3, "core" -> 3, "convicted" -> 3, "contracts" -> 3, "Continue" -> 3, "conservation" -> 3, "complex" -> 3, "complaints" -> 3, "comparable" -> 3, "communications" -> 3, "communication" -> 3, "commissions" -> 3, "Commission" -> 3, "commission" -> 3, "colleges" -> 3, "class" -> 3, "claims" -> 3, "Citizens" -> 3, "Cities" -> 3, "China" -> 3, "changing" -> 3, "changed" -> 3, "central" -> 3, "centers" -> 3, "ceiling" -> 3, "carry" -> 3, "candidates" -> 3, "candidate" -> 3, "campaign" -> 3, "called" -> 3, "businesses" -> 3, "budgets" -> 3, "boundaries" -> 3, "bonds" -> 3, "blind" -> 3, "billion" -> 3, "bill" -> 3, "bilingual-bicultural" -> 3, "barriers" -> 3, "Bangla" -> 3, "ban" -> 3, "balance" -> 3, "bad" -> 3, "average" -> 3, "availability" -> 3, "automatic" -> 3, "authority" -> 3, "attitude" -> 3, "assured" -> 3, "Assure" -> 3, "arrested" -> 3, "Arab" -> 3, "appropriated" -> 3, "applied" -> 3, "anti-trust" -> 3, "An" -> 3, "Amendment" -> 3, "always" -> 3, "alternative" -> 3, "already" -> 3, "almost" -> 3, "Agree" -> 3, "After" -> 3, "African" -> 3, "advisors" -> 3, "adjustment" -> 3, "additional" -> 3, "addicts" -> 3, "according" -> 3, "acceptable" -> 3, "able" -> 3, "90" -> 3, "60" -> 3, "40" -> 3, "1970's" -> 3, "1968" -> 3, "18" -> 3, "16" -> 3, "1" -> 3, "Youth" -> 2, "your" -> 2, "Young" -> 2, "York" -> 2, "wrong" -> 2, "worth" -> 2, "worst" -> 2, "worse" -> 2, "worldwide" -> 2, "Words" -> 2, "wives" -> 2, "wisdom" -> 2, "willing" -> 2, "wider" -> 2, "white-collar" -> 2, "White" -> 2, "Whether" -> 2, "whenever" -> 2, "weapons" -> 2, "wealthy" -> 2, "wasteful" -> 2, "wasted" -> 2, "Washington" -> 2, "wages" -> 2, "Voting" -> 2, "vocational" -> 2, "Virgin" -> 2, "violation" -> 2, "violate" -> 2, "vigorous" -> 2, "views" -> 2, "Vietnamization" -> 2, "Vietnamese" -> 2, "Vietnam-era" -> 2, "viable" -> 2, "veto" -> 2, "veteran's" -> 2, "very" -> 2, "useful" -> 2, "Urge" -> 2, "until" -> 2, "unsafe" -> 2, "unless" -> 2, "universities" -> 2, "Universal" -> 2, "unit" -> 2, "unions" -> 2, "union" -> 2, "Unemployment" -> 2, "unemployed" -> 2, "understands" -> 2, "understand" -> 2, "under-represented" -> 2, "trying" -> 2, "truck" -> 2, "troop" -> 2, "tries" -> 2, "treating" -> 2, "treated" -> 2, "treasures" -> 2, "traditions" -> 2, "traditionally" -> 2, "together" -> 2, "times" -> 2, "ties" -> 2, "thwart" -> 2, "three" -> 2, "threatens" -> 2, "threat" -> 2, "thought" -> 2, "though" -> 2, "then" -> 2, "testing" -> 2, "territories" -> 2, "terms" -> 2, "tensions" -> 2, "Tens" -> 2, "ten" -> 2, "temporary" -> 2, "tell" -> 2, "Technology" -> 2, "teaching" -> 2, "talents" -> 2, "takes" -> 2, "systematic" -> 2, "System" -> 2, "suspension" -> 2, "surveillance" -> 2, "surpluses" -> 2, "supports" -> 2, "supporting" -> 2, "suppliers" -> 2, "supplemented" -> 2, "suitable" -> 2, "sugar" -> 2, "suffer" -> 2, "successful" -> 2, "substitute" -> 2, "subsidies" -> 2, "subjects" -> 2, "studies" -> 2, "struggle" -> 2, "struck" -> 2, "strikes" -> 2, "Strict" -> 2, "Strengthen" -> 2, "streets" -> 2, "strategy" -> 2, "strategic" -> 2, "stopped" -> 2, "stock" -> 2, "stifle" -> 2, "Step" -> 2, "steals" -> 2, "stated" -> 2, "starts" -> 2, "starting" -> 2, "start" -> 2, "stands" -> 2, "Standards" -> 2, "stake" -> 2, "stable" -> 2, "St." -> 2, "spread" -> 2, "spirit" -> 2, "spent" -> 2, "speech" -> 2, "Specifically" -> 2, "sound" -> 2, "sought" -> 2, "solar" -> 2, "soar" -> 2, "slain" -> 2, "skeptical" -> 2, "significant" -> 2, "short" -> 2, "shift" -> 2, "sharply" -> 2, "shared" -> 2, "severely" -> 2, "Set" -> 2, "session" -> 2, "serving" -> 2, "service-connected" -> 2, "served" -> 2, "sentencing" -> 2, "sentenced" -> 2, "Seniority" -> 2, "seniority" -> 2, "sell" -> 2, "self-determination" -> 2, "selection" -> 2, "seeks" -> 2, "seeking" -> 2, "secured" -> 2, "Secure" -> 2, "section" -> 2, "screening" -> 2, "scope" -> 2, "School" -> 2, "scarce" -> 2, "sanctions" -> 2, "sales" -> 2, "Saigon" -> 2, "safe" -> 2, "sacrificed" -> 2, "sacrifice" -> 2, "S." -> 2, "Rural" -> 2, "runs" -> 2, "run" -> 2, "Roosevelt" -> 2, "rivers" -> 2, "rises" -> 2, "rise" -> 2, "rigorously" -> 2, "rigorous" -> 2, "Right" -> 2, "richness" -> 2, "Rhodesia" -> 2, "rhetoric" -> 2, "Revision" -> 2, "revising" -> 2, "returned" -> 2, "retraining" -> 2, "retain" -> 2, "restructuring" -> 2, "restrictions" -> 2, "restriction" -> 2, "restored" -> 2, "Restoration" -> 2, "rest" -> 2, "respond" -> 2, "Resources" -> 2, "residents" -> 2, "reserves" -> 2, "reserve" -> 2, "reservation" -> 2, "requiring" -> 2, "repressive" -> 2, "repression" -> 2, "represented" -> 2, "representatives" -> 2, "Representative" -> 2, "representative" -> 2, "reporting" -> 2, "repeal" -> 2, "repair" -> 2, "reordering" -> 2, "remedy" -> 2, "remains" -> 2, "relieve" -> 2, "reliance" -> 2, "Relations" -> 2, "reject" -> 2, "re-insurance" -> 2, "registration" -> 2, "regime" -> 2, "refused" -> 2, "refugees" -> 2, "Reform" -> 2, "reflect" -> 2, "reconversion" -> 2, "reconciliation" -> 2, "recommend" -> 2, "Recognition" -> 2, "recipients" -> 2, "recession" -> 2, "receipts" -> 2, "reason" -> 2, "read" -> 2, "ratio" -> 2, "ratification" -> 2, "rancher" -> 2, "raises" -> 2, "quick" -> 2, "quantity" -> 2, "qualified" -> 2, "publicly" -> 2, "protections" -> 2, "Protect" -> 2, "prosecutors" -> 2, "proportion" -> 2, "proper" -> 2, "prompt" -> 2, "promoting" -> 2, "Promote" -> 2, "prohibit" -> 2, "progressive" -> 2, "Progress" -> 2, "Program" -> 2, "professional" -> 2, "procurement" -> 2, "processing" -> 2, "processes" -> 2, "proceedings" -> 2, "proceed" -> 2, "probably" -> 2, "privileged" -> 2, "privacy" -> 2, "principal" -> 2, "primarily" -> 2, "price-raising" -> 2, "previously" -> 2, "pressing" -> 2, "pre-school" -> 2, "pregnancy" -> 2, "predicated" -> 2, "precious" -> 2, "powers" -> 2, "positive" -> 2, "popular" -> 2, "poorly" -> 2, "poorest" -> 2, "Poor" -> 2, "politicians" -> 2, "Political" -> 2, "policy-making" -> 2, "Police" -> 2, "points" -> 2, "plus" -> 2, "play" -> 2, "placed" -> 2, "persecution" -> 2, "pending" -> 2, "Peace" -> 2, "Pay" -> 2, "patterns" -> 2, "pattern" -> 2, "passed" -> 2, "parts" -> 2, "partly" -> 2, "particularly" -> 2, "overtime" -> 2, "overhaul" -> 2, "otherwise" -> 2, "original" -> 2, "organizing" -> 2, "organize" -> 2, "organization" -> 2, "orderly" -> 2, "options" -> 2, "opposition" -> 2, "opened" -> 2, "offices" -> 2, "offering" -> 2, "offenses" -> 2, "Occupational" -> 2, "obligation" -> 2, "objective" -> 2, "nursing" -> 2, "Not" -> 2, "non-farm" -> 2, "non-addictive" -> 2, "Never" -> 2, "negotiations" -> 2, "negotiate" -> 2, "necessity" -> 2, "necessities" -> 2, "nature" -> 2, "NATO" -> 2, "nation-wide" -> 2, "Nations" -> 2, "narcotic" -> 2, "my" -> 2, "mutually" -> 2, "multi-national" -> 2, "moved" -> 2, "Most" -> 2, "moral" -> 2, "monies" -> 2, "modern" -> 2, "misleading" -> 2, "miscarriage" -> 2, "minority" -> 2, "Mills-Mansfield" -> 2, "Methods" -> 2, "merely" -> 2, "Meanwhile" -> 2, "meant" -> 2, "meaning" -> 2, "matching" -> 2, "marketing" -> 2, "maintenance" -> 2, "machinery" -> 2, "low-income" -> 2, "Louis" -> 2, "losses" -> 2, "loopholes" -> 2, "look" -> 2, "lobbyists" -> 2, "loan" -> 2, "livelihood" -> 2, "lived" -> 2, "line" -> 2, "limited" -> 2, "licenses" -> 2, "liberty" -> 2, "liberties" -> 2, "liberal" -> 2, "letter" -> 2, "Less" -> 2, "legitimate" -> 2, "learning" -> 2, "Laws" -> 2, "law-abiding" -> 2, "Latin" -> 2, "large-scale" -> 2, "land-use" -> 2, "landlords" -> 2, "lakes" -> 2, "known" -> 2, "knowingly" -> 2, "kinds" -> 2, "kind" -> 2, "killed" -> 2, "kids" -> 2, "key" -> 2, "keeping" -> 2, "Judicial" -> 2, "Johnson" -> 2, "John" -> 2, "joblessness" -> 2, "Jerusalem" -> 2, "jail" -> 2, "Islands" -> 2, "irresponsible" -> 2, "internal" -> 2, "intended" -> 2, "intelligence" -> 2, "integral" -> 2, "insulated" -> 2, "institution" -> 2, "insensitivity" -> 2, "initiative" -> 2, "initiate" -> 2, "inherent" -> 2, "inequitable" -> 2, "ineffectiveness" -> 2, "industrialized" -> 2, "individual's" -> 2, "indiscriminate" -> 2, "Indian" -> 2, "Indeed" -> 2, "Increased" -> 2, "incentive" -> 2, "improving" -> 2, "Improved" -> 2, "impersonal" -> 2, "impact" -> 2, "I'm" -> 2, "identity" -> 2, "identify" -> 2, "idea" -> 2, "hunger" -> 2, "Humanities" -> 2, "humanities" -> 2, "huge" -> 2, "However" -> 2, "households" -> 2, "hostility" -> 2, "hopes" -> 2, "honorable" -> 2, "homogeneity" -> 2, "highways" -> 2, "Highway" -> 2, "highway" -> 2, "highly" -> 2, "hidden" -> 2, "helping" -> 2, "Help" -> 2, "held" -> 2, "heavily" -> 2, "heart" -> 2, "hearing" -> 2, "healthy" -> 2, "heads" -> 2, "haves" -> 2, "have-nots" -> 2, "hands" -> 2, "handicaps" -> 2, "halt" -> 2, "guilty" -> 2, "Guam" -> 2, "Greater" -> 2, "Great" -> 2, "granted" -> 2, "Grant" -> 2, "Governor" -> 2, "Good" -> 2, "gone" -> 2, "Give" -> 2, "giants" -> 2, "GI" -> 2, "G.I." -> 2, "ghetto" -> 2, "geothermal" -> 2, "genuine" -> 2, "game" -> 2, "gaining" -> 2, "gained" -> 2, "Fund" -> 2, "fulfill" -> 2, "fringe" -> 2, "freely" -> 2, "Free" -> 2, "fraud" -> 2, "Franklin" -> 2, "forum" -> 2, "forgotten" -> 2, "floor" -> 2, "fixed" -> 2, "fishing" -> 2, "fish" -> 2, "firms" -> 2, "firmly" -> 2, "Finance" -> 2, "finance" -> 2, "filled" -> 2, "fiber" -> 2, "fewer" -> 2, "federally-assisted" -> 2, "Fear" -> 2, "fast" -> 2, "farther" -> 2, "farms" -> 2, "fall" -> 2, "failing" -> 2, "fail" -> 2, "facing" -> 2, "extent" -> 2, "extensive" -> 2, "extension" -> 2, "ex-servicemen" -> 2, "expression" -> 2, "express" -> 2, "exposed" -> 2, "export" -> 2, "exploit" -> 2, "expenses" -> 2, "Expanded" -> 2, "existence" -> 2, "exerted" -> 2, "exchange" -> 2, "evidence" -> 2, "ever" -> 2, "escalators" -> 2, "era" -> 2, "equals" -> 2, "equalization" -> 2, "Environmental" -> 2, "enterprises" -> 2, "ensuring" -> 2, "English" -> 2, "engaging" -> 2, "engage" -> 2, "enforced" -> 2, "energies" -> 2, "ended" -> 2, "encouragement" -> 2, "enacted" -> 2, "enact" -> 2, "employer" -> 2, "elsewhere" -> 2, "elementary" -> 2, "effectively" -> 2, "educationally" -> 2, "Educational" -> 2, "educated" -> 2, "economically" -> 2, "Eastern" -> 2, "eased" -> 2, "ease" -> 2, "earnings" -> 2, "Early" -> 2, "duplication" -> 2, "Drugs" -> 2, "drivers" -> 2, "drastically" -> 2, "drained" -> 2, "dossiers" -> 2, "doing" -> 2, "documents" -> 2, "document" -> 2, "division" -> 2, "districts" -> 2, "distributors" -> 2, "distributed" -> 2, "distortion" -> 2, "discriminatory" -> 2, "discriminate" -> 2, "disastrous" -> 2, "directed" -> 2, "difficulties" -> 2, "did" -> 2, "diagnosis" -> 2, "deteriorate" -> 2, "destructive" -> 2, "desire" -> 2, "derive" -> 2, "deprive" -> 2, "Depression" -> 2, "depress" -> 2, "depreciation" -> 2, "depletion" -> 2, "dependence" -> 2, "dependable" -> 2, "depend" -> 2, "denial" -> 2, "democratic" -> 2, "democracy" -> 2, "delinquency" -> 2, "delegates" -> 2, "defensible" -> 2, "Defense" -> 2, "deductions" -> 2, "decisive" -> 2, "decision" -> 2, "debate" -> 2, "death" -> 2, "cynical" -> 2, "cutbacks" -> 2, "curriculum" -> 2, "curb" -> 2, "culture" -> 2, "Cuba" -> 2, "critical" -> 2, "crimes" -> 2, "creation" -> 2, "creating" -> 2, "creates" -> 2, "created" -> 2, "Create" -> 2, "covered" -> 2, "coupled" -> 2, "Counties" -> 2, "counseling" -> 2, "counsel" -> 2, "could" -> 2, "costly" -> 2, "corrupt" -> 2, "corrections" -> 2, "cooperative" -> 2, "contributed" -> 2, "contrary" -> 2, "contingent" -> 2, "continental" -> 2, "considering" -> 2, "considered" -> 2, "conserve" -> 2, "consequences" -> 2, "consent" -> 2, "conglomerates" -> 2, "conflict" -> 2, "conferences" -> 2, "Conference" -> 2, "conducted" -> 2, "condemned" -> 2, "concert" -> 2, "concerns" -> 2, "concept" -> 2, "concentrated" -> 2, "concentrate" -> 2, "compliance" -> 2, "completion" -> 2, "completely" -> 2, "competitive" -> 2, "competing" -> 2, "compensatory" -> 2, "Compensation" -> 2, "companies" -> 2, "Community" -> 2, "Communities" -> 2, "commensurate" -> 2, "coercion" -> 2, "Code" -> 2, "code" -> 2, "coal" -> 2, "claim" -> 2, "civilized" -> 2, "Choosing" -> 2, "choose" -> 2, "childbirth" -> 2, "Child" -> 2, "cheap" -> 2, "character" -> 2, "chance" -> 2, "chair-people" -> 2, "centered" -> 2, "ceasing" -> 2, "cease-and-desist" -> 2, "case" -> 2, "Carry" -> 2, "capacity" -> 2, "calls" -> 2, "callous" -> 2, "buyers" -> 2, "buy" -> 2, "businessman" -> 2, "bureaucracy" -> 2, "brown" -> 2, "brought" -> 2, "broken" -> 2, "broadened" -> 2, "broadcasting" -> 2, "bringing" -> 2, "branches" -> 2, "branch" -> 2, "boycott" -> 2, "border" -> 2, "body" -> 2, "big" -> 2, "bicultural" -> 2, "bent" -> 2, "behind" -> 2, "bases" -> 2, "barring" -> 2, "banks" -> 2, "balanced" -> 2, "background" -> 2, "away" -> 2, "aware" -> 2, "avoid" -> 2, "authorizing" -> 2, "attractive" -> 2, "attempts" -> 2, "attained" -> 2, "attack" -> 2, "Atlanta" -> 2, "Assures" -> 2, "Assurance" -> 2, "associations" -> 2, "Assist" -> 2, "assigned" -> 2, "assessment" -> 2, "aspirations" -> 2, "ask" -> 2, "Arts" -> 2, "arts" -> 2, "artificial" -> 2, "arise" -> 2, "arbitration" -> 2, "appropriations" -> 2, "appointments" -> 2, "Appointment" -> 2, "appointment" -> 2, "anything" -> 2, "anyone" -> 2, "antitrust" -> 2, "ample" -> 2, "amendments" -> 2, "although" -> 2, "allowed" -> 2, "allocating" -> 2, "Alliance" -> 2, "alcoholism" -> 2, "agribusiness" -> 2, "Against" -> 2, "affirm" -> 2, "affecting" -> 2, "affect" -> 2, "aerospace" -> 2, "advocacy" -> 2, "advisory" -> 2, "advantage" -> 2, "advanced" -> 2, "adult" -> 2, "adopt" -> 2, "Administrations" -> 2, "adjudication" -> 2, "added" -> 2, "actually" -> 2, "active" -> 2, "acting" -> 2, "across" -> 2, "achieving" -> 2, "achievement" -> 2, "achieved" -> 2, "accomplishment" -> 2, "accomplished" -> 2, "accommodation" -> 2, "acceptance" -> 2, "accelerated" -> 2, "Academy" -> 2, "abundant" -> 2, "above" -> 2, "abolition" -> 2, "abolish" -> 2, "abandonment" -> 2, "9" -> 2, "50,000" -> 2, "500" -> 2, "22" -> 2, "1975" -> 2, "1970" -> 2, "1967" -> 2, "1965" -> 2, "1960" -> 2, "1910-14" -> 2, "17" -> 2, "100" -> 2, "$435" -> 1, "$35" -> 1, "$2.50" -> 1, "$175" -> 1, "$150" -> 1, "$1.5" -> 1, "$144" -> 1, "$10,000" -> 1, "youthful" -> 1, "youngest" -> 1, "yields" -> 1, "yet" -> 1, "year's" -> 1, "wrongly" -> 1, "write" -> 1, "wrecks" -> 1, "wounded" -> 1, "worthy" -> 1, "worship" -> 1, "work—foreign" -> 1, "work-release" -> 1, "Workmen's" -> 1, "workmen's" -> 1, "workman's" -> 1, "workings" -> 1, "worker's" -> 1, "words" -> 1, "word" -> 1, "Woodrow" -> 1, "Woodcock" -> 1, "wonder" -> 1, "women—pay" -> 1, "Withhold" -> 1, "withdrawn" -> 1, "wisely" -> 1, "wiretapping" -> 1, "wire" -> 1, "win" -> 1, "Wilson" -> 1, "willingness" -> 1, "wild" -> 1, "Wilbur" -> 1, "widows" -> 1, "widest" -> 1, "widened" -> 1, "Widen" -> 1, "whom" -> 1, "white-minority-ruled" -> 1, "white-minority" -> 1, "wherever" -> 1, "whatever" -> 1, "whale" -> 1, "we—and" -> 1, "Western" -> 1, "Westbrooks" -> 1, "West" -> 1, "We're" -> 1, "went" -> 1, "well-rounded" -> 1, "well-publicized" -> 1, "well-off" -> 1, "well-being" -> 1, "Welfare" -> 1, "weight" -> 1, "weekly" -> 1, "week" -> 1, "weapon" -> 1, "wealthy—have" -> 1, "weakness" -> 1, "weakening" -> 1, "weakened" -> 1, "weaken" -> 1, "weak" -> 1, "waterways" -> 1, "waters" -> 1, "war—continuing" -> 1, "wartime" -> 1, "warns" -> 1, "warnings" -> 1, "Warfare" -> 1, "wants" -> 1, "walrus" -> 1, "walled" -> 1, "waiting" -> 1, "wage-price" -> 1, "wage-loss" -> 1, "wage-earning" -> 1, "W" -> 1, "voluntary" -> 1, "Voice" -> 1, "vitality" -> 1, "Vital" -> 1, "vision" -> 1, "Violent" -> 1, "violent" -> 1, "violators" -> 1, "VIII" -> 1, "VII" -> 1, "Vietnamese—have" -> 1, "victory—has" -> 1, "viability" -> 1, "VI" -> 1, "vetoing" -> 1, "vesting" -> 1, "vertically" -> 1, "verified" -> 1, "Vastly" -> 1, "VA's" -> 1, "various" -> 1, "valued" -> 1, "Value" -> 1, "valid" -> 1, "V" -> 1, "v" -> 1, "utilizing" -> 1, "utility" -> 1, "usurp" -> 1, "U.S.-Soviet" -> 1, "U.S.-Mexico" -> 1, "using" -> 1, "USIA's" -> 1, "users" -> 1, "Use" -> 1, "USDA" -> 1, "U.S.-China" -> 1, "U.S.-Canadian" -> 1, "usage" -> 1, "Urging" -> 1, "upgrading" -> 1, "upgraded" -> 1, "unworthy" -> 1, "unwarranted" -> 1, "unused" -> 1, "unsuitable" -> 1, "unspoiled" -> 1, "unsophisticated" -> 1, "unrivaled" -> 1, "unrelated" -> 1, "unregulated" -> 1, "unparalleled" -> 1, "Unneeded" -> 1, "unneeded" -> 1, "unmatched" -> 1, "unlimited" -> 1, "Unless" -> 1, "Unknown" -> 1, "unjustified" -> 1, "unjustifiable" -> 1, "universally" -> 1, "unity" -> 1, "unionization" -> 1, "unilateral" -> 1, "uniformly" -> 1, "Uniform" -> 1, "unheard" -> 1, "unequivocally" -> 1, "unequivocal" -> 1, "unequally" -> 1, "unequalled" -> 1, "unequal" -> 1, "uneducable" -> 1, "undreamed" -> 1, "undone" -> 1, "undisputed" -> 1, "undeveloped" -> 1, "undesirable" -> 1, "underwrite" -> 1, "undertaken" -> 1, "understood" -> 1, "understanding" -> 1, "underpaid" -> 1, "undermining" -> 1, "underfunded" -> 1, "undercut" -> 1, "unconventional" -> 1, "unconstitutional" -> 1, "uncertain" -> 1, "unbearable" -> 1, "unauthorized" -> 1, "unacceptable" -> 1, "Unable" -> 1, "tyrants" -> 1, "types" -> 1, "type" -> 1, "tying" -> 1, "two-way" -> 1, "two-thirds" -> 1, "Two" -> 1, "twice" -> 1, "Twenty-three" -> 1, "Twenty" -> 1, "turnstile" -> 1, "turnout" -> 1, "Turning" -> 1, "turning" -> 1, "tuna" -> 1, "truthful" -> 1, "truth" -> 1, "Truman" -> 1, "Troops" -> 1, "troops" -> 1, "triggering" -> 1, "tried" -> 1, "trials" -> 1, "trial" -> 1, "trends" -> 1, "tremendous" -> 1, "Treaty" -> 1, "treaties" -> 1, "Treasury" -> 1, "travel" -> 1, "transporting" -> 1, "transportation—more" -> 1, "transitions" -> 1, "transitional" -> 1, "transformed" -> 1, "transfer" -> 1, "transacted" -> 1, "tranquility" -> 1, "training-without" -> 1, "trainees" -> 1, "tragically" -> 1, "tragic" -> 1, "trafficking" -> 1, "traffickers" -> 1, "trading" -> 1, "Toward" -> 1, "totally" -> 1, "totalitarianism" -> 1, "top-level" -> 1, "tools" -> 1, "tool" -> 1, "took" -> 1, "Too" -> 1, "Tony" -> 1, "tomorrow" -> 1, "toll" -> 1, "tolerate" -> 1, "tokenism" -> 1, "token" -> 1, "Together" -> 1, "today—whether" -> 1, "today's" -> 1, "Title" -> 1, "tired" -> 1, "tire" -> 1, "tiny" -> 1, "timetables" -> 1, "tilting" -> 1, "thrust" -> 1, "Throughout" -> 1, "three-quarters" -> 1, "Three" -> 1, "threats" -> 1, "threatening" -> 1, "third-world" -> 1, "they'll" -> 1, "thereby" -> 1, "therapeutic" -> 1, "themselves—have" -> 1, "theme" -> 1, "theirs" -> 1, "Their" -> 1, "theatres" -> 1, "tests" -> 1, "terror" -> 1, "Territories" -> 1, "terrible" -> 1, "termination" -> 1, "terminated" -> 1, "terminals" -> 1, "term" -> 1, "tenure" -> 1, "tend" -> 1, "tenant" -> 1, "tenable" -> 1, "Ten" -> 1, "Temporary" -> 1, "telephone" -> 1, "Tel" -> 1, "technologies" -> 1, "technique" -> 1, "technician" -> 1, "teacher" -> 1, "teach" -> 1, "tax-supported" -> 1, "tax-paying" -> 1, "taxpayers" -> 1, "taxes—which" -> 1, "Taxes" -> 1, "taste" -> 1, "targets" -> 1, "target" -> 1, "taps" -> 1, "tapped" -> 1, "tap" -> 1, "tankers" -> 1, "talent" -> 1, "Taking" -> 1, "tailored" -> 1, "tactics" -> 1, "syndicates" -> 1, "symphonies" -> 1, "sympathy" -> 1, "symbol" -> 1, "Swift" -> 1, "swift" -> 1, "swallow" -> 1, "sustenance" -> 1, "sustained" -> 1, "suspicious" -> 1, "suspicion" -> 1, "survival" -> 1, "surroundings" -> 1, "surplus" -> 1, "sure" -> 1, "supreme" -> 1, "supremacy" -> 1, "suppress" -> 1, "supporters" -> 1, "supply—such" -> 1, "supplying" -> 1, "supplements" -> 1, "supplementing" -> 1, "supervision" -> 1, "sufficiently" -> 1, "suffers" -> 1, "suffering" -> 1, "sudden" -> 1, "success—and" -> 1, "succession" -> 1, "successfully" -> 1, "succeed" -> 1, "subversion" -> 1, "suburbs—thrust" -> 1, "suburban-urban" -> 1, "suburb" -> 1, "substances" -> 1, "substance" -> 1, "subsistence" -> 1, "subsidized" -> 1, "subsidiary" -> 1, "subservience" -> 1, "subscription" -> 1, "subpoena" -> 1, "submission" -> 1, "subminimums" -> 1, "Subjecting" -> 1, "sub-contract" -> 1, "Study" -> 1, "study" -> 1, "Studies" -> 1, "Student" -> 1, "struggled" -> 1, "Structures" -> 1, "strongest" -> 1, "stroke" -> 1, "Strive" -> 1, "strip" -> 1, "stringent" -> 1, "strike" -> 1, "strife" -> 1, "strictly" -> 1, "Stress" -> 1, "Strengthening" -> 1, "strengthened" -> 1, "Strength" -> 1, "street" -> 1, "streamlining" -> 1, "strategies" -> 1, "strained" -> 1, "stored" -> 1, "storable" -> 1, "stopping-off" -> 1, "stopping" -> 1, "stop-gap" -> 1, "stimulating" -> 1, "still-living" -> 1, "stifled" -> 1, "Stiffen" -> 1, "stewardship" -> 1, "Stevenson" -> 1, "steel" -> 1, "steadily" -> 1, "steadfastly" -> 1, "statutory" -> 1, "Status" -> 1, "statistical" -> 1, "statements" -> 1, "Statement" -> 1, "State" -> 1, "starved" -> 1, "starve" -> 1, "standards-among" -> 1, "stamps" -> 1, "stalks" -> 1, "stakes" -> 1, "staggering" -> 1, "staffs" -> 1, "Staff-patient" -> 1, "staffing" -> 1, "stabilizing" -> 1, "stabilization" -> 1, "squandering" -> 1, "spy" -> 1, "sporting" -> 1, "spiral" -> 1, "sphere" -> 1, "Spending" -> 1, "spelled" -> 1, "speedily" -> 1, "speculators" -> 1, "speculation" -> 1, "specials" -> 1, "Special" -> 1, "speaking" -> 1, "spawn" -> 1, "spacing" -> 1, "space" -> 1, "sovereign" -> 1, "Sound" -> 1, "sophistication" -> 1, "Some" -> 1, "solving" -> 1, "solid" -> 1, "solely" -> 1, "sole" -> 1, "sold" -> 1, "Society" -> 1, "societies" -> 1, "socially" -> 1, "so-called" -> 1, "soaring" -> 1, "smuggling" -> 1, "small-town" -> 1, "Small" -> 1, "slumlord" -> 1, "slowly" -> 1, "slow-learning" -> 1, "slowing" -> 1, "slogans" -> 1, "slogan" -> 1, "slack" -> 1, "skyrocket" -> 1, "skills" -> 1, "Skepticism" -> 1, "size" -> 1, "Sixties" -> 1, "situation" -> 1, "siting" -> 1, "sit" -> 1, "Sioux" -> 1, "sin" -> 1, "simultaneous" -> 1, "Simply" -> 1, "simplified" -> 1, "simplification" -> 1, "simplicity" -> 1, "simpler" -> 1, "similar" -> 1, "signed" -> 1, "sign" -> 1, "sight" -> 1, "sides" -> 1, "sickness" -> 1, "sickle" -> 1, "shows" -> 1, "shown" -> 1, "short-cut" -> 1, "shop" -> 1, "shoddy" -> 1, "shocks" -> 1, "shockingly" -> 1, "shocking" -> 1, "shifts" -> 1, "shelves" -> 1, "shelter—a" -> 1, "shelters" -> 1, "shelling" -> 1, "shelf" -> 1, "she" -> 1, "Sharply" -> 1, "sharp" -> 1, "shape" -> 1, "sexual" -> 1, "sewer" -> 1, "severe" -> 1, "Seventies" -> 1, "seven" -> 1, "settling" -> 1, "setting" -> 1, "sessions" -> 1, "servicing" -> 1, "Servicewomen" -> 1, "Servicemen" -> 1, "service-men" -> 1, "servant" -> 1, "seriously" -> 1, "series" -> 1, "separated" -> 1, "sentences" -> 1, "sentence" -> 1, "sent" -> 1, "sensitivity" -> 1, "sensitive" -> 1, "Senators" -> 1, "Senator" -> 1, "self-protection" -> 1, "self-help" -> 1, "self-defeating" -> 1, "self-confidence" -> 1, "select" -> 1, "segregation" -> 1, "segments" -> 1, "seems" -> 1, "seemingly" -> 1, "seeming" -> 1, "seeing" -> 1, "Security—regressive" -> 1, "sections" -> 1, "Secrecy" -> 1, "Seashores" -> 1, "seashore" -> 1, "Seas" -> 1, "search" -> 1, "seal" -> 1, "seabeds" -> 1, "scrutiny" -> 1, "scientific" -> 1, "Science" -> 1, "scholarship" -> 1, "scholarly" -> 1, "scheme" -> 1, "scenic" -> 1, "scare" -> 1, "scarcity" -> 1, "scant" -> 1, "Saturday" -> 1, "satisfy" -> 1, "satisfaction" -> 1, "sapped" -> 1, "Samoans" -> 1, "Samoa" -> 1, "salt" -> 1, "saleable" -> 1, "salary" -> 1, "sake" -> 1, "Safety" -> 1, "safely" -> 1, "safeguard" -> 1, "sad" -> 1, "run-off" -> 1, "run-away" -> 1, "ruling" -> 1, "rule-making" -> 1, "route" -> 1, "round" -> 1, "rotated" -> 1, "rosy" -> 1, "rose" -> 1, "rolls" -> 1, "roll" -> 1, "role—to" -> 1, "Robert" -> 1, "roads" -> 1, "road" -> 1, "riverways" -> 1, "River" -> 1, "rigid" -> 1, "Rico's" -> 1, "Ricans" -> 1, "rewarding" -> 1, "reward" -> 1, "revolution" -> 1, "revolt" -> 1, "Revitalizing" -> 1, "revision" -> 1, "revised—to" -> 1, "reviewing" -> 1, "Review" -> 1, "Revenue" -> 1, "return—in" -> 1, "Return" -> 1, "retreat" -> 1, "retired" -> 1, "rethink" -> 1, "Retention" -> 1, "Retarded" -> 1, "retaining" -> 1, "retail" -> 1, "resuming" -> 1, "rests" -> 1, "restructure" -> 1, "restrictive" -> 1, "restrict" -> 1, "restoration" -> 1, "responsiveness" -> 1, "respects" -> 1, "respective" -> 1, "Respecting" 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"abusers" -> 1, "abuser" -> 1, "abused" -> 1, "Abundance" -> 1, "abundance" -> 1, "absentee" -> 1, "absent" -> 1, "abridge" -> 1, "Abolishing" -> 1, "Abolish" -> 1, "abiding" -> 1, "Abide" -> 1, "abate" -> 1, "abandoning" -> 1, "abandoned" -> 1, "abandon" -> 1, "88" -> 1, "80" -> 1, "755—for" -> 1, "75,000" -> 1, "67" -> 1, "5.5" -> 1, "50" -> 1, "29" -> 1, "28" -> 1, "2.6" -> 1, "23" -> 1, "2030" -> 1, "200th" -> 1, "20" -> 1, "2" -> 1, "1985" -> 1, "1980" -> 1, "1976" -> 1, "1974-1976" -> 1, "1974" -> 1, "1973" -> 1, "1972-76" -> 1, "1972-73" -> 1, "1971" -> 1, "1970—from" -> 1, "1969" -> 1, "1963" -> 1, "1954" -> 1, "1949" -> 1, "19" -> 1, "15,000" -> 1, "15" -> 1, "14,000" -> 1, "14" -> 1, "13" -> 1, "110" -> 1|>|>, <|"SourceURL" -> "http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29604", "Name" -> "Democratic Party Platform of 1968", "Party" -> "Democratic", "Year" -> 1968, "Date" -> DateObject[{1968, 8, 26}], "Text" -> "The Terms of Our Duty\n\nAmerica belongs to the people who inhabit it, The source of the nation's strength is the people's freedom to be the source of the laws governing them. To uphold this truth, when Thomas Jefferson and James Madison brought the Democratic Party to birth 175 years ago, they bound it to serve the people and their government as a united whole.\nToday, in our 175th anniversary year, the Democratic Party in national convention assembled, again renews the covenant of our birth. We affirm the binding force of our inherited duty to serve the people and their government. We here, therefore, account for what we have done in the Democratic years since 1961. We here state what we will do when our party is again called to lead the nation.\nIn America and in the world over, strong forces for change are on the move. Systems of thought have been jarred, ways of life have been uprooted, institutions are under siege. The governed challenge those who govern.\nWe are summoned, therefore, to a fateful task—to ensure that the turmoil of change will prove to be the turmoil of birth instead of decay. We cannot stand still until we are overtaken by events. We dare not entrust our lives to the blind play of accident and force. By reflection and choice, we must make the impulse for change the agent of orderly progress.\nThere is no alternative.\nIn the world around us, people have patiently lived with hopes long deferred, with grievances long endured. They are now impatient with patience. Their demands for change must not only be heard, they must be answered.\nThis is the reality the world as a whole faces. In America itself, now, and not later, is the right time to strengthen the fabric of our society by making justice and equity the cornerstones of order. Now, and not later, is the right time to uphold the rule of law by securing to all the people the natural rights that belong to them by virtue of their being human. Now, and not later, is the right time to unfurl again the flag of human patriotism and rededicate ourselves under it, to the cause of peace among nations. Now, and not later, is the right time to reclaim the strength spent in quarrels over the past and to apply that strength to America's future. Now is the right time to proceed with the work of orderly progress that will make the future become what we want it to be.\nIt has always been the object of the Democratic Party to march at the head of events instead of waiting for them to happen. It is our resolve to do that in the years ahead—just as we did in the Democratic years since 1961 when the nation was led by two Democratic Presidents and four Democratic Congresses.\nThis We Have Done\n\nOur pride in the achievements of these Democratic years in no way blinds us to the large and unfinished tasks which still lie ahead. Just as we know where we have succeeded, we know where our efforts still fall short of our own and the nation's hopes. And we candidly recognize that the cost of trying the untried, of ploughing new ground, is bound to be occasional error. In the future, as in the past, we will confront and correct such errors as we carry our program forward.\nIn this, we are persuaded that the Almighty judges in a different scale those who err in warmly striving to promote the common good, and those who are free from error because they risked nothing at all and were icily indifferent to good and evil alike. We are also persuaded of something else. What we have achieved with the means at hand—the social inventions we have made since 1961 in all areas of our internal life, and the initiatives we have pressed along a broad front in the world arena—gives us a clear title of right to claim that we know how to move the nation forward toward the attainment of its highest goals in a world of change.\nThe Economy\n\nIn presenting first the record of what we have achieved in the economic life of the American people, we do not view the economy as being just dollar signs divorced from the flesh and blood concerns of the people. Economics, like politics, involves people and it means people. It means for them the difference between what they don't want and what they do want. It means the difference between justice or injustice, health or sickness, better education or ignorance, a good place to live or a rat infested hovel, a good job or corrosive worry.\nIn the Democratic years since 1961, under the leadership of Presidents Kennedy and Johnson, we managed the national economy in ways that kept the best aspirations of people in clear view, and brought them closer to fulfillment.\nThe case was different in the 1950's, when the Republicans held the trust of national leadership. In those years, the American economy creaked and groaned from recurrent recessions. One wasteful recession came in 1954, another in 1958, and a third in 1960. The loss in national production from all three recessions and from a sluggish rate of growth—a loss that can fairly be called the GOP-gap—was a staggering $175 billion, computed in today's prices.\nThe Democratic Party, seeing the Republican inertia and the dangers it led to, promised to get America moving again. President Kennedy first made that promise for us, and we kept it. We brought an end to recurring recessions, each one of which had followed closer on the heels of the last. Full cooperation between our government officials and all sectors of American life led to new public policies which unlocked the creative power of America's free enterprise system. The magnificent response of all the people comprising that system made the world stand in awe of the results.\nSince 1961, we have seen:\nA 90-month period of recession-free prosperity, the longest and strongest period of sustained economic growth in American history;\nA slash in the unemployment rate from 7 to under 4 percent;\nAn increase of nearly 40 percent in real wages and salaries and nearly one-third in the average person's real income;\nAnd, on the eight year average, a reduction in the rate levels of the individual income tax.\nAmerica's private enterprise system flourished as never before in these years of Democratic leadership. Compared with the preceding eight Republican years, private enterprise in the Democratic 1960's grew twice as fast, profits increased twice as rapidly, four times as many jobs were created, and thirteen million Americans—or one-third of those in poverty in 1960—have today established its bondage.\nDemocrats, however, were not satisfied. We saw—and were the first to see—that even sustained prosperity does not eliminate hard-core unemployment. We were the first to see that millions of Americans would never share in America's abundance unless the people as a whole, through their government, acted to supplement what the free enterprise could do.\nSo, under the leadership of President Johnson, this nation declared war on poverty—a war in which the government is again working in close cooperation with leaders of the free enterprise system.\nIt would compromise the integrity of words to claim that the war on poverty and for equal opportunity has been won. Democrats are the first to insist that it has only begun—while 82 percent of the House Republicans and 69 percent of the Senate Republicans voted against even beginning it at all. Democrats know that much more remains to be done. What we have done thus far is to test a series of pilot projects before making them bigger, and we have found that they DO work. Thus:\nThe new pre-school program known as Head Start has proven its effectiveness in widening the horizons of over two million poor children and their parents.\nThe new programs known as the Job Corps and the Neighborhood Youth Corps, enrolling close cooperation between the government and private enterprise, have helped nearly two million unskilled boys and girls—most of them drop-outs from school—get work in the community and in industry.\nThe new program known as Upward Bound has helped thousands of poor but talented young men and women prepare themselves for college.\nThe new structure of neighborhood centers brings modern community services directly to the people who need them most.\nThe People\n\nWe emphasize that the coldly stated statistics of gains made in the war on poverty must be translated to mean people, in all their yearnings for personal fulfillment. That is true as well of all other things in the great outpouring of constructive legislation that surpassed even the landmark years of the early New Deal.\nEducation is one example. From the beginning of our Party history, Democrats argued that liberty and learning must find in each other the surest ground for mutual support. The inherited conviction provided the motive force behind the educational legislation of the 1960's that we enacted:\nBecause of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, local education has been enriched to the benefit of over 13 million young Americans;\nBecause of the Higher Education Act of 1965, new college classrooms, laboratories and libraries have been built to assure that higher education will not be the monopoly of the few but the right of the many;\nBecause of federal assistance to students, the doors to college have been opened for over a million young men and women coming from families with modest means—so that about one out of every five college students is now pursuing his higher education with some kind of federal help;\nBecause Democrats are convinced that the best of all investments is in the human resources represented by the youth of America, we brought about a four-fold increase in the federal investment in education since 1960. The level now approaches $12 billion annually.\nAs it promoted better education, so did Democratic leadership promote better health for all.\nThe program of mercy and justice known as health care for the aged, which President Truman originally proposed and Presidents Kennedy and Johnson fought for, finally became law in the summer of 1965. Because of it, more than seven million older citizens each year are now receiving modern medical care in dignity—no longer forced to depend on charity, no longer a burden on relatives, no longer in physical pain because they cannot afford to pay for the healing power of modern medicine. Virtually all older Americans, the well and the sick alike, are now protected, their lives more secure, their afflictions eased.\nTo deal with other aspects of the nation's health needs, measures were enacted in the Democratic years representing an almost fourfold increase in the government's investment in health. Programs were enacted to cope with the killing diseases of heart, cancer and stroke; to combat mental retardation and mental illness; to increase the manpower supply of trained medical technicians; to speed the construction of new hospitals.\nDemocrats in the Presidency and in the Congress have led the fight to erase the stain of racial discrimination that tarnished America's proudly announced proposition that all men are created equal.\nWe knew that racial discrimination was present in every section of the country. We knew that the enforcement of civil rights and general laws is indivisible. In this conviction, Democrats took the initiative to guarantee the right to safety and security of the person, the right to all the privileges of citizenship, the right to equality of opportunity in employment, and the right to public services and accommodations and housing. For example:\nBecause of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, all men born equal in the eyes of their Creator are by law declared to be equal when they apply for a job, or seek a night's lodging or a good meal;\nBecause of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the right to the ballot box—the right on which all other rights depend—has been reinforced by law;\nBecause of the Civil Rights Act of 1968, all families will have an equal right to live where they wish.\nThe Nation\n\nThe frontier on which most Americans live is the vertical frontier of the city. It is a frontier whose urgent needs hold a place of very high priority on the national agenda—and on the agenda of the Democratic Party.\nDemocrats recognize that the race to save our cities is a race against the absolute of time itself. The blight that threatens their future takes many forms. It is the physical decay of homes and neighborhoods. It is poverty and unemployment. It is broken homes and social disintegration. It is crime. It is congestion and pollution. The Democratic program attacked all of these forms of blight—and all at once.\nSince we know that the cities can be saved only by the people who live there, Democrats have invigorated local effort through federal leadership and assistance. In almost every city, a community action agency has mounted a many-sided assault on poverty. Through varied neighborhood organizations, the poor themselves are tackling their own problems and devising their own programs of self-help. Under Model Cities legislation, enacted in 1966, seventy-five cities are now launching the most comprehensive programs of economic, physical, and social development ever undertaken—and the number of participating cities will be doubled soon. In this effort, the residents of the areas selected to become the model neighborhoods are participating fully in planning their future and deciding what it will be.\nIn a series of housing acts beginning in 1961, Democrats have found ways to encourage private enterprise to provide modern, decent housing for low-income and moderate-income families. The Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968 is the most far-reaching housing legislation in America's history. Under its terms, the genius of American business will combine with the productivity of American labor to meet a 10-year goal of 26 million new housing units—6 million of them for the poor. The objective is to enable the poor to own their own homes, to rebuild entire neighborhoods, to spur the pace of urban renewal, and to deal more humanely with the problems of displaced people.\nTo give our cities a spokesman of Cabinet rank, Democrats in 1965 took the lead in creating a Department of Housing and Urban Development.\nDemocratic Presidents and Congresses have moved with equal vigor to help the people of America's vast hinterland outside the metropolitan centers to join the march of economic progress. Of the 101 major areas classified as \"depressed areas\" when the Democrats assumed office in 1961, 90 have now solved their problems of excessive unemployment and the others are on their way. The Area Redevelopment Act, the expansion of resource development programs, and the massive effort to restore Appalachia and other lagging regions to economic health assisted the people of these areas in their remarkable progress.\nIn these legislative undertakings of primary concern to people—American people—it is to the credit of some Republicans that they joined the Democratic majority in a common effort. Unfortunately, however, most Republicans sat passively by while Democrats wrote the legislation the nation's needs demanded. Worse, and more often, Republicans did what they could to obstruct and defeat the measures that were approved by Democrats in defiance of hostile Republican votes. Thus:\nIn the case of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, 73 percent of the Republicans in the House voted to kill it.\nIn the case of medical care for the aged, 93 percent of the Republicans in the House and 64 percent in the Senate voted to kill it.\nIn the case of the Model Cities program, 88 percent of the Republicans in the House voted to kill it.\nIn the case of the program to help Appalachia, 81 percent of House Republicans and 58 percent of Senate Republicans voted to kill it, and 75 percent of House Republicans voted to kill corresponding programs of aid for other depressed regions of the country.\nThe same negative attitude was present among Republicans in the 1950's, and one of the results was a crisis in the farm sector of the economy which the Democrats inherited in the 1960's. In the late Republican 1950's, the glut of farm surpluses amounted to over $8 billion, and the taxpayers were forced to pay $1 billion every year in interest and storage charges alone. Democrats, however, set out resolutely to reverse the picture. Democratic farm programs supported farm income, expanded farm exports and domestic consumption, helped farmers adjust their production to the size of the expanded markets, and reduced farm surpluses and storage costs to the lowest level since 1952.\nDemocrats have also acted vigorously to assure that American science and technology shall continue to lead the world.\nIn atomic energy, in space exploration, in communications, in medicine, in oceanology, in fundamental and applied research in many fields, we have provided leadership and financial aid to the nation's scientists and engineers. Their genius has, in turn, powered our national economic growth.\nOther measures affected all Americans everywhere.\nUnder our constitutional system of federalism, the primary responsibility for law enforcement rests with selected local officials and with governors, but the federal government can and should play a constructive role in support of state and local authorities.\nIn this conviction, Democratic leadership scented the enactment of a law which extended financial assistance to modernize local police departments, to train law enforcement personnel, and to develop modern police technology. The effect of these provisions is already visible in an improved quality of law enforcement throughout the land.\nUnder Democratic leadership, furthermore, the Juvenile Delinquency Prevention and Control Act was passed to aid states and communities to plan and carry out comprehensive programs to prevent and combat youth crime. We have added more personnel to strengthen the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the enforcement of narcotics laws, and have intensified the campaign against organized crime. The federal government has come swiftly to the aid of cities needing help to bring major disturbances under control, and Democratic leadership secured the enactment of a new gun control law as a step toward putting the weapons of wanton violence beyond the reach of criminal and irresponsible hands.\nTo purify the air we breathe and the water we drink, Democrats led the way to the enactment of landmark anti-pollution legislation.\nTo bring order into the administration of transportation programs and to coordinate transportation policy, Democrats in 1966 established a new Cabinet-level Department of Transportation.\nFor the consumer, new standards of protection were enacted—truth-in-lending and truth-in-packaging, the Child Safety Act, the Pipeline Safety Act, the Wholesome Meat and Wholesome Poultry Acts.\nFor America's 100 million automobile drivers, auto and highway safety legislation provided protection not previously known.\nFor every American family, unparalleled achievements in conservation meant the development of balanced outdoor recreation programs—involving magnificent new national parks, seashores, and lakeshores—all within an afternoon's drive of 110 million Americans. For the first time, we are beating the bulldozer to the nation's remaining open spaces.\nFor the sake of all living Americans and for their posterity, the Wilderness Preservation Act of 1964 placed in perpetual trust millions of acres of primitive and wilderness areas.\nFor America's sons who manned the nation's defenses, a new G.I. bill with greatly enlarged equitable benefits was enacted gratefully and proudly.\nAmerica's senior citizens enjoyed the largest increase in social security since the system was inaugurated during the Democratic Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt.\nFor the hungry, our food distribution programs were expanded to provide more than $1 billion worth of food a year for domestic use, giving millions of children, for the first time, enough to eat.\nA new minimum wage law raised paychecks and standards of living for millions, while a new network of training programs enabled more than a million Americans to learn new skills and become productive workers in the labor force.\nA new Immigration Act removed the harsh injustice of the national origins quota system and opened our shores without discrimination to those who can contribute to the growth and strength of America.\nMany more measures enacted under Democratic leadership could be added to this recital of achievements in our internal life since 1961. But what we could list shares the character of what we have listed. All the measures alike are a witness to our desire to serve the people as a united whole, to chart the way for their orderly progress, to possess their confidence—by striving through our conduct to deserve to possess it.\nThe World\n\nThe conscience of the entire world has been shocked by the brutal and unprovoked Soviet aggression against Czechoslovakia. By this act, Moscow has confessed that it is still the prisoner of its fear of freedom. And the Czechoslovakian people have shown that the love of freedom, in their land and throughout Eastern Europe, can never be crushed.\nThis severe blow to freedom and self-determination reinforces our commitment to the unending quest for peace and security in the world. These dark days should not obscure the solid achievements of the past eight years. Nuclear war has been avoided. West Berlin and Western Europe are still free.\nThe blend of American power and restraint, so dramatically demonstrated in the Cuban missile crisis, earned the respect of the world and prepared the way for a series of arms control agreements with the Soviet Union. Long and patient negotiation by Presidents Kennedy and Johnson resulted in the Nuclear Test Ban, Nuclear Non-Proliferation, and Space treaties and the \"hot line.\" These hard-won agreements provide the base for pursuing other measures to reduce the risk of nuclear war.\nThe unprecedented expansion of the American economy has invigorated the whole free world. Many once skeptical nations, including some communist states, now regard American economic techniques and institutions as a model.\nIn Asia the tragic Vietnam war has often blinded us to the quiet and constructive developments which affect directly the lives of over a billion people and the prospects for peace everywhere.\nAn economically strong and democratic Japan has assumed a more active role in the development of the region. Indonesia has a nationalist, non-communist government seeking to live at peace with its neighbors. Thailand, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, and the Republic of Korea have more stable governments and steadily growing economies. They have been aided by American economic assistance and by the American military presence in the Pacific. They have also been encouraged by a confidence reflecting successive Presidential decisions to assist nations to live in peace and freedom.\nElsewhere in the developing world, there has been hopeful political and economic progress. Though Castro's Cuba is still a source of subversion, the other Latin American states are moving ahead under the Alliance for Progress. In Africa, many of the new states have chosen moderate leaders committed to peaceful nation-building. They are beginning to cooperate with their neighbors in regional agencies of their own design. And like developing countries on other continents, they are for the first time giving serious attention to agricultural development. This new emphasis on food will buy time to launch effective programs of population control.\nIn all these constructive changes America, under Democratic leadership, has played a significant role. But we Democrats do not believe in resting on past achievements. We view any success as a down payment on the hard tasks that lie ahead. There is still much to be done at home and abroad and we accept with confidence the challenge of the future.\nThis We Will Do: Toward a Peaceful World\n\nIn the pursuit of our national objectives and in the exercise of American power in the world, we assert that the United States should:\nContinue to accept its world responsibilities—not turn inward and isolate ourselves from the cares and aspirations of mankind;\nSeek a world of diversity and peaceful change, where men can choose their own governments and where each nation can determine its own destiny without external interference;\nResist the temptation to try to mold the world, or any part of it, in our own image, or to become the self-appointed policeman of the world;\nCall on other nations, great and small, to contribute a fair share of effort and resources to world peace and development;\nHonor our treaty obligations to our allies; Seek always to strengthen and improve the United Nations and other international peace-keeping arrangements and meet breaches or threatened breaches of the peace according to our carefully assessed interests and resources;\nIn pursuing these objectives, we will insure that our policies will be subject to constant re view so they reflect our true national interests in a changing world.\nNational Defense\n\nThe tragic events in Czechoslovakia are a shocking reminder that we live in a dangerous and unpredictable world. The Soviet attack on and invasion of a small country that only yesterday was Moscow's peaceful ally, is an ominous reversal of the slow trend toward greater freedom and independence in Eastern Europe. The reimposition of Soviet tyranny raises the spectre of the darkest days of the Stalin era and increases the risk of war in Central Europe, a war that could become a nuclear holocaust.\nAgainst this somber backdrop, whose full portent cannot now be seen, other recent Soviet military moves take on even greater significance. Though we have a significant lead in military strength and in all vital areas of military technology, Moscow has steadily increased its strategic nuclear arsenal, its missile-firing nuclear submarine fleet, and its anti-missile defenses. Communist China is providing political and military support for so-called wars of national liberation. A growing nuclear power, Peking has disdained all arms control efforts.\nWe must and will maintain a strong and balanced defense establishment adequate to the task of security and peace. There must be no doubt about our strategic nuclear capability, our capacity to meet limited challenges, and our willingness to act when our vital interests are threatened.\nTo this end, we pledge a vigorous research and development effort. We will also continue to pursue the highly successful efforts initiated by Democratic administrations to save tax dollars by eliminating waste and duplication.\nWe face difficult and trying times in Asia and in Europe. We have responsibilities and commitments we cannot escape with honor. But we are not alone. We have friends and allies around the world. We will consult with them and ask them to accept a fair share of the burdens of peace and security.\nNorth Atlantic Community\n\nThe North Atlantic Community is strong and free. We must further strengthen our ties and be constantly alert to new challenges and opportunities. We support a substantially larger European contribution to NATO.\nSoviet troops have never stepped across the border of a NATO country. By harassment and threat the Kremlin has repeatedly attempted to push the West out of Berlin. But West Berlin is still free. Western Europe is still free. This is a living tribute to the strength and validity of the NATO alliance.\nThe political differences we have had with some of our allies from time to time should not divert us from our common task of building a secure and prosperous Atlantic community based on the principles of mutual respect and mutual dependence. The NATO alliance has demonstrated that free nations can build a common shield without sacrificing their identity and independence.\nArms Control\n\nWe must recognize that vigilance calls for the twin disciplines of defense and arms control. Defense measures and arms control measures must go hand in hand, each serving national security and the larger interests of peace.\nWe must also recognize that the Soviet Union and the United States still have a common interest in avoiding nuclear war and preventing the spread of nuclear weapons. We also share a common interest in reducing the cost of national defense. We must continue to work together. We will press for further arms control agreements, insisting on effective safeguards against violations.\nFor almost a quarter of a century America's pre-eminent military strength, combined with our political restraint, has deterred nuclear war. This great accomplishment has confounded the prophets of doom.\nEight years ago the Democratic Party pledged new efforts to control nuclear weapons. We have fulfilled that pledge. The new Arms Control and Disarmament Agency has undertaken and coordinated important research. The sustained initiatives of President Kennedy and President Johnson have resulted in the \"hot line\" between the White House and the Kremlin, the limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, the Non-Proliferation Treaty, and the treaty barring the orbiting of weapons of mass destruction.\nEven in the present tense atmosphere, we strongly support President Johnson's effort to secure an agreement with the Soviet Union under which both states would refrain from deploying anti-missile systems. Such a treaty would result in the saving of billions of dollars and would create a climate for further arms control measures. We support concurrent efforts to freeze the present level of strategic weapons and delivery systems, and to achieve a balanced and verified reduction of all nuclear and conventional arms.\nThe Middle East\n\nThe Middle East remains a powder keg. We must do all in our power to prevent a recurrence of war in this area. A large Soviet fleet has been deployed to the Mediterranean. Preferring short-term political advantage to long-range stability and peace, the Soviet Union has rushed arms to certain Arab states to replace those lost in the Arab-Israeli War of 1967. As long as Israel is threatened by hostile and well-armed neighbors, we will assist her with essential military equipment needed for her defense, including the most advanced types of combat aircraft.\nLasting peace in the Middle East depends upon agreed and secured frontiers, respect for the territorial integrity of all states, the guaranteed right of innocent passage through all international waterways, a humane resettlement of the Arab refugees, and the establishment of a non-provocative military balance. To achieve these objectives, we support negotiations among the concerned parties. We strongly support efforts to achieve an agreement among states in the area and those states supplying arms to limit the flow of military equipment to the Middle East.\nWe support efforts to raise the living standards throughout the area, including desalinization and regional irrigation projects which cut across state frontiers.\nVietnam and Asia\n\nOur most urgent task in Southeast Asia is to end the war in Vietnam by an honorable and lasting settlement which respects the rights of all the people of Vietnam. In our pursuit of peace and stability in the vital area of Southeast Asia we have borne a heavy burden in helping South Vietnam to counter aggression and subversion from the North.\nWe reject as unacceptable a unilateral withdrawal of our forces which would allow that aggression and subversion to succeed. We have never demanded, and do not now demand, unconditional surrender by the communists.\nWe strongly support the Paris talks and applaud the initiative of President Johnson which brought North Vietnam to the peace table. We hope that Hanoi will respond positively to this act of statesmanship.\nIn the quest for peace no solutions are free of risk. But calculated risks are consistent with the responsibility of a great nation to seek a peace of reconciliation.\nRecognizing that events in Vietnam and the negotiations in Paris may affect the timing and the actions we recommend, we would support our Government in the following steps:\nBombing: Stop all bombing of North Vietnam when this action would not endanger the lives of our troops in the field; this action should take into account the response form Hanoi.\nTroop Withdrawal: Negotiate with Hanoi an immediate end or limitation of hostilities and the withdrawal from South Vietnam of all foreign forces—both United States and allied forces, and forces infiltrated from North Vietnam.\nElection of Postwar Government: Encourage all parties and interests to agree that the choice of the postwar government of South Vietnam should be determined by fair and safeguarded elections, open to all major political factions and parties prepared to accept peaceful political processes. We would favor an effective international presence to facilitate the transition from war to peace and to assure the protection of minorities against reprisal.\nInterim Defense and Development Measures: Until the fighting stops, accelerate our efforts to train and equip the South Vietnamese army so that it can defend its own country and carry out cutbacks of U.S. military involvement as the South Vietnamese forces are able to take over their larger responsibilities. We should simultaneously do all in our power to support and encourage further economic, political and social development and reform in South Vietnam, including an extensive land reform program. We support President Johnson's repeated offer to provide a substantial U.S. contribution to the postwar reconstruction of South Vietnam as well as to the economic development of the entire region, including North Vietnam. Japan and the European industrial states should be urged to join in this postwar effort.\nFor the future, we will make it clear that U.S. military and economic assistance in Asia will be selective. In addition to considerations of our vital interests and our resources, we will take into account the determination of the nations that request our help to help themselves and their willingness to help each other through regional and multilateral cooperation.\nWe want no bases in South Vietnam; no continued military presence and no political role in Vietnamese affairs. If and when the communists understand our basic commitment and limited goals and are willing to take their chances, as we are, on letting the choice of the post-war government of South Vietnam be determined freely and peacefully by all of the South Vietnamese people, then the bloodshed and the tragedy can stop.\nJapan, India, Indonesia, and most of the smaller Asian nations are understandably apprehensive about Red China because of its nuclear weapons, its support of subversive efforts abroad, and its militant rhetoric. They have been appalled by the barbaric behavior of the Red Guards toward the Chinese people, their callous disregard for human life and their mistreatment of foreign diplomats.\nThe immediate prospect that China will emerge from its self-imposed isolation is dim. But both Asians and Americans will have to coexist with the 750 million Chinese on the mainland. We shall continue to make it clear that we are prepared to cooperate with China whenever it is ready to become a responsible member of the international community. We would actively encourage economic, social and cultural exchange with mainland China as a means of freeing that nation and her people from their narrow isolation.\nWe support continued assistance to help maintain the independence and peaceful development of India and Pakistan.\nRecognizing the growing importance of Asia and the Pacific, we will encourage increased cultural and educational efforts, such as those undertaken in multi-racial Hawaii, to facilitate a better understanding of the problems and opportunities of this vast area.\nThe Developing World\n\nThe American people share the aspirations for a better life in the developing world. But we are committed to peaceful change. We believe basic political rights in most states can be more effectively achieved and maintained by peaceful action than by violence.\nIn their struggle for political and economic development, most Asian, African, and Latin American states are confronted by grinding poverty, illiteracy and a stubborn resistance to constructive change. The aspirations and frustrations of the people are frequently exploited by self-serving revolutionaries who employ illegal and violent means.\nSince World War II, America's unprecedented program of foreign economic assistance for reconstruction and development has made a profound contribution to peace, security, and a better life for millions of people everywhere. Many nations formerly dependent upon American aid are now viable and stable as a result of this aid.\nWe support strengthened U.S. and U.N. development aid programs that are responsive to changing circumstances and based on the recognition, as President Johnson put it, that \"self-help is the lifeblood of economic development.\" Grant aid and government loans for long-term projects are part of a larger transfer of resources between the developed and underdeveloped states, which includes international trade and private capital investment as important components.\nLike the burden of keeping the peace, the responsibility for assisting the developing world must be shared by Japan and the Western European states, once recipients of U.S. aid and now donor states.\nDevelopment aid should be coordinated among both donors and recipients. The World Bank and other international and regional agencies for investment and development should be fully utilized. We should encourage regional cooperation by the recipients for the most efficient use of resources and markets.\nWe should press for additional international agreements that will stimulate mutually beneficial trade and encourage a growing volume of private investment in the developing states. World-wide commodity agreements that stabilize prices for particular products and other devices to stabilize export earnings will also spur development.\nWe believe priority attention should be given to agricultural production and population control. Technical assistance which emphasizes manpower training is also of paramount importance. We support the Peace Corps which has sent thousands of ambassadors of good will to three continents.\nCultural and historic ties and a common quest for peace with freedom and justice have made Latin America an area of special concern and interest to the United States. We support a vigorous Alliance for Progress program based upon the Charter of Punta del Este which affirms that \"free men working through the institutions for representative democracy can best satisfy man's aspirations.\"\nWe support the objective of Latin American economic integration endorsed by the presidents of the American Republics in April 1967 and urge further efforts in the areas of tax reform, land reform, educational reform, and economic development to fulfill the promise of Punta del Este.\nUnited Nations\n\nSince the birth of the United Nations, the United States has pursued the quest for peace, security and human dignity through United Nations channels more vigorously than any other member state. Our dedication to its purpose and its work remains undiminished.\nThe United Nations contributed to dampening the fires of conflict in Kashmir, the Middle East, Cyprus and the Congo. The agencies of the United Nations have made a significant contribution to health, education and economic well-being in Asia, Africa and Latin America. These efforts deserve continued and expanded support. We pledge that support.\nSince we recognize that the United Nations can be only as effective as the support of its members, we call upon other states to join with us in a renewed commitment to use its facilities in the great tasks of economic development, the non-military use of atomic energy, arms control and peace-keeping. It is only with member nations working together that the organization can make its full contribution to the growth of a world community of peace under law, rather than by threat or use of military force.\nWe are profoundly concerned about the continued repression of Jews and other minorities in the Soviet Union and elsewhere, and look forward to the day when the full light of liberty and freedom shall be extended to all countries and all peoples.\nForeign Trade and Financial Policy\n\nWorld trade is essential to economic stability. The growing interdependence of nations, particularly in economic affairs, is an established fact of contemporary life. It also spells an opportunity for constructive international cooperation that will bring greater well-being for all and improve the prospects for international peace and security.\nWe shall build upon the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 and the Kennedy round of trade negotiations, in order to achieve greater trade cooperation and progress toward freer international trade. In future negotiations, which will require careful preparation, we shall: 1) seek continued reciprocal reduction and elimination of tariff barriers, based on the most favored nation principle; 2) negotiate the reciprocal removal of non-tariff barriers to international trade on all products, including agriculture; 3) give special attention to the needs of the developing countries for increased export earnings; and 4) develop and improve the rules governing fair international competition affecting both foreign commerce and investment.\nTo lessen the hardships suffered by industries and workers as the result of trade liberalization, we support improvements in the adjustment assistance provisions of present law. Provision of law to remedy unfair and destructive import competition should be reviewed and strengthened, and negotiated international agreements to achieve this purpose should be employed where appropriate.\nThe United States has experienced balance-of payments deficits for over a decade, mainly because of our security obligations in the free world. Faced with these deficits, we have behaved responsibly by avoiding both economic deflation at home and severe unilateral restrictive measures on international transactions, which would have weakened the international economy and international cooperation.\nWe shall continue to take the path of constructive measures by relying on steps to increase our exports and by the development of further cooperative arrangements with the other countries. We intend, as soon as possible, to dismantle the restrictions placed on foreign investment and finance, so that American free enterprise can play its full part as the agent of economic development. We will continue to encourage persons from other lands to visit America.\nSteps of historical importance have already been taken to improve the functioning of the international monetary system, most notably the new special drawing rights under the international monetary fund. We shall continue to work for the further improvement of the international monetary system so as to reduce its vulnerability to monetary crises.\nEconomic Growth and Stability\n\nThe Democratic policies that more than doubled the nation's rate of economic expansion in the past eight years can double and redouble our national income by the end of this century. Such a rate of economic growth will enable us to win total victory in our wars on ignorance, poverty, and the misery of the ghettos.\nBut victory will not come automatically. To realize our full economic potential will require effective, businesslike planning and cooperation between government and all elements of private economy. The Democratic Party pledges itself to achieve that purpose in many ways.\nFiscal and Monetary Policy\n\nTaxes were lowered in 1962, 1964, and 1965 to encourage more private spending and reach full employment; they were raised in 1966 and 1968 to help prevent inflation, but with a net reduction in the eight Democratic years. We will continue to use tax policy to maintain steady economic growth by helping through tax reduction to stimulate the economy when it is sluggish and through temporary tax increases to restrain inflation. To promote this objective, methods must be devised to permit prompt, temporary changes in tax rates within prescribed limits with full participation of the Congress in the decisions.\nThe goals of our national tax policy must be to distribute the burden of government equitably among our citizens and to promote economic efficiency and stability. We have placed major reliance on progressive taxes, which are based on the democratic principle of ability to pay. We pledge ourselves to continue to rely on such taxes, and to continue to improve the way they are levied and collected so that every American contributes to government in proportion to his ability to pay.\nA thorough revamping of our federal taxes has been long overdue to make them more equitable as between rich and poor and as among people with the same income and family responsibilities. All corporation and individual preferences that do not serve the national interest should be removed. Tax preferences, like expenditures, must be rigorously evaluated to assure that the benefit to the nation is worth the cost.\nWe support a proposal for a minimum income tax for persons of high income based on an individual's total income regardless of source in order that wealthy persons will be required to make some kind of income tax contribution, no matter how many tax shelters they use to protect their incomes. We also support a reduction of the tax burden on the poor by lowering the income tax rates at the bottom of the tax scale and increasing the minimum standard deduction. No person or family below the poverty level should be required to pay federal income taxes.\nOur goal is a balanced budget in a balanced economy. We favor distinguishing current operating expenditures from long term capital outlays and repayable loans, which should be amortized consistent with sound accounting principles. All government expenditures should be subject to firm tests of efficiency and essentiality.\nAn effective policy for growth and stability requires careful coordination of fiscal and monetary policies. Changes in taxes, budgets, interest rates, and money supply must be carefully blended and flexibly adjusted to assure:\nAdaptation to changing economic conditions; Adequate supplies of money and credit for the expansion of industry, commerce, and housing; Maintenance of the lowest possible interest rates;\nAvoidance of needless hardships on groups that depend heavily on credit.\nCooperation between fiscal and monetary authorities was greatly strengthened in the past eight years, and we pledge ourselves to continue to perfect this cooperation.\nPrice Stability with Growth\n\nPrice stability continues to be an essential goal of expansive economic policy. Price inflation hurts most of the weak among us and could interfere with the continued social gains we are determined to achieve in the immediate years ahead.\nThe answer to rising prices will never be sought, under Democratic administrations, in unemployment and idle plant facilities. We are firmly committed to the twin objectives of full employment and price stability,\nTo promote price stability in a dynamic and growing economy, we will:\nPursue flexible fiscal and monetary policies designed to keep total private and public demand in line with the economy's rising productive capacity.\nWork effectively with business, labor, and the public in formulating principles for price and wage policies that are equitable and sound for consumers as well as for workers and investors.\nStrictly enforce antitrust and trade practice laws to combat administered pricing, supply limitations and other restrictive practices.\nStrengthen competition by keeping the doors of world trade open and resisting the protectionism of captive markets.\nStimulate plant modernization, upgrade labor skills, and speed technological advance to step up productivity.\nAgriculture\n\nTwice in this century the Republican Party has brought disaster to the American farmer—in the thirties and in the fifties. Each time, the American farmer was rescued by the Democratic Party, but his prosperity has not yet been fully restored.\nFarmers must continue to be heard in the councils of government where decisions affecting agriculture are taken. The productivity of our farmers—already the world's most productive—must continue to rise, making American agriculture more competitive abroad and more prosperous at home.\nA strong agriculture requires fair income to farmers for an expanding output. Family farmers must be protected from the squeeze between rising production costs and low prices for their products. Farm income should grow with productivity just as industrial wages rise with productivity. At the same time, market prices should continue to reflect supply and demand conditions and American farm products must continue to compete effectively in world markets. In this way, markets at home and abroad will continue to expand beyond the record high levels of recent years.\nTo these ends, we shall:\nTake positive action to raise farm income to full parity level in order to preserve the efficient, full-time family farm. This can be done through present farm programs when these programs are properly funded, but these programs will be constantly scrutinized with a view to improvement.\nActively seek out and develop foreign commercial markets, since international trade in agricultural products is a major favorable factor in the nation's balance of payments. In expanding our trade, we shall strive to ensure that farmers get adequate compensation for their production going into export.\nExpand our food assistance programs to America's poor and our Food for Peace program to help feed the world's hungry.\nEstablish a Strategic Food and Feed Reserve Plan whereby essential commodities such as wheat, corn and other feed grains, soybeans, storable meat and other products will be stock-piled as a safeguard against crop failures, to assist our nation and other nations in time of famine or disaster, and to ensure adequate supplies for export markets, as well as to protect our own farm industry. This reserve should be insulated from the market.\nSupport the right of farmers to bargain collectively in the market place on a commodity by commodity basis. Labor and industry have long enjoyed this right to bargain collectively under existing legislation. Protective legislation for bargaining should be extended to agriculture.\nContinue to support and encourage agricultural co-operatives by expanded and liberal credit, and to protect them from punitive taxation.\nSupport private or public credit on reasonable terms to young farmers to enable them to purchase farms on long term, low interest loans.\nSupport the federal crop insurance program. Reaffirm our support of the rural electrification program, recognizing that rural America cannot be revitalized without adequate low-cost electric power. We pledge continued support of programs to assure supplemental financing to meet the growing generating and distributing power needs of rural areas. We support the rural telephone program.\nSupport a thorough study of the effect of unlimited payments to farmers. If necessary, we suggest graduated open-end limitations of payments to extremely large corporate farms that participate in government programs.\nTake a positive approach to the public interest in the issue of health and tobacco at all levels of the tobacco economy. We recommend a cooperative effort in health and tobacco research by government, industry and qualified scientific bodies, to ascertain relationships between human health and tobacco growth, curing, storage and manufacturing techniques, as well as specific medical aspects of tobacco smoke constituents.\nSmall Business\n\nSmall business plays a vital role in a dynamic, competitive economy; it helps maintain a strong social fabric in communities across the land; it builds concerned community leadership deriving from ownership of small enterprises; and it maintains the challenge and competition essential to a free enterprise system.\nTo assure a continuing healthy environment for small business, the Democratic Party pledges to:\nAssure adequate credit at reasonable costs; Assure small business a fair share of government contracts and procurement;\nEncourage investment in research and development of special benefit to small enterprise;\nAssist small business in taking advantage of technological innovations;\nProvide centers of information on government procurement needs and foreign sales opportunities.\nThe Democratic Party is pledged to develop programs that will enable members of minority groups to obtain the financing and technical management assistance needed to succeed in launching and operating new enterprises.\nLabor-Management Relations\n\nPrivate collective bargaining and a strong and independent labor movement are essential to our system of free enterprise and economic democracy. Their development has been fostered under each Democratic administration in this century.\nWe will thoroughly review and update the National Labor Relations Act to assure an effective opportunity to all workers to exercise the right to organize and to bargain collectively, including such amendments as:\nRepeal of the provision permitting states to enact compulsory open shop laws;\nExtension of the Act's protection to farm workers, employees of private non-profit organizations, and other employees not now covered;\nRemoval of unreasonable restrictions upon the right of peaceful picketing, including situs picketing;\nSpeedier decisions in unfair labor practice cases and representation proceedings;\nGreater equality between the remedies available under the Act to labor and those available to management;\nEffective opportunities for unions as well as employers to communicate with employees, without coercion by either side or by anyone acting in their behalf.\nThe Federal Government will continue to set an example as an employer to private business and to state and local governments. The Government will not do business with firms that repeatedly violate Federal statutes prohibiting discrimination against employees who are union members or refuse to bargain with duly authorized union representatives.\nBy all these means, we will sustain the right of workers to organize in unions of their own choosing and will foster truly effective collective bargaining to provide the maximum opportunity for just and fair agreements between management and labor.\nConsumer Protection\n\nRising incomes have brought new vigor to the market place. But the march of technology which has brought unparalleled abundance and opportunity to the consumer has also exposed him to new hazards and new complexities. In providing economic justice for consumers, we shall strengthen business and industry and improve the quality of life for all 200 million Americans.\nWe commend the Democratic Congress for passing the landmark legislation of the past several years which has ushered in a new era of consumer protection—truth-in-lending, truth-in-packaging, wholesome meat and poultry, auto and highway safety, child safety, and protection against interstate land swindles.\nWe shall take steps, including necessary legislation, to minimize the likelihood of massive electric power failures, to improve the safety of medical devices and drugs, to penalize deceptive sales practices, and to provide consumer access to product information now being compiled in the Federal Government.\nWe will help the states to establish consumer fraud and information bureaus, and to update consumer credit laws.\nA major objective of all consumer programs, at all levels, must be the education of the buying public, particularly the poor who are the special targets of unscrupulous and high-pressure salesmanship.\nWe will make the consumer's voice increasingly heard in the councils of government. We will strengthen consumer education and enforcement programs by consolidation of functions now dispersed among various agencies, through the establishment of an Office of Consumer Affairs to represent consumer interests within the government and before courts and regulatory agencies.\nHousing\n\nFor the first time in history, a nation is able to rebuild or replace all of its substandard housing, even while providing housing for millions of new families.\nThis means rebuilding or replacing 4.5 million dwelling units in our urban areas and 3.9 million in rural areas, most in conditions of such dilapidation that they are too often dens of despair for millions of Americans.\nYet this performance is possible in the next decade because of goals and programs fashioned by Democratic Presidents and Democratic Congresses in close partnership with private business.\nThe goal is clear and pressing—\"a decent home and a suitable living environment for every American family,\" as set forth in the 1949 Housing Act by a Democratic Congress and Administration.\nTo achieve this goal in the next ten years: We will assist private enterprise to double its volume of home-building, to an annual rate of 2.6 million units a year—a ten year total of 26 million units. This is the specific target of the history-making Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968.\nWe will give the highest priority to Federally-assisted home-building for low income families, with special attention given to ghetto dwellers, the elderly, the physically handicapped, and families in neglected areas of rural America, Indian reservations, territories of the United States, and migratory worker camps. All federal subsidy programs—whether in the form of public housing, interest rates at 1%, rent supplements, or direct loans—will be administered to favor these disadvantaged families, with full participation by the neighborhood residents themselves.\nWe will cooperate with private home builders to experiment boldly with new production technology, with financial institutions to marshal capital for housing where it is most needed, and with unions to expand the labor force needed for a doubling of production.\nAbove all, we will work toward the greatest possible freedom of choice—the opportunity for every family, regardless of race, color, religion, or income, to choose home ownership or rental, high-rise or low-rise, cooperatives or condominiums, detached or town house, and city, suburban or country living.\nWe urge local governments to shape their own zoning laws and building codes to favor consumers and hold down costs.\nRigid enforcement of State and local health and building codes is imperative to alleviate conditions of squalor and despair in deteriorating neighborhoods.\nDemocrats are proud of their housing record. But we are also painfully aware of how much more needs to be done to reach the final goal of decent shelter for all Americans and we pledge a steadfast pursuit of that goal.\nTransportation\n\nAmerica is a nation on the move. To meet the challenge of transportation, we propose a dynamic partnership between industry and government at all levels.\nOf utmost urgency is the need to solve congestion in air traffic, especially in airports and between major metropolitan centers. We pledge intensified efforts to devise equitable methods of financing new and improved airport and airway facilities.\nUrban and inter-urban transportation facilities are heavily overburdened. We support expanded programs of assistance to mass transit in order to avoid unnecessary congestion in air traffic, especially at air-link residential and work areas.\nDespite the tremendous progress of our interstate highway program, still more super-highways are needed for safe and rapid motor transport. We need to establish local road networks to meet regional requirements.\nThe efficiency of our railroads has improved greatly but there is need for further strengthening of the nation's railroads so that they can contribute more fully to the nation's transport requirements. In particular, we will press forward with the effort to develop high-speed passenger trains to serve major urban areas.\nTo assume our proper place as a leading maritime nation, we must launch an aggressive and balanced program to replace and augment our obsolete merchant ships with modern vessels built in American shipyards. We will assist U.S. flag operators to overcome the competitive disparity between American and foreign costs.\nWe will continue to foster development of harbors, ports, and inland waterways, particularly regional waterways systems, and the St. Lawrence Seaway, to accommodate our expanded water-borne commerce. We support modernization of the Panama Canal.\nWe pledge a greater investment in transportation research and development to enhance safety and increase speed and economy; to implement the acts that have been passed to control noxious vehicle exhausts; and to reduce aircraft noise.\nThe expansion of our transportation must not be carried out at the expense of the environment through which it moves. We applaud the leadership provided by the First Lady to enhance the highway environment and initiate a national beautification program.\nCommunications\n\nAmerica has the most efficient and comprehensive communications system in the world. But a healthy society depends more on the quality of what is communicated than on either the volume or form of communication.\nPublic broadcasting has already proven that it can be a valuable supplement to formal education and a direct medium for non-formal education. We pledge our continuing support for the prompt enactment of a long-range financing plan that will help ensure the vigor and independence of this potentially vital but still underdeveloped new force in American life.\nWe deplore the all too frequent exploitation of violence as entertainment in all media.\nIn 1962 the Democratic Party sensed the great potential of space communication and quickly translated this awareness into the Communications Satellite Act. In a creative partnership between government and business, this revolutionary idea soon became a reality. Six years later we helped establish a consortium of 61 nations devoted to the development of a global satellite network.\nWe will continue to develop new technology and utilize communications to promote world-wide understanding as an essential pre-condition of world peace. But, in view of rapidly changing technology, the entire federal regulatory system dealing with telecommunication should be thoroughly reappraised.\nScience and Technology\n\nWe lead the world in science and technology. This has produced a dramatic effect on the daily lives of all of us. To maintain our undisputed national leadership in science and further its manifold applications for the betterment of mankind, the Federal Government has a dear obligation to foster and support creative men and women in the research community, both public and private.\nOur pioneering Space program has helped mankind on earth in countless ways. The benefits from improved weather forecasting which can soon be available thanks to satellite observations and communications will by themselves make the space efforts worthwhile.\nObservation by satellite of crops and other major earth resources will for the first time enable man to see all that is available to him on earth, and therefore to take maximum advantage of it. High endurance metals developed for space-craft help make commercial planes safer; similarly, micro-electronics are now found in consumer appliances. Novel space food-preservation techniques are employed in the tropical climates of underdeveloped countries. We will move ahead in aerospace research and development for their unimagined promise for man on earth as well as their vital importance to national defense.\nWe shall continue to work for our goal of leadership in space. To this end we will maximize the effectiveness and efficiency of our space programs through utilization of the best program, planning and budgeting systems.\nTo maintain our leadership in the application of energy, we will push forward with research and development to assure a balanced program for the supply of energy for electric power, both public and private. This effort should go hand in hand with development of \"breeder\" reactors and large-scale nuclear desalting plants that can provide pure water economically from the sea for domestic use and agricultural and industrial development in arid regions, and with broadened medical and biological applications of atomic energy.\nIn addition to the physical sciences, the social sciences will be encouraged and assisted to identify and deal with the problem areas of society.\nOpportunity for All\n\nWe of the Democratic Party believe that a nation wealthy beyond the dreams of most of mankind—a nation with a twentieth of the world's population, possessing half the world's manufactured goods—has the capacity and the duty to assure to all its citizens the opportunity to enjoy the full measure of the blessings of American life.\nFor the first time in the history of the world, it is within the power of a nation to eradicate from within its borders the age-old curse of poverty.\nOur generation of Americans has now made those commitments. It remains to implement and adequately fund the host of practical measures that demonstrate their, effectiveness and to continue to devise new approaches.\nWe are guided by the recommendations of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders concerning jobs, housing, urban renewal, and education on a scale commensurate with the needs of the urban ghettos. We are guided by the report of the Commission on Rural Poverty in tackling the equally compelling problems of the rural slums.\nEconomic growth is our first antipoverty program. The best avenue to an independent, confident citizenry is a dynamic, full-employment economy. Beyond that lie the measures necessary to assure that every American, of every race, in every region, truly shares in the benefits of economic progress.\nThose measures include rehabilitation of the victims of poverty, elimination of the urban and rural slums where poverty is bred, and changes throughout the system of institutions that affect the lives of the poor.\nIn this endeavor, the resources of private enterprise not only its economic power but its leadership and ingenuity—must be mobilized. We must marshal the power that comes from people working together in communities—the neighborhood communities of the poor and the larger communities of the city, the town, the village, the region.\nWe support community action agencies and their programs, such as Head Start, that will prevent the children of the poor from becoming the poor of the next generation. We support the extension of neighborhood centers. We are committed to the principle of meaningful participation of the poor in policy-making and administration of community action and related programs.\nSince organizations of many kinds are joined in the war on poverty, problems of coordination inevitably arise. We pledge ourselves to review current antipoverty efforts to assess how responsibility should be distributed among levels of government, among private and public agencies, and between the permanent agencies of the federal government and an independent antipoverty agency.\nToward a Single Society\n\nWe acknowledge with concern the findings of the report of the bi-partisan National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders and we commit ourselves to implement its recommendations and to wipe out, once and for all, the stain of racial and other discrimination from our national life.\n\"The major goal,\" the Commission wrote, \"is the creation of a true union—a single society and a single American identity.\" A single society, however, does not mean social or cultural uniformity. We are a nation of many social, ethnic and national groups. Each has brought richness and strength to America.\nThe Civil Rights Act of 1964 and 1968 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, all adopted under the vigorous leadership of President Johnson, are basic to America's long march toward full equality under the law.\nWe will not permit these great gains to be chipped away by opponents or eroded by administrative neglect. We pledge effective and impartial enforcement of these laws. If they prove inadequate, or if their compliance provisions fail to serve their purposes, we will propose new laws. In particular, the enforcement provisions of the legislation prohibiting discrimination in employment should be strengthened. This will be done as a matter of first priority.\nWe have also come to recognize that freedom and equality require more than the ending of repression and prejudice. The victims of past discrimination must be encouraged and assisted to take full advantage of opportunities that are now opening to them.\nWe must recognize that for too long we have neglected the abilities and aspirations of Spanish speaking Americans to participate fully in American life. We promise to fund and implement the Bilingual Education Act and expand recruitment and training of bilingual federal and state employees.\nThe American Indian has the oldest claim on our national conscience. We must continue and increase federal help in the Indian's battle against poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, ill health and poor housing. To this end, we pledge a new and equal federal-Indian partnership that will enable Indian communities to provide for themselves many services now furnished by the federal government and federal sponsorship of industrial development programs owned, managed, and run by Indians. We support a quick and fair settlement of land claims of Indians, Eskimo and Aleut citizens of Alaska.\nThe Inner City\n\nIn the decaying slums of our larger cities, where so many of our poor are concentrated, the attack on poverty must embrace many interrelated aspects of development—economic development, the rehabilitation or replacement of dilapidated and unsafe housing, job training and placement, and the improvement of education, health, recreation, crime control, welfare, and other public services.\nAs the framework of such an effort, we will continue to support the Model Cities program under which communities themselves are planning and carrying out the most comprehensive plans ever put together for converting their worst slum areas into model neighborhoods—with full participation and leadership by the neighborhood residents themselves. The Model Cities program will be steadily extended to more cities and more neighborhoods and adequately financed.\nThe resources and leadership of private enterprise must be marshaled in the attack on slums and poverty, and such incentives as may be essential for that purpose we will develop and enact.\nSome of the most urgent jobs in the revival of the inner city remain undone because the hazards are too great and the rewards too limited to attract sufficient private capital. To meet this problem, we will charter a new federal banking structure to provide capital and investment guaranties for urban projects planned and implemented through local initiative—neighborhood development corporations, minority programs for self-employment, housing development corporations, and other urban construction and planning operations. We will also enact legislation providing tax incentives for new business and industrial enterprises in the inner city. Our experience with aid to small business demonstrates the importance of increased local ownership of business enterprises in the inner city.\nWe shall aid the universities to concentrate their resources more fully upon the problems of the cities and facilitate their cooperation with municipal agencies and local organizations in finding solutions to urban problems.\nRural Development\n\nBalanced growth is essential for America. To achieve that balanced growth, we must greatly increase the growth of the rural non-farm economy. One-third of our people live in rural areas, but only one rural family in ten derives its principal income from farming. Almost thirty percent of the nation's poor are non-farm people in rural areas.\nThe problem of rural poverty and the problem of migration of poor people from rural areas to urban ghettos are mainly non-farm problems. The creation of productive jobs in small cities and towns can be the best and least costly solution of these problems.\nTo revitalize rural and small-town America and assure equal opportunity for all Americans where-ever they live, we pledge to:\nCreate jobs by offering inducements to new enterprises—using tax and other incentives—to locate in small towns and rural areas;\nAdminister existing federal programs and design new programs where necessary to overcome the disparity between rural and urban areas in opportunities for education, for health services, for low income housing, for employment and job training, and for public services of all kinds;\nEncourage the development of new towns and new growth centers;\nEncourage the creation of comprehensive planning and development agencies to provide additional leadership in non-metropolitan areas, and assist them financially.\nThe experience of the Appalachian and other regional commissions indicates that municipalities, counties, and state and federal agencies can work together in a common development effort.\nJobs and Training\n\nEvery American in need of work should have opportunity not only for meaningful employment, but also for the education, training, counselling, and other services that enable him to take advantage of available jobs.\nTo the maximum possible extent, our national goal of full employment should be realized through creation of jobs in the private economy, where six of every seven Americans now work. We will continue the Job Opportunities in the Business Sector (JOBS) program, which for the first time has mobilized the energies of business and industry on a nationwide scale to provide training and employment to the hard-core unemployed. We will develop whatever additional incentives may be necessary to maximize the opportunities in the private sector for hard-core unemployed.\nWe will continue also to finance the operation by local communities of a wide range of training programs for youth and retraining for older workers whose skills have become obsolete, coupled with related services necessary to enable people to undertake training and accept jobs—including improved recruitment and placement services, day-care centers, and transportation between work and home.\nFor those who can work but cannot find jobs, we pledge to expand public job and job-training programs, including the Neighborhood Youth Corps, to provide meaningful employment by state and local government and nonprofit institutions.\nFor those who cannot obtain other employment, the federal government will be the employer of last resort, either through federal assistance to state and local projects or through federally sponsored projects.\nEmployment Standards\n\nAmerican workers are entitled to more than the right to a job. They have the right to fair and safe working conditions and to adequate protection in periods of unemployment or disability.\nIn the last thirty years Democratic administrations and Congresses have enacted, extended and improved a series of measures to provide safeguards against exploitation and distress. We pledge to continue these efforts.\nThe minimum standards covering terms and conditions of employment must be improved:\nBy increasing the minimum wage guarantee to assure those at the bottom of the economic scale a fairer share in rising living standards;\nBy extending the minimum wage and overtime provision of the Fair Labor Standards Act to all workers;\nBy enacting occupational health and safety legislation to assure the material reduction of the present occupational death rate of 14,500 men and women each year, and the disabling accident rate of over 2 million per year;\nBy assuring that the \"green card\" worker does not depress wages and conditions of employment for American workers;\nBy updating of the benefit provisions of the Longshoremen and Harbor Workers Act.\nThe unemployment compensation program should be modernized by national minimum standards for level and duration of benefits, eligibility, and universal coverage.\nOlder Citizens\n\nA lifetime of work and effort deserves a secure and satisfying retirement.\nBenefits, especially minimum benefits, under Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance should be raised to overcome present inadequacies and thereafter should be adjusted automatically to reflect increases in living costs.\nMedical care for the aged should be expanded to include the costs of prescription drugs.\nThe minimum age for public assistance should be lowered to correspond to the requirements for social security.\nAmerica's self-employed citizens should be encouraged by tax incentive legislation to supplement social security benefits for themselves and their employees to the same extent that employees of corporations are encouraged.\nIn addition to improving social security, we must develop in each community a wide variety of activities to enrich the lives of our older citizens, to enable them to continue to contribute to our society, and to permit them to live in dignity. The aged must have access to better housing, opportunities for regular or part-time employment and community volunteer services, and cultural and recreational activities.\nPeople in Need\n\nEvery American family whose income is not sufficient to enable its members to live in decency should receive assistance free of the indignities and uncertainties that still too often mar our present programs, To support family incomes of the working poor a number of new program proposals have recently been developed. A thorough evaluation of the relative advantages of such proposals deserves the highest priority attention by the next Administration. This we pledge to do.\nIncome payments and eligibility standards for the aged, the blind, the disabled and dependent children should be determined and financed on a federal basis—in place of the present inequitable, underfinanced hodge podge state plans. This would, among other things, assure the eligibility in all states of needy children of unemployed parents who are now denied assistance in more than half the states as long as the father remains in the home.\nAssistance payments should not only be brought to adequate levels but they should be kept adequate by providing for automatic adjustment to reflect increases in living costs.\nCongress has temporarily suspended the restrictive amendment of 1967 that placed an arbitrary limit on the number of dependent children who can be aided in each state. We favor permanent repeal of that restriction and of the provision requiring mothers of young children to work.\nThe new federal-state program we propose should provide for financial incentives and needed services to enable and encourage adults on welfare to seek employment to the extent they are able to do so.\nThe time has come when we should make a national commitment that no American should have to go hungry or undernourished. The Democratic Party here and now does make that commitment. We will move rapidly to implement it through continued improvement and expansion of our food programs.\nThe Democratic Congress this year has already enacted legislation to expand and improve the school lunch and commodity distribution programs, and shortly will complete action on legislation now pending to expand the food stamp program. We will enact further legislation and appropriations to assure on a permanent basis that the school lunch program provides free and reduced price meals to all needy school children.\nHealth\n\nThe best of modern medical care should be made available to every American. We support efforts to overcome the remaining barriers of distance, poverty, ignorance, and discrimination that separate persons from adequate medical services.\nDuring the last eight years of Democratic administrations, this nation has taken giant steps forward in assuring life and health for its citizens. In the years ahead, we Democrats are determined to take those final steps that are necessary to make certain that every American, regardless of economic status, shall live out his years without fear of the high costs of sickness.\nThrough a partnership of government and private enterprise we must develop new coordinated approaches to stem the rise in medical and drug costs without lowering the quality or availability of medical care. Out-of-hospital care, comprehensive group practice arrangements, increased availability of neighborhood health centers, and the greater use of sub-professional aides can all contribute to the lowering of medical costs.\nWe will raise the level of research in all fields of health, with special programs for development of the artificial heart and the heart transplant technique, development of drugs to treat and prevent the recurrence of heart diseases, expansion of current task forces in cancer research and the creation of new ones including cancer of the lung, determination of the factors in mental retardation and reduction of infant mortality, development of drugs to reduce the incidence of suicide, and construction of health research facilities and hospitals.\nWe must build new medical, dental and medical service schools, and increase the capacity of existing ones, to train more doctors, dentists, nurses, and medical technicians.\nMedical care should be extended to disabled beneficiaries under the Old Age, Survivors and Disability Insurance Act to the same extent and under the same system that such care is available to the aged.\nThousands of children die, or are handicapped for life, because their mothers did not receive proper pre-natal medical attention or because the infants were unattended in the critical first days of life. Maternal and child health centers, located and designed to serve the needs of the poor, and voluntary family planning information centers should be established throughout the country. Medicaid programs administered by the states should have uniform standards so that no mother or child is denied necessary health services. Finally, we urge consideration of a program comparable to Medicare to finance pre-natal care for mother's and post-natal care for children during the first year of life.\nVeterans\n\nAmerican veterans deserve our enduring gratitude for their distinguished service to the nation. In 1968 some 750,000 returning servicemen will continue their education with increased benefits under the new G.I. Bill passed by an education-minded Democratic Congress. Two million disabled veterans and survivors of those killed in action are receiving larger pensions and higher disability payments.\nGuided by the report of the Veterans Advisory Commission, established by the Democratic administration, we will:\nContinue a strong one-stop agency vested with sole responsibility for all veterans programs;\nSustain and upgrade veteran medical services arid expand medical training in VA hospitals;\nMaintain compensation for disabled veterans and for widows and dependents of veterans who die of service-connected causes, in line with the rise in earnings and living standards;\nAssure every veteran the right of burial in a national cemetery;\nProvide incentives for veterans to aid their communities by serving in police, fire departments, educational systems and other public endeavors;\nMake veterans and their widows eligible for pension benefits at the same age at which Social Security beneficiaries may receive old age benefits.\nWe recommend the establishment of a standing Committee on Veterans Affairs in the Senate.\nEducation\n\nEducation is the chief instrument for making good the American promise. It is indispensable to every man's chance to achieve his full potential. We will seek to open education to all Americans.\nWe will assure equal opportunity to education and equal access to high-quality education. Our aim is to maintain state-local control over the nation's educational system, with federal financial assistance and help in stimulating changes through demonstration and technical assistance. New concepts of education and training employing new communications technology must be developed to educate children and adults.\nEvery citizen has a basic right to as much education and training as he desires and can master—from preschool through graduate studies—even if his family cannot pay for this education.\nWe will marshal our national resources to help develop and finance new and effective methods of dealing with the educationally disadvantaged—including expanded preschool programs to prepare all young children for full participation in formal education, improved teacher recruitment and training programs for inner city and rural schools, the Teacher Corps, assistance to community controlled schools to encourage pursuit of innovative practices, university participation in research and operation of school programs, a vocational education system that will provide imaginative new ties between school and the world of work, and improved and more widespread adult education programs.\nWe will fully fund Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, which provides federal funds for improving education in schools serving large numbers of students from low income families.\nThe financial burden of education continues to grow as enrollments spiral and costs increase. The home owner's property tax burden must be eased by increased levels of financial aid by both the states and the Federal government.\nOur rapidly expanding educational frontiers require a redoubling of efforts to insure the vitality of a diverse higher education system—public and private, large and small, community and junior colleges, vocational and technical schools, and great universities. We also pledge support for high quality graduate and medical education.\nWe will enlarge the federal scholarship program to remove the remaining financial barriers to post-secondary education for low income youths, and increase assistance to students in the form of repayable loans out of future income.\nWe will encourage support for the arts and the humanities, through the national foundations established by a Democratic Congress, to provide incentives for those endowed with extraordinary talent, enhance the quality of our life, and make productive leisure available to all our people.\nWe recommend greater stress on the arts and humanities in elementary and secondary curricula to ensure a proper educational balance.\nYouth\n\nFor generations, the Democratic Party has renewed its vitality with young people and new ideas. Today, young people are bringing new vigor and a deep concern for social justice into the political process, yet many feel excluded from full participation.\nWe of the Democratic Party welcome the bold thinking and exciting ideas of youth. We recognize, with deep satisfaction, that their healthy desire for participation in the democratic system must lead to a series of reforms in the direction of a greater democracy and a more open America.\nThe Democratic Party takes pride in the fact that so many of today's youth have channeled their interests and energies into our Party. To them, and to all young Americans we pledge the fullest opportunity to participate in the affairs of our Party at the local, state, and national levels. We call for special efforts to recruit young people as candidates for public office.\nWe will support a Constitutional amendment lowering the voting age to 18.\nWe favor an increase in youth representation on state delegations in future Democratic conventions.\nSteps should be taken to include youth advisers on all government studies, commissions, and hearings which are relevant to their lives.\nWe will establish a youth commission involving young people between the ages of 18 and 26.\nEvery young person should have an opportunity to contribute to the social health of his community or to humanitarian service abroad. The extraordinary experience of the Teacher Corps, VISTA, and the Peace Corps points the way for broadening the opportunities for such voluntary service. Hundreds of thousands of America's youth have sought to enlist in these programs, but only tens of thousands have been able to serve. We will expand these Opportunities.\nThe lives of millions of young men are deeply affected by the requirement for military service. The present system leaves them in uncertainty through much of their early manhood. Until our manpower needs can be fully met by voluntary enlistment, the Democratic Party will insist upon the most equitable and just selection system that can be devised. We support a random system of selection which will reduce the period of eligibility to one year, guarantee fair selection, and remove uncertainty.\nWe urge review of draft board memberships to make them more representative of the communities they serve.\nEnvironment, Conservation and Natural Resources\n\nThese United States have undergone 200 years of continuous change and dramatic development resulting in the most technologically advanced nation in the world. But with rapid industrialization, the nation's air and water resources have been degraded, the public health and welfare endangered, the landscape scarred and littered, and the very quality of our national life jeopardized.\nWe must assure the availability of a decent environment for living, working and relaxation. To this end, we pledge our efforts:\nTo accelerate programs for the enhancement of the quality of the nation's waters for the protection of all legitimate water uses, with special emphasis on public water supplies, recreation, fish and wildlife;\nTo extend the national emission control program to all moving sources of air pollution;\nTo work for programs for the effective disposal of wastes of our modern industrial society;\nTo support the efforts on national, state, and local levels to preserve the historic monuments and sites of our heritage;\nTo assist in planning energy production and transportation to fit into the landscape, to assure safety, and to avoid interference with more desirable uses of land for recreation and other public purposes;\nTo continue to work toward abating the visual pollution that plagues our land;\nTo focus on the outdoor recreation needs of those who live in congested metropolitan areas;\nTo continue to work toward strong measures for the reclamation of mined and depleted lands and the conservation of soil.\nPublic Domain\n\nWe pledge continued support of the Public Land Law Review Commission, which is reviewing public land laws and policies to assure maximum opportunity for all beneficial uses of the public lands, including lands under the sea, and to develop a comprehensive land use policy.\nWe support sustained yield management of our forests, and expanded research for control of forest insects, disease, and fires.\nWe plan to examine the productivity of the public lands in goods, services, and local community prosperity, with a view to increasing such productivity.\nWe shall enforce existing federal statutes governing federal timber.\nWe support the orderly use and development of mineral resources on federal lands.\nRecreation\n\nWe will continue the vigorous expansion of the public recreational domain to meet tomorrow's increasing needs, We will add national parks, recreation areas and seashores, and create national systems of scenic and wild rivers and of trails and scenic roads. We will support a growing wilderness preservation system, preservation of our redwood forests, and conservation of marshland and estuarine areas.\nRecognizing that the bulk of the task of acquisition and development must be accomplished at the state and local levels we shall foster federal assistance to encourage such action, as well as recreational expansion by the private sector. To this end, we shall build upon the landmark Land and Water Conservation Fund Act, which has assured a foundation of a recreational heritage for future generations. We will assist communities to rehabilitate and expand inadequate and deteriorating urban park systems, and develop open space, waterways, and waterfront renovation facilities.\nResources of the Oceans\n\nIn and beneath the seas are resources of untold dimension for the benefit of mankind. Recognizing and protecting the paramount public interest in the seas, Congress under Democratic leadership enacted the Sea Grant College Act of 1965 and the Marine Resources and Engineering Development Act of 1966, which established for the first time a comprehensive long-range policy and program for the marine sciences. We pledge to pursue vigorously the goals of that Act. Specifically, we will:\nFoster marine application of new technology—spacecraft, buoys, data networks, and advanced navigation systems—and develop an engineering capability to work on and under the sea at any depth;\nEncourage development of underseas resources by intensified research and better weather forecasting, with recognition to the coastal, insular and other littoral states of their unique interest and responsibility;\nFoster an extensive program of oceanologic research and development, financed by a portion of the mineral-royalty receipts from the outer continental shelf;\nAccelerate public and private programs for the development of food and other marine resources to meet world-wide malnutrition, to create new industries, and to utilize underemployed manpower living near the waterfront;\nPromote our fisheries by providing incentives for private investment, enforcing our 12-mile fishing zone, and discouraging other nations from excessive territorial and fishery claims;\nConclude an appropriate Ocean Space treaty to secure rules and agreements that will facilitate public and private investment, guarantee security of investment and encourage efficient and orderly development of the sea's resources.\nThe Government\n\nIn the coming four years, the Democratic President and Democratic Congress will give priority to simplifying and streamlining the processes of government, particularly in the management of the great innovative programs enacted in the 1960's.\nThe Executive branch of the federal government is the largest and most complicated enterprise in the world, with programs distributed among 150 separate departments, agencies, bureaus, and boards. This massive operation contributes to and often results in duplication, administrative confusion, and delay.\nWe will seek to streamline this machinery by improving coordination and management of federal programs.\nWe realize that government must develop the capacity to anticipate problems. We support a thorough study of agency operations to determine priorities for governmental action and spending, for examination of the structure of these agencies, and for establishing more systematic means of attacking our nation's problems.\nWe recognize that citizen participation in government is most meaningful at the levels of government closest to the people. For that reason, we recognize the necessity of developing a true partnership between state, local, and Federal governments, with each carrying its share of the financial and administrative load. We acknowledge the tremendous strides made by President Johnson in strengthening federal-state relations through open communication with the governors and local officials, and we pledge to continue and expand, on this significant effort.\nThe complexities of federal-state local relationships must be simplified, so that states and local communities receiving federal aid will have maximum freedom to initiate and carry out programs suited to their own particular needs. To give states and communities greater flexibility in their programs, we will combine individual grant programs into broader categories.\nAs the economy grows, it is the federal revenue system that responds most quickly, yet it may be the states and local governments whose responsibilities mount most rapidly. To help states and cities meet their fiscal challenges, we must seek new methods for states and local governments to share in federal revenues while retaining responsibility for establishing their own priorities and for operating their own programs. To this end, we will seek out new and innovative approaches to government to assure that our Federal system does, in fact, deliver to the people the services for which they are paying.\nPublic Employees\n\nThe Democratic administration has moved vigorously in the past eight years—particularly with regard to pay scales—to improve the conditions of public service. We support:\nA federal service that rewards new ideas and leadership;\nContinued emphasis on education and training programs for public employees, before and during their service;\nParity of government salaries with private industry;\nA proper respect for the privacy and independence of federal employees;\nEqual opportunities for career advancement;\nContinued application of the principles of collective bargaining to federal employment;\nEncouragement to state and local governments to continue to upgrade their personnel systems in terms of pay scales and training;\nInterchange of employees between federal and state government.\nElections\n\nWe are alarmed at the growing costs of political participation in our country and the consequent reliance of political parties and candidates on large contributors, and we want to assure full public information on campaign expenditures. To encourage citizen participation we urge that limited campaign contributions be made deductible as a credit from the federal income tax.\nWe fully recognize the principle of one man, one vote in all elections. We urge that due consideration be given to the question of presidential primaries throughout the nation. We urge reform of the electoral college and election procedures to assure that the votes of the people are fully reflected.\nWe urge all levels of our Party to assume leadership in removing all remaining barriers to voter registration.\nWe will also seek to eliminate disenfranchisement of voters who change residence during an election year.\nThe District of Columbia\n\nWith the reorganization of the government of the District of Columbia, the nation's capital has for the first time in nearly a century the strong leadership provided by a mayor-council form of government. This, however, is no substitute for an independent and fiscally autonomous District government. We support a federally funded charter commission—controlled by District residents—to determine the most appropriate form of government for the District, and the prompt implementation of the Commission's recommendations.\nThe Democratic Party supports full citizenship for residents of the District of Columbia and a Constitutional amendment to grant such citizenship through voting representation in Congress. Until this can be done, we propose non-voting representation.\nPuerto Rico\n\nIn accordance with the democratic principle of self-determination the people of Puerto Rico have expressed their will to continue in permanent union with the United States through commonwealth status. We pledge our continued support to the growth of the commonwealth status which the people of Puerto Rico overwhelmingly approved last year.\nVirgin Islands and Guam\n\nWe favor an elected governor and a non-voting delegate in the House of Representatives for the Virgin Islands and Guam, and will consider methods by which American citizens residing in American territories can participate in presidential elections.\nJustice and Law\n\nWe are firm in our commitment that equal justice under law shall be denied to no one. The duty of government at every level is the safety and security of its people. Yet the fact and fear of crime are uppermost in the minds of Americans today. The entire nation is united in its concern over crime, in all forms and wherever it occurs. America must move aggressively to reduce crime and its causes.\nDemocratic Presidents, governors and local officials are dedicated to the principle that equal justice under law shall remain the American creed. Those who take the law into their own hands undermine that creed. Anyone who breaks the law must be held accountable. Organized crime cannot be accepted as a way of life, nor can individual crime or acts of violence be permitted.\nAs stated in the report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, the two fundamental questions confronting the American people are:\n\"How can we as a people end the resort to violence while we build a better society?\"\n\"How can the nation realize the promise of a single society—one nation indivisible—which yet remains unfulfilled?\"\nThis platform commits the Democratic Party to seek resolution of these questions.\nWe pledge a vigorous and sustained campaign against lawlessness in all its forms—organized crime, white collar crime, rioting, and other violations of the rights and liberties of others. We will further this campaign by attack on the root causes of crime and disorder.\nUnder the recent enactments of a Democratic Congress we will continue and increase federal financial support and technical assistance to the states and their local governments to:\nIncrease the numbers, raise the pay, and improve the training of local police officers;\nReduce delays and congestion in our criminal courts;\nRehabilitate and supervise convicted offenders, to return offenders to useful, decent lives, and to protect the public against habitual criminals;\nDevelop and deploy the most advanced and effective techniques and equipment for the public safety;\nAssure the availability in every metropolitan area of quick, balanced, coordinated control forces, with ample manpower, thoroughly trained and properly equipped, to suppress rioting;\nEncourage responsible and competent civic associations and business and labor groups to cooperate with the law enforcement agencies in new efforts to combat organized crime, build community support for police work, and assist in rehabilitating convicted offenders—and for the attainment of these ends, encourage our police to cooperate with any such groups and to establish links of communication with every element of the public they serve, building confidence and respect;\nEstablish and maintain open and responsive channels of communication between the public and the police through creative police-community relations programs;\nDevelop innovative programs to reduce the incidence of juvenile delinquency;\nPromote the passage and enforcement of effective federal, state and local gun control legislation.\nIn all these efforts, our aim is to strengthen state and local law enforcement agencies so that they can do their jobs. In addition, the federal government has a clear responsibility for national action. We have accepted that responsibility and will continue to accept it with these specific objectives:\nPrompt and effective federal support, upon request of appropriate authorities, to suppress rioting: improvement of the capabilities of all agencies of law enforcement and justice—the police, the military, the courts—to handle more effectively problems attending riots;\nA concentrated campaign by the Federal government to wipe out organized crime: by employment of additional Federal investigators and prosecutors; by computerizing the present system of collecting information; by enlarging the program of technical assistance teams to work with the states and local governments that request assistance in this fight; by launching a nationwide program for the country's business and labor leaders to alert them to the problems of organized crime;\nIntensified enforcement, research, and education to protect the public from narcotics and other damaging drugs: by review of federal narcotics laws for loopholes and difficulties of enforcement; by increased surveillance of the entire drug traffic; through negotiations with those foreign nations which grow and manufacture the bulk of drug derivatives;\nVigorous federal leadership to assist and coordinate state and local enforcement efforts, and to ensure that all communities benefit from the resources and knowledge essential to the fight on crime;\nFurther implementation of the recommendations of the President's crime commission;\nCreation in the District of Columbia of a model system of criminal justice;\nFederal research and development to bring to the problems of law enforcement and the administration of justice the full potential of the scientific revolution.\nIn fighting crime we must not foster injustice. Lawlessness cannot be ended by curtailing the hard-won liberties of all Americans. The right of privacy must be safeguarded. Court procedures must be expedited. Justice delayed is justice denied.\nA respect for civil peace requires also a proper respect for the legitimate means of expressing dissent. A democratic society welcomes criticism within the limits of the law. Freedom of speech, press, assembly and association, together with free exercise of the franchise, are among the legitimate means to achieve change in a democratic society. But when the dissenter resorts to violence he erodes the institutions and values which are the underpinnings of our democratic society. We must not and will not tolerate violence.\nAs President Johnson has stated, \"Our test is to rise above the debate between the rights of the individual and the rights of society by securing the rights of both.\"\nWe freely admit that the years we live in are years of turbulence. But the wisdom of history has something hopeful to say about times like these. It tells us that the giant American nation, on the move with giant strides, has never moved—and can never move—in silence.\nWe are an acting, doing, feeling people. We are a people whose deepest emotions are the source of the creative noise we make-precisely because of our ardent desire for unity, our wish for peace, our longing for concord, our demand for justice, our hope for material well being, our impulse to move always toward a more perfect union.\nIn that never-ending quest, we are all partners together—the industrialist and the banker, the workman and the storekeeper, the farmer and the scientist, the clerk and the engineer, the teacher and the student, the clergyman and the writer, the men of all colors and of all the different generations.\nThe American dream is not the exclusive property of any political party. But we submit that the Democratic Party has been the chief instrument of orderly progress in our time. As heirs to the longest tradition of any political party on earth, we Democrats have been trained over the generations to be a party of builders. And that experience has taught us that America builds best when it is called upon to build greatly.\nWe sound that call anew. With the active consent of the American people, we will prove anew that freedom is best secured by a government that is responsive and compassionate and committed to justice and the rule of law.", "Words" -> 16722, "WordCounts" -> <|"the" -> 1060, "and" -> 818, "of" -> 784, "to" -> 601, "in" -> 334, "a" -> 224, "for" -> 203, "We" -> 177, "that" -> 149, "our" -> 121, "we" -> 118, "will" -> 115, "be" -> 107, "with" -> 101, "The" -> 97, "by" -> 97, "are" -> 96, "is" -> 90, "all" -> 85, "on" -> 82, "as" -> 75, "have" -> 72, "their" -> 71, "has" -> 63, "Democratic" -> 62, "new" -> 60, "programs" -> 56, "support" -> 55, "In" -> 51, "American" -> 51, "people" -> 50, "must" -> 50, "government" -> 49, "should" -> 48, "development" -> 47, "this" -> 45, "federal" -> 45, "which" -> 41, "other" -> 41, "or" -> 41, "To" -> 40, "its" -> 40, "from" -> 40, "it" -> 39, "an" -> 39, "economic" -> 37, "program" -> 36, "more" -> 36, "continue" -> 36, "can" -> 36, "public" -> 35, "not" -> 35, "national" -> 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-> 6, "Encourage" -> 6, "could" -> 6, "contribution" -> 6, "contribute" -> 6, "commitment" -> 6, "clear" -> 6, "Civil" -> 6, "capital" -> 6, "campaign" -> 6, "billion" -> 6, "benefit" -> 6, "based" -> 6, "attention" -> 6, "aspirations" -> 6, "ahead" -> 6, "aged" -> 6, "administration" -> 6, "accept" -> 6, "about" -> 6, "1968" -> 6, "whole" -> 5, "while" -> 5, "ways" -> 5, "water" -> 5, "want" -> 5, "vigorous" -> 5, "Union" -> 5, "Under" -> 5, "tobacco" -> 5, "technical" -> 5, "taxes" -> 5, "task" -> 5, "sustained" -> 5, "supply" -> 5, "steps" -> 5, "source" -> 5, "series" -> 5, "secure" -> 5, "schools" -> 5, "school" -> 5, "scale" -> 5, "role" -> 5, "rise" -> 5, "Rights" -> 5, "Republican" -> 5, "rates" -> 5, "rapidly" -> 5, "quest" -> 5, "provisions" -> 5, "provided" -> 5, "protect" -> 5, "proper" -> 5, "prices" -> 5, "prevent" -> 5, "possible" -> 5, "often" -> 5, "objectives" -> 5, "neighborhoods" -> 5, "negotiations" -> 5, "need" -> 5, "National" -> 5, "much" -> 5, "Middle" -> 5, "methods" -> 5, "may" -> 5, "maximum" -> 5, "manpower" -> 5, "limited" -> 5, "led" -> 5, "Latin" -> 5, "later" -> 5, "last" -> 5, "known" -> 5, "know" -> 5, "kill" -> 5, "individual" -> 5, "independence" -> 5, "improvement" -> 5, "importance" -> 5, "implement" -> 5, "however" -> 5, "Housing" -> 5, "high" -> 5, "helped" -> 5, "groups" -> 5, "greatly" -> 5, "goals" -> 5, "give" -> 5, "foster" -> 5, "even" -> 5, "establish" -> 5, "equitable" -> 5, "environment" -> 5, "encouraged" -> 5, "East" -> 5, "earth" -> 5, "drugs" -> 5, "does" -> 5, "determined" -> 5, "defense" -> 5, "decent" -> 5, "creative" -> 5, "creation" -> 5, "countries" -> 5, "cooperate" -> 5, "concern" -> 5, "communications" -> 5, "communication" -> 5, "committed" -> 5, "combat" -> 5, "college" -> 5, "China" -> 5, "century" -> 5, "case" -> 5, "capacity" -> 5, "barriers" -> 5, "And" -> 5, "All" -> 5, "air" -> 5, "agriculture" -> 5, "agricultural" -> 5, "again" -> 5, "advantage" -> 5, "achievements" -> 5, "abroad" -> 5, "yet" -> 4, "world's" -> 4, "women" -> 4, "waterways" -> 4, "wage" -> 4, "vigorously" -> 4, "vigor" -> 4, "Vietnamese" -> 4, "Urban" -> 4, "union" -> 4, "two" -> 4, "true" -> 4, "treaty" -> 4, "total" -> 4, "thousands" -> 4, "thorough" -> 4, "These" -> 4, "terms" -> 4, "techniques" -> 4, "taken" -> 4, "Support" -> 4, "students" -> 4, "strengthened" -> 4, "soon" -> 4, "slums" -> 4, "single" -> 4, "significant" -> 4, "Senate" -> 4, "rising" -> 4, "review" -> 4, "responsibilities" -> 4, "residents" -> 4, "require" -> 4, "representation" -> 4, "report" -> 4, "remaining" -> 4, "region" -> 4, "reflect" -> 4, "recreational" -> 4, "recommendations" -> 4, "recommend" -> 4, "Recognizing" -> 4, "raise" -> 4, "race" -> 4, "pursuit" -> 4, "purpose" -> 4, "Public" -> 4, "prosperity" -> 4, "propose" -> 4, "productive" -> 4, "problem" -> 4, "principles" -> 4, "price" -> 4, "press" -> 4, "potential" -> 4, "placed" -> 4, "physical" -> 4, "persons" -> 4, "permanent" -> 4, "party" -> 4, "parties" -> 4, "particularly" -> 4, "particular" -> 4, "participate" -> 4, "overcome" -> 4, "organized" -> 4, "organizations" -> 4, "once" -> 4, "older" -> 4, "officials" -> 4, "objective" -> 4, "Nuclear" -> 4, "Now" -> 4, "next" -> 4, "nearly" -> 4, "NATO" -> 4, "Model" -> 4, "model" -> 4, "metropolitan" -> 4, "members" -> 4, "meaningful" -> 4, "market" -> 4, "march" -> 4, "mankind" -> 4, "making" -> 4, "lowering" -> 4, "loans" -> 4, "line" -> 4, "like" -> 4, "landmark" -> 4, "just" -> 4, "Japan" -> 4, "innovative" -> 4, "inner" -> 4, "independent" -> 4, "increasing" -> 4, "increases" -> 4, "how" -> 4, "highway" -> 4, "higher" -> 4, "heart" -> 4, "hand" -> 4, "guarantee" -> 4, "generations" -> 4, "fund" -> 4, "fiscal" -> 4, "financing" -> 4, "finance" -> 4, "fact" -> 4, "facilitate" -> 4, "extent" -> 4, "export" -> 4, "experience" -> 4, "expenditures" -> 4, "existing" -> 4, "Every" -> 4, "events" -> 4, "establishment" -> 4, "equality" -> 4, "enterprises" -> 4, "enactment" -> 4, "enact" -> 4, "eligibility" -> 4, "efficient" -> 4, "efficiency" -> 4, "effectively" -> 4, "dynamic" -> 4, "during" -> 4, "disabled" -> 4, "did" -> 4, "developed" -> 4, "denied" -> 4, "demand" -> 4, "decisions" -> 4, "cultural" -> 4, "coordinated" -> 4, "Congresses" -> 4, "congestion" -> 4, "competition" -> 4, "commodity" -> 4, "come" -> 4, "Columbia" -> 4, "Cities" -> 4, "changing" -> 4, "changes" -> 4, "challenge" -> 4, "carry" -> 4, "building" -> 4, "bring" -> 4, "birth" -> 4, "believe" -> 4, "being" -> 4, "beginning" -> 4, "before" -> 4, "basic" -> 4, "bargaining" -> 4, "bargain" -> 4, "availability" -> 4, "attack" -> 4, "Assure" -> 4, "appropriate" -> 4, "approaches" -> 4, "already" -> 4, "agency" -> 4, "age" -> 4, "Advisory" -> 4, "advanced" -> 4, "administrations" -> 4, "additional" -> 4, "addition" -> 4, "able" -> 4, "1966" -> 4, "1964" -> 4, "1960's" -> 4, "Youth" -> 3, "Western" -> 3, "West" -> 3, "welfare" -> 3, "wages" -> 3, "voluntary" -> 3, "volume" -> 3, "Veterans" -> 3, "uses" -> 3, "urgent" -> 3, "upgrade" -> 3, "Until" -> 3, "units" -> 3, "united" -> 3, "unions" -> 3, "unemployed" -> 3, "underdeveloped" -> 3, "trained" -> 3, "train" -> 3, "traffic" -> 3, "towns" -> 3, "times" -> 3, "ties" -> 3, "threatened" -> 3, "thoroughly" -> 3, "therefore" -> 3, "There" -> 3, "there" -> 3, "Their" -> 3, "ten" -> 3, "tasks" -> 3, "supplies" -> 3, "supplement" -> 3, "subversion" -> 3, "structure" -> 3, "strongly" -> 3, "strategic" -> 3, "storage" -> 3, "steadily" -> 3, "status" -> 3, "stated" -> 3, "speed" -> 3, "specific" -> 3, "Space" -> 3, "sound" -> 3, "skills" -> 3, "set" -> 3, "serving" -> 3, "selection" -> 3, "secured" -> 3, "sector" -> 3, "Secondary" -> 3, "sea" -> 3, "sciences" -> 3, "science" -> 3, "satellite" -> 3, "risk" -> 3, "rioting" -> 3, "Rico" -> 3, "results" -> 3, "result" -> 3, "restrictive" -> 3, "responsive" -> 3, "Resources" -> 3, "requires" -> 3, "requirements" -> 3, "request" -> 3, "replace" -> 3, "regions" -> 3, "regardless" -> 3, "recruitment" -> 3, "record" -> 3, "recipients" -> 3, "recessions" -> 3, "recent" -> 3, "receiving" -> 3, "receive" -> 3, "realize" -> 3, "reach" -> 3, "raised" -> 3, "racial" -> 3, "pursuing" -> 3, "Puerto" -> 3, "provision" -> 3, "prove" -> 3, "prompt" -> 3, "Price" -> 3, "presence" -> 3, "prepared" -> 3, "practices" -> 3, "practice" -> 3, "postwar" -> 3, "population" -> 3, "pollution" -> 3, "play" -> 3, "plan" -> 3, "personnel" -> 3, "person" -> 3, "permit" -> 3, "period" -> 3, "Peace" -> 3, "passed" -> 3, "part" -> 3, "ownership" -> 3, "operation" -> 3, "operating" -> 3, "number" -> 3, "non-farm" -> 3, "neighbors" -> 3, "narcotics" -> 3, "mutual" -> 3, "moving" -> 3, "mental" -> 3, "member" -> 3, "massive" -> 3, "marshal" -> 3, "marine" -> 3, "Many" -> 3, "man" -> 3, "long-range" -> 3, "longer" -> 3, "lie" -> 3, "legitimate" -> 3, "leaders" -> 3, "launching" -> 3, "Labor" -> 3, "kept" -> 3, "join" -> 3, "itself" -> 3, "intensified" -> 3, "injustice" -> 3, "inherited" -> 3, "inflation" -> 3, "Indian" -> 3, "incomes" -> 3, "include" -> 3, "improving" -> 3, "immediate" -> 3, "ignorance" -> 3, "If" -> 3, "ideas" -> 3, "hungry" -> 3, "hospitals" -> 3, "homes" -> 3, "him" -> 3, "highest" -> 3, "here" -> 3, "her" -> 3, "heard" -> 3, "healthy" -> 3, "hard-core" -> 3, "Hanoi" -> 3, "grow" -> 3, "governors" -> 3, "governing" -> 3, "go" -> 3, "given" -> 3, "giant" -> 3, "ghettos" -> 3, "gains" -> 3, "frontiers" -> 3, "frontier" -> 3, "four" -> 3, "found" -> 3, "forms" -> 3, "financed" -> 3, "fight" -> 3, "federal-state" -> 3, "fear" -> 3, "expanding" -> 3, "exercise" -> 3, "example" -> 3, "everywhere" -> 3, "European" -> 3, "especially" -> 3, "equipment" -> 3, "enhance" -> 3, "emphasis" -> 3, "Elementary" -> 3, "electric" -> 3, "elections" -> 3, "either" -> 3, "effectiveness" -> 3, "effect" -> 3, "earnings" -> 3, "duty" -> 3, "drug" -> 3, "domestic" -> 3, "Disorders" -> 3, "different" -> 3, "determine" -> 3, "desire" -> 3, "deserve" -> 3, "dependent" -> 3, "departments" -> 3, "democracy" -> 3, "Defense" -> 3, "deal" -> 3, "days" -> 3, "current" -> 3, "criminal" -> 3, "create" -> 3, "cost" -> 3, "corporations" -> 3, "coordination" -> 3, "conviction" -> 3, "Control" -> 3, "Continue" -> 3, "consumers" -> 3, "construction" -> 3, "conservation" -> 3, "confidence" -> 3, "concerned" -> 3, "competitive" -> 3, "compensation" -> 3, "commerce" -> 3, "collectively" -> 3, "collective" -> 3, "close" -> 3, "claim" -> 3, "citizenship" -> 3, "citizen" -> 3, "choice" -> 3, "child" -> 3, "challenges" -> 3, "causes" -> 3, "cancer" -> 3, "called" -> 3, "call" -> 3, "beyond" -> 3, "Berlin" -> 3, "balance" -> 3, "authorities" -> 3, "atomic" -> 3, "Atlantic" -> 3, "assisted" -> 3, "aspects" -> 3, "arrangements" -> 3, "application" -> 3, "antipoverty" -> 3, "An" -> 3, "amendment" -> 3, "always" -> 3, "almost" -> 3, "allies" -> 3, "alike" -> 3, "aggression" -> 3, "affect" -> 3, "affairs" -> 3, "administrative" -> 3, "administered" -> 3, "acts" -> 3, "act" -> 3, "across" -> 3, "achieved" -> 3, "account" -> 3, "access" -> 3, "26" -> 3, "1967" -> 3, "1962" -> 3, "1950's" -> 3, "$1" -> 2, "Yet" -> 2, "wrote" -> 2, "worth" -> 2, "world-wide" -> 2, "worker" -> 2, "withdrawal" -> 2, "With" -> 2, "wish" -> 2, "wipe" -> 2, "willingness" -> 2, "wilderness" -> 2, "widows" -> 2, "wide" -> 2, "Wholesome" -> 2, "What" -> 2, "well-being" -> 2, "weather" -> 2, "wealthy" -> 2, "waterfront" -> 2, "wars" -> 2, "War" -> 2, "Voting" -> 2, "voting" -> 2, "votes" -> 2, "vocational" -> 2, "vitality" -> 2, "Virgin" -> 2, "violations" -> 2, "victory" -> 2, "victims" -> 2, "veteran" -> 2, "very" -> 2, "vast" -> 2, "utilize" -> 2, "uphold" -> 2, "update" -> 2, "unprecedented" -> 2, "unparalleled" -> 2, "universities" -> 2, "unilateral" -> 2, "unfair" -> 2, "undertaken" -> 2, "understanding" -> 2, "uncertainty" -> 2, "twin" -> 2, "twice" -> 2, "turn" -> 2, "turmoil" -> 2, "trying" -> 2, "truth-in-packaging" -> 2, "trust" -> 2, "truly" -> 2, "troops" -> 2, "tremendous" -> 2, "Treaty" -> 2, "Transportation" -> 2, "transport" -> 2, "translated" -> 2, "tragic" -> 2, "Trade" -> 2, "town" -> 2, "Toward" -> 2, "took" -> 2, "today's" -> 2, "Today" -> 2, "today" -> 2, "Thus" -> 2, "Through" -> 2, "three" -> 2, "threat" -> 2, "Though" -> 2, "Those" -> 2, "thirty" -> 2, "things" -> 2, "Test" -> 2, "test" -> 2, "territories" -> 2, "territorial" -> 2, "term" -> 2, "temporary" -> 2, "technological" -> 2, "technicians" -> 2, "Teacher" -> 2, "teacher" -> 2, "takes" -> 2, "Take" -> 2, "tackling" -> 2, "Survivors" -> 2, "surpluses" -> 2, "suppress" -> 2, "sufficient" -> 2, "Such" -> 2, "succeed" -> 2, "subject" -> 2, "study" -> 2, "striving" -> 2, "strides" -> 2, "strengthening" -> 2, "stimulate" -> 2, "Steps" -> 2, "step" -> 2, "statutes" -> 2, "Start" -> 2, "Standards" -> 2, "stand" -> 2, "stain" -> 2, "stable" -> 2, "stabilize" -> 2, "Stability" -> 2, "spur" -> 2, "spending" -> 2, "Southeast" -> 2, "sought" -> 2, "something" -> 2, "solutions" -> 2, "Small" -> 2, "sluggish" -> 2, "sickness" -> 2, "shares" -> 2, "severe" -> 2, "seven" -> 2, "settlement" -> 2, "separate" -> 2, "self-help" -> 2, "self-determination" -> 2, "selected" -> 2, "seen" -> 2, "Seek" -> 2, "see" -> 2, "securing" -> 2, "seashores" -> 2, "seas" -> 2, "scientific" -> 2, "scenic" -> 2, "save" -> 2, "sales" -> 2, "salaries" -> 2, "Safety" -> 2, "safeguards" -> 2, "safeguarded" -> 2, "safe" -> 2, "Rural" -> 2, "rules" -> 2, "rule" -> 2, "rewards" -> 2, "retardation" -> 2, "resulted" -> 2, "restrictions" -> 2, "restraint" -> 2, "responsible" -> 2, "response" -> 2, "resort" -> 2, "required" -> 2, "repression" -> 2, "representative" -> 2, "repeatedly" -> 2, "repayable" -> 2, "renewed" -> 2, "renewal" -> 2, "removed" -> 2, "remove" -> 2, "remain" -> 2, "reliance" -> 2, "relationships" -> 2, "Relations" -> 2, "relations" -> 2, "related" -> 2, "rehabilitation" -> 2, "regulatory" -> 2, "regard" -> 2, "reduced" -> 2, "Red" -> 2, "recurrence" -> 2, "reconstruction" -> 2, "recognition" -> 2, "reciprocal" -> 2, "rebuild" -> 2, "reasonable" -> 2, "reality" -> 2, "real" -> 2, "rapid" -> 2, "railroads" -> 2, "quickly" -> 2, "quick" -> 2, "questions" -> 2, "put" -> 2, "push" -> 2, "pursue" -> 2, "purposes" -> 2, "Punta" -> 2, "provides" -> 2, "Provide" -> 2, "proven" -> 2, "proudly" -> 2, "protected" -> 2, "prosperous" -> 2, "prospects" -> 2, "proposals" -> 2, "property" -> 2, "properly" -> 2, "Promote" -> 2, "prohibiting" -> 2, "Progress" -> 2, "procurement" -> 2, "processes" -> 2, "procedures" -> 2, "privacy" -> 2, "priorities" -> 2, "primary" -> 2, "pride" -> 2, "presidential" -> 2, "Presidency" -> 2, "preserve" -> 2, "preservation" -> 2, "preschool" -> 2, "prepare" -> 2, "pre-natal" -> 2, "preferences" -> 2, "possess" -> 2, "positive" -> 2, "Policy" -> 2, "pledges" -> 2, "pledged" -> 2, "plant" -> 2, "plans" -> 2, "placement" -> 2, "picketing" -> 2, "persuaded" -> 2, "perfect" -> 2, "People" -> 2, "peace-keeping" -> 2, "passage" -> 2, "participating" -> 2, "parks" -> 2, "Paris" -> 2, "parents" -> 2, "paramount" -> 2, "Pacific" -> 2, "outdoor" -> 2, "others" -> 2, "organize" -> 2, "Opportunities" -> 2, "operations" -> 2, "opened" -> 2, "one-third" -> 2, "ones" -> 2, "Old" -> 2, "office" -> 2, "offenders" -> 2, "Of" -> 2, "occupational" -> 2, "obtain" -> 2, "obsolete" -> 2, "obligations" -> 2, "numbers" -> 2, "non-voting" -> 2, "Non-Proliferation" -> 2, "noise" -> 2, "New" -> 2, "networks" -> 2, "network" -> 2, "Neighborhood" -> 2, "neglected" -> 2, "needy" -> 2, "nationwide" -> 2, "moves" -> 2, "moved" -> 2, "mothers" -> 2, "Moscow" -> 2, "money" -> 2, "modernization" -> 2, "mobilized" -> 2, "minority" -> 2, "minorities" -> 2, "medicine" -> 2, "Medical" -> 2, "meat" -> 2, "mean" -> 2, "maximize" -> 2, "matter" -> 2, "material" -> 2, "mass" -> 2, "man's" -> 2, "managed" -> 2, "mainly" -> 2, "mainland" -> 2, "magnificent" -> 2, "lunch" -> 2, "lowest" -> 2, "lowered" -> 2, "loss" -> 2, "longest" -> 2, "limits" -> 2, "limitations" -> 2, "limit" -> 2, "liberty" -> 2, "liberties" -> 2, "Law" -> 2, "launch" -> 2, "largest" -> 2, "landscape" -> 2, "Land" -> 2, "Kremlin" -> 2, "knew" -> 2, "kinds" -> 2, "kind" -> 2, "keeping" -> 2, "Justice" -> 2, "joined" -> 2, "Johnson's" -> 2, "Job" -> 2, "isolation" -> 2, "Islands" -> 2, "invigorated" -> 2, "interstate" -> 2, "internal" -> 2, "interference" -> 2, "integrity" -> 2, "insure" -> 2, "Insurance" -> 2, "instrument" -> 2, "instead" -> 2, "insist" -> 2, "initiatives" -> 2, "initiative" -> 2, "initiate" -> 2, "industries" -> 2, "Indonesia" -> 2, "Indians" -> 2, "India" -> 2, "incidence" -> 2, "inadequate" -> 2, "impulse" -> 2, "important" -> 2, "implementation" -> 2, "illiteracy" -> 2, "if" -> 2, "identity" -> 2, "humanities" -> 2, "How" -> 2, "hot" -> 2, "hostile" -> 2, "hopes" -> 2, "hopeful" -> 2, "hope" -> 2, "home-building" -> 2, "hold" -> 2, "historic" -> 2, "heritage" -> 2, "helping" -> 2, "held" -> 2, "heavily" -> 2, "Head" -> 2, "he" -> 2, "hazards" -> 2, "hard-won" -> 2, "hardships" -> 2, "hands" -> 2, "handicapped" -> 2, "half" -> 2, "had" -> 2, "gun" -> 2, "guided" -> 2, "Guam" -> 2, "Growth" -> 2, "ground" -> 2, "Grant" -> 2, "grant" -> 2, "graduate" -> 2, "giving" -> 2, "G.I." -> 2, "get" -> 2, "genius" -> 2, "generation" -> 2, "funded" -> 2, "fundamental" -> 2, "fulfillment" -> 2, "freely" -> 2, "Foster" -> 2, "formal" -> 2, "forests" -> 2, "forecasting" -> 2, "forced" -> 2, "Food" -> 2, "fleet" -> 2, "flag" -> 2, "firm" -> 2, "fires" -> 2, "find" -> 2, "final" -> 2, "fighting" -> 2, "fields" -> 2, "feed" -> 2, "federally" -> 2, "farms" -> 2, "farmer" -> 2, "failures" -> 2, "fabric" -> 2, "extraordinary" -> 2, "extensive" -> 2, "exports" -> 2, "exploitation" -> 2, "excessive" -> 2, "ever" -> 2, "Este" -> 2, "establishing" -> 2, "Establish" -> 2, "error" -> 2, "era" -> 2, "enjoyed" -> 2, "enforce" -> 2, "energies" -> 2, "ends" -> 2, "employer" -> 2, "employed" -> 2, "elimination" -> 2, "eliminate" -> 2, "election" -> 2, "economically" -> 2, "Economic" -> 2, "Eastern" -> 2, "eased" -> 2, "early" -> 2, "Each" -> 2, "duplication" -> 2, "dramatic" -> 2, "down" -> 2, "doubled" -> 2, "double" -> 2, "doors" -> 2, "dollars" -> 2, "distribution" -> 2, "distributed" -> 2, "disparity" -> 2, "diseases" -> 2, "disaster" -> 2, "Disability" -> 2, "disability" -> 2, "directly" -> 2, "direct" -> 2, "dignity" -> 2, "difference" -> 2, "die" -> 2, "devised" -> 2, "devise" -> 2, "devices" -> 2, "Develop" -> 2, "determination" -> 2, "deteriorating" -> 2, "despair" -> 2, "designed" -> 2, "design" -> 2, "deserves" -> 2, "depressed" -> 2, "depends" -> 2, "depend" -> 2, "Department" -> 2, "demonstrated" -> 2, "demanded" -> 2, "del" -> 2, "deficits" -> 2, "defenses" -> 2, "deep" -> 2, "declared" -> 2, "decay" -> 2, "decade" -> 2, "dealing" -> 2, "Czechoslovakia" -> 2, "crop" -> 2, "crisis" -> 2, "creed" -> 2, "created" -> 2, "courts" -> 2, "councils" -> 2, "coordinate" -> 2, "cooperative" -> 2, "convicted" -> 2, "contributes" -> 2, "continuing" -> 2, "continues" -> 2, "Continued" -> 2, "continents" -> 2, "Consumer" -> 2, "Constitutional" -> 2, "constantly" -> 2, "consistent" -> 2, "consideration" -> 2, "Conservation" -> 2, "conscience" -> 2, "concentrated" -> 2, "complexities" -> 2, "Community" -> 2, "communists" -> 2, "Communications" -> 2, "commonwealth" -> 2, "commitments" -> 2, "commissions" -> 2, "commission" -> 2, "commercial" -> 2, "coming" -> 2, "combine" -> 2, "codes" -> 2, "closer" -> 2, "claims" -> 2, "civil" -> 2, "choose" -> 2, "Chinese" -> 2, "chief" -> 2, "charter" -> 2, "channels" -> 2, "certain" -> 2, "carrying" -> 2, "carefully" -> 2, "careful" -> 2, "capability" -> 2, "candidates" -> 2, "Business" -> 2, "bureaus" -> 2, "bulk" -> 2, "built" -> 2, "builds" -> 2, "builders" -> 2, "breaches" -> 2, "bound" -> 2, "bottom" -> 2, "blind" -> 2, "beneficiaries" -> 2, "beneficial" -> 2, "became" -> 2, "basis" -> 2, "Ban" -> 2, "avoiding" -> 2, "avoid" -> 2, "average" -> 2, "automatically" -> 2, "auto" -> 2, "attainment" -> 2, "assuring" -> 2, "assumed" -> 2, "assume" -> 2, "Asian" -> 2, "arts" -> 2, "around" -> 2, "Arms" -> 2, "arid" -> 2, "Arab" -> 2, "approved" -> 2, "apply" -> 2, "applications" -> 2, "applaud" -> 2, "Appalachia" -> 2, "anti-missile" -> 2, "anew" -> 2, "alone" -> 2, "Alliance" -> 2, "alliance" -> 2, "alert" -> 2, "aircraft" -> 2, "aim" -> 2, "aided" -> 2, "agreement" -> 2, "ago" -> 2, "agent" -> 2, "Age" -> 2, "Africa" -> 2, "affecting" -> 2, "affected" -> 2, "Affairs" -> 2, "adults" -> 2, "Administration" -> 2, "adjustment" -> 2, "adjusted" -> 2, "adequately" -> 2, "added" -> 2, "activities" -> 2, "active" -> 2, "acting" -> 2, "acted" -> 2, "acknowledge" -> 2, "accident" -> 2, "accepted" -> 2, "accelerate" -> 2, "abundance" -> 2, "ability" -> 2, "4" -> 2, "200" -> 2, "2" -> 2, "1960" -> 2, "18" -> 2, "$8" -> 1, "$175" -> 1, "$12" -> 1, "zoning" -> 1, "zone" -> 1, "youths" -> 1, "yield" -> 1, "yesterday" -> 1, "year—a" -> 1, "years—particularly" -> 1, "yearnings" -> 1, "writer" -> 1, "worthwhile" -> 1, "worst" -> 1, "Worse" -> 1, "worry" -> 1, "World-wide" -> 1, "workman" -> 1, "Workers" -> 1, "Work" -> 1, "words" -> 1, "won" -> 1, "witness" -> 1, "Withdrawal" -> 1, "wisdom" -> 1, "win" -> 1, "willing" -> 1, "Will" -> 1, "wildlife" -> 1, "Wilderness" -> 1, "wild" -> 1, "widespread" -> 1, "widening" -> 1, "wholesome" -> 1, "White" -> 1, "white" -> 1, "wherever" -> 1, "where-ever" -> 1, "whereby" -> 1, "whenever" -> 1, "wheat" -> 1, "whatever" -> 1, "well-armed" -> 1, "welcomes" -> 1, "welcome" -> 1, "weakened" -> 1, "weak" -> 1, "waters" -> 1, "water-borne" -> 1, "Water" -> 1, "wastes" -> 1, "wasteful" -> 1, "waste" -> 1, "warmly" -> 1, "wanton" -> 1, "waiting" -> 1, "vulnerability" -> 1, "voters" -> 1, "voter" -> 1, "vote" -> 1, "volunteer" -> 1, "voice" -> 1, "visual" -> 1, "VISTA" -> 1, "visit" -> 1, "visible" -> 1, "virtue" -> 1, "Virtually" -> 1, "violent" -> 1, "violate" -> 1, "village" -> 1, "Vigorous" -> 1, "vigilance" -> 1, "viable" -> 1, "vested" -> 1, "vessels" -> 1, "vertical" -> 1, "verified" -> 1, "vehicle" -> 1, "various" -> 1, "variety" -> 1, "varied" -> 1, "values" -> 1, "valuable" -> 1, "validity" -> 1, "VA" -> 1, "utmost" -> 1, "utilized" -> 1, "utilization" -> 1, "ushered" -> 1, "useful" -> 1, "urgency" -> 1, "urged" -> 1, "Upward" -> 1, "uprooted" -> 1, "uppermost" -> 1, "updating" -> 1, "up" -> 1, "untried" -> 1, "untold" -> 1, "until" -> 1, "unskilled" -> 1, "unscrupulous" -> 1, "unsafe" -> 1, "unreasonable" -> 1, "unprovoked" -> 1, "unpredictable" -> 1, "unnecessary" -> 1, "unlocked" -> 1, "unlimited" -> 1, "unless" -> 1, "university" -> 1, "universal" -> 1, "unity" -> 1, "units—6" -> 1, "unique" -> 1, "union—a" -> 1, "unimagined" -> 1, "uniformity" -> 1, "uniform" -> 1, "unfurl" -> 1, "unfulfilled" -> 1, "Unfortunately" -> 1, "unfinished" -> 1, "unending" -> 1, "undone" -> 1, "undisputed" -> 1, "undiminished" -> 1, "undertakings" -> 1, "undertaken—and" -> 1, "undertake" -> 1, "understandably" -> 1, "understand" -> 1, "underseas" -> 1, "underpinnings" -> 1, "undernourished" -> 1, "undermine" -> 1, "undergone" -> 1, "underfinanced" -> 1, "underemployed" -> 1, "unconditional" -> 1, "uncertainties" -> 1, "unattended" -> 1, "unacceptable" -> 1, "U.N." -> 1, "tyranny" -> 1, "types" -> 1, "Two" -> 1, "Twice" -> 1, "twentieth" -> 1, "turbulence" -> 1, "try" -> 1, "truth" -> 1, "Truman" -> 1, "tropical" -> 1, "Troop" -> 1, "tribute" -> 1, "trend" -> 1, "treaties" -> 1, "treat" -> 1, "transplant" -> 1, "transition" -> 1, "transit" -> 1, "transfer" -> 1, "transactions" -> 1, "trains" -> 1, "Training" -> 1, "trails" -> 1, "tragedy" -> 1, "tradition" -> 1, "tomorrow's" -> 1, "tolerate" -> 1, "together—the" -> 1, "Title" -> 1, "title" -> 1, "timing" -> 1, "timber" -> 1, "thus" -> 1, "threatens" -> 1, "Thousands" -> 1, "thought" -> 1, "Thomas" -> 1, "thirties" -> 1, "thirteen" -> 1, "third" -> 1, "thinking" -> 1, "thereafter" -> 1, "then" -> 1, "That" -> 1, "thanks" -> 1, "Thailand" -> 1, "tests" -> 1, "Terms" -> 1, "tense" -> 1, "tens" -> 1, "temptation" -> 1, "temporarily" -> 1, "tells" -> 1, "telephone" -> 1, "telecommunication" -> 1, "technology—spacecraft" -> 1, "Technology" -> 1, "technologically" -> 1, "technique" -> 1, "Technical" -> 1, "teams" -> 1, "taxpayers" -> 1, "Taxes" -> 1, "taxation" -> 1, "Tax" -> 1, "taught" -> 1, "task—to" -> 1, "tarnished" -> 1, "tariff" -> 1, "targets" -> 1, "target" -> 1, "talks" -> 1, "talented" -> 1, "talent" -> 1, "taking" -> 1, "Taiwan" -> 1, "table" -> 1, "system—public" -> 1, "systems—and" -> 1, "Systems" -> 1, "systematic" -> 1, "swindles" -> 1, "swiftly" -> 1, "Sustain" -> 1, "sustain" -> 1, "suspended" -> 1, "survivors" -> 1, "surveillance" -> 1, "surrender" -> 1, "surpassed" -> 1, "surest" -> 1, "supports" -> 1, "supported" -> 1, "supplying" -> 1, "supplements" -> 1, "supplemental" -> 1, "supervise" -> 1, "super-highways" -> 1, "summoned" -> 1, "summer" -> 1, "suited" -> 1, "suitable" -> 1, "suicide" -> 1, "suggest" -> 1, "suffered" -> 1, "successive" -> 1, "successful" -> 1, "success" -> 1, "succeeded" -> 1, "subversive" -> 1, "suburban" -> 1, "substitute" -> 1, "substantially" -> 1, "substantial" -> 1, "substandard" -> 1, "subsidy" -> 1, "sub-professional" -> 1, "submit" -> 1, "submarine" -> 1, "studies—even" -> 1, "studies" -> 1, "student" -> 1, "stubborn" -> 1, "struggle" -> 1, "strongest" -> 1, "stroke" -> 1, "strive" -> 1, "Strictly" -> 1, "stress" -> 1, "Strengthen" -> 1, "streamlining" -> 1, "streamline" -> 1, "Strategic" -> 1, "storekeeper" -> 1, "storable" -> 1, "stops" -> 1, "Stop" -> 1, "stop" -> 1, "stock-piled" -> 1, "stimulating" -> 1, "Stimulate" -> 1, "stepped" -> 1, "stem" -> 1, "steady" -> 1, "steadfast" -> 1, "statistics" -> 1, "statesmanship" -> 1, "state-local" -> 1, "State" -> 1, "standing" -> 1, "standard" -> 1, "stamp" -> 1, "Stalin" -> 1, "staggering" -> 1, "St." -> 1, "squeeze" -> 1, "squalor" -> 1, "spread" -> 1, "sponsorship" -> 1, "sponsored" -> 1, "spokesman" -> 1, "spiral" -> 1, "spent" -> 1, "spells" -> 1, "Speedier" -> 1, "speech" -> 1, "spectre" -> 1, "Specifically" -> 1, "speaking" -> 1, "Spanish" -> 1, "spaces" -> 1, "space-craft" -> 1, "soybeans" -> 1, "sources" -> 1, "sons" -> 1, "Some" -> 1, "somber" -> 1, "solved" -> 1, "solve" -> 1, "solution" -> 1, "solid" -> 1, "sole" -> 1, "soil" -> 1, "society—one" -> 1, "Society" -> 1, "Social" -> 1, "so-called" -> 1, "So" -> 1, "smoke" -> 1, "small-town" -> 1, "smaller" -> 1, "slum" -> 1, "slow" -> 1, "slash" -> 1, "skeptical" -> 1, "size" -> 1, "Six" -> 1, "six" -> 1, "situs" -> 1, "sites" -> 1, "Single" -> 1, "Singapore" -> 1, "simultaneously" -> 1, "simplifying" -> 1, "simplified" -> 1, "similarly" -> 1, "silence" -> 1, "signs" -> 1, "significance" -> 1, "siege" -> 1, "side" -> 1, "sick" -> 1, "shown" -> 1, "short-term" -> 1, "shortly" -> 1, "short" -> 1, "shores" -> 1, "shop" -> 1, "shocking" -> 1, "shocked" -> 1, "shipyards" -> 1, "ships" -> 1, "shield" -> 1, "shelters" -> 1, "shelter" -> 1, "shelf" -> 1, "shared" -> 1, "shape" -> 1, "several" -> 1, "seventy-five" -> 1, "servicemen" -> 1, "service-connected" -> 1, "serious" -> 1, "sent" -> 1, "sensed" -> 1, "senior" -> 1, "self-serving" -> 1, "self-imposed" -> 1, "self-employment" -> 1, "self-employed" -> 1, "self-appointed" -> 1, "selective" -> 1, "see—that" -> 1, "seeking" -> 1, "seeing" -> 1, "Security" -> 1, "sectors" -> 1, "Sector" -> 1, "section" -> 1, "secondary" -> 1, "Seaway" -> 1, "sea's" -> 1, "Sea" -> 1, "scrutinized" -> 1, "scientists" -> 1, "scientist" -> 1, "Science" -> 1, "school—get" -> 1, "scholarship" -> 1, "scented" -> 1, "scarred" -> 1, "scales—to" -> 1, "scales" -> 1, "say" -> 1, "saw—and" -> 1, "saving" -> 1, "saved" -> 1, "satisfying" -> 1, "satisfy" -> 1, "satisfied" -> 1, "satisfaction" -> 1, "Satellite" -> 1, "sat" -> 1, "salesmanship" -> 1, "sake" -> 1, "safer" -> 1, "safeguard" -> 1, "sacrificing" -> 1, "rushed" -> 1, "run" -> 1, "round" -> 1, "root" -> 1, "Roosevelt" -> 1, "roads" -> 1, "road" -> 1, "rivers" -> 1, "risks" -> 1, "risked" -> 1, "Rising" -> 1, "riots" -> 1, "rigorously" -> 1, "Rigid" -> 1, "richness" -> 1, "rich" -> 1, "rhetoric" -> 1, "revolutionary" -> 1, "revolutionaries" -> 1, "revolution" -> 1, "revival" -> 1, "revitalized" -> 1, "revitalize" -> 1, "reviewing" -> 1, "reviewed" -> 1, "Review" -> 1, "reverse" -> 1, "reversal" -> 1, "revenues" -> 1, "revenue" -> 1, "revamping" -> 1, "returning" -> 1, "return" -> 1, "retraining" -> 1, "retirement" -> 1, "retaining" -> 1, "resulting" -> 1, "rests" -> 1, "restriction" -> 1, "restrain" -> 1, "restored" -> 1, "restore" -> 1, "resting" -> 1, "responsibly" -> 1, "responsibilities—not" -> 1, "responds" -> 1, "respond" -> 1, "respects" -> 1, "resource" -> 1, "resorts" -> 1, "resolve" -> 1, "resolution" -> 1, "resolutely" -> 1, "resisting" -> 1, "resistance" -> 1, "Resist" -> 1, "residing" -> 1, "residents—to" -> 1, "residential" -> 1, "residence" -> 1, "resettlement" -> 1, "Reserve" -> 1, "reserve" -> 1, "reservations" -> 1, "rescued" -> 1, "requiring" -> 1, "requirement" -> 1, "Republics" -> 1, "Republic" -> 1, "reprisal" -> 1, "representing" -> 1, "represented" -> 1, "Representatives" -> 1, "representatives" -> 1, "represent" -> 1, "replacing" -> 1, "replacement" -> 1, "repeated" -> 1, "Repeal" -> 1, "repeal" -> 1, "reorganization" -> 1, "rental" -> 1, "rent" -> 1, "renovation" -> 1, "renews" -> 1, "removing" -> 1, "Removal" -> 1, "removal" -> 1, "reminder" -> 1, "remedy" -> 1, "remedies" -> 1, "remarkable" -> 1, "relying" -> 1, "rely" -> 1, "religion" -> 1, "relevant" -> 1, "relaxation" -> 1, "relatives" -> 1, "relative" -> 1, "reject" -> 1, "reinforces" -> 1, "reinforced" -> 1, "reimposition" -> 1, "rehabilitating" -> 1, "Rehabilitate" -> 1, "rehabilitate" -> 1, "regular" -> 1, "registration" -> 1, "refuse" -> 1, "refugees" -> 1, "refrain" -> 1, "reforms" -> 1, "reflection" -> 1, "reflecting" -> 1, "reflected" -> 1, "redwood" -> 1, "reducing" -> 1, "Reduce" -> 1, "redoubling" -> 1, "redouble" -> 1, "Redevelopment" -> 1, "rededicate" -> 1, "recurring" -> 1, "recurrent" -> 1, "recruit" -> 1, "Recreation" -> 1, "reconciliation" -> 1, "recognizing" -> 1, "reclamation" -> 1, "reclaim" -> 1, "recital" -> 1, "recession-free" -> 1, "recession" -> 1, "recently" -> 1, "receipts" -> 1, "rebuilding" -> 1, "reason" -> 1, "reappraised" -> 1, "realized" -> 1, "Reaffirm" -> 1, "ready" -> 1, "reactors" -> 1, "re" -> 1, "rather" -> 1, "rat" -> 1, "rank" -> 1, "range" -> 1, "random" -> 1, "raises" -> 1, "quota" -> 1, "quiet" -> 1, "question" -> 1, "quarter" -> 1, "quarrels" -> 1, "qualified" -> 1, "putting" -> 1, "pursued" -> 1, "Pursue" -> 1, "purify" -> 1, "pure" -> 1, "purchase" -> 1, "punitive" -> 1, "Provision" -> 1, "proud" -> 1, "Protective" -> 1, "protection—truth-in-lending" -> 1, "protectionism" -> 1, "Protection" -> 1, "protecting" -> 1, "prospect" -> 1, "prosecutors" -> 1, "proposition" -> 1, "proposed" -> 1, "proposal" -> 1, "proportion" -> 1, "prophets" -> 1, "Prompt" -> 1, "promoted" -> 1, "promised" -> 1, "progressive" -> 1, "programs—whether" -> 1, "programs—involving" -> 1, "Programs" -> 1, "profoundly" -> 1, "profound" -> 1, "profits" -> 1, "productive—must" -> 1, "product" -> 1, "produced" -> 1, "process" -> 1, "proceedings" -> 1, "proceed" -> 1, "privileges" -> 1, "Private" -> 1, "prisoner" -> 1, "principal" -> 1, "primitive" -> 1, "primaries" -> 1, "pricing" -> 1, "previously" -> 1, "Prevention" -> 1, "preventing" -> 1, "pressing" -> 1, "pressed" -> 1, "presidents" -> 1, "President's" -> 1, "Presidential" -> 1, "Preservation" -> 1, "presenting" -> 1, "prescription" -> 1, "prescribed" -> 1, "pre-school" -> 1, "preparation" -> 1, "prejudice" -> 1, "Preferring" -> 1, "pre-eminent" -> 1, "pre-condition" -> 1, "preceding" -> 1, "practical" -> 1, "powered" -> 1, "powder" -> 1, "poverty—a" -> 1, "Poverty" -> 1, "Poultry" -> 1, "poultry" -> 1, "potentially" -> 1, "Postwar" -> 1, "post-war" -> 1, "post-secondary" -> 1, "post-natal" -> 1, "posterity" -> 1, "possessing" -> 1, "positively" -> 1, "ports" -> 1, "portion" -> 1, "portent" -> 1, "politics" -> 1, "policy-making" -> 1, "policeman" -> 1, "police-community" -> 1, "points" -> 1, "podge" -> 1, "ploughing" -> 1, "plays" -> 1, "played" -> 1, "platform" -> 1, "plants" -> 1, "planned" -> 1, "planes" -> 1, "Plan" -> 1, "plagues" -> 1, "Pipeline" -> 1, "pioneering" -> 1, "pilot" -> 1, "picture" -> 1, "physically" -> 1, "person's" -> 1, "personal" -> 1, "perpetual" -> 1, "permitting" -> 1, "permitted" -> 1, "periods" -> 1, "performance" -> 1, "per" -> 1, "people—it" -> 1, "people—American" -> 1, "peoples" -> 1, "people's" -> 1, "pensions" -> 1, "pension" -> 1, "pending" -> 1, "penalize" -> 1, "Peking" -> 1, "peacefully" -> 1, "Peaceful" -> 1, "payment" -> 1, "paying" -> 1, "paychecks" -> 1, "patriotism" -> 1, "patiently" -> 1, "patient" -> 1, "patience" -> 1, "path" -> 1, "passively" -> 1, "passing" -> 1, "passenger" -> 1, "part-time" -> 1, "partners" -> 1, "park" -> 1, "Parity" -> 1, "parity" -> 1, "Panama" -> 1, "Pakistan" -> 1, "painfully" -> 1, "pain" -> 1, "pace" -> 1, "owner's" -> 1, "owned" -> 1, "overwhelmingly" -> 1, "overtime" -> 1, "overtaken" -> 1, "overdue" -> 1, "overburdened" -> 1, "outside" -> 1, "output" -> 1, "outpouring" -> 1, "Out-of-hospital" -> 1, "outlays" -> 1, "outer" -> 1, "Other" -> 1, "origins" -> 1, "originally" -> 1, "Organized" -> 1, "organization" -> 1, "orbiting" -> 1, "Opportunity" -> 1, "opponents" -> 1, "operators" -> 1, "opening" -> 1, "open-end" -> 1, "One-third" -> 1, "one-stop" -> 1, "One" -> 1, "ominous" -> 1, "oldest" -> 1, "Older" -> 1, "old" -> 1, "officers" -> 1, "Office" -> 1, "offering" -> 1, "offer" -> 1, "offenders—and" -> 1, "Oceans" -> 1, "oceanology" -> 1, "oceanologic" -> 1, "Ocean" -> 1, "occurs" -> 1, "occasional" -> 1, "obstruct" -> 1, "observations" -> 1, "Observation" -> 1, "obscure" -> 1, "obligation" -> 1, "object" -> 1, "nurses" -> 1, "noxious" -> 1, "Novel" -> 1, "nothing" -> 1, "notably" -> 1, "nor" -> 1, "non-tariff" -> 1, "non-provocative" -> 1, "nonprofit" -> 1, "non-profit" -> 1, "non-military" -> 1, "non-metropolitan" -> 1, "non-formal" -> 1, "non-communist" -> 1, "No" -> 1, "night's" -> 1, "never-ending" -> 1, "net" -> 1, "neighborhoods—with" -> 1, "negotiation" -> 1, "negotiated" -> 1, "Negotiate" -> 1, "negotiate" -> 1, "neglect" -> 1, "negative" -> 1, "needless" -> 1, "needing" -> 1, "Need" -> 1, "necessity" -> 1, "near" -> 1, "navigation" -> 1, "Natural" -> 1, "natural" -> 1, "nation-building" -> 1, "nationalist" -> 1, "Nation" -> 1, "narrow" -> 1, "mutually" -> 1, "municipalities" -> 1, "municipal" -> 1, "multi-racial" -> 1, "multilateral" -> 1, "move—in" -> 1, "movement" -> 1, "moved—and" -> 1, "mounted" -> 1, "mount" -> 1, "motor" -> 1, "motive" -> 1, "mother's" -> 1, "mother" -> 1, "Moscow's" -> 1, "mortality" -> 1, "monuments" -> 1, "monopoly" -> 1, "Monetary" -> 1, "mold" -> 1, "modest" -> 1, "modernized" -> 1, "modernize" -> 1, "moderate-income" -> 1, "moderate" -> 1, "mistreatment" -> 1, "missile-firing" -> 1, "missile" -> 1, "misery" -> 1, "minimize" -> 1, "mineral-royalty" -> 1, "mineral" -> 1, "mined" -> 1, "minds" -> 1, "militant" -> 1, "migratory" -> 1, "migration" -> 1, "micro-electronics" -> 1, "metals" -> 1, "met" -> 1, "mercy" -> 1, "merchant" -> 1, "memberships" -> 1, "medium" -> 1, "Mediterranean" -> 1, "Medicare" -> 1, "Medicaid" -> 1, "media" -> 1, "Meat" -> 1, "Measures" -> 1, "measure" -> 1, "meant" -> 1, "means—so" -> 1, "meals" -> 1, "meal" -> 1, "mayor-council" -> 1, "Maternal" -> 1, "master—from" -> 1, "marshland" -> 1, "marshaled" -> 1, "maritime" -> 1, "Marine" -> 1, "mar" -> 1, "many-sided" -> 1, "manufacturing" -> 1, "manufactured" -> 1, "manufacture" -> 1, "manned" -> 1, "mankind—a" -> 1, "manifold" -> 1, "manhood" -> 1, "malnutrition" -> 1, "Malaysia" -> 1, "make-precisely" -> 1, "Make" -> 1, "majority" -> 1, "Maintenance" -> 1, "maintains" -> 1, "maintained" -> 1, "Maintain" -> 1, "Madison" -> 1, "machinery" -> 1, "lung" -> 1, "low-rise" -> 1, "low-income" -> 1, "low-cost" -> 1, "love" -> 1, "lost" -> 1, "loopholes" -> 1, "look" -> 1, "long-term" -> 1, "Longshoremen" -> 1, "longing" -> 1, "Long" -> 1, "lodging" -> 1, "located" -> 1, "locate" -> 1, "loans—will" -> 1, "load" -> 1, "lived" -> 1, "littoral" -> 1, "littered" -> 1, "listed" -> 1, "list" -> 1, "links" -> 1, "limitation" -> 1, "likelihood" -> 1, "Like" -> 1, "light" -> 1, "lifetime" -> 1, "lifeblood" -> 1, "libraries" -> 1, "liberation" -> 1, "liberalization" -> 1, "liberal" -> 1, "levied" -> 1, "letting" -> 1, "lessen" -> 1, "leisure" -> 1, "legislative" -> 1, "leaves" -> 1, "least" -> 1, "learning" -> 1, "learn" -> 1, "leading" -> 1, "Lawrence" -> 1, "Lawlessness" -> 1, "lawlessness" -> 1, "late" -> 1, "Lasting" -> 1, "lasting" -> 1, "large-scale" -> 1, "lakeshores—all" -> 1, "lagging" -> 1, "Lady" -> 1, "Labor-Management" -> 1, "laboratories" -> 1, "Korea" -> 1, "knowledge" -> 1, "killing" -> 1, "killed" -> 1, "keg" -> 1, "keep" -> 1, "Kashmir" -> 1, "Juvenile" -> 1, "juvenile" -> 1, "justice—the" -> 1, "Just" -> 1, "junior" -> 1, "judges" -> 1, "job-training" -> 1, "jobs—including" -> 1, "JOBS" -> 1, "Jobs" -> 1, "Jews" -> 1, "jeopardized" -> 1, "Jefferson" -> 1, "jarred" -> 1, "James" -> 1, "issue" -> 1, "Israel" -> 1, "isolate" -> 1, "irrigation" -> 1, "irresponsible" -> 1, "inward" -> 1, "involving" -> 1, "involves" -> 1, "involvement" -> 1, "investors" -> 1, "investments" -> 1, "investigators" -> 1, "Investigation" -> 1, "inventions" -> 1, "invasion" -> 1, "inter-urban" -> 1, "interrelated" -> 1, "Interim" -> 1, "interfere" -> 1, "interdependence" -> 1, "Interchange" -> 1, "Intensified" -> 1, "intend" -> 1, "integration" -> 1, "insurance" -> 1, "insulated" -> 1, "insular" -> 1, "insisting" -> 1, "insects" -> 1, "innovations" -> 1, "innocent" -> 1, "Inner" -> 1, "inland" -> 1, "initiative—neighborhood" -> 1, "initiated" -> 1, "inhabit" -> 1, "ingenuity—must" -> 1, "infiltrated" -> 1, "infested" -> 1, "infants" -> 1, "infant" -> 1, "inevitably" -> 1, 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"accountable" -> 1, "according" -> 1, "accordance" -> 1, "accomplishment" -> 1, "accomplished" -> 1, "accommodations" -> 1, "accommodate" -> 1, "Accelerate" -> 1, "absolute" -> 1, "Above" -> 1, "above" -> 1, "abilities" -> 1, "abating" -> 1, "93" -> 1, "90-month" -> 1, "90" -> 1, "88" -> 1, "82" -> 1, "81" -> 1, "750,000" -> 1, "750" -> 1, "75" -> 1, "73" -> 1, "7" -> 1, "69" -> 1, "64" -> 1, "61" -> 1, "58" -> 1, "4.5" -> 1, "40" -> 1, "3.9" -> 1, "3" -> 1, "2.6" -> 1, "1960—have" -> 1, "1958" -> 1, "1954" -> 1, "1952" -> 1, "1949" -> 1, "175th" -> 1, "175" -> 1, "150" -> 1, "14,500" -> 1, "13" -> 1, "12-mile" -> 1, "110" -> 1, "10-year" -> 1, "101" -> 1, "100" -> 1, "1%" -> 1, "1" -> 1|>|>, <|"SourceURL" -> "http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29603", "Name" -> "Democratic Party Platform of 1964", "Party" -> "Democratic", "Year" -> 1964, "Date" -> DateObject[{1964, 8, 24}], "Text" -> "One Nation, One People\n\nAmerica is One Nation, One People. The welfare, progress, security and survival of each of us reside in the common good—the sharing of responsibilities as well as benefits by all our people.\nDemocracy in America rests on the confidence that people can be trusted with freedom. It comes from the connection that we will find in freedom a unity of purpose stronger than all our differences.\nWe have drawn upon that unity when the forces of ignorance, hate, and fear fired an assassin's bullet at the nation's heart, incited violence in our land, and attacked the outposts of freedom around the world.\nBecause of this unity, those who traffic in fear, hate, falsehood, and violence have failed to undermine our people's deep love of truth and quiet faith in freedom.\nOur program for the future is to make the national purpose—the human purpose of us all—fulfill our individual needs.\nAccordingly, we offer this platform as a covenant of unity.\nWe invite all to join us who believe that narrow partisanship takes too small account of the size of our task, the penalties for failure and the boundless rewards to all our people for success.\nWe offer as the goal of this covenant peace for all nations and freedom for all peoples.\nPeace\n\nPeace should be the first concern of all governments as it is the prayer of all men.\nAt the start of the third decade of the nuclear age, the preservation of peace requires the strength to wage war and the wisdom to avoid it. The search for peace requires the utmost intelligence, the clearest vision, and a strong sense of reality.\nBecause for four years our nation has patiently demonstrated these qualities and persistently used them, the world is closer to peace today than it was in 1960.\nIn 1960, freedom was on the defensive. The Communists—doubting both our strength and our will to use it—pressed forward in Southeast Asia, Latin America, Central Africa and Berlin.\nPresident Kennedy and Vice President Johnson set out to remove any question of our power or our will. In the Cuban crisis of 1962 the Communist offensive shattered on the rock of President Kennedy's determination—and our ability—to defend the peace.\nTwo years later, President Johnson responded to another Communist challenge, this time in the Gulf of Tonkin. Once again power exercised with restraint repulsed Communist aggression and strengthened the cause of freedom.\nResponsible leadership, unafraid but refusing to take needless risk, has turned the tide in freedom's favor. No nation, old or new, has joined the Communist bloc since Cuba during the preceding Republican Administration. Battered by economic failures, challenged by recent American achievements in space, torn by the Chinese-Russian rift, and faced with American strength and courage—international Communism has lost its unity and momentum.\nNational Defense\n\nBy the end of 1960, military strategy was being shaped by the dictates of arbitrary budget ceilings instead of the real needs of national security. There were, for example, too few ground and air forces to fight limited war, although such wars were a means to continued Communist expansion.\nSince then, and at the lowest possible cost, we have created a balanced, versatile, powerful defense establishment, capable of countering aggression across the entire spectrum of conflict, from nuclear confrontation to guerrilla subversion.\nWe have increased our intercontinental ballistic missiles and Polaris missiles from fewer than 100 to more than 1,000, more than four times the force of the Soviet Union. We have increased the number of combat ready divisions from 11 to 16.\nUntil such time as there can be an enforceable treaty providing for inspected and verified disarmament, we must, and we will, maintain our military strength, as the sword and shield of freedom and the guarantor of peace.\nSpecifically, we must and we will:\nContinue the overwhelming supremacy of our Strategic Nuclear Forces.\nStrengthen further our forces for discouraging limited wars and fighting subversion.\nMaintain the world's largest research and development effort, which has initiated more than 200 new programs since 1961, to ensure continued American leadership in weapons systems and equipment.\nContinue the nationwide Civil Defense program as an important part of our national security.\nPursue our examination of the Selective Service program to make certain that it is continued only as long as it is necessary and that we meet our military manpower needs without social or economic injustice.\nAttract to the military services the highest caliber of career men and women and make certain they are adequately paid and adequately housed.\nMaintain our Cost Reduction Program, to ensure a dollar's worth of defense for every dollar spent, and minimize the disruptive effects of changes in defense spending.\nBuilding the Peace\n\nAs citizens of the United States, we are determined that it be the most powerful nation on earth.\nAs citizens of the world, we insist that this power be exercised with the utmost responsibility.\nControl of the use of nuclear weapons must remain solely with the highest elected official in the country—the President of the United States.\nThrough our policy of never negotiating from fear but never fearing to negotiate, we are slowly but surely approaching the point where effective international agreements providing for inspection and control can begin to lift the crushing burden of armaments off the backs of the people of the world.\nIn the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, signed now by over 100 nations, we have written our commitment to limitations on the arms race, consistent with our security. Reduced production of nuclear materials for weapons purposes has been announced and nuclear weapons have been barred from outer space.\nAlready the air we and our children breathe is freer of nuclear contamination.\nWe are determined to continue all-out efforts through fully-enforceable measures to halt and reverse the arms race and bring to an end the era of nuclear terror.\nWe will maintain our solemn commitment to the United Nations, with its constituent agencies, working to strengthen it as a more effective instrument for peace, for preventing or resolving international disputes, and for building free nations through economic, technical, and cultural development. We continue to oppose the admission of Red China to the United Nations.\nWe believe in increased partnership with our friends and associates in the community which spans the North Atlantic. In every possible way we will work to strengthen our ties and increase our cooperation, building always more firmly on the sure foundation of the NATO treaty.\nWe pledge unflagging devotion to our commitments to freedom from Berlin to South Vietnam. We will:\nHelp the people of developing nations in Asia, Africa and Latin America raise their standards of living and create conditions in which freedom and independence can flourish.\nPlace increased priority on private enterprise and development loans as we continue to improve our mutual assistance programs.\nWork for the attainment of peace in the Near East as an urgent goal, using our best efforts to prevent a military unbalance, to encourage arms reductions and the use of national resources for internal development and to encourage the re-settlement of Arab refugees in lands where there is room and opportunity. The problems of political adjustment between Israel and the Arab countries can and must be peacefully resolved and the territorial integrity of every nation respected.\nSupport the partnership of free American Republics in the Alliance for Progress.\nMove actively to carry out the Resolution of the Organization of American States to further isolate Castroism and speed the restoration of freedom and responsibility in Cuba.\nSupport our friends in and around the rim of the Pacific, and encourage a growing understanding among peoples, expansion of cultural exchanges, and strengthening of ties.\nOppose aggression and the use of force or the threat of force against any nation.\nEncourage by all peaceful means the growing independence of the captive peoples living under Communism and hasten the day that Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Rumania and the other captive nations will achieve full freedom and self-determination. We deplore Communist oppression of Jews and other minorities.\nEncourage expansion of our economic ties with other nations of the world and eliminate unjustifiable tariff and non-tariff barriers, under authority of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962. Expand the Peace Corps.\nUse even more of our Food for Peace.\nThe Conquest of Space\n\nIn four vigorous years we have moved to the forefront of space exploration. The United States must never again settle for second place in the race for tomorrow's frontiers.\nWe will continue the rapid development of space technology for peaceful uses.\nWe will encourage private industry to increase its efforts in space research.\nWe will continue to ensure that any race in space is won for freedom and for peace.\nThe Leadership We Offer\n\nThe complications and dangers in our restless, constantly changing world require of us consummate understanding and experience. One rash act, one thoughtless decision, one unchecked reaction—and cities could become smoldering ruins and farms parched wasteland.\nThe leadership we offer has already been tested in the crucible of crisis and challenge. To this Nation and to all the world we reaffirm President Johnson's resolve to \"... use every resource at the command of the Government. . . and the people . . . to find the road to peace.\"\nWe offer this platform as a guide for that journey.\nFreedom and Well Being\n\nThere can be full freedom only when all of our people have opportunity for education to the full extent of their ability to learn, followed by the opportunity to employ their learning in the creation of something of value to themselves and to the nation.\nThe Individual\n\nOur task is to make the national purpose serve the human purpose: that every person shall have the opportunity to become all that he or she is capable of becoming.\nWe believe that knowledge is essential to individual freedom and to the conduct of a free society. We believe that education is the surest and most profitable investment a nation can make.\nRegardless of family financial status, therefore, education should be open to every boy or girl in America up to the highest level which he or she is able to master.\nIn an economy which will offer fewer and fewer places for the unskilled, there must be a wide variety of educational opportunities so that every young American, on leaving school, will have acquired the training to take a useful and rewarding place in our society.\nIt is increasingly clear that more of our educational resources must be directed to pre-school training as well as to junior college, college and post-graduate study.\nThe demands on the already inadequate sources of state and local revenues place a serious limitation on education. New methods of financial aid must be explored, including the channeling of federally collected revenues to all levels of education, and, to the extent permitted by the Constitution, to all schools. Only in this way can our educational programs achieve excellence throughout the nation, a goal that must be achieved without interfering with local control and direction of education.\nIn order to insure that all students who can meet the requirements for college entrance can continue their education, we propose an expanded program of public scholarships, guaranteed loans, and work-study grants.\nWe shall develop the potential of the Armed Forces for training young men who might otherwise be rejected for military service because their work skills are underdeveloped.\nThe health of the people is important to the strength and purpose of our country and is a proper part of our common concern.\nIn a nation that lacks neither compassion nor resources, the needless suffering of people who cannot afford adequate medical care is intolerable:\nWe will continue to fight until we have succeeded in including hospital care for older Americans in the Social Security program, and have insured adequate assistance to those elderly people suffering from mental illness and mental retardation.\nWe will go forward with research into the causes and cures of disease, accidents, mental illness and mental retardation.\nWe will further expand our health facilities, especially medical schools, hospitals, and research laboratories.\nAmerica's veterans who served their Nation so well must, in turn, be served fairly by a grateful Nation. First-rate hospitals and medical care must be provided veterans with service-connected injuries and disabilities, and their compensation rates must insure an adequate standard of living. The National Service Life Insurance program should be reopened for those who have lost their insurance coverage, and an equitable and just pension system must help meet the need of those disabled veterans and their survivors who require financial assistance.\nDemocracy of Opportunity\n\nThe variety of our people is the source of our strength and ought not to be a cause of disunity or discord. The rights of all our citizens must be protected and all the laws of our land obeyed if America is to he safe for democracy.\nThe Civil Rights Act of 1964 deserves and requires full observance by every American and fair, effective enforcement if there is any default.\nResting upon a national consensus expressed by the overwhelming support of both parties, this new law impairs the rights of no American; it affirms the rights of all Americans. Its purpose is not to divide, but to end division; not to curtail the opportunities of any, but to increase opportunities for all; not to punish, but to promote further our commitment to freedom, the pursuit of justice, and a deeper respect for human dignity.\nWe reaffirm our belief that lawless disregard for the rights of others is wrong—whether used to deny equal rights or to obtain equal rights.\nWe cannot and will not tolerate lawlessness. We can and will seek to eliminate its economic and social causes.\nTrue democracy of opportunity will not be served by establishing quotas based on the same false distinctions we seek to erase, nor can the effects of prejudice be neutralized by the expedient of preferential practices.\nThe immigration laws must be revised to permit families to be reunited, to welcome the persecuted and oppressed, and to eliminate the discriminatory provisions which base admission upon national origins.\nWe will support legislation to carry forward the progress already made toward full equality of opportunity for women as well as men.\nWe will strive to eliminate discrimination against older Americans, especially in their employment.\nEnding discrimination based on race, age, sex, or national origin demands not only equal opportunity but the opportunity to be equal. We are concerned not only with people's right to be free, but also with their ability to use their freedom. We will:\nCarry the War on Poverty forward as a total war against the causes of human want.\nMove forward with programs to restore those areas, such as Appalachia, which the Nation's progress has by-passed.\nHelp the physically handicapped and mentally disadvantaged develop to the full limit of their capabilities.\nEnhance the security of older Americans by encouraging private retirement and welfare programs, offering opportunities like those provided for the young under the Economic Opportunities Act of 1964, and expanding decent housing which older citizens can afford.\nAssist our Indian people to improve their standard of living and attain self-sufficiency, the privileges of equal citizenship, and full participation in American life.\nThe Social Security program, initiated and developed under the National leadership of the Democratic Party and in the face of ceaseless partisan opposition, contributes greatly to the strength of the Nation. We must insure that those who have contributed to the system shall share in the steady increase in our standard of living by adjusting benefit levels.\nWe hold firmly to the conviction, long embraced by Democratic Administrations, that the advancing years of life should bring not fear and loneliness, but security, meaning, and satisfaction.\nWe will encourage further support for the arts, giving people a better chance to use increased leisure and recognizing that the achievements of art are an index of the greatness of a civilization.\nWe will encourage the advance of science and technology—for its material rewards, and for its contribution to an understanding of the universe and ourselves.\nThe Economy\n\nThe American free enterprise system is one of the great achievements of the human mind and spirit. It has developed by a combination of the energetic efforts of working men and women, bold private initiative, the profit motive and wise public policy, until it is now the productive marvel of mankind.\nIn spite of this, at the outset of 1961, America was in the depths of the fourth postwar recession.\nSince then, in 42 months of uninterrupted expansion under Presidents Kennedy and Johnson, we have achieved the longest and strongest peace-time prosperity in modern history:\nAlmost four million jobs have been added to the economy—almost 1 1/2 million since last December.\nWorkers' earnings and corporate profits are at the highest level in history.\nPrices have been more stable than in any other industrial nation in the free world.\nThis did not just happen. It has come about because we have wisely and prudently used our increasing understanding of how the economy works.\nIt is the national purpose, and our commitment, to continue this expansion of the American economy toward its potential, without a recession, with continued stability, and with an extension of the benefits of this growth and prosperity to those who have not fully shared in them.\nThis will require continuation of flexible and innovative fiscal, monetary, and debt management policies, recognizing the importance of low interest rates.\nWe will seek further tax reduction—and in the process we need to remove inequities in our present tax laws. In particular we should carefully review all our excise taxes and eliminate those that are obsolete. Consideration should be given to the development of fiscal policies which would provide revenue sources to hard-pressed state and local governments to assist them with their responsibilities.\nEvery penny of Federal spending must be accounted for in terms of the strictest economy, efficiency and integrity. We pledge to continue a frugal government, getting a dollar's value for a dollar spent, and a government worthy of the citizen's confidence.\nOur goal is a balanced budget in a balanced economy.\nOur enviable record of price stability must be maintained—through sound fiscal and monetary policies and the encouragement of responsible private wage and price policies. Stability is essential to protect our citizens—particularly the retired and handicapped—from the ravages of inflation. It is also essential to maintain confidence in the American dollar; this confidence has been restored in the past four years through sound policies.\nRadical changes in technology and automation contribute to increased productivity and a higher standard of living. They must not penalize the few while benefiting the many. We maintain that any man or woman displaced by a machine or by technological change should have the opportunity, without penalty, to another job. Our common responsibility is to see that this right is fulfilled.\nFull employment is an end in itself and must be insisted upon as a priority objective.\nIt is the national purpose, and our commitment, that every man or woman who is willing and able to work is entitled to a job and to a fair wage for doing it.\nThe coverage of the Fair Labor Standards Act must be extended to all workers employed in industries affecting interstate commerce, and the minimum wage level and coverage increased to assure those at the bottom of the economic scale a fairer share in the benefits of an ever-rising standard of American living.\nOvertime payment requirements must be increased to assure maximum employment consistent with business efficiency. The matter of the length of work periods should be given continuing consideration.\nThe unemployment insurance program must be basically revised to meet the needs of the unemployed and of the economy, and to assure that this program meets the standards the nation's experience dictates.\nAgricultural and migratory workers must be given legal protection and economic encouragement.\nWe must develop fully our most precious resource—our manpower. Training and retraining programs must be expanded. A broad-gauge manpower program must be developed which will not only satisfy the needs of the economy but will also give work its maximum meaning in the pattern of human life.\nWe will stimulate as well as protect small business, the seedbed of free enterprise and a major source of employment in our economy.\nThe antitrust laws must be vigorously enforced. Our population, which is growing rapidly and becoming increasingly mobile, and our expanding economy are placing greater demands upon our transportation system than ever before. We must have fast, safe, and economic modes of transportation. Each mode should be encouraged to develop in accordance with its maximum utility, available at the lowest cost under the principles of fair competition. A strong and efficient American Flag merchant marine is essential to peace-time commerce and defense emergencies.\nThe industrial democracy of free, private collective bargaining and the security of American trade unions must be strengthened by repealing Section 14(b) of the Taft-Hartley Act. The present inequitable restrictions on the right to organize and to strike and picket peaceably must also be eliminated.\nIn order to protect the hard earned dollars of American consumers, as well as promote their basic consumer rights, we will make full use of existing authority, and continue to promote efforts on behalf of consumers by industry, voluntary organizations, and state and local governments. Where protection is essential, we will enact legislation to protect the safety of consumers and to provide them with essential information. We will continue to insist that our drugs and medicines are safe and effective, that our food and cosmetics are free from harm, that merchandise is labeled and packaged honestly and that the true cost of credit is disclosed.\nIt is the national purpose, and our commitment to increase the freedom and effectiveness of the essential private forces and processes in the economy.\nRural America\n\nThe roots of our economy and our life as a people lie deep in the soil of America's farm land. Our policies and programs must continue to recognize the significant role of agricultural and rural life.\nTo achieve the goals of higher incomes to the farm and ranch, particularly the family-sized farm, lower prices for the consumer, and lower costs to the government, we will continue to carry forward this three-dimensional program.\n1. Commodity Programs to strengthen the farm income structure and reach the goal of parity of income in every aspect of American agriculture. We will continue to explore and develop new domestic and foreign markets for the products of our farms and ranches.\n2. Consumer Programs including expansion of the Food Stamp Program and the school lunch and other surplus food programs, and acceleration of research into new industrial uses of farm products, in order to assure maximum use of and abundance of wholesome foods at fair prices here and abroad. We will also study new low-cost methods and techniques of food distribution for the benefit of our housewives to better feed their families.\n3. Community Programs and agricultural cooperatives to assure rural America decent housing, economic security and full partnership in the building of the great society. We pledge our continued support of the rural telephone program and the Rural Electrification Administration, which are among the great contributions of the Democratic Party to the well-being and comfort of rural America.\nThe Nation's Natural Resources\n\nAmerica's bountiful supply of natural resources has been one of the major factors in achieving our position of world leadership, in developing the greatest industrial machine in the world's history, and in providing a richer and more complete life for every American. But these resources are not inexhaustible. With our vastly expanding population—an estimated 325 million people by the end of the century—there is an ever-increasing responsibility to use and conserve our resources wisely and prudently if we are to fulfill our obligation to the trust we hold for future generations. Building on the unsurpassed conservation record of the past four years, we shall:\nContinue the quickened pace of comprehensive development of river basins in every section of the country, employing multi-purpose projects such as flood control, irrigation and reclamation, power generation, navigation, municipal water supply, fish and wildlife enhancement and recreation, where appropriate to realize the fullest possible benefits.\nProvide the people of this nation a balanced outdoor recreation program to add to their health and well-being, including the addition or improved management of national parks, forests, lake shores, seashores and recreation areas.\nPreserve for us and our posterity through the means provided by the Wilderness Act of 1964 millions of acres of primitive and wilderness areas, including countless beautiful lakes and streams. Increase our stock of wildlife and fish. Continue and strengthen the dynamic program inaugurated to assure fair treatment for American fishermen and the preservation of fishing rights.\nContinue to support balanced land and forest development through intensive forest management on a multiple-use and sustained yield basis, reforestation of burned land, providing public access roads, range improvement, watershed management, concern for small business operations and recreational uses.\nUnlock the resources of the sea through a strong oceanography program.\nContinue the attack we have launched on the polluted air that envelops our cities and on eliminating the pollution of our rivers and streams.\nIntensify our efforts to solve the critical water problems of many sections of this country by desalinization.\nSustain and promote strong, vigorous domestic minerals, metals, petroleum and fuels industries.\nIncrease the efficient use of electrical power through regional inter-ties and more extensive use of high voltage transmission.\nContinue to promote the development of new and improved methods of generating electric power, such as the recent important gains in the field of atomic energy and the Passamaquoddy tidal power project.\nPreserve the T.V.A., which has played such an instrumental role in the revitalization of the area it serves and which has been the inspiration for regional development programs throughout the world.\nThe City\n\nThe vitality of our cities is essential to the healthy growth of American civilization. In the next 40 years urban populations will double, the area of city land will double and we will have to construct houses, highways and facilities equal to all those built since this country was first settled.\nNow is the time to redouble our efforts, with full cooperation among local, state and federal governments, for these objectives:\nThe goal of our housing program must be a decent home for every American family.\nSpecial effort must be made in our cities to provide wholesome living for our young people. We must press the fight against narcotics and, through the war against poverty, increase educational and employment opportunities, turning juvenile delinquents into good citizens and tax-users into tax payers.\nWe will continue to assist broad community and regional development, urban renewal, mass transit, open space and other programs for our metropolitan areas. We will offer such aid without impairing local Administration through unnecessary Federal interference.\nBecause our cities and suburbs are so important to the welfare of all our people, we believe a department devoted to urban affairs should be added to the President's cabinet.\nThe Government\n\nWe, the people, are the government.\nThe Democratic Party believes, as Thomas Jefferson first stated that \"the care of human life and happiness is the first and only legitimate object of good government:\"\nThe government's business is the people's business. Information about public affairs must continue to be freely available to the Congress and to the public.\nEvery person who participates in the government must be held to a standard of ethics which permits no compromise with the principles of absolute honesty and the maintenance of undivided loyalty to the public interest.\nThe Congress of the United States should revise its rules and procedures to assure majority rule after reasonable debate and to guarantee that major legislative proposals of the President can be brought to a vote after reasonable consideration in committee.\nWe support home rule for the District of Columbia. The seat of our government shall be a workshop for democracy, a pilot-plant for freedom, and a place of incomparable beauty.\nWe also support a constitutional amendment giving the District voting representation in Congress and, pending such action, the enactment of legislation providing for a non-voting delegate from District of Columbia to the House of Representatives.\nWe support the right of the people of the Virgin Islands to the fullest measure of self-government, including the right to elect their Governor.\nThe people of Puerto Rico and the people of the United States enjoy a unique relationship that has contributed greatly to the remarkable economic and political development of Puerto Rico. We look forward to the report on that relationship by a commission composed of members from Puerto Rico and the United States, and we are confident that it will contribute to the further enhancement of Puerto Rico and the benefit that flows from the principles of self-determination.\nThe Democratic Party holds to the belief that government in the United States—local, state and federal—was created in order to serve the people. Each level of government has appropriate powers and each has specific responsibilities. The first responsibility of government at every level is to protect the basic freedoms of the people. No government at any level can properly complain of violation of its power, if it fails to meet its responsibilities.\nThe federal government exists not to grow larger, but to enlarge the individual potential and achievement of the people.\nThe federal government exists not to subordinate the states, but to support them.\nAll of us are Americans. All of us are free men. Ultimately there can be no effective restraint on the powers of government at any level save as Americans exercising their duties as citizens insist upon and maintain free, democratic processes of our constitutional system.\nOne Nation, One People\n\nOn November 22, 1963, John Fitzgerald Kennedy was shot down in our land.\nWe honor his memory best—and as he would wish—by devoting ourselves anew to the larger purposes for which he lived.\nOf first priority is our renewed commitments to the values and ideals of democracy.\nWe are firmly pledged to continue the Nation's march towards the goals of equal opportunity and equal treatment for all Americans regardless of race, creed, color or national origin.\nWe cannot tolerate violence anywhere in our land—north, south, east or west. Resort to lawlessness is anarchy and must be opposed by the Government and all thoughtful citizens.\nWe must expose, wherever it exists, the advocacy of hatred which creates the clear and present danger of violence.\nWe condemn extremism, whether from the Right or Left, including the extreme tactics of such organizations as the Communist Party, the Ku Klux Klan and the John Birch Society.\nWe know what violence and hate can do. We have seen the tragic consequences of misguided zeal and twisted logic.\nThe time has come now for all of us to understand and respect one another, and to seek the unity of spirit and purpose from which our future greatness will grow—for only as we work together with the object of liberty and justice for all will the peace and freedom of each of us be secured.\nThese are the principles which command our cause and strengthen our effort as we cross the new frontier and enter upon the great society.\nAn Accounting of Stewardship, 1961—1964\n\nOne hundred and twenty-four years ago, in 1840, the Democratic National Convention meeting in Baltimore adopted the first platform in the history of a national political party. The principles stated in that platform are as valid as ever:\n\"Resolved, That the liberal principles embodied by Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence, and sanctioned in the Constitution, which makes ours the land of liberty, and the asylum of the oppressed of every nation, have ever been cardinal principles in the democratic faith.\"\nOne hundred and twenty years later, in 1960, our nation had grown from 26 to 50 states, our people from 17 million to 179 million.\nThat year, in Los Angeles, the Democratic National Convention adopted a platform which reflected, in its attention to 38 specific subjects, the volume of unfinished business of the American people which had piled up to the point of national crisis.\nThe platform declared that as a Party we would put the people's business first, and stated in plain terms how we proposed to get on with it.\nFour year have passed, and the time has come for the people to measure our performance against our pledges.\nWe welcome the comparison; we seek it.\nFor the record is one of four years of unrelenting effort, and unprecedented achievement—not by a political party, but by a people.\nThe Record\n\nNational Defense\n\nIn 1960, we proposed to—\n\"Recast our military capacity in order to provide forces and weapons of a diversity, balance, and mobility sufficient in quantity and quality to deter both limited and general aggression.\" Since January 1961, we have achieved:\nA 150% increase in the number of nuclear war-heads and a 200% increase in total megatonnage available in the Strategic Alert Forces.\nA 60% increase in the tactical nuclear strength in Western Europe.\nA 45% increase in the number of combat-ready Army divisions.\nA 15,000 man increase in the strength of the Marine Corps.\nA 75% increase in airlift capability.\nA 100% increase in ship construction to modernize our fleet.\nA 44% increase in the number of tactical fighter squadrons.\nAn 800% increase in the special forces trained to deal with counter-insurgency threats. In 1960, we proposed to create—\n\"Deterrent military power such that the Soviet and Chinese leaders will have no doubt that an attack on the United States would surely be followed by their own destruction.\"\nSince 1961, we have increased the intercontinental ballistic missiles and Polaris missiles in our arsenal from fewer than 100 to more than 1,000.\nOur Strategic Alert Forces now have about 1,100 bombers, including 550 on 15-minute alert, many of which are equipped with decoy missiles and other penetration aids to assure that they will reach their targets.\nIn 1960, we proposed—\n\"Continuous modernization of our forces through intensified research and development, including essential programs slowed down, terminated, suspended, or neglected for lack of budgetary support.\"\nSince 1961, we have—\nIncreased funds for research and development by 50% over the 1957-60 level.\nAdded 208 major new research and development projects including 77 weapons programs with costs exceeding $10 million each, among which are the SR-71 long-range, manned, supersonic strategic military reconnaissance aircraft, the NIKE-X anti-ballistic missile system, the A7A navy attack aircraft, and the F-111 fighter-bomber and a new main battle tank.\nIncreased, by more than 1,000%, the funds for the development of counter-insurgency weapons and equipment, from less than $10 million to over $103 million per year.\nIn 1960, we proposed—\n\"Balanced conventional military forces which will permit a response graded to the intensity of any threats of aggressive force.\" Since 1961, we have—\nIncreased the regular strength of the Army by 100,000 men, and the numbers of combat-ready Army divisions from 11 to 16.\nIncreased the number of tactical fighter squadrons from 55 to 79 and have substantially increased the procurement of tactical fighters.\nTrained over 100,000 officers in counter-insurgency skills necessary to fight guerilla and anti-guerilla warfare, and increased our special forces trained to deal with counter-insurgency by 800%.\nAcquired balanced stocks of combat consumables for all our forces so that they can engage in combat for sustained periods of time.\nIn reconstructing the nation's defense establishment, the Administration has insisted that the services be guided by these three precepts: Buy only what we need.\nBuy only at the lowest sound price.\nReduce operating costs through standardization, consolidation, and termination of unnecessary operations.\nAs a result, our expanded and reconstituted defense force has cost billions of dollars less than it would have cost under previous inefficient and un-businesslike methods of procurement and operation. These savings amounted to more than $1 billion in the fiscal year 1963, and to $2.5 billion in the fiscal year just completed. Furthermore, under the cost reduction program we have established, we will be saving $4.6 billion each year, every year, by Fiscal Year 1968.\nWe have successfully met the challenges of Berlin and Cuba, and attacks upon our Naval forces on the high seas, thus decreasing the prospect of further such challenges and brightening the outlook for peace.\nArms Control\n\nIn 1960, we proposed—\n\"A national peace agency for disarmament planning and research to muster the scientific ingenuity, coordination, continuity, and seriousness of purpose which are now lacking in our arms control efforts.\"\nIn 1961, the United States became the first nation in the world to establish an \"agency for peace\"—the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency.\nThis agency is charged by law with the development of a realistic arms control and disarmament policy to promote national security and provide an impetus towards a world free from the threat of war. Working closely with the senior military leaders of the Department of Defense, the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency has enabled the United States to lead the world in a new, continuous, hard-headed and purposeful discussion, negotiation and planning of disarmament. In 1960, we proposed—\n\"To develop responsible proposals that will help break the deadlock on arms control.\"\nIn the aftermath of the Cuban crisis the United States pressed its advantage to seek a new breakthrough for peace, On June 10, 1963, at American University, President Kennedy called on the Soviet leadership to join in concrete steps to abate the nuclear arms race. After careful negotiations experienced American negotiators reached agreement with the Russians on a Nuclear Test Ban Treaty—an event that will be marked forever in the history of mankind as a first step on the difficult road of arms control.\nOne hundred and six nations signed or acceded to the treaty.\nIn the United States it was supported by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and ratified in the Senate by an 80-20 vote.\nTo insure the effectiveness of our nuclear development program in accord with the momentous Test Ban Treaty, the Joint Chiefs of Staff recommended, and the Administration has undertaken:\nA comprehensive program of underground testing of nuclear explosives.\nMaintenance of modern nuclear laboratory facilities.\nPreparations to test in the atmosphere if essential to national security, or if the treaty is violated by the Soviet Union.\nContinuous improvement of our means for detecting violations and other nuclear activities elsewhere in the world.\nIn 1960, we proposed—\n\"To the extent we can secure the adoption of effective arms control agreements, vast resources will be freed for peaceful use.\"\nIn January and April 1964, President Johnson announced cutbacks in the production of nuclear materials: twenty percent in plutonium production and forty percent in enriched uranium. When the USSR followed this United States initiative with a similar announcement, the President welcomed the response as giving hope \"that the world may yet, one day, live without the fear of war.\"\nInstruments of Foreign Policy\n\nIn 1960, we proposed that—\n\"American foreign policy in all its aspects must be attuned to our world of change.\n\"We will recruit officials whose experience, humanity and dedication fit them for the task of effectively representing America abroad.\n\"We will provide a more sensitive and creative direction to our overseas information program.\"\nSince 1961, the Department of State has had its self-respect restored, and has been vitalized by more vigorous recruitment and more intensive training of foreign service officers representing all elements of the American people.\nForty days after taking office President Kennedy established the Peace Corps. The world did not change overnight. Neither will it ever be quite the same again. The foreign minister of one large Asian nation has called the Peace Corps \"the most powerful idea in recent times.\"\nOne hundred thousand Americans have volunteered for the Peace Corps. Nine thousand have served in a total of 45 countries.\nNearly every country to which volunteers have been sent has asked for more. Two dozen new countries are on the waiting list.\nVolunteer organizations on the Peace Corps model are already operating in 12 countries and there has been a great expansion of volunteer service in many others.\nAn International Secretariat for Volunteer Service is working in 32 economically advanced and developing nations.\nThe United States Information Agency has been transformed into a powerful, effective and respected weapon of the free world. The new nations of the world have come to know an America that is not afraid to tell the truth about itself—and so can be believed when it tells the truth about Communist imperialism.\nWorld Trade\n\nIn 1960, we said—\n\"... We shall expand world trade in every responsible way.\n\"Since all Americans share the benefits of this policy, its costs should not be the burden of a few. We shall support practical measures to case the necessary adjustments of industries and communities which may be unavoidably hurt by increases in imports.\n\"Our government should press for reduction of foreign barriers on the sale of the products of American industry and agriculture.\"\nThis pledge was fulfilled in the Trade Expansion Act of 1962.\nThe Trade Expansion Act of 1962, gives the President power to negotiate a 50 percent across-the-board cut in tariff barriers to take place over a five-year period.\nExports have expanded over 10 percent—by over $2 billion—since 1961.\nForeign trade now provides jobs for more than 4 million workers.\nNegotiations now underway will permit American businessmen and farmers to take advantage of the greatest trading opportunity in history—the rapidly expanding European market.\nThe Trade Expansion Act provides for worker training and moving allowances, and for loans, tax rebates and technical assistance for businesses if increased imports resulting from concessions granted in trade agreements result in unemployment or loss of business.\nWhere American agriculture or industrial products have been unfairly treated in order to favor domestic products, prompt and forceful action has been taken to break down such barriers. These efforts have opened new United States export opportunities for fruits and vegetables, and numerous other agricultural and manufactured products to Europe and Japan.\nThe Long Term Cotton Textile Agreement of 1962 protects the textile and garment industry against disruptive competition from imports of cotton textiles. The Cotton Act of 1964 enables American manufacturers to buy cotton at the world market price, so they can compete in selling their products at home and abroad.\nImmigration\n\nIn 1960, we proposed to—\n\"Adjust our immigration, nationality and refugee policies to eliminate discrimination and to enable members of scattered families abroad to be united with relatives already in our midst.\n\"The national-origins quota system of limiting immigration contradicts the founding principles of this nation. It is inconsistent with our belief in the rights of men.\"\nThe immigration law amendments proposed by the Administration, and now before Congress, by abolishing the national-origin quota system, will eliminate discrimination based upon race and place of birth and will facilitate the reunion of families.\nThe Cuban Refugee Program begun in 1961 has resettled over 81,000 refugees, who are now self-supporting members of 1,800 American communities. The Chinese Refugee Program, begun in 1962, provides for the admission to the United States of 12,000 Hong Kong refugees from Red China.\nThe Underdeveloped World\n\nIn 1960, we pledged—\n\"To the non-Communist nations of Asia, Africa, and Latin America: We shall create with you working partnerships based on mutual respect and understanding\" and \"will revamp and refocus the objectives, emphasis and allocation of our foreign assistance programs.\"\nIn 1961, the administration created the Agency for International Development, combining the three separate agencies that had handled foreign assistance activities into an orderly and efficient instrument of national policy.\nSince 1961, foreign aid has been conducted on a spartan, cost conscious basis, with emphasis on self-help, reform and performance as conditions of American help.\nThese new policies are showing significant returns.\nSince the beginning of the Marshall Plan in 1948, U. S. economic assistance has been begun and ended in 17 countries. In 14 other countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America, the transition to economic self-support is well under way, and U. S. assistance is now phasing out. In the 1965 AID program, 90 percent of economic assistance will go to just 25 countries.\nIn 1960, only 41 percent of aid-financed commodities were purchased in America. In 1964, under AID, 85 percent of all aid-financed commodities were U. S. supplied.\nThe foreign aid appropriation of $8.5 billion for fiscal year 1965 represents the smallest burden on U. S. resources that has been proposed since foreign aid began after World War II.\nSince 1961, the United States has insisted that our allies in Europe and Japan must share responsibility in the field of foreign assistance, particularly to their former colonies. They have responded with major programs. Several nations now contribute a larger share of their gross national production to foreign assistance than does the United States.\nThe Alliance for Progress, launched at the Conference of Punta del Este in Uruguay in 1961, has emerged as the greatest undertaking of social reform and international cooperation in the history of the Western Hemisphere.\nThe American republics agreed to work together \"To make the benefits of economic progress available to all citizens of all economic and social groups through a more equitable distribution of national income, raising more rapidly the income and standard of living of the needier sectors of the population, at the same time that a higher proportion of the national product is devoted to investment.\"\nThe results so far:\nFifteen countries have self-help housing programs, and savings and loan legislation has been adopted by nine countries.\nPrivate or public development banks have been established or are being established in eight countries, providing new sources of capital for the small businessman.\nEducation budgets have risen by almost 13 percent a year, and five million more children are going to school. U. S. aid has helped build 23,000 schoolrooms.\nA Latin American school lunch program is feeding 10 million children at least one good meal every day, and the program will reach 12 million by the end of the year.\nThe Alliance for Progress has immeasurably strengthened the collective will of the nations of the Western Hemisphere to resist the massive efforts of Communist subversion that conquered Cuba in 1959 and then headed for the mainland. In 1960, we urged—\n\"... Continued economic assistance to Israel and the Arab peoples to help them raise their living standards.\n\"We pledge our best efforts for peace in the Middle East by seeking to prevent an arms race while guarding against the dangers of a military imbalance resulting from Soviet arms shipments.\"\nIn the period since that pledge was made the New East has come closer to peace and stability than at any time since World War II.\nEconomic and technical assistance to Israel and Arab nations continues at a high level, although with more and more emphasis on loans as against grants. The United States is determined to help bring the revolution in the technology of desalinization to the aid of the desert regions of this area.\nThe Atlantic Community\n\nIn 1960, we said—\n\"To our friends and associates in the Atlantic Community: We propose a broader partnership that goes beyond our common fears to recognize the depth and sweep of our common political, economic, and cultural interests.\"\nIn 1961, the United States ratified the conventions creating the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, a body made up of ourselves, Canada and 18 European States which carries forward on a permanent basis the detailed cooperation and mutual assistance that began with the Marshall Plan.\nSince 1961, we have progressed in the building of mutual confidence, unity, and strength. NATO has frequently been used for consultation on foreign policy issues. Strong Atlantic unity emerged in response to Soviet threats in Berlin and in Cuba. Current trade negotiations reflect the value of the Trade Expansion Act and the utility of arrangements for economic cooperation. NATO military forces are stronger in both nuclear and conventional weapons.\nThe United States has actively supported the proposal to create a multilateral, mix-manned, seaborne nuclear missile force which could give all NATO countries a direct share in NATO's nuclear deterrent without proliferating the number of independent, national nuclear forces.\nThe Communist World\n\nIn 1960, we said—\n\"To the rulers of the Communist World: We confidently accept your challenge to competition in every field of human effort.\n\"We believe your Communist ideology to be sterile, unsound, and doomed to failure . . .\n\"... We are prepared to negotiate with you whenever and wherever there is a realistic possibility of progress without sacrifice of principle.\n\"But we will use all the will, power, resources, and energy at our command to resist the further encroachment of Communism on freedom—whether at Berlin, Formosa or new points of pressure as yet undisclosed.\"\nFollowing the launching of Sputnik in 1957, the Soviet Union began a world-wide offensive. Russian achievements in space were hailed as the forerunners of triumph on earth.\nNow, seven years later, the Communist influence has failed in its efforts to win Africa. Of the 31 African nations formed since World War II, not one has chosen Communism.\nKhrushchev had to back down on his threat to sign a peace treaty with East Germany. Access to West Berlin remains free.\nIn Latin America, the Alliance for Progress has begun to reduce the poverty and distress on which Communism breeds.\nIn Japan, where anti-American riots in 1960 prevented a visit from the President, relations with the United States have been markedly improved.\nIn the United Nations the integrity of the office of Secretary General was preserved despite the Soviet attack on it through the Troika proposal.\nWhen Red China attacked India, the U. S. promptly came to India's aid with modern infantry supplies and equipment.\nOn the battlefield of the Cold War one engagement after another has been fought and won.\nFrustrated in its plans to nibble away at country after country, the Soviet Union conceived a bold stroke designed to reverse the trend against it. With extreme stealth Soviet intermediate range and medium range offensive missiles were brought into Cuba in 1962.\nShortly after the missiles arrived in Cuba, and before any of them became operational, they were discovered and photographed by U. S. reconnaissance flights.\nThe U. S. response was carefully planned and prepared, and calmly, deliberately, but effectively executed. On October 22, President Kennedy called on the Soviet Union to dismantle and remove the weapons from Cuba. He ordered a strict quarantine on Cuba enforced by the U. S. Navy.\nThe Organization of American States acted swiftly and decisively by a unanimous vote of 20 to 0 to authorize strong measures, including the use of force, to ensure that the missiles were withdrawn from Cuba and not re-introduced.\nAt the end of a tense week Khrushchev caved in before this demonstration of Western power and determination. Soviet ships, closely observed by U. S. pilots, loaded all the missiles and headed back to Russia. U. S. firmness also compelled withdrawal of the IL-28 bombers.\nA turning point of the Cold War had been reached.\nThe record of world events in the past year reflects the vigor and successes of U. S. policy:\nBerlin, October-November 1963. Communist efforts to interfere with free Western access to Berlin were successfully rebuffed.\nVenezuela, March 1964. Despite the threats and terror tactics of Castro-inspired agitators, over 90 percent of the people voted in the election that chose President Leoni to succeed Romulo Betancourt—the first democratic succession in that office in Venezuela in Venezuela's history.\nPanama, 1964. Patient negotiation achieved a resumption of diplomatic relations, which had been severed after the riots in January; President Johnson achieved a dignified and an honorable solution of the crisis.\nVietnam, August 1964. Faced with sudden unprovoked attacks by Communist PT boats on American destroyers on the high sea, President Johnson ordered a sharp immediate retaliation on the hostile vessels and their supporting facilities.\nSpeaking on that occasion, the President said: \"Aggression—deliberate, willful and systematic aggression has unmasked its face to the world. The world remembers—the world must never forget—that aggression unchallenged is aggression unleashed.\n\"We of the United States have not forgotten.\n\"That is why we have answered this aggression with action.\"\nCuba, 1961-1964. Cuba and Castro have been virtually isolated in the Hemisphere.\nOnly 2 out of 20 OAS countries maintain diplomatic relations with Cuba.\nCuban trade with the Free World has dropped sharply from the 1958 level.\nFree world shipping to Cuba has fallen sharply. Isolation of Cuba by air has tightened greatly.\nHundreds of thousands of Cubans have left the island or have indicated their desire to come to the United States.\nThe Castro regime has been suspended from participation in the OAS.\nThe Cuban economy is deteriorating: the standard of living is 20 percent below pre-Castro levels, with many items rationed; industrial output is stagnant; sugar production is at the lowest level since the 1940's.\nThe United Nations\n\nIn 1960, we pledged—\n\"To our fellow members of the United Nations: we shall strengthen our commitments in this, our great continuing institution for conciliation and the growth of a world community.\"\nOver the past four years the Administration has fulfilled this pledge as one of the central purposes of foreign policy.\nDuring that time the United States has supported—and frequently led—efforts within the United Nations.\n—to strengthen its capacity as peacekeeper and peacemaker—with the result that the UN remained on guard on armistice lines in Korea, Kashmir and the Middle East; preserved peace in the Congo, West New Guinea and Cyprus; provided a forum for the U. S. during crises in the Caribbean and the Gulf of Tonkin; began to develop a flexible call-up system for emergency peace-keeping forces; and moved toward a revival of the Security Council as the primary organ for peace and security without loss of the residual powers of the General Assembly.\n—to discover and exploit areas of common interest for the reduction of world dangers and world tensions—with the result that the orbiting of weapons of mass destruction has been banned and legal principles adopted for the use of outer space; projects of scientific cooperation in meteorology, oceanography, Antarctic exploration and peaceful uses of atomic energy, have been promoted; and the search for further moves toward arms control have been pursued to supplement the limited test ban treaty.\n—to further the work of the United Nations in improving the lot of mankind—with the result that the Decade of Development has been launched; the World Food Program undertaken; aid to children extended; projects to promote economic and social progress in the developing world have been expanded; and the impact of technology and world trade upon development has been explored.\n—to maintain the integrity of the organization—its Charter and its Secretariat—with the result that the Troika proposal was defeated; the functions of the Secretary-General have been kept intact; the authority of the General Assembly to levy assessments for peacekeeping has been sustained despite attempted financial vetoes by Communist and other members.\nIn fulfilling its pledge to the United Nations, the Administration has helped to strengthen peace, to promote progress, and to find areas of international agreement and cooperation.\nEconomic Growth\n\nIn 1960, we said—\n\"The new Democratic Administration will confidently proceed to unshackle American enterprise and to free American labor, industrial leadership, and capital, to create an abundance that will outstrip any other system.\n\"We Democrats believe that our economy can and must grow at an average rate of 5 percent annually, almost twice as fast as our average annual rate since 1953. We pledge ourselves to policies that will achieve this goal without inflation.\"\nIn January 1961, the nation was at the bottom of the fourth recession of the postwar period—the third in the eight-year period, 1953-60. More men and women were out of work than at any time since the Great Depression of the 1930's. In February 1961, the unemployment rate was 6.8 percent, with a total of 5,705,000 unemployed.\nToday we are in the midst of the longest peace-time expansion in our history, during the past 42 months of unbroken economic expansion:\nOur economic growth rate has risen now to over 5 percent—twice the average rate for the 1953-60 period.\n3,900,000 jobs have been added to the economy, and the unemployment rate was down in July 1964 to 4.9 percent.\nThe Gross National Product has risen by $120 billion in less than four years! No nation in peace-time history has ever added so much to its wealth in so short a time.\nThe average manufacturing worker's weekly earnings rose from $89 in January 1961, to $103 in July 1964—an increase of over 15 percent.\nIndustrial production has increased 28 percent; average operating rates in manufacturing have risen from 78 percent of capacity to 87 percent.\nProfits after taxes have increased 62 percent—from an annual rate of $19.2 billion in early 1961 to an estimated $31.2 billion in early 1964.\nTotal private investment has increased by 43 percent—from an annual rate of $61 billion in early 1961 to $87 billion in the spring of 1964.\nThere are a million and a half more Americans at work today than there were a year ago.\nOur present prosperity was brought about by the enterprise of American business, the skills of the American work force, and by wise public policies.\nThe provision in the Revenue Act of 1962 for a credit for new investment in machinery and equipment, and the liberalization of depreciation allowance by administrative ruling, resulted in a reduction of $2.5 billion in business taxes.\nThe Revenue Act of 1964 cut individual income taxes by more than $9 billion, increasing consumer purchasing power by that amount; and corporate taxes were cut another $2.5 billion, with the effect of increasing investment incentives. Overall individual Federal income taxes were cut an average of 19 percent; taxpayers earning $3,000 or less received an average 40 percent cut.\nThe Temporary Extended Unemployment Compensation Act of 1961 provided $800 million to 2.8 million jobless workers who had exhausted their benefits.\nThe Area Redevelopment Act of 1961 has meant a $227 million Federal investment in economically hard-hit areas, creating 110,000 new jobs in private enterprise.\nThe Accelerated Public Works Act of 1962 added $900 million for urgently needed State and local government construction projects.\nAn End to Tight Money\n\nIn 1960, we proposed—\n\"As the first step in speeding economic growth, a Democratic president will put an end to the present high interest, tight money policy.\n\"This policy has failed in its stated purpose—to keep prices down. It has given us two recessions within five years, bankrupted many of our farmers, produced a record number of business failures, and added billions of dollars in unnecessary higher interest charges to government budgets and the cost of living.\"\nSince 1961, we have maintained the free flow of credit so vital to industry, home buyers, and State and local governments.\nImmediately, in February 1961, the Federal Housing Agency interest rate was cut from 5 3/4% percent to 5 1/2 percent. It is now down to 5 1/4 percent.\nToday's home buyer will pay about $1,700 less for FHA-insured financing of a 3O-year $15,000 home mortgage than he would have had he taken the mortgage in 1960.\nToday after 42 months of expansion, conventional home mortgage rates are lower than they were in January 1961, in the midst of a recession. So are borrowing costs for our States and municipalities, and for long-term corporate issues.\nShort-term interest rates have been brought into reasonable balance with interest rates abroad, reducing or eliminating incentives to place short-term funds abroad and thus reducing gold outflow.\nWe have prudently lengthened the average maturity of the Federal debt, in contrast to the steady shortening that characterized the 1950's.\nControl of Inflation\n\nIn 1960, we asserted—\n\"The American consumer has a right to fair prices. We are determined to secure that right.\n\"A fair share of the gains from increasing productivity in many industries should be passed on to the consumer through price reductions.\"\nToday, after 42 months of economic expansion, wholesale prices are lower than they were in January 1961, in the midst of a recession! The Wholesale Price Index was 101.0 in January 1961; in July 1964, it is 100.4.\nThe Consumer Price Index, which measures the price of goods and services families purchase, has been brought back to stability, averaging now less than 1.3% increase per year—as compared, for example, with an increase rate about three times this large in the European common market countries.\nSince January 1961, the increase in average after-tax family income has been twice the increase in prices.\nThe Administration has established guideposts for price and wage movements alike, based primarily on productivity developments, and designed to protect the economy against inflation.\nIn the single year, 1960, the overall balance of payments deficit reached $3.9 billion, and we lost $1.7 billion in gold. Now for 1964, the prospective balance of payments deficit has been cut to $2 billion, and the gold outflow has ceased.\nFull Employment\n\nIn 1960, we reaffirmed our—\n\"support of full employment as a paramount objective of national policy.\"\nIn July 1964, total employment in the United States rose to the historic peak of 72,400,000 jobs. This represents an increase of 3,900,000 jobs in 42 months.\nIn the past twelve months, total civilian employment has increased by 1,600,000 jobs, and nonfarm employment by 1,700,000. Most of this job expansion has occurred in the past eight months.\nIn July 1964, the jobless total was one-half million below a year ago, and was at its lowest July level since 1959.\nIn July, 1964, the overall unemployment rate was 4.9%—compared with 6.5% in January 1961; and the jobless rate for men who are heads of families was down to 2.7%.\nThere have been more than a million full-time jobs added to the private profit sector of the economy in the past 12 months. This is the largest increase in any one-year period in the past decade.\nWe have brought ourselves now within reach of the full employment objective.\nAid to Depressed Areas\n\nIn 1960, we recognized that—\n\"General economic measures will not alone solve the problems of localities which suffer some special disadvantage. To bring prosperity to these depressed areas and to enable them to make their full contribution to the national welfare, specially directed action is needed.\"\nThe Area Redevelopment Administration was created in 1961 to help depressed areas organize their human and material resources for economic growth. Since its establishment, the ARA has:\nApproved 512 financial assistance projects involving a Federal investment of $243.5 million.\nCreated, in partnership with local government, private workers and other investors, 118,000 new jobs in private enterprise,\nProvided retraining programs, with tuition and subsistence, for 37,327 jobless workers, equipping them with new skills to fill available jobs in their areas.\nIn 1961, Congress authorized $900 million for the Accelerated Public Works Program to speed construction of urgently needed public facilities and increase employment in areas which had failed to recover from previous recessions.\nBetween October 1962, when the first appropriations were made available, and April 1, 1964, 7,762 projects, involving an estimated 2,500,000 man-months of employment, were approved.\nIn early 1961, there were 101 major areas in the United States in which unemployment was 6 percent or more, discounting seasonal or temporary factors. By July 1964, this number had been cut two-thirds, to a total of 35.\nThe concept of \"depressed areas\" has been broadened in these 3 1/2 years to include clear recognition of the inequity and waste of poverty wherever it exists, and in the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 the nation has declared, in historic terms, a War on Poverty.\nTitle I of the Economic Opportunity Act creates the Job Corps, Work-Training programs, and Work-Study programs to provide useful work for about 400,000 young men and women. Job Corps volunteers will receive work and vocational training, part of which will involve conservation work in rural areas. The Work-Training, or Neighborhood Youth Corps program, is open to young persons living at home, including those who need jobs in order to remain in school. The Work-Study programs will enable youth from poor families to earn enough income to enable them to attend college.\nTitle II of the Act authorized $340 million for the Community Action programs to stimulate urban and rural communities to mobilize their resources to combat poverty through programs designed especially to meet local needs.\nTitle III provides for special programs to combat poverty in rural areas, including loans up to $1,500 for low income farmers, and loans up to $2,500 for families, to finance non-agricultural enterprises which will enable such families to supplement their incomes. This section of the law provides funds for housing, sanitation education, and day care of children of migrant farm workers.\nTitle IV of the Act provides for loans up to $25,000 for small businesses to create jobs for the long-term unemployed.\nTitle V of the Act provides constructive work experience and other needed training to persons who are unable to support or care for themselves or their families.\nThe Report of the President's Appalachian Regional Commission, submitted to President Johnson in April 1964, proposed a wide-ranging development program. The Appalachian Redevelopment Act, now before Congress, provides for more than $1.1 billion investment in needed basic facilities in the area, together with a regional organization to help generate the full development potential of the human and material resources of this mountain area.\nRegistration and regulation of migrant labor crew chiefs has been provided to require that crew chiefs or labor brokers, who act on behalf of domestic migrant labor and operate across state lines, shall be registered, show financial responsibility, and meet certain requirements as to moral character and honest dealing with their clients.\nDiscrimination in Employment\n\nIn 1960, we insisted that—\n\"The right to a job requires action to break down artificial and arbitrary barriers to employment based on age, race, sex, religion, or national origin.\"\nThe great Civil Rights Act of 1964 is the strongest and most important law against discrimination in employment in the history of the United States.\nIt states unequivocally that \"It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer . . . an employment agency . . . or a labor organization\" to discriminate against any person because of his or her \"race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.\"\nOn March 6, 1961, President Kennedy issued an Executive Order establishing the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity to combat racial discrimination in the employment policies of Government agencies and private firms holding Government contracts. Then-Vice President Johnson, in his capacity as Chairman of the new Committee, assumed personal direction of this program.\nAs a consequence of the enforcement of the Executive Order, not only has discrimination been eliminated in the Federal Government, but strong affirmative measures have been taken to extend meaningful equality of opportunity to compete for Federal employment to all citizens.\nThe private employers of 8,076,422 men and women, and trade unions with 12,500,000 members, have signed public agreements establishing non-discriminatory practices.\nThe Equal Pay Act of 1963 guarantees equal pay to women doing the same work as men, by requiring employers who are covered by the Fair Labor Standards Act to pay equal wages for equal work, regardless of the sex of their workers.\nExecutive Order 11141, issued by President Johnson on February 12, 1964, establishes for the first time in history a public policy that \"contractors and subcontractors engaged in the performance of Federal contracts shall not, in connection with the employment, advancement, or discharge of their employees, or in connection with the terms, conditions, or privileges of their employment, discriminate against persons because of their age...\"\nCollective Bargaining\n\nIn 1960, we pledged—\n\"an affirmative labor policy which will encourage free collective bargaining through the growth and development of free and responsible unions.\"\nThese have been good years for labor-management relations. Time lost from strikes is at the lowest point in history.\nThe President's Advisory Committee on Labor-Management Policy, made up of distinguished leaders of business and trade unions, has spoken out consistently in favor of creative and constructive solutions to common problems.\nExecutive Order 10988, issued by President Kennedy on January 17, 1962, extended the rights of union recognition to Federal employees—a goal which some employee organizations had been trying to reach for three quarters of a century.\nIn the spring of 1964, under President Johnson's personal leadership, the five-year-old railroad dispute that would have resulted in a critical nation-wide strike, was at last ended—by free collective bargaining. A cause many thought lost was won; industrial self-government was saved from a disastrous setback.\nPlanning for Automation\n\nIn 1960, we proposed to—\n\"provide the government leadership necessary to insure that the blessings of automation do not become burdens of widespread unemployment. For the young and the technologically displaced workers, we will provide the opportunity for training and retraining that equips them for jobs to be filled.\"\nThe Manpower Development and Training Act of 1962 provides for the training or retraining of unemployed or underemployed people, particularly those threatened or displaced by technological advances. The 1963 amendments to the Act emphasize the problem of youth employment.\nIn the two years of the administration of this program, training projects for 240,471 persons have been approved, and more than 54,000 persons have completed their training.\nUnder the Manpower Development and Training Act an active manpower policy is being developed to keep the nation ahead of the problems of automation.\nCongress has now enacted, in August 1964, legislation creating a National Commission on Technology, Automation and Economic Progress to undertake a searching inquiry into the problems created by automation, and means by which they can be prevented or solved.\nIn its own activities, the Federal Government has taken full account of human considerations in instituting technological developments.\nMinimum Wages\n\nIn 1960, we pledged—\n\"To raise the minimum wage to $1.25 an hour and to extend coverage to several million workers not now covered.\"\nThe Fair Labor Standards Act Amendments of 1961 raised the minimum wage to $1.25 over a three-year period, and extended the coverage of the Act to 3.6 million additional workers.\nThe Administration has proposed further amendments to the Fair Labor Standards Act, which are now before the Congress, and which would extend minimum wage coverage to near three quarters of a million workers in laundry, and dry cleaning establishments. Overtime coverage would be extended to an additional 2.6 million workers.\nIt has proposed a Fringe Benefit amendment to the Bacon-Davis law to provide that the cost of fringe benefits should be included in the definition of \"prevailing wage\" under the Bacon-Davis law, so that wage rates required in government construction contracts will be in accord with prevailing practice.\nAgriculture\n\nIn 1960, we said—\n\"In every way we will seek to help the men, women, and children whose livelihood comes from the soil to achieve better housing, education, and decent earnings and working conditions.\"\nThis is the record:\nTotal net farm income in 1961-63 averaged nearly a billion dollars a year higher than in 1960.\nTotal net income per farm was 18 percent higher in 1963 than in 1960.\nFarm purchasing power, or gross farm income, rose from $37.9 billion in 1960 to nearly $42 billion in 1963.\nPercent of family income spent for food today has declined. In 1960, 20 percent of disposable family income was spent for food. This has now been reduced to less than 19 percent.\nGrain surpluses have been brought down to manageable levels; wheat surpluses this year will be the lowest since 1958, and feed grains have been reduced from 80 to 70 million tons.\nReduction of wheat and feed grain surpluses from their 1960 levels to present levels has resulted in an accumulated savings of about a quarter of a billion dollars in storage, transportation, interest and other costs.\nTotal farm exports have increased 35 percent in 4 years, and have reached a record high in fiscal 1964 of $6.1 billion.\nCredit resources administered by the Farmers Home Administration are up 141 percent over 1960, and are averaging now $687 million a year.\nCommodity programs to strengthen the farm income structure and reach the goal of parity of income in every aspect of American agriculture. We also cite the parity program providing American cotton to American factories and processes at the same price at which they are exported.\nThe Rural Areas Development program has helped create an estimated 125,000 new jobs, and more than 12,000 projects in the process of approval will provide new employment for as many as 200,000 persons.\nParticipation in the Agricultural Conservation Program has increased 20 percent since 1960.\nMore than 20,000 farmers have received technical help to develop recreation as an income-making \"crop\" on land which had been producing surpluses.\nOver 600 rural Communities have been aided in providing modern water services.\nDuring the winter of 1964, a special lunch program was instituted for 315 schools and 12,000 children in rural areas where families have extremely low incomes.\nSince January 1, 1961, $1.1 billion in electric loans has been made by the Rural Electrification Administration, to rural electric cooperatives, or some $350 million more than in the previous 3 1/2 years. Improved service, as a result, has meant customer savings of $7.5 million a year.\nAmerican farmers, in 1964, have protected crop investments totaling $500.5 million with Federal All-Risk Crop Insurance—more than double the amount of insurance in force three years ago, and an all-time record.\nSoil and water conservation activities in the past 3 1/2 years have shown a constant upward trend in their contributions to the physical, social and economic welfare of rural areas.\n289 new small upstream watershed projects were authorized.\n8,000 local soil and water conservation districts have updated their long-range programs to reflect the broadened concepts of economic development.\nThe Great Plains Conservation Program has been extended for 10 years and 36 counties have been added to the program.\nIn June 1964, Congress authorized the creation of a National Commission on Food Marketing to investigate the operation of the food industry from producer to consumer.\nOn January 24, 1961, President Kennedy established by executive order, the Food for Peace program to utilize America's agricultural abundance \"to promote the interests of peace . . . and to play an important role in helping to provide a more adequate diet for peoples all around the world.\"\nIn the last 3 1/2 years, over $5 billion worth of surplus farm commodities went overseas under Public Law 480 programs. This is one and one-half billion dollars more than during the previous 3 1/2 years.\nSmall Business\n\nIn 1960, we pledged—\n\"Action to aid small business in obtaining credit and equity capital at reasonable rates.\n\"Protection of the public against the growth of monopoly.\n\"A more equitable share of government contracts to small and independent business.\"\nThrough liberalizing amendments to the Small Business Investment Act in 1961 and 1964, and special tax considerations, the investment of equity capital and long term loan funds in small businesses has been greatly accelerated by privately owned and operated small business investment companies licensed under that Act. Moreover, since January 1961, over 21,000 small businesses have obtained SBA business loans, totalling over $1.14 billion, as a result of liberalized and simplified procedures.\nThe Federal Trade Commission has stepped up its activities to promote free and fair competition in business, and to safeguard the consuming public against both monopolistic and deceptive practices.\nThe reorganized Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice has directed special emphasis to price fixing, particularly on consumer products, by large companies who distribute through small companies. These include eye glasses, salad oil, flour, cosmetics, swimsuits, bread, milk, and even sneakers.\nSince January 1961, some 166,000 government contracts, worth $6.2 billion have been set aside for small business. In the preceding 3 1/2 years there were 77,838 contracts set aside, with a worth of $2.9 billion.\nHOUSING\nIn 1960 we proposed—\n\"To make possible the building of 2,000,000 homes a year in wholesome neighborhoods, the home building industry should be aided by special mortgage assistance, with low interest rates, long-term mortgage periods and reduced down payments.\n\"There will still be need for a substantial low- rent public housing program authorizing as many units as local communities require and are prepared to build.\"\nThe Housing Act of 1961 provides many of the necessary new and improved tools for providing housing for low and moderate income families, and for housing for the elderly.\nFor the 3 1/2 year period ending June 30, 1964, some 5.3 million new units of public and private housing have been built at a cost of approximately $65 billion. The construction rate has risen above 1.5 million units a year, with an annual output of over $20 billion, and we are moving close now to the goal of 2 million a year.\nSince January 1961, nearly 400 local housing authorities have been formed to provide housing for low income families. More than 100,000 new units have been approved for construction, at an annual rate about three times that of 1960.\nThe annual rate of grant assistance for Urban Renewal has risen from $262 million per year (1956 through 1961 ) to a rate of better than $630 million during the past 12 months.\nin the past 3 1/2 years, more than 750 new urban renewal transactions have been approved, equal to nearly 90 percent of the number approved for the entire period from 1949 to 1960.\nCities with community urban renewal programs jumped from a cumulative total of seven in December 1960 to 118 by mid-1964.\nTo house families whose income is not quite low enough to qualify for public housing, a new rental housing program providing a \"below market\" interest rate (currently 3 7/8%) insured by FHA, has been made available. Mortgage purchase funds have been allocated for about 78,000 such rental units.\nReflecting the fuller recognition of the special equities and needs of older people:\nFHA mortgage insurance written on housing projects for the elderly since 1961 has provided more than 3 times as many units as were being provided prior to that time.\nLow rent public housing under Federal assistance is being provided senior citizens at an annual rate more than twice that for 1960.\nDirect loan authorizations for housing for the elderly increased from $50 million in 1961 to $275 million in 1963.\nMaximum loan amounts have been increased to 100% of development cost.\nThe Housing Act of 1961 expanded and strengthened the Federal program in this area.\nThe Senior Citizens Housing Act of 1962 moved us another long step forward.\nApplications for the provision of nursing homes increased from 80 in January 1961 to more than 580 by the middle of 1964, involving more than 50,000 beds for community nursing homes.\nAssistance has been given for more than 1,000 college housing projects including housing for more than 290,000 students and faculty, plus dining halls and other school facilities.\nThe 1963 Executive Order on Equal Opportunity in Housing assures that the benefits of Federal housing programs and assistance are available without discrimination as to race, color, creed or national origin.\nHealth\n\nIn 1960, we proposed to—\n\"Provide medical care benefits for the aged as part of the time-tested social security system.\n\"Step up medical research on the major killers and crippling diseases.\n\"Expand and improve the Hill-Burton hospital construction program.\n\"Federal aid for construction, expanding and modernizing schools of medicine, dentistry, nursing and public health.\n\"Greatly increased federal support for psychiatric research and training and community mental health programs.\"\nMore health legislation has been enacted during the past 8 1/2 years than during any other period in American history.\nThe Community Health Services and Facilities Act of 1961 has made possible 149 projects for testing and demonstrating new or improved services in nursing homes, home care services, central information and referral centers; and providing additional personnel to serve the chronically ill and aged. It has also provided additional federal funds for the construction of nursing homes.\nThe Hill-Burton Amendments of 1964, extend the program of Federal grants for construction of hospitals, public health centers, long-term facilities, rehabilitation facilities and diagnostic or treatment centers for five additional years. For the first time provision is made for the modernization and renovation of hospitals and health facilities. Funds for the construction of nursing homes and other long-term care facilities are substantially increased.\nThe Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Construction Act of 1963, authorized grants of $150,000,000 to States for constructing community Mental Health Centers, which emphasize the new approach to the care of the mentally ill, centered on care and treatment in the patients' home communities. Thirty-six States have already budgeted more than 75% of their share of Federal funds for planning these new systems.\nThe Maternal and Child Health and Mental Retardation Planning Amendments of 1963, along with the Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Construction Act of 1963, authorized a broad program to prevent, treat, and ameliorate mental retardation. The program provides States and communities needed research, manpower developments, and facilities for health, education rehabilitation, and vocational services to the retarded.\nAs part of the Federal Government's program to employ the mentally retarded in suitable Federal jobs, the State rehabilitation agencies are certifying persons as qualified for specific suitable Federal jobs. A rising number of placements already made in Federal installations over the country constitutes an encouraging start.\nThe current need for another 200,000 qualified teachers for the estimated 6 million handicapped children of school age, has been recognized in legislation authorizing grants in aid for the training of professional personnel.\nOther legislation provides funds for training teachers of the deaf.\nA 1962 amendment to the Public Health Act authorizes a new program of project grants to help meet critical health needs of domestic migratory workers and their families through establishment of family health service clinics.\nForty-nine projects in 24 States have received grants to assist an estimated 300,000 migrant workers.\nOne out of every ten migrant laborers is estimated to have received some health services through these projects.\nThe National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, authorized in 1962, is now supporting research and training in eight major areas.\nThe National Institute of General Medical Sciences, also authorized in 1962, gives recognition to the significance of research training in the sciences basic to medicine. Two thousand research projects are currently being supported.\nA $2 million Radiological Health Grant Program was established in 1962 to provide matching grants to assist States in assuming responsibility for adequate radiation control and protection. During Fiscal Year 1964, forty-nine States and Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands participated.\nAfter two years of scientific evaluation of research and findings, the Report of the Surgeon General's Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health was released in January 1964, calling attention to the health hazards of smoking. An information clearinghouse and a public education program directed toward preventing young people from acquiring the smoking habit are being developed.\nA Program for the Aging\n\nIn 1960, we proposed to—\n\"End the neglect of our older citizens. They deserve lives of usefulness, dignity, independence, and participation. We shall assure them not only health care, but employment for those who want to work, decent housing, and recreation.\"\nThe Social Security Act Amendments of 1961 broadened benefits to 5.3 million persons, increased minimum benefits for retired workers from $33 to $40 per month, permitted men as well as women to begin collecting reduced benefits at age 62.\nThe Social Security program now provides $1.3 billion in benefits each month to 19.5 million persons. One out of every ten Americans receives a Social Security check every month.\nThe Welfare and Pension Plans Disclosure Act Amendments of 1962 put \"enforcement teeth\" into this measure, protecting workers' assets in pension programs.\nThe Housing Act of 1961 increased the scope of Federal housing aids for the elderly by raising from $50 million to $125 million the authorization for low-interest-rate direct loans. In 1962, this was raised further to $225 million and in 1963 to $275 million.\nInsurance written by the Federal Housing Administration for mortgage insurance for the elderly since 1961 provides three times as many units as during the preceding Administration.\nLow rent public housing under Federal assistance has been provided senior citizens at an annual rate more than twice that for 1960.\nThe Community Health Services and Facilities Act of 1961 raised the ceiling on appropriations for the construction of nursing homes under the Hill-Burton legislation from $10 million to $20 million; and authorized $10 million per year for a 5-year program of special project grants for the development of new or improved methods of providing health services outside the hospital for the chronically ill or aged.\nExecutive Order 11114, issued by President Johnson on February 12, 1964, establishes for the first time the policy of non-discrimination in employment based on age by Federal contractors.\nWelfare\n\nIn 1960, we proposed to—\n\"Permit workers who are totally and permanently disabled to retire at any age, removing the arbitrary requirement that the worker be 50 years of age.\n\"Amend the law so that after six months of total disability, a worker will be eligible for disability benefits, with restorative services to enable the worker to return to work.\n\"Continued support of legislation for the rehabilitation of physically handicapped persons and improvement of employment opportunities for them.\n\"Persons in need who are inadequately protected by social insurance are cared for by the states and local communities under public assistance programs. The Federal Government, which now shares the cost of aid to some of these, should share in all, and benefits should be made available without regard to residence.\n\"Uniform minimum standards throughout the nation for coverage, duration, and amount of unemployment insurance benefits.\n\"Legislation which will guarantee to women equality of rights under the law, including equal pay for equal work.\n\"The Child Welfare Program and other services already established under the Social Security Act should be expanded. Federal leadership is required in the nationwide campaign to prevent and control juvenile delinquency.\n\"A federal bureau of inter-group relations to help solve problems of discrimination in housing, education, employment and community opportunities in general. The bureau would assist in the solution of problems arising from the resettlement of immigrants and migrants within our own country, and in resolving religious, social and other tensions where they arise.\"\nThe 1961 Public Assistance Amendments, extended aid for the first time to families with dependent children in which the parent is unemployed. Currently, 18 States have adopted this program. Aid is being provided to about 75,000 families with nearly 280,000 children.\nThe food stamp program is providing improved purchasing powers and a better diet for families and persons receiving general assistance.\nThe 1962 Public Welfare amendments provide the authority and financial resources for a new approach to the problems of prolonged dependency and some of the special needs of children.\nUnder these enactments and related provisions: 49 States have now qualified for increased Federal financial aid to provide help to families with economic and social problems, and to assist families dependent on public assistance back to economic independence.\n9 pilot projects have been initiated to help children stay in school.\n41 demonstration projects have been designed to improve public assistance operations and to find ways of helping low-income families and individuals to become independent.\n18,000 unemployed fathers in needy families are currently on community work and training projects.\nThree million children are now covered by the program of aid to families with dependent children; and under the 1962 amendments these children receive, in addition to financial assistance, other needed help toward normal growth and development.\n46 States now have approved plans for day care services.\nGrants for research and demonstrations in child welfare were first awarded in 1962, and 62 projects have since been approved.\nStarting for the first time in 1963, grants for training child welfare workers have been made to 58 institutions of higher learning.\nApproximately 453,000 older persons received medical assistance under the Kerr-Mills program in fiscal year 1964.\nThe Temporary Extended Unemployment Compensation Act of 1961 provided 13 additional weeks of benefits to the long-term unemployed. 2.8 million jobless workers received $800 million in assistance.\nThe Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Offenses Control Act of 1961 made possible the establishment of training centers at 12 universities. By the end of fiscal year 1964, the program will have reached 12,500 trainees for work in delinquency prevention and control.\nThe Equal Pay Act of 1963 and the work of the President's Commission on the Status of Women, which reported to the President that same year, were events of historic importance in the struggle for equal opportunity and full partnership for women. The inclusion of women in the employment provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 makes equality in employment at long last the law of the land.\nTitle X of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 establishes a Community Relations Service \"to provide assistance to communities and persons therein in resolving disputes, disagreements, or difficulties relating to discriminatory practices based on race, color, or national origin...\"\nEducation\n\nIn 1960, we pledged—\n\"We believe that America can meet its educational obligations only with generous federal financial support, within the traditional framework of local control. The assistance will take the form of federal grants to States for educational purposes they deem most pressing, including classroom construction and teachers' salaries. It will include aid for the construction of academic facilities as well as dormitories at colleges and universities.\n\"We pledge further federal support for all phases of vocational education for youth and adults; for libraries and adult education; for realizing the potential of educational television; and for exchange of students and teachers with other nations.\n\"As part of a broader concern for young people we recommend establishment of a Youth Conservation Corps, to give underprivileged young people a rewarding experience in a healthful environment.\"\nThe Higher Education Facilities Act of 1963 provides $1.2 billion for college construction over a three-year period. Over 2,000 institutions are eligible to benefit from its provisions in helping them meet current enrollment increases of 350,000 students each year.\nThe Health Professions Educational Assistance Act of 1963 will increase the number of professional health personnel through construction grants for health teaching facilities, and through low-interest student loans to assist up to 10,000 students of medicine, dentistry, or osteopathy to pay for their high-cost education.\nThe Vocational Education Act of 1963 authorizes a $956 million increase in Federal support for vocational education over the next five fiscal years —1964 through 1968. It is estimated that 7,000,000 students will be enrolled in vocational education in 1968, an increase of about 3,000,000 over present annual enrollment.\nLegislation approved in 1963, which increased authorization for loans to needy students for college education, will mean that in the coming school year approximately 280,000 students will be borrowing about $142 million from the loan funds to help pay for their higher education, as compared with 115,450 students borrowing $50,152,000 in 1960.\nIn the last three fiscal years, there have been grants of $153.1 million in Federal funds to the States for purchases of equipment and materials, and remodeling classrooms to strengthen instruction in science, mathematics, and modern foreign languages.\nA $32 million program of grants to help establish non-commercial educational television stations was approved in 1962. Thirty-seven grants have been approved, totaling $6.1 million—18 for new stations and 19 for expansion.\nThe Library Services and Construction Act of 1964 broadened Federal aid to cover urban as well as rural areas, and to provide construction grants in addition to other library services. The new legislation increased the authorization for Federal aid to develop libraries from $7.5 million to the present level of $25 million and included a new program of assistance for public library construction, with an appropriation for Fiscal Year 1965 of $30 million.\nThe Youth Conservation Corps envisioned by the 1960 proposal is provided for under Title I of the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964.\nNatural Resources\n\nIn 1960, we said—\n\"A thin layer of earth, a few inches of rain, and a blanket of air makes human life possible on our planet.\"\n\"Sound public policy must assure that these essential resources will be available to provide the good life for our children and future generations.\"\nAfter the 1960 election President Kennedy and President Johnson implemented this platform by a whole series of new conservation policies and programs, some of which emanated from the first White House Conference on Conservation called by any President since the 1908 conference called by President Theodore Roosevelt.\nDuring this Administration two historic conservation measures were enacted. These were:\nThe Wilderness Bill and the Land and Water Conservation Fund Bill which will together do more to help conserve outdoor America than any legislation passed in a generation.\nIn addition to this landmark legislation new emphasis has been placed on science as the modern midwife of conservation, and new impetus has been given across the board in the conservation of natural resources.\n\nIn the field of water conservation\nTwenty-one new major water resources projects have been authorized or started in the West;\nA high-water mark has been achieved in the annual level of national investment in water resource projects;\nThe saline water conversion effort has been quadrupled, and should achieve a dramatic cost-breakthrough during the next Administration.\n\nIn electric power\nEnding 16 years of argument, a bold plan was developed under President Johnson's personal leadership to interconnect the electric power systems of the Pacific Northwest and the Southwest, thus providing benefits for power users in 11 Western States; under this plan, construction will soon begin on the first direct current long-distance lines in the United States, stretching all the way from the Columbia River to Los Angeles—and a new era of public and private power cooperation will commence.\nFederal hydroelectric generating capacity has been increased by 2,600,000 kilowatts, and 5,150,000 kilowatts of non-Federal capacity has been licensed by the Federal Power Commission.\n3,350 miles of vital transmission lines have been added to Federal systems and about 25,000 miles of new transmission lines have also been built by non-Federal power systems.\nThe FPC has conducted a National Power Survey to encourage both public and private power companies to join in power pools which are bringing lower cost electricity to consumers throughout the nation.\nThe world's largest atomic electric power plant (at Hanford, Washington) was funded and will soon be generating as much power as two Bonneville dams.\nFederal REA loans have made it possible to open up the lignite coal fields of the Dakotas, and to exploit the coal fields of Western Colorado.\nIn addition, the Congress authorized the Delaware Basin Compact to permit the multi-purpose development of that river, and the Senate ratified the Columbia River Treaty which enables the joint U.S.-Canadian development of the full potential of that great river to begin later this year.\n\nIn outdoor recreation\nThe Congress created three superb new national seashores at Cape Cod (Massachusetts), Padre Island (Texas) and Point Reyes (California).\nPioneering a new park concept, Ozark Rivers National Riverways (Missouri) was established as the first river preservation national park in the Nation, and 12 other major new additions to the Park System were recommended for action by future Congresses.\nA Bureau of Outdoor Recreation was created. As a vital part of the war on poverty, during the next year, 20 thousand young Americans will set to work in conservation camps across the land tackling the big backlog of work in the land and water areas owned by all of the people.\n\nIn the conservation and development of mineral resources\nResearch helped coal production surge upward, and there were initiated a series of action steps (including activation of the huge Rifle, Colorado, research center) which will lead to the orderly development of the vast oil shale resources of the Colorado plateau.\n\nFor wildlife\nEnactment of the Wetlands Bill of 1961 made it possible to create more new Waterfowl Refuges (27) than during any previous four-year period in our history.\nThe Clean Air Act of 1963 is already providing the first full-scale attack on the air pollution problems that blight living conditions in so many of our cities.\nEnactment of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1961 launched the first massive attack on this conservation problem which has already resulted in 1,300 municipal waste treatment plans and the approval of projects that have improved the water quality in 18,000 miles of streams that provide water for 22 million people.\nCities and Their Suburbs\n\nIn 1960, we declared—\n\"A new Democratic administration will expand Federal programs to aid urban communities to clear their slums, dispose of their sewage, educate their children, transport suburban commuters to and from their jobs, and combat juvenile delinquency.\"\nThe Housing Act of 1961 marked the beginning of a new era of Federal commitment to the problems of a nation in which three-fourths of the population has come to live in urban areas.\nUnder that Act, funds available for urban planning grants were increased by $55 million and a new $50 million Federal grant program to assist localities in the acquisition of permanent open space land to be used as parks and playgrounds was established.\nThe Housing Act of 1961 and the Area Redevelopment Act of 1961 authorized public facilities loans of $600 million.\nThe Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Offenses Control Act of 1961 launched a broad attack on youth problems by financing demonstration projects, training personnel in delinquency work, and providing technical assistance for community youth programs.\nIn 1960, we pledged—\n\"Federal aid for comprehensive metropolitan\ntransportation programs, including bus and rail mass transit, commuter railroads as well as highway programs and construction of civil airports.\"\nThe Housing Act of 1961 launched the first efforts to help metropolitan and other urban areas solve their mass transportation problems; 75 million in loans and demonstration grants were provided to States and localities to construct and improve mass transportation systems.\nThe Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964 establishes a new long-range program for this purpose and authorizes $375 million in Federal grants, over 3 years, for capital construction and improvement which local transit systems cannot otherwise finance.\nTransportation\n\nIn 1960, we observed—\n\"Over the past seven years we have watched the steady weakening of the Nation's transportation system, and we noted the need for a national transportation policy.'\"\nThe National Transportation policy was enunciated in the first Presidential message ever to be sent to the Congress dealing solely with transportation.\nThe Highway Act of 1961 resolved the lagging problem of financing the 41,000 mile interstate highway program, and the finished construction rate has almost doubled.\nThe Federal Maritime Commission has been established as an independent agency to guard against prejudice or discrimination harmful to the growth of U. S. World Trade.\nThe Maritime Administration, U. S. Department of Commerce, was set up to give its full attention to promoting a vigorous policy of strengthening and modernizing our merchant fleet. Seventy big modern cargo and cargo-passenger ships have been added to the U.S. merchant fleet. The Savannah, the world's first nuclear-powered merchant ship, is now on her first foreign voyage.\nThe far-reaching decision has been made that the United States will design and build a supersonic air transport plane—and thereby maintain our leadership position in international aviation. Congress has provided $60 million for the development of detailed designs. Twenty airlines already have placed orders.\nOn August 13, President Johnson signed a new highway bill to provide better primary and secondary highways on a 50/50 basis with the states. In addition, it will support needed efforts to improve forest highways, public land roads and national park roads.\nScience\n\nIn 1960, we declared—\n\"We will recognize the special role of our Federal Government in support of basic and applied research,\" mentioning in particular Space, Atomic Energy, and Oceanography.\n\nSpace\nSince 1961, the United States has pressed vigorously forward with a 10-year, $35-billion national space program for clear leadership in space exploration, space use, and all important aspects of space science and technology.\nAlready this program has enabled the United States to challenge the early Soviet challenge in space booster power and to effectively counter the Soviet bid for recognition as the world's leading nation in science and technology.\nIn the years 1961-1964, the United States has Successfully flown the Saturn I rocket, putting into orbit the heaviest payloads of the space age to date.\nMoved rapidly forward with much more powerful launch vehicles, the Saturn IB and the Saturn V. The Saturn IB, scheduled to fly in 1966, will be able to orbit a payload of 16 tons; and Saturn V, scheduled to fly in 1967 or 1968, will be able to orbit 120 tons or send 45 tons to the moon or 35 tons to Mars or Venus.\nMastered the difficult technology of using liquid hydrogen as a space rocket fuel in the Centaur upper stage rocket and the Saturn I second stage—assuring American leadership in space science and manned space flight in this decade.\nSuccessfully completed six manned space flights in Project Mercury, acquiring 54 hours of space flight experience.\nSuccessfully flight-tested the two-man Gemini spacecraft and Titan II space rocket so that manned Gemini flights can begin late in 1964 or early in 1965.\nDeveloped the three-man Apollo spacecraft which will be able to spend up to two months in earth orbit, operate out to a quarter of a million miles from earth, and land our first astronaut-explorers on the moon.\nTaken all actions to conduct a series of manned space flights in the Gemini and Apollo programs which will give the United States some 5,000 man-hours of flight experience in earth orbit, develop U. S. capabilities for rendezvous and joining of spacecraft in orbit, and prove out man's ability to perform valuable missions during long stays in space.\nMade man's first close-up observations of another planet during the highly successful Mariner II fly-by of Venus.\nObtained the first close-up pictures of the moon, taken and relayed to earth by Ranger VII.\nInitiated an ambitious long-range program for scientific investigations in space utilizing large, versatile spacecraft called Orbiting Observatories for geophysical, solar and stellar studies.\nOperated the world's first weather satellites (Tiros).\nSet up, under the Communications Satellite Act of 1962, the Communications Satellite Corporation, which is well on the way to establishing a global satellite communications system to provide reliable, low-cost telephone, telegraph, and television services to all parts of the world.\nIn short, the United States has matched rapid progress in manned space flight with a balanced program for scientific investigations in space, practical uses of space, and advanced research and technological pioneering to assure that the new challenges of space in the next decade can also be met, and U. S. leadership maintained.\n\nAtomic Energy\nThe number of civilian nuclear power plants has increased from 3 to 14 since January 1961; and now the advent of economic nuclear power provides utilities a wider choice of competitive power sources in many sections of the country.\nThe world's largest nuclear power reactor, the Atomic Energy Commission's Production Reactor near Richland, Washington, achieved a controlled, self-sustained nuclear reaction on December 31, 1963.\nThe first deep-sea anchored, automatic weather station powered by nuclear energy has gone into unattended operation in the Gulf of Mexico, and the first lighthouse powered by nuclear energy flashes now in Chesapeake Bay.\nNuclear energy was extended to space for the first time in 1961. Compact nuclear generators supplied part of the power for instruments in two satellites, and in 1963 provided all of the power needs of two other satellites.\nVigorous support has been given to basic research in atomic energy. The world's highest energy accelerator, the AGS, has come into productive operation.\n\nOceanography\nFor the first time in history the United States is building a fleet expressly designed for oceanographic research. Since 1961, 29 ships have been completed or are currently under construction. Shoreside facilities and training programs have been established as part of a major government-wide effort, begun in 1961, to capture the enormous potential rewards of research in this area which until now have been almost as remote and inaccessible as space itself.\nGovernment Operations\n\n\"We shall reform the processes of government in all branches—executive, legislative, and judicial. We will clean out corruption and conflicts of interest, and improve government services.\"\nThis Administration has brought the personnel, morale, ethics, and performance of the Federal service to a point of high excellence. To accomplish this transformation it made improvements in a broad range of activities affecting the operation of the government.\nThe conflict of interest laws were strengthened by the first major revision in a century. The comprehensive new law eliminates ambiguities and inconsistencies in existing laws, and increases the range of government matters in which conflict of interest is prohibited. In addition, President Kennedy issued an Executive Order which established more rigid standards of conduct for Federal officials and employees.\nThe regulatory agencies were made more effective by reorganization programs and by the appointment of highly-qualified officials, dedicated to protecting the public interest.\nThe Department of Justice has cracked down effectively on organized crime under new anti-racketeering statutes, has uncovered and prosecuted important foreign spies, and has made progress toward more effective procedures for protecting the rights of poor defendants to bail and counsel.\nFederal Employee Organizations, many of which have existed for over half a century, were at last extended formal recognition under Executive Order 10988, issued by President Kennedy.\nThe Federal Pay Raise Act of 1964 updated the pay structure for Federal employees on a basis of equal salary rates for comparable levels of work in private industry. Completing the reforms initiated in the Act of 1962, it provided for long-needed increases in salary for top level Government administrators upon whom major responsibility for program results must rest. In President Johnson's words, this law established a basis for a standard of \"brilliance\" and \"excellence\" in the Federal Government.\nCongressional Procedures\n\nIn 1960, we urged action—\n\"To improve Congressional procedures so that majority rule prevails.\"\nIn 1961, the House Rules Committee was enlarged from 12 to 15 members, making it more representative of the views of the majority, and thereby enabling much important legislation to be reported to the floor for a vote by the entire House membership.\nIn 1964, for the first time in history, the Senate voted to limit debate on a civil rights measure, thus permitting the Civil Rights Act to come to a vote, and thereby to be enacted.\nConsumers\n\nIn 1960, we proposed—\n\"Effective Government representation and protection\" for consumers.\nIn 1962, President Kennedy became the first Chief Executive to send a message to Congress on consumer matters.\nThis Executive action was closely followed by the creation of a Consumer Advisory Council.\nIn 1964, President Johnson appointed the first Special Assistant to the President for Consumer Affairs, and created a new President's Committee on Consumer Interests.\nThe Kefauver-Harris Drug Amendments of 1962 were the most far-reaching improvements in the Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act since 1938. Under these amendments:\nEffective legal tools were provided to insure greater safety in connection with the manufacture, distribution and use of drugs.\nVital safeguards were added for drug research and manufacture.\nInterstate distribution of new drugs for testing was barred until an adequate plan of investigation was made available to the Food and Drug Administration.\nDomestic drug manufacturing establishments will now be required to register annually and be inspected by the FDA at least once a year.\nThe Administration has vigorously supported Truth-in-Lending, Truth-in-Packaging, and Truth-in-Securities bills.\nThe titles of these bills explain their objectives. Together, they form a triple armor of protection: for buyers of packaged goods, from prevailing deceptive practices; for borrowers of money, from hidden and unscrupulous interest and carrying charges; and for investors in securities from unfair practices threatening to vital savings. The first two bills are still awaiting Congressional action; the third is now a law.\nThe upward spiral in the price of natural gas which took place in the decade of the 1950's has been halted by vigorous regulatory action of the Federal Power Commission and the nation's 36 million consumers of natural gas have benefited from rate reductions and refunds in excess of $600 million. Natural gas moving largely in interstate pipelines now supplies almost a third of the nation's energy requirements. Regulation to insure its availability in ample supply and at reasonable prices is an important consumer protection function which is now being effectively discharged.\nVeterans Affairs\n\nIn 1960, we proposed—\n\"Adequate compensation for those with service-connected disabilities,\" and \"pensions adequate for a full and dignified life for disabled and distressed veterans and for needy survivors of deceased veterans.\"\nSince 1961, we have achieved:\nIncreased disability payments for veterans with service-connected disabilities. In the first year alone, this increase provided veterans with additional payments of about $98 million.\nAn increase of about 10 percent a month in the compensation for widows, children, and parents of veterans who died of service-connected disabilities.\nAn increase from $112 to $150 a month in the dependency and indemnity compensation payable to widows of veterans who died of service-connected disabilities.\nIncreased compensation benefits to veterans disabled by blindness, deafness, and kidney disorders, and increased benefits to widows and orphans of veterans whose deaths were service-connected.\nIn 1960, we endorsed—\n\"Expanded programs of vocational rehabilitation for disabled veterans, and education for orphans of servicemen.\"\nSince 1961, vocational rehabilitation and training has enabled thousands of GI's to choose occupations and acquire valuable training. For the first time, veterans with peacetime service-connected disabilities have been afforded vocational rehabilitation training. In addition, vocational rehabilitation was extended to blinded World War II and Korean conflict veterans, and war orphans' educational assistance was extended in behalf of certain reservists called to active duty.\nIn 1960, we stated—\n\"The quality of medical care furnished to the disabled veterans has deteriorated .... We shall work for all increased availability of facilities for all veterans in need and we shall move with particular urgency to fulfill the need for expanded domiciliary and nursing-home facilities.\"\nSince 1961, we have—\nApproved the construction of new, modern hospitals, a number of which are being built near medical schools to improve veterans' care and research.\nAdded more full-time doctors to the VA staff, bringing it to an all-time high of nearly 5,000.\nProvided hospital and medical care, including out-patient treatment, to peacetime ex-servicemen for service-connected disabilities on the same basis furnished war veterans.\nStepped up medical research programs, which have made outstanding contributions to American medicine.\nIn 1960, we pledged—\n\"We shall continue the veterans home loan guarantee and direct loan programs and education benefits patterned after the GI Bill of Rights.\"\nSince 1961, legislation has extended veterans home loans for both World War II and Korean conflict veterans. The GI Bill of Rights for Korean veterans was also extended for the benefit of certain reservists called to active duty.\nDespite this considerably increased activity, the Veterans Administration has reduced its operating costs.\nAmerican Indians\n\nIn 1960, we pledged—\n\"Prompt adoption of a program to assist Indian tribes in the full development of their human and natural resources and to advance the health, education and economic well-being of Indian citizens while preserving their cultural heritage.\"\nIn these 3 1/2 years:\nNew classrooms have been provided for more than 7,000 Indian children; summer educational programs have been expanded tenfold so they now serve more than 20,000 students; and a special institute to train artistically gifted Indian youth has been established.\nIndian enrollment in vocational training programs has been doubled.\nFor the first time in history, Federal low-rent housing programs have been launched on Indian reservations, and more than 3,100 new housing units have now been authorized.\nIndustrial plants offering employment opportunities for thousands of Indians are being opened on Indian reservations.\nAccelerated Public Works projects on 89 reservations in 21 States have provided nearly 30,000 man-months of employment.\nThe Vocational Education Act and the Adult Indian Vocational Training Act have been amended to provide improved training for Indians.\nThe Arts\n\nIn 1960, we observed—\n\"The arts flourish where there is freedom and where individual initiative and imagination are encouraged.\"\nNo single quality of the new Administration was more immediately evident to the Nation and the world than the recognition it gave to American artists.\nPresident Kennedy early created an advisory commission to assist in the growth and development of the arts, and the Administration secured amendments to the Educational and Cultural Exchange Act to improve the quality and effectiveness of the international educational and cultural exchange programs. This past year, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts was established to stimulate widespread interest in the arts.\nOn Washington's Birthday 1963, President Kennedy, by Executive Order, created a new Presidential Medal of Freedom as the highest civil honor conferred by the President in peace time upon persons who have made distinctive contributions to the security and national interest of the United States, to world peace, or to cultural activities. Henceforth, those men and women selected by the President for the Medal will be announced annually on the Fourth of July and will be presented with medals at an appropriate White House ceremony.\nIn his address to the University of Michigan in May 1964, President Johnson proposed that we begin to build the Great Society first of all in the cities of America, restoring the beauty and dignity which urban centers have lost.\nThat same month the President's Council on Pennsylvania Avenue presented to him a sweeping proposal for the reconstruction of the center of the City of Washington. The proposal has been hailed as \"a blueprint for glory . . . a realistic and far-seeing redevelopment scheme that may be Washington's last chance to save its 'Avenue of Presidents.'\"\nCivil Liberties\n\nIn 1960, we reaffirmed—\n\"Our dedication to the Bill of Rights. Freedom and civil liberties, far from being incompatible with security, are vital to our national strength.\"\nThe era of fear and suspicion brought on by accusations, true and false, of subversive activities and security risks has passed. The good sense of the American people, and the overwhelming loyalty of our citizenry have combined to restore balance and calm to security activities, without in any way diminishing the scope or effectiveness of those activities.\nThe Administration has jealously guarded the right of each American to protect his good name. Except in those instances where the national security is overriding, confrontation of the accuser is now required in all loyalty hearings. Individuals whose loyalty is being questioned must also be notified of the charges in sufficient time for them to prepare their defense.\nFiscal Responsibility\n\nIn 1960, we promised—\n\"We shall end the gross waste in Federal expenditures which needlessly raises the budgets of many Government agencies.\"\nSince 1961, we have moved boldly and directly to eliminate waste and duplication wherever it occurs.\nFor example, the Department of Defense has embarked on a far-reaching program to realize savings through improvements in its efficiency and management. This program has already produced savings of more than $1 billion in Fiscal Year 1963 and $2.5 billion in the Fiscal Year just completed. By 1964, it is expected that the program will produce yearly savings of over $4 billion.\nAt the close of the past Fiscal Year Federal employment had been reduced by 22,000 over the total one year earlier. The 1965 budget calls for lower expenditures than in the preceding year—only the second time such a feat has been accomplished in the past 10 years. In 1960, we pledged—\n\"We shall collect the billions in taxes which are owed to the Federal Government but are not now collected.\"\nTo handle additional work in income tax collection, 3,971 new employees were added to the Internal Revenue Service by the Congress in fiscal 1961; 2,817 new positions were added in fiscal 1963; and about 1,000 more in fiscal 1964. The additional revenue which these employees will produce will far exceed the cost of their employment.\nIn 1960, we pledged—\n\"We shall close the loopholes in the tax laws by which certain privileged groups legally escape their fair share of taxation.\"\nThe Revenue Acts of 1962 and 1964 eliminated more loopholes than all the revenue legislation from 1941 to 1962 combined. They raised $1.7 billion annually in new revenue, nine times the sum raised in this manner during the 1953-60 period. These bills sharply limited expense account abuses, special preferences to U. S. firms and individuals operating abroad, escapes from taxation through personal holding companies and many other unjustified advantages.\nCivil Rights\n\nIn 1960, we pledged—\n\"We shall... seek to create an affirmative new atmosphere in which to deal with racial divisions and inequalities which threaten both the integrity of our democratic faith and the proposition on which our Nation was founded—that all men are created equal.\"\nThat pledge was made from the deepest moral conviction.\nIt was carried out on the same basis.\nFrom the establishment of the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity, under the chairmanship of the then Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, on March 6, 1961 to this moment, the efforts of the Administration to provide full and equal civil rights for all Americans have never relaxed.\nThe high point of achievement in this effort was reached with the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the greatest civil rights measure in the history of the American people.\nThis landmark of our Democracy bars discrimination in the use of public accommodations, in employment, and in the administering of Federally-assisted programs. It makes available effective procedures for assuring the right to vote in Federal elections, directs Federal technical and financial assistance to local public school systems in desegregation, and strengthens the Civil Rights Commission. This comprehensive legislation resolves many of the festering conflicts which had been a source of irritating uncertainty, and smoothes the way for favorable resolution of these problems.\nWe have also insisted upon non-discrimination in apprenticeship, and have made free, unsegregated access a condition for Federal financial assistance to public libraries, programs for training of teachers of the handicapped, counseling, guidance and foreign language institutes, adult civil defense classes, and manpower development and training programs.\nIn supporting construction of Hill-Burton hospitals, mental retardation and community health facilities, we have required non-discrimination in admission and provision of services and granting of staff privileges.\nWe have been equally firm in opposing any policy of quotas or \"discrimination in reverse,\" and all other arbitrary or irrelevant distinctions in American life.\nThis, then, is the accounting of our stewardship. The 1960 platform was not directed to any one sector or group of Americans with particular interests.\nIt proclaimed, rather, the Rights of Man.\nThe platform asserted the essential fact of that moment in our history—that the next administration to take office would face as never before the \"responsibility and opportunity to call forth the greatness of the American people.\"\nThat responsibility was met; that opportunity was seized, The years since have been times of towering achievement.\nWe are proud to have been a part of this history. The task of leadership is to lead, and that has been our purpose. But the achievements of the nation over this period outreach the contribution of any party; they are the work of the American people.\nIn the 1,000 days of John F. Kennedy, in the eventful and culminating months of Lyndon B. Johnson, there has been born a new American greatness.\nLet us continue.", "Words" -> 19967, "WordCounts" -> <|"the" -> 1167, "of" -> 922, "and" -> 768, "to" -> 630, "in" -> 469, "for" -> 307, "a" -> 246, "The" -> 190, "our" -> 148, "has" -> 146, "have" -> 140, "by" -> 118, "In" -> 117, "we" -> 116, "that" -> 115, "will" -> 111, "been" -> 110, "on" -> 107, "is" -> 103, "with" -> 96, "be" -> 94, "We" -> 93, "as" -> 91, "which" -> 79, "1961" -> 76, "Act" -> 74, "1960" -> 73, "are" -> 72, "from" -> 71, "new" -> 70, "million" -> 70, "or" -> 69, "an" -> 65, "program" -> 63, "Federal" -> 61, "their" -> 59, "was" -> 58, "this" -> 58, "more" -> 58, "than" -> 57, "American" -> 57, "all" -> 56, "States" -> 54, "1964" -> 54, "at" -> 50, "programs" -> 48, "must" -> 46, "United" -> 45, "President" -> 45, "first" -> 45, "people" -> 42, "now" -> 40, "years" -> 39, "were" -> 38, "national" -> 38, "its" -> 36, "year" -> 35, "world" -> 35, "development" -> 35, "billion" -> 35, "public" -> 34, "it" -> 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-> 4, "Johnson's" -> 4, "John" -> 4, "job" -> 4, "information" -> 4, "industries" -> 4, "independent" -> 4, "independence" -> 4, "increasing" -> 4, "increases" -> 4, "improvement" -> 4, "immigration" -> 4, "I" -> 4, "hundred" -> 4, "hospital" -> 4, "historic" -> 4, "Hill-Burton" -> 4, "helped" -> 4, "handicapped" -> 4, "greatness" -> 4, "greatly" -> 4, "greatest" -> 4, "Forces" -> 4, "followed" -> 4, "flights" -> 4, "flight" -> 4, "fleet" -> 4, "five" -> 4, "find" -> 4, "fight" -> 4, "field" -> 4, "fewer" -> 4, "few" -> 4, "February" -> 4, "Fair" -> 4, "failed" -> 4, "extend" -> 4, "exists" -> 4, "establishing" -> 4, "establishes" -> 4, "era" -> 4, "equality" -> 4, "ensure" -> 4, "enacted" -> 4, "Employment" -> 4, "effectiveness" -> 4, "During" -> 4, "divisions" -> 4, "distribution" -> 4, "disarmament" -> 4, "direct" -> 4, "developing" -> 4, "determined" -> 4, "demonstration" -> 4, "democratic" -> 4, "delinquency" -> 4, "declared" -> 4, "currently" -> 4, "credit" -> 4, "counter-insurgency" -> 4, "contributions" -> 4, "connection" -> 4, "concern" -> 4, "competition" -> 4, "Columbia" -> 4, "color" -> 4, "collective" -> 4, "cause" -> 4, "cannot" -> 4, "By" -> 4, "businesses" -> 4, "built" -> 4, "build" -> 4, "broadened" -> 4, "broad" -> 4, "bring" -> 4, "bills" -> 4, "began" -> 4, "become" -> 4, "because" -> 4, "back" -> 4, "automation" -> 4, "authority" -> 4, "atomic" -> 4, "Atlantic" -> 4, "Asia" -> 4, "arts" -> 4, "arbitrary" -> 4, "Arab" -> 4, "annually" -> 4, "among" -> 4, "America's" -> 4, "Alliance" -> 4, "agriculture" -> 4, "agricultural" -> 4, "agreements" -> 4, "ago" -> 4, "admission" -> 4, "administration" -> 4, "across" -> 4, "6" -> 4, "1968" -> 4, "16" -> 4, "1" -> 4, "$50" -> 3, "$2" -> 3, "written" -> 3, "Works" -> 3, "won" -> 3, "wildlife" -> 3, "widows" -> 3, "wholesome" -> 3, "while" -> 3, "West" -> 3, "well-being" -> 3, "Washington" -> 3, "Vocational" -> 3, "vigorously" -> 3, "value" -> 3, "V" -> 3, "upward" -> 3, "unnecessary" -> 3, "Two" -> 3, "truth" -> 3, "Treaty" -> 3, "Transportation" -> 3, "transmission" -> 3, "transit" -> 3, "Today" -> 3, "today" -> 3, "ties" -> 3, "threat" -> 3, "thousands" -> 3, "thereby" -> 3, "testing" -> 3, "Test" -> 3, "television" -> 3, "sustained" -> 3, "supporting" -> 3, "supply" -> 3, "Successfully" -> 3, "subversion" -> 3, "structure" -> 3, "streams" -> 3, "Strategic" -> 3, "stimulate" -> 3, "step" -> 3, "steady" -> 3, "specific" -> 3, "Space" -> 3, "source" -> 3, "sound" -> 3, "soil" -> 3, "six" -> 3, "ships" -> 3, "sharply" -> 3, "seven" -> 3, "Services" -> 3, "series" -> 3, "senior" -> 3, "Senate" -> 3, "second" -> 3, "satellites" -> 3, "safe" -> 3, "rule" -> 3, "rose" -> 3, "roads" -> 3, "rewards" -> 3, "reverse" -> 3, "Retardation" -> 3, "respect" -> 3, "resolving" -> 3, "reservations" -> 3, "rent" -> 3, "renewal" -> 3, "remove" -> 3, "refugees" -> 3, "reform" -> 3, "reductions" -> 3, "Red" -> 3, "recognize" -> 3, "recent" -> 3, "realistic" -> 3, "ratified" -> 3, "raise" -> 3, "qualified" -> 3, "put" -> 3, "purchasing" -> 3, "prudently" -> 3, "protecting" -> 3, "protected" -> 3, "project" -> 3, "Programs" -> 3, "productivity" -> 3, "problem" -> 3, "privileges" -> 3, "priority" -> 3, "prevailing" -> 3, "preservation" -> 3, "prepared" -> 3, "Power" -> 3, "population" -> 3, "plans" -> 3, "plan" -> 3, "person" -> 3, "periods" -> 3, "People" -> 3, "Pay" -> 3, "party" -> 3, "participation" -> 3, "park" -> 3, "parity" -> 3, "own" -> 3, "overwhelming" -> 3, "outdoor" -> 3, "orphans" -> 3, "Organization" -> 3, "operations" -> 3, "officials" -> 3, "offensive" -> 3, "observed" -> 3, "objectives" -> 3, "objective" -> 3, "Now" -> 3, "non-discrimination" -> 3, "negotiate" -> 3, "needy" -> 3, "near" -> 3, "Natural" -> 3, "moving" -> 3, "moon" -> 3, "metropolitan" -> 3, "met" -> 3, "mentally" -> 3, "may" -> 3, "materials" -> 3, "material" -> 3, "March" -> 3, "manufacturing" -> 3, "man" -> 3, "majority" -> 3, "lunch" -> 3, "localities" -> 3, "libraries" -> 3, "legal" -> 3, "leaders" -> 3, "lead" -> 3, "larger" -> 3, "Korean" -> 3, "juvenile" -> 3, "June" -> 3, "join" -> 3, "Japan" -> 3, "Israel" -> 3, "involving" -> 3, "interstate" -> 3, "interests" -> 3, "insist" -> 3, "initiative" -> 3, "inflation" -> 3, "Indians" -> 3, "incomes" -> 3, "include" -> 3, "improvements" -> 3, "imports" -> 3, "ill" -> 3, "highways" -> 3, "highway" -> 3, "Hemisphere" -> 3, "helping" -> 3, "hate" -> 3, "Gulf" -> 3, "guarantee" -> 3, "growing" -> 3, "gross" -> 3, "Great" -> 3, "gold" -> 3, "giving" -> 3, "generating" -> 3, "general" -> 3, "Gemini" -> 3, "gas" -> 3, "fulfilled" -> 3, "friends" -> 3, "Freedom" -> 3, "forest" -> 3, "firmly" -> 3, "financing" -> 3, "feed" -> 3, "favor" -> 3, "far-reaching" -> 3, "far" -> 3, "faith" -> 3, "face" -> 3, "extent" -> 3, "exploration" -> 3, "expand" -> 3, "excellence" -> 3, "example" -> 3, "European" -> 3, "Europe" -> 3, "especially" -> 3, "equitable" -> 3, "entire" -> 3, "enrollment" -> 3, "enforcement" -> 3, "Energy" -> 3, "enabled" -> 3, "eliminated" -> 3, "eight" -> 3, "efficient" -> 3, "efficiency" -> 3, "earnings" -> 3, "drugs" -> 3, "Drug" -> 3, "double" -> 3, "dollar" -> 3, "do" -> 3, "District" -> 3, "displaced" -> 3, "disability" -> 3, "direction" -> 3, "dignity" -> 3, "developments" -> 3, "depressed" -> 3, "dependent" -> 3, "Democracy" -> 3, "demands" -> 3, "December" -> 3, "deal" -> 3, "dangers" -> 3, "current" -> 3, "critical" -> 3, "creation" -> 3, "creating" -> 3, "covered" -> 3, "Council" -> 3, "cotton" -> 3, "corporate" -> 3, "conventional" -> 3, "contribution" -> 3, "contribute" -> 3, "Construction" -> 3, "Congressional" -> 3, "conduct" -> 3, "commodities" -> 3, "commitments" -> 3, "command" -> 3, "Colorado" -> 3, "coal" -> 3, "closely" -> 3, "close" -> 3, "China" -> 3, "Child" -> 3, "charges" -> 3, "change" -> 3, "challenges" -> 3, "century" -> 3, "causes" -> 3, "carry" -> 3, "But" -> 3, "burden" -> 3, "budgets" -> 3, "budget" -> 3, "break" -> 3, "borrowing" -> 3, "bold" -> 3, "billions" -> 3, "below" -> 3, "belief" -> 3, "behalf" -> 3, "Because" -> 3, "became" -> 3, "bargaining" -> 3, "Ban" -> 3, "authorizes" -> 3, "authorization" -> 3, "August" -> 3, "attention" -> 3, "Atomic" -> 3, "At" -> 3, "Assistance" -> 3, "around" -> 3, "Army" -> 3, "Arms" -> 3, "Area" -> 3, "April" -> 3, "appropriate" -> 3, "announced" -> 3, "amount" -> 3, "amendment" -> 3, "aged" -> 3, "again" -> 3, "After" -> 3, "affirmative" -> 3, "Advisory" -> 3, "active" -> 3, "achievement" -> 3, "account" -> 3, "access" -> 3, "Accelerated" -> 3, "abundance" -> 3, "ability" -> 3, "90" -> 3, "62" -> 3, "50" -> 3, "35" -> 3, "22" -> 3, "2" -> 3, "1953-60" -> 3, "19" -> 3, "18" -> 3, "17" -> 3, "14" -> 3, "13" -> 3, "12,000" -> 3, "11" -> 3, "100,000" -> 3, "100" -> 3, "$900" -> 2, "$800" -> 2, "$7.5" -> 2, "$6.1" -> 2, "$600" -> 2, "$275" -> 2, "$20" -> 2, "$1.7" -> 2, "$1.25" -> 2, "$1.1" -> 2, "$103" -> 2, "$1" -> 2, "your" -> 2, "you" -> 2, "yet" -> 2, "Work-Training" -> 2, "Work-Study" -> 2, "woman" -> 2, "With" -> 2, "wisely" -> 2, "wise" -> 2, "Wilderness" -> 2, "widespread" -> 2, "White" -> 2, "Where" -> 2, "When" -> 2, "wheat" -> 2, "what" -> 2, "welcome" -> 2, "weather" -> 2, "watershed" -> 2, "Water" -> 2, "Washington's" -> 2, "wars" -> 2, "want" -> 2, "voted" -> 2, "volunteers" -> 2, "Volunteer" -> 2, "Virgin" -> 2, "Vietnam" -> 2, "Vice" -> 2, "Veterans" -> 2, "versatile" -> 2, "Venus" -> 2, "Venezuela" -> 2, "vast" -> 2, "variety" -> 2, "valuable" -> 2, "utmost" -> 2, "utility" -> 2, "using" -> 2, "useful" -> 2, "urgently" -> 2, "urged" -> 2, "Urban" -> 2, "updated" -> 2, "University" -> 2, "universities" -> 2, "Unemployment" -> 2, "undertaken" -> 2, "twenty" -> 2, "turning" -> 2, "true" -> 2, "Troika" -> 2, "trend" -> 2, "transport" -> 2, "trained" -> 2, "towards" -> 2, "totaling" -> 2, "tools" -> 2, "too" -> 2, "Tonkin" -> 2, "tolerate" -> 2, "Through" -> 2, "three-year" -> 2, "themselves" -> 2, "test" -> 2, "terror" -> 2, "ten" -> 2, "Temporary" -> 2, "telephone" -> 2, "taxation" -> 2, "tariff" -> 2, "tactics" -> 2, "suspended" -> 2, "survivors" -> 2, "surplus" -> 2, "surely" -> 2, "Support" -> 2, "supplies" -> 2, "supplied" -> 2, "supplement" -> 2, "supersonic" -> 2, "suitable" -> 2, "sufficient" -> 2, "suffering" -> 2, "successfully" -> 2, "substantially" -> 2, "study" -> 2, "strongest" -> 2, "stronger" -> 2, "strike" -> 2, "strengthening" -> 2, "still" -> 2, "steps" -> 2, "stations" -> 2, "start" -> 2, "Staff" -> 2, "staff" -> 2, "squadrons" -> 2, "spring" -> 2, "spirit" -> 2, "spending" -> 2, "speed" -> 2, "Special" -> 2, "soon" -> 2, "solution" -> 2, "solely" -> 2, "Society" -> 2, "smoking" -> 2, "Small" -> 2, "single" -> 2, "significant" -> 2, "short" -> 2, "ship" -> 2, "she" -> 2, "sent" -> 2, "sense" -> 2, "send" -> 2, "self-help" -> 2, "self-government" -> 2, "self-determination" -> 2, "secured" -> 2, "secure" -> 2, "sector" -> 2, "sections" -> 2, "section" -> 2, "seashores" -> 2, "search" -> 2, "sea" -> 2, "scope" -> 2, "scheduled" -> 2, "save" -> 2, "Satellite" -> 2, "salary" -> 2, "safety" -> 2, "road" -> 2, "River" -> 2, "riots" -> 2, "rewarding" -> 2, "revised" -> 2, "revenues" -> 2, "retired" -> 2, "retarded" -> 2, "results" -> 2, "resulting" -> 2, "restraint" -> 2, "restored" -> 2, "restore" -> 2, "responded" -> 2, "respected" -> 2, "Resources" -> 2, "resource" -> 2, "resolved" -> 2, "resist" -> 2, "reservists" -> 2, "represents" -> 2, "representing" -> 2, "representation" -> 2, "reported" -> 2, "Report" -> 2, "rental" -> 2, "remain" -> 2, "religion" -> 2, "relationship" -> 2, "regulatory" -> 2, "regardless" -> 2, "Refugee" -> 2, "reflect" -> 2, "Reduction" -> 2, "reducing" -> 2, "reconnaissance" -> 2, "recommended" -> 2, "recognizing" -> 2, "recognized" -> 2, "recessions" -> 2, "receive" -> 2, "realize" -> 2, "reaffirmed" -> 2, "reaffirm" -> 2, "rapid" -> 2, "raising" -> 2, "racial" -> 2, "quotas" -> 2, "quota" -> 2, "quite" -> 2, "quarters" -> 2, "quarter" -> 2, "purchase" -> 2, "Provided" -> 2, "Provide" -> 2, "propose" -> 2, "proposals" -> 2, "profit" -> 2, "professional" -> 2, "productive" -> 2, "produced" -> 2, "produce" -> 2, "procurement" -> 2, "process" -> 2, "primary" -> 2, "Price" -> 2, "preventing" -> 2, "prevented" -> 2, "pressed" -> 2, "press" -> 2, "Presidents" -> 2, "Presidential" -> 2, "preserved" -> 2, "Preserve" -> 2, "presented" -> 2, "prejudice" -> 2, "practice" -> 2, "practical" -> 2, "powered" -> 2, "Poverty" -> 2, "postwar" -> 2, "position" -> 2, "poor" -> 2, "pollution" -> 2, "Policy" -> 2, "Polaris" -> 2, "plants" -> 2, "Planning" -> 2, "planet" -> 2, "Plan" -> 2, "placed" -> 2, "physically" -> 2, "permitted" -> 2, "permanent" -> 2, "percent—from" -> 2, "pension" -> 2, "peacetime" -> 2, "parks" -> 2, "packaged" -> 2, "Pacific" -> 2, "owned" -> 2, "Overtime" -> 2, "overseas" -> 2, "overall" -> 2, "output" -> 2, "outflow" -> 2, "outer" -> 2, "otherwise" -> 2, "others" -> 2, "organize" -> 2, "organization" -> 2, "orderly" -> 2, "ordered" -> 2, "oppressed" -> 2, "operate" -> 2, "opened" -> 2, "Only" -> 2, "one-half" -> 2, "oil" -> 2, "officers" -> 2, "offering" -> 2, "Offenses" -> 2, "Of" -> 2, "October" -> 2, "Oceanography" -> 2, "oceanography" -> 2, "object" -> 2, "OAS" -> 2, "nor" -> 2, "non-Federal" -> 2, "nine" -> 2, "net" -> 2, "negotiations" -> 2, "negotiation" -> 2, "needless" -> 2, "nationwide" -> 2, "municipal" -> 2, "multi-purpose" -> 2, "Move" -> 2, "moral" -> 2, "money" -> 2, "monetary" -> 2, "moment" -> 2, "modernizing" -> 2, "modernization" -> 2, "missile" -> 2, "migratory" -> 2, "Middle" -> 2, "message" -> 2, "Medal" -> 2, "meant" -> 2, "meaning" -> 2, "matters" -> 2, "massive" -> 2, "Marshall" -> 2, "marked" -> 2, "Maritime" -> 2, "manufacture" -> 2, "man's" -> 2, "Manpower" -> 2, "man-months" -> 2, "mankind" -> 2, "maintained" -> 2, "Maintain" -> 2, "machine" -> 2, "Lyndon" -> 2, "low-cost" -> 2, "Low" -> 2, "loss" -> 2, "Los" -> 2, "loopholes" -> 2, "longest" -> 2, "live" -> 2, "limit" -> 2, "licensed" -> 2, "library" -> 2, "liberty" -> 2, "legislative" -> 2, "Legislation" -> 2, "least" -> 2, "learning" -> 2, "lawlessness" -> 2, "landmark" -> 2, "know" -> 2, "kilowatts" -> 2, "Khrushchev" -> 2, "keep" -> 2, "Juvenile" -> 2, "Justice" -> 2, "justice" -> 2, "Joint" -> 2, "Job" -> 2, "Jefferson" -> 2, "itself" -> 2, "issues" -> 2, "Islands" -> 2, "investors" -> 2, "investigations" -> 2, "International" -> 2, "intercontinental" -> 2, "intensive" -> 2, "insured" -> 2, "Insurance" -> 2, "instrument" -> 2, "institutions" -> 2, "Institute" -> 2, "inspected" -> 2, "Information" -> 2, "Industrial" -> 2, "individuals" -> 2, "Index" -> 2, "increasingly" -> 2, "Increase" -> 2, "included" -> 2, "incentives" -> 2, "importance" -> 2, "impetus" -> 2, "illness" -> 2, "IB" -> 2, "how" -> 2, "honor" -> 2, "holding" -> 2, "hold" -> 2, "her" -> 2, "Help" -> 2, "headed" -> 2, "half" -> 2, "hailed" -> 2, "guard" -> 2, "grow" -> 2, "groups" -> 2, "greater" -> 2, "grant" -> 2, "goods" -> 2, "goals" -> 2, "go" -> 2, "gives" -> 2, "GI" -> 2, "Germany" -> 2, "generations" -> 2, "generation" -> 2, "gains" -> 2, "furnished" -> 2, "fully" -> 2, "full-time" -> 2, "fullest" -> 2, "Full" -> 2, "fulfill" -> 2, "frequently" -> 2, "Free" -> 2, "fourth" -> 2, "formed" -> 2, "form" -> 2, "Foreign" -> 2, "fly" -> 2, "flourish" -> 2, "flexible" -> 2, "fish" -> 2, "firms" -> 2, "finance" -> 2, "fighter" -> 2, "fields" -> 2, "FHA" -> 2, "fast" -> 2, "farms" -> 2, "false" -> 2, "failures" -> 2, "failure" -> 2, "factors" -> 2, "F" -> 2, "extreme" -> 2, "Extended" -> 2, "explored" -> 2, "exploit" -> 2, "expenditures" -> 2, "Expand" -> 2, "existing" -> 2, "exercised" -> 2, "exchange" -> 2, "Every" -> 2, "events" -> 2, "even" -> 2, "ethics" -> 2, "establishments" -> 2, "establish" -> 2, "equity" -> 2, "enough" -> 2, "enhancement" -> 2, "enforced" -> 2, "Ending" -> 2, "End" -> 2, "encouraging" -> 2, "encouragement" -> 2, "encouraged" -> 2, "Encourage" -> 2, "Enactment" -> 2, "enables" -> 2, "employers" -> 2, "employ" -> 2, "emphasize" -> 2, "emerged" -> 2, "eliminating" -> 2, "eligible" -> 2, "Electrification" -> 2, "election" -> 2, "effects" -> 2, "Effective" -> 2, "Educational" -> 2, "economically" -> 2, "Each" -> 2, "duty" -> 2, "drug" -> 2, "doubled" -> 2, "dollar's" -> 2, "doing" -> 2, "distinctions" -> 2, "disruptive" -> 2, "disputes" -> 2, "discriminatory" -> 2, "discriminate" -> 2, "Disarmament" -> 2, "diplomatic" -> 2, "dignified" -> 2, "difficult" -> 2, "diet" -> 2, "died" -> 2, "did" -> 2, "dictates" -> 2, "devoted" -> 2, "detailed" -> 2, "destruction" -> 2, "Despite" -> 2, "despite" -> 2, "desalinization" -> 2, "dependency" -> 2, "dentistry" -> 2, "Delinquency" -> 2, "deficit" -> 2, "deep" -> 2, "dedication" -> 2, "decision" -> 2, "deceptive" -> 2, "debt" -> 2, "debate" -> 2, "dealing" -> 2, "days" -> 2, "crop" -> 2, "crew" -> 2, "creed" -> 2, "creative" -> 2, "creates" -> 2, "covenant" -> 2, "could" -> 2, "Cotton" -> 2, "cosmetics" -> 2, "cooperatives" -> 2, "conviction" -> 2, "Convention" -> 2, "contributed" -> 2, "contractors" -> 2, "Continuous" -> 2, "continuing" -> 2, "Continued" -> 2, "constructive" -> 2, "construct" -> 2, "constitutional" -> 2, "Constitution" -> 2, "consistent" -> 2, "considerations" -> 2, "consideration" -> 2, "conserve" -> 2, "confrontation" -> 2, "conflicts" -> 2, "confidently" -> 2, "Conference" -> 2, "conducted" -> 2, "concept" -> 2, "compete" -> 2, "Compensation" -> 2, "compared" -> 2, "Compact" -> 2, "Communications" -> 2, "Commodity" -> 2, "commission" -> 2, "commerce" -> 2, "comes" -> 2, "combined" -> 2, "combat-ready" -> 2, "collected" -> 2, "Cold" -> 2, "close-up" -> 2, "closer" -> 2, "classrooms" -> 2, "civilization" -> 2, "civilian" -> 2, "City" -> 2, "Cities" -> 2, "chronically" -> 2, "Chinese" -> 2, "child" -> 2, "Chiefs" -> 2, "chiefs" -> 2, "changes" -> 2, "chance" -> 2, "central" -> 2, "center" -> 2, "Castro" -> 2, "carefully" -> 2, "captive" -> 2, "capable" -> 2, "capabilities" -> 2, "buyers" -> 2, "Buy" -> 2, "Business" -> 2, "bureau" -> 2, "Building" -> 2, "broader" -> 2, "bringing" -> 2, "bottom" -> 2, "bombers" -> 2, "big" -> 2, "best" -> 2, "beginning" -> 2, "becoming" -> 2, "beauty" -> 2, "barred" -> 2, "ballistic" -> 2, "Bacon-Davis" -> 2, "B" -> 2, "averaging" -> 2, "Avenue" -> 2, "availability" -> 2, "Automation" -> 2, "authorizing" -> 2, "attacks" -> 2, "attacked" -> 2, "atmosphere" -> 2, "associates" -> 2, "asserted" -> 2, "Assembly" -> 2, "aspects" -> 2, "aspect" -> 2, "aside" -> 2, "Arts" -> 2, "Areas" -> 2, "approximately" -> 2, "Approved" -> 2, "approval" -> 2, "appropriations" -> 2, "appropriation" -> 2, "approach" -> 2, "Appalachian" -> 2, "Apollo" -> 2, "although" -> 2, "Already" -> 2, "alone" -> 2, "all-time" -> 2, "All" -> 2, "Alert" -> 2, "aircraft" -> 2, "aids" -> 2, "aid-financed" -> 2, "aided" -> 2, "AID" -> 2, "Aid" -> 2, "Agricultural" -> 2, "agreement" -> 2, "afford" -> 2, "affecting" -> 2, "Affairs" -> 2, "affairs" -> 2, "advantage" -> 2, "advanced" -> 2, "advance" -> 2, "adult" -> 2, "adoption" -> 2, "adequately" -> 2, "Added" -> 2, "actively" -> 2, "Action" -> 2, "act" -> 2, "acquiring" -> 2, "accord" -> 2, "800%" -> 2, "80" -> 2, "75%" -> 2, "5.3" -> 2, "5,000" -> 2, "45" -> 2, "41" -> 2, "40" -> 2, "4" -> 2, "3,900,000" -> 2, "36" -> 2, "31" -> 2, "280,000" -> 2, "2.8" -> 2, "24" -> 2, "200,000" -> 2, "20,000" -> 2, "1961-1964" -> 2, "1959" -> 2, "1958" -> 2, "1950's" -> 2, "18,000" -> 2, "15" -> 2, "10988" -> 2, "100%" -> 2, "$98" -> 1, "$956" -> 1, "$9" -> 1, "$89" -> 1, "$87" -> 1, "$8.5" -> 1, "$687" -> 1, "$65" -> 1, "$630" -> 1, "$6.2" -> 1, "$61" -> 1, "$60" -> 1, "$55" -> 1, "$50,152,000" -> 1, "$500.5" -> 1, "$5" -> 1, "$4.6" -> 1, "$42" -> 1, "$40" -> 1, "$4" -> 1, "$3.9" -> 1, "$37.9" -> 1, "$375" -> 1, "$350" -> 1, "$340" -> 1, "$33" -> 1, "$32" -> 1, "$31.2" -> 1, "$3,000" -> 1, "$30" -> 1, "$2.9" -> 1, "$262" -> 1, "$25,000" -> 1, "$2,500" -> 1, "$25" -> 1, "$243.5" -> 1, "$227" -> 1, "$225" -> 1, "$19.2" -> 1, "$1,700" -> 1, "$153.1" -> 1, "$150,000,000" -> 1, "$15,000" -> 1, "$1,500" -> 1, "$150" -> 1, "$142" -> 1, "$1.3" -> 1, "$125" -> 1, "$120" -> 1, "$1.2" -> 1, "$1.14" -> 1, "$112" -> 1, "zeal" -> 1, "yield" -> 1, "year—only" -> 1, "year—as" -> 1, "yearly" -> 1, "X" -> 1, "wrong—whether" -> 1, "worthy" -> 1, "world-wide" -> 1, "work-study" -> 1, "workshop" -> 1, "works" -> 1, "Working" -> 1, "Workers" -> 1, "worker's" -> 1, "Work" -> 1, "words" -> 1, "Women" -> 1, "withdrawn" -> 1, "withdrawal" -> 1, "wish—by" -> 1, "wisdom" -> 1, "winter" -> 1, "win" -> 1, "willing" -> 1, "willful" -> 1, "wilderness" -> 1, "wide-ranging" -> 1, "wider" -> 1, "wide" -> 1, "why" -> 1, "whom" -> 1, "Wholesale" -> 1, "wholesale" -> 1, "whole" -> 1, "whether" -> 1, "whenever" -> 1, "Wetlands" -> 1, "west" -> 1, "went" -> 1, "Well" -> 1, "welcomed" -> 1, "weeks" -> 1, "weekly" -> 1, "week" -> 1, "weapon" -> 1, "wealth" -> 1, "weakening" -> 1, "ways" -> 1, "Waterfowl" -> 1, "watched" -> 1, "wasteland" -> 1, "war-heads" -> 1, "warfare" -> 1, "waiting" -> 1, "Wages" -> 1, "wages" -> 1, "voyage" -> 1, "voting" -> 1, "volunteered" -> 1, "volunteer" -> 1, "voluntary" -> 1, "volume" -> 1, "voltage" -> 1, "vitalized" -> 1, "vitality" -> 1, "Vital" -> 1, "visit" -> 1, "vision" -> 1, "virtually" -> 1, "violations" -> 1, "violation" -> 1, "violated" -> 1, "VII" -> 1, "Vigorous" -> 1, "vigor" -> 1, "views" -> 1, "vetoes" -> 1, "vessels" -> 1, "verified" -> 1, "Venezuela's" -> 1, "vehicles" -> 1, "vegetables" -> 1, "vastly" -> 1, "values" -> 1, "valid" -> 1, "VA" -> 1, "utilizing" -> 1, "utilize" -> 1, "utilities" -> 1, "USSR" -> 1, "users" -> 1, "usefulness" -> 1, "Use" -> 1, "U.S.-Canadian" -> 1, "U.S." -> 1, "Uruguay" -> 1, "urgent" -> 1, "urgency" -> 1, "uranium" -> 1, "upstream" -> 1, "upper" -> 1, "Until" -> 1, "unsurpassed" -> 1, "unsound" -> 1, "unskilled" -> 1, "unshackle" -> 1, "unsegregated" -> 1, "unscrupulous" -> 1, "unrelenting" -> 1, "unprovoked" -> 1, "unprecedented" -> 1, "unmasked" -> 1, "Unlock" -> 1, "unleashed" -> 1, "unlawful" -> 1, "unjustified" -> 1, "unjustifiable" -> 1, "universe" -> 1, "united" -> 1, "unique" -> 1, "union" -> 1, "uninterrupted" -> 1, "Uniform" -> 1, "unflagging" -> 1, "unfinished" -> 1, "unfairly" -> 1, "unfair" -> 1, "unequivocally" -> 1, "undivided" -> 1, "undisclosed" -> 1, "underway" -> 1, "undertaking" -> 1, "undertake" -> 1, "understand" -> 1, "underprivileged" -> 1, "undermine" -> 1, "underground" -> 1, "underemployed" -> 1, "Underdeveloped" -> 1, "underdeveloped" -> 1, "uncovered" -> 1, "unchecked" -> 1, "unchallenged" -> 1, "uncertainty" -> 1, "un-businesslike" -> 1, "unbroken" -> 1, "unbalance" -> 1, "unavoidably" -> 1, "unattended" -> 1, "unanimous" -> 1, "unafraid" -> 1, "unable" -> 1, "UN" -> 1, "Ultimately" -> 1, "two-thirds" -> 1, "two-man" -> 1, "twisted" -> 1, "Twenty-one" -> 1, "twenty-four" -> 1, "Twenty" -> 1, "twelve" -> 1, "T.V.A." -> 1, "turned" -> 1, "turn" -> 1, "tuition" -> 1, "trying" -> 1, "Truth-in-Securities" -> 1, "Truth-in-Packaging" -> 1, "Truth-in-Lending" -> 1, "trusted" -> 1, "trust" -> 1, "True" -> 1, "triumph" -> 1, "triple" -> 1, "tribes" -> 1, "Treaty—an" -> 1, "treated" -> 1, "treat" -> 1, "transition" -> 1, "transformed" -> 1, "transformation" -> 1, "transactions" -> 1, "trainees" -> 1, "Trained" -> 1, "train" -> 1, "tragic" -> 1, "traffic" -> 1, "traditional" -> 1, "trading" -> 1, "towering" -> 1, "totally" -> 1, "totalling" -> 1, "torn" -> 1, "top" -> 1, "took" -> 1, "tomorrow's" -> 1, "Together" -> 1, "Today's" -> 1, "titles" -> 1, "Titan" -> 1, "Tiros" -> 1, "time-tested" -> 1, "Time" -> 1, "tightened" -> 1, "Tight" -> 1, "tight" -> 1, "tide" -> 1, "tidal" -> 1, "three-man" -> 1, "three-fourths" -> 1, "three-dimensional" -> 1, "Three" -> 1, "threatening" -> 1, "threatened" -> 1, "threaten" -> 1, "thoughtless" -> 1, "thoughtful" -> 1, "thought" -> 1, "Thomas" -> 1, "Thirty-six" -> 1, "Thirty-seven" -> 1, "thin" -> 1, "therein" -> 1, "therefore" -> 1, "Theodore" -> 1, "Then-Vice" -> 1, "Their" -> 1, "textiles" -> 1, "Textile" -> 1, "textile" -> 1, "Texas" -> 1, "tested" -> 1, "territorial" -> 1, "termination" -> 1, "terminated" -> 1, "Term" -> 1, "term" -> 1, "tensions—with" -> 1, "tensions" -> 1, "tense" -> 1, "tenfold" -> 1, "temporary" -> 1, "tells" -> 1, "tell" -> 1, "telegraph" -> 1, "teeth" -> 1, "technology—for" -> 1, "Technology" -> 1, "technologically" -> 1, "techniques" -> 1, "teaching" -> 1, "tax-users" -> 1, "taxpayers" -> 1, "targets" -> 1, "tank" -> 1, "taking" -> 1, "takes" -> 1, "Taken" -> 1, "Taft-Hartley" -> 1, "tackling" -> 1, "systematic" -> 1, "System" -> 1, "sword" -> 1, "swimsuits" -> 1, "swiftly" -> 1, "sweeping" -> 1, "sweep" -> 1, "Sustain" -> 1, "suspicion" -> 1, "survival" -> 1, "Survey" -> 1, "Surgeon" -> 1, "surge" -> 1, "surest" -> 1, "sure" -> 1, "supremacy" -> 1, "supported—and" -> 1, "superb" -> 1, "summer" -> 1, "sum" -> 1, "sugar" -> 1, "suffer" -> 1, "sudden" -> 1, "succession" -> 1, "successful" -> 1, "successes" -> 1, "success" -> 1, "succeeded" -> 1, "succeed" -> 1, "subversive" -> 1, "Suburbs" -> 1, "suburbs" -> 1, "suburban" -> 1, "substantial" -> 1, "subsistence" -> 1, "subordinate" -> 1, "submitted" -> 1, "subjects" -> 1, "subcontractors" -> 1, "studies" -> 1, "student" -> 1, "struggle" -> 1, "Strong" -> 1, "stroke" -> 1, "strive" -> 1, "strikes" -> 1, "strictest" -> 1, "strict" -> 1, "stretching" -> 1, "strengthens" -> 1, "Strengthen" -> 1, "strategy" -> 1, "strategic" -> 1, "storage" -> 1, "stocks" -> 1, "stock" -> 1, "Stewardship" -> 1, "stewardship" -> 1, "sterile" -> 1, "Stepped" -> 1, "stepped" -> 1, "Step" -> 1, "stellar" -> 1, "stealth" -> 1, "stays" -> 1, "stay" -> 1, "statutes" -> 1, "Status" -> 1, "status" -> 1, "station" -> 1, "States—local" -> 1, "Starting" -> 1, "started" -> 1, "standardization" -> 1, "Stamp" -> 1, "stamp" -> 1, "stagnant" -> 1, "stage—assuring" -> 1, "stage" -> 1, "stable" -> 1, "Stability" -> 1, "SR-71" -> 1, "Sputnik" -> 1, "spoken" -> 1, "spite" -> 1, "spiral" -> 1, "spies" -> 1, "spend" -> 1, "speeding" -> 1, "spectrum" -> 1, "Specifically" -> 1, "specially" -> 1, "Speaking" -> 1, "spartan" -> 1, "spans" -> 1, "Southwest" -> 1, "Southeast" -> 1, "South" -> 1, "south" -> 1, "Sound" -> 1, "something" -> 1, "solved" -> 1, "solutions" -> 1, "solemn" -> 1, "solar" -> 1, "Soil" -> 1, "So" -> 1, "sneakers" -> 1, "smoothes" -> 1, "smoldering" -> 1, "Smoking" -> 1, "smallest" -> 1, "slums" -> 1, "slowly" -> 1, "slowed" -> 1, "size" -> 1, "simplified" -> 1, "similar" -> 1, "significance" -> 1, "sign" -> 1, "shown" -> 1, "showing" -> 1, "show" -> 1, "shot" -> 1, "Short-term" -> 1, "short-term" -> 1, "Shortly" -> 1, "shortening" -> 1, "Shoreside" -> 1, "shores" -> 1, "shipping" -> 1, "shipments" -> 1, "shield" -> 1, "shattered" -> 1, "sharp" -> 1, "sharing" -> 1, "shares" -> 1, "shared" -> 1, "shaped" -> 1, "shale" -> 1, "sewage" -> 1, "severed" -> 1, "Several" -> 1, "several" -> 1, "Seventy" -> 1, "settled" -> 1, "settle" -> 1, "setback" -> 1, "Set" -> 1, "servicemen" -> 1, "serves" -> 1, "seriousness" -> 1, "serious" -> 1, "separate" -> 1, "sensitive" -> 1, "Senior" -> 1, "selling" -> 1, "self-sustained" -> 1, "self-supporting" -> 1, "self-support" -> 1, "self-sufficiency" -> 1, "self-respect" -> 1, "Selective" -> 1, "selected" -> 1, "seized" -> 1, "seen" -> 1, "seeking" -> 1, "seedbed" -> 1, "see" -> 1, "securities" -> 1, "sectors" -> 1, "Section" -> 1, "Secretary-General" -> 1, "Secretary" -> 1, "Secretariat—with" -> 1, "Secretariat" -> 1, "secondary" -> 1, "seat" -> 1, "seasonal" -> 1, "seas" -> 1, "searching" -> 1, "seaborne" -> 1, "Sciences" -> 1, "sciences" -> 1, "Science" -> 1, "schoolrooms" -> 1, "scholarships" -> 1, "scheme" -> 1, "scattered" -> 1, "scale" -> 1, "SBA" -> 1, "saving" -> 1, "saved" -> 1, "Savannah" -> 1, "satisfy" -> 1, "satisfaction" -> 1, "satellite" -> 1, "sanitation" -> 1, "sanctioned" -> 1, "saline" -> 1, "sale" -> 1, "salaries" -> 1, "salad" -> 1, "safeguards" -> 1, "safeguard" -> 1, "sacrifice" -> 1, "Russians" -> 1, "Russian" -> 1, "Russia" -> 1, "Rumania" -> 1, "ruling" -> 1, "Rules" -> 1, "rules" -> 1, "rulers" -> 1, "ruins" -> 1, "roots" -> 1, "Roosevelt" -> 1, "room" -> 1, "Romulo" -> 1, "rock" -> 1, "Riverways" -> 1, "Rivers" -> 1, "rivers" -> 1, "risks" -> 1, "risk" -> 1, "rising" -> 1, "rim" -> 1, "rigid" -> 1, "Right" -> 1, "rift" -> 1, "Rifle" -> 1, "Richland" -> 1, "richer" -> 1, "Reyes" -> 1, "revolution" -> 1, "revival" -> 1, "revitalization" -> 1, "revision" -> 1, "revise" -> 1, "review" -> 1, "revamp" -> 1, "reunited" -> 1, "reunion" -> 1, "returns" -> 1, "return" -> 1, "retirement" -> 1, "retire" -> 1, "retaliation" -> 1, "resumption" -> 1, "rests" -> 1, "restrictions" -> 1, "restoring" -> 1, "restorative" -> 1, "restoration" -> 1, "restless" -> 1, "Resting" -> 1, "rest" -> 1, "Responsible" -> 1, "Responsibility" -> 1, "resource—our" -> 1, "Resort" -> 1, "resolves" -> 1, "Resolved" -> 1, "resolve" -> 1, "Resolution" -> 1, "resolution" -> 1, "residual" -> 1, "residence" -> 1, "reside" -> 1, "resettlement" -> 1, "re-settlement" -> 1, "resettled" -> 1, "Research" -> 1, "requiring" -> 1, "requirement" -> 1, "repulsed" -> 1, "Republics" -> 1, "republics" -> 1, "Republican" -> 1, "Representatives" -> 1, "representative" -> 1, "report" -> 1, "repealing" -> 1, "reorganized" -> 1, "reorganization" -> 1, "reopened" -> 1, "renovation" -> 1, "renewed" -> 1, "Renewal" -> 1, "rendezvous" -> 1, "removing" -> 1, "remote" -> 1, "remodeling" -> 1, "remembers—the" -> 1, "remarkable" -> 1, "remains" -> 1, "remained" -> 1, "religious" -> 1, "reliable" -> 1, "released" -> 1, "relayed" -> 1, "relaxed" -> 1, "relatives" -> 1, "Relations" -> 1, "relating" -> 1, "related" -> 1, "rejected" -> 1, "re-introduced" -> 1, "Regulation" -> 1, "regulation" -> 1, "regular" -> 1, "Registration" -> 1, "registered" -> 1, "register" -> 1, "regions" -> 1, "Regional" -> 1, "regime" -> 1, "Regardless" -> 1, "regard" -> 1, "refusing" -> 1, "refunds" -> 1, "Refuges" -> 1, "refugee" -> 1, "reforms" -> 1, "reforestation" -> 1, "refocus" -> 1, "reflects" -> 1, "Reflecting" -> 1, "reflected" -> 1, "referral" -> 1, "reduction—and" -> 1, "Reduced" -> 1, "Reduce" -> 1, "reduce" -> 1, "redouble" -> 1, "redevelopment" -> 1, "recruitment" -> 1, "recruit" -> 1, "recreational" -> 1, "Recreation" -> 1, "recover" -> 1, "Record" -> 1, "reconstruction" -> 1, "reconstructing" -> 1, "reconstituted" -> 1, "recommend" -> 1, "reclamation" -> 1, "receiving" -> 1, "receives" -> 1, "Recast" -> 1, "rebuffed" -> 1, "rebates" -> 1, "realizing" -> 1, "reality" -> 1, "real" -> 1, "ready" -> 1, "Reactor" -> 1, "reactor" -> 1, "reaction—and" -> 1, "reaction" -> 1, "REA" -> 1, "ravages" -> 1, "rationed" -> 1, "rather" -> 1, "rash" -> 1, "Ranger" -> 1, "ranches" -> 1, "ranch" -> 1, "raises" -> 1, "Raise" -> 1, "rain" -> 1, "railroads" -> 1, "railroad" -> 1, "rail" -> 1, "Radiological" -> 1, "Radical" -> 1, "radiation" -> 1, "quiet" -> 1, "quickened" -> 1, "questioned" -> 1, "question" -> 1, "quarantine" -> 1, "quantity" -> 1, "qualities" -> 1, "qualify" -> 1, "quadrupled" -> 1, "putting" -> 1, "pursuit" -> 1, "pursued" -> 1, "Pursue" -> 1, "purpose—to" -> 1, "purpose—the" -> 1, "purposeful" -> 1, "purchases" -> 1, "purchased" -> 1, "Punta" -> 1, "punish" -> 1, "PT" -> 1, "psychiatric" -> 1, "prove" -> 1, "proud" -> 1, "protects" -> 1, "Protection" -> 1, "prospective" -> 1, "prospect" -> 1, "prosecuted" -> 1, "proposition" -> 1, "proportion" -> 1, "properly" -> 1, "proper" -> 1, "promptly" -> 1, "Prompt" -> 1, "prompt" -> 1, "promoting" -> 1, "promoted" -> 1, "promised" -> 1, "prolonged" -> 1, "proliferating" -> 1, "Project" -> 1, "prohibited" -> 1, "progressed" -> 1, "Profits" -> 1, "profits" -> 1, "profitable" -> 1, "Professions" -> 1, "Production" -> 1, "Product" -> 1, "product" -> 1, "producing" -> 1, "producer" -> 1, "proclaimed" -> 1, "proceed" -> 1, "Procedures" -> 1, "privileged" -> 1, "privately" -> 1, "Private" -> 1, "prior" -> 1, "principle" -> 1, "primitive" -> 1, "primarily" -> 1, "Prices" -> 1, "prevention" -> 1, "prevails" -> 1, "pressure" -> 1, "pressing" -> 1, "president" -> 1, "preserving" -> 1, "pre-school" -> 1, "prepare" -> 1, "Preparations" -> 1, "preferential" -> 1, "preferences" -> 1, "precious" -> 1, "precepts" -> 1, "pre-Castro" -> 1, "prayer" -> 1, "post-graduate" -> 1, "posterity" -> 1, "possibility" -> 1, "positions" -> 1, "population—an" -> 1, "populations" -> 1, "pools" -> 1, "Pollution" -> 1, "polluted" -> 1, "Poland" -> 1, "points" -> 1, "Point" -> 1, "plutonium" -> 1, "plus" -> 1, "pledges" -> 1, "playgrounds" -> 1, "played" -> 1, "play" -> 1, "plateau" -> 1, "plant" -> 1, "Plans" -> 1, "planned" -> 1, "plane—and" -> 1, "Plains" -> 1, "plain" -> 1, "placing" -> 1, "places" -> 1, "placements" -> 1, "Place" -> 1, "pipelines" -> 1, "Pioneering" -> 1, "pioneering" -> 1, "pilots" -> 1, "pilot-plant" -> 1, "pilot" -> 1, "piled" -> 1, "pictures" -> 1, "picket" -> 1, "physical" -> 1, "photographed" -> 1, "phasing" -> 1, "phases" -> 1, "petroleum" -> 1, "Persons" -> 1, "persistently" -> 1, "persecuted" -> 1, "permitting" -> 1, "permits" -> 1, "Permit" -> 1, "permanently" -> 1, "period—the" -> 1, "Performing" -> 1, "perform" -> 1, "percent—twice" -> 1, "percent—by" -> 1, "Percent" -> 1, "pensions" -> 1, "Pension" -> 1, "penny" -> 1, "Pennsylvania" -> 1, "penetration" -> 1, "pending" -> 1, "penalty" -> 1, "penalties" -> 1, "penalize" -> 1, "peak" -> 1, "peacemaker—with" -> 1, "peacekeeping" -> 1, "peace-keeping" -> 1, "peacekeeper" -> 1, "peacefully" -> 1, "peaceably" -> 1, "payment" -> 1, "payloads" -> 1, "payload" -> 1, "payers" -> 1, "payable" -> 1, "patterned" -> 1, "pattern" -> 1, "patients" -> 1, "patiently" -> 1, "Patient" -> 1, "Passamaquoddy" -> 1, "passage" -> 1, "parts" -> 1, "partnerships" -> 1, "partisanship" -> 1, "partisan" -> 1, "parties" -> 1, "Participation" -> 1, "participates" -> 1, "participated" -> 1, "Park" -> 1, "parents" -> 1, "parent" -> 1, "parched" -> 1, "paramount" -> 1, "Panama" -> 1, "paid" -> 1, "Padre" -> 1, "pace" -> 1, "Ozark" -> 1, "owed" -> 1, "overriding" -> 1, "overnight" -> 1, "Overall" -> 1, "outstrip" -> 1, "outstanding" -> 1, "outside" -> 1, "outset" -> 1, "outreach" -> 1, "outposts" -> 1, "out-patient" -> 1, "outlook" -> 1, "Outdoor" -> 1, "ours" -> 1, "ought" -> 1, "Other" -> 1, "osteopathy" -> 1, "origins" -> 1, "organized" -> 1, "organization—its" -> 1, "Organizations" -> 1, "organ" -> 1, "orders" -> 1, "Orbiting" -> 1, "orbiting" -> 1, "oppression" -> 1, "opposition" -> 1, "opposing" -> 1, "opposed" -> 1, "Oppose" -> 1, "oppose" -> 1, "Opportunities" -> 1, "Operations" -> 1, "operational" -> 1, "Operated" -> 1, "operated" -> 1, "one-year" -> 1, "Once" -> 1, "once" -> 1, "old" -> 1, "official" -> 1, "Offer" -> 1, "off" -> 1, "October-November" -> 1, "oceanographic" -> 1, "occurs" -> 1, "occurred" -> 1, "occupations" -> 1, "occasion" -> 1, "obtaining" -> 1, "Obtained" -> 1, "obtained" -> 1, "obtain" -> 1, "obsolete" -> 1, "Observatories" -> 1, "observations" -> 1, "observance" -> 1, "obligations" -> 1, "obligation" -> 1, "obeyed" -> 1, "nursing-home" -> 1, "numerous" -> 1, "numbers" -> 1, "nuclear-powered" -> 1, "November" -> 1, "notified" -> 1, "noted" -> 1, "Northwest" -> 1, "North" -> 1, "normal" -> 1, "non-voting" -> 1, "non-tariff" -> 1, "nonfarm" -> 1, "non-discriminatory" -> 1, "non-Communist" -> 1, "non-commercial" -> 1, "non-agricultural" -> 1, "Nine" -> 1, "NIKE-X" -> 1, "nibble" -> 1, "neutralized" -> 1, "Neither" -> 1, "neither" -> 1, "neighborhoods" -> 1, "Neighborhood" -> 1, "negotiators" -> 1, "Negotiations" -> 1, "negotiating" -> 1, "neglected" -> 1, "neglect" -> 1, "needlessly" -> 1, "needier" -> 1, "Nearly" -> 1, "Near" -> 1, "Navy" -> 1, "navy" -> 1, "navigation" -> 1, "Naval" -> 1, "NATO's" -> 1, "nation-wide" -> 1, "national-origins" -> 1, "national-origin" -> 1, "nationality" -> 1, "narrow" -> 1, "narcotics" -> 1, "name" -> 1, "muster" -> 1, "municipalities" -> 1, "multiple-use" -> 1, "multilateral" -> 1, "moves" -> 1, "movements" -> 1, "Moved" -> 1, "move" -> 1, "mountain" -> 1, "motive" -> 1, "Most" -> 1, "Mortgage" -> 1, "Moreover" -> 1, "morale" -> 1, "monopoly" -> 1, "monopolistic" -> 1, "Money" -> 1, "momentum" -> 1, "momentous" -> 1, "modes" -> 1, "modernize" -> 1, "moderate" -> 1, "model" -> 1, "mode" -> 1, "mobilize" -> 1, "mobility" -> 1, "mobile" -> 1, "mix-manned" -> 1, "Missouri" -> 1, "missions" -> 1, "misguided" -> 1, "minorities" -> 1, "minister" -> 1, "Minimum" -> 1, "minimize" -> 1, "minerals" -> 1, "mineral" -> 1, "mind" -> 1, "million—18" -> 1, "millions" -> 1, "milk" -> 1, "mile" -> 1, "migrants" -> 1, "might" -> 1, "midwife" -> 1, "middle" -> 1, "mid-1964" -> 1, "Michigan" -> 1, "Mexico" -> 1, "meteorology" -> 1, "metals" -> 1, "Mercury" -> 1, "merchandise" -> 1, "mentioning" -> 1, "memory" -> 1, "membership" -> 1, "megatonnage" -> 1, "meets" -> 1, "meeting" -> 1, "medium" -> 1, "medicines" -> 1, "Medical" -> 1, "medals" -> 1, "meaningful" -> 1, "mean" -> 1, "meal" -> 1, "May" -> 1, "Maximum" -> 1, "maturity" -> 1, "matter" -> 1, "mathematics" -> 1, "Maternal" -> 1, "matching" -> 1, "matched" -> 1, "Mastered" -> 1, "master" -> 1, "Massachusetts" -> 1, "Mass" -> 1, "marvel" -> 1, "Mars" -> 1, "markets" -> 1, "Marketing" -> 1, "markedly" -> 1, "mark" -> 1, "Mariner" -> 1, "Marine" -> 1, "marine" -> 1, "march" -> 1, "manufacturers" -> 1, "manufactured" -> 1, "manner" -> 1, "mankind—with" -> 1, "man-hours" -> 1, "manageable" -> 1, "Man" -> 1, "making" -> 1, "Maintenance" -> 1, "maintenance" -> 1, "maintained—through" -> 1, "mainland" -> 1, "main" -> 1, "Made" -> 1, "machinery" -> 1, "low-rent" -> 1, "low-interest-rate" -> 1, "low-interest" -> 1, "low-income" -> 1, "love" -> 1, "lot" -> 1, "look" -> 1, "long-needed" -> 1, "long-distance" -> 1, "Long" -> 1, "loneliness" -> 1, "logic" -> 1, "loaded" -> 1, "lives" -> 1, "livelihood" -> 1, "lived" -> 1, "Lithuania" -> 1, "list" -> 1, "liquid" -> 1, "limiting" -> 1, "limitations" -> 1, "limitation" -> 1, "like" -> 1, "lignite" -> 1, "lighthouse" -> 1, "lift" -> 1, "Life" -> 1, "lie" -> 1, "Library" -> 1, "Liberties" -> 1, "liberties" -> 1, "liberalizing" -> 1, "liberalized" -> 1, "liberalization" -> 1, "liberal" -> 1, "levy" -> 1, "Let" -> 1, "Leoni" -> 1, "lengthened" -> 1, "length" -> 1, "leisure" -> 1, "legitimate" -> 1, "legally" -> 1, "Left" -> 1, "left" -> 1, "led—efforts" -> 1, "leaving" -> 1, "learn" -> 1, "leading" -> 1, "Leadership" -> 1, "layer" -> 1, "lawless" -> 1, "Law" -> 1, "laundry" -> 1, "launching" -> 1, "launch" -> 1, "Latvia" -> 1, "late" -> 1, "largely" -> 1, "languages" -> 1, "language" -> 1, "land—north" -> 1, "lands" -> 1, "Land" -> 1, "lakes" -> 1, "lake" -> 1, "lagging" -> 1, "lacks" -> 1, "lacking" -> 1, "lack" -> 1, "Labor-Management" -> 1, "labor-management" -> 1, "laborers" -> 1, "laboratory" -> 1, "laboratories" -> 1, "labeled" -> 1, "Ku" -> 1, "Korea" -> 1, "Kong" -> 1, "knowledge" -> 1, "Klux" -> 1, "Klan" -> 1, "killers" -> 1, "kidney" -> 1, "Kerr-Mills" -> 1, "kept" -> 1, "Kennedy's" -> 1, "Kefauver-Harris" -> 1, "Kashmir" -> 1, "junior" -> 1, "jumped" -> 1, "judicial" -> 1, "journey" -> 1, "joint" -> 1, "joining" -> 1, "joined" -> 1, "Jews" -> 1, "jealously" -> 1, "IV" -> 1, "it—pressed" -> 1, "itself—and" -> 1, "Its" -> 1, "items" -> 1, "Isolation" -> 1, "isolated" -> 1, "isolate" -> 1, "Island" -> 1, "island" -> 1, "irritating" -> 1, "irrigation" -> 1, "irrelevant" -> 1, "involve" -> 1, "invite" -> 1, "investments" -> 1, "Investment" -> 1, "investigation" -> 1, "investigate" -> 1, "intolerable" -> 1, "inter-ties" -> 1, "Interstate" -> 1, "Internal" -> 1, "internal" -> 1, "intermediate" -> 1, "inter-group" -> 1, "interfering" -> 1, "interference" -> 1, "interfere" -> 1, "Interests" -> 1, "interconnect" -> 1, "intensity" -> 1, "Intensify" -> 1, "intensified" -> 1, "intelligence" -> 1, "intact" -> 1, "Insurance—more" -> 1, "Instruments" -> 1, "instruments" -> 1, "instrumental" -> 1, "instruction" -> 1, "institution" -> 1, "instituting" -> 1, "institutes" -> 1, "instituted" -> 1, "institute" -> 1, "instead" -> 1, "instances" -> 1, "installations" -> 1, "inspiration" -> 1, "inspection" -> 1, "inquiry" -> 1, "innovative" -> 1, "injustice" -> 1, "injuries" -> 1, "Initiated" -> 1, "ingenuity" -> 1, "influence" -> 1, "Inflation" -> 1, "infantry" -> 1, "inexhaustible" -> 1, "inequity" -> 1, "inequities" -> 1, "inequitable" -> 1, "inequalities" -> 1, "inefficient" -> 1, "Individuals" -> 1, "Individual" -> 1, "indicated" -> 1, "India's" -> 1, "India" -> 1, "index" -> 1, "Independence" -> 1, "indemnity" -> 1, "inconsistent" -> 1, "inconsistencies" -> 1, "incompatible" -> 1, "incomparable" -> 1, "income-making" -> 1, "inclusion" -> 1, "incited" -> 1, "inches" -> 1, "inaugurated" -> 1, "inadequately" -> 1, "inadequate" -> 1, "inaccessible" -> 1, "improving" -> 1, "Improved" -> 1, "implemented" -> 1, "imperialism" -> 1, "impairs" -> 1, "impairing" -> 1, "impact" -> 1, "Immigration" -> 1, "immigrants" -> 1, "Immediately" -> 1, "immediately" -> 1, "immediate" -> 1, "immeasurably" -> 1, "imbalance" -> 1, "imagination" -> 1, "IL-28" -> 1, "III" -> 1, "ignorance" -> 1, "ideology" -> 1, "ideals" -> 1, "idea" -> 1, "hydrogen" -> 1, "hydroelectric" -> 1, "hurt" -> 1, "Hungary" -> 1, "Hundreds" -> 1, "humanity" -> 1, "Human" -> 1, "huge" -> 1, "HOUSING" -> 1, "housewives" -> 1, "houses" -> 1, "housed" -> 1, "house" -> 1, "hours" -> 1, "hour" -> 1, "hostile" -> 1, "hope" -> 1, "honorable" -> 1, "Hong" -> 1, "honesty" -> 1, "honestly" -> 1, "honest" -> 1, "Home" -> 1, "holds" -> 1, "history—the" -> 1, "history—that" -> 1, "him" -> 1, "Highway" -> 1, "high-water" -> 1, "highly-qualified" -> 1, "highly" -> 1, "Higher" -> 1, "high-cost" -> 1, "hidden" -> 1, "heritage" -> 1, "here" -> 1, "Henceforth" -> 1, "held" -> 1, "heaviest" -> 1, "heart" -> 1, "hearings" -> 1, "healthy" -> 1, "healthful" -> 1, "heads" -> 1, "He" -> 1, "hazards" -> 1, "hatred" -> 1, "hasten" -> 1, "harmful" -> 1, "harm" -> 1, "hard-pressed" -> 1, "hard-hit" -> 1, "hard-headed" -> 1, "hard" -> 1, "happiness" -> 1, "happen" -> 1, "Hanford" -> 1, "handled" -> 1, "handle" -> 1, "handicapped—from" -> 1, "halted" -> 1, "halt" -> 1, "halls" -> 1, "habit" -> 1, "Guinea" -> 1, "guideposts" -> 1, "guided" -> 1, "guide" -> 1, "guidance" -> 1, "guerrilla" -> 1, "guerilla" -> 1, "guarding" -> 1, "guarded" -> 1, "guarantor" -> 1, "guarantees" -> 1, "guaranteed" -> 1, "grow—for" -> 1, "Growth" -> 1, "grown" -> 1, "group" -> 1, "ground" -> 1, "Gross" -> 1, "Greatly" -> 1, "grateful" -> 1, "Grants" -> 1, "granting" -> 1, "granted" -> 1, "Grant" -> 1, "grains" -> 1, "Grain" -> 1, "grain" -> 1, "graded" -> 1, "Governor" -> 1, "government-wide" -> 1, "Government's" -> 1, "government's" -> 1, "good—the" -> 1, "gone" -> 1, "going" -> 1, "goes" -> 1, "glory" -> 1, "global" -> 1, "glasses" -> 1, "GI's" -> 1, "girl" -> 1, "gifted" -> 1, "getting" -> 1, "get" -> 1, "geophysical" -> 1, "generous" -> 1, "generators" -> 1, "generate" -> 1, "General's" -> 1, "gave" -> 1, "garment" -> 1, "Furthermore" -> 1, "Funds" -> 1, "funded" -> 1, "Fund" -> 1, "functions" -> 1, "function" -> 1, "fully-enforceable" -> 1, "full-scale" -> 1, "fuller" -> 1, "fulfilling" -> 1, "fuels" -> 1, "fuel" -> 1, "Frustrated" -> 1, "fruits" -> 1, "frugal" -> 1, "frontiers" -> 1, "frontier" -> 1, "From" -> 1, "Fringe" -> 1, "fringe" -> 1, "freer" -> 1, "freely" -> 1, "freedom—whether" -> 1, "freedoms" -> 1, "freedom's" -> 1, "freed" -> 1, "framework" -> 1, "FPC" -> 1, "four-year" -> 1, "Fourth" -> 1, "Four" -> 1, "founding" -> 1, "founded—that" -> 1, "foundation" -> 1, "fought" -> 1, "forum" -> 1, "Forty-nine" -> 1, "forty-nine" -> 1, "Forty" -> 1, "forty" -> 1, "forth" -> 1, "Formosa" -> 1, "former" -> 1, "formal" -> 1, "forgotten" -> 1, "forget—that" -> 1, "forever" -> 1, "forests" -> 1, "forerunners" -> 1, "forefront" -> 1, "forceful" -> 1, "foods" -> 1, "Following" -> 1, "fly-by" -> 1, "flows" -> 1, "flown" -> 1, "flow" -> 1, "flour" -> 1, "floor" -> 1, "flood" -> 1, "flight-tested" -> 1, "flashes" -> 1, "Flag" -> 1, "fixing" -> 1, "five-year-old" -> 1, "five-year" -> 1, "Fitzgerald" -> 1, "fit" -> 1, "fishing" -> 1, "fishermen" -> 1, "First-rate" -> 1, "firmness" -> 1, "firm" -> 1, "fired" -> 1, "finished" -> 1, "findings" -> 1, "filled" -> 1, "fill" -> 1, "fighting" -> 1, "fighters" -> 1, "fighter-bomber" -> 1, "Fifteen" -> 1, "FHA-insured" -> 1, "festering" -> 1, "fellow" -> 1, "feeding" -> 1, "federal—was" -> 1, "Federally-assisted" -> 1, "federally" -> 1, "feat" -> 1, "fears" -> 1, "fearing" -> 1, "FDA" -> 1, "favorable" -> 1, "fathers" -> 1, "far-seeing" -> 1, "Farmers" -> 1, "Farm" -> 1, "family-sized" -> 1, "falsehood" -> 1, "fallen" -> 1, "fairly" -> 1, "fairer" -> 1, "fails" -> 1, "faculty" -> 1, "factories" -> 1, "fact" -> 1, "facilitate" -> 1, "Faced" -> 1, "faced" -> 1, "F-111" -> 1, "eye" -> 1, "extremism" -> 1, "extremely" -> 1, "extensive" -> 1, "extension" -> 1, "ex-servicemen" -> 1, "expressly" -> 1, "expressed" -> 1, "expose" -> 1, "Exports" -> 1, "exports" -> 1, "exported" -> 1, "export" -> 1, "explosives" -> 1, "explore" -> 1, "explain" -> 1, "experienced" -> 1, "expense" -> 1, "expedient" -> 1, "expected" -> 1, "Expanded" -> 1, "existed" -> 1, "exhausted" -> 1, "exercising" -> 1, "executive" -> 1, "executed" -> 1, "excise" -> 1, "exchanges" -> 1, "Exchange" -> 1, "excess" -> 1, "Except" -> 1, "exceeding" -> 1, "exceed" -> 1, "examination" -> 1, "evident" -> 1, "ever-rising" -> 1, "ever-increasing" -> 1, "eventful" -> 1, "event" -> 1, "evaluation" -> 1, "Estonia" -> 1, "Este" -> 1, "escapes" -> 1, "escape" -> 1, "erase" -> 1, "equities" -> 1, "equips" -> 1, "equipping" -> 1, "equipped" -> 1, "equally" -> 1, "envisioned" -> 1, "environment" -> 1, "enviable" -> 1, "envelops" -> 1, "enunciated" -> 1, "entrance" -> 1, "entitled" -> 1, "enterprises" -> 1, "enter" -> 1, "enrolled" -> 1, "enriched" -> 1, "enormous" -> 1, "enlarged" -> 1, "enlarge" -> 1, "enjoy" -> 1, "Enhance" -> 1, "engagement" -> 1, "engaged" -> 1, "engage" -> 1, "enforceable" -> 1, "energetic" -> 1, "endorsed" -> 1, "ending" -> 1, "ended—by" -> 1, "ended" -> 1, "encroachment" -> 1, "enactments" -> 1, "enactment" -> 1, "enact" -> 1, "enabling" -> 1, "employing" -> 1, "employer" -> 1, "employees—a" -> 1, "Employee" -> 1, "employee" -> 1, "employed" -> 1, "emergency" -> 1, "emergencies" -> 1, "embraced" -> 1, "embodied" -> 1, "embarked" -> 1, "emanated" -> 1, "elsewhere" -> 1, "eliminates" -> 1, "elements" -> 1, "electricity" -> 1, "electrical" -> 1, "elections" -> 1, "elected" -> 1, "elect" -> 1, "eight-year" -> 1, "effect" -> 1, "educate" -> 1, "economy—almost" -> 1, "Economy" -> 1, "east" -> 1, "earning" -> 1, "earned" -> 1, "earn" -> 1, "earlier" -> 1, "dynamic" -> 1, "duties" -> 1, "duration" -> 1, "duplication" -> 1, "dry" -> 1, "dropped" -> 1, "drawn" -> 1, "dramatic" -> 1, "dozen" -> 1, "doubt" -> 1, "dormitories" -> 1, "doomed" -> 1, "domiciliary" -> 1, "Domestic" -> 1, "does" -> 1, "doctors" -> 1, "Division" -> 1, "division" -> 1, "divide" -> 1, "diversity" -> 1, "disunity" -> 1, "districts" -> 1, "distribute" -> 1, "distressed" -> 1, "distress" -> 1, "distinguished" -> 1, "distinctive" -> 1, "disregard" -> 1, "dispute" -> 1, "dispose" -> 1, "disposable" -> 1, "disorders" -> 1, "dismantle" -> 1, "diseases" -> 1, "disease" -> 1, "discussion" -> 1, "Discrimination" -> 1, "discovered" -> 1, "discover" -> 1, "discouraging" -> 1, "discounting" -> 1, "discord" -> 1, "Disclosure" -> 1, "disclosed" -> 1, "discharged" -> 1, "discharge" -> 1, "disastrous" -> 1, "disagreements" -> 1, "disadvantaged" -> 1, "disadvantage" -> 1, "directs" -> 1, "directly" -> 1, "Direct" -> 1, "dining" -> 1, "diminishing" -> 1, "difficulties" -> 1, "differences" -> 1, "diagnostic" -> 1, "devotion" -> 1, "devoting" -> 1, "Developed" -> 1, "Deterrent" -> 1, "deterrent" -> 1, "determination—and" -> 1, "determination" -> 1, "deteriorating" -> 1, "deteriorated" -> 1, "deter" -> 1, "detecting" -> 1, "destroyers" -> 1, "desire" -> 1, "designs" -> 1, "design" -> 1, "deserves" -> 1, "deserve" -> 1, "desert" -> 1, "desegregation" -> 1, "depths" -> 1, "depth" -> 1, "Depression" -> 1, "Depressed" -> 1, "depreciation" -> 1, "deplore" -> 1, "department" -> 1, "deny" -> 1, "demonstrations" -> 1, "demonstrating" -> 1, "demonstrated" -> 1, "Democrats" -> 1, "delinquents" -> 1, "deliberately" -> 1, "delegate" -> 1, "Delaware" -> 1, "del" -> 1, "definition" -> 1, "defensive" -> 1, "defendants" -> 1, "defend" -> 1, "defeated" -> 1, "default" -> 1, "deep-sea" -> 1, "deepest" -> 1, "deeper" -> 1, "deem" -> 1, "dedicated" -> 1, "decreasing" -> 1, "decoy" -> 1, "declined" -> 1, "Declaration" -> 1, "decisively" -> 1, "deceased" -> 1, "Decade" -> 1, "deaths" -> 1, "deafness" -> 1, "deaf" -> 1, "deadlock" -> 1, "date" -> 1, "danger" -> 1, "dams" -> 1, "Dakotas" -> 1, "Czechoslovakia" -> 1, "Cyprus" -> 1, "cutbacks" -> 1, "customer" -> 1, "curtail" -> 1, "Currently" -> 1, "Current" -> 1, "cures" -> 1, "cumulative" -> 1, "Cultural" -> 1, "culminating" -> 1, "Cubans" -> 1, "crushing" -> 1, "crucible" -> 1, "cross" -> 1, "Crop" -> 1, "crises" -> 1, "crippling" -> 1, "crime" -> 1, "Credit" -> 1, "Created" -> 1, "cracked" -> 1, "cover" -> 1, "courage—international" -> 1, "country—the" -> 1, "countless" -> 1, "counties" -> 1, "countering" -> 1, "counter" -> 1, "counseling" -> 1, "counsel" -> 1, "cost-breakthrough" -> 1, "Cost" -> 1, "Cosmetics" -> 1, "corruption" -> 1, "Corporation" -> 1, "coordination" -> 1, "Cooperation" -> 1, "conversion" -> 1, "conventions" -> 1, "controlled" -> 1, "contributes" -> 1, "contrast" -> 1, "contradicts" -> 1, "continuous" -> 1, "continuity" -> 1, "continues" -> 1, "continuation" -> 1, "contamination" -> 1, "consummate" -> 1, "consuming" -> 1, "Consumers" -> 1, "consumables" -> 1, "consultation" -> 1, "constructing" -> 1, "constitutes" -> 1, "constituent" -> 1, "constantly" -> 1, "constant" -> 1, "consolidation" -> 1, "consistently" -> 1, "Consideration" -> 1, "considerably" -> 1, "consequences" -> 1, "consequence" -> 1, "consensus" -> 1, "conscious" -> 1, "Conquest" -> 1, "conquered" -> 1, "Congresses" -> 1, "Congo" -> 1, "confident" -> 1, "conferred" -> 1, "conference" -> 1, "condition" -> 1, "condemn" -> 1, "concrete" -> 1, "conciliation" -> 1, "concessions" -> 1, "concerned" -> 1, "concepts" -> 1, "conceived" -> 1, "compromise" -> 1, "composed" -> 1, "complications" -> 1, "Completing" -> 1, "complete" -> 1, "complain" -> 1, "competitive" -> 1, "compelled" -> 1, "compassion" -> 1, "comparison" -> 1, "comparable" -> 1, "commuters" -> 1, "commuter" -> 1, "Communities" -> 1, "Communists—doubting" -> 1, "communications" -> 1, "committee" -> 1, "Commission's" -> 1, "Commerce" -> 1, "commence" -> 1, "coming" -> 1, "comfort" -> 1, "combining" -> 1, "combination" -> 1, "colonies" -> 1, "colleges" -> 1, "Collective" -> 1, "collection" -> 1, "collecting" -> 1, "collect" -> 1, "Cod" -> 1, "clinics" -> 1, "clients" -> 1, "clearinghouse" -> 1, "clearest" -> 1, "cleaning" -> 1, "Clean" -> 1, "clean" -> 1, "classroom" -> 1, "classes" -> 1, "city" -> 1, "citizens—particularly" -> 1, "citizenship" -> 1, "Citizens" -> 1, "citizen's" -> 1, "citizenry" -> 1, "cite" -> 1, "chosen" -> 1, "chose" -> 1, "choose" -> 1, "choice" -> 1, "Chinese-Russian" -> 1, "Chief" -> 1, "Chesapeake" -> 1, "check" -> 1, "Charter" -> 1, "charged" -> 1, "characterized" -> 1, "character" -> 1, "channeling" -> 1, "changing" -> 1, "challenged" -> 1, "chairmanship" -> 1, "Chairman" -> 1, "certifying" -> 1, "ceremony" -> 1, "century—there" -> 1, "Central" -> 1, "Centers" -> 1, "centered" -> 1, "Center" -> 1, "Centaur" -> 1, "ceilings" -> 1, "ceiling" -> 1, "ceaseless" -> 1, "ceased" -> 1, "caved" -> 1, "Castroism" -> 1, "Castro-inspired" -> 1, "case" -> 1, "carrying" -> 1, "Carry" -> 1, "carries" -> 1, "carried" -> 1, "Caribbean" -> 1, "cargo-passenger" -> 1, "cargo" -> 1, "careful" -> 1, "career" -> 1, "cared" -> 1, "cardinal" -> 1, "capture" -> 1, "Cape" -> 1, "capability" -> 1, "Canada" -> 1, "camps" -> 1, "campaign" -> 1, "came" -> 1, "calmly" -> 1, "calm" -> 1, "call-up" -> 1, "calls" -> 1, "calling" -> 1, "call" -> 1, "California" -> 1, "caliber" -> 1, "cabinet" -> 1, "by-passed" -> 1, "buyer" -> 1, "buy" -> 1, "businessmen" -> 1, "businessman" -> 1, "bus" -> 1, "burned" -> 1, "Bureau" -> 1, "burdens" -> 1, "bullet" -> 1, "Bulgaria" -> 1, "budgeted" -> 1, "budgetary" -> 1, "brokers" -> 1, "broad-gauge" -> 1, "brilliance" -> 1, "brightening" -> 1, "breeds" -> 1, "breathe" -> 1, "breakthrough" -> 1, "bread" -> 1, "branches—executive" -> 1, "boy" -> 1, "bountiful" -> 1, "boundless" -> 1, "borrowers" -> 1, "born" -> 1, "booster" -> 1, "Bonneville" -> 1, "boldly" -> 1, "body" -> 1, "boats" -> 1, "board" -> 1, "blueprint" -> 1, "bloc" -> 1, "blindness" -> 1, "blinded" -> 1, "blight" -> 1, "blessings" -> 1, "blanket" -> 1, "Birthday" -> 1, "birth" -> 1, "Birch" -> 1, "billion—since" -> 1, "bill" -> 1, "bid" -> 1, "beyond" -> 1, "Between" -> 1, "between" -> 1, "Betancourt—the" -> 1, "best—and" -> 1, "benefiting" -> 1, "benefited" -> 1, "Benefit" -> 1, "believes" -> 1, "believed" -> 1, "Being" -> 1, "beds" -> 1, "beautiful" -> 1, "Bay" -> 1, "battlefield" -> 1, "battle" -> 1, "Battered" -> 1, "basins" -> 1, "Basin" -> 1, "basically" -> 1, "base" -> 1, "bars" -> 1, "Bargaining" -> 1, "banned" -> 1, "banks" -> 1, "bankrupted" -> 1, "ban" -> 1, "Baltimore" -> 1, "Balanced" -> 1, "bail" -> 1, "backs" -> 1, "backlog" -> 1, "b" -> 1, "away" -> 1, "awarded" -> 1, "awaiting" -> 1, "avoid" -> 1, "aviation" -> 1, "averaged" -> 1, "automatic" -> 1, "authorize" -> 1, "authorizations" -> 1, "authorities" -> 1, "attuned" -> 1, "Attract" -> 1, "attend" -> 1, "attempted" -> 1, "attainment" -> 1, "attain" -> 1, "asylum" -> 1, "astronaut-explorers" -> 1, "assuring" -> 1, "assures" -> 1, "assuming" -> 1, "assumed" -> 1, "Assistant" -> 1, "Assist" -> 1, "assets" -> 1, "assessments" -> 1, "assassin's" -> 1, "asked" -> 1, "Asian" -> 1, "artists" -> 1, "artistically" -> 1, "artificial" -> 1, "art" -> 1, "arsenal" -> 1, "arrived" -> 1, "arrangements" -> 1, "armor" -> 1, "armistice" -> 1, "Armed" -> 1, "armaments" -> 1, "arising" -> 1, "arise" -> 1, "argument" -> 1, "ARA" -> 1, "Approximately" -> 1, "approaching" -> 1, "apprenticeship" -> 1, "appointment" -> 1, "appointed" -> 1, "applied" -> 1, "Applications" -> 1, "Appalachia" -> 1, "anywhere" -> 1, "Antitrust" -> 1, "antitrust" -> 1, "anti-racketeering" -> 1, "anti-guerilla" -> 1, "anti-ballistic" -> 1, "anti-American" -> 1, "Antarctic" -> 1, "answered" -> 1, "announcement" -> 1, "Angeles—and" -> 1, "Angeles" -> 1, "anew" -> 1, "anchored" -> 1, "anarchy" -> 1, "ample" -> 1, "amounts" -> 1, "amounted" -> 1, "amended" -> 1, "Amend" -> 1, "ameliorate" -> 1, "ambitious" -> 1, "ambiguities" -> 1, "always" -> 1, "along" -> 1, "Almost" -> 1, "all—fulfill" -> 1, "All-Risk" -> 1, "allowances" -> 1, "allowance" -> 1, "all-out" -> 1, "allocation" -> 1, "allocated" -> 1, "allies" -> 1, 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"accuser" -> 1, "accusations" -> 1, "accumulated" -> 1, "Accounting" -> 1, "accounting" -> 1, "accounted" -> 1, "Accordingly" -> 1, "accordance" -> 1, "accomplished" -> 1, "accomplish" -> 1, "accommodations" -> 1, "accidents" -> 1, "Access" -> 1, "accept" -> 1, "accelerator" -> 1, "acceleration" -> 1, "accelerated" -> 1, "acceded" -> 1, "academic" -> 1, "abuses" -> 1, "absolute" -> 1, "above" -> 1, "abolishing" -> 1, "ability—to" -> 1, "abate" -> 1, "A7A" -> 1, "9" -> 1, "89" -> 1, "87" -> 1, "85" -> 1, "81,000" -> 1, "8,076,422" -> 1, "80-20" -> 1, "8,000" -> 1, "8" -> 1, "79" -> 1, "78,000" -> 1, "78" -> 1, "7/8" -> 1, "77,838" -> 1, "7,762" -> 1, "77" -> 1, "75,000" -> 1, "750" -> 1, "75" -> 1, "72,400,000" -> 1, "7,000,000" -> 1, "7,000" -> 1, "70" -> 1, "6.8" -> 1, "6.5%" -> 1, "600" -> 1, "60%" -> 1, "5-year" -> 1, "580" -> 1, "58" -> 1, "5,705,000" -> 1, "550" -> 1, "55" -> 1, "54,000" -> 1, "54" -> 1, "5,150,000" -> 1, "512" -> 1, "50/50" -> 1, "50,000" -> 1, "50%" -> 1, 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"1,700,000" -> 1, "166,000" -> 1, "1,600,000" -> 1, "15-minute" -> 1, "15,000" -> 1, "150%" -> 1, "1.5" -> 1, "149" -> 1, "141" -> 1, "1/4" -> 1, "1,300" -> 1, "1.3%" -> 1, "12,500,000" -> 1, "125,000" -> 1, "12,500" -> 1, "120" -> 1, "118,000" -> 1, "118" -> 1, "115,450" -> 1, "11141" -> 1, "11114" -> 1, "110,000" -> 1, "1,100" -> 1, "10-year" -> 1, "101.0" -> 1, "101" -> 1, "100.4" -> 1, "10,000" -> 1, "0" -> 1|>|>, <|"SourceURL" -> "http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29602", "Name" -> "Democratic Party Platform of 1960", "Party" -> "Democratic", "Year" -> 1960, "Date" -> DateObject[{1960, 7, 11}], "Text" -> "In 1796, in America's first contested national election, our Party, under the leadership of Thomas Jefferson, campaigned on the principles of \"The Rights of Man.\"\nEver since, these four words have underscored our identity with the plain people of America and the world.\nIn periods of national crisis, we Democrats have returned to these words for renewed strength. We return to them today.\nIn 1960, \"The Rights of Man\" are still the issue. It is our continuing responsibility to provide an effective instrument of political action for every American who seeks to strengthen these rights-everywhere here in America, and everywhere in our 20th Century world.\nThe common danger of mankind is war and the threat of war. Today, three billion human beings live in fear that some rash act or blunder may plunge us all into a nuclear holocaust which will leave only ruined cities, blasted homes, and a poisoned earth and sky.\nOur objective, however, is not the right to coexist in armed camps on the same planet with totalitarian ideologies; it is the creation of an enduring peace in which the universal values of human dignity, truth, and justice under law are finally secured for all men everywhere on earth.\nIf America is to work effectively for such a peace, we must first restore our national strength-military, political, economic, and moral.\nNational Defense\n\nThe new Democratic Administration will recast our military capacity in order to provide forces and weapons of a diversity, balance, and mobility sufficient in quantity and quality to deter both limited and general aggressions.\nWhen the Democratic Administration left office in 1953, the United States was the pre-eminent power in the world. Most free nations had confidence in our will and our ability to carry out our commitments to the common defense.\nEven those who wished us ill respected our power and influence.\nThe Republican Administration has lost that position of pre-eminence. Over the past 7 1/2 years, our military power has steadily declined relative to that of the Russians and the Chinese and their satellites.\nThis is not a partisan election-year charge. It has been persistently made by high officials of the Republican Administration itself. Before Congressional committees they have testified that the Communists will have a dangerous lead in intercontinental missiles through 1963—and that the Republican Administration has no plans to catch up.\nThey have admitted that the Soviet Union leads in the space race—and that they have no plans to catch up.\nThey have also admitted that our conventional military forces, on which we depend for defense in any non-nuclear war, have been dangerously slashed for reasons of \"economy\"—and that they have no plans to reverse this trend.\nAs a result, our military position today is measured in terms of gaps—missile gap, space gap, limited-war gap.\nTo recover from the errors of the past 7 1/2 years will not be easy.\nThis is the strength that must be erected:\n1. Deterrent military power such that the Soviet and Chinese leaders will have no doubt that an attack on the United States would surely be followed by their own destruction.\n2. Balanced conventional military forces which will permit a response graded to the intensity of any threats of aggressive force.\n3. Continuous modernization of these forces through intensified research and development, including essential programs now slowed down, terminated, suspended, or neglected for lack of budgetary support.\nA first order of business of a Democratic Administration will be a complete re-examination of the organization of our armed forces.\nA military organization structure, conceived before the revolution in weapons technology, cannot be suitable for the strategic deterrent, continental defense, limited war, and military alliance requirements of the 1960s.\nWe believe that our armed forces should be organized more nearly on the basis of function, not only to produce greater military strength, but also to eliminate duplication and save substantial sums.\nWe pledge our will, energies, and resources to oppose Communist aggression.\nSince World War II, it has been clear that our own security must be pursued in concert with that of many other nations.\nThe Democratic Administrations which, in World War II, led in forging a mighty and victorious alliance, took the initiative after the war in creating the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the greatest peacetime alliance in history.\nThis alliance has made it possible to keep Western Europe and the Atlantic Community secure against Communist pressures.\nOur present system of alliances was begun in a time of an earlier weapons technology when our ability to retaliate against Communist attack required bases all around the periphery of the Soviet Union. Today, because of our continuing weakness in mobile weapons systems and intercontinental missiles, our defenses still depend in part on bases beyond our borders for planes and shorter-range missiles.\nIf an alliance is to be maintained in vigor, its unity must be reflected in shared purposes. Some of our allies have contributed neither devotion to the cause of freedom nor any real military strength.\nThe new Democratic Administration will review our system of pacts and alliances. We shall continue to adhere to our treaty obligations, including the commitment of the UN Charter to resist aggression. But we shall also seek to shift the emphasis of our cooperation from military aid to economic development, wherever this is possible.\nCivil Defense\n\nWe commend the work of the civil defense groups throughout the nation. A strong and effective civil defense is an essential element in our nation's defense.\nThe new Democratic Administration will undertake a full review and analysis of the programs that should be adopted if the protection possible is to be provided to the civilian population of our nation.\nArms Control\n\nA fragile power balance sustained by mutual nuclear terror does not, however, constitute peace. We must regain the initiative on the entire international front with effective new policies to create the conditions for peace.\nThere are no simple solutions to the infinitely complex challenges which face us. Mankind's eternal dream, a world of peace, can only be built slowly and patiently.\nA primary task is to develop responsible proposals that will help break the deadlock on arms control.\nSuch proposals should include means for ending nuclear tests under workable safeguards, cutting back nuclear weapons, reducing conventional forces, preserving outer space for peaceful purposes, preventing surprise attack, and limiting the risk of accidental war.\nThis requires a national peace agency for disarmament planning and research to muster the scientific ingenuity, coordination, continuity, and seriousness of purpose which are now lacking in our arms control efforts.\nThe national peace agency would develop the technical and scientific data necessary for serious disarmament negotiations, would conduct research in cooperation with the Defense Department and Atomic Energy Commission on methods of inspection and monitoring arms control agreements, particularly agreements to control nuclear testing, and would provide continuous technical advice to our disarmament negotiators.\nAs with armaments, so with disarmament, the Republican Administration has provided us with much talk but little constructive action. Representatives of the United States have gone to conferences without plans or preparation. The Administration has played opportunistic politics, both at home and abroad.\nEven during the recent important negotiations at Geneva and Paris, only a handful of people were devoting full time to work on the highly complex problem of disarmament.\nMore than $100 billion of the world's production now goes each year into armaments. To the extent that we can secure the adoption of effective arms control agreements, vast resources will be freed for peaceful use.\nThe new Democratic Administration will plan for an orderly shift of our expenditures. Long-delayed reductions in excise, corporation, and individual income taxes will then be possible. We can also step up the pace in meeting our backlog of public needs and in pursuing the promise of atomic and space science in a peaceful age.\nAs world-wide disarmament proceeds, it will free vast resources for a new international attack on the problem of world poverty.\nThe Instruments of Foreign Policy\n\nAmerican foreign policy in all its aspects must be attuned to our world of change.\nWe will recruit officials whose experience, humanity, and dedication fit them for the task of effectively representing America abroad.\nWe will provide a more sensitive and creative direction to our overseas information program. And we will overhaul our administrative machinery so that America may avoid diplomatic embarrassments and at long last speak with a single confident voice in world affairs.\nThe \"Image\" of America\n\nFirst, those men and women selected to represent us abroad must be chosen for their sensitive understanding of the peoples with whom they will live. We can no longer afford representatives who are ignorant of the language and culture and politics of the nations in which they represent us.\nOur information programs must be more than news broadcasts and boastful recitals of our accomplishments and our material riches. We must find ways to show the people of the world that we share the same goals—dignity, health, freedom, schools for children, a place in the sun—and that we will work together to achieve them.\nOur program of visits between Americans and people of other nations will be expanded, with special emphasis upon students and younger leaders. We will encourage study of foreign languages. We favor continued support and extension of such programs as the East-West cultural center established at the University of Hawaii. We shall study a similar center for Latin America, with due consideration of the existing facilities now available in the Canal Zone.\nNational Policy Machinery\n\nIn the present Administration, the National Security Council has been used not to focus issues for decision by the responsible leaders of Government, but to paper over problems of policy with \"agreed solutions\" which avoid decisions.\nThe mishandling of the U-2 espionage flights—the sorry spectacle of official denial, retraction, and contradiction—and the admitted misjudging of Japanese public opinion are only two recent examples of the breakdown of the Administration's machinery for assembling facts, making decisions, and coordinating action.\nThe Democratic Party welcomes the study now being made by the Senate Subcommittee on National Policy Machinery. The new Democratic Administration will revamp and simplify this cumbersome machinery.\nWorld Trade\n\nWorld trade is more than ever essential to world peace. In the tradition of Cordell Hull, we shall expand world trade in every responsible way.\nSince all Americans share the benefits of this policy, its costs should not be the burden of a few. We shall support practical measures to case the necessary adjustments of industries and communities which may be unavoidably hurt by increases in imports.\nWorld trade raises living standards, widens markets, reduces costs, increases profits, and builds political stability and international economic cooperation.\nHowever, the increase in foreign imports involves costly adjustment and damage to some domestic industries and communities. The burden has been heavier recently because of the Republican failure to maintain an adequate rate of economic growth, and the refusal to use public programs to ease necessary adjustments.\nThe Democratic Administration will help industries affected by foreign trade with measures favorable to economic growth, orderly transition, fair competition, and the long-run economic strength of all parts of our nation.\nIndustries and communities affected by foreign trade need and deserve appropriate help through trade adjustment measures such as direct loans, tax incentives, defense contracts priority, and re-training assistance.\nOur Government should press for reduction of foreign barriers to the sale of the products of American industry and agriculture. These are particularly severe in the case of fruit products. The present balance-of-payments situation provides a favorable opportunity for such action.\nThe new Democratic Administration will seek international agreements to assure fair competition and fair labor standards to protect our own workers and to improve the lot of workers elsewhere.\nOur domestic economic policies and our essential foreign policies must be harmonious.\nTo sell, we must buy. We therefore must resist the temptation to accept remedies that deny American producers and consumers access to world markets and destroy the prosperity of our friends in the non-Communist world.\nImmigration\n\nWe shall adjust our immigration, nationality and refugee policies to eliminate discrimination and to enable members of scattered families abroad to be united with relatives already in our midst.\nThe national-origins quota system of limiting immigration contradicts the rounding principles of this nation. It is inconsistent with our belief in the rights of man. This system was instituted after World War I as a policy of deliberate discrimination by a Republican Administration and Congress.\nThe revision of immigration and nationality laws we seek will implement our belief that enlightened immigration, naturalization and refugee policies and humane administration of them are important aspects of our foreign policy.\nThese laws will bring greater skills to our land, reunite families, permit the United States to meet its fair share of world programs of rescue and rehabilitation, and take advantage of immigration as an important factor in the growth of the American economy.\nIn this World Refugee Year it is our hope to achieve admission of our fair share of refugees. We will institute policies to alleviate suffering among the homeless wherever we are able to extend our aid.\nWe must remove the distinctions between native-born and naturalized citizens to assure full protection of our laws to all. There is no place in the United States for \"second-class citizenship.\"\nThe protections provided by due process, right of appeal, and statutes of limitation, can be extended to non-citizens without hampering the security of our nation.\nWe commend the Democratic Congress for the initial steps that have recently been taken toward liberalizing changes in immigration law. However, this should not be a piecemeal project and we are confident that a Democratic President in cooperation with Democratic Congresses will again implant a humanitarian and liberal spirit in our nation's immigration and citizenship policies.\nTo the peoples and governments beyond our shores we offer the following pledges:\nThe Underdeveloped World\n\nTo the non-Communist nations of Asia, Africa, and Latin America: We shall create with you working partnerships, based on mutual respect and understanding.\nIn the Jeffersonian tradition, we recognize and welcome the irresistible momentum of the world revolution of rising expectations for a better life. We shall identify American policy with the values and objectives of this revolution.\nTo this end the new Democratic Administration will revamp and refocus the objectives, emphasis and allocation of our foreign assistance programs.\nThe proper purpose of these programs is not to buy gratitude or to recruit mercenaries, but to enable the peoples of these awakening, developing nations to make their own free choices.\nAs they achieve a sense of belonging, of dignity, and of justice, freedom will become meaningful for them, and therefore worth defending.\nWhere military assistance remains essential for the common defense, we shall see that the requirements are fully met. But as rapidly as security considerations permit, we will replace tanks with tractors, bombers with bulldozers, and tacticians with technicians.\nWe shall place our programs of international cooperation on a long-term basis to permit more effective planning. We shall seek to associate other capital-exporting countries with us in promoting the orderly economic growth of the underdeveloped world.\nWe recognize India and Pakistan as major tests of the capacity of free men in a difficult environment to master the age-old problems of illiteracy, poverty, and disease. We will support their efforts in every practical way.\nWe welcome the emerging new nations of Africa to the world community. Here again we shall strive to write a new chapter of fruitful cooperation.\nIn Latin America we shall restore the Good Neighbor Policy based on far closer economic cooperation and increased respect and understanding.\nIn the Middle East we will work for guarantees to insure independence for all states. We will encourage direct Arab-Israeli peace negotiations, the resettlement of Arab refugees in lands where there is room and opportunity for them, an end to boycotts and blockades, and unrestricted use of the Suez Canal by all nations.\nA billion and a half people in Asia, Africa and Latin America are engaged in an unprecedented attempt to propel themselves into the 20th Century. They are striving to create or reaffirm their national identity.\nBut they want much more than independence. They want an end to grinding poverty. They want more food, health for themselves and their children, and other benefits that a modern industrial civilization can provide.\nCommunist strategy has sought to divert these aspirations into narrowly nationalistic channels, or external troublemaking, or authoritarianism. The Republican Administration has played into the hands of this strategy by concerning itself almost exclusively with the military problem of Communist invasion.\nThe Democratic programs of economic cooperation will be aimed at making it as easy as possible for the political leadership in these countries to turn the energy, talent and resources of their peoples to orderly economic growth.\nHistory and current experience show that an annual per capita growth rate of at least 2% is feasible in these countries. The Democratic Administration's assistance program, in concert with the aid forthcoming from our partners in Western Europe, Japan, and the British Commonwealth, will be geared to facilitating this objective.\nThe Democratic Administration will recognize that assistance to these countries is not an emergency or short-term matter. Through the Development Loan Fund and otherwise, we shall seek to assure continuity in our aid programs for periods of at least five years, in order to permit more effective allocation on our part and better planning by the governments of the countries receiving aid.\nMore effective use of aid and a greater confidence in us and our motives will be the result.\nWe shall establish priorities for foreign aid which will channel it to those countries abroad which, by their own willingness to help themselves, show themselves most capable of using it effectively.\nWe shall use our own agricultural productivity as an effective tool of foreign aid, and also as a vital form of working capital for economic development. We shall seek new approaches which will provide assistance without disrupting normal world markets for food and fiber.\nWe shall give attention to the problem of stabilizing world prices of agricultural commodities and basic raw materials on which many underdeveloped countries depend for needed foreign exchange.\nWe shall explore the feasibility of shipping and storing a substantial part of our food abundance in a system of \"food banks\" located at distribution centers in the underdeveloped world.\nSuch a system would be an effective means of alleviating famine and suffering in times of natural disaster, and of cushioning the effect of bad harvests. It would also have a helpful anti-inflationary influence as economic development gets under way.\nAlthough basic development requirements like transport, housing, schools, and river development may be financed by Government, these projects are usually built and sometimes managed by private enterprise. Moreover, outside this public sector a large and increasing role remains for private investment.\nThe Republican Administration has done little to summon American business to play its part in this, one of the most creative tasks of our generation. The Democratic Administration will take\nsteps to recruit and organize effectively the best business talent in America for foreign economic development.\nWe urge continued economic assistance to Israel and the Arab peoples to help them raise their living standards. We pledge our best efforts for peace in the Middle East by seeking to prevent an arms race while guarding against the dangers of a military imbalance resulting from Soviet arms shipments.\nThe Atlantic Community\n\nTo our friends and associates in the Atlantic Community: We propose a broader partnership that goes beyond our common fears to recognize the depth and sweep of our common political, economic, and cultural interests.\nWe welcome the recent heartening advances toward European unity. In every appropriate way, we shall encourage their further growth within the broader framework of the Atlantic Community.\nAfter World War II, Democratic statesmen saw that an orderly, peaceful world was impossible with Europe shattered and exhausted.\nThey fashioned the great programs which bear their names—the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan—by which the economies of Europe were revived. Then in NATO they renewed for the common defense the ties of alliance forged in war.\nIn these endeavors, the Democratic Administrations invited leading Republicans to full participation as equal partners. But the Republican Administration has rejected this principle of bi-partisanship.\nWe have already seen how the mutual trust and confidence created abroad under Democratic leadership have been eroded by arrogance, clumsiness, and lack of understanding in the Republican Administration.\nThe new Democratic Administration will restore the former high levels of cooperation within the Atlantic Community envisaged from the beginning by the NATO treaty in political and economic spheres as well as military affairs.\nWe welcome the progress towards European unity expressed in the Coal and Steel Community, Euratom, the European Economic Community, the European Free Trade Association, and the European Assembly.\nWe shall conduct our relations with the nations of the Common Market so as to encourage the opportunities for freer and more expanded trade, and to avert the possibilities of discrimination that are inherent in it.\nWe shall encourage adjustment with the so-called \"Outer Seven\" nations so as to enlarge further the area of freer trade.\nThe Communist World\n\nTo the rulers of the Communist World: We confidently accept your challenge to competition in every field of human effort.\nWe recognize this contest as one between two radically different approaches to the meaning of life—our open society which places its highest value upon individual dignity, and your closed society in which the rights of men are sacrificed to the state.\nWe believe your Communist ideology to be sterile, unsound, and doomed to failure. We believe that your children will reject the intellectual prison in which you seek to confine them, and that ultimately they will choose the eternal principles of freedom.\nIn the meantime, we are prepared to negotiate with you whenever and wherever there is a realistic possibility of progress without sacrifice of principle.\nIf negotiations through diplomatic channels provide opportunities, we will negotiate.\nIf debate before the United Nations holds promise, we will debate.\nIf meetings at high level offer prospects of success, we will be there.\nBut we will use all the power, resources, and energy at our command to resist the further encroachment of Communism on freedom — whether at Berlin, Formosa, or new points of pressure as yet undisclosed.\nWe will keep open the lines of communication with our opponents. Despite difficulties in the way of peaceful agreement, every useful avenue will be energetically explored and pursued.\nHowever, we will never surrender positions which are essential to the defense of freedom, nor will we abandon peoples who are now behind the Iron Curtain through any formal approval of the status quo.\nEveryone proclaims \"firmness\" in support of Berlin. The issue is not the desire to be firm, but the capability to be firm. This the Democratic Party will provide as it has done before.\nThe ultimate solution of the situation in Berlin must be approached in the broader context of settlement of the tensions and divisions of Europe.\nThe good faith of the United States is pledged likewise to defending Formosa. We will carry out that pledge.\nThe new Democratic Administration will also reaffirm our historic policy of opposition to the establishment anywhere in the Americas of governments dominated by foreign powers, a policy now being undermined by Soviet threats to the freedom and independence of Cuba. The Government of the United States under a Democratic Administration will not be deterred from fulfilling its obligations and solemn responsibilities under its treaties and agreements with the nations of the Western Hemisphere. Nor will the United States, in conformity with its treaty obligations, permit the establishment of a regime dominated by international, atheistic Communism in the Western Hemisphere.\nTo the people who live in the Communist World and its captive nations: We proclaim an enduring friendship which goes beyond governments and ideologies to our common human interest in a better world.\nThrough exchanges of persons, cultural contacts, trade in non-strategic areas, and other non-governmental activities, we will endeavor to preserve and improve opportunities for human relationships which no Iron Curtain can permanently sever.\nNo political platform promise in history was more cruelly cynical than the Republican effort to buy votes in 1952 with false promises of painless liberation for the captive nations.\nThe blood of heroic freedom fighters in Hungary tragically proved this promise a fraud. We Democrats will never be party to such cruel cultivation of false hopes.\nWe look forward to the day when the men and women of Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Rumania, and the other captive nations will stand again in freedom and justice. We will hasten, by every honorable and responsible means, the arrival of the day.\nWe shall never accept any deal or arrangement which acquiesces in the present subjugation of these peoples.\nWe deeply regret that the policies and actions of the Government of Communist China have interrupted the generations of friendship between the Chinese and American peoples.\nWe reaffirm our pledge of determined opposition to the present admission of Communist China to the United Nations.\nAlthough normal diplomatic relations between our Governments are impossible under present conditions, we shall welcome any evidence that the Chinese Communist Government is genuinely prepared to create a new relationship based on respect for international obligations, including the release of American prisoners.\nWe will continue to make every effort to effect the release of American citizens and servicemen now unjustly imprisoned in Communist China and elsewhere in the Communist empire.\nThe United Nations\n\nTo all our fellow members of the United Nations: We shall strengthen our commitments in this, our great continuing institution for conciliation and the growth of a world community.\nThrough the machinery of the United Nations, we shall work for disarmament, the establishment of an international police force, the strengthening of the World Court, and the establishment of world law.\nWe shall propose the bolder and more effective use of the specialized agencies to promote the world's economic and social development.\nGreat Democratic Presidents have taken the lead in the effort to unite the nations of the world in an international organization to assure world peace with justice under law.\nThe League of Nations, conceived by Woodrow Wilson, was doomed by Republican defeat of United States participation.\nThe United Nations, sponsored by Franklin Roosevelt, has become the one place where representatives of the rival systems and interests which divide the world can and do maintain continuous contact.\nThe United States' adherence to the World Court contains a so-called \"self-judging reservation\" which, in effect, permits us to prevent a Court decision in any particular case in which we are involved. The Democratic Party proposes its repeal.\nTo all these endeavors so essential to world peace, we, the members of the Democratic Party, will bring a new urgency, persistence, and determination, born of the conviction that in our thermonuclear century all of the other Rights of Man hinge on our ability to assure man's right to peace.\nThe pursuit of peace, our contribution to the stability of the new nations of the world, our hopes for progress and well-being at home, all these depend in large measure on our ability to release the full potential of our American economy for employment, production, and growth.\nOur generation of Americans has achieved a historic technological breakthrough. Today we are capable of creating an abundance in goods and services beyond the dreams of our parents. Yet on the threshold of plenty the Republican Administration hesitates, confused and afraid.\nAs a result, massive human needs now exist side by side with idle workers, idle capital, and idle machines.\nThe Republican failure in the economic field has been virtually complete.\nTheir years of power have consisted of two recessions, in 1953-54 and 1957-60, separated by the most severe peacetime inflation in history.\nThey have shown themselves incapable of checking inflation. In their efforts to do so, they have brought on recessions that have thrown millions of Americans out of work. Yet even in these slumps, the cost of living has continued to climb, and it is now at an all-time high.\nThey have slowed down the rate of growth of the economy to about one-third the rate of the Soviet Union.\nOver the past 7 1/2-year period, the Republicans have failed to balance the budget or reduce the national debt. Responsible fiscal policy requires surpluses in good times to more than offset the deficits which may occur in recessions, in order to reduce the national debt over the long run. The Republican Administration has produced the deficits— in fact, the greatest deficit in any peace-time year in history, in 1958-59—but only occasional and meager surpluses. Their first seven years produced a total deficit of nearly $19 billion.\nWhile reducing outlays for essential public services which directly benefit our people, they have raised the annual interest charge on the national debt to a level $3 billion higher than when they took office. In the eight fiscal years of the Republican Administration, these useless higher interest payments will have cost the taxpayers $9 billion.\nThey have mismanaged the public debt not only by increasing interest rates, but also by failing to lengthen the average maturity of Government obligations when they had a clear opportunity to do so.\nEconomic Growth\n\nThe new Democratic Administration will confidently proceed to unshackle American enterprise and to free American labor, industrial leadership, and capital, to create an abundance that will outstrip any other system.\nFree competitive enterprise is the most creative and productive form of economic order that the world has seen. The recent slow pace of American growth is due not to the failure of our free economy but to the failure of our national leadership.\nWe Democrats believe that our economy can and must grow at an average rate of 5% annually, almost twice as fast as our average annual rate since 1953. We pledge ourselves to policies that will achieve this goal without inflation.\nEconomic growth is the means whereby we improve the American standard of living and produce added tax resources for national security and essential public services.\nOur economy must grow more swiftly in order to absorb two groups of workers: the much larger number of young people who will be reaching working age in the 1960s, and the workers displaced by the rapid pace of technological advances, including automation. Republican policies which have stifled growth could only mean increasingly severe unemployment, particularly of youth and older workers.\nAn End to Tight Money\n\nAs the first step in speeding economic growth, a Democratic president will put an end to the present high-interest, tight-money policy.\nThis policy has failed in its stated purpose—to keep prices down. It has given us two recessions within five years, bankrupted many of our farmers, produced a record number of business failures, and added billions of dollars in unnecessary higher interest charges to Government budgets and the cost of living.\nA new Democratic Administration will reject this philosophy of economic slowdown. We are committed to maximum employment, at decent wages and with fair profits, in a far more productive, expanding economy.\nThe Republican high-interest policy has extracted a costly toll from every American who has financed a home, an automobile, a refrigerator, or a television set.\nIt has foisted added burdens on taxpayers of state and local governments which must borrow for schools and other public services.\nIt has added to the cost of many goods and services, and hence has been itself a factor in inflation.\nIt has created windfalls for many financial institutions.\nThe $9 billion of added interest charges on the national debt would have been even higher but for the prudent insistence of the Democratic Congress that the ceiling on interest rates for long-term Government bonds be maintained.\nControl of Inflation\n\nThe American consumer has a right to fair prices. We are determined to secure that right.\nInflation has its roots in a variety of causes; its cure lies in a variety of remedies. Among those remedies are monetary and credit policies properly applied, budget surpluses in times of full employment, and action to restrain \"administered price\" increases in industries where economic power rests in the hands of a few.\nA fair share of the gains from increasing productivity in many industries should he passed on to the consumer through price reductions.\nThe agenda which a new Democratic Administration will face next January is crowded with urgent needs on which action has been delayed, deferred, or denied by the present Administration.\nA new Democratic Administration will undertake to meet those needs.\nIt will reaffirm the Economic Bill of Rights which Franklin Roosevelt wrote into our national conscience sixteen years ago. It will reaffirm these rights for all Americans of whatever race, place of residence, or station in life:\n1. \"The right to a useful and remunerative job in the industries or shops or farms or mines of the nation.\"\nFull Employment\n\nThe Democratic Party reaffirms its support of full employment as a paramount objective of national policy.\nFor nearly 30 months the rate of unemployment has been between 5 and 7.5% of the labor force. A pool of three to four million citizens, able and willing to work but unable to find jobs, has been written off by the Republican Administration as a \"normal\" readjustment of the economic system.\nThe policies of a Democratic Administration to restore economic growth will reduce current unemployment to a minimum.\nThereafter, if recessionary trends appear, we will act promptly with counter-measures, such as public works or temporary tax cuts. We will not stand idly by and permit recessions to run their course as the Republican Administration has done.\nAid to Depressed Areas\n\nThe right to a job requires action to create new industry in America's depressed areas of chronic unemployment.\nGeneral economic measures will not alone solve the problems of localities which suffer some special disadvantage. To bring prosperity to these depressed areas and to enable them to make their full contribution to the national welfare, specially directed action is needed.\nAreas of heavy and persistent unemployment result from depletion of natural resources, technological change, shifting defense requirements, or trade imbalances which have caused the decline of major industries. Whole communities, urban and rural, have been left stranded in distress and despair, through no fault of their own.\nThese communities have undertaken valiant efforts of self-help. But mutual aid, as well as self-help, is part of the American tradition. Stricken communities deserve the help of the whole nation.\nThe Democratic Congress twice passed bills to provide this help. The Republican President twice vetoed them.\nThese bills proposed low-interest loans to private enterprise to create new industry and new jobs in depressed communities, assistance to the communities to provide public facilities necessary to encourage the new industry, and retraining of workers for the new jobs.\nThe Democratic Congress will again pass, and the Democratic President will sign, such a bill.\nDiscrimination in Employment\n\nThe right to a job requires action to break down artificial and arbitrary barriers to employment based on age, race, sex, religion, or national origin.\nUnemployment strikes hardest at workers over 40, minority groups, young people, and women. We will not achieve full employment until prejudice against these workers is wiped out.\nCollective Bargaining\n\nThe right to a job requires the restoration of full support for collective bargaining and the repeal of the anti-labor excesses which have been written into our labor laws.\nUnder Democratic leadership a sound national policy was developed, expressed particularly by the Wagner National Labor Relations Act, which guaranteed the rights of workers to organize and to bargain collectively. But the Republican Administration has replaced this sound policy with a national anti-labor policy.\nThe Republican Taft-Hartley Act seriously weakened unions in their efforts to bring economic justice to the millions of American workers who remain unorganized.\nBy administrative action, anti-labor personnel appointed by the Republicans to the National Labor Relations Board have made the Taft-Hartley Act even more restrictive in its application than in its language.\nThus the traditional goal of the Democratic Party—to give all workers the right to organize and bargain collectively—has still not been achieved.\nWe pledge the enactment of an affirmative labor policy which will encourage free collective bargaining through the growth and development of free and responsible unions.\nMillions of workers just now seeking to organize are blocked by Federally authorized \"right-to-work\" laws, unreasonable limitations on the right to picket, and other hampering legislative and administrative provisions.\nAgain, in the new Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act, the Republican Administration perverted the constructive effort of the Democratic Congress to deal with improper activities of a few in labor and management by turning that Act into a means of restricting the legitimate rights of the vast majority of working men and women in honest labor unions. This law likewise strikes hardest at the weak or poorly organized, and it fails to deal with abuses of management as vigorously as with those of labor.\nWe will repeal the authorization for \"right-to-work\" laws, limitations on the rights to strike, to picket peacefully and to tell the public the facts of a labor dispute, and other anti-labor features of the Taft-Hartley Act and the 1959 Act. This unequivocal pledge for the repeal of the anti-labor and restrictive provisions of those laws will encourage collective bargaining and strengthen and support the free and honest labor movement.\nThe Railroad Retirement Act and the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act are in need of improvement. We strongly oppose Republican attempts to weaken the Railway Labor Act.\nWe shall strengthen and modernize the Walsh-Healey and Davis-Bacon Acts, which protect the wage standards of workers employed by Government contractors.\nBasic to the achievement of stable labor-management relations is leadership from the White House. The Republican Administration has failed to provide such leadership.\nIt failed to foresee the deterioration of labor-management relations in the steel industry last year. When a national emergency was obviously developing, it failed to forestall it. When the emergency came, the Administration's only solution was government-by-injunction.\nA Democratic President, through his leadership and concern, will produce a better climate for continuing constructive relationships between labor and management. He will have periodic White House conferences between labor and management to consider their mutual problems before they reach the critical stage.\nA Democratic President will use the vast fact-finding facilities that are available to inform himself, and the public, in exercising his leadership in labor disputes for the benefit of the nation as a whole.\nIf he needs more such facilities, or authority, we will provide them.\nWe further pledge that in the administration of all labor legislation we will restore the level of integrity, competence and sympathetic understanding required to carry out the intent of such legislation.\nPlanning for Automation\n\nThe right to a job requires planning for automation, so that men and women will be trained and available to meet shifting employment needs.\nWe will conduct a continuing analysis of the nation's manpower resources and of measures which may be required to assure their fullest development and use.\nWe will provide the Government leadership necessary to insure that the blessings of automation do not become burdens of widespread unemployment. For the young and the technologically displaced workers, we will provide the opportunity for training and retraining that equips them for jobs to be filled.\nMinimum Wages\n\n2. \"The right to earn enough to provide adequate food and clothing and recreation.\"\nAt the bottom of the income scale are some eight million families whose earnings are too low to provide even basic necessities of food, shelter, and clothing.\nWe pledge to raise the minimum wage to $1.25 an hour and to extend coverage to several million workers not now protected.\nWe pledge further improvements in the wage, hour and coverage standards of the Fair Labor Standards Act so as to extend its benefits to all workers employed in industries engaged in or affecting interstate commerce and to raise its standards to keep up with our general economic progress and needs.\nWe shall seek to bring the two million men, women and children who work for wages on the farms of the United States under the protection of existing labor and social legislation; and to assure migrant labor, perhaps the most underprivileged of all, of a comprehensive program to bring them not only decent wages but also adequate standards of health, housing, Social Security protection, education and welfare services.\nAgriculture\n\n3. \"The right of every farmer to raise and sell his products at a return which will give him and his family a decent living.\"\nWe shall take positive action to raise farm income to full parity levels and to preserve family farming as a way of life.\nWe shall put behind us once and for all the timidity with which our Government has viewed our abundance of food and fiber.\nWe will set new high levels of food consumption both at home and abroad.\nAs long as many Americans and hundreds of millions of people in other countries remain underfed, we shall regard these agricultural riches, and the family farmers who produce them, not as a liability but as a national asset.\nUsing Our Abundance\n\nThe Democratic Administration will inaugurate a national food and fiber policy for expanded use of our agricultural abundance. We will no longer view food stockpiles with alarm but will use them as powerful instruments for peace and plenty.\nWe will increase consumption at home. A vigorous, expanding economy will enable many American families to eat more and better food.\nWe will use the food stamp programs authorized to feed needy children, the aged and the unemployed. We will expand and improve the school lunch and milk programs.\nWe will establish and maintain food reserves for national defense purposes near important population centers in order to preserve lives in event of national disaster, and will operate them so as not to depress farm prices. We will expand research into new industrial uses of agricultural products.\nWe will increase consumption abroad. The Democratic Party believes our nation's capacity to produce food and fiber is one of the great weapons for waging war against hunger and want throughout the world. With wise management of our food abundance we will expand trade between nations, support economic and human development programs, and combat famine.\nUnimaginative, outmoded Republican policies which fail to use these productive capacities of our farms have been immensely costly to our nation. They can and will be changed.\nAchieving Income Parity\n\nWhile farmers have raised their productive efficiency to record levels, Republican farm policies have forced their income to drop by 30%.\nTens of thousands of farm families have been bankrupted and forced off the land. This has happened despite the fact that the Secretary of Agriculture has spent more on farm programs than all previous Secretaries in history combined.\nFarmers acting individually or in small groups are helpless to protect their incomes from sharp declines. Their only recourse is to produce more, throwing production still further out of balance with demand and driving prices down further.\nThis disastrous downward cycle can be stopped only by effective farm programs sympathetically administered with the assistance of democratically elected farmer committees.\nThe Democratic Administration will work to bring about full parity income for farmers in all segments of agriculture by helping them to balance farm production with the expanding needs of the nation and the world.\nMeasures to this end include production and marketing quotas measured in terms of barrels, bushels and bales, loans on basic commodities at not less than 90% of parity, production payments, commodity purchases, and marketing orders and agreements.\nWe repudiate the Republican administration of the Soil Bank Program, which has emphasized the retirement of whole farm units, and we pledge an orderly land retirement and conservation program.\nWe are convinced that a successful combination of these approaches will cost considerably less than present Republican programs which have failed.\nWe will encourage agricultural cooperatives by expanding and liberalizing existing credit facilities and developing new facilities if necessary to assist them in extending their marketing and purchasing activities, and we will protect cooperatives from punitive taxation.\nThe Democratic Administration will improve the marketing practices of the family-type dairy farm to reduce risk of loss.\nTo protect farmers' incomes in times of natural disaster, the Federal Crop Insurance Program, created and developed experimentally under Democratic Administrations, should be invigorated and expanded nationwide.\nImproving Working and Living on Farms\n\nFarm families have been among those victimized most severely by Republican tight-money policies.\nYoung people have been barred from entering agriculture. Giant corporations and other non-farmers, with readier access to credit and through vertical integration methods, have supplanted hundreds of farm families and caused the bankruptcy of many others.\nThe Democratic Party is committed by tradition and conviction to preservation of family agriculture.\nTo this end, we will expand and liberalize farm credit facilities, especially to meet the needs of family-farm agriculture and to assist beginning farmers.\nMany families in America's rural counties are still living in poverty because of inadequate resources and opportunity. This blight and personal desperation should have received national priority attention long ago.\nThe new Democratic Administration will begin at once to eradicate long-neglected rural blight. We will help people help themselves with extended and supervised credit for farm improvement, local industrial development, improved vocational training and other assistance to those wishing to change to non-farm employment, and with the fullest development of commercial and recreational possibilities. This is one of the major objectives of the area redevelopment program, twice vetoed by the Republican President.\nThe rural electric cooperatives celebrate this year the twenty-fifth anniversary of the creation of the Rural Electrification Administration under President Franklin D. Roosevelt.\nThe Democratic Congress has successfully fought the efforts of the Republican Administration to cut off REA loans and force high-interest-rate policies on this great rural enterprise.\nWe will maintain interest rates for REA co-ops and public power districts at the levels provided in present law.\nWe deplore the Administration's failure to provide the dynamic leadership necessary for encouraging loans to rural users for generation of power where necessary.\nWe promise the co-ops active support in meeting the ever-growing demand for electric power and telephone service, to be filled on a complete area-coverage basis without requiring benefits for special-interest power groups.\nIn every way we will seek to help the men, women, and children whose livelihood comes from the soil to achieve better housing, education, health, and decent earnings and working conditions.\nAll these goals demand the leadership of a Secretary of Agriculture who is conversant with the technological and economic aspects of farm problems, and who is sympathetic with the objectives of effective farm legislation not only for farmers but for the best interest of the nation as a whole.\nSmall Business\n\n4. \"The right of every businessman, large and small, to trade in an atmosphere of freedom from unfair competition and domination by monopolies at home and abroad.\"\nThe new Democratic Administration will act to make our free economy really free—free from the oppression of monopolistic power, and free from the suffocating impact of high interest rates. We will help create an economy in which small businesses can take root, grow, and flourish. We Democrats pledge:\n1. Action to aid small business in obtaining credit and equity capital at reasonable rates. Small business which must borrow to stay alive has been a particular victim of the high-interest policies of the Republican administration.\nThe loan program of the Small Business Administration should be accelerated, and the independence of that agency preserved. The Small Business Investment Act of 1958 must be administered with a greater sense of its importance and possibilities.\n2. Protection of the public against the growth of monopoly.\nThe last 7 1/2 years of Republican government has been the greatest period of merger and amalgamation in industry and banking in American history. Democratic Congresses have enacted numerous important measures to strengthen our anti-trust laws. Since 1950 the four Democratic Congresses have enacted laws like the Celler-Kefauver Anti-Merger Act, and improved the laws against price discriminations and tie-in sales.\nWhen the Republicans were in control of the 80th and 83rd Congresses they failed to enact a single measure to strengthen or improve the antitrust laws.\nThe Democratic Party opposes this trend to monopoly.\nWe pledge vigorous enforcement of the antitrust laws.\nWe favor requiring corporations to file advance notice of mergers with the anti-trust enforcement agencies.\nWe favor permitting all firms to have access at reasonable rates to patented inventions resulting from Government-financed research and development contracts.\nWe favor strengthening the Robinson-Patman Act to protect small business against price discrimination.\nWe favor authorizing the Federal Trade Commission to obtain temporary injunctions during the pendency of administrative proceedings.\n3. A more equitable share of Government contracts to small and independent business.\nWe will move from almost complete reliance on negotiation in the award of Government contracts toward open, competitive bidding.\nHousing\n\n5. \"The right of every family to a decent home.\" Today our rate of home building is less than that of ten years ago. A healthy, expanding economy will enable us to build two million homes a year, in wholesome neighborhoods, for people of all incomes.\nAt this rate, within a single decade we can clear away our slums and assure every American family a decent place to live.\nRepublican policies have led to a decline of the home building industry and the production of fewer homes. Republican high-interest policies have forced the cost of decent housing beyond the range of many families. Republican indifference has perpetuated slums.\nWe record the unpleasant fact that in 1960 at least 40 million Americans live in substandard housing.\nOne million new families are formed each year and need housing, and 300,000 existing homes are lost through demolition or other causes and need to be replaced. At present, construction does not even meet these requirements, much less permit reduction of the backlog of slum units.\nWe support a housing construction goal of more than two million homes a year. Most of the increased construction will be priced to meet the housing needs of middle—and low-income families who now live in substandard housing and are priced out of the market for decent homes.\nOur housing programs will provide for rental as well as sales housing. They will permit expanded cooperative housing programs and sharply stepped-up rehabilitation of existing homes.\nTo make possible the building of two million homes a year in wholesome neighborhoods, the home building industry should be aided by special mortgage assistance, with low interest rates, long-term mortgage periods and reduced down payments. Where necessary, direct Government loans should be provided.\nEven with this new and flexible approach, there will still be need for a substantial low-rent public housing program authorizing as many units as local communities require and are prepared to build.\nHealth\n\n6. \"The right to adequate medical care and the opportunity to achieve and enjoy good health.\"\nIllness is expensive. Many Americans have neither incomes nor insurance protection to enable them to pay for modern health care. The problem is particularly acute with our older citizens, among whom serious illness strikes most often.\nWe shall provide medical care benefits for the aged as part of the time-tested Social Security insurance system. We reject any proposal which would require such citizens to submit to the indignity of a means test—a \"pauper's oath.\"\nFor young and old alike, we need more medical schools, more hospitals, more research laboratories to speed the final conquest of major killers.\nMedical Care for Older Persons\n\nFifty million Americans—more than a fourth of our people—have no insurance protection against the high cost of illness. For the rest, private health insurance pays, on the average, only about one-third of the cost of medical care.\nThe problem is particularly acute among the 16 million Americans over 65 years old, and among disabled workers, widows and orphans.\nMost of these have low incomes and the elderly among them suffer two to three times as much illness as the rest of the population.\nThe Republican Administration refused to acknowledge any national responsibility for health care for elder citizens until forced to do so by an increasingly outraged demand. Then, its belated proposal was a cynical sham built around a degrading test based on means or income—a \"pauper's oath.\"\nThe most practicable way to provide health protection for older people is to use the contributory machinery of the Social Security system for insurance covering hospital bills and other high-cost medical services. For those relatively few of our older people who have never been eligible for Social Security coverage, we shall provide corresponding benefits by appropriations from the general revenue.\nResearch\n\nWe will step up medical research on the major killers and crippling diseases—cancer, heart disease, arthritis, mental illness. Expenditures for these purposes should be limited only by the availability of personnel and promising lines of research. Today such illness costs us $35 billion annually, much of which could be avoided. Federal appropriations for medical research are barely 1% of this amount.\nHeart disease and cancer together account for two out of every three deaths in this country. The Democratic President will summon to a White House conference the nation's most distinguished scientists in these fields to map a coordinated long-run program for the prevention and control of these diseases.\nWe will also support a cooperative program with other nations on international health research.\nHospitals\n\nWe will expand and improve the Hill-Burton hospital construction program.\nHealth Manpower\n\nTo ease the growing shortage of doctors and other medical personnel we propose Federal aid for constructing, expanding and modernizing schools of medicine, dentistry, nursing and public health.\nWe are deeply concerned that the high cost of medical education is putting this profession beyond the means of most American families. We will provide scholarships and other assistance to break through the financial barriers to medical education.\nMental Health\n\nMental patients fill more than half the hospital beds in the country today. We will provide greatly increased Federal support for psychiatric research and training, and community mental health programs, to help bring back thousands of our hospitalized mentally ill to full and useful lives in the community.\n7. \"The right to adequate protection from the economic fears of old age, sickness, accidents, and unemployment.\"\nA Program for the Aging\n\nThe Democratic Administration will end the neglect of our older citizens. They deserve lives of usefulness, dignity, independence, and participation. We shall assure them not only health care but employment for those who want work, decent housing, and recreation.\nAlready 16 million Americans—about one in ten—are over 65, with the prospect of 26 million by 1980.\nHealth\n\nAs stated, we will provide an effective system for paid-up medical insurance upon retirement, financed during working years through the Social Security mechanism and available to all retired persons without a means test. This has first priority.\nIncome\n\nHalf of the people over 65 have incomes inadequate for basic nutrition, decent housing, minimum recreation and medical care. Older people who do not want to retire need employment opportunity and those of retirement age who no longer wish to or cannot work need better retirement benefits.\nWe pledge a campaign to eliminate discrimination in employment due to age. As a first step we will prohibit such discrimination by Government contractors and subcontractors.\nWe will amend the Social Security Act to increase the retirement benefit for each additional year of work after 65, thus encouraging workers to continue on the job full time.\nTo encourage part-time work by others, we favor raising the $1200-a-year ceiling on what a worker may earn while still drawing Social Security benefits.\nRetirement benefits must be increased generally, and minimum benefits raised from $33 a month to $50.\nHousing\n\nSpecial Services\n\nWe shall take Federal action in support of state efforts to bring standards of care in nursing homes and other institutions for the aged up to desirable minimums.\nWe shall support demonstration and training programs to translate proven research into action in such fields as health, nutritional guidance, home care, counseling, recreational activity.\nTaken together, these measures will affirm a new charter of rights for the older citizens among us—the right to a life of usefulness, health, dignity, independence and participation.\nWelfare\n\nDisability Insurance\n\nWe shall permit workers who are totally and permanently disabled to retire at any age, removing the arbitrary requirement that the worker be 50 years of age.\nWe shall also amend the law so that after six months of total disability, a worker will be eligible for disability benefits, with restorative services to enable him to return to work.\nPhysically Handicapped\n\nWe pledge continued support of legislation for the rehabilitation of physically handicapped persons and improvement of employment opportunities for them.\nPublic Assistance\n\nPersons in need who are inadequately protected by social insurance are cared for by the states and local communities under public assistance programs.\nThe Federal Government, which now shares the cost of aid to some of these, should share in all, and benefits should be made available without regard to residence.\nUnemployment Benefits\n\nWe will establish uniform minimum standards throughout the nation for coverage, duration, and amount of unemployment insurance benefits.\nEquality for Women\n\nWe support legislation which will guarantee to women equality of rights under the law, including equal pay for equal work.\nChild Welfare\n\nThe Child Welfare Program and other services already established under the Social Security Act should be expanded. Federal leadership is required in the nationwide campaign to prevent and control juvenile delinquency.\nIntergroup Relations\n\nWe propose a Federal bureau of intergroup relations to help solve problems of discrimination in housing, education, employment, and community opportunities in general. The bureau would assist in the solution of problems arising from the re settlement of immigrants and migrants within our own country, and in resolving religious, social and other tensions where they arise.\nEducation\n\n8. \"The right to a good education.\"\nAmerica's young people are our greatest resource for the future. Each of them deserves the education which will best develop his potentialities.\nWe shall act at once to help in building the classrooms and employing the teachers that are essential if the right to a good education is to have genuine meaning for all the youth of America in the decade ahead.\nAs a national investment in our future we propose a program of loans and scholarship grants to assure that qualified young Americans will have full opportunity for higher education, at the institutions of their choice, regardless of the income of their parents.\nThe new Democratic Administration will end eight years of official neglect of our educational system.\nAmerica's education faces a financial crisis. The tremendous increase in the number of children of school and college age has far outrun the available supply of educational facilities and qualified teachers. The classroom shortage alone is interfering with the education of 10 million students.\nAmerica's teachers, parents and school administrators have striven courageously to keep up with the increased challenge of education.\nSo have states and local communities. Education absorbs two-fifths of all their revenue. With limited resources, private educational institutions have shouldered their share of the burden.\nOnly the Federal Government is not doing its part. For eight years, measures for the relief of the educational crisis have been held up by the cynical maneuvers of the Republican Party in Congress and the White House.\nWe believe that America can meet its educational obligations only with generous Federal financial support, within the traditional framework of local control. The assistance will take the form of Federal grants to states for educational purposes they deem most pressing, including classroom construction and teachers' salaries. It will include aid for the construction of academic facilities as well as dormitories at colleges and universities.\nWe pledge further Federal support for all phases of vocational education for youth and adults; for libraries and adult education; for realizing the potential of educational television; and for exchange of students and teachers with other nations.\nAs part of a broader concern for young people we recommend establishment of a Youth Conservation Corps, to give underprivileged young people a rewarding experience in a healthful environment.\nThe pledges contained in this Economic Bill of Rights point the way to a better life for every family in America.\nThey are the means to a goal that is now within our reach—the final eradication in America of the age-old evil of poverty.\nYet there are other pressing needs on our national agenda.\nNatural Resources\n\nA thin layer of earth, a few inches of rain, and a blanket of air make human life possible on our planet.\nSound public policy must assure that these essential resources will be available to provide the good life for our children and future generations.\nWater, timber and grazing lands, recreational areas in our parks, shores, forests and wildernesses, energy, minerals, even pure air—all are feeling the press of enormously increased demands of a rapidly growing population.\nNatural resources are the birthright of all the people.\nThe new Democratic Administration, with the vision that built a TVA and a Grand Coulee, will develop and conserve that heritage for the use of this and future generations. We will reverse Republican policies under which America's resources have been wasted, depleted, underdeveloped, and recklessly given away.\nWe favor the best use of our natural resources, which generally means adoption of the multiple-purpose principle to achieve full development for all the many functions they can serve.\nWater and Soil\n\nAn abundant supply of pure water is essential to our economy. This is a national problem.\nWater must serve domestic, industrial and irrigation needs and inland navigation. It must provide habitat for fish and wildlife, supply the base for much outdoor recreation, and generate electricity. Water must also be controlled to prevent floods, pollution, salinity and silt.\nThe new Democratic Administration will develop a comprehensive national water resource policy. In cooperation with state and local governments, and interested private groups, the Democratic Administration will develop a balanced, multiple-purpose plan for each major river basin, to be revised periodically to meet changing needs. We will erase the Republican slogan of \"no new starts\" and will begin again to build multiple-purpose dams, hydroelectric facilities, flood-control works, navigation facilities, and reclamation projects to meet mounting and urgent needs.\nWe will renew the drive to protect every acre of farm land under a soil and water conservation plan, and we will speed up the small-watershed program.\nWe will support and intensify the research effort to find an economical way to convert salt and brackish water. The Republicans discouraged this research, which holds untold possibilities for the whole world.\nWater and Air Pollution\n\nAmerica can no longer take pure water and air for granted. Polluted rivers carry their dangers to everyone living along their courses; impure air does not respect boundaries.\nFederal action is needed in planning, coordinating and helping to finance pollution control. The states and local communities cannot go it alone. Yet President Eisenhower vetoed a Democratic bill to give them more financial help in building sewage treatment plants.\nA Democratic President will sign such a bill.\nDemocrats will step up research on pollution control, giving special attention to:\n1. the rapidly growing problem of air pollution from industrial plants, automobile exhausts, and other sources, and\n2. disposal of chemical and radioactive wastes, some of which are now being dumped off our coasts without adequate knowledge of the potential consequences.\nOutdoor Recreation\n\nAs population grows and the work week shortens and transportation becomes easier and speedier, the need for outdoor recreation facilities mounts.\nWe must act quickly to retain public access to the oceans, gulfs, rivers, streams, lakes and reservoirs, and their shorelines, and to reserve adequate camping and recreational areas while there is yet time. Areas near major population centers are particularly needed.\nThe new Democratic Administration will work to improve and extend recreation opportunities in national parks and monuments, forests, and river development projects, and near metropolitan areas. Emphasis will be on attractive, low-cost facilities for all the people and on preventing undue commercialization.\nThe National Park System is still incomplete; in particular, the few remaining suitable shorelines must be included in it. A national wilderness system should be created for areas already set aside as wildernesses. The system should be extended but only after careful consideration by the Congress of the value of areas for competing uses.\nRecreational needs of the surrounding area should be given important consideration in disposing of Federally owned lands.\nWe will protect fish and game habitats from commercial exploitation and require military installations to conform to sound conservation practices.\nEnergy\n\nThe Republican Administration would turn the clock back to the days before the New Deal, in an effort to divert the benefits of the great natural energy resources from all the people to a favored few. It has followed for many years a \"no new starts\" policy.\nIt has stalled atomic energy development; it has sought to cripple rural electrification.\nIt has closed the pilot plant on getting oil from shale.\nIt has harassed and hampered the TVA.\nWe reject this philosophy and these policies. The people are entitled to use profitably what they already own.\nThe Democratic Administration instead will foster the development of efficient regional giant power systems from all sources, including water, tidal, and nuclear power, to supply low-cost electricity to all retail electric systems, public, private, and cooperative.\nThe Democratic Administration will continue to develop \"yardsticks\" for measuring the rates of private utility systems. This means meeting the needs of rural electric cooperatives for low-interest loans for distribution, transmission and generation facilities; Federal transmission facilities, where appropriate, to provide efficient low-cost power supply; and strict enforcement of the public-preference clause in power marketing.\nThe Democratic Administration will support continued study and research on energy fuel resources, including new sources in wind and sun. It will push forward with the Passamaquoddy tidal power project with its great promise of cheaper power and expanded prosperity for the people of New England.\nWe support the establishment of a national fuels policy.\nThe $15 billion national investment in atomic energy should be protected as a part of the public domain.\nFederal Lands and Forests\n\nThe record of the Republican Administration in handling the public domain is one of complete lethargy. It has failed to secure existing assets. In some cases, it has given away priceless resources for plunder by private corporations, as in the A1 Sarena mining incident and the secret leasing of game refuges to favored oil interests.\nThe new Democratic Administration will develop balanced land and forest policies suited to the needs of a growing America.\nThis means intensive forest management on a multiple-use and sustained-yield basis, reforestation of burnt-over lands, building public access roads, range reseeding and improvement, intensive work in watershed management, concern for small business operations, and insuring free public access to public lands for recreational uses.\nMinerals\n\nAmerica uses half the minerals produced in the entire Free World. Yet our mining industry is in what may be the initial phase of a serious long-term depression. Sound policy requires that we strengthen the domestic mining industry without interfering with adequate supplies of needed materials at reasonable costs.\nWe pledge immediate efforts toward the establishment of a realistic long-range minerals policy.\nThe new Democratic Administration will begin intensive research on scientific prospecting for mineral deposits.\nWe will speed up the geologic mapping of the country, with emphasis on Alaska.\nWe will resume research and development work on use of low-grade mineral reserves, especially oil shale, lignites, iron ore taconite, and radioactive minerals. These efforts have been halted or cut back by the Republican Administration.\nThe Democratic Party favors a study of the problem of non-uniform seaward boundaries of the coastal states.\nGovernment Machinery for Managing Resources\n\nLong-range programming of the nation's resource development is essential. We favor creation of a council of advisers on resources and conservation, which will evaluate and report annually upon our resource needs and progress.\nWe shall put budgeting for resources on a businesslike basis, distinguishing between operating expense and capital investment, so that the country can have an accurate picture of the costs and returns. We propose the incremental method in determining the economic justification of our river basin programs. Charges for commercial use of public lands will be brought into line with benefits received.\nCities and Their Suburbs\n\nA new Democratic Administration will expand Federal programs to help urban communities clear their slums, dispose of their sewage, educate their children, transport suburban commuters to and from their jobs, and combat juvenile delinquency.\nWe will give the city dweller a voice at the Cabinet table by bringing together within a single department programs concerned with urban and metropolitan problems.\nThe United States is now predominantly an urban nation.\nThe efficiency, comfort, and beauty of our cities and suburbs influence the lives of all Americans.\nLocal governments have found increasing difficulty in coping with such fundamental public problems as urban renewal, slum clearance, water supply, mass transportation, recreation, health, welfare, education and metropolitan planning. These problems are, in many cases, interstate and regional in scope.\nYet the Republican Administration has turned its back on urban and suburban America. The list of Republican vetoes includes housing, urban renewal and slum clearance, area redevelopment, public works, airports and stream pollution control. It has proposed severe cutbacks in aid for hospital construction, public assistance, vocational education, community facilities and sewage disposal.\nThe result has been to force communities to thrust an ever-greater tax load upon the already overburdened property taxpayer and to forgo needed public services.\nThe Democratic Party believes that state and local governments are strengthened—not weakened—by financial assistance from the Federal Government. We will extend such aid without impairing local administration through unnecessary Federal interference or red tape.\nWe propose a ten-year action program to restore our cities and provide for balanced suburban development, including the following:\n1. The elimination of slums and blight and the restoration of cities and depressed areas within the next ten years.\n2. Federal aid for metropolitan area planning and community facility programs.\n3. Federal aid for comprehensive metropolitan transportation programs, including bus and rail mass transit, commuter railroads as well as highway programs, and construction of civil airports.\n4. Federal aid in combating air and water pollution.\n5. Expansion of park systems to meet the recreation needs of our growing population.\nThe Federal Government must recognize the financial burdens placed on local governments, urban and rural alike, by Federal installations and land holdings.\nTransportation\n\nOver the past seven years, we have watched the steady weakening of the nation's transportation system. Railroads are in distress. Highways are congested. Airports and airways lag far behind the needs of the jet age.\nTo meet this challenge we will establish a national transportation policy, designed to coordinate and modernize our facilities for transportation by road, rail, water, and air.\nAir\n\nThe jet age has made rapid improvement in air safety imperative. Rather than \"an orderly withdrawal\" from the airport grant programs as proposed by the Republican Administration, we pledge to expand the program to accommodate growing air traffic.\nWater\n\nDevelopment of our inland waterways, our harbors, and Great Lakes commerce has been held back by the Republican President.\nWe pledge the improvement of our rivers and harbors by new starts and adequate maintenance.\nA strong and efficient American-flag merchant marine is essential to peacetime commerce and defense emergencies. Continued aid for ship construction and operation to offset cost differentials favoring foreign shipping is essential to these goals.\nRoads\n\nThe Republican Administration has slowed down, stretched out and greatly increased the costs of the interstate highway program.\nThe Democratic Party supports the highway program embodied in the Acts of 1956 and 1958 and the principle of Federal-state partnership in highway construction.\nWe commend the Democratic Congress for establishing a special committee which has launched an extensive investigation of this highway program. Continued scrutiny of this multi-billion-dollar highway program can prevent waste, inefficiency and graft and maintain the public's confidence.\nRail\n\nThe nation's railroads are in particular need of freedom from burdensome regulation to enable them to compete effectively with other forms of transportation. We also support Federal assistance in meeting certain capital needs, particularly for urban mass transportation.\nScience\n\nWe will recognize the special role of our Federal Government in support of basic and applied research.\nSpace\n\nThe Republican Administration has remained incredibly blind to the prospects of space exploration. It has failed to pursue space programs with a sense of urgency at all close to their importance to the future of the world.\nIt has allowed the Communists to hit the moon first, and to launch substantially greater payloads. The Republican program is a catchall of assorted projects with no clearly defined, long-range plan of research.\nThe new Democratic Administration will press forward with our national space program in full realization of the importance of space accomplishments to our national security and our international prestige. We shall reorganize the program to achieve both efficiency and speedy execution. We shall bring top scientists into positions of responsibility. We shall undertake long-term basic research in space science and propulsion.\nWe shall initiate negotiations leading toward the international regulation of space.\nAtomic Energy\n\nThe United States became pre-eminent in the development of atomic energy under Democratic Administrations.\nThe Republican Administration, despite its glowing promises of \"Atoms for Peace,\" has permitted the gradual deterioration of United States leadership in atomic development both at home and abroad.\nIn order to restore United States leadership in atomic development, the new Democratic Administration will:\n1. Restore truly nonpartisan and vigorous administration of the vital atomic energy program.\n2. Continue the development of the various promising experimental and prototype atomic power plants which show promise, and provide increasing support for longer-range projects at the frontiers of atomic energy application.\n3. Continue to preserve and support national laboratories and other Federal atomic installations as the foundation of technical progress and a bulwark of national defense.\n4. Accelerate the Rover nuclear rocket project and auxiliary power facilities so as to achieve world leadership in peaceful outer space exploration.\n5. Give reality to the United States international atoms-for-peace programs, and continue and expand technological assistance to underdeveloped countries.\n6. Consider measures for improved organization and procedure for radiation protection and reactor safety, including a strengthening of the role of the Federal Radiation Council, and the separation of quasi-judicial functions in reactor safety regulations.\n7. Provide a balanced and flexible nuclear defense capability, including the augmentation of the nuclear submarine fleet.\nOceanography\n\nOceanographic research is needed to advance such important programs as food and minerals from our Great Lakes and the sea. The present Administration has neglected this new scientific frontier.\nGovernment Operations\n\nWe shall reform the processes of Government in all branches—Executive, Legislative, and Judicial. We will clean out corruption and conflicts of interest, and improve Government services.\nThe Federal Service\n\nTwo weeks before this Platform was adopted, the difference between the Democratic and Republican attitudes toward Government employees was dramatically illustrated. The Democratic Congress passed a fully justified pay increase to bring Government pay scales more nearly into line with those of private industry.\nThe Republican President vetoed the pay raise.\nThe Democratic Congress decisively overrode the veto.\nThe heavy responsibilities of modern government require a Federal service characterized by devotion to duty, honesty of purpose and highest competence. We pledge the modernization and strengthening of our Civil Service system.\nWe shall extend and improve the employees' appeals system and improve programs for recognizing the outstanding merits of individual employees.\nEthics in Government\n\nWe reject totally the concept of dual or triple loyalty on the part of Federal officials in high places.\nThe conflict-of-interest statutes should be revised and strengthened to assure the Federal service of maximum security against unethical practices on the part of public officials.\nThe Democratic Administration will establish and enforce a Code of Ethics to maintain the full dignity and integrity of the Federal service and to make it more attractive to the ablest men and women.\nRegulatory Agencies\n\nThe Democratic Party promises to clean up the Federal regulatory agencies. The acceptance by Republican appointees to these agencies of gifts, hospitality, and bribes from interests under their jurisdiction has been a particularly flagrant abuse of public trust.\nWe shall bring all contacts with commissioners into the open, and will protect them from any form of improper pressure.\nWe shall appoint to these agencies men of ability and independent judgment who understand that their function is to regulate these industries in the public interest.\nWe promise a thorough review of existing agency practices, with an eye toward speedier decisions, and a clearer definition of what constitutes the public interest.\nThe Democratic Party condemns the usurpation by the Executive of the powers and functions of any of the independent agencies and pledges the restoration of the independence of such agencies and the protection of their integrity of action,\nThe Postal Service\n\nThe Republican policy has been to treat the United States postal service as a liability instead of a great investment in national enlightenment, social efficiency and economic betterment.\nConstant curtailment of service has inconvenienced every citizen.\nA program must be undertaken to establish the Post Office Department as a model of efficiency and service. We pledge ourselves to:\n1. Restore the principle that the postal service is a public service.\n2. Separate the public service costs from those to be borne by the users of the mails.\n3. Continue steady improvement in working conditions and wage scales, reflecting increasing productivity.\n4. Establish a long-range program for research and capital improvements compatible with the highest standards of business efficiency.\nLaw Enforcement\n\nIn recent years, we have been faced with a shocking increase in crimes of all kinds. Organized criminals have even infiltrated into legitimate business enterprises and labor unions.\nThe Republican Administration, particularly the Attorney General's office, has failed lamentably to deal with this problem despite the growing power of the underworld. The new Democratic Administration will take vigorous corrective action.\nFreedom of Information\n\nWe reject the Republican contention that the workings of Government are the special private preserve of the Executive.\nThe massive wall of secrecy erected between the Executive branch and the Congress as well as the citizen must be torn down. Information must flow freely, save in those areas in which the national security is involved.\nClean Elections\n\nThe Democratic Party favors realistic and effective limitations on contributions and expenditures, and full disclosure of campaign financing in Federal elections.\nWe further propose a tax credit to encourage small contributions to political parties. The Democratic Party affirms that every candidate for public office has a moral obligation to observe and uphold traditional American principles of decency, honesty and fair play in his campaign for election.\nWe deplore efforts to divide the United States into regional, religious and ethnic groups.\nWe denounce and repudiate campaign tactics that substitute smear and slander, bigotry and false accusations of bigotry, for truth and reasoned argument.\nDistrict of Columbia\n\nThe capital city of our nation should be a symbol of democracy to people throughout the world. The Democratic Party reaffirms its long-standing support of home rule for the District of Columbia, and pledges to enact legislation permitting voters of the District to elect their own local government.\nWe urge the legislatures of the 50 states to ratify the 23rd Amendment, passed by the Democratic Congress, to give District citizens the right to participate in Presidential elections.\nWe also support a Constitutional amendment giving the District voting representation in Congress.\nVirgin Islands\n\nWe believe that the voters of the Virgin Islands should have the right to elect their own Governor, to have a delegate in the Congress of the United States and to have the right to vote in national elections for a President and Vice President of the United States.\nPuerto Rico\n\nThe social, economic, and political progress of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico is a testimonial to the sound enabling legislation, and to the sincerity and understanding with which the people of the 50 states and Puerto Rico are meeting their joint problems.\nThe Democratic Party, under whose administration the Commonwealth status was established, is entitled to great credit for providing the opportunity which the people of Puerto Rico have used so successfully.\nPuerto Rico has become a show place of world-wide interest, a tribute to the benefits of the principles of self-determination. Further benefits for Puerto Rico under these principles are certain to follow.\nCongressional Procedures\n\nIn order that the will of the American people may be expressed upon all legislative proposals, we urge that action be taken at the beginning of the 87th Congress to improve Congressional procedures so that majority rule prevails and decisions can be made after reasonable debate without being blocked by a minority in either House.\nThe rules of the House of Representatives should be so amended as to make sure that bills reported by legislative committees reach the floor for consideration without undue delay.\nConsumers\n\nIn an age of mass production, distribution, and advertising, consumers require effective Government representation and protection.\nThe Republican Administration has allowed the Food and Drug Administration to be weakened. Recent Senate hearings on the drug industry have revealed how flagrant profiteering can be when essential facts on costs, prices, and profits are hidden from scrutiny. The new Democratic Administration will provide the money and the authority to strengthen this agency for its task.\nWe propose a consumer counsel, backed by a suitable staff, to speak for consumers in the formulation of Government policies and represent consumers in administrative proceedings.\nThe consumer also has a right to know the cost of credit when he borrows money. We shall enact Federal legislation requiring the vendors of credit to provide a statement of specific credit charges and what these charges cost in terms of true annual interest.\nVeterans Affairs\n\nWe adhere to the American tradition dating from the Plymouth Colony in New England in 1636:\n\"... any soldier injured in defense of the colony shall be maintained completely by the colony for the remainder of his life.\"\nWe pledge adequate compensation for those with service-connected disabilities and for the survivors of those who died in service or from service-connected disabilities. We pledge pensions adequate for a full and dignified life for disabled and distressed veterans and for needy survivors of deceased veterans.\nVeterans of World War I, whose Federal benefits have not matched those of veterans of subsequent service, will receive the special attention of the Democratic Party looking toward equitable adjustments.\nWe endorse expanded programs of vocational rehabilitation for disabled veterans, and education for orphans of servicemen.\nThe quality of medical care furnished to the disabled veterans has deteriorated under the Republican Administration. We shall work for an increased availability of facilities for all veterans in need and we shall move with particular urgency to fulfill the need for expanded domiciliary and nursing-home facilities.\nWe shall continue the veterans home loan guarantee and direct loan programs and educational benefits patterned after the G.I. Bill of Rights.\nAmerican Indians\n\nWe recognize the unique legal and moral responsibility of the Federal Government for Indians in restitution for the injustice that has sometimes been done them. We therefore pledge prompt adoption of a program to assist Indian tribes in the full development of their human and natural resources and to advance the health, education, and economic well-being of Indian citizens while preserving their cultural heritage.\nFree consent of the Indian tribes concerned shall be required before the Federal Government makes any change in any Federal-Indian treaty or other contractual relationship.\nThe new Democratic Administration will bring competent, sympathetic, and dedicated leadership to the administration of Indian affairs which will end practices that have eroded Indian rights and resources, reduced the Indians' land base and repudiated Federal responsibility. Indian claims against the United States can and will he settled promptly, whether by negotiation or other means, in the best interests of both parties.\nThe Arts\n\nThe arts flourish where there is freedom and where individual initiative and imagination are encouraged. We enjoy the blessings of such an atmosphere.\nThe nation should begin to evaluate the possibilities for encouraging and expanding participation in and appreciation of our cultural life.\nWe propose a Federal advisory agency to assist in the evaluation, development, and expansion of cultural resources of the United States. We shall support legislation needed to provide incentives for those endowed with extraordinary talent, as a worthy supplement to existing scholarship programs.\nCivil Liberties\n\nWith democratic values threatened today by Communist tyranny, we reaffirm our dedication to the Bill of Rights. Freedom and civil liberties, far from being incompatible with security, are vital to our national strength. Unfortunately, those high in the Republican Administration have all too often sullied the name and honor of loyal and faithful American citizens in and out of Government.\nThe Democratic Party will strive to improve Congressional investigating and hearing procedures. We shall abolish useless disclaimer affidavits such as those for student educational loans. We shall provide a full and fair hearing, including confrontation of the accuser, to any person whose public or private employment or reputation is jeopardized by a loyalty or security proceeding.\nProtection of rights of American citizens to travel, to pursue lawful trade and to engage in other lawful activities abroad without distinction as to race or religion is a cardinal function of the national sovereignty.\nWe will oppose any international agreement or treaty which by its terms or practices differentiates among American citizens on grounds of race or religion.\nThe list of unfinished business for America is long. The accumulated neglect of nearly a decade cannot be wiped out overnight. Many of the objectives which we seek will require our best efforts over a period of years.\nAlthough the task is far-reaching, we will tackle it with vigor and confidence. We will substitute planning for confusion, purpose for indifference, direction for drift and apathy.\nWe will organize the policy-making machinery of the Executive branch to provide vigor and leadership in establishing our national goals and achieving them.\nThe new Democratic President will sign, not veto, the efforts of a Democratic Congress to create more jobs, to build more homes, to save family farms, to clean up polluted streams and rivers, to help depressed areas, and to provide full employment for our people.\nFiscal Responsibility\n\nWe vigorously reject the notion that America, with a half-trillion-dollar gross national product, and nearly half of the world's industrial resources, cannot afford to meet our needs at home and in our world relationships.\nWe believe, moreover, that except in periods of recession or national emergency, these needs can be met with a balanced budget, with no increase in present tax rates, and with some surplus for the gradual reduction of our national debt.\nTo assure such a balance we shall pursue a four-point program of fiscal responsibility.\nFirst, we shall end the gross waste in Federal expenditures which needlessly raises the budgets of many Government agencies.\nThe most conspicuous unnecessary item is, of course, the excessive cost of interest on the national debt. Courageous action to end duplication and competition among the armed services will achieve large savings. The cost of the agricultural program can be reduced while at the same time prosperity is being restored to the nation's farmers.\nSecond, we shall collect the billions in taxes which are owed to the Federal Government but not now collected.\nThe Internal Revenue Service is still suffering from the cuts inflicted upon its enforcement staff by the Republican Administration and the Republican Congress in 1953.\nThe Administration's own Commissioner of Internal Revenue has testified that billions of dollars in revenue are lost each year because the Service does not have sufficient agents to follow up on tax evasion.\nWe will add enforcement personnel, and develop new techniques of enforcement, to collect tax revenue which is now being lost through evasion.\nThird, we shall close the loopholes in the tax laws by which certain privileged groups legally escape their fair share of taxation.\nAmong the more conspicuous loopholes are depletion allowances which are inequitable, special consideration for recipients of dividend income, and deductions for extravagant \"business expenses\" which have reached scandalous proportions.\nTax reform can raise additional revenue and at the same time increase legitimate incentives for growth, and make it possible to ease the burden on the general taxpayer who now pays an unfair share of taxes because of special favors to the few.\nFourth, we shall bring in added Federal tax revenues by expanding the economy itself. Each dollar of additional production puts an additional 18 cents in tax revenue in the national treasury. A 5% growth rate, therefore, will mean that at the end of four years the Federal Government will have had a total of nearly $50 billion in additional tax revenues above those presently received.\nBy these four methods we can sharply increase the Government funds available for needed services, for correction of tax inequities, and for debt or tax reduction.\nMuch of the challenge of the 1960s, however, remains unforeseen and unforeseeable. If, therefore, the unfolding demands of the new decade at home or abroad should impose clear national responsibilities that cannot be fulfilled without higher taxes, we will not allow political disadvantage to deter us from doing what is required.\nAs we proceed with the urgent task of restoring America's productivity, confidence, and power, we will never forget that our national interest is more than the sum total of all the group interests in America.\nWhen group interests conflict with the national interest, it will be the national interest which we serve.\nOn its values and goals the quality of American life depends. Here above all our national interest and our devotion to the Rights of Man coincide.\nDemocratic Administrations under Wilson, Roosevelt, and Truman led the way in pressing for economic justice for all Americans.\nBut man does not live by bread alone. A new Democratic Administration, like its predecessors, will once again look beyond material goals to the spiritual meaning of American society.\nWe have drifted into a national mood that accepts payola and quiz scandals, tax evasion and false expense accounts, soaring crime rates, influence peddling in high Government circles, and the exploitation of sadistic violence as popular entertainment.\nFor eight long critical years our present national leadership has made no effective effort to reverse this mood.\nThe new Democratic Administration will help create a sense of national purpose and higher standards of public behavior.\nCivil Rights\n\nWe shall also seek to create an affirmative new atmosphere in which to deal with racial divisions and inequalities which threaten both the integrity of our democratic faith and the proposition on which our nation was founded—that all men are created equal. It is our faith in human dignity that distinguishes our open free society from the closed totalitarian society of the Communists.\nThe Constitution of the United States rejects the notion that the Rights of Man means the rights of some men only. We reject it too.\nThe right to vote is the first principle of self-government. The Constitution also guarantees to all Americans the equal protection of the laws.\nIt is the duty of the Congress to enact the laws necessary and proper to protect and promote these constitutional rights. The Supreme Court has the power to interpret these rights and the laws thus enacted.\nIt is the duty of the President to see that these rights are respected and that the Constitution and laws as interpreted by the Supreme Court are faithfully executed.\nWhat is now required is effective moral and political leadership by the whole Executive branch of our Government to make equal opportunity a living reality for all Americans.\nAs the party of Jefferson, we shall provide that leadership.\nIn every city and state in greater or lesser degree there is discrimination based on color, race, religion, or national origin.\nIf discrimination in voting, education, the administration of justice or segregated lunch counters are the issues in one area, discrimination in housing and employment may be pressing questions elsewhere.\nThe peaceful demonstrations for first-class citizenship which have recently taken place in many parts of this country are a signal to all of us to make good at long last the guarantees of our Constitution.\nThe time has come to assure equal access for all Americans to all areas of community life, including voting booths, schoolrooms, jobs, housing, and public facilities.\nThe Democratic Administration which takes office next January will therefore use the full powers provided in the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960 to secure for all Americans the right to vote.\nIf these powers, vigorously invoked by a new Attorney General and backed by a strong and imaginative Democratic President, prove inadequate, further powers will be sought.\nWe will support whatever action is necessary to eliminate literacy tests and the payment of poll taxes as requirements for voting.\nA new Democratic Administration will also use its full powers—legal and moral—to ensure the beginning of good-faith compliance with the Constitutional requirement that racial discrimination be ended in public education.\nWe believe that every school district affected by the Supreme Court's school desegregation decision should submit a plan providing for at least first-step compliance by 1963, the 100th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation.\nTo facilitate compliance, technical and financial assistance should be given to school districts facing special problems of transition.\nFor this and for the protection of all other Constitutional rights of Americans, the Attorney General should be empowered and directed to file civil injunction suits in Federal courts to prevent the denial of any civil right on grounds of race, creed, or color.\nThe new Democratic Administration will support Federal legislation establishing a Fair Employment Practices Commission to secure effectively for everyone the right to equal opportunity for employment.\nIn 1949 the President's Committee on Civil Rights recommended a permanent Commission on Civil Rights. The new Democratic Administration will broaden the scope and strengthen the powers of the present commission and make it permanent.\nIts functions will be to provide, assistance to communities, industries, or individuals in the implementation of Constitutional rights in education, housing, employment, transportation, and the administration of justice.\nIn addition, the Democratic Administration will use its full executive powers to assure equal employment opportunities and to terminate racial segregation throughout Federal services and institutions, and on all Government contracts, The successful desegregation of the armed services took place through such decisive executive action under President Truman.\nSimilarly the new Democratic Administration will take action to end discrimination in Federal housing programs, including Federally assisted housing.\nTo accomplish these goals will require executive orders, legal actions brought by the Attorney General, legislation, and improved Congressional procedures to safeguard majority rule.\nAbove all, it will require the strong, active, persuasive, and inventive leadership of the President of the United States.\nThe Democratic President who takes office next January will face unprecedented challenges. His Administration will present a new face to the world.\nIt will be a bold, confident, affirmative face. We will draw new strength from the universal truths which the founder of our Party asserted in the Declaration of Independence to be \"self-evident.\"\nEmerson once spoke of an unending contest in human affairs, a contest between the Party of Hope and the Party of Memory.\nFor 7 1/2 years America, governed by the Party of Memory, has taken a holiday from history.\nAs the Party of Hope it is our responsibility and opportunity to call forth the greatness of the American people.\nIn this spirit, we hereby rededicate ourselves to the continuing service of the Rights of Man-everywhere in America and everywhere else on God's earth.", "Words" -> 16019, "WordCounts" -> <|"the" -> 898, "of" -> 741, "and" -> 641, "to" -> 504, "in" -> 300, "a" -> 229, "will" -> 220, "for" -> 216, "We" -> 191, "The" -> 185, "our" -> 158, "Democratic" -> 108, "with" -> 98, "be" -> 97, "that" -> 95, "by" -> 91, "Administration" -> 91, "is" -> 89, "has" -> 81, "have" -> 79, "which" -> 78, "we" -> 78, "on" -> 77, 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-> 21, "every" -> 21, "education" -> 21, "workers" -> 20, "President" -> 20, "Congress" -> 20, "assistance" -> 20, "any" -> 20, "they" -> 19, "only" -> 19, "nations" -> 19, "growth" -> 19, "employment" -> 19, "benefits" -> 19, "aid" -> 19, "no" -> 18, "help" -> 18, "also" -> 18, "This" -> 17, "than" -> 17, "system" -> 17, "so" -> 17, "laws" -> 17, "labor" -> 17, "into" -> 17, "health" -> 17, "effective" -> 17, "Americans" -> 17, "World" -> 16, "through" -> 16, "rights" -> 16, "present" -> 16, "nation" -> 16, "military" -> 16, "many" -> 16, "home" -> 16, "food" -> 16, "essential" -> 16, "defense" -> 16, "but" -> 16, "Act" -> 16, "without" -> 15, "us" -> 15, "tax" -> 15, "services" -> 15, "peace" -> 15, "means" -> 15, "including" -> 15, "foreign" -> 15, "farm" -> 15, "cost" -> 15, "communities" -> 15, "Communist" -> 15, "assure" -> 15, "As" -> 15, "was" -> 14, "up" -> 14, "Rights" -> 14, "million" -> 14, "international" -> 14, "economy" -> 14, "bring" -> 14, "trade" -> 13, "They" -> 13, "service" -> 13, "protection" -> 13, "need" -> 13, "men" -> 13, "medical" -> 13, "improve" -> 13, "free" -> 13, "end" -> 13, "efforts" -> 13, "citizens" -> 13, "business" -> 13, "between" -> 13, "problems" -> 12, "private" -> 12, "own" -> 12, "out" -> 12, "opportunity" -> 12, "most" -> 12, "meet" -> 12, "make" -> 12, "local" -> 12, "life" -> 12, "legislation" -> 12, "industry" -> 12, "freedom" -> 12, "families" -> 12, "discrimination" -> 12, "control" -> 12, "areas" -> 12, "age" -> 12, "abroad" -> 12, "way" -> 11, "two" -> 11, "standards" -> 11, "special" -> 11, "space" -> 11, "seek" -> 11, "political" -> 11, "part" -> 11, "necessary" -> 11, "human" -> 11, "high" -> 11, "fair" -> 11, "encourage" -> 11, "credit" -> 11, "create" -> 11, "against" -> 11, "adequate" -> 11, "achieve" -> 11, "year" -> 10, "would" -> 10, "share" -> 10, "rates" -> 10, "rate" -> 10, "protect" -> 10, "propose" -> 10, "problem" -> 10, "permit" -> 10, "particularly" -> 10, "Our" -> 10, "may" -> 10, "industries" -> 10, "increase" -> 10, "homes" -> 10, "further" -> 10, "failed" -> 10, "energy" -> 10, "decent" -> 10, "cooperation" -> 10, "construction" -> 10, "care" -> 10, "billion" -> 10, "atomic" -> 10, "administration" -> 10, "women" -> 9, "within" -> 9, "water" -> 9, "urban" -> 9, "transportation" -> 9, "take" -> 9, "strengthen" -> 9, "still" -> 9, "some" -> 9, "Security" -> 9, "security" -> 9, "rural" -> 9, "production" -> 9, "place" -> 9, "order" -> 9, "nuclear" -> 9, "needed" -> 9, "nation's" -> 9, "measures" -> 9, "loans" -> 9, "living" -> 9, "If" -> 9, "governments" -> 9, "For" -> 9, "first" -> 9, "expanded" -> 9, "expand" -> 9, "equal" -> 9, "educational" -> 9, "develop" -> 9, "countries" -> 9, "children" -> 9, "among" -> 9, "young" -> 8, "where" -> 8, "war" -> 8, "unemployment" -> 8, "toward" -> 8, "there" -> 8, "states" -> 8, "Social" -> 8, "small" -> 8, "require" -> 8, "reject" -> 8, "recreation" -> 8, "recognize" -> 8, "promise" -> 8, "possible" -> 8, "planning" -> 8, "peoples" -> 8, "one" -> 8, "made" -> 8, "law" -> 8, "justice" -> 8, "insurance" -> 8, "increased" -> 8, "groups" -> 8, "great" -> 8, "financial" -> 8, "few" -> 8, "favor" -> 8, "farmers" -> 8, "family" -> 8, "expanding" -> 8, "existing" -> 8, "enable" -> 8, "effort" -> 8, "down" -> 8, "debt" -> 8, "costs" -> 8, "community" -> 8, "capital" -> 8, "But" -> 8, "beyond" -> 8, "better" -> 8, "believe" -> 8, "available" -> 8, "America's" -> 8, "air" -> 8, "agencies" -> 8, "working" -> 7, "veterans" -> 7, "upon" -> 7, "time" -> 7, "strength" -> 7, "restore" -> 7, "responsibility" -> 7, "requires" -> 7, "required" -> 7, "raise" -> 7, "race" -> 7, "progress" -> 7, "powers" -> 7, "population" -> 7, "peaceful" -> 7, "over" -> 7, "orderly" -> 7, "opportunities" -> 7, "nearly" -> 7, "Nations" -> 7, "National" -> 7, "much" -> 7, "management" -> 7, "major" -> 7, "long" -> 7, "live" -> 7, "land" -> 7, "jobs" -> 7, "interests" -> 7, "industrial" -> 7, "independence" -> 7, "income" -> 7, "improvement" -> 7, "important" -> 7, "immigration" -> 7, "history" -> 7, "his" -> 7, "higher" -> 7, "growing" -> 7, "good" -> 7, "give" -> 7, "forces" -> 7, "even" -> 7, "establishment" -> 7, "disarmament" -> 7, "dignity" -> 7, "Community" -> 7, "common" -> 7, "Civil" -> 7, "building" -> 7, "both" -> 7, "best" -> 7, "being" -> 7, "before" -> 7, "basic" -> 7, "agricultural" -> 7, "after" -> 7, "access" -> 7, "7" -> 7, "2" -> 7, "1" -> 7, "Yet" -> 6, "whose" -> 6, "whole" -> 6, "when" -> 6, "what" -> 6, "well" -> 6, "weapons" -> 6, "Water" -> 6, "want" -> 6, "understanding" -> 6, "These" -> 6, "therefore" -> 6, "themselves" -> 6, "systems" -> 6, "supply" -> 6, "state" -> 6, "Soviet" -> 6, "social" -> 6, "secure" -> 6, "school" -> 6, "Rico" -> 6, "revenue" -> 6, "retirement" -> 6, "requirements" -> 6, "reaffirm" -> 6, "Puerto" -> 6, "provided" -> 6, "produce" -> 6, "principles" -> 6, "principle" -> 6, "prices" -> 6, "prevent" -> 6, "practices" -> 6, "pollution" -> 6, "older" -> 6, "office" -> 6, "obligations" -> 6, "natural" -> 6, "maintain" -> 6, "machinery" -> 6, "lands" -> 6, "job" -> 6, "Indian" -> 6, "increasing" -> 6, "incomes" -> 6, "House" -> 6, "highway" -> 6, "greater" -> 6, "goals" -> 6, "failure" -> 6, "extend" -> 6, "establish" -> 6, "enforcement" -> 6, "efficiency" -> 6, "effectively" -> 6, "do" -> 6, "cultural" -> 6, "country" -> 6, "continuing" -> 6, "continue" -> 6, "confidence" -> 6, "civil" -> 6, "cannot" -> 6, "based" -> 6, "balance" -> 6, "back" -> 6, "Atlantic" -> 6, "arms" -> 6, "area" -> 6, "already" -> 6, "alliance" -> 6, "agreements" -> 6, "agency" -> 6, "again" -> 6, "added" -> 6, "abundance" -> 6, "3" -> 6, "while" -> 5, "When" -> 5, "welcome" -> 5, "War" -> 5, "underdeveloped" -> 5, "treaty" -> 5, "tradition" -> 5, "Today" -> 5, "times" -> 5, "throughout" -> 5, "technological" -> 5, "teachers" -> 5, "taxes" -> 5, "task" -> 5, "taken" -> 5, "study" -> 5, "step" -> 5, "society" -> 5, "show" -> 5, "Service" -> 5, "schools" -> 5, "result" -> 5, "responsible" -> 5, "Republicans" -> 5, "relations" -> 5, "recreational" -> 5, "recessions" -> 5, "recent" -> 5, "purposes" -> 5, "purpose" -> 5, "projects" -> 5, "preserve" -> 5, "poverty" -> 5, "possibilities" -> 5, "plan" -> 5, "pay" -> 5, "particular" -> 5, "participation" -> 5, "organize" -> 5, "open" -> 5, "once" -> 5, "objectives" -> 5, "never" -> 5, "negotiations" -> 5, "mutual" -> 5, "minimum" -> 5, "minerals" -> 5, "metropolitan" -> 5, "meeting" -> 5, "marketing" -> 5, "Man" -> 5, "long-term" -> 5, "levels" -> 5, "keep" -> 5, "investment" -> 5, "institutions" -> 5, "illness" -> 5, "given" -> 5, "general" -> 5, "future" -> 5, "four" -> 5, "force" -> 5, "far" -> 5, "face" -> 5, "Executive" -> 5, "European" -> 5, "Europe" -> 5, "enterprise" -> 5, "eight" -> 5, "Economic" -> 5, "each" -> 5, "does" -> 5, "District" -> 5, "disabled" -> 5, "depressed" -> 5, "Democrats" -> 5, "deal" -> 5, "created" -> 5, "Court" -> 5, "contracts" -> 5, "continued" -> 5, "consideration" -> 5, "Congressional" -> 5, "complete" -> 5, "competition" -> 5, "clear" -> 5, "campaign" -> 5, "because" -> 5, "basis" -> 5, "balanced" -> 5, "assist" -> 5, "armed" -> 5, "anti-labor" -> 5, "agriculture" -> 5, "administrative" -> 5, "Administrations" -> 5, "Administration's" -> 5, "additional" -> 5, "act" -> 5, "ability" -> 5, "your" -> 4, "White" -> 4, "Western" -> 4, "wage" -> 4, "voting" -> 4, "vocational" -> 4, "vigorous" -> 4, "vetoed" -> 4, "vast" -> 4, "values" -> 4, "uses" -> 4, "unions" -> 4, "twice" -> 4, "training" -> 4, "total" -> 4, "together" -> 4, "today" -> 4, "three" -> 4, "Their" -> 4, "terms" -> 4, "technical" -> 4, "strong" -> 4, "strengthening" -> 4, "sound" -> 4, "Small" -> 4, "slums" -> 4, "single" -> 4, "severe" -> 4, "sense" -> 4, "scientific" -> 4, "same" -> 4, "Roosevelt" -> 4, "rivers" -> 4, "river" -> 4, "respect" -> 4, "resource" -> 4, "repeal" -> 4, "religion" -> 4, "rehabilitation" -> 4, "reduction" -> 4, "reduce" -> 4, "record" -> 4, "reasonable" -> 4, "prosperity" -> 4, "Program" -> 4, "products" -> 4, "productivity" -> 4, "productive" -> 4, "produced" -> 4, "price" -> 4, "pressing" -> 4, "Policy" -> 4, "pledges" -> 4, "plans" -> 4, "personnel" -> 4, "periods" -> 4, "past" -> 4, "passed" -> 4, "organization" -> 4, "officials" -> 4, "off" -> 4, "next" -> 4, "moral" -> 4, "mass" -> 4, "lost" -> 4, "longer" -> 4, "lives" -> 4, "limited" -> 4, "less" -> 4, "least" -> 4, "Latin" -> 4, "last" -> 4, "large" -> 4, "Labor" -> 4, "itself" -> 4, "integrity" -> 4, "influence" -> 4, "inflation" -> 4, "individual" -> 4, "improved" -> 4, "if" -> 4, "hospital" -> 4, "high-interest" -> 4, "Health" -> 4, "he" -> 4, "half" -> 4, "greatest" -> 4, "goal" -> 4, "generation" -> 4, "General" -> 4, "functions" -> 4, "Free" -> 4, "form" -> 4, "forced" -> 4, "fiber" -> 4, "farms" -> 4, "false" -> 4, "enact" -> 4, "emphasis" -> 4, "emergency" -> 4, "eliminate" -> 4, "electric" -> 4, "earth" -> 4, "due" -> 4, "done" -> 4, "domestic" -> 4, "direct" -> 4, "depend" -> 4, "demand" -> 4, "decisions" -> 4, "decade" -> 4, "coverage" -> 4, "cooperatives" -> 4, "consumers" -> 4, "consumer" -> 4, "Constitutional" -> 4, "Constitution" -> 4, "conservation" -> 4, "Congresses" -> 4, "conditions" -> 4, "Commission" -> 4, "cities" -> 4, "Chinese" -> 4, "charges" -> 4, "change" -> 4, "challenge" -> 4, "carry" -> 4, "burden" -> 4, "built" -> 4, "build" -> 4, "broader" -> 4, "bills" -> 4, "Bill" -> 4, "beginning" -> 4, "begin" -> 4, "become" -> 4, "average" -> 4, "Attorney" -> 4, "attention" -> 4, "attack" -> 4, "annual" -> 4, "alone" -> 4, "affairs" -> 4, "activities" -> 4, "65" -> 4, "5" -> 4, "4" -> 4, "1/2" -> 4, "youth" -> 3, "you" -> 3, "world's" -> 3, "works" -> 3, "worker" -> 3, "With" -> 3, "wherever" -> 3, "were" -> 3, "Welfare" -> 3, "welfare" -> 3, "wages" -> 3, "vote" -> 3, "vital" -> 3, "vigorously" -> 3, "vigor" -> 3, "useful" -> 3, "urgent" -> 3, "urgency" -> 3, "urge" -> 3, "unnecessary" -> 3, "unity" -> 3, "units" -> 3, "Union" -> 3, "Unemployment" -> 3, "undertake" -> 3, "Truman" -> 3, "traditional" -> 3, "Trade" -> 3, "took" -> 3, "too" -> 3, "Through" -> 3, "tests" -> 3, "talent" -> 3, "Taft-Hartley" -> 3, "sympathetic" -> 3, "surpluses" -> 3, "Supreme" -> 3, "suitable" -> 3, "suffering" -> 3, "suburban" -> 3, "substantial" -> 3, "students" -> 3, "strikes" -> 3, "starts" -> 3, "speed" -> 3, "sources" -> 3, "sought" -> 3, "solution" -> 3, "slum" -> 3, "slowed" -> 3, "Since" -> 3, "sign" -> 3, "sewage" -> 3, "set" -> 3, "serve" -> 3, "serious" -> 3, "save" -> 3, "safety" -> 3, "rule" -> 3, "role" -> 3, "revolution" -> 3, "review" -> 3, "reverse" -> 3, "return" -> 3, "restoration" -> 3, "responsibilities" -> 3, "resist" -> 3, "requiring" -> 3, "represent" -> 3, "remedies" -> 3, "remains" -> 3, "release" -> 3, "relationships" -> 3, "Relations" -> 3, "regional" -> 3, "reduced" -> 3, "recruit" -> 3, "recently" -> 3, "received" -> 3, "realistic" -> 3, "rapidly" -> 3, "raised" -> 3, "racial" -> 3, "quality" -> 3, "put" -> 3, "pursue" -> 3, "pure" -> 3, "protected" -> 3, "proposed" -> 3, "proposals" -> 3, "promises" -> 3, "project" -> 3, "profits" -> 3, "procedures" -> 3, "priority" -> 3, "press" -> 3, "prepared" -> 3, "potential" -> 3, "plants" -> 3, "persons" -> 3, "period" -> 3, "peacetime" -> 3, "payments" -> 3, "parity" -> 3, "parents" -> 3, "pace" -> 3, "Over" -> 3, "ourselves" -> 3, "oppose" -> 3, "old" -> 3, "oil" -> 3, "objective" -> 3, "number" -> 3, "normal" -> 3, "nor" -> 3, "New" -> 3, "neglect" -> 3, "near" -> 3, "multiple-purpose" -> 3, "Most" -> 3, "modern" -> 3, "missiles" -> 3, "mining" -> 3, "millions" -> 3, "methods" -> 3, "members" -> 3, "meaning" -> 3, "markets" -> 3, "Many" -> 3, "majority" -> 3, "maintained" -> 3, "Machinery" -> 3, "low-cost" -> 3, "low" -> 3, "long-range" -> 3, "loan" -> 3, "limitations" -> 3, "like" -> 3, "level" -> 3, "legitimate" -> 3, "legislative" -> 3, "led" -> 3, "leaders" -> 3, "January" -> 3, "interstate" -> 3, "intensive" -> 3, "Insurance" -> 3, "installations" -> 3, "initiative" -> 3, "Indians" -> 3, "independent" -> 3, "increases" -> 3, "include" -> 3, "incentives" -> 3, "inadequate" -> 3, "importance" -> 3, "II" -> 3, "idle" -> 3, "However" -> 3, "however" -> 3, "highest" -> 3, "had" -> 3, "guarantees" -> 3, "grow" -> 3, "Great" -> 3, "government" -> 3, "goes" -> 3, "generations" -> 3, "gap" -> 3, "function" -> 3, "Franklin" -> 3, "forward" -> 3, "fiscal" -> 3, "find" -> 3, "financed" -> 3, "Federally" -> 3, "favors" -> 3, "faith" -> 3, "facts" -> 3, "fact" -> 3, "extended" -> 3, "expressed" -> 3, "experience" -> 3, "expenditures" -> 3, "executive" -> 3, "everywhere" -> 3, "Even" -> 3, "evasion" -> 3, "establishing" -> 3, "established" -> 3, "Energy" -> 3, "encouraging" -> 3, "enacted" -> 3, "Employment" -> 3, "employees" -> 3, "elsewhere" -> 3, "elections" -> 3, "efficient" -> 3, "effect" -> 3, "East" -> 3, "ease" -> 3, "duty" -> 3, "during" -> 3, "distribution" -> 3, "disease" -> 3, "disaster" -> 3, "diplomatic" -> 3, "devotion" -> 3, "developing" -> 3, "despite" -> 3, "deserve" -> 3, "Defense" -> 3, "decision" -> 3, "debate" -> 3, "cynical" -> 3, "crisis" -> 3, "creative" -> 3, "creation" -> 3, "costly" -> 3, "corporations" -> 3, "cooperative" -> 3, "conventional" -> 3, "Continue" -> 3, "contest" -> 3, "consumption" -> 3, "constructive" -> 3, "confident" -> 3, "conduct" -> 3, "concerned" -> 3, "concern" -> 3, "comprehensive" -> 3, "compliance" -> 3, "Communists" -> 3, "Commonwealth" -> 3, "committees" -> 3, "commercial" -> 3, "commerce" -> 3, "commend" -> 3, "collective" -> 3, "closed" -> 3, "clean" -> 3, "city" -> 3, "citizenship" -> 3, "China" -> 3, "certain" -> 3, "centers" -> 3, "case" -> 3, "captive" -> 3, "capacity" -> 3, "buy" -> 3, "Business" -> 3, "burdens" -> 3, "budget" -> 3, "brought" -> 3, "break" -> 3, "branch" -> 3, "blight" -> 3, "billions" -> 3, "bill" -> 3, "Berlin" -> 3, "benefit" -> 3, "behind" -> 3, "barriers" -> 3, "bargaining" -> 3, "away" -> 3, "automation" -> 3, "atmosphere" -> 3, "At" -> 3, "aspects" -> 3, "Areas" -> 3, "appropriate" -> 3, "approaches" -> 3, "annually" -> 3, "Although" -> 3, "almost" -> 3, "Agriculture" -> 3, "ago" -> 3, "aged" -> 3, "Africa" -> 3, "affirmative" -> 3, "affected" -> 3, "advance" -> 3, "adoption" -> 3, "admitted" -> 3, "administered" -> 3, "adjustments" -> 3, "adjustment" -> 3, "Acts" -> 3, "accept" -> 3, "about" -> 3, "50" -> 3, "1960s" -> 3, "1960" -> 3, "1953" -> 3, "$9" -> 2, "$50" -> 2, "yet" -> 2, "written" -> 2, "world-wide" -> 2, "words" -> 2, "wiped" -> 2, "Wilson" -> 2, "wildernesses" -> 2, "whom" -> 2, "wholesome" -> 2, "While" -> 2, "whether" -> 2, "Where" -> 2, "whatever" -> 2, "well-being" -> 2, "weakened" -> 2, "waste" -> 2, "voters" -> 2, "voice" -> 2, "Virgin" -> 2, "veto" -> 2, "Veterans" -> 2, "variety" -> 2, "value" -> 2, "users" -> 2, "useless" -> 2, "usefulness" -> 2, "used" -> 2, "until" -> 2, "unprecedented" -> 2, "universal" -> 2, "unfair" -> 2, "undue" -> 2, "undertaken" -> 2, "underprivileged" -> 2, "TVA" -> 2, "turn" -> 2, "truth" -> 2, "trust" -> 2, "tribes" -> 2, "trend" -> 2, "transport" -> 2, "transmission" -> 2, "transition" -> 2, "totally" -> 2, "totalitarian" -> 2, "tight-money" -> 2, "tidal" -> 2, "thus" -> 2, "threats" -> 2, "thousands" -> 2, "There" -> 2, "Then" -> 2, "testified" -> 2, "test" -> 2, "tensions" -> 2, "ten" -> 2, "temporary" -> 2, "television" -> 2, "technology" -> 2, "taxpayers" -> 2, "taxpayer" -> 2, "taxation" -> 2, "takes" -> 2, "survivors" -> 2, "summon" -> 2, "sufficient" -> 2, "suffer" -> 2, "Such" -> 2, "successfully" -> 2, "successful" -> 2, "substitute" -> 2, "substandard" -> 2, "submit" -> 2, "strive" -> 2, "streams" -> 2, "strategy" -> 2, "steps" -> 2, "steady" -> 2, "statutes" -> 2, "status" -> 2, "stated" -> 2, "stand" -> 2, "staff" -> 2, "stability" -> 2, "spirit" -> 2, "speedier" -> 2, "speak" -> 2, "Sound" -> 2, "sometimes" -> 2, "solve" -> 2, "solutions" -> 2, "Soil" -> 2, "soil" -> 2, "so-called" -> 2, "situation" -> 2, "since" -> 2, "side" -> 2, "shortage" -> 2, "shores" -> 2, "shorelines" -> 2, "shipping" -> 2, "shifting" -> 2, "shift" -> 2, "sharply" -> 2, "shale" -> 2, "seven" -> 2, "settlement" -> 2, "servicemen" -> 2, "service-connected" -> 2, "sensitive" -> 2, "Senate" -> 2, "sell" -> 2, "self-help" -> 2, "seen" -> 2, "seeking" -> 2, "see" -> 2, "Secretary" -> 2, "scrutiny" -> 2, "scope" -> 2, "scientists" -> 2, "science" -> 2, "scholarship" -> 2, "scales" -> 2, "sales" -> 2, "run" -> 2, "risk" -> 2, "right-to-work" -> 2, "riches" -> 2, "revised" -> 2, "revenues" -> 2, "Revenue" -> 2, "revamp" -> 2, "retraining" -> 2, "Retirement" -> 2, "retire" -> 2, "resulting" -> 2, "restrictive" -> 2, "Restore" -> 2, "rest" -> 2, "respected" -> 2, "Resources" -> 2, "residence" -> 2, "reserves" -> 2, "requirement" -> 2, "repudiate" -> 2, "Representatives" -> 2, "representatives" -> 2, "representation" -> 2, "replaced" -> 2, "renewed" -> 2, "renewal" -> 2, "remain" -> 2, "religious" -> 2, "relationship" -> 2, "regulation" -> 2, "regard" -> 2, "refugees" -> 2, "refugee" -> 2, "reform" -> 2, "reductions" -> 2, "reducing" -> 2, "redevelopment" -> 2, "reality" -> 2, "reaffirms" -> 2, "reactor" -> 2, "reach" -> 2, "REA" -> 2, "rapid" -> 2, "range" -> 2, "raises" -> 2, "railroads" -> 2, "Railroad" -> 2, "rail" -> 2, "radioactive" -> 2, "qualified" -> 2, "pursued" -> 2, "provisions" -> 2, "providing" -> 2, "Protection" -> 2, "prospects" -> 2, "proposal" -> 2, "proper" -> 2, "promptly" -> 2, "promote" -> 2, "promising" -> 2, "proceedings" -> 2, "proceed" -> 2, "priced" -> 2, "preventing" -> 2, "pressure" -> 2, "preserving" -> 2, "pre-eminent" -> 2, "practical" -> 2, "postal" -> 2, "positions" -> 2, "position" -> 2, "politics" -> 2, "plenty" -> 2, "played" -> 2, "play" -> 2, "planet" -> 2, "places" -> 2, "picket" -> 2, "philosophy" -> 2, "Persons" -> 2, "permitting" -> 2, "permanently" -> 2, "permanent" -> 2, "pays" -> 2, "pauper's" -> 2, "party" -> 2, "parts" -> 2, "partnership" -> 2, "partners" -> 2, "parties" -> 2, "parks" -> 2, "outer" -> 2, "outdoor" -> 2, "others" -> 2, "orphans" -> 2, "origin" -> 2, "organized" -> 2, "orders" -> 2, "opposition" -> 2, "one-third" -> 2, "Older" -> 2, "often" -> 2, "offset" -> 2, "official" -> 2, "offer" -> 2, "oath" -> 2, "nursing" -> 2, "notion" -> 2, "non-Communist" -> 2, "neither" -> 2, "neighborhoods" -> 2, "negotiation" -> 2, "negotiate" -> 2, "neglected" -> 2, "needy" -> 2, "navigation" -> 2, "Natural" -> 2, "NATO" -> 2, "nationwide" -> 2, "nationality" -> 2, "move" -> 2, "mortgage" -> 2, "More" -> 2, "mood" -> 2, "months" -> 2, "monopoly" -> 2, "money" -> 2, "modernize" -> 2, "modernization" -> 2, "minority" -> 2, "mineral" -> 2, "Middle" -> 2, "met" -> 2, "Mental" -> 2, "mental" -> 2, "Memory" -> 2, "measured" -> 2, "measure" -> 2, "mean" -> 2, "maximum" -> 2, "materials" -> 2, "material" -> 2, "massive" -> 2, "man" -> 2, "making" -> 2, "lunch" -> 2, "loyalty" -> 2, "low-interest" -> 2, "loopholes" -> 2, "look" -> 2, "long-run" -> 2, "little" -> 2, "list" -> 2, "lines" -> 2, "line" -> 2, "limiting" -> 2, "likewise" -> 2, "liberalizing" -> 2, "liability" -> 2, "legal" -> 2, "left" -> 2, "leading" -> 2, "lead" -> 2, "lawful" -> 2, "language" -> 2, "Lakes" -> 2, "lack" -> 2, "labor-management" -> 2, "laboratories" -> 2, "killers" -> 2, "juvenile" -> 2, "jet" -> 2, "Jefferson" -> 2, "issues" -> 2, "issue" -> 2, "Islands" -> 2, "Iron" -> 2, "involved" -> 2, "Internal" -> 2, "interfering" -> 2, "intercontinental" -> 2, "insure" -> 2, "instead" -> 2, "inland" -> 2, "initial" -> 2, "Information" -> 2, "information" -> 2, "Inflation" -> 2, "indifference" -> 2, "increasingly" -> 2, "Income" -> 2, "improvements" -> 2, "improper" -> 2, "impossible" -> 2, "imports" -> 2, "ill" -> 2, "ideologies" -> 2, "identity" -> 2, "I" -> 2, "Hungary" -> 2, "hundreds" -> 2, "how" -> 2, "Housing" -> 2, "hour" -> 2, "hopes" -> 2, "Hope" -> 2, "honesty" -> 2, "honest" -> 2, "holds" -> 2, "historic" -> 2, "him" -> 2, "heritage" -> 2, "Here" -> 2, "Hemisphere" -> 2, "helping" -> 2, "held" -> 2, "heavy" -> 2, "hearing" -> 2, "hardest" -> 2, "harbors" -> 2, "hands" -> 2, "hampering" -> 2, "guarantee" -> 2, "group" -> 2, "grounds" -> 2, "gross" -> 2, "greatly" -> 2, "grants" -> 2, "gradual" -> 2, "goods" -> 2, "giving" -> 2, "generally" -> 2, "game" -> 2, "fully" -> 2, "fullest" -> 2, "friendship" -> 2, "friends" -> 2, "freer" -> 2, "Freedom" -> 2, "framework" -> 2, "Formosa" -> 2, "forests" -> 2, "forest" -> 2, "following" -> 2, "followed" -> 2, "follow" -> 2, "flourish" -> 2, "flexible" -> 2, "flagrant" -> 2, "five" -> 2, "fish" -> 2, "First" -> 2, "firm" -> 2, "final" -> 2, "filled" -> 2, "file" -> 2, "fields" -> 2, "field" -> 2, "fears" -> 2, "favored" -> 2, "favorable" -> 2, "farmer" -> 2, "famine" -> 2, "Fair" -> 2, "factor" -> 2, "exploration" -> 2, "exploitation" -> 2, "expense" -> 2, "exchange" -> 2, "everyone" -> 2, "evaluate" -> 2, "Ethics" -> 2, "eternal" -> 2, "especially" -> 2, "eroded" -> 2, "erected" -> 2, "equitable" -> 2, "environment" -> 2, "entitled" -> 2, "entire" -> 2, "enjoy" -> 2, "England" -> 2, "engaged" -> 2, "enduring" -> 2, "endeavors" -> 2, "employed" -> 2, "eligible" -> 2, "electricity" -> 2, "election" -> 2, "elect" -> 2, "Education" -> 2, "easy" -> 2, "earnings" -> 2, "earn" -> 2, "Each" -> 2, "duplication" -> 2, "doomed" -> 2, "dominated" -> 2, "domain" -> 2, "dollars" -> 2, "doing" -> 2, "divisions" -> 2, "divide" -> 2, "divert" -> 2, "districts" -> 2, "distress" -> 2, "disposal" -> 2, "displaced" -> 2, "disadvantage" -> 2, "disability" -> 2, "disabilities" -> 2, "direction" -> 2, "directed" -> 2, "Development" -> 2, "developed" -> 2, "determined" -> 2, "deterioration" -> 2, "deter" -> 2, "desegregation" -> 2, "deplore" -> 2, "depletion" -> 2, "Department" -> 2, "denial" -> 2, "democratic" -> 2, "demands" -> 2, "delinquency" -> 2, "deficits" -> 2, "deficit" -> 2, "defending" -> 2, "deeply" -> 2, "dedication" -> 2, "decline" -> 2, "day" -> 2, "dangers" -> 2, "cuts" -> 2, "cut" -> 2, "Curtain" -> 2, "current" -> 2, "critical" -> 2, "creating" -> 2, "course" -> 2, "Council" -> 2, "could" -> 2, "coordinating" -> 2, "co-ops" -> 2, "conviction" -> 2, "Control" -> 2, "contributions" -> 2, "contribution" -> 2, "contractors" -> 2, "continuous" -> 2, "continuity" -> 2, "Continued" -> 2, "contacts" -> 2, "conspicuous" -> 2, "confidently" -> 2, "conferences" -> 2, "concert" -> 2, "conceived" -> 2, "complex" -> 2, "competitive" -> 2, "competence" -> 2, "Communism" -> 2, "commodities" -> 2, "committed" -> 2, "commitments" -> 2, "combat" -> 2, "Columbia" -> 2, "color" -> 2, "colony" -> 2, "collect" -> 2, "clothing" -> 2, "close" -> 2, "clearance" -> 2, "classroom" -> 2, "citizen" -> 2, "Child" -> 2, "charge" -> 2, "channels" -> 2, "challenges" -> 2, "Century" -> 2, "center" -> 2, "ceiling" -> 2, "causes" -> 2, "caused" -> 2, "catch" -> 2, "cases" -> 2, "capable" -> 2, "capability" -> 2, "Canal" -> 2, "By" -> 2, "bureau" -> 2, "budgets" -> 2, "boundaries" -> 2, "borrow" -> 2, "blocked" -> 2, "blessings" -> 2, "bigotry" -> 2, "believes" -> 2, "belief" -> 2, "basin" -> 2, "bases" -> 2, "base" -> 2, "bargain" -> 2, "bankrupted" -> 2, "backlog" -> 2, "backed" -> 2, "avoid" -> 2, "availability" -> 2, "automobile" -> 2, "authorizing" -> 2, "authorized" -> 2, "authority" -> 2, "attractive" -> 2, "Atomic" -> 2, "Asia" -> 2, "around" -> 2, "armaments" -> 2, "arbitrary" -> 2, "Arab" -> 2, "appropriations" -> 2, "applied" -> 2, "application" -> 2, "antitrust" -> 2, "anti-trust" -> 2, "anniversary" -> 2, "analysis" -> 2, "An" -> 2, "amount" -> 2, "Among" -> 2, "amend" -> 2, "allowed" -> 2, "allocation" -> 2, "alliances" -> 2, "alike" -> 2, "airports" -> 2, "Air" -> 2, "agreement" -> 2, "aggression" -> 2, "age-old" -> 2, "agenda" -> 2, "afford" -> 2, "advances" -> 2, "adopted" -> 2, "admission" -> 2, "adhere" -> 2, "acute" -> 2, "active" -> 2, "actions" -> 2, "achieved" -> 2, "accomplishments" -> 2, "above" -> 2, "able" -> 2, "6" -> 2, "5%" -> 2, "40" -> 2, "20th" -> 2, "1958" -> 2, "16" -> 2, "$35" -> 1, "$33" -> 1, "$3" -> 1, "$19" -> 1, "$15" -> 1, "$1.25" -> 1, "$100" -> 1, "Zone" -> 1, "Youth" -> 1, "younger" -> 1, "Young" -> 1, "Year" -> 1, "yardsticks" -> 1, "wrote" -> 1, "write" -> 1, "worthy" -> 1, "worth" -> 1, "workings" -> 1, "Working" -> 1, "workable" -> 1, "Woodrow" -> 1, "Women" -> 1, "withdrawal" -> 1, "wishing" -> 1, "wished" -> 1, "wish" -> 1, "wise" -> 1, "windfalls" -> 1, "wind" -> 1, "willingness" -> 1, "willing" -> 1, "wildlife" -> 1, "wilderness" -> 1, "widows" -> 1, "widespread" -> 1, "widens" -> 1, "Whole" -> 1, "whereby" -> 1, "whenever" -> 1, "What" -> 1, "welcomes" -> 1, "weeks" -> 1, "week" -> 1, "weakness" -> 1, "weakening" -> 1, "weakened—by" -> 1, "weaken" -> 1, "weak" -> 1, "ways" -> 1, "waterways" -> 1, "watershed" -> 1, "watched" -> 1, "wastes" -> 1, "wasted" -> 1, "Walsh-Healey" -> 1, "wall" -> 1, "Wagner" -> 1, "waging" -> 1, "Wages" -> 1, "votes" -> 1, "visits" -> 1, "vision" -> 1, "virtually" -> 1, "violence" -> 1, "viewed" -> 1, "view" -> 1, "victorious" -> 1, "victimized" -> 1, "victim" -> 1, "Vice" -> 1, "vetoes" -> 1, "vertical" -> 1, "vendors" -> 1, "various" -> 1, "valiant" -> 1, "utility" -> 1, "us—the" -> 1, "usurpation" -> 1, "usually" -> 1, "Using" -> 1, "using" -> 1, "uphold" -> 1, "untold" -> 1, "unsound" -> 1, "unshackle" -> 1, "unrestricted" -> 1, "unreasonable" -> 1, "unpleasant" -> 1, "unorganized" -> 1, "unjustly" -> 1, "University" -> 1, "universities" -> 1, "united" -> 1, "unite" -> 1, "unique" -> 1, "Unimaginative" -> 1, "uniform" -> 1, "Unfortunately" -> 1, "unforeseen" -> 1, "unforeseeable" -> 1, "unfolding" -> 1, "unfinished" -> 1, "unethical" -> 1, "unequivocal" -> 1, "unending" -> 1, "unemployed" -> 1, "undisclosed" -> 1, "underworld" -> 1, "understand" -> 1, "underscored" -> 1, "undermined" -> 1, "underfed" -> 1, "Underdeveloped" -> 1, "Under" -> 1, "unavoidably" -> 1, "unable" -> 1, "UN" -> 1, "ultimately" -> 1, "ultimate" -> 1, "U-2" -> 1, "tyranny" -> 1, "two-fifths" -> 1, "Two" -> 1, "twenty-fifth" -> 1, "turning" -> 1, "turned" -> 1, "truths" -> 1, "truly" -> 1, "true" -> 1, "troublemaking" -> 1, "triple" -> 1, "tribute" -> 1, "trends" -> 1, "tremendous" -> 1, "Treaty" -> 1, "treatment" -> 1, "treaties" -> 1, "treat" -> 1, "treasury" -> 1, "travel" -> 1, "Transportation" -> 1, "translate" -> 1, "transit" -> 1, "trained" -> 1, "tragically" -> 1, "traffic" -> 1, "tractors" -> 1, "towards" -> 1, "torn" -> 1, "top" -> 1, "tool" -> 1, "toll" -> 1, "timidity" -> 1, "time-tested" -> 1, "timber" -> 1, "Tight" -> 1, "ties" -> 1, "tie-in" -> 1, "Thus" -> 1, "thrust" -> 1, "thrown" -> 1, "throwing" -> 1, "threshold" -> 1, "threatened" -> 1, "threaten" -> 1, "threat" -> 1, "thorough" -> 1, "Thomas" -> 1, "Third" -> 1, "thin" -> 1, "thermonuclear" -> 1, "Thereafter" -> 1, "then" -> 1, "test—a" -> 1, "testing" -> 1, "testimonial" -> 1, "terror" -> 1, "terminated" -> 1, "terminate" -> 1, "ten—are" -> 1, "ten-year" -> 1, "Tens" -> 1, "temptation" -> 1, "tell" -> 1, "telephone" -> 1, "technologically" -> 1, "techniques" -> 1, "technicians" -> 1, "Tax" -> 1, "tasks" -> 1, "tape" -> 1, "tanks" -> 1, "talk" -> 1, "Taken" -> 1, "tactics" -> 1, "tacticians" -> 1, "taconite" -> 1, "tackle" -> 1, "table" -> 1, "System" -> 1, "sympathetically" -> 1, "symbol" -> 1, "swiftly" -> 1, "sweep" -> 1, "sustained-yield" -> 1, "sustained" -> 1, "suspended" -> 1, "surrounding" -> 1, "surrender" -> 1, "surprise" -> 1, "surplus" -> 1, "surely" -> 1, "sure" -> 1, "supports" -> 1, "supplies" -> 1, "supplement" -> 1, "supplanted" -> 1, "supervised" -> 1, "sun—and" -> 1, "sun" -> 1, "sums" -> 1, "sum" -> 1, "sullied" -> 1, "suits" -> 1, "suited" -> 1, "suffocating" -> 1, "Suez" -> 1, "success" -> 1, "Suburbs" -> 1, "suburbs" -> 1, "substantially" -> 1, "subsequent" -> 1, "submarine" -> 1, "subjugation" -> 1, "subcontractors" -> 1, "Subcommittee" -> 1, "student" -> 1, "structure" -> 1, "strongly" -> 1, "striving" -> 1, "striven" -> 1, "strike" -> 1, "strict" -> 1, "Stricken" -> 1, "stretched" -> 1, "strength-military" -> 1, "strengthened—not" -> 1, "strengthened" -> 1, "stream" -> 1, "strategic" -> 1, "stranded" -> 1, "storing" -> 1, "stopped" -> 1, "stockpiles" -> 1, "stifled" -> 1, "sterile" -> 1, "stepped-up" -> 1, "Steel" -> 1, "steel" -> 1, "steadily" -> 1, "stay" -> 1, "station" -> 1, "statesmen" -> 1, "statement" -> 1, "Standards" -> 1, "standard" -> 1, "stamp" -> 1, "stalled" -> 1, "stage" -> 1, "stable" -> 1, "stabilizing" -> 1, "sponsored" -> 1, "spoke" -> 1, "spiritual" -> 1, "spheres" -> 1, "spent" -> 1, "speedy" -> 1, "speeding" -> 1, "spectacle" -> 1, "specific" -> 1, "specially" -> 1, "specialized" -> 1, "special-interest" -> 1, "Special" -> 1, "Space" -> 1, "sovereignty" -> 1, "sorry" -> 1, "Some" -> 1, "solemn" -> 1, "soldier" -> 1, "soaring" -> 1, "So" -> 1, "smear" -> 1, "small-watershed" -> 1, "slumps" -> 1, "slowly" -> 1, "slowdown" -> 1, "slow" -> 1, "slogan" -> 1, "slashed" -> 1, "slander" -> 1, "sky" -> 1, "skills" -> 1, "sixteen" -> 1, "six" -> 1, "sincerity" -> 1, "simplify" -> 1, "simple" -> 1, "Similarly" -> 1, "similar" -> 1, "silt" -> 1, "signal" -> 1, "sickness" -> 1, "shown" -> 1, "shouldered" -> 1, "short-term" -> 1, "shorter-range" -> 1, "shortens" -> 1, "shops" -> 1, "shocking" -> 1, "shipments" -> 1, "ship" -> 1, "shelter" -> 1, "shattered" -> 1, "sharp" -> 1, "shares" -> 1, "shared" -> 1, "sham" -> 1, "sex" -> 1, "severely" -> 1, "several" -> 1, "sever" -> 1, "Seven" -> 1, "settled" -> 1, "Services" -> 1, "seriousness" -> 1, "seriously" -> 1, "separation" -> 1, "separated" -> 1, "Separate" -> 1, "self-judging" -> 1, "self-government" -> 1, "self-evident" -> 1, "self-determination" -> 1, "selected" -> 1, "segregation" -> 1, "segregated" -> 1, "segments" -> 1, "seeks" -> 1, "secured" -> 1, "sector" -> 1, "Secretaries" -> 1, "secret" -> 1, "secrecy" -> 1, "second-class" -> 1, "Second" -> 1, "seaward" -> 1, "sea" -> 1, "Science" -> 1, "schoolrooms" -> 1, "scholarships" -> 1, "scattered" -> 1, "scandals" -> 1, "scandalous" -> 1, "scale" -> 1, "saw" -> 1, "savings" -> 1, "satellites" -> 1, "Sarena" -> 1, "salt" -> 1, "salinity" -> 1, "sale" -> 1, "salaries" -> 1, "safeguards" -> 1, "safeguard" -> 1, "sadistic" -> 1, "sacrificed" -> 1, "sacrifice" -> 1, "Russians" -> 1, "Rural" -> 1, "Rumania" -> 1, "rules" -> 1, "rulers" -> 1, "ruined" -> 1, "Rover" -> 1, "rounding" -> 1, "roots" -> 1, "root" -> 1, "room" -> 1, "rocket" -> 1, "Robinson-Patman" -> 1, "Roads" -> 1, "roads" -> 1, "road" -> 1, "rival" -> 1, "rising" -> 1, "rights-everywhere" -> 1, "rewarding" -> 1, "revived" -> 1, "revision" -> 1, "revealed" -> 1, "reunite" -> 1, "returns" -> 1, "returned" -> 1, "re-training" -> 1, "retraction" -> 1, "retired" -> 1, "retaliate" -> 1, "retain" -> 1, "retail" -> 1, "resume" -> 1, "rests" -> 1, "restricting" -> 1, "restrain" -> 1, "restoring" -> 1, "restored" -> 1, "restorative" -> 1, "restitution" -> 1, "Responsible" -> 1, "Responsibility" -> 1, "response" -> 1, "resolving" -> 1, "resettlement" -> 1, "reservoirs" -> 1, "reserve" -> 1, "reservation" -> 1, "reseeding" -> 1, "Research" -> 1, "rescue" -> 1, "reputation" -> 1, "repudiated" -> 1, "representing" -> 1, "Reporting" -> 1, "reported" -> 1, "report" -> 1, "replace" -> 1, "reorganize" -> 1, "rental" -> 1, "renew" -> 1, "remunerative" -> 1, "removing" -> 1, "remove" -> 1, "remaining" -> 1, "remained" -> 1, "remainder" -> 1, "relief" -> 1, "reliance" -> 1, "relatives" -> 1, "relatively" -> 1, "relative" -> 1, "rejects" -> 1, "rejected" -> 1, "Regulatory" -> 1, "regulatory" -> 1, "regulations" -> 1, "regulate" -> 1, "regret" -> 1, "regime" -> 1, "regardless" -> 1, "regain" -> 1, "refused" -> 1, "refusal" -> 1, "refuges" -> 1, "Refugee" -> 1, "refrigerator" -> 1, "reforestation" -> 1, "refocus" -> 1, "reflecting" -> 1, "reflected" -> 1, "re-examination" -> 1, "reduces" -> 1, "rededicate" -> 1, "red" -> 1, "Recreational" -> 1, "Recreation" -> 1, "recover" -> 1, "recourse" -> 1, "recommended" -> 1, "recommend" -> 1, "recognizing" -> 1, "reclamation" -> 1, "recklessly" -> 1, "recitals" -> 1, "recipients" -> 1, "recessionary" -> 1, "recession" -> 1, "Recent" -> 1, "receiving" -> 1, "receive" -> 1, "recast" -> 1, "reasons" -> 1, "reasoned" -> 1, "really" -> 1, "realizing" -> 1, "realization" -> 1, "real" -> 1, "readjustment" -> 1, "readier" -> 1, "reach—the" -> 1, "reaching" -> 1, "reached" -> 1, "re" -> 1, "raw" -> 1, "ratify" -> 1, "Rather" -> 1, "rash" -> 1, "raising" -> 1, "rain" -> 1, "Railway" -> 1, "Railroads" -> 1, "Rail" -> 1, "radically" -> 1, "Radiation" -> 1, "radiation" -> 1, "race—and" -> 1, "quotas" -> 1, "quota" -> 1, "quo" -> 1, "quiz" -> 1, "quickly" -> 1, "questions" -> 1, "quasi-judicial" -> 1, "quantity" -> 1, "putting" -> 1, "puts" -> 1, "push" -> 1, "pursuit" -> 1, "pursuing" -> 1, "purpose—to" -> 1, "purchasing" -> 1, "purchases" -> 1, "punitive" -> 1, "public's" -> 1, "public-preference" -> 1, "Public" -> 1, "psychiatric" -> 1, "prudent" -> 1, "provides" -> 1, "Provide" -> 1, "proven" -> 1, "proved" -> 1, "prove" -> 1, "prototype" -> 1, "protections" -> 1, "prospecting" -> 1, "prospect" -> 1, "propulsion" -> 1, "proposition" -> 1, "proposes" -> 1, "proportions" -> 1, "property" -> 1, "properly" -> 1, "propel" -> 1, "prompt" -> 1, "promoting" -> 1, "prohibit" -> 1, "programming" -> 1, "profiteering" -> 1, "profitably" -> 1, "profession" -> 1, "product" -> 1, "producers" -> 1, "Proclamation" -> 1, "proclaims" -> 1, "proclaim" -> 1, "processes" -> 1, "process" -> 1, "proceeds" -> 1, "proceeding" -> 1, "Procedures" -> 1, "procedure" -> 1, "privileged" -> 1, "prisoners" -> 1, "prison" -> 1, "priorities" -> 1, "primary" -> 1, "priceless" -> 1, "previous" -> 1, "prevention" -> 1, "prevails" -> 1, "prestige" -> 1, "pressures" -> 1, "Presidents" -> 1, "President's" -> 1, "Presidential" -> 1, "president" -> 1, "preserved" -> 1, "preservation" -> 1, "presently" -> 1, "preparation" -> 1, "prejudice" -> 1, "pre-eminence" -> 1, "predominantly" -> 1, "predecessors" -> 1, "Practices" -> 1, "practicable" -> 1, "powers—legal" -> 1, "powerful" -> 1, "potentialities" -> 1, "Postal" -> 1, "Post" -> 1, "possibility" -> 1, "positive" -> 1, "popular" -> 1, "poorly" -> 1, "pool" -> 1, "Pollution" -> 1, "Polluted" -> 1, "polluted" -> 1, "poll" -> 1, "policy-making" -> 1, "police" -> 1, "Poland" -> 1, "poisoned" -> 1, "points" -> 1, "point" -> 1, "Plymouth" -> 1, "plunge" -> 1, "plunder" -> 1, "pledged" -> 1, "Platform" -> 1, "platform" -> 1, "Plan—by" -> 1, "plant" -> 1, "Planning" -> 1, "planes" -> 1, "plain" -> 1, "placed" -> 1, "pilot" -> 1, "piecemeal" -> 1, "picture" -> 1, "Physically" -> 1, "physically" -> 1, "phases" -> 1, "phase" -> 1, "perverted" -> 1, "persuasive" -> 1, "personal" -> 1, "person" -> 1, "persistently" -> 1, "persistent" -> 1, "persistence" -> 1, "perpetuated" -> 1, "permitted" -> 1, "permits" -> 1, "periphery" -> 1, "periodically" -> 1, "periodic" -> 1, "perhaps" -> 1, "per" -> 1, "people—have" -> 1, "pensions" -> 1, "pendency" -> 1, "peddling" -> 1, "peace-time" -> 1, "peacefully" -> 1, "Peace" -> 1, "payola" -> 1, "payment" -> 1, "payloads" -> 1, "patterned" -> 1, "patients" -> 1, "patiently" -> 1, "patented" -> 1, "Passamaquoddy" -> 1, "pass" -> 1, "Party—to" -> 1, "part-time" -> 1, "partnerships" -> 1, "partisan" -> 1, "participate" -> 1, "Park" -> 1, "park" -> 1, "Parity" -> 1, "Paris" -> 1, "paramount" -> 1, "paper" -> 1, "Pakistan" -> 1, "painless" -> 1, "paid-up" -> 1, "pacts" -> 1, "owned" -> 1, "owed" -> 1, "overseas" -> 1, "overrode" -> 1, "overnight" -> 1, "overhaul" -> 1, "overburdened" -> 1, "outstrip" -> 1, "outstanding" -> 1, "outside" -> 1, "outrun" -> 1, "outraged" -> 1, "outmoded" -> 1, "outlays" -> 1, "Outer" -> 1, "Outdoor" -> 1, "otherwise" -> 1, "Organized" -> 1, "Organization" -> 1, "ore" -> 1, "oppression" -> 1, "opposes" -> 1, "opportunistic" -> 1, "opponents" -> 1, "opinion" -> 1, "Operations" -> 1, "operations" -> 1, "operation" -> 1, "operating" -> 1, "operate" -> 1, "Only" -> 1, "One" -> 1, "On" -> 1, "Office" -> 1, "oceans" -> 1, "Oceanography" -> 1, "Oceanographic" -> 1, "occur" -> 1, "occasional" -> 1, "obviously" -> 1, "obtaining" -> 1, "obtain" -> 1, "observe" -> 1, "obligation" -> 1, "nutritional" -> 1, "nutrition" -> 1, "nursing-home" -> 1, "numerous" -> 1, "notice" -> 1, "North" -> 1, "Nor" -> 1, "non-uniform" -> 1, "non-strategic" -> 1, "nonpartisan" -> 1, "non-nuclear" -> 1, "non-governmental" -> 1, "non-farmers" -> 1, "non-farm" -> 1, "non-citizens" -> 1, "No" -> 1, "news" -> 1, "Neighbor" -> 1, "negotiators" -> 1, "needlessly" -> 1, "necessities" -> 1, "naturalized" -> 1, "naturalization" -> 1, "native-born" -> 1, "national-origins" -> 1, "nationalistic" -> 1, "narrowly" -> 1, "names—the" -> 1, "name" -> 1, "muster" -> 1, "multiple-use" -> 1, "multi-billion-dollar" -> 1, "Much" -> 1, "movement" -> 1, "mounts" -> 1, "mounting" -> 1, "motives" -> 1, "Moreover" -> 1, "moreover" -> 1, "moral—to" -> 1, "moon" -> 1, "monuments" -> 1, "month" -> 1, "monopolistic" -> 1, "monopolies" -> 1, "monitoring" -> 1, "Money" -> 1, "monetary" -> 1, "momentum" -> 1, "modernizing" -> 1, "model" -> 1, "mobility" -> 1, "mobile" -> 1, "mismanaged" -> 1, "misjudging" -> 1, "mishandling" -> 1, "minimums" -> 1, "Minimum" -> 1, "mines" -> 1, "Minerals" -> 1, "Millions" -> 1, "milk" -> 1, "migrants" -> 1, "migrant" -> 1, "mighty" -> 1, "midst" -> 1, "middle—and" -> 1, "method" -> 1, "merits" -> 1, "mergers" -> 1, "merger" -> 1, "merchant" -> 1, "mercenaries" -> 1, "mentally" -> 1, "meetings" -> 1, "medicine" -> 1, "Medical" -> 1, "mechanism" -> 1, "measuring" -> 1, "Measures" -> 1, "meantime" -> 1, "meaningful" -> 1, "meager" -> 1, "maturity" -> 1, "matter" -> 1, "matched" -> 1, "master" -> 1, "Marshall" -> 1, "Market" -> 1, "market" -> 1, "marine" -> 1, "mapping" -> 1, "map" -> 1, "man's" -> 1, "Manpower" -> 1, "manpower" -> 1, "Mankind's" -> 1, "mankind" -> 1, "Man-everywhere" -> 1, "maneuvers" -> 1, "Managing" -> 1, "managed" -> 1, "makes" -> 1, "maintenance" -> 1, "mails" -> 1, "machines" -> 1, "loyal" -> 1, "low-rent" -> 1, "low-income" -> 1, "low-grade" -> 1, "lot" -> 1, "loss" -> 1, "looking" -> 1, "long-standing" -> 1, "Long-range" -> 1, "long-neglected" -> 1, "longer-range" -> 1, "Long-delayed" -> 1, "located" -> 1, "localities" -> 1, "Local" -> 1, "Loan" -> 1, "load" -> 1, "Living" -> 1, "livelihood" -> 1, "Lithuania" -> 1, "literacy" -> 1, "limited-war" -> 1, "limitation" -> 1, "lignites" -> 1, "life—our" -> 1, "lies" -> 1, "libraries" -> 1, "Liberties" -> 1, "liberties" -> 1, "liberation" -> 1, "liberalize" -> 1, "liberal" -> 1, "lethargy" -> 1, "lesser" -> 1, "lengthen" -> 1, "legislatures" -> 1, "Legislative" -> 1, "legally" -> 1, "leave" -> 1, "leasing" -> 1, "League" -> 1, "leads" -> 1, "layer" -> 1, "Law" -> 1, "launched" -> 1, "launch" -> 1, "Latvia" -> 1, "larger" -> 1, "languages" -> 1, "Lands" -> 1, "lamentably" -> 1, "lakes" -> 1, "lag" -> 1, "lacking" -> 1, "Labor-Management" -> 1, "knowledge" -> 1, "know" -> 1, "kinds" -> 1, "justified" -> 1, "justification" -> 1, "just" -> 1, "jurisdiction" -> 1, "Judicial" -> 1, "judgment" -> 1, "joint" -> 1, "jeopardized" -> 1, "Jeffersonian" -> 1, "Japanese" -> 1, "Japan" -> 1, "Its" -> 1, "item" -> 1, "Israel" -> 1, "irrigation" -> 1, "irresistible" -> 1, "iron" -> 1, "involves" -> 1, "invoked" -> 1, "invited" -> 1, "invigorated" -> 1, "Investment" -> 1, "investigation" -> 1, "investigating" -> 1, "inventive" -> 1, "inventions" -> 1, "invasion" -> 1, "interrupted" -> 1, "interpreted" -> 1, "interpret" -> 1, "Intergroup" -> 1, "intergroup" -> 1, "interference" -> 1, "interested" -> 1, "intent" -> 1, "intensity" -> 1, "intensify" -> 1, "intensified" -> 1, "intellectual" -> 1, "integration" -> 1, "insuring" -> 1, "Instruments" -> 1, "instruments" -> 1, "instrument" -> 1, "institution" -> 1, "instituted" -> 1, "institute" -> 1, "inspection" -> 1, "insistence" -> 1, "injustice" -> 1, "injured" -> 1, "injunctions" -> 1, "injunction" -> 1, "initiate" -> 1, "inherent" -> 1, "ingenuity" -> 1, "inform" -> 1, "inflicted" -> 1, "infinitely" -> 1, "infiltrated" -> 1, "inequities" -> 1, "inequitable" -> 1, "inequalities" -> 1, "inefficiency" -> 1, "Industries" -> 1, "individuals" -> 1, "individually" -> 1, "indignity" -> 1, "India" -> 1, "Independence" -> 1, "incremental" -> 1, "incredibly" -> 1, "inconvenienced" -> 1, "inconsistent" -> 1, "incomplete" -> 1, "incompatible" -> 1, "income—a" -> 1, "includes" -> 1, "included" -> 1, "incident" -> 1, "inches" -> 1, "incapable" -> 1, "inaugurate" -> 1, "inadequately" -> 1, "impure" -> 1, "Improving" -> 1, "imprisoned" -> 1, "impose" -> 1, "implementation" -> 1, "implement" -> 1, "implant" -> 1, "imperative" -> 1, "impairing" -> 1, "impact" -> 1, "Immigration" -> 1, "immigrants" -> 1, "immensely" -> 1, "immediate" -> 1, "imbalances" -> 1, "imbalance" -> 1, "imaginative" -> 1, "imagination" -> 1, "Image" -> 1, "illustrated" -> 1, "Illness" -> 1, "illiteracy" -> 1, "ignorant" -> 1, "idly" -> 1, "ideology" -> 1, "identify" -> 1, "hydroelectric" -> 1, "hurt" -> 1, "hunger" -> 1, "humanity" -> 1, "humanitarian" -> 1, "humane" -> 1, "Hull" -> 1, "Hospitals" -> 1, "hospitals" -> 1, "hospitalized" -> 1, "hospitality" -> 1, "hope" -> 1, "honorable" -> 1, "honor" -> 1, "homeless" -> 1, "holocaust" -> 1, "holiday" -> 1, "holdings" -> 1, "hit" -> 1, "History" -> 1, "His" -> 1, "hinge" -> 1, "himself" -> 1, "Hill-Burton" -> 1, "Highways" -> 1, "highly" -> 1, "high-interest-rate" -> 1, "high-cost" -> 1, "hidden" -> 1, "hesitates" -> 1, "heroic" -> 1, "hereby" -> 1, "here" -> 1, "hence" -> 1, "helpless" -> 1, "helpful" -> 1, "heavier" -> 1, "heartening" -> 1, "Heart" -> 1, "heart" -> 1, "hearings" -> 1, "healthy" -> 1, "healthful" -> 1, "He" -> 1, "Hawaii" -> 1, "hasten" -> 1, "harvests" -> 1, "harmonious" -> 1, "harassed" -> 1, "happened" -> 1, "handling" -> 1, "Handicapped" -> 1, "handicapped" -> 1, "handful" -> 1, "hampered" -> 1, "halted" -> 1, "half-trillion-dollar" -> 1, "Half" -> 1, "habitats" -> 1, "habitat" -> 1, "gulfs" -> 1, "guidance" -> 1, "guarding" -> 1, "guaranteed" -> 1, "Growth" -> 1, "grows" -> 1, "grinding" -> 1, "greatness" -> 1, "grazing" -> 1, "gratitude" -> 1, "granted" -> 1, "grant" -> 1, "Grand" -> 1, "graft" -> 1, "graded" -> 1, "Governor" -> 1, "Governments" -> 1, "Government-financed" -> 1, "government-by-injunction" -> 1, "governed" -> 1, "good-faith" -> 1, "Good" -> 1, "gone" -> 1, "God's" -> 1, "goals—dignity" -> 1, "go" -> 1, "glowing" -> 1, "Give" -> 1, "gifts" -> 1, "Giant" -> 1, "giant" -> 1, "G.I." -> 1, "getting" -> 1, "gets" -> 1, "Germany" -> 1, "geologic" -> 1, "genuinely" -> 1, "genuine" -> 1, "Geneva" -> 1, "generous" -> 1, "generate" -> 1, "General's" -> 1, "geared" -> 1, "gaps—missile" -> 1, "gains" -> 1, "Further" -> 1, "furnished" -> 1, "funds" -> 1, "fundamental" -> 1, "Fund" -> 1, "Full" -> 1, "fulfilling" -> 1, "fulfilled" -> 1, "fulfill" -> 1, "fuels" -> 1, "fuel" -> 1, "fruitful" -> 1, "fruit" -> 1, "frontiers" -> 1, "frontier" -> 1, "front" -> 1, "free—free" -> 1, "freely" -> 1, "freed" -> 1, "fraud" -> 1, "fragile" -> 1, "Fourth" -> 1, "fourth" -> 1, "four-point" -> 1, "founder" -> 1, "founded—that" -> 1, "foundation" -> 1, "found" -> 1, "fought" -> 1, "foster" -> 1, "forthcoming" -> 1, "forth" -> 1, "formulation" -> 1, "forms" -> 1, "former" -> 1, "formed" -> 1, "formal" -> 1, "forgo" -> 1, "forging" -> 1, "forget" -> 1, "forged" -> 1, "Forests" -> 1, "forestall" -> 1, "foresee" -> 1, "Foreign" -> 1, "Food" -> 1, "foisted" -> 1, "focus" -> 1, "flow" -> 1, "floor" -> 1, "floods" -> 1, "flood-control" -> 1, "flights—the" -> 1, "fleet" -> 1, "fit" -> 1, "Fiscal" -> 1, "first-step" -> 1, "first-class" -> 1, "firms" -> 1, "firmness" -> 1, "financing" -> 1, "finance" -> 1, "finally" -> 1, "fill" -> 1, "fighters" -> 1, "Fifty" -> 1, "fewer" -> 1, "fellow" -> 1, "feeling" -> 1, "feed" -> 1, "Federal-state" -> 1, "Federal-Indian" -> 1, "features" -> 1, "feasible" -> 1, "feasibility" -> 1, "fear" -> 1, "favoring" -> 1, "fault" -> 1, "fast" -> 1, "fashioned" -> 1, "far-reaching" -> 1, "Farms" -> 1, "farming" -> 1, "Farmers" -> 1, "Farm" -> 1, "family-type" -> 1, "family-farm" -> 1, "faithfully" -> 1, "faithful" -> 1, "failures" -> 1, "fails" -> 1, "failing" -> 1, "fail" -> 1, "fact-finding" -> 1, "facing" -> 1, "facility" -> 1, "facilitating" -> 1, "facilitate" -> 1, "faces" -> 1, "faced" -> 1, "eye" -> 1, "extravagant" -> 1, "extraordinary" -> 1, "extracted" -> 1, "external" -> 1, "extent" -> 1, "extensive" -> 1, "extension" -> 1, "extending" -> 1, "explored" -> 1, "explore" -> 1, "experimentally" -> 1, "experimental" -> 1, "expensive" -> 1, "expenses" -> 1, "Expenditures" -> 1, "expectations" -> 1, "Expansion" -> 1, "expansion" -> 1, "exist" -> 1, "exhausts" -> 1, "exhausted" -> 1, "exercising" -> 1, "execution" -> 1, "executed" -> 1, "exclusively" -> 1, "excise" -> 1, "exchanges" -> 1, "excessive" -> 1, "excesses" -> 1, "except" -> 1, "examples" -> 1, "evil" -> 1, "evidence" -> 1, "Everyone" -> 1, "ever-growing" -> 1, "ever-greater" -> 1, "Ever" -> 1, "ever" -> 1, "event" -> 1, "evaluation" -> 1, "Euratom" -> 1, "ethnic" -> 1, "Estonia" -> 1, "Establish" -> 1, "espionage" -> 1, "escape" -> 1, "errors" -> 1, "erase" -> 1, "eradication" -> 1, "eradicate" -> 1, "equity" -> 1, "equips" -> 1, "Equality" -> 1, "equality" -> 1, "envisaged" -> 1, "entertainment" -> 1, "enterprises" -> 1, "entering" -> 1, "ensure" -> 1, "enough" -> 1, "enormously" -> 1, "enlightenment" -> 1, "enlightened" -> 1, "enlarge" -> 1, "engage" -> 1, "Enforcement" -> 1, "enforce" -> 1, "energies" -> 1, "energetically" -> 1, "endowed" -> 1, "endorse" -> 1, "ending" -> 1, "ended" -> 1, "endeavor" -> 1, "End" -> 1, "encroachment" -> 1, "encouraged" -> 1, "enactment" -> 1, "enabling" -> 1, "empowered" -> 1, "employing" -> 1, "empire" -> 1, "emphasized" -> 1, "Emphasis" -> 1, "Emerson" -> 1, "emerging" -> 1, "emergencies" -> 1, "embodied" -> 1, "embarrassments" -> 1, "Emancipation" -> 1, "else" -> 1, "elimination" -> 1, "element" -> 1, "Electrification" -> 1, "electrification" -> 1, "election-year" -> 1, "Elections" -> 1, "elected" -> 1, "elderly" -> 1, "elder" -> 1, "either" -> 1, "Eisenhower" -> 1, "educate" -> 1, "economies" -> 1, "economical" -> 1, "eat" -> 1, "East-West" -> 1, "easier" -> 1, "earlier" -> 1, "dynamic" -> 1, "dweller" -> 1, "duration" -> 1, "dumped" -> 1, "dual" -> 1, "Drug" -> 1, "drug" -> 1, "drop" -> 1, "driving" -> 1, "drive" -> 1, "drifted" -> 1, "drift" -> 1, "dreams" -> 1, "dream" -> 1, "drawing" -> 1, "draw" -> 1, "dramatically" -> 1, "downward" -> 1, "doubt" -> 1, "dormitories" -> 1, "domination" -> 1, "domiciliary" -> 1, "dollar" -> 1, "Doctrine" -> 1, "doctors" -> 1, "dividend" -> 1, "diversity" -> 1, "district" -> 1, "distressed" -> 1, "distinguishing" -> 1, "distinguishes" -> 1, "distinguished" -> 1, "distinctions" -> 1, "distinction" -> 1, "disrupting" -> 1, "disputes" -> 1, "dispute" -> 1, "disposing" -> 1, "dispose" -> 1, "diseases—cancer" -> 1, "diseases" -> 1, "discriminations" -> 1, "Discrimination" -> 1, "discouraged" -> 1, "Disclosure" -> 1, "disclosure" -> 1, "disclaimer" -> 1, "disastrous" -> 1, "Disability" -> 1, "directly" -> 1, "dignified" -> 1, "difficulty" -> 1, "difficulties" -> 1, "difficult" -> 1, "differentiates" -> 1, "differentials" -> 1, "different" -> 1, "difference" -> 1, "died" -> 1, "devoting" -> 1, "Deterrent" -> 1, "deterrent" -> 1, "deterred" -> 1, "determining" -> 1, "determination" -> 1, "deteriorated" -> 1, "destruction" -> 1, "destroy" -> 1, "Despite" -> 1, "desperation" -> 1, "despair" -> 1, "desire" -> 1, "desirable" -> 1, "designed" -> 1, "deserves" -> 1, "depth" -> 1, "depression" -> 1, "Depressed" -> 1, "depress" -> 1, "deposits" -> 1, "depleted" -> 1, "depends" -> 1, "department" -> 1, "deny" -> 1, "dentistry" -> 1, "denounce" -> 1, "denied" -> 1, "demonstrations" -> 1, "demonstration" -> 1, "demolition" -> 1, "democratically" -> 1, "democracy" -> 1, "deliberate" -> 1, "delegate" -> 1, "delayed" -> 1, "delay" -> 1, "degree" -> 1, "degrading" -> 1, "definition" -> 1, "defined" -> 1, "deferred" -> 1, "defenses" -> 1, "defeat" -> 1, "deem" -> 1, "deductions" -> 1, "dedicated" -> 1, "declines" -> 1, "declined" -> 1, "Declaration" -> 1, "decisively" -> 1, "decisive" -> 1, "decency" -> 1, "deceased" -> 1, "deaths" -> 1, "Deal" -> 1, "deadlock" -> 1, "days" -> 1, "Davis-Bacon" -> 1, "dating" -> 1, "data" -> 1, "dangerously" -> 1, "dangerous" -> 1, "danger" -> 1, "dams" -> 1, "damage" -> 1, "dairy" -> 1, "D" -> 1, "Czechoslovakia" -> 1, "cycle" -> 1, "cutting" -> 1, "cutbacks" -> 1, "cushioning" -> 1, "curtailment" -> 1, "cure" -> 1, "cumbersome" -> 1, "culture" -> 1, "cultivation" -> 1, "Cuba" -> 1, "cruelly" -> 1, "cruel" -> 1, "crowded" -> 1, "Crop" -> 1, "crippling" -> 1, "cripple" -> 1, "criminals" -> 1, "crimes" -> 1, "crime" -> 1, "creed" -> 1, "covering" -> 1, "courts" -> 1, "Court's" -> 1, "courses" -> 1, "courageously" -> 1, "Courageous" -> 1, "counties" -> 1, "counters" -> 1, "counter-measures" -> 1, "counseling" -> 1, "counsel" -> 1, "council" -> 1, "Coulee" -> 1, "corruption" -> 1, "corresponding" -> 1, "corrective" -> 1, "correction" -> 1, "Corps" -> 1, "corporation" -> 1, "Cordell" -> 1, "coping" -> 1, "coordination" -> 1, "coordinated" -> 1, "coordinate" -> 1, "convinced" -> 1, "convert" -> 1, "conversant" -> 1, "controlled" -> 1, "contributory" -> 1, "contributed" -> 1, "contradicts" -> 1, "contradiction—and" -> 1, "contractual" -> 1, "Continuous" -> 1, "continental" -> 1, "context" -> 1, "contested" -> 1, "contention" -> 1, "contains" -> 1, "contained" -> 1, "contact" -> 1, "Consumers" -> 1, "constructing" -> 1, "constitutional" -> 1, "constitutes" -> 1, "constitute" -> 1, "Constant" -> 1, "consisted" -> 1, "considerations" -> 1, "considerably" -> 1, "Consider" -> 1, "consider" -> 1, "conserve" -> 1, "Conservation" -> 1, "consequences" -> 1, "consent" -> 1, "conscience" -> 1, "conquest" -> 1, "congested" -> 1, "confusion" -> 1, "confused" -> 1, "confrontation" -> 1, "conformity" -> 1, "conform" -> 1, "conflicts" -> 1, "conflict-of-interest" -> 1, "conflict" -> 1, "confine" -> 1, "conference" -> 1, "condemns" -> 1, "conciliation" -> 1, "concerning" -> 1, "concept" -> 1, "completely" -> 1, "competing" -> 1, "competent" -> 1, "compete" -> 1, "compensation" -> 1, "compatible" -> 1, "commuters" -> 1, "commuter" -> 1, "communication" -> 1, "Common" -> 1, "commodity" -> 1, "Committee" -> 1, "committee" -> 1, "commitment" -> 1, "commissioners" -> 1, "Commissioner" -> 1, "commission" -> 1, "commercialization" -> 1, "command" -> 1, "comfort" -> 1, "comes" -> 1, "come" -> 1, "combined" -> 1, "combination" -> 1, "combating" -> 1, "Colony" -> 1, "colleges" -> 1, "college" -> 1, "collectively—has" -> 1, "collectively" -> 1, "Collective" -> 1, "collected" -> 1, "coincide" -> 1, "coexist" -> 1, "Code" -> 1, "coasts" -> 1, "coastal" -> 1, "Coal" -> 1, "clumsiness" -> 1, "closer" -> 1, "clock" -> 1, "climb" 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"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29601", "Name" -> "Democratic Party Platform of 1956", "Party" -> "Democratic", "Year" -> 1956, "Date" -> DateObject[{1956, 8, 13}], "Text" -> "Preamble\nIn the brief space of three and one-haft years, the people of the United States have come to realize, with tragic consequences, that our National Government cannot be trusted to the hands of political amateurs, dominated by representatives of special privilege.\nFour years ago they were beguiled, by empty promises and pledges, to elect as President a recent convert to Republicanism. Our people have now learned that the party of Lincoln has been made captive to big businessmen with small minds. They have found that they are now ruled by a Government which they did not elect, and to which they have not given their consent. Their awareness of this fact was demonstrated in 1954 when they returned control of the legislative machinery of the Federal Government to the 84th Democratic Congress.\nFrom the wreckage of American world leadership under a Republican Administration, this great Democratic Congress has salvaged a portion of the world prestige our Nation enjoyed under the brilliant Administrations of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman.\nOur Democratic 84th Congress made one of the greatest legislative records in the history of our country. It enacted an active program of progressive, humane legislation, which has repudiated the efforts of reactionary Republicanism to stall America's progress. When we return to the halls of Congress next January, and with a Democratic President in the White House, it will be the plan and purpose of our Party to complete restoration and rehabilitation of American leadership in world affairs. We pledge return of our National Government to its rightful owners, the people of the United States.\nOn the threshold of an atomic age, in mid-Twentieth Century, our beloved Nation needs the vision, vigor and vitality which can be infused into it only by a government under the Democratic Party.\nWe approach the forthcoming election with a firm purpose of effecting such infusion; and with the help and assistance of Divine Providence we shall endeavor to accomplish it. To the end that the people it has served so well may know our program for the return of America to the highway of progress, the Democratic Party herewith submits its platform for 1956.\nI. Foreign Policy and National Defense\n\nThe Democratic Party affirms that world peace is a primary objective of human society. Peace is more than a suspension of shooting while frenzied and fearful nations stockpile armaments of annihilation.\nAchievement of world peace requires political statesmanship and economic wisdom, international understanding and dynamic leadership. True peace is the tranquillity of ordered justice on a global scale. It may be destroyed without a shot being fired. It can be fostered and preserved only by the solid unity and common brotherhood of the peoples of the world in the cause of freedom.\nThe hopes and aspirations of the peoples of all nations for justice and peace depend largely upon the courageous and enlightened administration of the foreign and defense policies of the United States. We deplore the fact that the administration of both policies since 1953 has confused timidity with courage, and blindness with enlightenment.\nThe Republican Record of Confusion and Complacency Is the President's Responsibility.\n\nThe world's hopes for lasting peace depend upon the conduct of our foreign policy, a function which the Constitution vests in the President of the United States and one which has not been effectively exercised by President Eisenhower. Since 1953, responsibility for foreign affairs has been President Eisenhower's, his alone, and his in full.\nIn the past three years, his conduct of our policies has moved us into realms where we risk grave danger. He has failed to seek peace with determination, for his disarmament policy has failed to strike hard at the institution of war. His handling of the day-by-day problems of international affairs has unnecessarily and dangerously subjected the American people to the risk of atomic world war.\nOur Government Lacks Leadership.\n\nWe need bold leadership, yet in the three years since Stalin's death, in the full year since President\nEisenhower's meeting at the \"summit,\" the Republican Administration has not offered a single concrete new idea to meet the new-style political and economic offensive of the Soviets, which represents, potentially, an even graver challenge than Stalin's use of force. President Eisenhower and his Secretary of State talk at cross-purposes, praising neutralism one day, condemning it the next. The Republicans seem unable either to make up their minds or to give us leadership, while the unity of the free world rapidly disintegrates.\nWe in America need to make our peaceful purpose clear beyond dispute in every corner of the world—yet Secretary Dulles brags of \"brinks of war.\" We need a foreign policy which rises above jockeying for partisan position or advantage—yet, not in memory has there been so little bipartisanship in the administration of our policies, so little candor in their Presentation to our people, so much pretending that things are better than they are.\nThe Republican Bluster and Bluff.\n\nFour years ago the Republican Party boasted of being able to produce a foreign policy which was to free the Communist satellites, unleash Chiang Kai-shek, repudiate the wartime agreements, and reverse the policy of containing Communist expansion.\nSince 1953 they have done just the opposite, standing silent when the peoples rise in East Germany and Poland, and thereby weakening the positive Democratic policy of halting Communist expansion.\nOur Friends Lose Faith In Us.\n\nOur friends abroad now doubt our sincerity. They have seen the solid assurance of collective security under a Democratic Administration give place to the uncertainties of personal diplomacy. They have seen the ties of our international alliances and friendship weakened by inept Republican maneuvering.\nThey have seen traditional action and boldness in foreign affairs evaporate into Republican complacency, retrenchment and empty posturing.\nThe Failure Abroad.\n\nBlustering without dynamic action will not alter the fact that the unity and strength of the free world have been drastically impaired. Witness the decline of NATO, the bitter tragedy of Cyprus, the withdrawal of French forces to North Africa, the uncertainty and dangers in the Middle East, an uncertain and insecure Germany, and resentment rising against United States leadership everywhere.\nIn Asia—in Burma, Ceylon, Indonesia, India—anti-Americanism grows apace, aggravated by the clumsy actions of our Government, and fanned by the inept utterances of our \"statesmen.\"\nIn the Middle East, the Eisenhower Administration has dawdled and drifted. The results have been disastrous, and worse threatens. Only the good offices of the United Nations in maintaining peace between Israel and her neighbors conceal the diplomatic incapacities of the Republican Administration. The current crisis over Suez is a consequence of inept and vacillating Republican policy. Our Government's mistakes have placed us in a position in the Middle East which threatens the free world with a loss of power and prestige, potentially more dangerous than any we have suffered in the past decade.\nThe Failure at Home.\n\nPolitical considerations of budget balancing and tax reduction now come before the wants of our national security and the needs of our Allies. The Republicans have slashed our own armed strength, weakened our capacity to deal with military threats, stifled our air force, starved our army and weakened our capacity to deal with aggression of any sort save by retreat or by the alternatives, \"massive retaliation\" and global atomic war. Yet, while our troubles mount, they tell us our prestige was never higher, they tell us we were never more secure.\nThe Challenge Is For Democracy to Meet.\n\nThe Democratic Party believes that \"waging peace\" is a monumental task to be performed honestly, forthrightly, with dedication and consistent effort.\nThe way to lasting peace is to forego bluster and bluff, to regain steadiness of purpose, to join again in faithful concert with the community of free nations, to look realistically at the challenging circumstances which confront us, to face them candidly and imaginatively, and to return to the Democratic policy of peace through strength.\nThis is a task for Democrats. This facing of new problems, this rising to new challenges, has been our Party's mission and its glory for three generations past. President Truman met and mastered Stalin's challenge a decade ago, with boldness, courage and imagination, and so will we turn to the challenge before us now, pressing the search for real and lasting peace. TO THIS WE PLEDGE:\nSupport for the United Nations.\n\nThe United Nations is indispensable for the maintenance of world peace and for the settlement of controversies between nations small and large. We pledge our every effort to strengthen its usefulness and expand its role as guide and guardian of international security and peace. We deplore the Republicans' tendency to use the United Nations only when it suits them, ignoring or by passing it whenever they please.\nWe pledge determined opposition to the admission of the Communist Chinese into the United Nations. They have proven their complete hostility to the purposes of this organization. We pledge continued support to Nationalist China.\nRelease of American Prisoners.\n\nWe urge a continuing effort to effect the release of all Americans detained by Communist China.\nSupport for Effective Disarmament.\n\nIn this atomic age, war threatens the very survival of civilization. To eliminate the danger of atomic war, a universal, effective and enforced disarmament system must be the goal of responsible men and women everywhere. So long as we lack enforceable international control of weapons, we must maintain armed strength to avoid war. But technological advances in the field of nuclear weapons make disarmament an ever more urgent problem. Time and distance can never again protect any nation of the world. The Eisenhower Administration, despite its highly publicized proposals for aerial inspection, has made no progress toward this great objective. We pledge the Democratic Party to pursue vigorously this great goal of enforced disarmament in full awareness that irreparable injury, even total destruction, now threatens the human race.\nAdequate Defense Forces.\n\nWe reject the false Republican notion that this country can afford only a second-best defense. We stand for strong defense forces so clearly superior in modern weapons to those of any possible enemy that our armed strength will make an attack upon the free world unthinkable, and thus be a major force for world peace. The Republican Administration stands indicted for failing to recognize the necessity of proper living standards for the men and women of our armed forces and their families. We pledge ourselves to the betterment of the living conditions of the members of our armed services, and to a needed increase in the so-called \"fringe benefits.\"\nTraining for Defense.\n\nThe Democratic Party pledges itself to a bold and imaginative program devised to utilize fully the brain power of America's youth, including its talent in the scientific and technical fields.\nScholarships and loan assistance and such other steps as may be determined desirable must be employed to secure this objective. This is solely in the interest of necessary and adequate national defense.\nStrengthening Civil Defense.\n\nWe believe that a strong, effective civil defense is a necessary part of national defense. Advances in nuclear weapons have made existing civil defense legislation and practices obsolete.\nWe pledge ourselves to establish a real program for protecting the civilian population and industry of our Nation in place of the present weak and ineffective program. We believe that this is essentially a Federal responsibility.\nCollective Security Arrangements.\n\nThe Democratic Party inaugurated and we strongly favor collective defense arrangements, such as NATO and the Organization of American States, within the framework of the United Nations. We realize, as the Republicans have not, that mutually recognized common interests can be flexibly adapted to the varied needs and aspirations of all countries concerned.\nWinning the Productivity Race.\n\nThe Republican Party has not grasped one of the dominant facts of mid-century—that the growth of productive power of the Communist states presents a challenge which cannot be evaded. The Democratic Party is confident that, through the freedom we enjoy, a vast increase in productive power of our Nation and our Allies will be achieved, and by their combined capacity they will surmount any challenge.\nEconomic Development Abroad.\n\nWe believe that, in the cause of peace, America must support the efforts of underdeveloped countries on a cooperative basis to organize their own resources and to increase their own economic productivity, so that they may enjoy the higher living standards which science and modern industry make possible. We will give renewed strength to programs of economic and technical assistance. We support a multilateral approach to these programs, where-ever possible, so that burdens are shared and resources pooled among all the economically developed countries with the capital and skills to help in this great task.\nFurther, while recognizing the relation of our national security to the role of the United States in international affairs, the Democratic Party believes the time has come for a realistic reappraisal of the American foreign aid program, particularly as to its extent and the conditions under which it should be continued. This reappraisal will determine the standards by which further aid shall be granted, keeping in mind America's prime objective of securing world peace.\nBringing the Truth to the World.\n\nThe tools of truth and candor are even more important than economic tools. The Democratic Party believes that once our Government is purged of the confusion and complacency fostered by the Republican Administration a new image of America will emerge in the world: the image of a confident America dedicated to its traditional principles, eager to work with other peoples, honest in its pronouncements, and consistent in its policies.\nFreedom for Captive Nations.\n\nWe condemn the Republican Administration for its heartless record of broken promises to the unfortunate victims of Communism. Candidate Eisenhower's 1952 pledges to \"liberate\" the captive peoples have been disavowed and dishonored.\nWe declare our deepest concern for the plight of the freedom-loving peoples of Central and Eastern Europe and of Asia, now under the yoke of Soviet dictatorship. The United States, under Democratic leaders, has never recognized the forcible annexation of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, or condoned the extension of the Kremlin's tyranny over Poland, Bulgaria, Rumania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Albania and other countries.\nWe look forward to the day when the liberties of all captive nations will be restored to them and they can again take their rightful place in the community of free nations.\nWe shall press before the United Nations the principle that Soviet Russia withdraw its troops from the captive countries, so as to permit free, fair and unfettered elections in the subjugated areas, in compliance with the Atlantic Charter and other binding commitments.\nUpholding the Principle of Self-Determination.\n\nWe rededicate ourselves to the high principle of national self-determination, as enunciated by Woodrow Wilson, whose leadership brought freedom and independence to uncounted millions.\nIt is the policy of the Democratic Party, therefore, to encourage and assist small nations and all peoples, behind the Iron Curtain and outside, in the peaceful and orderly achievement of their legitimate aspirations toward political, geographical, and ethnic integrity, so that they may dwell in the family of sovereign nations with freedom and dignity. We are opposed to colonialism and Communist imperialism.\nWe shall endeavor to apply this principle to the desires of all peoples for self-determination.\nReciprocal Trade Among the Nations.\n\nThe Democratic Party has always worked for expanding trade among free nations. Expanding world trade is necessary not only for our friends, but for ourselves; it is the way to meet America's growing need for industrial raw materials. We shall continue to support vigorously the Hull Reciprocal Trade Program.\nUnder Democratic Administrations, the operation of this Act was conducted in a manner that recognized equities for agriculture, industry and labor. Under the present Republican Administration, there has been a most flagrant disregard of these important segments of our economy resulting in serious economic injury to hundreds of thousands of Americans engaged in these pursuits. We pledge correction of these conditions.\nEncouraging European Unity.\n\nThrough the Marshall Plan, the European Economic Organization and NATO, the Democratic Party encouraged and supported efforts to achieve greater economic and political unity among the free nations of Europe, and to increase the solidarity of the nations of the North Atlantic community. We will continue those efforts, taking into account the viewpoints and aspirations of different sectors of the European community, particularly in regard to practical proposals for the unification of Germany.\nPeace and Justice in the Middle East.\n\nThe Democratic Party stands for the maintenance of peace in the Middle East, which is essential to the well-being and progress of all its peoples.\nWe will urge Israel and the Arab States to settle their differences by peaceful means, and to maintain the sanctity of the Holy Places in the Holy Land and permit free access to them.\nWe will assist Israel to build a sound and viable economy for her people, so that she may fulfill her humanitarian mission of providing shelter and sanctuary for her homeless Jewish refugees while strengthening her national development.\nWe will assist the Arab States to develop their economic resources and raise the living standards of their people. The plight of the Arab refugees commands our continuing sympathy and concern. We will assist in carrying out large-scale projects for their resettlement in countries where there is room and opportunity for them.\nWe support the principle of free access to the Suez Canal under suitable international auspices. The present policies of the Eisenhower Administration in the Middle East are unnecessarily increasing the risk that war will break out in this area. To prevent war, to assure peace, we will faithfully carry out our country's pledge under the Tripartite Declaration of 1950 to oppose the use or threat of force and to take such action as may be necessary in the interest of peace, both within and outside the United Nations, to prevent any violation of the frontiers of any armistice lines.\nThe Democratic Party will act to redress the dangerous imbalance of arms in the area resulting from the shipment of Communist arms to Egypt, by selling or supplying defensive weapons to Israel, and will take such steps, including security guarantees, as may be required to deter aggression and war in the area.\nWe oppose, as contrary to American principles, the practice of any government which discriminates against American citizens on grounds of race or religion. We will not countenance any arrangement or treaty with any government which by its terms or in its practical application would sanction such practices.\nSupport for Free Asia.\n\nThe people of Asia seek a new and freer life and they are in a commendable hurry to get it. They struggle against poverty, ill health and illiteracy. In the aftermath of war, China became a victim of Communist tyranny. But many new free nations have arisen in South and Southeast Asia. South Korea remains free, and the new Japan has abandoned her former imperial and aggressive ways. America's task and interest in Asia is to help the governments of free peoples demonstrate that they have improved living standards without yielding to Communist tyranny or domination by anyone. That task will be carried out under Democratic leadership.\nSupport of Our Good Neighbors to the South.\n\nIn the Western Hemisphere the Democratic Party will restore the policy of the \"good neighbor\" which has been alternately neglected and abused by the Republican Administration. We pledge ourselves to fortify the defenses of the Americas. In this respect, we will intensify our cooperation with our neighboring republics to help them strengthen their economies, improve educational opportunities, and combat disease. We will strive to make the Western Hemisphere an inspiring example of what free peoples working together can accomplish.\nProgressive Immigration Policies.\n\nAmerica's long tradition of hospitality and asylum for those seeking freedom, opportunity, and escape from oppression, has been besmirched by the delays, failures and broken promises of the Republican Administration. The Democratic Party favors prompt revision of the immigration and nationality laws to eliminate unfair provisions under which admissions to this country depend upon quotas based upon the accident of national origin. Proper safeguards against subversive elements should be provided. Our immigration procedures must reflect the principles of our Bill of Rights.\nWe favor eliminating the provisions of law which charge displaced persons admitted to our shores against quotas for future years. Through such \"mortgages\" of future quotas, thousands of qualified persons are being forced to wait long years before they can hope for admission.\nWe also favor more liberal admission of relatives to eliminate the unnecessary tragedies of broken families.\nWe favor elimination of unnecessary distinctions between native-born and naturalized citizens. There should be no \"second class\" citizenship in the United States.\nThe administration of the Refugee Relief Act of 1953 has been a disgrace to our country. Rescue has been denied to innocent, defenseless and suffering people, the victims of war and the aftermath of wars. The purpose of the Act has been defeated by Republican mismanagement.\nVictims of Communist Oppression.\n\nWe will continue to support programs providing succor for escapees from behind the Iron Curtain, and bringing help to the victims of war and Communist oppression.\nThe Challenge of the Next Four Years.\n\nToday new challenges call for new ideas and new methods.\nIn the coming years, our great necessity will be to pull together as a people, with true non-partisanship in foreign affairs under leaders informed, courageous and responsible.\nWe shall need to work closely with each other as Americans. If we here indict the Republican record, we acknowledge gratefully the efforts of individual Republicans to achieve true bipartisan-ship. In this spirit an affirmative, cooperative policy can be developed. We shall need to work closely, also, with others all around the world. For there is much to do—to create once more the will and the power to transform the principles of the United Nations into a living reality; to awaken ourselves and others to the effort and sacrifice which alone can win justice and peace.\nII. the Domestic Policy—the Republican Reaction to 20 Years of Progress\n\nThe Democratic Bequest.\n\nTwenty years of vivid Democratic accomplishments revived and reinforced our economic system, and wrote humanity upon the statute books. All this, the current Republican Administration inherited.\nThe Republican Brand of Prosperity.\n\nSubstituting deceptive slogans and dismal deeds for the Democratic program, the Republicans have been telling the American people that \"we are now more prosperous than ever before in peacetime.\" For the American farmer, the small businessman and the low-income worker, the old people living on a pittance, the young people seeking an American standard of education, and the minority groups seeking full employment opportunity at adequate wages, this tall tale of Republican prosperity has been an illusion.\nThe evil is slowly but surely infiltrating the entire economic system. Its fever signs are evidenced by soaring monopoly profits, while wages lag, farm income collapses, and small-business failures multiply at an alarming rate.\nThe first time-bomb of the Republican crusade against full prosperity for all was the hard-money policy. This has increased the debt burden on depressed farms, saddled heavier costs on small business, foisted higher interest charges on millions of homeowners (including veterans), pushed up unnecessarily the cost of consumer credit, and swelled the inordinate profits of a few lenders of money. It has wrought havoc with the bond market, with resulting financial loss to the ordinary owners of Government bonds.\nThe Republican tax policy has joined hands in an unholy alliance with the hard-money policy. Fantastic misrepresentation of the Government's budgetary position has been used to deny tax relief to low- and middle-income families, while tax concessions and handouts have been generously sprinkled among potential campaign contributors to Republican coffers. The disastrously reactionary farm program, the hardhearted resistance to adequate expansion of Social Security and other programs for human well-being, and favoritism in the award of Government contracts, all have watered the economic tree at the top and neglected its roots.\nThe Stunting of Our Economic Progress.\n\nThe Republicans say that employment and production are \"higher\" than ever before. The fact is that our over-all rate of growth has been crippled and stunted in contrast to its faster increase during the Democratic years from 1947 to 1953, after World War II.\nWith production lagging behind full capacity, unemployment has grown.\nThe Republican claim that this stunted prosperity is the price of peace is a distortion. National-security outlays have averaged a higher part of our total production during these Republican years than during 1947-53, and yet the annual growth in total production during these Republican years has been only about 60 percent as fast as in the preceding Democratic years. The progress of low-income families toward an American standard of living, rapid during the Democratic years, has ground to a stop under the Republicans.\nFederal budgetary outlays for education and health, old-age assistance and child care, slum clearance and resource development, and all the other great needs of our people have been mercilessly slashed from an annual rate of more than $57 per capita under the Democrats to $33 per capita under the Republicans, a cut of 42 percent.\nThe Failure of the Republican Budget-Balancers.\n\nDuring the Republican fiscal years 1954-1957 as a whole, the deficits have averaged larger, and the surpluses smaller, than during the Democratic fiscal years 1947-1953, financial manipulation to the contrary notwithstanding.\nDemocratic Principles for Full Prosperity for All:\n\n(1) We repudiate the Republican stunting of our economic growth, and we reassert the principles of the Full Employment Act of 1946;\n(2) We pledge ourselves to achieve an honest and realistic balance of the Federal Budget in a just and fully prosperous American economy;\n(3) We pledge ourselves to equitable tax revisions and monetary policies designed to combine economic progress with economic justice. We condemn the Republican use of our revenue and money systems to benefit the few at the expense of the vast majority of our people;\n(4) We pledge ourselves to work toward the reduction and elimination of poverty in America;\n(5) We pledge ourselves to full parity of income and living standards for agriculture; to strike off the shackles which the Taft-Hartley law has unjustly imposed on labor; and to foster the more rapid growth of legitimate business enterprise by rounding this growth upon the expanding consuming power of the people; and\n(6) We pledge ourselves to expand world trade and to enlarge international economic cooperation, all toward the end of a more prosperous and more peaceful world.\nDemocratic Goals To Be Achieved During Four Years of Progress.\n\nBy adhering to these principles, we shall strive to attain by 1960 the following full prosperity objectives for all American families:\n(1) A 500 billion dollar national economy in real terms;\n(2) An increase of 20 percent or better in the average standard of living;\n(3) An increase in the annual income of American families, with special emphasis on those whose incomes are below $2000;\n(4) A determined drive toward parity of incomes and living standards for those engaged in the vital pursuit of agriculture;\n(5) The addition of all necessary classrooms for our primary and secondary schools; the construction of needed new homes, with a proper proportion devoted to the rehousing of low- and middle-income families in urban and rural areas; the increase of benefits under the Old Age Assistance and Old Age Survivors Insurance Programs; a substantial expansion in hospital facilities and medical research; and a doubling of our programs for resource development and conservation; and\n(6) National defense outlays based upon our national needs, not permitting false economy to jeopardize our very survival.\nThis country of ours, in the factory, in business and on the farm, is blessed with ever-increasing productive power. The Republicans have not permitted this potential abundance to be released for the mutual benefit of all. We reject this stunted Republican concept of America. We pledge ourselves to release the springs of abundance, to bring this abundance to all, and thus to fulfill the full promise of America.\nThese are our Democratic goals for the next four years. We set them forth in vivid contrast to Republican lip-service protestations that they, too, are for these goals. Their little deeds belie their large and hollow slogans. Our performance in the past gives validity to our goals for the future.\nOur victory in 1956 will make way for the commencement of these four years of progress.\nIII. Free Enterprise\n\n\"Equal rights for all and special privileges for none,\" the tested Jeffersonian principle, remains today the only philosophy by which human rights can be preserved by government.\nIt is a sad fact in the history of the Republican Party that, under its control, our Government has always become an instrument of special privilege; not a government of the people, by the people, and for the people. We have had, instead, under Harding, Coolidge and Hoover, and now under Eisenhower, government of the many, by the few, and for the few.\nWe recognize monopolies and monopolistic practices as the real barriers between the people and their economic and political freedom. Monopolies act to stifle equality of opportunity and prevent the infusion of fresh blood into the life-stream of our economy. The Republican Administration has allowed giant corporate entities to dominate our economy. For example, forty thousand automobile dealers now know they were incapable of coping with these giants. They were, as the Democratic 84th Congress found, subjected to abuse and threatened with extinction. The result was passage of the O'Mahoney-Celler bill giving the automobile dealers of America economic freedom. We enacted this law, and we pledge that it shall be retained upon the statute books as a monument to the Democratic Party's concern for small business.\nWe pledge ourselves to the restoration of truly competitive conditions in American industry. Affirmative action within the framework of\nAmerican tradition will be taken to curb corporate mergers that would contribute to the growth of economic concentration.\nSmall and Independent Business.\n\nIn contrast to the maladministration by the Republican Party of the Federal program to assist small and independent business, we pledge ourselves—\n(1) To the strict and impartial enforcement of the laws originally fostered and strengthened by the Democratic Party and designed to prevent monopolies and other concentrations of economic and financial power; and to enact legislation to close loopholes in the laws prohibiting price discrimination;\n(2) To tax relief for all small and independent businesses by fair and equitable adjustments in Federal taxation which will encourage business expansion, and to the realistic application of the principle of graduated taxation to such corporate income. An option should be provided to spread Federal estate taxes over a period of years when an estate consists principally of the equity capital of a closely held small business;\n(3) To adoption of all practical means of making long- and short-term credit available to small and independent businessmen at reasonable rates;\n(4) To the award of a substantially higher proportion of Government contracts to independent small businesses, and to the award of a far larger percentage of military procurement, by value, after competitive bids rather than by negotiation behind closed doors. We severely condemn Republican discrimination against small and independent business;\n(5) To replacement of the weak and ineffective Republican conduct of the Small Business Administration, and its reconstitution as a vigorous, independent agency which will advocate the cause of small and independent businessmen, and render genuine assistance in fulfilling their needs and solving their problems. We condemn the Republican Administration for its failure to serve this important segment of our economy.\nLaw Enforcement.\n\nWe pledge ourselves to the fair and impartial administration of justice. The Republican Administration has degraded the great powers of law enforcement. It has not used them in the service of equal justice under law, but for concealment, coercion, persecution, political advantage and special interests.\nMerchant Marine.\n\nIn the interest of our national security, and of the maintenance of American standards of wages and living, and in order that our waterborne overseas commerce shall not be unfairly discriminated against by low-cost foreign competition, we pledge our continued encouragement and support of a strong and adequate American Merchant Marine.\nTransportation.\n\nThe public and national defense interests require the development and maintenance, under the competitive free enterprise system, of a strong, efficient and financially sound system of common-carrier transportation by water, highway, rail, and air, with each mode enabled, through sound and intelligent exercise of regulatory powers, to realize its inherent economic advantages and to reflect its full competitive capabilities. Public interest also requires, under reasonable standards, the admission of new licensees, where public convenience may be served, into the transport fields. We deplore the lack of enforcement of safety regulations for protection of life and property under the present Republican Administration, and pledge strict enforcement of such regulations.\nHighways.\n\nWe commend the foresight of the Democratic 84th Congress for its enactment of the greatest program in history for expansion of our highway network, and we congratulate it upon its rejection of the unsound, unworkable, inadequate and unfair roads bill proposed by the present Republican Administration. In cooperation with state and local governments, we will continue the programs developed and fostered under prior Democratic Administrations for planning, coordinating, financing and encouraging the expansion of our national road and highway network so vital to defense and transportation in the motor age. We support expansion of farm-to-market roads.\nRivers and Harbors.\n\nWe pledge continued development of harbors and waterways as a vital segment of our transportation system. We denounce as capricious and arbitrary the Eisenhower pocket veto of the 1956 Rivers and Harbors bill, which heartlessly deprived the people in many sections of our country of vitally needed public works projects.\nIV. A Magna Charta for Labor\n\nLabor-Management Relations.\n\nHarmonious labor-management relations are productive of good incomes for wage earners and conducive to rising output from our factories. We believe that, to the widest possible extent consistent with the public interest, management and labor should determine wage rates and conditions of employment through free collective bargaining.\nThe Taft-Hartley Act passed by the Republican-dominated 80th Congress seriously impaired this relationship as established in the Wagner National Labor Relations Act, enacted under the Roosevelt Administration. The Wagner Act protected, encouraged and guaranteed the rights of workers to organize, to join unions of their own choice, and to bargain collectively through these unions without coercion.\nThe vicious anti-union character of the Taft-Hartley Act was expressly recognized by Candidate Eisenhower during the 1952 election campaign.\nAt that time, he made a solemn promise to eliminate its unjust provisions and to enact a fair law. President Eisenhower and his Administration have failed utterly, however, to display any executive initiative or forcefulness toward keeping this pledge to the workers. He was further responsible for administratively amending Taft-Hartley into a more intensely anti-labor weapon by stacking the National Labor Relations Board with biased pro-management personnel who, by administrative decision, transformed the Act into a management weapon. One such decision removed millions of workers from the jurisdiction of the NLRB, which in many cases left them without protection of either State or Federal legislation.\nWe unequivocally advocate repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act. The Act must be repealed because State \"right-to-work\" laws have their genesis in its discriminatory anti-labor provisions.\nIt must be repealed because its restrictive provisions deny the principle that national legislation based on the commerce clause of the Constitution normally overrides conflicting State laws.\nThe Taft-Hartley Act has been proven to be inadequate, unworkable and unfair. It interferes in an arbitrary manner with collective bargaining, causing imbalance in the relationship between management and labor.\nUpon return of our National Government to the Democratic Party, a new legislative approach toward the entire labor-management problem will be adopted, based on past experience and the principles of the Wagner National Labor Relations Act and the Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Law.\nFair Labor Standards.\n\nWe commend the action of the Democratic 84th Congress which raised the minimum wage from 75 cents to $1.00 an hour despite the strenuous objection of President Eisenhower and the Republicans in Congress. However, the inadequacies of the minimum wage become apparent as the cost of living increases, and we feel it imperative to raise the minimum wage to at least $1.25 an hour, in order to approximate present-day needs more closely.\nWe further pledge as a matter of priority to extend full protection of the Fair Labor Standards Act to all workers in industry engaged in, or affecting, interstate commerce.\nWalsh-Healey Contracts Act.\n\nWe pledge revision and honest administration of the Walsh-Healey Act, to restore its effectiveness and usefulness as an instrument for maintaining fair standards of wages and hours for American workers.\nEqual Pay for Equal Work.\n\nWe advocate legislation to provide equal pay for equal work, regardless of sex.\nThe Physically Handicapped.\n\nThe Democratic Party has always supported legislation to benefit the disabled worker. The physically handicapped have proved their value to Government and industry. We pledge our continued support of legislation to improve employment opportunities of physically handicapped persons.\nMigratory Workers.\n\nWe shall support legislation providing for the protection and improvement of the general welfare of migratory workers.\nJobs for Depressed Areas.\n\nWe pledge our Party to support legislation providing for an effective program to promote industry and create jobs in depressed industrial and rural areas so that such areas may be restored to economic stability.\nV. Agriculture\n\nSustained national prosperity is dependent upon a vigorous agricultural economy.\nWe condemn the defeatist attitude of the Eisenhower Administration in refusing to take effective action to assure the well-being of farm families. We condemn its fear of abundance, its lack of initiative in developing domestic markets, and its dismal failure to obtain for the American farmer his traditional and deserved share of the world market. Its extravagant expenditure of money intended for agricultural benefit, without either direction or results, is a national calamity.\nThe Eisenhower Administration has failed utterly to develop any programs to meet the desperate needs of farmers in the face of fantastic promises, and it has sabotaged the progressive programs inherited from prior Democratic Administrations by failing to administer them properly in the interest either of farmers or of the Nation as a whole.\nSpecifically, we denounce President Eisenhower's veto of the constructive legislation proposed and passed by the Democratic 84th Congress to reverse the alarming fall of farm prices and restore farmers to a position of first-class economic citizenship in the sharing of benefits from American productive ability.\nWe also condemn the Republican Administration for its abandonment of the true principles of soil conservation and for its destruction of the Soil Conservation Service. We pledge to support continued improvements in the soil bank program passed by the Democratic 84th Congress and originally opposed by President Eisenhower and Secretary Ezra Taft Benson. We deplore the diversion of this conservation program into a direct vote-buying scheme.\nFarmers have had to struggle for three and one-half years while their net farm income has fallen more than one billion dollars a year. Their parity ratio, which under Democratic Administrations had been 100 percent or more during the eleven years prior to 1953, dropped to as low as 80 percent during the Eisenhower Administration, and the farmers' share of the consumers' food dollar shrank from 47 cents in 1952 to as low as only 38 cents. One stark fact stands out clearly for all to see—disastrously low farm prices and record high consumer prices vie with each other for the attention of responsible government. In a reduction of this incongruous spread lies the answer to some of the most vexing problems of agricultural economics.\nIn their courageous fight to save their homes and land, American farmers have gone deeper and deeper into debt. Last year farmers' mortgage indebtedness increased more than in any year in history with the exception of the year 1923.\nThe Democratic Party met similar situations forthrightly in the past with concrete remedial action. It takes legitimate pride in its consistent record of initiating and developing every constructive program designed to protect and conserve the human and natural resources so vital to our rural economy. These programs enabled consumers to obtain more abundant supplies of high-quality food and fiber at reasonable prices while maintaining adequate income for farmers and improving the level of family living in rural areas.\nIn order to regain the ground lost during the Eisenhower Administration, and in order better to serve both consumers and producers, the Democratic Party pledges continuous and vigorous support to the following policies:\nSponsor a positive and comprehensive program to conserve our soil, water and forest resources for future generations;\nPromote programs which will protect and preserve the family-type farm as a bulwark of American life, and encourage farm-home ownership, including additional assistance to family farmers and young farmers in the form of specially designed credit and price-support programs, technical aid, and enlarged soil conservation allowances.\nMaintain adequate reserves of agricultural commodities strategically situated, for national security purposes. Such stockpiles should be handled as necessary strategic reserves, so that farmers will not be penalized by depressed prices for their efficiency and diligence in producing abundance;\nPromote international exchange of commodities by creating an International Food Reserve, fostering commodity agreements, and vigorously administering the Foreign Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act;\nUndertake immediately by appropriate action to endeavor to regain the full 100 percent of parity the farmers received under the Democratic Administrations. We will achieve this by means of supports on basic commodities at 90 percent of parity and by means of commodity loans, direct purchases, direct payments to producers, marketing agreements and orders, production adjustments, or a combination of these, including legislation, to bring order and stability into the relationship between the producer, the processor and the consumer;\nDevelop practical measures for extending price supports to feed grains and other nonbasic storables and to the producers of perishable commodities such as meat, poultry, dairy products and the like;\nInaugurate a food-stamp or other supplemental food program administered by appropriate State or local agencies to insure that no needy family shall be denied an adequate and wholesome diet because of low income;\nContinue and expand school lunch and special milk programs to meet the dietary needs of all school children;\nIncrease the distribution of food to public institutions and organizations and qualified private charitable agencies, and increase the distribution of food and fiber to needy people in other nations through recognized charitable and religious channels;\nDevise and employ effective means to reduce the spread between producers' prices and consumers' costs, and improve market facilities and marketing practices;\nExpand the program of agricultural research and education for better distribution, preservation and marketing of farm products to serve both producers and consumers, and promote increased industrial use of farm surpluses;\nProvide for an increased reservoir of farm credit at lower rates, designed particularly to accommodate operators of small family-type farms, and extend crop insurance to maximum coverage and protection;\nReturn the administration of farm programs to farmer-elected committeemen, eliminate the deplorable political abuses in Federal employment in many agricultural counties as practiced by the Eisenhower Administration, and restore leadership to the administration of soil conservation districts;\nInsure reliable and low-cost rural electric and telephone service;\nExercise authority in existing law relating to imports of price-supported agricultural commodities in raw, manufactured or processed form as part of our national policy to minimize damage to our domestic economy;\nEncourage bona fide farm cooperatives which help farmers reduce the cost-price squeeze, and protect such cooperatives against punitive taxation;\nExpand farm forestry marketing research and price reporting on timber products, and provide adequate credit designed to meet the needs of timber farmers; and\nEnact a comprehensive farm program which, under intelligent and sympathetic Democratic administration, will make the rural homes of America better and healthier places in which to live.\nVI. General Welfare\n\nThe Democratic Party believes that America can and must adopt measures to assure every citizen an opportunity for a full, healthy and happy life. To this end, we pledge ourselves to the expansion and improvement of the great social welfare programs inaugurated under Democratic Administrations.\nSocial Security.\n\nBy lowering the retirement age for women and for disabled persons, the Democratic 84th Congress pioneered two great advances in Social Security, over the bitter opposition of the Eisenhower Administration. We shall continue our efforts to broaden and strengthen this program by increasing benefits to keep pace with improving standards of living; by raising the wage base upon which benefits depend; and by increasing benefits for each year of covered employment.\nUnemployment Insurance.\n\nWe shall continue to work for a stronger unemployment insurance system, with broader coverage and increased benefits consistent with rising earnings. We shall also work for the establishment of a floor to assure minimum level and duration of benefits, and fair eligibility rules.\nWage Losses Due to Illness.\n\nIn 1946, a Democratic Congress enacted an insurance program to protect railroad workers against temporary wage losses due to short-term illnesses. Because this program has worked so effectively, we favor extending similar protection to other workers.\nPublic Assistance.\n\nWe pledge improvements in the public assistance program even beyond those enacted by the Democratic 84th Congress, through increased aid for the aged, the blind, dependent children, the disabled and other needy persons who are not adequately protected by our contributory insurance programs.\nAdditional Needs of Our Senior Citizens.\n\nTo meet the needs of the 14 million Americans aged 65 or over, we pledge ourselves to seek means of assuring these citizens greater income through expanded opportunities for employment, vocational retraining and adult education; better housing and health services for the aged; rehabilitation of the physically and mentally disabled to restore them to independent, productive lives; and intensified medical and other research aimed both at lengthening life and making the longer life more truly livable.\nHealth and Medical Care.\n\nThe strength of our Nation depends on the health of our people. The shortage of trained medical and health personnel and facilities has impaired American health standards and has increased the cost of hospital care beyond the financial capacities of most American families.\nWe pledge ourselves to initiate programs of Federal financial aid, without Federal controls, for medical education.\nWe pledge continuing and increased support for hospital construction programs, as well as increased Federal aid to public health services, particularly in rural areas.\nMedical research.\n\nMindful of the dramatic progress made by medical research in recent years, we shall continue to support vigorously all efforts, both public and private, to wage relentless war on diseases which afflict the bodies and minds of men. We commend the Democratic Party for its leadership in obtaining greater Congressional authorizations in this field.\nHousing.\n\nWe pledge our Party to immediate revival of the basic housing program enacted by the Democratic Congress in 1949, to expansion of this program as our population and resources grow, and to additional legislation to provide housing for middle-income families and aged persons. Aware of the financial burdens which press upon most American communities and prevent them from taking full advantage of Federal urban redevelopment and renewal programs, we favor increasing the Federal share of the cost of these programs.\nWe reaffirm the goal expressed by a Democratic Congress in 1949 that every American family is entitled to a \"decent home and a suitable living environment.\" The Republican Administration has sabotaged that goal by reducing the public housing program to a fraction of the Nation's need.\nWe pledge that the housing insurance and mortgage guarantee programs will be redirected in the interest of the home owner, and that the availability of low-interest housing credit will be kept consistent with the expanding housing needs of the Nation.\nWe favor providing aid to urban and suburban communities in better planning for their future development and redevelopment.\nEducation.\n\nEvery American child, irrespective of race or national origin, economic status or place of residence, has full right under the law and the Constitution, without discrimination, to every educational opportunity for developing his potentialities.\nWe are now faced with shortages of educational facilities that threaten national security, economic prosperity and human well-being. The resources of our States and localities are already strained to the limit. Federal aid and action should be provided, within the traditional framework of State and local control.\nWe pledge the Democratic Party to the following:\n(1) Legislation providing Federal financing to assist States and local communities to build schools, and to provide essential health and safety services for all school children;\n(2) Better educational, health and welfare opportunities for children of migratory workers;\n(3) Assistance to programs for training teachers of exceptional children;\n(4) Programs providing for the training of teachers to meet the critical shortage in technical and scientific fields; and\n(5) Expansion of the program of student, teacher and cultural exchange with other nations.\nVocational Education.\n\nWe commend the 84th Congress for voting the maximum authorized funds for vocational education under the Smith-Hughes Act for the first time in the history of the Act. We pledge continuing and increased support of vocational training for youth and adults, including aid to the States and localities for area technical-vocational schools.\nChild Welfare.\n\nTo keep pace with the growing need for child care and welfare, we pledge an expanded program of grants to the States. We pledge continued support of adequate day care centers to care for the children of the millions of American mothers who work to help support their families.\nAid to the Physically Handicapped.\n\nThere are today several million physically handicapped citizens, many of whom could become self-supporting if given the opportunity and training for rehabilitation. We pledge support to a vastly expanded rehabilitation program for these physically handicapped, including increased aid to the States, in contrast to the grossly inadequate action of the Republican Administration.\nVII. Financial Policy\n\nTax Adjustment.\n\nA fully expanding economy can yield enough tax revenues to meet the inescapable obligations of government, balance the Federal Budget, and lighten the tax burden. The immediate need is to correct the inequities in the tax structure which reflect the Republican determination to favor the few at the expense of the many. We favor realistic tax adjustments, giving first consideration to small independent business and the small individual taxpayer. Lower-income families need tax relief; only a Democratic victory will assure this. We favor an increase in the present personal tax exemption of $600 to a minimum of at least $800.\nDebt Management.\n\nThe Republican debt management policy of higher interest rates serves only to benefit a few to the detriment of the general taxpayer, the small borrower, and the small and middle-class investor in Government bonds. We pledge ourselves to a vigilant review of our debt management policy in order to reduce interest rates in the service of our common welfare.\nProtection of Investors.\n\nEffective administration of the Federal securities laws has been undermined by Republican appointees with conflicting interests. Millions of investors who have bought securities with their savings are today without adequate protection. We favor vigorous administration and revision of the laws to provide investor safeguards for securities extensively traded in the over-the-counter market, for foreign securities distributed in the United States, and against proxy contest abuses.\nVIII. Government Operations\n\nThe Democratic Party pledges that it will return the administration of our National Government to a sound, efficient, and honest basis.\nCivil Service and Federal Employee Relations.\n\nThe Eisenhower Administration has failed either to understand or trust the Federal employee. Its record in personnel management constitutes a grave indictment of policies reflecting prejudices and excessive partisanship to the detriment of employee morale.\nIntelligent and sympathetic programs must be immediately undertaken to insure the re-establishment of the high morale and efficiency which were characteristic of the Federal worker during 20 years of Democratic Administrations.\nTo accomplish these objectives, we propose:\n(1) Protection and extension of the merit system through the enactment of laws to specify the rights and responsibilities of workers;\n(2) A more independent Civil Service Commission in order that it may provide the intelligent leadership essential in perfecting a proper Civil Service System;\n(3) Promotion within the Federal Service under laws assuring advancement on merit and proven ability;\n(4) Salary increases of a nature that will insure a truly competitive scale at all levels of employment;\n(5) Recognition by law of the right of employee organizations to represent their members and to participate in the formulation and improvement of personnel policies and practices; and\n(6) A fair and non-political loyalty program, by law, which will protect the Nation against subversion and the employee against unjust and un-American treatment.\nRestoring the Efficiency of the Postal Service.\n\nThe bungling policies of the Republican Administration have crippled and impaired the morale, efficiency and reputation of the U. S. Postal Service. Mail carriers and clerks and other Postal employees are compelled to work under intolerable conditions. Communication by mail and service by parcel post have been delayed and retarded with resulting hardships, business losses and inconveniences. A false concept of economy has impaired seriously the efficiency of the best communication system in the world.\nWe pledge ourselves to programs which will:\n(1) Restore the principle that the Postal Service is a public service to be operated in the interest of improved business economy and better communication, as well as an aid to the dissemination of information and intelligence;\n(2) Restore Postal employee morale through the strengthening of the merit system, with promotions by law rather than caprice or partisan politics, and payment of realistic salaries reflecting the benefits of an expanded economy;\n(3) Establish a program of research and development on a scale adequate to insure the most modern and efficient handling of the mails; and\n(4) Undertake modernization and construction of desperately needed Postal facilities designed to insure the finest Postal system in the world.\nConflict of Interests.\n\nMaladministration and selfish manipulation have characterized Federal Administration during the Eisenhower years, Taxpayers, paying billions of dollars each year to their Government, demand and must have the highest standards of honesty, integrity and efficiency as a minimum requirement of Federal Executive conduct. We pledge a strong merit system as a substitute for cynical policies of spoils and special favor which are now the rule of the day. We seek the constant improvement of the Federal Government apparatus to accomplish these ends.\nUnder certain conditions, we recognize the need for the employment of personnel without compensation in the Executive Branch of the Government. But the privileges extended these dollar-a-year men have resulted in grave abuses of power. Some of these representatives of large corporations have assumed a dual loyalty to the Government and to the corporations that pay them. These abuses under the Republican Administration have been scandalous. The Democratic Party proposes that any necessary use of non-compensated employees shall be made only after the most careful scrutiny and under the most rigidly prescribed safeguards to prevent any conflict of interests.\nFreedom of Information.\n\nDuring recent years there has developed a practice on the part of Federal agencies to delay and withhold information which is needed by Congress and the general public to make important decisions affecting their lives and destinies. We believe that this trend toward secrecy in Government should be reversed and that the Federal Government should return to its basic tradition of exchanging and promoting the freest flow of information possible in those unclassified areas where secrets involving weapons development and bona fide national security are not involved. We condemn the Eisenhower Administration for the excesses practiced in this vital area, and pledge the Democratic Party to reverse this tendency, substituting a rule of law for that of broad claims of executive privilege.\nWe reaffirm our position of 1952 \"to press strongly for world-wide freedom in the gathering and dissemination of news.\" We shall press for free access to information throughout the world for our journalists and scholars.\nClean Elections.\n\nThe shocking disclosures in the last Congress of attempts by selfish interests to exert improper influence on members of Congress have resulted in a Congressional investigation now under way. The Democratic Party pledges itself to provide effective regulation and full disclosure of campaign expenditures and contributions in elections to Federal offices.\nEqual Rights Amendment.\n\nWe of the Democratic Party recommend and indorse for submission to the Congress a Constitutional amendment providing equal rights for women.\nVeterans Administration.\n\nWe are spending approximately 4 3/4 billion dollars per year on veterans' benefits. There are more than 22 million veterans in civil life today and approximately 4 million veterans or dependents of deceased veterans drawing direct cash benefits from the Veterans Administration. It is clear that a matter of such magnitude demands more prominence in the affairs of Government. We pledge that we will elevate the Veterans Administration to a place of dignity commensurate with its importance in national affairs.\nWe charge the present Administration with open hostility toward the veterans' hospital program as disclosed by its efforts to restrict severely that program in fiscal year 1954. We further charge the Administration with incompetence and gross neglect in the handling of veterans' benefits in the following particulars:\n(1) The refusal to allow service connection for disabilities incurred in or aggravated by military service, and the unwarranted reduction of disability evaluations in cases where service connection has been allowed; and\n(2) The failure to give proper protection to veterans purchasing homes under the VA home loan program both by inadequate supervision of the program and, in some instances, by active cooperation with unscrupulous builders, lenders and real estate brokers.\nIn recognition of the valiant efforts of those who served their Nation in its gravest hours, we pledge:\n(1) Continuance of the Veterans Administration as an independent Federal agency handling veterans programs;\n(2) Continued recognition of war veterans, with adequate compensation for the service-connected disabled and for the survivors of those who have passed away in service or from service-incurred disabilities; and with pensions for disabled and distressed veterans, and for the dependents of those who have passed on, where they are in need or unable to provide for themselves;\n(3) Maintenance of the Veterans Administration hospital system, with no impairment in the high quality of medical and hospital service;\n(4) Priority of hospitalization for the service-connected disabled, and the privilege of hospital care when beds are available for the non-service-connected illness of veterans who are sick and without funds or unable to procure private hospitalization;\n(5) Fair administration of veterans preference laws, and employment opportunities for handicapped and disabled veterans;\n(6) Full hearings for war veterans filing valid applications with the review, corrective and settlement boards of the Federal Government; and\n(7) Support for legislation to obtain an extension of the current law to enable veterans to obtain homes and farms through the continuance of the GI Loan Program.\nStatehood for Alaska and Hawaii.\n\nWe condemn the Republican Administration for its utter disregard of the rights to statehood of both Alaska and Hawaii. These territories have contributed greatly to our national economic and cultural life and are vital to our defense. They are part of America and should be recognized as such. We of the Democratic Party, therefore, pledge immediate Statehood for these two territories. We commend these territories for the action their people have taken in the adoption of constitutions which will become effective forthwith when they are admitted into the Union.\nPuerto Rico.\n\nThe Democratic Party views with satisfaction the progress and growth achieved by Puerto Rico since its political organization as a Commonwealth under Democratic Party leadership. We pledge, once again, our continued support of the Commonwealth and its development and growth along lines of increasing responsibility and authority, keeping as functions of the Federal Government only such as are essential to the existence of the compact of association adopted by the Congress of the United States and the people of Puerto Rico.\nThe progress of Puerto Rico under Commonwealth status has been notable proof of the great benefits which flow from self-government and the good neighbor policy which under Democratic leadership this country has always followed.\nVirgin Islands.\n\nWe favor increased self-government for the Virgin Islands to provide for an elected Governor and a Resident Commissioner in the Congress of the United States. We denounce the scandalous administration of the first Eisenhower-appointed Governor of the Virgin Islands.\nOther Territories and Possessions.\n\nWe favor increased self-government for Guam, other outlying territories and the Trust Territory of the Pacific.\nDistrict of Columbia.\n\nWe favor immediate home rule and ultimate national representation for the District of Columbia.\nAmerican Indians.\n\nRecognizing that all American Indians are citizens of the United States and of the States in which they reside, and acknowledging that the Federal Government has a unique legal and moral responsibility for Indians which is imposed by the Constitution and spelled out in treaties, statutes and court decisions, we pledge:\nPrompt adoption of a Federal program to assist Indian tribes in the full development of their human and natural resources, and to advance the health, education and economic well-being of Indian citizens, preserving their traditions without impairing their cultural heritage;\nNo alteration of any treaty or other Federal-Indian contractual relationships without the free consent of the Indian tribes concerned; reversal of the present policies which are tending toward erosion of Indian rights, reduction of their economic base through alienation of their lands, and repudiation of Federal responsibility;\nPrompt and expeditious settlement of Indian claims against the United States, with full recognition of the rights of both parties; and\nElimination of all impediments to full citizenship for American Indians.\nGovernmental Balance.\n\nThe Democratic Party has upheld its belief in the Constitution as a charter of individual rights, an effective instrument for human progress. Democratic Administrations placed upon the statute books during their last 20 years a multitude of measures which testify to our belief in the Jeffersonian principle of local control even in general legislation involving Nation-wide programs. Selective Service, Social Security, agricultural adjustment, low-rent housing, hospital, and many other legislative programs have placed major responsibilities in States and counties, and provide fine examples of how benefits can be extended through Federal-State cooperation.\nWhile we recognize the existence of honest differences of opinion as to the true location of the Constitutional line of demarcation between the Federal Government and the States, the Democratic Party expressly recognizes the vital importance of the respective States in our Federal Union. The Party of Jefferson and Jackson pledges itself to continued support of those sound principles of local government which will best serve the welfare of our people and the safety of our democratic rights.\nImproving Congressional Procedures.\n\nIn order that the will of the American people may be expressed upon all legislative proposals, we urge that action he taken at the beginning of the 85th Congress to improve Congressional procedures so that majority rule prevails and decisions can be made after reasonable debate without being blocked by a minority in either House.\nIX. Natural Resources\n\nOur national economic strength and welfare depend primarily upon the development of our land, water, mineral and energy resources, with which this Nation has been abundantly blessed.\nWe pledge unstinting support to a full and integrated program of development, protection, management and conservation of all of our natural resources for all of the people.\nThe framework of time-tested conservation and mining policy is fixed in laws under which America has developed its natural resources for the general welfare.\nThe Democratic 84th Congress has remained steadfast to this traditional policy. It has built upon the tremendous conservation and development achievements of the Roosevelt and Truman Administrations by undertaking the greatest program of natural resources development ever assumed by any Congress in our Nation's history.\nThis constructive Democratic record, embracing all resources of land, water, energy and minerals, is in sharp contrast to the faithless performance of the Eisenhower Administration which has despoiled future generations of their heritage by utter failure to safeguard natural resources. Our people will long remember this betrayal of their heritage as symbolized by the infamous Dixon-Yates contract; the A1 Sarena timber scheme; the low-level Hells Canyon Dams; and for its unreasonable resistance to authorizing the Niagara Project which would benefit so many millions in the State of New York and adjacent areas.\nWe condemn, and will continue to decry, this pillaging of our dwindling natural resource wealth through political manipulation and administrative subversion by the Eisenhower Administration. We pledge ourselves to halt this betrayal of the people's trust.\nWe shall devise for the American people a dynamic, far-reaching and progressive conservation program.\nThe Democratic Party proposes, and will strive to secure, this comprehensive resources program for America's future.\nLand.\n\nOur land will be preserved and improved for the present and future needs of our people, and not wastefully exploited to benefit special-interest groups.\nSoil Conservation.\n\nIn contrast to the wasteful neglect of the present Administration, soil conservation practices will be stimulated and intensified to reduce land deterioration under the vital Soil Conservation Service assistance program conceived and fostered by the Democratic Party.\nNational Parks, Recreation and Wildlife.\n\nWe pledge adoption of an immediate and broad policy to mobilize the efforts of private and public agencies for protection of existing recreational areas, provision of new ones, and improvement of inadequate facilities. Slum conditions fostered by Republican neglect are intolerable to the tens of millions of Americans using our national parks and forests. Democratic Administration will end this shocking situation.\nFish and game habitats will be guarded against encroachment for commercial purposes. All river basin development plans will take into full consideration their effect upon fish, wildlife, national park and wilderness areas. The Fish and Wildlife Service must and will be returned to the career status from which it was removed by the political patronage policy of the present Administration.\nRecreational facilities for the millions of field and stream sportsmen of America will be conserved and expanded.\nForest and Grazing Lands.\n\nTimber on Federal commercial forest lands will be harvested and managed on a sustained-yield basis.\nWe propose to increase forest access roads in order to improve cutting practices on both public and private lands.\nPrivate owners of farm, forest and range lands need and must have financial and technical assistance so that all lands will be utilized to contribute more fully to the national welfare by production of food and fiber and protection of our watersheds. Any effort to transform grazing permits from a revocable license to a vested right will be rejected.\nWe will vigorously advocate Federally-financed forestation, upstream erosion control and flood control programs on our public range, timber lands and small drainage basins to protect our watersheds and double the rate of forage and commercial timber growth. We will promote cooperative programs with Government assistance to reduce timber losses from fire, insects, and disease.\nProspecting and mining on unreserved Federal lands will be encouraged, but surface areas not needed in mining will be safeguarded by appropriate legislation.\nWater.\n\nWe pledge the resumption of rapid and orderly multiple-purpose river basin development throughout the country. This program will bring into reality the full potential benefits of flood control, irrigation and our domestic and municipal water supply from surface and underground waters. It will also materially aid low-cost power, navigation, recreation, fish and wild-life propagation and mineral development. We pledge our aid to the growing requirements of the semiarid Western States for an adequate water supply to meet the vital domestic, irrigation and industrial needs of the rapidly growing urban centers. Enhanced regional economies will strengthen the economy of the Nation as a whole.\nWe will take appropriate and vigorous steps to prevent comprehensive drainage basin development plans from being fragmented by single-purpose projects. The conservation of water is essential to the life of the Nation. The Democratic Party pledges itself to conservation of water in the public interest.\nThe Democratic 84th Congress has taken a long step toward reducing the pollution of our rivers and streams. We pledge continuation and expansion of this program, vital to every citizen.\nThe program of obtaining a large new source of fresh water supply from salt water was begun by the Democratic Party, but has been allowed to lapse by the Eisenhower Republican Administration. It will be resumed and accelerated.\nEnergy.\n\nWe pledge ourselves to carry forward, under national policy, aggressive programs to provide abundant supplies of low-cost energy, including continued research for the development of synthetic liquid fuel from coal, shale and agricultural products. These we must have to feed our insatiable industrial economy, to enable our workers to develop their skills and increase their productivity, to provide more jobs at higher wages, to meet the ever-mounting demands for domestic and farm uses, including the production of lower-cost farm fertilizers and lower-cost power to consumers.\nWe will carry forward increased and full production of hydroelectric power on our rivers and of steam generation for the Tennessee Valley Authority to meet its peacetime and defense requirements. Such self-liquidating projects must go forward in a rapid and orderly manner, with appropriate financing plans. Integrated regional transmission systems will enhance exchange of power and encourage diversified industrial development.\nWe shall once more rigorously enforce the anti-monopoly and public body preference clauses, including the Holding Company Act, administratively circumvented by the Eisenhower Republican Administration. We shall preserve and strengthen the public power competitive yardstick in power developments under TVA, REA, Bureau of Reclamation, Bonneville, Southeast and Southwest Power Administrations and other future projects, including atomic power plants, under a policy of the widest possible use of electric energy at the lowest possible cost.\nMinerals.\n\nThe Republican Administration has seriously neglected and ignored one of the Nation's basic industries, metal mining. We recognize that a healthy mining industry is essential to the economy of the Nation, and therefore pledge immediate efforts toward the establishment of a realistic, long-range minerals policy. The Nation's minerals and fuels are essential to the safety, security and development of our country. We pledge the adoption of policies which will further encourage the exploration and development of additional reserves of our mineral resources.\nDomestic Fisheries.\n\nWe will undertake comprehensive scientific and economic research programs for the conservation and better utilization of, and new markets for, fishery products. We favor and will encourage reciprocal world trade in fish products.\nWe pledge ourselves to a public works and water policy providing adequate protection for domestic fishery resources.\nWe favor treaties with other nations for conservation and better utilization of international fisheries.\nScenic Resources.\n\nTo the end that the scenic beauty of our land may be preserved and maintained for this and future generations to enjoy, we pledge accelerated support of educational programs to stimulate individual responsibility and pride in clean, attractive surroundings—from big cities to rural areas.\nX. Atomic Energy\n\nThe atomic era came into being and was developed under Democratic Administrations.\nThe genius of American scientists, engineers and workmen, supported by the vision and courage of Franklin D. Roosevelt, made possible the splitting of the atom and the development of the first atomic bomb in time to end World War II.\nWith the ending of the war, the supremacy of America in atomic weapons was maintained under the leadership of President Truman, and the United States pushed ahead vigorously toward utilizing this new form of energy in peaceful pursuits, particularly in the fields of medicine, agriculture and industry. By the end of the Truman Administration, the pre-eminence of the United States in the nuclear field was clearly established, and we were on the threshold of large-scale development of industrial nuclear energy at home and as an instrument of world peace.\nThe Eisenhower Administration promptly reversed the field and plunged the previously independent and nonpartisan Atomic Energy Commission into partisan politics. For example, President Eisenhower ordered the Commission to sign the scandalous Dixon-Yates contract. He was later forced to repudiate the same contract, after the exposure of the illegal activities of one of his own consultants with a secret office in the Bureau of the Budget.\nThe Republican Administration has followed the same pattern in the field of atomic energy that it has pursued in its treatment of other natural resources—lofty words, little action, but steady service to selfish interests. While the AEC and the special private interests consult and confer, the United States is lagging instead of leading in the world race for nuclear power, international prestige and world markets.\nThe Democrats in Congress believed that the national interest thus became imperiled, and they moved to meet the challenge both at home and abroad. They established a nonpartisan panel of eminent Americans to study the impact of the peaceful atom.\nFollowing the comprehensive report of this panel, the Joint Congressional Committee on Atomic Energy held extensive hearings on bills to accelerate the atomic reactor demonstration program. Though the bills were reported unanimously from committee, the Republican members of Congress, under heavy pressure from the White House, insured the final defeat of this legislation in the Congress.\nBut the fight to bring nuclear power to the people has only begun. As the United States was first in the development of the atom as a weapon, so the United States must lead in bringing the blessings of the peaceful uses of nuclear energy to mankind.\nHence, the Democratic Party pledges itself:\n(1) To restore nonpartisan administration of the vital atomic energy program and to expand and accelerate nuclear development by vigorous action:\n(2) To accelerate the domestic civilian atomic power program by the construction of a variety of demonstration prototype reactors;\n(3) To give reality—life and meaning—to the \"Atoms for Peace\" program. We will substitute deeds for words;\n(4) To increase the production of fissionable material for use in a stockpile for peacetime commitments at home and abroad, and for an ever-present reserve for weapons to guarantee freedom in the world;\n(5) To conduct a comprehensive survey of radiation hazards from bomb tests and reactor operations, in order to determine what additional measures are required to protect existing and future generations from these invisible dangers; and\n(6) To make the maximum contribution to the defense of our Nation and the free world through the development of a balanced and flexible stockpile of nuclear weapons, containing a sufficient number and variety to support our armed services in any contingency.\nXI. Civil Rights\n\nThe Democratic Party is committed to support and advance the individual rights and liberties of all Americans. Our country is founded on the proposition that all men are created equal. This means that all citizens are equal before the law and should enjoy all political rights. They should have equal opportunities for education, for economic advancement, and for decent living conditions.\nWe will continue our efforts to eradicate discrimination based on race, religion or national origin. We know this task requires action, not just in one section of the Nation, but in all sections. It requires the cooperative efforts of individual citizens, and action by State and local governments. It also requires Federal action. The Federal Government must live up to the ideals of the Declaration of Independence and must exercise the powers vested in it by the Constitution.\nWe are proud of the record of the Democratic Party in securing equality of treatment and opportunity in the nation's armed forces, the Civil Service, and in all areas under Federal jurisdiction. The Democratic Party pledges itself to continue its efforts to eliminate illegal discriminations of all kinds, in relation to (1) full rights to vote, (2) full rights to engage in gainful occupations, (3) full rights to enjoy security of the person, and (4) full fights to education in all publicly supported institutions.\nRecent decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States relating to segregation in publicly supported schools and elsewhere have brought consequences of vast importance to our Nation as a whole and especially to communities directly affected. We reject all proposals for the use of force to interfere with the orderly determination of these matters by the courts.\nThe Democratic Party emphatically reaffirms its support of the historic principle that ours is a government of laws and not of men; it recognizes the Supreme Court of the United States as one of the three Constitutional and coordinate branches of the Federal Government, superior to and separate from any political party, the decisions of which are part of the law of the land. We condemn the efforts of the Republican Party to make it appear that this tribunal is a part of the Republican Party.\nWe condemn the Republican Administration's violation of the rights of Government employees by a heartless and unjustified confusing of \"security\" and \"loyalty\" for the sole purpose of political gain and regardless of consequences to individual victims and to the good name of the United States. We condemn the Republican Administration's misrepresentation of facts and violation of individual rights in a wicked and unprincipled attempt to degrade and destroy the Democratic Party, and to make political capital for the Republican Party.", "Words" -> 12827, "WordCounts" -> <|"the" -> 878, "of" -> 706, "and" -> 621, "to" -> 428, "in" -> 223, "for" -> 187, "We" -> 155, "a" -> 153, "our" -> 119, "The" -> 100, "by" -> 100, "Democratic" -> 91, "will" -> 77, "that" -> 73, "has" -> 71, "with" -> 67, "Republican" -> 64, "pledge" -> 61, "be" -> 61, "which" -> 58, "as" -> 58, "Party" -> 56, "this" -> 55, "Administration" -> 55, "its" -> 50, "have" -> 50, "under" -> 49, "program" -> 47, "their" -> 45, "is" -> 43, "Federal" -> 42, "are" -> 42, "all" -> 42, "we" -> 40, "an" -> 39, "American" -> 36, "States" -> 34, "or" -> 34, "people" -> 33, "on" -> 33, "programs" -> 31, "Government" -> 31, "world" -> 30, "United" -> 30, "national" -> 30, "economic" -> 30, "Congress" -> 30, "been" -> 30, 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"reflect" -> 3, "recognition" -> 3, "recent" -> 3, "realize" -> 3, "quotas" -> 3, "purposes" -> 3, "provided" -> 3, "proven" -> 3, "prosperous" -> 3, "promote" -> 3, "progressive" -> 3, "Progress" -> 3, "prior" -> 3, "powers" -> 3, "potential" -> 3, "plans" -> 3, "placed" -> 3, "per" -> 3, "peacetime" -> 3, "Peace" -> 3, "partisan" -> 3, "owners" -> 3, "outlays" -> 3, "origin" -> 3, "nonpartisan" -> 3, "next" -> 3, "neglected" -> 3, "neglect" -> 3, "needy" -> 3, "NATO" -> 3, "money" -> 3, "modern" -> 3, "minerals" -> 3, "mineral" -> 3, "minds" -> 3, "military" -> 3, "middle-income" -> 3, "maximum" -> 3, "markets" -> 3, "manner" -> 3, "manipulation" -> 3, "maintaining" -> 3, "loyalty" -> 3, "losses" -> 3, "legitimate" -> 3, "lasting" -> 3, "lack" -> 3, "know" -> 3, "keeping" -> 3, "just" -> 3, "Its" -> 3, "Islands" -> 3, "intelligent" -> 3, "inept" -> 3, "incomes" -> 3, "improved" -> 3, "importance" -> 3, "II" -> 3, "House" -> 3, "heritage" -> 3, "He" -> 3, "had" -> 3, "greatest" -> 3, "greater" -> 3, "grave" -> 3, "governments" -> 3, "goals" -> 3, "Germany" -> 3, "Full" -> 3, "form" -> 3, "fish" -> 3, "fiscal" -> 3, "financing" -> 3, "fiber" -> 3, "farms" -> 3, "false" -> 3, "Fair" -> 3, "Failure" -> 3, "extension" -> 3, "exchange" -> 3, "example" -> 3, "European" -> 3, "estate" -> 3, "established" -> 3, "engaged" -> 3, "endeavor" -> 3, "encouraged" -> 3, "employees" -> 3, "efficient" -> 3, "Economic" -> 3, "dynamic" -> 3, "During" -> 3, "dollars" -> 3, "distribution" -> 3, "developing" -> 3, "develop" -> 3, "determined" -> 3, "determine" -> 3, "determination" -> 3, "depressed" -> 3, "denounce" -> 3, "Democrats" -> 3, "deeds" -> 3, "current" -> 3, "cultural" -> 3, "courageous" -> 3, "courage" -> 3, "corporate" -> 3, "contract" -> 3, "consumer" -> 3, "constructive" -> 3, "Constitutional" -> 3, "Conservation" -> 3, "consequences" -> 3, "concern" -> 3, "Commonwealth" -> 3, "common" -> 3, "Commission" -> 3, "commercial" -> 3, "commerce" -> 3, "come" -> 3, "clearly" -> 3, "civil" -> 3, "citizenship" -> 3, "China" -> 3, "child" -> 3, "charge" -> 3, "cents" -> 3, "cause" -> 3, "carry" -> 3, "capital" -> 3, "campaign" -> 3, "By" -> 3, "businessmen" -> 3, "Budget" -> 3, "broken" -> 3, "books" -> 3, "billion" -> 3, "bill" -> 3, "beyond" -> 3, "because" -> 3, "basis" -> 3, "basin" -> 3, "award" -> 3, "Atomic" -> 3, "atom" -> 3, "Arab" -> 3, "approach" -> 3, "annual" -> 3, "An" -> 3, "allowed" -> 3, "All" -> 3, "agreements" -> 3, "ago" -> 3, "adjustments" -> 3, "accelerate" -> 3, "abroad" -> 3, "1956" -> 3, "youth" -> 2, "young" -> 2, "yet" -> 2, "works" -> 2, "worked" -> 2, "words" -> 2, "With" -> 2, "Wildlife" -> 2, "widest" -> 2, "whose" -> 2, "White" -> 2, "While" -> 2, "what" -> 2, "Welfare" -> 2, "weak" -> 2, "watersheds" -> 2, "War" -> 2, "Walsh-Healey" -> 2, "vivid" -> 2, "vision" -> 2, "victory" -> 2, "veto" -> 2, "vested" -> 2, "very" -> 2, "variety" -> 2, "value" -> 2, "utterly" -> 2, "utter" -> 2, "utilization" -> 2, "uses" -> 2, "usefulness" -> 2, "used" -> 2, "unworkable" -> 2, "unnecessary" -> 2, "unjust" -> 2, "unions" -> 2, "Union" -> 2, "unemployment" -> 2, "Undertake" -> 2, "two" -> 2, "trust" -> 2, "tribes" -> 2, "treaty" -> 2, "treaties" -> 2, "transform" -> 2, "tools" -> 2, "together" -> 2, "throughout" -> 2, "Through" -> 2, "threshold" -> 2, "thousands" -> 2, "terms" -> 2, "tendency" -> 2, "tell" -> 2, "teachers" -> 2, "taxpayer" -> 2, "taking" -> 2, "systems" -> 2, "sympathetic" -> 2, "survival" -> 2, "surpluses" -> 2, "surface" -> 2, "Supreme" -> 2, "supports" -> 2, "supplies" -> 2, "superior" -> 2, "suitable" -> 2, "Suez" -> 2, "Such" -> 2, "subversion" -> 2, "substitute" -> 2, "subjected" -> 2, "struggle" -> 2, "strongly" -> 2, "strike" -> 2, "strict" -> 2, "strengthening" -> 2, "Statehood" -> 2, "Standards" -> 2, "stability" -> 2, "Soviet" -> 2, "Southeast" -> 2, "some" -> 2, "solid" -> 2, "Small" -> 2, "slogans" -> 2, "slashed" -> 2, "skills" -> 2, "Since" -> 2, "similar" -> 2, "short-term" -> 2, "shortage" -> 2, "shocking" -> 2, "severely" -> 2, "service-connected" -> 2, "self-determination" -> 2, "segment" -> 2, "securing" -> 2, "sections" -> 2, "scheme" -> 2, "save" -> 2, "same" -> 2, "sabotaged" -> 2, "S." -> 2, "role" -> 2, "Rivers" -> 2, "rivers" -> 2, "river" -> 2, "rightful" -> 2, "review" -> 2, "reversed" -> 2, "returned" -> 2, "results" -> 2, "resulted" -> 2, "restored" -> 2, "Restore" -> 2, "restoration" -> 2, "responsibilities" -> 2, "Resources" -> 2, "resistance" -> 2, "requirements" -> 2, "required" -> 2, "Republicanism" -> 2, "representatives" -> 2, "repealed" -> 2, "removed" -> 2, "remains" -> 2, "religion" -> 2, "release" -> 2, "relation" -> 2, "relating" -> 2, "regulations" -> 2, "regional" -> 2, "regardless" -> 2, "refugees" -> 2, "reflecting" -> 2, "reducing" -> 2, "redevelopment" -> 2, "recognizes" -> 2, "Reciprocal" -> 2, "reappraisal" -> 2, "reality" -> 2, "reaffirm" -> 2, "reactor" -> 2, "reactionary" -> 2, "raw" -> 2, "rather" -> 2, "rapidly" -> 2, "range" -> 2, "raise" -> 2, "qualified" -> 2, "pushed" -> 2, "pursuits" -> 2, "publicly" -> 2, "Public" -> 2, "Protection" -> 2, "protected" -> 2, "Prosperity" -> 2, "proposes" -> 2, "proposed" -> 2, "propose" -> 2, "proportion" -> 2, "Prompt" -> 2, "Promote" -> 2, "promise" -> 2, "Programs" -> 2, "Program" -> 2, "profits" -> 2, "productivity" -> 2, "procedures" -> 2, "problem" -> 2, "privileges" -> 2, "primary" -> 2, "pride" -> 2, "preserve" -> 2, "preference" -> 2, "practiced" -> 2, "practice" -> 2, "poverty" -> 2, "potentially" -> 2, "positive" -> 2, "population" -> 2, "politics" -> 2, "Policy" -> 2, "Poland" -> 2, "plight" -> 2, "planning" -> 2, "Physically" -> 2, "personal" -> 2, "permit" -> 2, "performance" -> 2, "pay" -> 2, "Party's" -> 2, "party" -> 2, "panel" -> 2, "pace" -> 2, "outside" -> 2, "ours" -> 2, "others" -> 2, "originally" -> 2, "organize" -> 2, "organizations" -> 2, "Organization" -> 2, "organization" -> 2, "ordered" -> 2, "oppression" -> 2, "opposition" -> 2, "opposed" -> 2, "oppose" -> 2, "One" -> 2, "Old" -> 2, "offices" -> 2, "obtaining" -> 2, "objectives" -> 2, "North" -> 2, "network" -> 2, "neighbor" -> 2, "necessity" -> 2, "much" -> 2, "moved" -> 2, "mortgage" -> 2, "monopolies" -> 2, "mission" -> 2, "misrepresentation" -> 2, "minority" -> 2, "migratory" -> 2, "met" -> 2, "Merchant" -> 2, "Medical" -> 2, "matter" -> 2, "Marine" -> 2, "making" -> 2, "majority" -> 2, "major" -> 2, "maintained" -> 2, "maintain" -> 2, "low-income" -> 2, "lower-cost" -> 2, "loss" -> 2, "look" -> 2, "localities" -> 2, "loan" -> 2, "lives" -> 2, "live" -> 2, "lines" -> 2, "liberties" -> 2, "level" -> 2, "lenders" -> 2, "least" -> 2, "leaders" -> 2, "Law" -> 2, "last" -> 2, "large-scale" -> 2, "larger" -> 2, "Land" -> 2, "lagging" -> 2, "labor-management" -> 2, "keep" -> 2, "jurisdiction" -> 2, "join" -> 2, "jobs" -> 2, "Jeffersonian" -> 2, "Is" -> 2, "irrigation" -> 2, "Iron" -> 2, "involving" -> 2, "investor" -> 2, "intolerable" -> 2, "intensified" -> 2, "integrity" -> 2, "Insurance" -> 2, "institutions" -> 2, "instead" -> 2, "injury" -> 2, "initiative" -> 2, "inherited" -> 2, "infusion" -> 2, "ineffective" -> 2, "increases" -> 2, "inaugurated" -> 2, "improving" -> 2, "improvements" -> 2, "imposed" -> 2, "impartial" -> 2, "immigration" -> 2, "immediately" -> 2, "imbalance" -> 2, "image" -> 2, "illegal" -> 2, "hours" -> 2, "hour" -> 2, "hostility" -> 2, "hospitalization" -> 2, "hopes" -> 2, "Holy" -> 2, "Hemisphere" -> 2, "held" -> 2, "heartless" -> 2, "hearings" -> 2, "healthy" -> 2, "he" -> 2, "Hawaii" -> 2, "hard-money" -> 2, "Harbors" -> 2, "hands" -> 2, "Handicapped" -> 2, "guarantee" -> 2, "groups" -> 2, "ground" -> 2, "Governor" -> 2, "Government's" -> 2, "global" -> 2, "giving" -> 2, "given" -> 2, "funds" -> 2, "fulfill" -> 2, "friends" -> 2, "fresh" -> 2, "Freedom" -> 2, "Free" -> 2, "Franklin" -> 2, "four" -> 2, "found" -> 2, "forthrightly" -> 2, "Foreign" -> 2, "forced" -> 2, "followed" -> 2, "flow" -> 2, "flood" -> 2, "fishery" -> 2, "Fish" -> 2, "fight" -> 2, "fide" -> 2, "feed" -> 2, "farmer" -> 2, "family-type" -> 2, "failures" -> 2, "failing" -> 2, "facts" -> 2, "face" -> 2, "extent" -> 2, "extending" -> 2, "extended" -> 2, "extend" -> 2, "expressly" -> 2, "expressed" -> 2, "expense" -> 2, "Expand" -> 2, "existence" -> 2, "exercise" -> 2, "Executive" -> 2, "executive" -> 2, "everywhere" -> 2, "Europe" -> 2, "establishment" -> 2, "erosion" -> 2, "equitable" -> 2, "equality" -> 2, "entire" -> 2, "enterprise" -> 2, "enforced" -> 2, "enactment" -> 2, "enact" -> 2, "enabled" -> 2, "enable" -> 2, "empty" -> 2, "elimination" -> 2, "electric" -> 2, "elections" -> 2, "election" -> 2, "elect" -> 2, "effectively" -> 2, "Effective" -> 2, "effect" -> 2, "Education" -> 2, "economies" -> 2, "drainage" -> 2, "Domestic" -> 2, "dollar" -> 2, "Dixon-Yates" -> 2, "District" -> 2, "dissemination" -> 2, "disregard" -> 2, "dismal" -> 2, "disease" -> 2, "disabilities" -> 2, "dignity" -> 2, "differences" -> 2, "Development" -> 2, "detriment" -> 2, "destruction" -> 2, "despite" -> 2, "dependents" -> 2, "dependent" -> 2, "deny" -> 2, "denied" -> 2, "demonstration" -> 2, "demands" -> 2, "deeper" -> 2, "Declaration" -> 2, "decision" -> 2, "decent" -> 2, "decade" -> 2, "dealers" -> 2, "deal" -> 2, "dangers" -> 2, "dangerous" -> 2, "danger" -> 2, "Curtain" -> 2, "crippled" -> 2, "create" -> 2, "coverage" -> 2, "Court" -> 2, "counties" -> 2, "costs" -> 2, "corporations" -> 2, "cooperatives" -> 2, "contribute" -> 2, "contrary" -> 2, "contracts" -> 2, "containing" -> 2, "consideration" -> 2, "conserve" -> 2, "consent" -> 2, "connection" -> 2, "conflicting" -> 2, "confident" -> 2, "concrete" -> 2, "concerned" -> 2, "concept" -> 2, "complete" -> 2, "complacency" -> 2, "compensation" -> 2, "communication" -> 2, "commodity" -> 2, "commitments" -> 2, "Columbia" -> 2, "coercion" -> 2, "clear" -> 2, "claims" -> 2, "civilian" -> 2, "citizen" -> 2, "charitable" -> 2, "challenges" -> 2, "Challenge" -> 2, "centers" -> 2, "cases" -> 2, "capita" -> 2, "cannot" -> 2, "candor" -> 2, "Candidate" -> 2, "businesses" -> 2, "Business" -> 2, "Bureau" -> 2, "burdens" -> 2, "burden" -> 2, "build" -> 2, "budgetary" -> 2, "brought" -> 2, "broad" -> 2, "bringing" -> 2, "bonds" -> 2, "bona" -> 2, "bomb" -> 2, "boldness" -> 2, "bold" -> 2, "blessed" -> 2, "bitter" -> 2, "bills" -> 2, "big" -> 2, "betrayal" -> 2, "best" -> 2, "belief" -> 2, "begun" -> 2, "became" -> 2, "base" -> 2, "bargaining" -> 2, "balance" -> 2, "awareness" -> 2, "averaged" -> 2, "available" -> 2, "automobile" -> 2, "authority" -> 2, "Atlantic" -> 2, "assuring" -> 2, "assumed" -> 2, "arms" -> 2, "arbitrary" -> 2, "approximately" -> 2, "application" -> 2, "anti-labor" -> 2, "alone" -> 2, "Allies" -> 2, "Alaska" -> 2, "alarming" -> 2, "air" -> 2, "aggressive" -> 2, "aggression" -> 2, "aggravated" -> 2, "agency" -> 2, "Age" -> 2, "aftermath" -> 2, "affecting" -> 2, "advantage" -> 2, "advances" -> 2, "advancement" -> 2, "advance" -> 2, "adopted" -> 2, "admitted" -> 2, "administratively" -> 2, "administrative" -> 2, "Administration's" -> 2, "active" -> 2, "act" -> 2, "achieved" -> 2, "accelerated" -> 2, "abundant" -> 2, "Abroad" -> 2, "ability" -> 2, "1954" -> 2, "1949" -> 2, "1946" -> 2, "100" -> 2, "$800" -> 1, "$600" -> 1, "$57" -> 1, "$33" -> 1, "$2000" -> 1, "$1.25" -> 1, "$1.00" -> 1, "York" -> 1, "yoke" -> 1, "yielding" -> 1, "yield" -> 1, "Yet" -> 1, "yardstick" -> 1, "XI" -> 1, "X" -> 1, "wrought" -> 1, "wrote" -> 1, "wreckage" -> 1, "worse" -> 1, "world—yet" -> 1, "world-wide" -> 1, "world's" -> 1, "workmen" -> 1, "working" -> 1, "Workers" -> 1, "Work" -> 1, "Woodrow" -> 1, "Witness" -> 1, "withhold" -> 1, "withdrawal" -> 1, "withdraw" -> 1, "wisdom" -> 1, "Winning" -> 1, "win" -> 1, "Wilson" -> 1, "wildlife" -> 1, "wild-life" -> 1, "wilderness" -> 1, "wicked" -> 1, "whom" -> 1, "wholesome" -> 1, "where-ever" -> 1, "whenever" -> 1, "When" -> 1, "wealth" -> 1, "weakening" -> 1, "WE" -> 1, "ways" -> 1, "waterways" -> 1, "waters" -> 1, "watered" -> 1, "waterborne" -> 1, "Water" -> 1, "wastefully" -> 1, "wasteful" -> 1, "wartime" -> 1, "wars" -> 1, "wants" -> 1, "wait" -> 1, "waging" -> 1, "Wage" -> 1, "voting" -> 1, "vote-buying" -> 1, "vote" -> 1, "Vocational" -> 1, "vitally" -> 1, "vitality" -> 1, "VIII" -> 1, "VII" -> 1, "vigor" -> 1, "vigilant" -> 1, "views" -> 1, "viewpoints" -> 1, "vie" -> 1, "Victims" -> 1, "victim" -> 1, "vicious" -> 1, "viable" -> 1, "VI" -> 1, "vexing" -> 1, "vests" -> 1, "vastly" -> 1, "varied" -> 1, "Valley" -> 1, "validity" -> 1, "valid" -> 1, "valiant" -> 1, "vacillating" -> 1, "VA" -> 1, "V" -> 1, "utterances" -> 1, "utilizing" -> 1, "utilized" -> 1, "utilize" -> 1, "using" -> 1, "Us" -> 1, "urgent" -> 1, "upstream" -> 1, "Upon" -> 1, "Upholding" -> 1, "upheld" -> 1, "unwarranted" -> 1, "unthinkable" -> 1, "unstinting" -> 1, "unsound" -> 1, "unscrupulous" -> 1, "unreserved" -> 1, "unreasonable" -> 1, "unprincipled" -> 1, "unleash" -> 1, "unjustly" -> 1, "unjustified" -> 1, "universal" -> 1, "Unity" -> 1, "unique" -> 1, "unification" -> 1, "unholy" -> 1, "unfortunate" -> 1, "unfettered" -> 1, "unfairly" -> 1, "unequivocally" -> 1, "Unemployment" -> 1, "undertaking" -> 1, "undertaken" -> 1, "undertake" -> 1, "understanding" -> 1, "understand" -> 1, "undermined" -> 1, "underground" -> 1, "underdeveloped" -> 1, "uncounted" -> 1, "unclassified" -> 1, "uncertainty" -> 1, "uncertainties" -> 1, "uncertain" -> 1, "unanimously" -> 1, "un-American" -> 1, "ultimate" -> 1, "U" -> 1, "Twenty" -> 1, "TVA" -> 1, "turn" -> 1, "Truth" -> 1, "truth" -> 1, "trusted" -> 1, "Trust" -> 1, "True" -> 1, "troubles" -> 1, "troops" -> 1, "Tripartite" -> 1, "tribunal" -> 1, "trend" -> 1, "tremendous" -> 1, "tree" -> 1, "Transportation" -> 1, "transport" -> 1, "transmission" -> 1, "transformed" -> 1, "tranquillity" -> 1, "Training" -> 1, "trained" -> 1, "tragic" -> 1, "tragedy" -> 1, "tragedies" -> 1, "traditions" -> 1, "traded" -> 1, "top" -> 1, "too" -> 1, "Today" -> 1, "TO" -> 1, "timidity" -> 1, "time-tested" -> 1, "time-bomb" -> 1, "Time" -> 1, "Timber" -> 1, "ties" -> 1, "threats" -> 1, "threatened" -> 1, "threaten" -> 1, "threat" -> 1, "thousand" -> 1, "Though" -> 1, "THIS" -> 1, "things" -> 1, "thereby" -> 1, "themselves" -> 1, "That" -> 1, "tests" -> 1, "testify" -> 1, "tested" -> 1, "Territory" -> 1, "Territories" -> 1, "tens" -> 1, "Tennessee" -> 1, "tending" -> 1, "temporary" -> 1, "telling" -> 1, "telephone" -> 1, "technological" -> 1, "technical-vocational" -> 1, "teacher" -> 1, "Taxpayers" -> 1, "taxes" -> 1, "Tax" -> 1, "tall" -> 1, "talk" -> 1, "talent" -> 1, "tale" -> 1, "takes" -> 1, "Taft" -> 1, "System" -> 1, "synthetic" -> 1, "sympathy" -> 1, "symbolized" -> 1, "swelled" -> 1, "sustained-yield" -> 1, "Sustained" -> 1, "suspension" -> 1, "Survivors" -> 1, "survivors" -> 1, "survey" -> 1, "surroundings—from" -> 1, "surmount" -> 1, "surely" -> 1, "supremacy" -> 1, "supplying" -> 1, "supplemental" -> 1, "supervision" -> 1, "summit" -> 1, "suits" -> 1, "sufficient" -> 1, "suffering" -> 1, "suffered" -> 1, "succor" -> 1, "subversive" -> 1, "suburban" -> 1, "Substituting" -> 1, "substituting" -> 1, "substantially" -> 1, "substantial" -> 1, "submits" -> 1, "submission" -> 1, "subjugated" -> 1, "Stunting" -> 1, "stunting" -> 1, "study" -> 1, "student" -> 1, "structure" -> 1, "stronger" -> 1, "strenuous" -> 1, "Strengthening" -> 1, "strengthened" -> 1, "streams" -> 1, "stream" -> 1, "strategically" -> 1, "strategic" -> 1, "strained" -> 1, "storables" -> 1, "stop" -> 1, "stockpiles" -> 1, "stimulated" -> 1, "stimulate" -> 1, "stifled" -> 1, "stifle" -> 1, "step" -> 1, "steam" -> 1, "steady" -> 1, "steadiness" -> 1, "steadfast" -> 1, "statutes" -> 1, "statesmen" -> 1, "statesmanship" -> 1, "states" -> 1, "statehood" -> 1, "state" -> 1, "starved" -> 1, "stark" -> 1, "standing" -> 1, "stand" -> 1, "stall" -> 1, "stacking" -> 1, "squeeze" -> 1, "sprinkled" -> 1, "springs" -> 1, "sportsmen" -> 1, "Sponsor" -> 1, "spoils" -> 1, "splitting" -> 1, "spirit" -> 1, "spending" -> 1, "spelled" -> 1, "specify" -> 1, "Specifically" -> 1, "specially" -> 1, "special-interest" -> 1, "space" -> 1, "Soviets" -> 1, "sovereign" -> 1, "Southwest" -> 1, "source" -> 1, "sort" -> 1, "Some" -> 1, "solving" -> 1, "solidarity" -> 1, "solemn" -> 1, "solely" -> 1, "sole" -> 1, "society" -> 1, "social" -> 1, "so-called" -> 1, "soaring" -> 1, "So" -> 1, "Smith-Hughes" -> 1, "smaller" -> 1, "small-business" -> 1, "Slum" -> 1, "slum" -> 1, "slowly" -> 1, "situations" -> 1, "situation" -> 1, "situated" -> 1, "single-purpose" -> 1, "single" -> 1, "sincerity" -> 1, "silent" -> 1, "signs" -> 1, "sign" -> 1, "sick" -> 1, "shrank" -> 1, "shot" -> 1, "shortages" -> 1, "shores" -> 1, "shooting" -> 1, "shipment" -> 1, "shelter" -> 1, "she" -> 1, "sharp" -> 1, "sharing" -> 1, "shared" -> 1, "shale" -> 1, "shackles" -> 1, "sex" -> 1, "several" -> 1, "settle" -> 1, "set" -> 1, "service-incurred" -> 1, "serves" -> 1, "serious" -> 1, "separate" -> 1, "Senior" -> 1, "semiarid" -> 1, "selling" -> 1, "self-supporting" -> 1, "self-liquidating" -> 1, "Self-Determination" -> 1, "Selective" -> 1, "segregation" -> 1, "segments" -> 1, "see—disastrously" -> 1, "seem" -> 1, "sectors" -> 1, "section" -> 1, "secrets" -> 1, "secret" -> 1, "secrecy" -> 1, "second-best" -> 1, "secondary" -> 1, "second" -> 1, "search" -> 1, "scrutiny" -> 1, "scientists" -> 1, "science" -> 1, "Scholarships" -> 1, "scholars" -> 1, "Scenic" -> 1, "scenic" -> 1, "say" -> 1, "savings" -> 1, "satisfaction" -> 1, "satellites" -> 1, "Sarena" -> 1, "sanctuary" -> 1, "sanctity" -> 1, "sanction" -> 1, "salvaged" -> 1, "salt" -> 1, "Salary" -> 1, "salaries" -> 1, "safeguarded" -> 1, "safeguard" -> 1, "saddled" -> 1, "sad" -> 1, "sacrifice" -> 1, "Russia" -> 1, "Rumania" -> 1, "rules" -> 1, "ruled" -> 1, "rounding" -> 1, "roots" -> 1, "room" -> 1, "road" -> 1, "rises" -> 1, "rise" -> 1, "rigorously" -> 1, "rigidly" -> 1, "right-to-work" -> 1, "revocable" -> 1, "revived" -> 1, "revival" -> 1, "revisions" -> 1, "reversal" -> 1, "revenues" -> 1, "revenue" -> 1, "Return" -> 1, "retrenchment" -> 1, "retreat" -> 1, "retraining" -> 1, "retirement" -> 1, "retarded" -> 1, "retaliation" -> 1, "retained" -> 1, "resumption" -> 1, "resumed" -> 1, "result" -> 1, "restrictive" -> 1, "restrict" -> 1, "Restoring" -> 1, "Responsibility" -> 1, "respective" -> 1, "respect" -> 1, "resources—lofty" -> 1, "Resident" -> 1, "residence" -> 1, "reside" -> 1, "resettlement" -> 1, "reservoir" -> 1, "Reserve" -> 1, "reserve" -> 1, "resentment" -> 1, "Rescue" -> 1, "requirement" -> 1, "require" -> 1, "reputation" -> 1, "repudiation" -> 1, "repudiated" -> 1, "republics" -> 1, "Republican-dominated" -> 1, "represents" -> 1, "representation" -> 1, "represent" -> 1, "reporting" -> 1, "reported" -> 1, "report" -> 1, "replacement" -> 1, "repeal" -> 1, "renewed" -> 1, "renewal" -> 1, "render" -> 1, "remember" -> 1, "remedial" -> 1, "remained" -> 1, "religious" -> 1, "Relief" -> 1, "reliable" -> 1, "relentless" -> 1, "released" -> 1, "Release" -> 1, "relatives" -> 1, "relationships" -> 1, "relations" -> 1, "rejection" -> 1, "rejected" -> 1, "reinforced" -> 1, "rehousing" -> 1, "regulatory" -> 1, "regulation" -> 1, "regard" -> 1, "refusing" -> 1, "refusal" -> 1, "Refugee" -> 1, "re-establishment" -> 1, "redress" -> 1, "redirected" -> 1, "rededicate" -> 1, "Recreational" -> 1, "recreational" -> 1, "Recreation" -> 1, "recreation" -> 1, "records" -> 1, "Record" -> 1, "reconstitution" -> 1, "recommend" -> 1, "Recognizing" -> 1, "recognizing" -> 1, "Recognition" -> 1, "Reclamation" -> 1, "reciprocal" -> 1, "Recent" -> 1, "received" -> 1, "reassert" -> 1, "realms" -> 1, "reality—life" -> 1, "realistically" -> 1, "reaffirms" -> 1, "reactors" -> 1, "Reaction" -> 1, "REA" -> 1, "ratio" -> 1, "raising" -> 1, "raised" -> 1, "railroad" -> 1, "rail" -> 1, "radiation" -> 1, "Race" -> 1, "quality" -> 1, "pursuit" -> 1, "pursued" -> 1, "pursue" -> 1, "purged" -> 1, "purchasing" -> 1, "purchases" -> 1, "punitive" -> 1, "pull" -> 1, "publicized" -> 1, "proxy" -> 1, "provision" -> 1, "Providence" -> 1, "Provide" -> 1, "proved" -> 1, "proud" -> 1, "prototype" -> 1, "protestations" -> 1, "protecting" -> 1, "Prospecting" -> 1, "proposition" -> 1, "property" -> 1, "properly" -> 1, "Proper" -> 1, "propagation" -> 1, "proof" -> 1, "pronouncements" -> 1, "promptly" -> 1, "prompt" -> 1, "promotions" -> 1, "Promotion" -> 1, "promoting" -> 1, "prominence" -> 1, "pro-management" -> 1, "Project" -> 1, "prohibiting" -> 1, "Progressive" -> 1, "Productivity" -> 1, "producing" -> 1, "producer" -> 1, "produce" -> 1, "procurement" -> 1, "procure" -> 1, "processor" -> 1, "processed" -> 1, "Procedures" -> 1, "Private" -> 1, "Prisoners" -> 1, "Priority" -> 1, "priority" -> 1, "Principles" -> 1, "Principle" -> 1, "principally" -> 1, "prime" -> 1, "primarily" -> 1, "price-supported" -> 1, "price-support" -> 1, "previously" -> 1, "prevails" -> 1, "pretending" -> 1, "pressure" -> 1, "pressing" -> 1, "President's" -> 1, "preserving" -> 1, "preservation" -> 1, "presents" -> 1, "present-day" -> 1, "Presentation" -> 1, "prescribed" -> 1, "prejudices" -> 1, "pre-eminence" -> 1, "preceding" -> 1, "Preamble" -> 1, "praising" -> 1, "Power" -> 1, "poultry" -> 1, "potentialities" -> 1, "posturing" -> 1, "post" -> 1, "Possessions" -> 1, "portion" -> 1, "pooled" -> 1, "pollution" -> 1, "Political" -> 1, "Policy—the" -> 1, "Policies" -> 1, "pocket" -> 1, "plunged" -> 1, "PLEDGE" -> 1, "please" -> 1, "platform" -> 1, "plants" -> 1, "Plan" -> 1, "plan" -> 1, "Places" -> 1, "places" -> 1, "pittance" -> 1, "pioneered" -> 1, "pillaging" -> 1, "philosophy" -> 1, "person" -> 1, "persecution" -> 1, "permitting" -> 1, "permitted" -> 1, "permits" -> 1, "perishable" -> 1, "period" -> 1, "performed" -> 1, "perfecting" -> 1, "percentage" -> 1, "people's" -> 1, "pensions" -> 1, "penalized" -> 1, "payments" -> 1, "payment" -> 1, "paying" -> 1, "Pay" -> 1, "pattern" -> 1, "patronage" -> 1, "passing" -> 1, "passage" -> 1, "partisanship" -> 1, "parties" -> 1, "particulars" -> 1, "participate" -> 1, "Parks" -> 1, "parks" -> 1, "park" -> 1, "parcel" -> 1, "Pacific" -> 1, "ownership" -> 1, "owner" -> 1, "over-the-counter" -> 1, "overseas" -> 1, "overrides" -> 1, "over-all" -> 1, "output" -> 1, "outlying" -> 1, "Other" -> 1, "ordinary" -> 1, "orders" -> 1, "option" -> 1, "Oppression" -> 1, "opposite" -> 1, "opinion" -> 1, "operators" -> 1, "Operations" -> 1, "operations" -> 1, "operation" -> 1, "operated" -> 1, "open" -> 1, "Only" -> 1, "ones" -> 1, "one-half" -> 1, "one-haft" -> 1, "On" -> 1, "O'Mahoney-Celler" -> 1, "old-age" -> 1, "old" -> 1, "office" -> 1, "offered" -> 1, "offensive" -> 1, "off" -> 1, "occupations" -> 1, "obsolete" -> 1, "obligations" -> 1, "objection" -> 1, "number" -> 1, "notwithstanding" -> 1, "notion" -> 1, "notable" -> 1, "Norris-La" -> 1, "normally" -> 1, "non-service-connected" -> 1, "non-political" -> 1, "non-partisanship" -> 1, "none" -> 1, "non-compensated" -> 1, "nonbasic" -> 1, "No" -> 1, "NLRB" -> 1, "Niagara" -> 1, "Next" -> 1, "new-style" -> 1, "news" -> 1, "New" -> 1, "neutralism" -> 1, "net" -> 1, "Neighbors" -> 1, "neighbors" -> 1, "neighboring" -> 1, "negotiation" -> 1, "Needs" -> 1, "navigation" -> 1, "nature" -> 1, "naturalized" -> 1, "Natural" -> 1, "native-born" -> 1, "Nation-wide" -> 1, "nation's" -> 1, "National-security" -> 1, "nationality" -> 1, "Nationalist" -> 1, "nation" -> 1, "name" -> 1, "mutually" -> 1, "mutual" -> 1, "municipal" -> 1, "multitude" -> 1, "multiply" -> 1, "multiple-purpose" -> 1, "multilateral" -> 1, "mount" -> 1, "motor" -> 1, "mothers" -> 1, "mortgages" -> 1, "moral" -> 1, "monumental" -> 1, "monument" -> 1, "monopoly" -> 1, "monopolistic" -> 1, "Monopolies" -> 1, "monetary" -> 1, "modernization" -> 1, "mode" -> 1, "mobilize" -> 1, "mistakes" -> 1, "mismanagement" -> 1, "minimize" -> 1, "Minerals" -> 1, "Mindful" -> 1, "mind" -> 1, "Millions" -> 1, "milk" -> 1, "Migratory" -> 1, "mid-Twentieth" -> 1, "middle-class" -> 1, "mid-century—that" -> 1, "methods" -> 1, "metal" -> 1, "mergers" -> 1, "mercilessly" -> 1, "mentally" -> 1, "memory" -> 1, "meeting" -> 1, "Meet" -> 1, "medicine" -> 1, "meat" -> 1, "meaning—to" -> 1, "matters" -> 1, "materials" -> 1, "materially" -> 1, "material" -> 1, "mastered" -> 1, "massive" -> 1, "Marshall" -> 1, "manufactured" -> 1, "mankind" -> 1, "maneuvering" -> 1, "Management" -> 1, "managed" -> 1, "Maladministration" -> 1, "maladministration" -> 1, "Maintenance" -> 1, "Maintain" -> 1, "mails" -> 1, "Mail" -> 1, "mail" -> 1, "magnitude" -> 1, "Magna" -> 1, "machinery" -> 1, "lunch" -> 1, "low-rent" -> 1, "low-level" -> 1, "low-interest" -> 1, "lowest" -> 1, "lowering" -> 1, "Lower-income" -> 1, "lower" -> 1, "lost" -> 1, "Losses" -> 1, "Lose" -> 1, "loopholes" -> 1, "long-range" -> 1, "longer" -> 1, "location" -> 1, "loans" -> 1, "Loan" -> 1, "livable" -> 1, "Lithuania" -> 1, "liquid" -> 1, "lip-service" -> 1, "line" -> 1, "Lincoln" -> 1, "limit" -> 1, "like" -> 1, "lighten" -> 1, "life-stream" -> 1, "lies" -> 1, "licensees" -> 1, "license" -> 1, "liberate" -> 1, "liberal" -> 1, "levels" -> 1, "lengthening" -> 1, "Legislation" -> 1, "legal" -> 1, "left" -> 1, "learned" -> 1, "leading" -> 1, "Leadership" -> 1, "lead" -> 1, "Latvia" -> 1, "later" -> 1, "Last" -> 1, "largely" -> 1, "lapse" -> 1, "Lands" -> 1, "lag" -> 1, "Lacks" -> 1, "Labor-Management" -> 1, "Kremlin's" -> 1, "Korea" -> 1, "kinds" -> 1, "kept" -> 1, "Kai-shek" -> 1, "Justice" -> 1, "journalists" -> 1, "Joint" -> 1, "joined" -> 1, "jockeying" -> 1, "Jobs" -> 1, "Jewish" -> 1, "jeopardize" -> 1, "Jefferson" -> 1, "Japan" -> 1, "January" -> 1, "Jackson" -> 1, "IX" -> 1, "IV" -> 1, "irrespective" -> 1, "irreparable" -> 1, "involved" -> 1, "invisible" -> 1, "Investors" -> 1, "investors" -> 1, "investigation" -> 1, "interstate" -> 1, "International" -> 1, "interferes" -> 1, "interfere" -> 1, "Interests" -> 1, "intensify" -> 1, "intensely" -> 1, "intended" -> 1, "Intelligent" -> 1, "intelligence" -> 1, "Integrated" -> 1, "integrated" -> 1, "insured" -> 1, "Insure" -> 1, "institution" -> 1, "instances" -> 1, "inspiring" -> 1, "inspection" -> 1, "insecure" -> 1, "insects" -> 1, "insatiable" -> 1, "inordinate" -> 1, "innocent" -> 1, "initiating" -> 1, "initiate" -> 1, "inherent" -> 1, "infused" -> 1, "informed" -> 1, "Information" -> 1, "influence" -> 1, "infiltrating" -> 1, "infamous" -> 1, "inescapable" -> 1, "inequities" -> 1, "industries" -> 1, "indorse" -> 1, "Indonesia" -> 1, "indispensable" -> 1, "indictment" -> 1, "indicted" -> 1, "indict" -> 1, "India—anti-Americanism" -> 1, "Independent" -> 1, "Independence" -> 1, "independence" -> 1, "indebtedness" -> 1, "incurred" -> 1, "Increase" -> 1, "inconveniences" -> 1, "incongruous" -> 1, "incompetence" -> 1, "incapacities" -> 1, "incapable" -> 1, "Inaugurate" -> 1, "inadequacies" -> 1, "Improving" -> 1, "improper" -> 1, "imports" -> 1, "imperiled" -> 1, "imperialism" -> 1, "imperial" -> 1, "imperative" -> 1, "impediments" -> 1, "impairment" -> 1, "impairing" -> 1, "impact" -> 1, "Immigration" -> 1, "imaginatively" -> 1, "imaginative" -> 1, "imagination" -> 1, "illusion" -> 1, "illnesses" -> 1, "Illness" -> 1, "illness" -> 1, "illiteracy" -> 1, "ill" -> 1, "III" -> 1, "ignoring" -> 1, "ignored" -> 1, "If" -> 1, "if" -> 1, "ideas" -> 1, "ideals" -> 1, "idea" -> 1, "I" -> 1, "hydroelectric" -> 1, "hurry" -> 1, "Hungary" -> 1, "hundreds" -> 1, "humanity" -> 1, "humanitarian" -> 1, "humane" -> 1, "Hull" -> 1, "However" -> 1, "however" -> 1, "how" -> 1, "Housing" -> 1, "hospitality" -> 1, "hope" -> 1, "Hoover" -> 1, "honesty" -> 1, "honestly" -> 1, "homeowners" -> 1, "homeless" -> 1, "Home" -> 1, "hollow" -> 1, "Holding" -> 1, "historic" -> 1, "His" -> 1, "Highways" -> 1, "high-quality" -> 1, "highly" -> 1, "highest" -> 1, "herewith" -> 1, "here" -> 1, "Hence" -> 1, "Hells" -> 1, "heavy" -> 1, "heavier" -> 1, "heartlessly" -> 1, "healthier" -> 1, "Health" -> 1, "hazards" -> 1, "havoc" -> 1, "harvested" -> 1, "Harry" -> 1, "Harmonious" -> 1, "hardships" -> 1, "Harding" -> 1, "hardhearted" -> 1, "hard" -> 1, "harbors" -> 1, "happy" -> 1, "handouts" -> 1, "handled" -> 1, "halting" -> 1, "halt" -> 1, "halls" -> 1, "habitats" -> 1, "guide" -> 1, "guardian" -> 1, "Guardia" -> 1, "guarded" -> 1, "guarantees" -> 1, "guaranteed" -> 1, "Guam" -> 1, "grows" -> 1, "grown" -> 1, "grow" -> 1, "grounds" -> 1, "grossly" -> 1, "gross" -> 1, "greatly" -> 1, "Grazing" -> 1, "grazing" -> 1, "gravest" -> 1, "graver" -> 1, "gratefully" -> 1, "grasped" -> 1, "grants" -> 1, "granted" -> 1, "grains" -> 1, "graduated" -> 1, "Governmental" -> 1, "Good" -> 1, "gone" -> 1, "Goals" -> 1, "go" -> 1, "glory" -> 1, "gives" -> 1, "giants" -> 1, "giant" -> 1, "GI" -> 1, "get" -> 1, "geographical" -> 1, "genuine" -> 1, "genius" -> 1, "genesis" -> 1, "generously" -> 1, "generation" -> 1, "General" -> 1, "gathering" -> 1, "game" -> 1, "gainful" -> 1, "gain" -> 1, "Further" -> 1, "functions" -> 1, "function" -> 1, "fulfilling" -> 1, "fuels" -> 1, "fuel" -> 1, "frontiers" -> 1, "From" -> 1, "fringe" -> 1, "friendship" -> 1, "Friends" -> 1, "frenzied" -> 1, "French" -> 1, "freest" -> 1, "freer" -> 1, "freedom-loving" -> 1, "fragmented" -> 1, "fraction" -> 1, "founded" -> 1, "fostering" -> 1, "foster" -> 1, "forty" -> 1, "fortify" -> 1, "forthwith" -> 1, "forthcoming" -> 1, "forth" -> 1, "formulation" -> 1, "former" -> 1, "forests" -> 1, "forestry" -> 1, "forestation" -> 1, "Forest" -> 1, "foresight" -> 1, "forego" -> 1, "forcible" -> 1, "Forces" -> 1, "forcefulness" -> 1, "forage" -> 1, "food-stamp" -> 1, "Food" -> 1, "Following" -> 1, "foisted" -> 1, "floor" -> 1, "flexibly" -> 1, "flexible" -> 1, "flagrant" -> 1, "fixed" -> 1, "fissionable" -> 1, "Fisheries" -> 1, "fisheries" -> 1, "first-class" -> 1, "firm" -> 1, "fired" -> 1, "fire" -> 1, "finest" -> 1, "fine" -> 1, "financially" -> 1, "Financial" -> 1, "final" -> 1, "filing" -> 1, "fights" -> 1, "fever" -> 1, "fertilizers" -> 1, "feel" -> 1, "Federal-State" -> 1, "Federally-financed" -> 1, "Federal-Indian" -> 1, "fearful" -> 1, "fear" -> 1, "favors" -> 1, "favoritism" -> 1, "faster" -> 1, "fast" -> 1, "far-reaching" -> 1, "farm-to-market" -> 1, "farm-home" -> 1, "Farmers" -> 1, "farmer-elected" -> 1, "far" -> 1, "Fantastic" -> 1, "fantastic" -> 1, "fanned" -> 1, "fallen" -> 1, "fall" -> 1, "faithless" -> 1, "faithfully" -> 1, "faithful" -> 1, "Faith" -> 1, "factory" -> 1, "factories" -> 1, "facing" -> 1, "faced" -> 1, "Ezra" -> 1, "extravagant" -> 1, "extinction" -> 1, "extensively" -> 1, "extensive" -> 1, "exposure" -> 1, "exploration" -> 1, "exploited" -> 1, "experience" -> 1, "expenditures" -> 1, "expenditure" -> 1, "expeditious" -> 1, "Expansion" -> 1, "Expanding" -> 1, "exert" -> 1, "exercised" -> 1, "Exercise" -> 1, "exemption" -> 1, "exchanging" -> 1, "excessive" -> 1, "excesses" -> 1, "exceptional" -> 1, "exception" -> 1, "examples" -> 1, "evil" -> 1, "evidenced" -> 1, "Every" -> 1, "ever-present" -> 1, "ever-mounting" -> 1, "ever-increasing" -> 1, "evaporate" -> 1, "evaluations" -> 1, "evaded" -> 1, "ethnic" -> 1, "Estonia" -> 1, "Establish" -> 1, "establish" -> 1, "essentially" -> 1, "especially" -> 1, "escapees" -> 1, "escape" -> 1, "eradicate" -> 1, "era" -> 1, "equity" -> 1, "equities" -> 1, "environment" -> 1, "enunciated" -> 1, "entitled" -> 1, "entities" -> 1, "Enterprise" -> 1, "enough" -> 1, "enlightenment" -> 1, "enlightened" -> 1, "enlarged" -> 1, "enlarge" -> 1, "enjoyed" -> 1, "Enhanced" -> 1, "enhance" -> 1, "engineers" -> 1, "engage" -> 1, "Enforcement" -> 1, "enforceable" -> 1, "enforce" -> 1, "enemy" -> 1, "ends" -> 1, "ending" -> 1, "encroachment" -> 1, "Encouraging" -> 1, "encouraging" -> 1, "encouragement" -> 1, "Encourage" -> 1, "Enact" -> 1, "Employment" -> 1, "Employee" -> 1, "employed" -> 1, "employ" -> 1, "emphatically" -> 1, "emphasis" -> 1, "eminent" -> 1, "emerge" -> 1, "embracing" -> 1, "elsewhere" -> 1, "Elimination" -> 1, "eliminating" -> 1, "eligibility" -> 1, "eleven" -> 1, "elevate" -> 1, "elements" -> 1, "Elections" -> 1, "elected" -> 1, "Eisenhower-appointed" -> 1, "Egypt" -> 1, "Efficiency" -> 1, "effectiveness" -> 1, "effecting" -> 1, "economics" -> 1, "economically" -> 1, "Eastern" -> 1, "earnings" -> 1, "earners" -> 1, "eager" -> 1, "dwindling" -> 1, "dwell" -> 1, "duration" -> 1, "Dulles" -> 1, "Due" -> 1, "due" -> 1, "dual" -> 1, "dropped" -> 1, "drive" -> 1, "drifted" -> 1, "drawing" -> 1, "drastically" -> 1, "dramatic" -> 1, "do—to" -> 1, "doubt" -> 1, "doubling" -> 1, "double" -> 1, "doors" -> 1, "done" -> 1, "domination" -> 1, "dominated" -> 1, "dominate" -> 1, "dominant" -> 1, "dollar-a-year" -> 1, "Divine" -> 1, "diversion" -> 1, "diversified" -> 1, "districts" -> 1, "distributed" -> 1, "distressed" -> 1, "distortion" -> 1, "distinctions" -> 1, "distance" -> 1, "dispute" -> 1, "display" -> 1, "displaced" -> 1, "disintegrates" -> 1, "dishonored" -> 1, "disgrace" -> 1, "diseases" -> 1, "discriminatory" -> 1, "discriminations" -> 1, "discriminates" -> 1, "discriminated" -> 1, "disclosures" -> 1, "disclosure" -> 1, "disclosed" -> 1, "disavowed" -> 1, "disastrously" -> 1, "disastrous" -> 1, "Disarmament" -> 1, "disability" -> 1, "directly" -> 1, "direction" -> 1, "diplomatic" -> 1, "diplomacy" -> 1, "diligence" -> 1, "different" -> 1, "dietary" -> 1, "diet" -> 1, "did" -> 1, "dictatorship" -> 1, "devoted" -> 1, "devised" -> 1, "Devise" -> 1, "devise" -> 1, "developments" -> 1, "Develop" -> 1, "deterioration" -> 1, "deter" -> 1, "detained" -> 1, "destroyed" -> 1, "destroy" -> 1, "destinies" -> 1, "despoiled" -> 1, "desperately" -> 1, "desperate" -> 1, "desires" -> 1, "desirable" -> 1, "deserved" -> 1, "deprived" -> 1, "Depressed" -> 1, "deplorable" -> 1, "depends" -> 1, "demonstrated" -> 1, "demonstrate" -> 1, "democratic" -> 1, "Democracy" -> 1, "demarcation" -> 1, "demand" -> 1, "delays" -> 1, "delayed" -> 1, "delay" -> 1, "Delano" -> 1, "degraded" -> 1, "degrade" -> 1, "deficits" -> 1, 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-> 1, "Additional" -> 1, "addition" -> 1, "adapted" -> 1, "activities" -> 1, "actions" -> 1, "acknowledging" -> 1, "acknowledge" -> 1, "achievements" -> 1, "Achievement" -> 1, "achievement" -> 1, "Achieved" -> 1, "account" -> 1, "accomplishments" -> 1, "accommodate" -> 1, "accident" -> 1, "abused" -> 1, "abuse" -> 1, "abundantly" -> 1, "above" -> 1, "about" -> 1, "able" -> 1, "abandonment" -> 1, "abandoned" -> 1, "A1" -> 1, "90" -> 1, "85th" -> 1, "80th" -> 1, "80" -> 1, "75" -> 1, "7" -> 1, "65" -> 1, "60" -> 1, "500" -> 1, "47" -> 1, "42" -> 1, "38" -> 1, "3/4" -> 1, "22" -> 1, "1960" -> 1, "1954-1957" -> 1, "1950" -> 1, "1947-53" -> 1, "1947-1953" -> 1, "1947" -> 1, "1923" -> 1, "14" -> 1|>|>, <|"SourceURL" -> "http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29600", "Name" -> "Democratic Party Platform of 1952", "Party" -> "Democratic", "Year" -> 1952, "Date" -> DateObject[{1952, 7, 21}], "Text" -> "Preamble\nOur nation has entered into an age in which Divine Providence has permitted the genius of man to unlock the secret of the atom.\nNo system of government can survive the challenge of an atomic era unless its administration is committed to the stewardship of a trustee imbued with a democratic faith, a buoyant hope for the future, the charity of brotherhood, and the vision to translate these ideals into the realities of human government. The Government of the United States, administered by the Democratic Party, is today so entrusted.\nThe free choice of the Democratic Party by the people of America as the instrument to achieve that purpose will mean world peace with honor, national security based on collective pacts with other free nations, and a high level of human dignity. National survival demands that these goals be attained, and the endowments of the Democratic Party alone can assure their attainment.\nFor twenty years, under the dedicated guidance of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman, our country has moved steadily along the road which has led the United States of America to world leadership in the cause of freedom.\nWe will not retreat one inch along that road. Rather, it is our prayerful hope that the people, whom we have so faithfully served, will renew the mandate to continue our service and that Almighty God may grant us the wisdom to succeed.\nTwenty Years of Progress\n\nAchieving Prosperity\n\nAn objective appraisal of the past record clearly demonstrates that the Democratic Party has been the chosen American instrument to achieve prosperity, build a stronger democracy, erect the structure of world peace, and continue on the path of progress.\nDemocratic Party policies and programs rescued American business from total collapse from the fatal economic consequences of watered stock, unsound banks, useless and greedy holding companies, high tariff barriers, and predatory business practices, all of which prevailed under the last Republican administrations. Democratic policies have enabled the Federal Government to help all business, small and large, to achieve the highest rate of productivity, the widest domestic and world markets, and the largest profits in the history of the Nation.\nThe simple fact is that today there are more than four million operating business enterprises in this country, over one million more than existed in 1932. Corporate losses in that fateful year were over three billion dollars; in 1951, corporate profits, after taxes, reached the staggering total of eighteen billion.\nDemocratic policies and programs rescued American agriculture from the economic consequences of blight, drought, flood and storm, from oppressive and indiscriminate foreclosures, and from the ruinous conditions brought about by the bungling incompetence and neglect of the preceding twelve years of Republican maladministration. Economic stability, soil conservation, rural electrification, farm dwelling improvement, increased production and efficiency and more than sevenfold increase in cash income have been the return to farmers for their faith in the Democratic Party.\nDemocratic labor policies have rescued the wage earners in this country from mass unemployment and from sweatshop slavery at starvation wages. Under our Democratic administrations, decent hours, decent wages, and decent working conditions have become the rule rather than the exception.\nSelf organizations of labor unions and collective bargaining, both of which are the keystone to labor management, peace and prosperity, must be encouraged, for the good of all.\nUnemployment is now less than 3 per cent of the labor force, compared with almost 25 per cent in 1932. Trade union membership has reached a total of 16 million, which is more than five times the total of 1932.\nThe welfare of all economic and social groups in our society has been promoted by the sound, progressive and humane policies of the Democratic Party.\nStrengthening Democracy\n\nWe are convinced that lasting prosperity must be founded upon a healthy democratic society respectful of the rights of all people.\nUnder Democratic Party leadership more has been done in the past twenty years to enhance the sanctity of individual rights than ever before in our history. Racial and religious minorities have progressed further toward real equality than during the preceding 150 years.\nGovernmental services, Democratically administered, have been improved and extended. The efficiency, economy, and integration of Federal operations have been advocated and effectuated through sound programs and policies. Through cooperative programs of Federal aid, State and local governments have been encouraged and enabled to provide many more services.\nThe Democratic Party has been alert to the corroding and demoralizing effects of dishonesty and disloyalty in the public service. It has exposed and punished those who would corrupt the integrity of the public service, and it has always championed honesty and morality in government. The loyalty program of President Truman has served effectively to prevent infiltration by subversive elements and to protect honest and loyal public servants against unfounded and malicious attacks.\nWe commend the relentless and fearless actions of Congressional Committees which, under vigorous Democratic leadership, have exposed dereliction in public service, and we pledge our support to a continuance of such actions as conditions require them.\nThe administration of our government by the Democratic Party has been based upon principles of justice and equity, and upon the American tradition of fair play. Men who are elected to high political office are entrusted with high responsibilities. Slander, defamation of character, deception and dishonesty are as truly transgressions of God's commandments, when resorted to by men in public life, as they are for all other men.\nBuilding Peace with Honor\n\nThe Democratic Party has worked constantly for peace—lasting peace, peace with honor, freedom, justice and security for all nations.\nThe return of the Democratic Party to power in 1933 marked the end of a tragic era of isolationism fostered by Republican Administrations which had deliberately and callously rejected the golden opportunity created by Woodrow Wilson for collective action to secure the peace.\nThis folly contributed to the second World War. Victory in that war has presented the nations of the world a new opportunity which the Democratic Party is determined shall not be lost.\nWe have helped establish the instrumentalities through which the hope of mankind for universal world peace can be realized. Under Democratic leadership, our Nation has moved promptly and effectively to meet and repel the menace to world peace by Soviet imperialism.\nProgress in the New Era\n\nThe Democratic Party believes that past progress is but a prelude to the bureau aspirations which may be realized in the future.\nUnder Democratic Party leadership, America has accepted each new challenge of history and has found practical solutions to meet and overcome them. This we have done without departing from the principles of our basic philosophy, that is, the destiny of man to achieve his earthly ends in the spirit of brotherhood.\nA great Democrat—Franklin Delano Roosevelt—devised the programs of the New Deal to meet the pressing problems of the 1930s. Another great Democrat—Harry S. Truman—devised the programs of the Fair Deal to meet the complex problems of America in the 1940s. The Democratic Party is ready to face and solve the challenging problems of the 1950s. We dedicate ourselves to the magnificent work of these great Presidents and to mould and adapt their democratic principles to the new problems of the years ahead.\nIn this spirit we adopt and pledge ourselves to this, the Democratic platform for 1952:\nOur Goal is Peace With Honor\n\nPeace with honor is the greatest of all our goals. We pledge our unremitting efforts to avert another world war. We are determined that the people shall be spared that frightful agony.\nWe are convinced that peace and security can be safeguarded if America does not deviate from the practical and successful policies developed under Democratic leadership since the close of World War II. We will resolutely move ahead with the constructive task of promoting peace.\nThe Democratic Program for Peace and National Security\n\nSupporting the United Nations\n\nUnder Democratic leadership, this country sponsored and helped create the United Nations and became a charter member and staunchly supports its aims.\nWe will continue our efforts to strengthen the United Nations, improve its institutions as experience requires, and foster its growth and development.\nThe Communist aggressor has been hurled back from South Korea. Thus, Korea has proved, once and for all, that the United Nations will resist aggression. We urge continued effort, by every honorable means, to bring about a fair and effective peace settlement in Korea in accordance with the principles of the United Nations' charter.\nStrong National Defense\n\nOur Nation has strengthened its national defenses against the menace of Soviet aggression.\nThe Democratic Party will continue to stand unequivocally for the strong, balanced defense forces for this country—land, sea and air. We will continue to support the expansion and maintenance of the military and civil defense forces required for our national security. We reject the defeatist view of those who say we cannot afford the expense and effort necessary to defend ourselves. We express our full confidence in the Joint Chiefs of Staff. We voice complete faith in the ability and valor of our armed forces, and pride in their accomplishments.\nCollective Strength for the Free World\n\nWe reject the ridiculous notions of those who would have the United States face the aggressors alone. That would be the most expensive—and the most dangerous—method of seeking security. This nation needs strong allies, around the world, making their maximum contribution to the common defense. They add their strength to ours in the defense of freedom.\nThe Truman Doctrine in 1947, the organization of hemisphere defense at Rio de Janeiro that same year, the Marshall Plan in 1948, the North Atlantic Treaty in 1949, the Point IV program, the resistance to Communist aggression in Korea, the Pacific Security pacts in 1951, and the Mutual Security programs now under way—all stand as landmarks of America's progress in mobilizing the strength of the free world to keep the peace.\nEncouraging European Unity\n\nWe encourage the economic and political unity of free Europe and the increasing solidarity of the nations of the North Atlantic Community.\nWe hail the Schuman Plan to pool the basic resources of industrial Western Europe, and the European Defense Community. We are proud of America's part in carrying these great projects forward, and we pledge our continuing support until they are established.\nSupport for Free Germany\n\nWe welcome the German Federal Republic into the company of free nations. We are determined that Germany shall remain free and continue as a good neighbor in the European community. We sympathize with the German people's wish for unity and will continue to do everything we can by peaceful means to overcome the Kremlin's obstruction of that rightful aim.\nSupport for the Victims of Soviet Imperialism\n\nWe will not abandon the once-free peoples of Central and Eastern Europe who suffer now under the Kremlin's tyranny in violation of the Soviet Union's most solemn pledges at Tehran, Yalta, and Potsdam. The United States should join other nations in formally declaring genocide to be an international crime in time of peace as well as war. This crime was exposed once more by the shocking revelations of Soviet guilt as disclosed in the report filed in Congress by the special committee investigating the Katyn Forest massacre. We look forward to the clay when the liberties of Poland and the other oppressed Soviet satellites, including Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Rumania, Bulgaria, Albania, Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia and other nations in Asia under Soviet domination, will be restored to them and they can again take their rightful place in the community of free nations. We will carry forward and expand the vital and effective program of the \"Voice of America\" for penetration of the \"Iron Curtain,\" bringing truth and hope to all the people subjugated by the Soviet Empire.\nSupport for the Nations of the Middle East\n\nWe seek to enlist the people of the Middle East to work with us and with each other in the development of the region, the lifting of health and living standards, and the attainment of peace. We favor the development of integrated security arrangements for the Middle East and other assistance to help safeguard the independence of the countries in the area.\nWe pledge continued assistance to Israel so that she may fulfill her humanitarian mission of providing shelter and sanctuary for her homeless Jewish refugees while strengthening her economic development.\nWe will continue to support the tripartite declaration of May 1950, to encourage Israel and the Arab States to settle their differences by direct negotiation, to maintain and protect the sanctity of the Holy Places and to permit free access to them.\nWe pledge aid to the Arab States to enable them to develop their economic resources and raise the living standards of their people. We support measures for the relief and reintegration of the Palestine refugees, and we pledge continued assistance to the reintegration program voted by the General Assembly of the United Nations in January 1952.\nSouth Asia: A Testing Ground for Democracy\n\nIn the subcontinent of South Asia, we pledge continuing support for the great new countries of India and Pakistan in their efforts to create a better life for their people and build strong democratic governments to stand as bastions of liberty in Asia, secure against the threat of Communist subversion.\nCollective Security in the Pacific\n\nWe welcome free Japan as a friendly neighbor and an ally in seeking security and progress for the whole Pacific area. America's security pacts with Japan and with the Philippines, Australia, and New Zealand are indispensable steps toward comprehensive mutual security arrangements in that area. Our military and economic assistance to the Nationalist Government of China on Formosa has strengthened that vital outpost of the free world, and will be continued.\nStrengthening the Americas\n\nIn the Western Hemisphere, we pledge ourselves to continue the policy of the good neighbor. We will strive constantly to strengthen the bonds of friendship and cooperation with our Latin American allies who are joined with us in the defense of the Americas.\nDisarmament Remains the Goal\n\nThe free world is rearming to secure the peace. Under Democratic leadership, America always stands prepared to join in a workable system for foolproof inspection and limitation of all armaments, including atomic weapons. This Nation has taken the leadership in proposing concrete, practical plans for such a system. We are determined to carry on the effort for real, effective disarmament.\nWe look forward to the day when a great share of the resources now devoted to the armaments program can be diverted into the channels of peaceful production to speed the progress of America and of the underdeveloped regions of the world.\nHelping Other People to Help Themselves\n\nEven though we cannot now disarm, we will go forward as rapidly as possible in developing the imaginative and farsighted concept of President Truman embodied in the Point IV program.\nWe will continue to encourage use of American skills and capital in helping the people of underdeveloped lands to combat disease, raise living standards, improve land tenure and develop industry and trade. The continuance of ever stronger and more vigorous Point IV programs—sponsored both by this country and by the United Nations—is an indispensable element in creating a peaceful world.\nUpholding the Principle of Self-Determination\n\nIn an era when the \"satellite state\" symbolizes both the tyranny of the aggressor nations and the extinction of liberty in small nations, the Democratic Party reasserts and reaffirms the Wilsonian principle of the right of national self-determination. It is part of the policy of the Democratic Party, therefore, to encourage and assist small nations and all peoples in the peaceful and orderly achievement of their legitimate aspirations toward political, geographical and ethnic integrity so that they may dwell in the family of sovereign nations with freedom and dignity.\nExpanding World Trade\n\nThe Democratic Party has always stood for expanding trade among free nations. We reassert that stand today. We vigorously oppose any restrictive policies which would weaken the highly successful reciprocal trade program fathered by Cordell Hull.\nSince 1934, the United States has taken the lead in fostering the expansion and liberalization of world trade.\nOur own economy requires expanded export markets for our manufactured and agricultural products and a greater supply of essential imported raw materials. At the same time, our friends throughout the world will have opportunity to earn their own way to higher living standards with lessened dependence on our aid.\nProgressive Immigration Policies\n\nSolution of the problem of refugees from communism and overpopulation has become a permanent part of the foreign policy program of the Democratic Party. We pledge continued cooperation with other free nations to solve it.\nWe pledge continued aid to refugees from communism and the enactment of President Truman's proposals for legislation in this field. In this way we can give hope and courage to the victims of Soviet brutality and can carry on the humanitarian tradition of the Displaced Persons Act.\nSubversive elements must be screened out and prevented from entering our land, but the gates must be left open for practical numbers of desirable persons from abroad whose immigration to this country provides an invigorating infusion into the stream of American life, as well as a significant contribution to the solution of the world refugee and overpopulation problems.\nWe pledge continuing revision of our immigration and naturalization laws to do away with any unjust and unfair practices against national groups which have contributed some of our best citizens. We will eliminate distinctions between native-born and naturalized citizens. We want no \"second-class\" citizens in free America.\nOur Domestic Policy\n\nEconomic Opportunity and Growth\n\nThe United States is today a land of boundless opportunity. Never before has it offered such a large measure of prosperity, security and hope for all its people.\nHorizons of even greater abundance and opportunity lie before us under a Democratic Administration responsive to the will of the people.\nThe Democratic Administration has had a guiding principle since taking office 20 years ago: that the prosperity and growth of this Nation are indivisible. Every step we have taken to help the farmers has also helped the workers and business. Every improvement in the status of the worker has helped both farmers and business. Every expansion of business has provided more jobs for workers and greater demand for farm products.\nA Stabilized Economy\n\nCombatting Inflation\n\nThe Democratic Administration early recognized that defense production would limit the amount of goods in civilian markets, and subject our economy to heavy inflationary pressure. To prevent this from resulting in ruinous inflation, the Administration proposed pay-as-we-go taxation to keep the national debt as low as possible and ' to prevent excess money pressure on scarce goods and services.\nDirect controls were also proposed to channel scarce materials into highly essential defense production, and to keep prices down.\nIn 1951 and 1952 Republican Congressmen demonstrated their attitude toward these necessary measures when they sponsored amendments which would have destroyed all controls.\nPrices\n\nWe shall strive to redress the injury done to the American people—especially to white collar workers and fixed-income families—by the weakening amendments which the Republicans in Congress have forced into our anti-inflation laws.\nWe pledge continuance of workable controls so long as the emergency requires them. We pledge fair and impartial enforcement of controls and their removal as quickly as economic conditions allow.\nRents\n\nWe strongly urge continued federal rent control in critical defense areas and in the many other localities still suffering from a substantial shortage of adequate housing at reasonable prices.\nFull Employment\n\nThe Democratic Administration prudently passed the Employment Act of 1946 declaring it to be national policy never again to permit large-scale unemployment to stalk the land. We will assure the transition from defense production to peace-time production without the ravages of unemployment. We pledge ourselves at all times to the maintenance of maximum employment, production, and purchasing power in the American economy.\nIntegrity in Government Finances\n\nWe solemnly pledge the preservation of the financial strength of the Government. We have demonstrated our ability to maintain and enhance the nation's financial strength. In the six full fiscal years since V-J Day, our fiscal policy has produced a $4 billion budget surplus. We have reduced the public debt $17 billion from the postwar peak.\nWe have demonstrated our ability to make fiscal policy contribute in a positive way to economic growth and the maintenance of high-level employment. The policies which have been followed have given us the greatest prosperity in our history. Sustained economic expansion has provided the funds necessary to finance our defense and has still left our people with record high consumer incomes and business with a record volume of investment. Employment and personal incomes are at record levels. Never have Americans enjoyed a higher standard of living and saved more for contingencies and old age.\nFederal Taxes\n\nWe believe in fair and equitable taxation. We oppose a Federal general sales tax. We adhere to the principle of ability to pay. We have enacted an emergency excess profits tax to prevent profiteering from the defense program and have vigorously attacked special tax privileges.\nTax Reductions\n\nIn the future, as in the past, we will hold firm to policies consistent with sound financing and continuing economic progress. As rapidly as defense requirements permit, we favor reducing taxes, especially for people with lower incomes. But we will not imperil our Nation's security by making reckless promises to reduce taxes. We deplore irresponsible assertions that national security can be achieved without paying for it.\nClosing Tax Loopholes\n\nJustice requires the elimination of tax loopholes which favor special groups. We pledge continued efforts to the elimination of remaining loopholes.\nGovernment Expenditures\n\nWe believe in keeping government expenditures to the lowest practicable level. The great bulk of our national budget consists of obligations incurred for defense purposes. We pledge ourselves to a vigilant review of our expenditures in order to reduce them as much as possible.\nThe American Farmer and Agriculture\n\nWe know that national prosperity depends upon a vigorous, productive and expanding agriculture.\nWe take great pride in our Party's record of performance and in the impressive gains made by American agriculture in the last two decades. Under programs of Democratic Administrations the net agricultural income has increased from less than two billion dollars to almost fifteen billion dollars. These programs must be continued and improved.\nResource Conservation\n\nThe soil resources of our country have been conserved and strengthened through the Soil Conservation Service, the Agricultural Conservation Program, the Forestry and the Research programs, with their incentives to increased production through sound conservation farming. These programs have revolutionized American agriculture and must be continued and expanded. We will accelerate programs of upstream flood prevention, watershed protection, and soil, forest and water conservation in all parts of the country. These conservation measures are a national necessity; they are invaluable to our farmers, and add greatly to the welfare of all Americans and of generations yet unborn.\nGrass Roots Administration\n\nWe will continue the widest possible farmer participation through referenda, farmer-elected committees, local soil conservation districts, and self-governing agencies in the conduct and administration of these truly democratic programs, initiated and developed under Democratic administrations.\nPrice Supports\n\nUnder the present farm program, our farmers have performed magnificently and have achieved unprecedented production. We applaud the recent Congressional action in setting aside the \"sliding scale\" for price support through 1954, and we will continue to protect the producers of basic agricultural commodities under the terms of a mandatory price support program at not less than ninety percent of parity. We continue to advocate practical methods for extending price supports to other storables and to the producers of perishable commodities, which account for three-fourths of all farm income.\nAbundant Production\n\nWe will continue to assist farmers in providing abundant and stable supplies of agricultural commodities for the consumers at reasonable prices, and in assuring the farmer the opportunity to earn a fair return commensurate with that enjoyed by other segments of the American economy.\nThe agricultural adjustment programs encourage the production of abundant supplies while enabling producers to keep supply in line with consumer demand, preventing wide fluctuations and bringing stability to the agricultural income of the Nation. We pledge retention of such programs.\nWe pledge continued efforts to provide adequate storage facilities for grain and other farm products with sufficient capacity for needed reserves for defense, and other emergency requirements, in order to protect the integrity of the farm price support programs.\nResearch\n\nWe are justly proud of the outstanding achievements of our agricultural research. We favor a greatly expanded research and education program for American agriculture in order that both production and distribution may more effectively serve consumers and producers alike, and thus meet the needs of the modern world. We favor especial emphasis on the development of new crops and varieties, on crop and livestock disease and pest control, and on agricultural statistics and marketing services.\nMarketing\n\nWe must find profitable markets for the products of our farms, and we should produce all that these markets will absorb. To this end we will continue our efforts to reduce trade barriers, both at home and abroad, to provide better marketing and inspection facilities, and to find new uses and outlets for our foods and fibers both in domestic and foreign markets.\nFarm Credit\n\nWe have provided credit facilities for all agriculture, including means by which young men, veterans of military service, and farm tenants have been encouraged to become farmers and farm home-owners, and through which low-income farmers have been assisted in establishing self-sustaining and fully productive farm units. We will not waver in our efforts to provide such incentives.\nCrop Insurance\n\nCrop insurance to protect farmers against loss from destruction of their crops by natural causes has been created and developed under Democratic Administrations into a sound business operation. This program should be expanded as rapidly as experience justifies, in order that its benefits may be made available to every farmer.\nRural Electrification\n\nDemocratic Administrations have established the great Rural Electrification Program, which has brought light and power to the rural homes of our Nation. In 1935, only 10% of the farm homes of America had the benefits of electricity. Today 85% of our rural homes enjoy the benefits of electric light and power. We will continue to fight to make electricity available to all rural homes, with adequate facilities for the generation and transmission of power. Through the Rural Telephone Program, inaugurated by the Democratic 81st Congress, we will provide the opportunity for every farm home to have this modern essential service. We pledge support of these self-liquidating farm programs.\nCooperatives\n\nWe will continue to support the sound development and growth of bona fide farm cooperatives and to protect them from punitive taxation.\nDefense Needs\n\nWe will continue to recognize agriculture as an essential defense industry, and to assist in providing all the necessary tools, machinery, fertilizer, and manpower needed by farmers in meeting production goals.\nFamily Farming\n\nThe family farm is the keystone of American agriculture. We will strive unceasingly to make the farm homes of our country healthier and happier places in which to live. We must see that our youth continues to find attractive opportunity in the field of agriculture.\nThe Republican Party platform is loud in its criticism of our great farm programs. We challenge Republicans and other enemies of farm progress to justify their opposition to the program now in operation, to oppose the improvements here proposed, or to advocate repeal of a single vital part of our program.\nA Fair Deal for Workers\n\nGood Incomes\n\nThere can be no national prosperity unless our working men and women continue to prosper and enjoy rising living standards. The rising productivity of American workers is a key to our unparalleled industrial progress. Good incomes for our workers are the secret of our great and growing consumer markets.\nLabor-Management Relations\n\nGood labor-management relations are essential to good incomes for wage earners and rising output from our factories. We believe that to the widest possible extent consistent with the public interest, management and labor should determine wage rates and conditions of employment through free collective bargaining.\nTaft-Hartley Act\n\nWe strongly advocate the repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act.\nThe Taft-Hartley Act has been proved to be inadequate, unworkable, and unfair. It interferes in an arbitrary manner with collective bargaining, tipping the scales in favor of management against labor.\nThe Taft-Hartley Act has revived the injunction as a weapon against labor in industrial relations. The Act has arbitrarily forbidden traditional hiring practices which are desired by both management and labor in many industries. The Act has forced workers to act as strikebreakers against their fellow unionists. The Act has served to interfere with one of the most fundamental rights of American workers—the right to organize in unions of their own choosing.\nWe deplore the fact that the Taft-Hartley Act provides an inadequate and unfair means of meeting with national emergency situations. We advocate legislation that will enable the President to deal fairly and effectively with cases where a breakdown in collective bargaining seriously threatens the national safety or welfare.\nIn keeping with the progress of the times, and based on past experiences, a new legislative approach toward the entire labor management problem should be explored.\nFair Labor Standards\n\nWe pledge to continue our efforts so that government programs designed to establish improved fair labor standards shall prove a means of assuring minimum wages, hours and protection to workers, consistent with present-day progress.\nEqual Pay for Equal Work\n\nWe believe in equal pay for equal work, regardless of sex, and we urge legislation to make that principle effective.\nThe Physically-Handicapped\n\nWe promise to further the program to afford employment opportunities both in government and in private industry for physically handicapped persons.\nMigratory Workers\n\nWe advocate prompt improvement of employment conditions of migratory workers and increased protection of their safety and health.\nStrengthening Free Enterprise\n\nThe free enterprise system has flourished and prospered in America during these last twenty years as never before. This has been made possible by the purchasing power of all our people and we are determined that the broad base of our prosperity shall be maintained.\nSmall and Independent Business\n\nSmall and independent business is the backbone of American free enterprise. Upon its health depends the growth of the economic system whose competitive spirit has built this Nation's industrial strength and provided its workers and consumers with an incomparably high standard of living.\nIndependent business is the best offset to monopoly practice The Government's role is to insure that independent business receives equally fair treatment with its competitors.\nCongress has established the permanent Small Business Committee of the Senate and the Special Small Business Committee of the House, which have continued to render great service to this important segment of our economy. We favor continuance of both these committees with all the powers to investigate and report conditions, correct discriminations, and propose needed legislation.\nWe pledge ourselves to increased efforts to assure that small business be given equal opportunity to participate in Government contracts, and that a suitable proportion of the dollar volume of defense contracts be channeled into independent small business. The Small Defense Plants Administration, which our Party caused to be established, should retain its independent status and be made a continuing agency, equipped with sufficient lending powers to assist qualified small business in securing defense contracts.\nWe urge the enactment of such laws as will provide favorable incentives to the establishment and survival of independent businesses, especially in the provision of tax incentives and access to equity or risk capital.\nEnforcement of Anti-Trust Laws\n\nFree competitive enterprise must remain free and competitive if the productive forces of this Nation are to remain strong. We are alarmed over the increasing concentration of economic power in the hands of a few.\nWe reaffirm our belief in the necessity of vigorous enforcement of the laws against trusts, combinations, and restraints of trade, which laws are vital to the safeguarding of the public interest and of small competitive business men against predatory monopolies. We will seek adequate appropriations for the Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission for vigorous investigation and for enforcement of the anti-trust laws. We support the right of all persons to work together in cooperatives and other democratic associations for the purpose of carrying out any proper business operations free from any arbitrary and discriminatory restrictions.\nProtection of Investors and Consumers\n\nWe must avoid unnecessary business controls. But we cannot close our eyes to the special problems which require Government surveillance. The Government must continue its efforts to stop unfair selling practices which deceive investors, and unfair trade practices which deceive consumers.\nTransportation\n\nIn the furtherance of national defense and commerce, we pledge continued Government support, on a sound financial basis, for further development of the Nation's transportation systems, land, sea and air. We endorse a policy of fostering the safest and most reliable air transportation system of the world. We favor fair, nondiscriminatory freight rates to encourage economic growth in all parts of the country.\nHighways\n\nIn cooperation with State and local governmental units, we will continue to plan, coordinate, finance, and encourage the expansion of our road and highway network, including access roads, for the dual purposes of national defense and efficient motor transportation. We support expansion of farm-to-market roads.\nRivers and Harbors\n\nWe pledge continued development of our harbors and waterways.\nMerchant Marine\n\nWe will continue to encourage and support an adequate Merchant Marine.\nOur Natural Resources\n\nThe United States has been blessed with the richest natural resources of any nation on earth.\nYet, unless we redouble our conservation efforts we will become a \"have-not\" nation in some of the most important raw materials upon which depend our industries, agriculture, employment and high standard of living. This can be prevented by a well rounded and nation-wide conservation effort.\nLand and Water Resources\n\nWe favor sound, progressive development of the Nation's land and water resources for flood control, navigation, irrigation, power, drainage, soil conservation and creation of new, small family-sized farms, with immediate action in critical areas.\nWe favor the acceleration of all such projects, including construction of transmission facilities to load centers for wider and more equitable distribution of electric energy at the lowest cost to the consumer with continuing preference to public agencies and REA Cooperatives.\nThe Democratic Party denounces all obstructionist devices designed to prevent or retard utilization of the Nation's power and water resources for the benefit of the people, their enterprises and interests.\nThe wise policy of the Democratic Party in encouraging multipurpose projects throughout the country is responsible for America's productive superiority over any nation in the world and is one of the greatest single factors leading toward the accomplishment of world peace. Without these projects our atomic weapons program could never have been achieved, and without additional such projects it cannot be expanded.\nThe Democratic Party is dedicated to a continuation of the natural resources development policy inaugurated and carried out under the administrations of Presidents Roosevelt and Truman, and to the extension of that policy to all parts of the Nation—North, South, East, Midwest, West and the territories to the end that the Nation and its people receive maximum benefits from these resources to which they have an inherent right.\nThe Democratic Party further pledges itself to protect these resources from destructive monopoly and exploitation.\nRiver Basin Development\n\nWe pledge the continued full and unified regional development of the water, mineral and other natural resources of the nation, recognizing that the progress already achieved under the initiative of the Democratic Party in the arid and semi-arid States of the West, as well as in the Tennessee Valley, is only an indication of still greater results which can be accomplished.\nFertilizer Development\n\nGreat farming areas, particularly of the Midwest and West, are in acute need of low-cost commercial fertilizers. To meet this demand, we favor the opening of the Nation's phosphate rock deposits in the West, through prompt provision of sufficient low-cost hydro-electric power to develop this great resource.\nForests and Public Lands\n\nWe seek to establish and demonstrate such successful policies of forest and land management on Federal property as will materially assist State and private owners in their conservation efforts. Conservation of forest and range lands is vital to the strength and welfare of the Nation. Our forest and range lands must be protected and used wisely in order to produce a continuing supply of basic raw materials for industry; to reduce damaging floods; and to preserve the sources of priceless water. With adequate appropriations to carry out feasible projects, we pledge a program of forest protection, reforestation projects and sound practices of production and harvesting which will promote sustained yields of forest crops.\nWe propose to increase forest access roads in order to improve cutting practices on both public and private lands.\nOn the public land ranges we pledge continuance of effective conservation and use programs, including the extension of water pond construction and restoration of forage cover.\nArid Areas\n\nIn many areas of the Nation assistance is needed to provide water for irrigation, domestic and industrial purposes. We pledge that in working out programs for rational distribution of water from Federal sources we will aid in delivering this essential of life cheaply and abundantly.\nMinerals and Fuels\n\nThe Nation's minerals and fuels are essential to the national defense and development of our country. We pledge the adoption of policies which will further encourage the exploration and development of additional reserves of our mineral resources. We subscribe to the principles of the Stockpiling Act and will lend our efforts to strengthening and expanding its provisions and those of the Defense Production Act to meet our military and civilian needs. Additional access roads should be constructed with Government aid. Our synthetic fuels, including monetary metals, research program should go forward. Laws to aid and assist these objectives will be advocated.\nDomestic Fisheries\n\nWe favor increased research and exploration for conserving and better utilizing fishery resources; expanded research and education to promote new fishery products and uses and new markets; promotion of world trade in fish products; a public works and water policy providing adequate protection for domestic fishery resources; and treaties with other nations for conservation and better utilization of international fisheries.\nWildlife Recreations\n\nIn our highly complex civilization, outdoor recreation has become essential to the health and happiness of our people.\nThe Democratic Party has devoted its efforts to the preservation, restoration and increase of the bird, animal and fish life which abound in this Nation. State, local and private agencies have cooperated in this worthy endeavor. We have extended and vastly improved the parks, forests, beaches, streams, preserves and wilderness areas across the land.\nTo the 28,000,000 of our citizens who annually purchase fishing and hunting licenses, we pledge continued efforts to improve all recreational areas.\nAtomic Energy\n\nIn the field of atomic energy, we pledge ourselves:\n(1) to maintain vigorous and non-partisan civilian administrations, with adequate security safeguards;\n(2) to promote the development of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes in the interests of America and mankind;\n(3) to build all the atomic and hydrogen firepower needed to defend our country, deter aggression, and promote world peace;\n(4) To exert every effort to bring about bona fide international control and inspection of all atomic weapons.\nSocial Security\n\nOur national system of social security, conceived and developed by the Democratic Party, needs to be extended and improved.\nOld Age and Survivors Insurance\n\nWe favor further strengthening of old age and survivors insurance, through such improvements as increasing benefits, extending them to more people and lowering the retirement age for women.\nWe favor the complete elimination of the work clause for the reason that those contributing to the Social Security program should be permitted to draw benefits, upon reaching the age of eligibility, and still continue to work.\nUnemployment Insurance\n\nWe favor a stronger system of unemployment insurance, with broader coverage and substantially increased benefits, including an allowance for dependents.\nPublic Assistance\n\nWe favor further improvements in public assistance programs for the blind, the disabled, the aged and children in order to help our less fortunate citizens meet the needs of daily living.\nPrivate Plans\n\nWe favor and encourage the private endeavors of social agencies, mutual associations, insurance companies, industry-labor groups, and cooperative societies to provide against the basic hazards of life through mutually agreed upon benefit plans designed to complement our present social security program.\nNeeds of Our Aging Citizens\n\nOur older citizens constitute an immense reservoir of skilled, mature judgment and ripened experience. We pledge ourselves to give full recognition to the right of our older citizens to lead a proud, productive and independent life throughout their years.\nIn addition to the fundamental improvements in Old Age and Survivors Insurance, which are outlined above, we pledge ourselves, in cooperation with the States and private industry, to encourage the employment of older workers. We commend the 82nd Congress for eliminating the age restriction on employment in the Federal Government.\nHealth\n\nWe will continue to work for better health for every American, especially our children. We pledge continued and wholehearted support for the campaign that modern medicine is waging against mental illness, cancer, heart disease and other diseases.\nResearch\n\nWe favor continued and vigorous support, from private and public sources, of research into the causes, prevention and cure of disease.\nMedical Education\n\nWe advocate Federal aid for medical education to help overcome the growing shortage of doctors, nurses, and other trained health personnel.\nHospitals and Health Centers\n\nWe pledge continued support for Federal aid to hospital construction. We pledge increased Federal aid to promote public health through preventive programs and health services, especially in rural areas.\nCost of Medical Care\n\nWe also advocate a resolute attack on the heavy financial hazard of serious illness. We recognize that the costs of modern medical care have grown to be prohibitive for many millions of people. We commend President Truman for establishing the non-partisan Commission on the Health Needs of the Nation to seek an acceptable solution of this urgent problem.\nHousing\n\nWe pledge ourselves to the fulfillment of the programs of private housing, public low-rent housing, slum clearance, urban redevelopment, farm housing and housing research as authorized by the Housing Act of 1949.\nWe deplore the efforts of special interests groups, which themselves have prospered through Government guarantees of housing mortgages, to destroy those programs adopted to assist families of low-income.\nAdditional Legislation\n\nWe pledge ourselves to enact additional legislation to promote housing required for defense workers, middle income families, aged persons and migratory farm laborers.\nVeterans' Housing\n\nWe pledge ourselves to provide special housing aids to veterans and their families.\nEducation\n\nEvery American child, irrespective of color, national origin, economic status or place of residence should have every educational opportunity to develop his potentialities.\nLocal, State and Federal governments have shared responsibility to contribute appropriately to the pressing needs of our educational system. We urge that Federal contributions be made available to State and local units which adhere to basic minimum standards.\nThe Federal Government should not dictate nor control educational policy.\nWe pledge immediate consideration for those school systems which need further legislation to provide Federal aid for new school construction, teachers' salaries and school maintenance and repair.\nWe urge the adoption by appropriate legislative action of the proposals advocated by the President's Commission on Higher Education, including Federal scholarships.\nWe will continue to encourage the further development of vocational training which helps people acquire skills and technical knowledge so essential to production techniques.\nChild Welfare\n\nThe future of America depends on adequate provision by Government for the needs of those of our children who cannot be cared for by their parents or private social agencies.\nMaternity, Child Health and Welfare Services\n\nThe established national policy of aiding States and localities, through the Children's Bureau and other agencies, to insure needed maternity, child health and welfare services should be maintained and extended. Especially important are the detection and treatment of physical defects and diseases which, if untreated, are reflected in adult life in draft rejections and as handicapped workers. The Nation, as a whole, should provide maternity and health care for the wives, babies and pre-school children of those who serve in our armed forces.\nSchool Lunches\n\nWe will enlarge the school lunch program which has done so much for millions of American school children and charitable institutions while at the same time benefiting producers.\nDay Care Facilities\n\nSince several million mothers must now be away from their children during the day, because they are engaged in defense work, facilities for adequate day care of these children should be provided and adequately financed.\nChildren of Migratory Workers\n\nThe Nation, as a whole, has a responsibility to support health, educational, and welfare services for the children of agricultural migratory workers who are now almost entirely without such services while their parents are engaged in producing essential crops.\nVeterans\n\nThe Democratic Party is determined to advance the welfare of all the men and women who have seen service in the armed forces. We pledge ourselves to continue and improve our national program of benefits for veterans and their families, to provide the best possible medical care and hospitalization for the disabled veteran, and to help provide every veteran an opportunity to be a productive and responsible citizen with an assured place in the civilian community.\nStrengthening Democratic Government\n\nStreamlining the Federal Government\n\nThe public welfare demands that our government be efficiently and economically operated and that it be reorganized to meet changing needs. During the present Democratic Administration, more reorganization has been accomplished than by all its predecessors. We pledge our support to continuing reorganization wherever improvements can be made. Only constant effort by the Executive, the Congress, and the public will enable our Government to render the splendid service to which our citizens are entitled.\nImproving the Postal Service\n\nWe pledge a continuing increase in the services of the United States Postal Service. Through efficient handling of mail, improved working conditions for postal employees, and more frequent services, the Democratic Party promises its efforts to provide the greatest communication system in the world for the American people.\nStrengthening the Civil Service\n\nGood government requires a Civil Service high in quality and prestige. We deplore and condemn smear attacks upon the character and reputations of our Federal workers. We will continue our fight against partisan political efforts to discredit the Federal service and undermine American principles of justice and fair play.\nUnder President Truman's leadership, the Federal Civil Service has been extended to include a greater proportion of positions than ever before. He has promoted a record number of career appointees to top level policy positions. We will continue to be guided by these enlightened policies, and we will continue our efforts to provide Federal service with adequate pay, sound retirement provisions, good working conditions, and an opportunity for advancement.\nWe will use every proper means to eliminate pressure by private interests seeking undeserved favors from the Government. We advocate the strongest penalties against those who try to exert improper influence, and against any who may yield to it.\nDemocracy in Federal Elections\n\nWe advocate new legislation to provide effective regulation and full disclosure of campaign expenditures in elections to Federal office, including political advertising from any source.\nWe recommend that Congress provide for a non-partisan study of possible improvements in the methods of nominating and electing Presidents and in the laws relating to Presidential succession. Special attention should be given to the problem of assuring the widest possible public participation in Presidential nominations.\nStrengthening Basic Freedoms\n\nWe will continue to press strongly for world-wide freedom in the gathering and dissemination of news and for support to the work of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights in furthering this and other freedoms.\nEqual Rights Amendment\n\nWe recommend and endorse for submission to the Congress a constitutional amendment providing equal rights for women.\nPuerto Rico\n\nUnder Democratic Party leadership, a new status has been developed for Puerto Rico. This new status is based on mutual consent and common devotion to the United States, formalized in a new Puerto Rican Constitution. We welcome the dignity of the new Puerto Rican Commonwealth and pledge our support of the Commonwealth, its continued development and growth.\nAlaska and Hawaii\n\nBy virtue of their strategic geographical locations, Alaska and Hawaii are vital bastions in the Pacific. These two territories have contributed greatly to the welfare and economic development of our country and have become integrated into our economic and social life. We, therefore, urge immediate statehood for these two territories.\nOther Territories and Possessions\n\nWe favor increased self-government for the Virgin Islands and other outlying territories and the trust territory of the Pacific.\nDistrict of Columbia\n\nWe favor immediate home rule and ultimate national representation for the District of Columbia.\nAmerican Indians\n\nWe shall continue to use the powers of the Federal Government to advance the health, education and economic well-being of our American Indian citizens, without impairing their cultural traditions. We pledge our support to the cause of fair and equitable treatment in all matters essential to and desirable for their individual and tribal welfare.\nThe American Indian should be completely integrated into the social, economic and political life of the nation. To that end we shall move to secure the prompt final settlement of Indian claims and to remove restrictions on the rights of Indians individually and through their tribal councils to handle their own fiscal affairs.\nWe favor the repeal of all acts or regulations that deny to Indians rights or privileges held by citizens generally.\nConstitutional Government\n\nThe Democratic Party has demonstrated its belief in the Constitution as a charter of individual freedom and an effective instrument for human progress. Democratic Administrations have placed upon the statute books during the last twenty years a multitude of measures which testify to our belief in the Jeffersonian principle of local control, even in general legislation involving nation-wide programs. Selective service, Social Security, Agricultural Adjustment, Low Rent Housing, Hospital, and many other legislative programs have placed major responsibilities in States and counties and provide fine examples of how benefits can be extended through Federal-State cooperation.\nIn the present world crisis with new requirements of Federal action for national security, and accompanying provision for public services and individual rights related to defense, constitutional principles must and will be closely followed. Our record and our clear commitments, in this platform, measure our strong faith in the ability of constitutional government to meet the needs of our times.\nImproving Congressional Procedures\n\nIn order that the will of the American people may be expressed upon all legislative proposals, we urge that action be taken at the beginning of the 83rd Congress to improve Congressional procedures so that majority rule prevails and decisions can be made after reasonable debate without being blocked by a minority in either House.\nCivil Rights\n\nThe Democratic Party is committed to support and advance the individual rights and liberties of all Americans.\nOur country is founded on the proposition that all men are created equal. This means that all citizens are equal before the law and should enjoy equal political rights. They should have equal opportunities for education, for economic advancement, and for decent living conditions.\nWe will continue our efforts to eradicate discrimination based on race, religion or national origin.\nWe know this task requires action, not just in one section of the Nation, but in all sections. It requires the cooperative efforts of individual citizens and action by State and local governments. It also requires Federal action. The Federal Government must live up to the ideals of the Declaration of Independence and must exercise the powers vested in it by the Constitution.\nWe are proud of the progress that has been made in securing equality of treatment and opportunity in the Nation's armed forces and the civil service and all areas under Federal jurisdiction. The Department of Justice has taken an important part in successfully arguing in the courts for the elimination of many illegal discriminations, including those involving rights to own and use real property, to engage in gainful occupations and to enroll in publicly supported higher educational institutions. We are determined that the Federal Government shall continue such policies.\nAt the same time, we favor Federal legislation effectively to secure these rights to everyone: (1) the right to equal opportunity for employment; (2) the right to security of persons; (3) the right to full and equal participation in the Nation's political life, free from arbitrary restraints. We also favor legislation to perfect existing Federal civil rights statutes and to strengthen the administrative machinery for the protection of civil rights.\nConclusion\n\nUnder the guidance, protection, and help of Almighty God we shall succeed in bringing to the people of this Nation a better and more rewarding life and to the peoples of the entire world, new hope and a lasting, honorable peace.", "Words" -> 8862, "WordCounts" -> <|"the" -> 571, "and" -> 442, "of" -> 420, "to" -> 313, "in" -> 179, "We" -> 163, "for" -> 122, "our" -> 100, "a" -> 77, "that" -> 62, "The" -> 61, "will" -> 59, "has" -> 58, "Democratic" -> 56, "be" -> 55, "with" -> 53, "have" -> 50, "pledge" -> 46, "by" -> 44, "which" -> 43, "all" -> 42, "as" -> 41, "are" -> 41, "we" -> 40, "their" -> 35, "Party" -> 35, "continue" -> 34, "Federal" -> 33, "is" -> 32, "from" -> 32, "this" -> 27, "programs" -> 27, "American" -> 27, "world" -> 26, "on" -> 25, "support" -> 24, "national" -> 24, "defense" -> 24, "program" -> 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"Administration" -> 8, "without" -> 7, "vigorous" -> 7, "State" -> 7, "standards" -> 7, "social" -> 7, "Security" -> 7, "research" -> 7, "record" -> 7, "protection" -> 7, "protect" -> 7, "projects" -> 7, "principles" -> 7, "practices" -> 7, "nation" -> 7, "men" -> 7, "means" -> 7, "many" -> 7, "local" -> 7, "laws" -> 7, "hope" -> 7, "help" -> 7, "growth" -> 7, "forest" -> 7, "forces" -> 7, "effective" -> 7, "determined" -> 7, "assist" -> 7, "would" -> 6, "vital" -> 6, "Truman" -> 6, "toward" -> 6, "To" -> 6, "Strengthening" -> 6, "strength" -> 6, "special" -> 6, "Service" -> 6, "promote" -> 6, "products" -> 6, "productive" -> 6, "problems" -> 6, "President" -> 6, "needed" -> 6, "most" -> 6, "management" -> 6, "individual" -> 6, "independent" -> 6, "improvements" -> 6, "improved" -> 6, "improve" -> 6, "full" -> 6, "freedom" -> 6, "forward" -> 6, "facilities" -> 6, "extended" -> 6, "expansion" -> 6, "expanded" -> 6, "effort" -> 6, "economy" -> 6, "democratic" -> 6, "control" -> 6, "collective" -> 6, "billion" -> 6, "better" -> 6, "before" -> 6, "become" -> 6, "basic" -> 6, "atomic" -> 6, "assistance" -> 6, "agencies" -> 6, "age" -> 6, "working" -> 5, "when" -> 5, "use" -> 5, "us" -> 5, "unfair" -> 5, "tax" -> 5, "taken" -> 5, "Taft-Hartley" -> 5, "strong" -> 5, "status" -> 5, "soil" -> 5, "Small" -> 5, "secure" -> 5, "school" -> 5, "rural" -> 5, "Republican" -> 5, "providing" -> 5, "provided" -> 5, "producers" -> 5, "principle" -> 5, "prevent" -> 5, "practical" -> 5, "persons" -> 5, "peaceful" -> 5, "past" -> 5, "part" -> 5, "Pacific" -> 5, "own" -> 5, "out" -> 5, "one" -> 5, "It" -> 5, "industry" -> 5, "industrial" -> 5, "incomes" -> 5, "income" -> 5, "homes" -> 5, "groups" -> 5, "greater" -> 5, "good" -> 5, "established" -> 5, "effectively" -> 5, "educational" -> 5, "education" -> 5, "developed" -> 5, "Defense" -> 5, "cooperation" -> 5, "controls" -> 5, "continuance" -> 5, "cannot" -> 5, "based" -> 5, "also" -> 5, "Administrations" -> 5, "administrations" -> 5, "access" -> 5, "ability" -> 5, "World" -> 4, "women" -> 4, "widest" -> 4, "while" -> 4, "West" -> 4, "well" -> 4, "unemployment" -> 4, "two" -> 4, "twenty" -> 4, "treatment" -> 4, "total" -> 4, "today" -> 4, "times" -> 4, "time" -> 4, "These" -> 4, "territories" -> 4, "still" -> 4, "stand" -> 4, "South" -> 4, "seek" -> 4, "same" -> 4, "roads" -> 4, "refugees" -> 4, "reduce" -> 4, "purposes" -> 4, "Puerto" -> 4, "provision" -> 4, "proud" -> 4, "Program" -> 4, "problem" -> 4, "price" -> 4, "present" -> 4, "powers" -> 4, "Peace" -> 4, "over" -> 4, "necessary" -> 4, "natural" -> 4, "modern" -> 4, "million" -> 4, "military" -> 4, "measures" -> 4, "materials" -> 4, "make" -> 4, "maintenance" -> 4, "less" -> 4, "legislative" -> 4, "last" -> 4, "lands" -> 4, "Korea" -> 4, "keep" -> 4, "interests" -> 4, "Insurance" -> 4, "insurance" -> 4, "increase" -> 4, "incentives" -> 4, "important" -> 4, "immediate" -> 4, "Housing" -> 4, "history" -> 4, "helped" -> 4, "Health" -> 4, "greatest" -> 4, "governments" -> 4, "Good" -> 4, "future" -> 4, "Free" -> 4, "fiscal" -> 4, "financial" -> 4, "families" -> 4, "faith" -> 4, "Every" -> 4, "especially" -> 4, "end" -> 4, "emergency" -> 4, "elimination" -> 4, "East" -> 4, "during" -> 4, "done" -> 4, "domestic" -> 4, "disease" -> 4, "develop" -> 4, "deplore" -> 4, "demonstrated" -> 4, "decent" -> 4, "crops" -> 4, "consumers" -> 4, "consumer" -> 4, "construction" -> 4, "Conservation" -> 4, "Congressional" -> 4, "competitive" -> 4, "Commission" -> 4, "civilian" -> 4, "Civil" -> 4, "civil" -> 4, "carry" -> 4, "care" -> 4, "believe" -> 4, "bargaining" -> 4, "Asia" -> 4, "armed" -> 4, "America's" -> 4, "aggression" -> 4, "achieved" -> 4, "achieve" -> 4, "A" -> 4, "Workers" -> 3, "whole" -> 3, "welcome" -> 3, "weapons" -> 3, "way" -> 3, "war" -> 3, "wages" -> 3, "wage" -> 3, "veterans" -> 3, "unless" -> 3, "units" -> 3, "transportation" -> 3, "Trade" -> 3, "throughout" -> 3, "Through" -> 3, "taxes" -> 3, "taxation" -> 3, "Support" -> 3, "supply" -> 3, "sufficient" -> 3, "successful" -> 3, "strongly" -> 3, "stronger" -> 3, "strive" -> 3, "strengthening" -> 3, "strengthened" -> 3, "strengthen" -> 3, "standard" -> 3, "spirit" -> 3, "sources" -> 3, "Social" -> 3, "since" -> 3, "served" -> 3, "seeking" -> 3, "Rural" -> 3, "rule" -> 3, "road" -> 3, "rising" -> 3, "Rights" -> 3, "return" -> 3, "Research" -> 3, "rescued" -> 3, "requirements" -> 3, "repeal" -> 3, "remain" -> 3, "reasonable" -> 3, "real" -> 3, "raw" -> 3, "rapidly" -> 3, "proposed" -> 3, "proposals" -> 3, "prompt" -> 3, "profits" -> 3, "prices" -> 3, "pressure" -> 3, "Presidents" -> 3, "Point" -> 3, "platform" -> 3, "place" -> 3, "permit" -> 3, "peoples" -> 3, "pay" -> 3, "parts" -> 3, "participation" -> 3, "pacts" -> 3, "overcome" -> 3, "oppose" -> 3, "older" -> 3, "office" -> 3, "non-partisan" -> 3, "New" -> 3, "never" -> 3, "neighbor" -> 3, "Needs" -> 3, "National" -> 3, "mutual" -> 3, "migratory" -> 3, "Middle" -> 3, "medical" -> 3, "maximum" -> 3, "maintain" -> 3, "level" -> 3, "Justice" -> 3, "justice" -> 3, "IV" -> 3, "international" -> 3, "integrity" -> 3, "integrated" -> 3, "instrument" -> 3, "institutions" -> 3, "inspection" -> 3, "Indians" -> 3, "Indian" -> 3, "increasing" -> 3, "improvement" -> 3, "if" -> 3, "human" -> 3, "honor" -> 3, "home" -> 3, "highly" -> 3, "higher" -> 3, "her" -> 3, "had" -> 3, "greatly" -> 3, "goals" -> 3, "given" -> 3, "flood" -> 3, "fishery" -> 3, "find" -> 3, "field" -> 3, "farmer" -> 3, "Fair" -> 3, "exposed" -> 3, "experience" -> 3, "expenditures" -> 3, "expanding" -> 3, "ever" -> 3, "European" -> 3, "Europe" -> 3, "establish" -> 3, "era" -> 3, "equitable" -> 3, "Equal" -> 3, "enterprise" -> 3, "enjoy" -> 3, "enforcement" -> 3, "energy" -> 3, "encouraged" -> 3, "enable" -> 3, "Employment" -> 3, "Education" -> 3, "dollars" -> 3, "distribution" -> 3, "dignity" -> 3, "designed" -> 3, "depends" -> 3, "Democracy" -> 3, "demand" -> 3, "Deal" -> 3, "day" -> 3, "created" -> 3, "cooperative" -> 3, "contributed" -> 3, "contracts" -> 3, "constitutional" -> 3, "Constitution" -> 3, "consistent" -> 3, "community" -> 3, "Communist" -> 3, "commodities" -> 3, "commend" -> 3, "charter" -> 3, "challenge" -> 3, "but" -> 3, "Business" -> 3, "build" -> 3, "bringing" -> 3, "best" -> 3, "belief" -> 3, "available" -> 3, "assuring" -> 3, "assure" -> 3, "area" -> 3, "arbitrary" -> 3, "Americans" -> 3, "always" -> 3, "almost" -> 3, "air" -> 3, "advocated" -> 3, "advance" -> 3, "administration" -> 3, "additional" -> 3, "about" -> 3, "3" -> 3, "1952" -> 3, "1951" -> 3, "1932" -> 3, "year" -> 2, "workable" -> 2, "With" -> 2, "whose" -> 2, "Western" -> 2, "were" -> 2, "Welfare" -> 2, "War" -> 2, "volume" -> 2, "vigorously" -> 2, "Veterans" -> 2, "veteran" -> 2, "utilization" -> 2, "uses" -> 2, "unity" -> 2, "unions" -> 2, "Unemployment" -> 2, "underdeveloped" -> 2, "tyranny" -> 2, "Truman's" -> 2, "truly" -> 2, "tribal" -> 2, "transmission" -> 2, "tradition" -> 2, "They" -> 2, "therefore" -> 2, "Tax" -> 2, "task" -> 2, "take" -> 2, "systems" -> 2, "Survivors" -> 2, "survival" -> 2, "supports" -> 2, "supplies" -> 2, "succeed" -> 2, "stability" -> 2, "sponsored" -> 2, "Special" -> 2, "some" -> 2, "solve" -> 2, "solution" -> 2, "society" -> 2, "skills" -> 2, "single" -> 2, "Since" -> 2, "shortage" -> 2, "settlement" -> 2, "serve" -> 2, "securing" -> 2, "secret" -> 2, "sea" -> 2, "scarce" -> 2, "sanctity" -> 2, "safety" -> 2, "S." -> 2, "ruinous" -> 2, "Roosevelt" -> 2, "rightful" -> 2, "Rico" -> 2, "Rican" -> 2, "retirement" -> 2, "restrictions" -> 2, "restraints" -> 2, "restoration" -> 2, "responsible" -> 2, "responsibility" -> 2, "responsibilities" -> 2, "Resources" -> 2, "reserves" -> 2, "required" -> 2, "require" -> 2, "Republicans" -> 2, "report" -> 2, "reorganization" -> 2, "render" -> 2, "relations" -> 2, "reject" -> 2, "reintegration" -> 2, "recommend" -> 2, "recognize" -> 2, "realized" -> 2, "reached" -> 2, "rates" -> 2, "range" -> 2, "raise" -> 2, "purpose" -> 2, "purchasing" -> 2, "Public" -> 2, "provisions" -> 2, "provides" -> 2, "proved" -> 2, "prospered" -> 2, "propose" -> 2, "proportion" -> 2, "property" -> 2, "proper" -> 2, "promoted" -> 2, "promises" -> 2, "progressive" -> 2, "Progress" -> 2, "productivity" -> 2, "Production" -> 2, "produce" -> 2, "privileges" -> 2, "pride" -> 2, "prevention" -> 2, "prevented" -> 2, "pressing" -> 2, "Presidential" -> 2, "preservation" -> 2, "predatory" -> 2, "preceding" -> 2, "Postal" -> 2, "positions" -> 2, "pledges" -> 2, "play" -> 2, "plans" -> 2, "Plan" -> 2, "placed" -> 2, "permitted" -> 2, "permanent" -> 2, "per" -> 2, "parents" -> 2, "overpopulation" -> 2, "Other" -> 2, "origin" -> 2, "opportunities" -> 2, "operations" -> 2, "operation" -> 2, "only" -> 2, "once" -> 2, "Old" -> 2, "old" -> 2, "North" -> 2, "no" -> 2, "Never" -> 2, "need" -> 2, "necessity" -> 2, "nation-wide" -> 2, "much" -> 2, "moved" -> 2, "move" -> 2, "monopoly" -> 2, "minimum" -> 2, "mineral" -> 2, "millions" -> 2, "Migratory" -> 2, "Midwest" -> 2, "methods" -> 2, "Merchant" -> 2, "menace" -> 2, "meeting" -> 2, "Medical" -> 2, "measure" -> 2, "maternity" -> 2, "marketing" -> 2, "Marine" -> 2, "mankind" -> 2, "man" -> 2, "making" -> 2, "maintained" -> 2, "machinery" -> 2, "low-income" -> 2, "lowest" -> 2, "low-cost" -> 2, "loopholes" -> 2, "look" -> 2, "localities" -> 2, "live" -> 2, "light" -> 2, "liberty" -> 2, "liberties" -> 2, "left" -> 2, "lead" -> 2, "Laws" -> 2, "lasting" -> 2, "large" -> 2, "Kremlin's" -> 2, "know" -> 2, "keystone" -> 2, "keeping" -> 2, "join" -> 2, "Japan" -> 2, "Israel" -> 2, "irrigation" -> 2, "involving" -> 2, "interest" -> 2, "insure" -> 2, "industries" -> 2, "indispensable" -> 2, "Independent" -> 2, "inaugurated" -> 2, "inadequate" -> 2, "Improving" -> 2, "immigration" -> 2, "illness" -> 2, "ideals" -> 2, "humanitarian" -> 2, "House" -> 2, "hours" -> 2, "honorable" -> 2, "Honor" -> 2, "his" -> 2, "heavy" -> 2, "Hawaii" -> 2, "handicapped" -> 2, "guidance" -> 2, "growing" -> 2, "goods" -> 2, "God" -> 2, "Goal" -> 2, "go" -> 2, "give" -> 2, "Germany" -> 2, "German" -> 2, "geographical" -> 2, "general" -> 2, "fundamental" -> 2, "fuels" -> 2, "founded" -> 2, "fostering" -> 2, "foreign" -> 2, "forced" -> 2, "followed" -> 2, "fish" -> 2, "finance" -> 2, "fight" -> 2, "fide" -> 2, "farms" -> 2, "farming" -> 2, "family" -> 2, "fact" -> 2, "face" -> 2, "extension" -> 2, "extending" -> 2, "exploration" -> 2, "exert" -> 2, "excess" -> 2, "even" -> 2, "establishing" -> 2, "equity" -> 2, "equality" -> 2, "entrusted" -> 2, "entire" -> 2, "enterprises" -> 2, "enjoyed" -> 2, "enhance" -> 2, "engaged" -> 2, "endorse" -> 2, "enactment" -> 2, "enabled" -> 2, "eliminate" -> 2, "elements" -> 2, "Electrification" -> 2, "electricity" -> 2, "electric" -> 2, "efficient" -> 2, "efficiency" -> 2, "Economic" -> 2, "earners" -> 2, "earn" -> 2, "each" -> 2, "Domestic" -> 2, "do" -> 2, "District" -> 2, "dishonesty" -> 2, "diseases" -> 2, "discriminations" -> 2, "disabled" -> 2, "devoted" -> 2, "Development" -> 2, "desirable" -> 2, "Department" -> 2, "demands" -> 2, "Delano" -> 2, "defend" -> 2, "dedicated" -> 2, "declaring" -> 2, "deceive" -> 2, "debt" -> 2, "Day" -> 2, "Crop" -> 2, "critical" -> 2, "crime" -> 2, "create" -> 2, "countries" -> 2, "Cooperatives" -> 2, "cooperatives" -> 2, "convinced" -> 2, "contribution" -> 2, "contribute" -> 2, "constantly" -> 2, "consequences" -> 2, "complex" -> 2, "complete" -> 2, "companies" -> 2, "Community" -> 2, "communism" -> 2, "Commonwealth" -> 2, "common" -> 2, "committees" -> 2, "Committee" -> 2, "committed" -> 2, "Columbia" -> 2, "Collective" -> 2, "close" -> 2, "Child" -> 2, "child" -> 2, "character" -> 2, "cent" -> 2, "causes" -> 2, "cause" -> 2, "carrying" -> 2, "Care" -> 2, "capital" -> 2, "campaign" -> 2, "But" -> 2, "budget" -> 2, "brought" -> 2, "brotherhood" -> 2, "bring" -> 2, "bona" -> 2, "benefit" -> 2, "bastions" -> 2, "barriers" -> 2, "away" -> 2, "attainment" -> 2, "attacks" -> 2, "Atlantic" -> 2, "At" -> 2, "associations" -> 2, "aspirations" -> 2, "arrangements" -> 2, "armaments" -> 2, "Arab" -> 2, "appropriations" -> 2, "Americas" -> 2, "amendments" -> 2, "along" -> 2, "alone" -> 2, "Almighty" -> 2, "allies" -> 2, "Alaska" -> 2, "ahead" -> 2, "Agricultural" -> 2, "aggressor" -> 2, "aged" -> 2, "Age" -> 2, "again" -> 2, "after" -> 2, "afford" -> 2, "advancement" -> 2, "adoption" -> 2, "administered" -> 2, "adhere" -> 2, "Additional" -> 2, "add" -> 2, "actions" -> 2, "accomplished" -> 2, "abundant" -> 2, "abroad" -> 2, "2" -> 2, "1949" -> 2, "1" -> 2, "$4" -> 1, "$17" -> 1, "Zealand" -> 1, "youth" -> 1, "young" -> 1, "yields" -> 1, "yield" -> 1, "Yet" -> 1, "yet" -> 1, "Years" -> 1, "Yalta" -> 1, "worthy" -> 1, "world-wide" -> 1, "works" -> 1, "workers—the" -> 1, "worker" -> 1, "worked" -> 1, "Work" -> 1, "Woodrow" -> 1, "wives" -> 1, "Without" -> 1, "wish" -> 1, "wisely" -> 1, "wise" -> 1, "wisdom" -> 1, "Wilsonian" -> 1, "Wilson" -> 1, "Wildlife" -> 1, "wilderness" -> 1, "wider" -> 1, "wide" -> 1, "whom" -> 1, "wholehearted" -> 1, "white" -> 1, "wherever" -> 1, "where" -> 1, "well-being" -> 1, "weapon" -> 1, "weakening" -> 1, "weaken" -> 1, "way—all" -> 1, "waver" -> 1, "waterways" -> 1, "watershed" -> 1, "watered" -> 1, "Water" -> 1, "was" -> 1, "want" -> 1, "waging" -> 1, "voted" -> 1, "Voice" -> 1, "voice" -> 1, "vocational" -> 1, "V-J" -> 1, "vision" -> 1, "virtue" -> 1, "Virgin" -> 1, "violation" -> 1, "vigilant" -> 1, "view" -> 1, "Victory" -> 1, "Victims" -> 1, "victims" -> 1, "vested" -> 1, "vastly" -> 1, "varieties" -> 1, "valor" -> 1, "Valley" -> 1, "utilizing" -> 1, "useless" -> 1, "used" -> 1, "urgent" -> 1, "urban" -> 1, "upstream" -> 1, "Upon" -> 1, "Upholding" -> 1, "up" -> 1, "unworkable" -> 1, "untreated" -> 1, "until" -> 1, "unsound" -> 1, "unremitting" -> 1, "unprecedented" -> 1, "unparalleled" -> 1, "unnecessary" -> 1, "unlock" -> 1, "unjust" -> 1, "universal" -> 1, "Unity" -> 1, "Union's" -> 1, "unionists" -> 1, "union" -> 1, "unified" -> 1, "unfounded" -> 1, "unequivocally" -> 1, "undeserved" -> 1, "undermine" -> 1, "unceasingly" -> 1, "unborn" -> 1, "ultimate" -> 1, "Twenty" -> 1, "twelve" -> 1, "try" -> 1, "truth" -> 1, "trusts" -> 1, "trustee" -> 1, "trust" -> 1, "Truman—devised" -> 1, "tripartite" -> 1, "Treaty" -> 1, "treaties" -> 1, "Transportation" -> 1, "translate" -> 1, "transition" -> 1, "transgressions" -> 1, "training" -> 1, "trained" -> 1, "tragic" -> 1, "traditions" -> 1, "traditional" -> 1, "top" -> 1, "tools" -> 1, "together" -> 1, "Today" -> 1, "tipping" -> 1, "Thus" -> 1, "thus" -> 1, "three-fourths" -> 1, "three" -> 1, "threatens" -> 1, "threat" -> 1, "though" -> 1, "There" -> 1, "there" -> 1, "Themselves" -> 1, "themselves" -> 1, "That" -> 1, "Testing" -> 1, "testify" -> 1, "territory" -> 1, "Territories" -> 1, "terms" -> 1, "tenure" -> 1, "Tennessee" -> 1, "tenants" -> 1, "Telephone" -> 1, "Tehran" -> 1, "techniques" -> 1, "technical" -> 1, "teachers" -> 1, "Taxes" -> 1, "tariff" -> 1, "taking" -> 1, "synthetic" -> 1, "sympathize" -> 1, "symbolizes" -> 1, "sweatshop" -> 1, "Sustained" -> 1, "sustained" -> 1, "survivors" -> 1, "survive" -> 1, "surveillance" -> 1, "surplus" -> 1, "Supports" -> 1, "Supporting" -> 1, "supported" -> 1, "superiority" -> 1, "suitable" -> 1, "suffering" -> 1, "suffer" -> 1, "succession" -> 1, "successfully" -> 1, "Subversive" -> 1, "subversive" -> 1, "subversion" -> 1, "substantially" -> 1, "substantial" -> 1, "subscribe" -> 1, "submission" -> 1, "subjugated" -> 1, "subject" -> 1, "subcontinent" -> 1, "study" -> 1, "structure" -> 1, "strongest" -> 1, "Strong" -> 1, "strikebreakers" -> 1, "Strength" -> 1, "streams" -> 1, "Streamlining" -> 1, "stream" -> 1, "strategic" -> 1, "storm" -> 1, "storage" -> 1, "storables" -> 1, "stop" -> 1, "stood" -> 1, "Stockpiling" -> 1, "stock" -> 1, "stewardship" -> 1, "steps" -> 1, "step" -> 1, "steadily" -> 1, "staunchly" -> 1, "statutes" -> 1, "statute" -> 1, "statistics" -> 1, "statehood" -> 1, "state" -> 1, "starvation" -> 1, "stands" -> 1, "Standards" -> 1, "stalk" -> 1, "staggering" -> 1, "Staff" -> 1, "stable" -> 1, "Stabilized" -> 1, "splendid" -> 1, "speed" -> 1, "spared" -> 1, "sovereign" -> 1, "source" -> 1, "solutions" -> 1, "Solution" -> 1, "solidarity" -> 1, "solemnly" -> 1, "solemn" -> 1, "Soil" -> 1, "societies" -> 1, "smear" -> 1, "slum" -> 1, "sliding" -> 1, "slavery" -> 1, "Slander" -> 1, "skilled" -> 1, "six" -> 1, "situations" -> 1, "simple" -> 1, "significant" -> 1, "shocking" -> 1, "shelter" -> 1, "she" -> 1, "shared" -> 1, "share" -> 1, "sex" -> 1, "several" -> 1, "sevenfold" -> 1, "settle" -> 1, "setting" -> 1, "Services" -> 1, "servants" -> 1, "seriously" -> 1, "serious" -> 1, "Senate" -> 1, "semi-arid" -> 1, "selling" -> 1, "self-sustaining" -> 1, "self-liquidating" -> 1, "self-government" -> 1, "self-governing" -> 1, "Self-Determination" -> 1, "self-determination" -> 1, "Self" -> 1, "Selective" -> 1, "segments" -> 1, "segment" -> 1, "seen" -> 1, "see" -> 1, "sections" -> 1, "section" -> 1, "second-class" -> 1, "second" -> 1, "screened" -> 1, "Schuman" -> 1, "School" -> 1, "scholarships" -> 1, "scales" -> 1, "scale" -> 1, "say" -> 1, "saved" -> 1, "satellites" -> 1, "satellite" -> 1, "sanctuary" -> 1, "sales" -> 1, "salaries" -> 1, "safest" -> 1, "safeguards" -> 1, "safeguarding" -> 1, "safeguarded" -> 1, "safeguard" -> 1, "Rumania" -> 1, "rounded" -> 1, "Roots" -> 1, "Roosevelt—devised" -> 1, "role" -> 1, "rock" -> 1, "Rivers" -> 1, "River" -> 1, "risk" -> 1, "ripened" -> 1, "Rio" -> 1, "ridiculous" -> 1, "richest" -> 1, "rewarding" -> 1, "revolutionized" -> 1, "revived" -> 1, "revision" -> 1, "review" -> 1, "revelations" -> 1, "retreat" -> 1, "retention" -> 1, "retard" -> 1, "retain" -> 1, "results" -> 1, "resulting" -> 1, "restrictive" -> 1, "restriction" -> 1, "restored" -> 1, "responsive" -> 1, "respectful" -> 1, "Resource" -> 1, "resource" -> 1, "resorted" -> 1, "resolutely" -> 1, "resolute" -> 1, "resistance" -> 1, "resist" -> 1, "residence" -> 1, "reservoir" -> 1, "reputations" -> 1, "Republic" -> 1, "representation" -> 1, "repel" -> 1, "repair" -> 1, "reorganized" -> 1, "Rents" -> 1, "Rent" -> 1, "rent" -> 1, "renew" -> 1, "remove" -> 1, "removal" -> 1, "Remains" -> 1, "remaining" -> 1, "religious" -> 1, "religion" -> 1, "relief" -> 1, "reliable" -> 1, "relentless" -> 1, "Relations" -> 1, "relating" -> 1, "related" -> 1, "rejections" -> 1, "rejected" -> 1, "regulations" -> 1, "regulation" -> 1, "regions" -> 1, "regional" -> 1, "region" -> 1, "regardless" -> 1, "refugee" -> 1, "reforestation" -> 1, "reflected" -> 1, "referenda" -> 1, "Reductions" -> 1, "reducing" -> 1, "reduced" -> 1, "redress" -> 1, "redouble" -> 1, "redevelopment" -> 1, "Recreations" -> 1, "recreational" -> 1, "recreation" -> 1, "recognizing" -> 1, "recognized" -> 1, "recognition" -> 1, "reckless" -> 1, "reciprocal" -> 1, "recent" -> 1, "receives" -> 1, "receive" -> 1, "reasserts" -> 1, "reassert" -> 1, "reason" -> 1, "rearming" -> 1, "realities" -> 1, 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"Democratic", "Year" -> 1948, "Date" -> DateObject[{1948, 7, 12}], "Text" -> "The Democratic Party adopts this platform in the conviction that the destiny of the United States is to provide leadership in the world toward a realization of the Four Freedoms.\nWe chart our future course as we charted our course under the leadership of Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman in the abiding belief that democracy—when dedicated to the service of all and not to a privileged few—proves its superiority over all other forms of government.\nOur party record of the past is assurance of its policies and performance in the future.\nOurs is the party which was entrusted with responsibility when twelve years of Republican neglect had blighted the hopes of mankind, had squandered the fruits of prosperity and had plunged us into the depths of depression and despair.\nOurs is the party which rebuilt a shattered economy, rescued our banking system, revived our agriculture, reinvigorated our industry, gave labor strength and security, and led the American people to the broadest prosperity in our history.\nOurs is the party which introduced the spirit of humanity into our law, as we outlawed child labor and the sweatshop, insured bank deposits, protected millions of home-owners and farmers from foreclosure, and established national social security.\nOurs is the party under which this nation before Pearl Harbor gave aid and strength to those countries which were holding back the Nazi and Fascist tide.\nOurs is the party which stood at the helm and led the nation to victory in the war.\nOurs is the party which, during the war, prepared for peace so well that when peace came reconversion promptly led to the greatest production and employment in this nation's life.\nOurs is the party under whose leadership farm owners' income in this nation increased from less than $2.5 billions in 1933 to more than $18 billions in 1947; independent business and professional income increased from less than $3 billions in 1933 to more than $22 billions in 1947; employees' earnings increased from $29 billions in 1933 to more than 128 billions in 1947; and employment grew from 39 million jobs in 1933 to a record of 60 million jobs in 1947.\nOurs is the party under which the framework of the world organization for peace and justice was formulated and created.\nOurs is the party under which were conceived the instruments for resisting Communist aggression and for rebuilding the economic strength of the democratic countries of Europe and Asia—the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan. They are the materials with which we must build the peace.\nOurs is the party which first proclaimed that the actions and policies of this nation in the foreign field are matters of national and not just party concern. We shall go forward on the course charted by President Roosevelt and President Truman and the other leaders of Democracy.\nWe reject the principle—which we have always rejected, but which the Republican 80th Congress enthusiastically accepted—that government exists for the benefit of the privileged few.\nTo serve the interests of all and not the few; to assure a world in which peace and justice can prevail; to achieve security, full production, and full employment—this is our platform.\nOur Foreign Policy\n\nWe declared in 1944 that the imperative duty of the United States was to wage the war to final triumph and to join with the other United Nations in the establishment of an international organization for the prevention of aggression and the maintenance of international peace and security.\nUnder Democratic leadership, those pledges were gloriously redeemed.\nWhen the United States was treacherously and savagely attacked, our great Democratic President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and a Democratic Congress preserved the nation's honor, and with high courage and with the invincible might of the American people, the challenge was accepted. Under his inspiring leadership, the nation created the greatest army that ever assembled under the flag, the mightiest air force, the most powerful navy on the globe, and the largest merchant marine in the world.\nThe nation's gallant sons on land, on sea, and in the air, ended the war in complete and overwhelming triumph. Armed aggression against peaceful peoples was resisted and crushed. Arrogant and powerful war lords were vanquished and forced to unconditional surrender.\nBefore the end of the war the Democratic administration turned to the task of establishing measures for peace and the prevention of aggression and the threat of another war. Under the leadership of a Democratic President and his Secretary of State, the United Nations was organized at San Francisco. The charter was ratified by an overwhelming vote of the Senate. We support the United Nations fully and we pledge our whole-hearted aid toward its growth and development. We will constitute to lead the way toward curtailment of the use of the veto. We shall favor such amendments and modifications of the charter as experience may justify. We will continue our efforts toward the establishment of an international armed force to aid its authority. We advocate the grant of a loan to the United Nations recommended by the President, but denied by the Republican Congress, for the construction of the United Nations headquarters in this country.\nWe pledge our best endeavors to conclude treaties of peace with our former enemies. Already treaties have been made with Italy, Hungary, Bulgaria and Rumania. We shall strive to conclude treaties with the remaining enemy states, based on justice and with guarantees against the revival of aggression, and for the preservation of peace.\nWe advocate the maintenance of an adequate Army, Navy and Air Force to protect the nation's vital interests and to assure our security against aggression.\nWe advocate the effective international control of weapons of mass destruction, including the atomic bomb, and we approve continued and vigorous efforts within the United Nations to bring about the successful consummation of the proposals which our Government has advanced.\nThe adoption of these proposals would be a vital and most important step toward safe and effective world disarmament and world peace under a strengthened United Nations which would then truly constitute a more effective parliament of the world's peoples.\nUnder the leadership of a Democratic President, the United States has demonstrated its friendship for other peace-loving nations and its support of their freedom and independence. Under the Truman doctrine vital aid has been extended to China, to Greece, and to Turkey. Under the Marshall Plan generous sums have been provided for the relief and rehabilitation of European nations striving to rebuild their economy and to secure and strengthen their safety and freedom. The Republican leadership in the House of Representatives, by its votes in the 80th Congress, has shown its reluctance to provide funds to support this program, the greatest move for peace and recovery made since the end of World War II.\nWe pledge a sound, humanitarian administration of the Marshall Plan.\nWe pledge support not only for these principles—we pledge further that we will not withhold necessary funds by which these principles can be achieved. Therefore, we pledge that we will implement with appropriations the commitments which are made in this nation's foreign program.\nWe pledge ourselves to restore the Reciprocal Trade Agreements program formulated in 1934 by Secretary of State Cordell Hull and operated successfully for 14 years—until crippled by the Republican 80th Congress. Further, we strongly endorse our country's adherence to the International Trade Organization.\nA great Democratic President established the Good Neighbor Policy toward the nations of the Western Hemisphere. The Act of Chapultepec was negotiated at Mexico City under Democratic leadership. It was carried forward in the Western Hemisphere defense pact concluded at Rio de Janeiro, which implemented the Monroe Doctrine and united the Western Hemisphere in behalf of peace.\nWe pledge continued economic cooperation with the countries of the Western Hemisphere. We pledge continued support of regional arrangements within the United Nations Charter, such as the Inter-American Regional Pact and the developing Western European Union.\nPresident Truman, by granting immediate recognition to Israel, led the world in extending friendship and welcome to a people who have long sought and justly deserve freedom and independence.\nWe pledge full recognition to the State of Israel. We affirm our pride that the United States under the leadership of President Truman played a leading role in the adoption of the resolution of November 29, 1947, by the United Nations General Assembly for the creation of a Jewish State.\nWe approve the claims of the State of Israel to the boundaries set forth in the United Nations resolution of November 29th and consider that modifications thereof should be made only if fully acceptable to the State of Israel.\nWe look forward to the admission of the State of Israel to the United Nations and its full participation in the international community of nations. We pledge appropriate aid to the State of Israel in developing its economy and resources.\nWe favor the revision of the arms embargo to accord to the State of Israel the right of self-defense. We pledge ourselves to work for the modification of any resolution of the United Nations to the extent that it may prevent any such revision.\nWe continue to support, within the framework of the United Nations, the internationalization of Jerusalem and the protection of the Holy Places in Palestine.\nThe United States has traditionally been in sympathy with the efforts of subjugated countries to attain their independence, and to establish a democratic form of government. Poland is an outstanding example. After a century and a half of subjugation, it was resurrected after the first World War by our great Democratic President, Woodrow Wilson. We look forward to development of these countries as prosperous, free, and democratic fellow members of the United Nations.\nOur Domestic Policies\n\nThe Republican 80th Congress is directly responsible for the existing and ever increasing high cost of living. It cannot dodge that responsibility. Unless the Republican candidates are defeated in the approaching elections, their mistaken policies will impose greater hardships and suffering on large numbers of the American people. Adequate food, clothing and shelter—the bare necessities of life—are becoming too expensive for the average wage earner and the prospects are more frightening each day. The Republican 80th Congress has lacked the courage to face this vital problem.\nWe shall curb the Republican inflation. We shall put a halt to the disastrous price rises which have come as a result of the failure of the Republican 80th Congress to take effective action on President Truman's recommendations, setting forth a comprehensive program to control the high cost of living.\nWe shall enact comprehensive housing legislation, including provisions for slum clearance and low-rent housing projects initiated by local agencies. This nation is shamed by the failure of the Republican 80th Congress to pass the vitally needed general housing legislation as recommended by the President. Adequate housing will end the need for rent control. Until then, it must be continued.\nWe pledge the continued maintenance of those sound fiscal policies which under Democratic leadership have brought about a balanced budget and reduction of the public debt by $28 billion since the close of the war.\nWe favor the reduction of taxes, whenever it is possible to do so without unbalancing the nation's economy, by giving a full measure of relief to those millions of low-income families on whom the wartime burden of taxation fell most heavily. The form of tax reduction adopted by the Republican 80th Congress gave relief to those who need it least and ignored those who need it most.\nWe shall endeavor to remove tax inequities and to continue to reduce the public debt.\nWe are opposed to the imposition of a general federal sales tax.\nWe advocate the repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act. It was enacted by the Republican 80th Congress over the President's veto. That act was proposed with the promise that it would secure \"the legitimate rights of both employees and employers in their relations affecting commerce.\" It has failed. The number of labor-management disputes has increased. The number of cases before the National Labor Relations Board has more than doubled since the Act was passed, and efficient and prompt administration is becoming more and more difficult. It has encouraged litigation in labor disputes and undermined the established American policy of collective bargaining. Recent decisions by the courts prove that the Act was so poorly drawn that its application is uncertain, and that it is probably, in some provisions, unconstitutional.\nWe advocate such legislation as is desirable to establish a just body of rules to assure free and effective collective bargaining, to determine, in the public interest, the rights of employees and employers, to reduce to a minimum their conflict of interests, and to enable unions to keep their membership free from communistic influences.\nWe urge that the Department of Labor be rebuilt and strengthened, restoring to it the units, including the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service and the United States Employment Service, which properly belong to it, and which the Republican 80th Congress stripped from it over the veto of President Truman. We urge that the Department's facilities for collecting and disseminating economic information be expanded, and that a Labor Education Extension Service be established in the Department of Labor.\nWe favor the extension of the coverage of the Fair Labor Standards Act as recommended by President Truman, and the adoption of a minimum wage of at least 75 cents an hour in place of the present obsolete and inadequate minimum of 40 cents an hour.\nWe favor legislation assuring that the workers of our nation receive equal pay for equal work, regardless of sex.\nWe favor the extension of the Social Security program established under Democratic leadership, to provide additional protection against the hazards of old age, disability, disease or death. We believe that this program should include:\nIncreases in old-age and survivors' insurance benefits by at least 50 percent, and reduction of the eligibility age for women from 65 to 60 years; extension of old-age and survivors' and unemployment insurance to all workers not now covered; insurance against loss of earnings on account of illness or disability; improved public assistance for the needy.\nWe favor the enactment of a national health program far expanded medical research, medical education, and hospitals and clinics.\nWe will continue our efforts to aid the blind and other handicapped persons to become self-supporting.\nWe will continue our efforts to expand maternal care, improve the health of the nation's children, and reduce juvenile delinquency.\nWe approve the purposes of the Mental Health Act and we favor such appropriations as may be necessary to make it effective.\nWe advocate federal aid for education administered by and under the control of the states. We vigorously support the authorization, which was so shockingly ignored by the Republican 80th Congress, for the appropriation of $300 million as a beginning of Federal aid to the states to assist them in meeting the present educational needs. We insist upon the right of every American child to obtain a good education.\nThe nation can never discharge its debt to its millions of war veterans. We pledge ourselves to the continuance and improvement of our national program of benefits for veterans and their families.\nWe are proud of the sound and comprehensive program conceived, developed and administered under Democratic leadership, including the GI Bill of Rights, which has proved beneficial to many millions.\nThe level of veterans' benefits must be constantly re-examined in the light of the decline in the purchasing power of the dollar brought about by inflation.\nEmployment and economic security must be afforded all veterans. We pledge a program of housing for veterans at prices they can afford to pay.\nThe disabled veteran must be provided with medical care and hospitalization of the highest possible standard.\nWe pledge our efforts to maintain continued farm prosperity, improvement of the standard of living and the working conditions of the farmer, and to preserve the family-size farm.\nSpecifically, we favor a permanent system of flexible price supports for agricultural products, to maintain farm income on a parity with farm operating costs; an intensified soil conservation program; an extended crop insurance program; improvement of methods of distributing agricultural products; development and maintenance of stable export markets; adequate financing for the school lunch program; the use of agricultural surpluses to improve the diet of low-income families in case of need; continued expansion of the rural electrification program; strengthening of all agricultural credit programs; intensified research to improve agricultural practices, and to find new uses for farm products.\nWe strongly urge the continuance of maximum farmer participation in all these programs.\nWe favor the repeal of the discriminatory taxes on the manufacture and sale of oleomargarine.\nWe will encourage farm co-operatives and oppose any revision of federal law designed to curtail their most effective functioning as a means of achieving economy, stability and security for American agriculture.\nWe favor provisions under which our fishery resources and industry will be afforded the benefits that will result from more scientific research and exploration.\nWe recognize the importance of small business in a sound American economy. It must be protected against unfair discrimination and monopoly, and be given equal opportunities with competing enterprises to expand its capital structure.\nWe favor non-discriminatory transportation charges and declare for the early correction of inequalities in such charges.\nWe pledge the continued full and unified regional development of the water, mineral, and other natural resources of the nation, recognizing that the progress already achieved under the initiative of the Democratic Party in the arid and semi-arid states of the West, as well as in the Tennessee Valley, is only an indication of still greater results which can be accomplished. Our natural resources are the heritage of all our people and must not be permitted to become the private preserves of monopoly.\nThe irrigation of arid land, the establishment of new, independent, competitive business and the stimulation of new industrial opportunities for all of our people depends upon the development and transmission of electric energy in accordance with the program and the projects so successfully launched under Democratic auspices during the past sixteen years.\nWe favor acceleration of the Federal Reclamation Program, the maximum beneficial use of water in the several states for irrigation and domestic supply. In this connection, we propose the establishment and maintenance of new family-size farms for veterans and others seeking settlement opportunities, the development of hydroelectric power and its widespread distribution over publicly owned transmission lines to assure benefits to the water users in financing irrigation projects, and to the power users for domestic and industrial purposes, with preference to public agencies and R.E.A. co-operatives.\nThese are the aims of the Democratic Party which in the future, as in the past, will place the interest of the people as individual citizens first.\nWe will continue to improve the navigable waterways and harbors of the nation.\nWe pledge to continue the policy initiated by the Democratic Party of adequate appropriations for flood control for the protection of life and property.\nIn addition to practicing false economy on flood control, the Republican-controlled 80th Congress was so cruel as even to deny emergency federal funds for the relief of individuals and municipalities victimized by recent great floods, tornadoes and other disasters.\nWe shall expand our programs for forestation, for the improvement of grazing lands, public and private, for the stockpiling of strategic minerals and the encouragement of a sound domestic mining industry. We shall carry forward experiments for the broader utilization of mineral resources in the highly beneficial manner already demonstrated in the program for the manufacture of synthetic liquid fuel from our vast deposits of coal and oil shale and from our agricultural resources.\nWe pledge an intensive enforcement of the antitrust laws, with adequate appropriations.\nWe advocate the strengthening of existing antitrust laws by closing the gaps which experience has shown have been used to promote concentration of economic power.\nWe pledge a positive program to promote competitive business and to foster the development of independent trade and commerce.\nWe support the right of free enterprise and the right of all persons to work together in co-operatives and other democratic associations for the purpose of carrying out any proper business operations free from any arbitrary and discriminatory restrictions.\nThe Democratic Party is responsible for the great civil rights gains made in recent years in eliminating unfair and illegal discrimination based on race, creed or color,\nThe Democratic Party commits itself to continuing its efforts to eradicate all racial, religious and economic discrimination.\nWe again state our belief that racial and religious minorities must have the right to live, the right to work, the right to vote, the full and equal protection of the laws, on a basis of equality with all citizens as guaranteed by the Constitution.\nWe highly commend President Harry S. Truman for his courageous stand on the issue of civil rights.\nWe call upon the Congress to support our President in guaranteeing these basic and fundamental American Principles: (1) the right of full and equal political participation; (2) the right to equal opportunity of employment; (3) the right of security of person; (4) and the right of equal treatment in the service and defense of our nation.[1]\nWe pledge ourselves to legislation to admit a minimum of 400,000 displaced persons found eligible for United States citizenship without discrimination as to race or religion. We condemn the undemocratic action of the Republican 80th\nCongress in passing an inadequate and bigoted bill for this purpose, which law imposes no-American restrictions based on race and religion upon such admissions.\nWe urge immediate statehood for Hawaii and Alaska; immediate determination by the people of Puerto Rico as to their form of government and their ultimate status with respect to the United States; and the maximum degree of local self-government for the Virgin Islands, Guam and Samoa.\nWe recommend to Congress the submission of a constitutional amendment on equal rights for women.\nWe favor the extension of the right of suffrage to the people of the District of Columbia.\nWe pledge adherence to the principle of nonpartisan civilian administration of atomic energy, and the development of atomic energy for peaceful purposes through free scientific inquiry for the benefit of all the people.\nWe urge the vigorous promotion of world-wide freedom in the gathering and dissemination of news by press, radio, motion pictures, newsreels and television, with complete confidence that an informed people will determine wisely the course of domestic and foreign policy.\nWe believe the primary step toward the achievement of world-wide freedom is access by all peoples to the facts and the truth. To that end, we will encourage the greatest possible vigor on the part of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights and the United Nations Economic and Social Council to establish the foundations on which freedom can exist in every nation.\nWe deplore the repeated attempts of Republicans in the 80th Congress to impose thought control upon the American people and to encroach on the freedom of speech and press.\nWe pledge the early establishment of a national science foundation under principles which will guarantee the most effective utilization of public and private research facilities.\nWe will continue our efforts to improve and strengthen our federal civil service, and provide adequate compensation.\nWe will continue to maintain an adequate American merchant marine.\nWe condemn Communism and other forms of totalitarianism and their destructive activity overseas and at home. We shall continue to build firm defenses against Communism by strengthening the economic and social structure of our own democracy. We reiterate our pledge to expose and prosecute treasonable activities of anti-democratic and un-American organizations which would sap our strength, paralyze our will to defend ourselves, and destroy our unity, inciting race against race, class against class, and the people against free institutions.\nWe shall continue vigorously to enforce the laws against subversive activities, observing at all times the constitutional guarantees which protect free speech, the free press and honest political activity. We shall strengthen our laws against subversion to the full extent necessary, protecting at all times our traditional individual freedoms.\nWe recognize that the United States has become the principal protector of the free world. The free peoples of the world look to us for support in maintaining their freedoms. If we falter in our leadership, we may endanger the peace of the world—and we shall surely endanger the welfare of our own nation. For these reasons it is imperative that we maintain our military strength until world peace with justice is secure. Under the leadership of President Truman, our military departments have been united and our Government organization for the national defense greatly strengthened. We pledge to maintain adequate military strength, based on these improvements, sufficient to fulfill our responsibilities in occupation zones, defend our national interests, and to bolster those free nations resisting Communist aggression.\nThis is our platform. These are our principles. They form a political and economic policy which has guided our party and our nation.\nThe American people know these principles well. Under them, we have enjoyed greater security, greater prosperity, and more effective world leadership than ever before.\nUnder them and with the guidance of Divine Providence we can proceed to higher levels of prosperity and security; we can advance to a better life at home; we can continue our leadership in the world with ever-growing prospects for lasting peace.", "Words" -> 4246, "WordCounts" -> <|"the" -> 374, "of" -> 241, "and" -> 200, "to" -> 139, "We" -> 91, "in" -> 74, "for" -> 58, "our" -> 53, "a" -> 45, "which" -> 34, "by" -> 32, "that" -> 28, "is" -> 27, "United" -> 26, "with" -> 25, "pledge" -> 25, "we" -> 22, "on" -> 22, "The" -> 20, "as" -> 20, "will" -> 19, "Democratic" -> 19, "Congress" -> 18, "was" -> 17, "under" -> 17, "program" -> 17, "President" -> 17, "leadership" -> 17, "Republican" -> 16, "Nations" -> 16, "its" -> 16, "be" -> 16, "all" -> 16, "peace" -> 15, "their" -> 14, "people" -> 14, "nation" -> 14, "has" -> 14, "favor" -> 14, "an" -> 14, "80th" -> 14, 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"After" -> 1, "after" -> 1, "afford" -> 1, "affirm" -> 1, "affecting" -> 1, "advanced" -> 1, "advance" -> 1, "adopts" -> 1, "adopted" -> 1, "admit" -> 1, "admissions" -> 1, "admission" -> 1, "additional" -> 1, "addition" -> 1, "actions" -> 1, "act" -> 1, "achieving" -> 1, "achievement" -> 1, "achieve" -> 1, "account" -> 1, "accordance" -> 1, "accord" -> 1, "accomplished" -> 1, "access" -> 1, "accepted—that" -> 1, "accepted" -> 1, "acceptable" -> 1, "acceleration" -> 1, "abiding" -> 1, "A" -> 1, "75" -> 1, "65" -> 1, "50" -> 1, "400,000" -> 1, "40" -> 1, "4" -> 1, "39" -> 1, "3" -> 1, "29th" -> 1, "29" -> 1, "2" -> 1, "1944" -> 1, "1934" -> 1, "14" -> 1, "128" -> 1|>|>, <|"SourceURL" -> "http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29598", "Name" -> "Democratic Party Platform of 1944", "Party" -> "Democratic", "Year" -> 1944, "Date" -> DateObject[{1944, 7, 19}], "Text" -> "The Democratic Party stands on its record in peace and in war.\nTo speed victory, establish and maintain peace, guarantee full employment and provide prosperity —this is its platform.\nWe do not here detail scores of planks. We cite action.\nBeginning March, 1933, the Democratic Administration took a series of actions which saved our system of free enterprise.\nIt brought that system out of collapse and thereafter eliminated abuses which had imperiled it.\nIt used the powers of government to provide employment in industry and to save agriculture.\nIt wrote a new Magna Carta for labor.\nIt provided social security, including old age pensions, unemployment insurance, security for crippled and dependent children and the blind. It established employment offices. It provided federal bank deposit insurance, flood prevention, soil conservation, and prevented abuses in the security markets. It saved farms and homes from foreclosure, and secured profitable prices for farm products.\nIt adopted an effective program of reclamation, hydro-electric power, and mineral development.\nIt found the road to prosperity through production and employment.\nWe pledge the continuance and improvement of these programs.\nBefore war came, the Democratic Administration awakened the Nation, in time, to the dangers that threatened its very existence.\nIt succeeded in building, in time, the best-trained and equipped army in the world, the most powerful navy in the world, the greatest air force in the world, and the largest merchant marine in the world.\nIt gained for our country, and it saved for our country, powerful allies.\nWhen war came, it succeeded in working out with those allies an effective grand strategy against the enemy.\nIt set that strategy in motion, and the tide of battle was turned.\nIt held the line against wartime inflation.\nIt ensured a fair share-and-share-alike distribution of food and other essentials.\nIt is leading our country to certain victory.\nThe primary and imperative duty of the United States is to wage the war with every resource available to final triumph over our enemies, and we pledge that we will continue to fight side by side with the United Nations until this supreme objective shall have been attained and thereafter to secure a just and lasting peace.\nThat the world may not again be drenched in blood by international outlaws and criminals, we pledge:\nTo join with the other United Nations in the establishment of an international organization based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all peace-loving states, open to membership by all such states, large and small, for the prevention of aggression and the maintenance of international peace and security.\nTo make all necessary and effective agreements and arrangements through which the nations would maintain adequate forces to meet the needs of preventing war and of making impossible the preparation for war and which would have such forces available for joint action when necessary.\nSuch organization must be endowed with power to employ armed forces when necessary to prevent aggression and preserve peace.\nWe favor the maintenance of an international court of justice of which the United States shall be a member and the employment of diplomacy, conciliation, arbitration and other like methods where appropriate in the settlement of international disputes.\nWorld peace is of transcendent importance. Our gallant sons are dying on land, on sea, and in the air. They do not die as Republicans. They do not die as Democrats. They die as Americans. We pledge that their blood shall not have been shed in vain. America has the opportunity to lead the world in this great service to mankind. The United States must meet the challenge. Under Divine Providence, she must move forward to her high destiny.\nWe pledge our support to the Atlantic Charter and the Four Freedoms and the application of the principles enunciated therein to the United Nations and other peace-loving nations, large and small.\nWe shall uphold the good-neighbor policy, and extend the trade policies initiated by the present administration.\nWe favor the opening of Palestine to unrestricted Jewish immigration and colonization, and such a policy as to result in the establishment there of a free and democratic Jewish commonwealth.\nWe favor legislation assuring equal pay for equal work, regardless of sex.\nWe recommend to Congress the submission of a Constitutional amendment on equal rights for women.\nWe favor Federal aid to education administered by the states without interference by the Federal Government.\nWe favor Federal legislation to assure stability of products, employment, distribution and prices in the bituminous coal industry, to create a proper balance between consumer, producer and mine worker.\nWe endorse the President's statement recognizing the importance of the use of water in arid land states for domestic and irrigation purposes.\nWe favor non-discriminatory transportation charges and declare for the early correction of inequalities in such charges.\nWe favor enactment of legislation granting the fullest measure of self-government for Alaska, Hawaii and Puerto Rico, and eventual statehood for Alaska and Hawaii.\nWe favor the extension of the right of suffrage to the people of the District of Columbia. We offer these postwar programs:\nA continuation of our policy of full benefits for ex-servicemen and women with special consideration for the disabled. We make it our first duty to assure employment and economic security to all who have served in the defense of our country.\nPrice guarantees and crop insurance to farmers with all practical steps:\nTo keep agriculture on a parity with industry and labor.\nTo foster the success of the small independent farmer.\nTo aid the home ownership of family-sized farms.\nTo extend rural electrification and develop broader domestic and foreign markets for agricultural products.\nAdequate compensation for workers during demobilization.\nThe enactment of such additional humanitarian, labor, social and farm legislation as time and experience may require, including the amendment or repeal of any law enacted in recent years which has failed to accomplish its purpose.\nPromotion of the success of small business. Earliest possible release of wartime controls.\nAdaptation of tax laws to an expanding peacetime economy, with simplified structure and war- time taxes reduced or repealed as soon as possible.\nEncouragement of risk capital, new enterprise, development of natural resources in the West and other parts of the country, and the immediate reopening of the gold and silver mines of the West as soon as manpower is available.\nWe reassert our faith in competitive private enterprise, free from control by monopolies, cartels, or any arbitrary private or public authority.\nWe assert that mankind believes in the Four Freedoms.\nWe believe that the country which has the greatest measure of social justice is capable of the greatest achievements.\nWe believe that racial and religious minorities have the right to live, develop and vote equally with all citizens and share the rights that are guaranteed by our Constitution. Congress should exert its full constitutional powers to protect those rights.\nWe believe that without loss of sovereignty, world development and lasting peace are within humanity's grasp. They will come with the greater enjoyment of those freedoms by the peoples of the world, and with the freer flow among them of ideas and goods.\nWe believe in the world right of all men to write, send and publish news at uniform communication rates and without interference by governmental or private monopoly and that right should be protected by treaty.\nTo these beliefs the Democratic Party subscribes.\nThese principles the Democratic Party pledges itself in solemn sincerity to maintain.\nFinally, this Convention sends its affectionate greetings to our beloved and matchless leader and President, Franklin Delano Roosevelt.\nHe stands before the nation and the world, the champion of human liberty and dignity. He has rescued our people from the ravages of economic disaster. His rare foresight and magnificent courage have saved our nation from the assault of international brigands and dictators. Fulfilling the ardent hope of his life, he has already laid the foundation of enduring peace for a troubled world and the well being of our nation. All mankind is his debtor. 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1940", "Party" -> "Democratic", "Year" -> 1940, "Date" -> DateObject[{1940, 7, 15}], "Text" -> "Preamble\nThe world is undergoing violent change. Humanity, uneasy in this machine age, is demanding a sense of security and dignity based on human values.\nNo democratic government which fails to recognize this trend—and take appropriate action—can survive.\nThat is why the Government of this nation has moved to keep ahead of this trend; has moved with speed incomprehensible to those who do not see this trend.\nOutside the Americas, established institutions are being overthrown and democratic philosophies are being repudiated by those whose creed recognizes no power higher than military force, no values other than a false efficiency.\nWhat the founding fathers realized upon this continent was a daring dream, that men could have not only physical security, not only efficiency, but something else in addition that men had never had before—the security of the heart that comes with freedom, the peace of mind that comes from a sense of justice.\nTo this generation of Americans it is given to defend this democratic faith as it is challenged by social maladjustment within and totalitarian greed without. The world revolution against which we prepare our defense is so threatening that not until it has burned itself out in the last corner of the earth will our democracy be able to relax its guard.\nIn this world crisis, the purpose of the Democratic Party is to defend against external attack and justify by internal progress the system of government and way of life from which the Democratic Party takes its name.\nFulfilling American Ideal\n\nToward the modern fulfillment of the American ideal, the Democratic Party, during the last seven years, has labored successfully:\n1. To strengthen democracy by defensive preparedness against aggression, whether by open attack or secret infiltration;\n2. To strengthen democracy by increasing our economic efficiency; and\n3. To strengthen democracy by improving the welfare of the people.\nThese three objectives are one and inseparable. No nation can be strong by armaments alone. It must possess and use all the necessary resources for producing goods plentifully and distributing them effectively. It must add to these factors of material strength the unconquerable spirit and energy of a contented people, convinced that there are no boundaries to human progress and happiness in a land of liberty.\nOur faith that these objectives can be attained is made unshakable by what has already been done by the present Administration—in stopping the waste and exploitation of our human and natural resources, in restoring to the average man and woman a stake in the preservation of our democracy, in enlarging our national armaments, and in achieving national unity.\nWe shall hold fast to these gains. We are proud of our record. Therefore the Party in convention assembled endorses wholeheartedly the brilliant and courageous leadership of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his statesmanship and that of the Congress for the past seven trying years. And to our President and great leader we send our cordial greetings.\nWe Must Strengthen Democracy Against Aggression\n\nThe American people are determined that war, raging in Europe, Asia and Africa, shall not come to America.\nWe will not participate in foreign wars, and we will not send our army, naval or air forces to fight in foreign lands outside of the Americas, except in case of attack. We favor and shall rigorously enforce and defend the Monroe Doctrine.\nThe direction and aim of our foreign policy has been, and will continue to be, the security and defense of our own land and the maintenance of its peace.\nFor years our President has warned the nation that organized assaults against religion, democracy and international good faith threatened our own peace and security. Men blinded by partisanship brushed aside these warnings as war-mongering and officious intermeddling. The fall of twelve nations was necessary to bring their belated approval of legislative and executive action that the President had urged and undertaken with the full support of the people. It is a tribute to the President's foresight and action that our defense forces are today at the peak of their peacetime effectiveness.\nWeakness and unpreparedness invite aggression. We must be so strong that no possible combination of powers would dare to attack us. We propose to provide America with an invincible air force, a navy strong enough to protect all our seacoasts and our national interests, and a fully-equipped and mechanized army. We shall continue to coordinate these implements of defense with the necessary expansion of industrial productive capacity and with the training of appropriate personnel. Outstanding leaders of industry and labor have already been enlisted by the Government to harness our mighty economic forces for national defense.\nExperience of other nations gives warning that total defense is necessary to repel attack, and that partial defense is no defense.\nWe have seen the downfall of nations accomplished through internal dissension provoked from without. We denounce and will do all in our power to destroy the treasonable activities of disguised anti-democratic and un-American agencies which would sap our strength, paralyze our will to defend ourselves, and destroy our unity by inciting race against race, class against class, religion against religion and the people against their free institutions.\nTo make America strong, and to keep America free, every American must give of his talents and treasure in accordance with his ability and his country's needs. We must have democracy of sacrifice as well as democracy of opportunity.\nTo insure that our armaments shall be implements of peace rather than war, we shall continue our traditional policies of the good neighbor; observe and advocate international respect for the fights of others and for treaty obligations; cultivate foreign trade through desirable trade agreements; and foster economic collaboration with the Republics of the Western Hemisphere.\nIn self-defense and in good conscience, the world's greatest democracy cannot afford heartlessly or in a spirit of appeasement to ignore the peace-loving and liberty-loving peoples wantonly attacked by ruthless aggressors. We pledge to extend to these peoples all the material aid at our command, consistent with law and not inconsistent with the interests of our own national self-defense—all to the end that peace and international good faith may yet emerge triumphant.\nWe do not regard the need for preparedness a warrant for infringement upon our civil liberties, but on the contrary we shall continue to protect them, in the keen realization that the vivid contrast between the freedom we enjoy and the dark repression which prevails in the lands where liberty is dead, affords warning and example to our people to confirm their faith in democracy.\nWe Must Strengthen Democracy By Increasing Our Economic Efficiency\n\nThe well being of the land and those who work upon it is basic to the real defense and security of America.\nThe Republican Party gives its promises to the farmer and its allegiance to those who exploit him.\nSince 1932 farm income has been doubled; six million farmers, representing more than 80 per cent of all farm families, have participated in an effective soil conservation program; the farm debt and the interest rate on farm debt have been reduced, and farm foreclosures have been drastically curtailed; rural highways and farm-to-market roads have been vastly improved and extended; the surpluses on the farms have been used to feed the needy; low cost electricity has been brought to five million farm people as a result of the rural electrification program; thousands of impoverished farm families have been rehabilitated; and steps have been taken to stop the alarming growth of farm tenancy, to increase land ownership, and to mitigate the hardships of migratory farm labor.\nThe Land and the Farmer\n\nTo make parity as well as soil conservation payments until such time as the goal of parity income for agriculture is realized.\nTo extend and enlarge the tenant-purchase program until every deserving tenant farmer has a real opportunity to have a firm of his own.\nTo refinance existing farm debts at lower interest rates and on longer and more flexible terms.\nTo continue to provide for adjustment of production through democratic processes to the extent that excess surpluses are capable of control.\nTo continue the program of rehabilitation of farmers who need and merit aid.\nTo preserve and strengthen the ever-normal granary on behalf of the national defense, the consumer at home and abroad, and the American farmer.\nTo continue to make commodity loans to maintain the ever-normal granary and to prevent destructively low prices.\nTo expand the domestic consumption of our surpluses by the food and cotton stamp plan, the free school lunch, low-cost milk and other plans for bringing surplus farm commodities to needy consumers.\nTo continue our substantially increased appropriations for research and extension work through the land-grant colleges, and for research laboratories established to develop new outlets for farm products.\nTo conserve the soil and water resources for the benefit of farmers and the nation. In such conservation programs we shall, so far as practicable, bring about that development in forests and other permanent crops as will not unduly expand livestock and dairy production.\nTo safeguard the farmer's foreign markets and expand his domestic market for all domestic crops. To enlarge the rural electrification [sic].\nTo encourage farmer-owned and controlled co-operatives.\nTo continue the broad program launched by this Administration for the coordinated development of our river basins through reclamation and irrigation, flood control, reforestation and soil conservation, stream purification, recreation, fish and game protection, low-cost power, and rural industry.\nTo encourage marketing agreements in aid of producers of dairy products, vegetables, fruits and specialty crops for the purpose of orderly marketing and the avoidance of unfair and wasteful practices.\nTo extend crop insurance from wheat to other crops as rapidly as experience justifies such extension.\nTo safeguard the family-sized farm in all our programs.\nTo finance these programs adequately in order that they may be effective.\nIn settling new lands reclaimed from desert by projects like Grand Coulee, we shall give priority to homeless families who have lost their farms. As these new lands are brought into use, we shall continue by Federal purchase to retire from the plow submarginal lands so that an increased percentage of our farmers may he able to live and work on good land.\nThese programs will continue to be in the hands of locally-elected farmer committees to the largest extent possible. In this truly democratic way, we will continue to bring economic security to the farmer and his family, while recognizing the dignity and freedom of American farm life.\nIndustry and the Worker\n\nUnder Democratic auspices, more has been done in the last seven years to foster the essential freedom, dignity and opportunity of the American worker than in any other administration in the nation's history. In consequence, labor is today taking its rightful place as a partner of management in the common cause of higher earnings, industrial efficiency, national unity and national defense.\nA far-flung system of employment exchanges has brought together millions of idle workers and available jobs. The workers' right to organize and bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing is being enforced. We have enlarged the Federal machinery for the mediation of labor disputes. We have enacted an effective wage and hour law. Child labor in factories has been outlawed. Prevailing wages to workers employed on Government contracts have been assured.\nWe pledge to continue to enforce fair labor standards; to maintain the principles of the National Labor Relations Act; to expand employment training and opportunity for our youth, older workers, and workers displaced by technological changes; to strengthen the orderly processes of collective bargaining and peaceful settlement of labor disputes; and to work always for a just distribution of our national income among those who labor.\nWe will continue our efforts to achieve equality of opportunity for men and women without impairing the social legislation which promotes true equality by safeguarding the health, safety and economic welfare of women workers. The right to work for compensation in both public and private employment is an inalienable privilege of women as well as men, without distinction as to marital status.\nThe production of coal is one of our most important basic industries. Stability of production, employment, distribution and price are indispensable to the public welfare. We pledge continuation of the Federal Bituminous Coal Stabilization Act, and sympathetic consideration of the application of similar legislation to the anthracite coal industry, in order to provide additional protection for the owners, miners and consumers of hard coal.\nWe shall continue to emphasize the human element in industry and strive toward increasingly wholehearted cooperation between labor and industrial management.\nCapital and the Business Man\n\nTo make democracy strong, our system of business enterprise and individual initiative must be free to gear its tremendous productive capacity to serve the greatest good of the greatest number.\nWe have defended and will continue to defend all legitimate business.\nWe have attacked and will continue to attack unbridled concentration of economic power and the exploitation of the consumer and the investor.\nWe have attacked the kind of banking which treated America as a colonial empire to exploit; the kind of securities business which regarded the Stock Exchange as a private gambling club for wagering other people's money; the kind of public utility holding companies which used consumers' and investors' money to suborn a free press, bludgeon legislatures and political conventions, and control elections against the interest of their customers and their security holders.\nWe have attacked the kind of business which levied tribute on all the rest of American business by the extortionate methods of monopoly.\nWe did not stop with attack—we followed through with the remedy. The American people found in themselves, through the democratic process, ability to meet the economic problems of the average American business where concentrated power had failed.\nWe found a broken and prostrate banking and financial system. We restored it to health by strengthening banks, insurance companies and other financial institutions. We have insured 62 million bank accounts, and protected millions of small investors in the security and commodity markets. We have thus revived confidence, safeguarded thrift, and opened the road to all honorable business.\nWe have made credit at low interest rates available to small-business men, thus unfastening the oppressive yoke of a money monopoly, and giving the ordinary citizen a chance to go into business and stay in business.\nWe recognize the importance of small business concerns and new enterprises in our national economy, and favor the enactment of constructive legislation to safeguard the welfare of small business. Independent small-scale enterprise, no less than big business, should be adequately represented on appropriate governmental boards and commissions, and its interests should be examined and fostered by a continuous research program.\nWe have provided an important outlet for private capital by stimulating home building and low-rent housing projects. More new homes were built throughout the nation last year than in any year since 1929.\nWe have fostered a well-balanced American merchant marine and the world's finest system of civil aeronautics, to promote our commerce and our national defense.\nWe have steered a steady course between a bankruptcy-producing deflation and a thrift-destroying inflation, so that today the dollar is the most stable and sought-after currency in the world—a factor of immeasurable benefit in our foreign and domestic commerce.\nWe shall continue to oppose barriers which impede trade among the several states. We pledge our best efforts in strengthening our home markets, and to this end we favor the adjustment of freight rates so that no section or state will have undue advantage over any other.\nTo encourage investment in productive enterprise, the tax-exempt privileges of future Federal, state and local bonds should be removed.\nWe have enforced the anti-trust laws more vigorously than at any time in our history, thus affording the maximum protection to the competitive system.\nWe favor strict supervision of all forms of the insurance business by the several states for the protection of policyholders and the public.\nThe full force of our policies, by raising the national income by thirty billion dollars from the low of 1932, by encouraging vast reemployment, and by elevating the level of consumer demand, has quickened the flow of buying and selling through every artery of industry and trade.\nWith mass purchasing power restored and many abuses eliminated, American business stands at the threshold of a great new era, richer in promise than any we have witnessed—an era of pioneering and progress beyond the present frontiers of economic activity—in transportation, in housing, in industrial expansion, and in the new utilization of the products of the farm and the factory.\nWe shall aid business in redeeming America's promise.\nElectric Power\n\nDuring the past seven years the Democratic Party has won the first major victories for the people of the nation in their generation-old contest with the power monopoly.\nThese victories have resulted in the recognition of certain self evident principles and the realization of vast benefits by the people. These principles, long opposed by the Republican Party, are:\nThat the power of falling water is a gift from God, and consequently belongs not to a privileged few, but to all the people, who are entitled to enjoy its benefits;\nThat the people have the right through their government to develop their own power sites and bring low-cost electricity to their homes, farms and factories;\nThat public utility holding companies must not be permitted to serve as the means by which a few men can pyramid stocks upon stocks for the sole purpose of controlling vast power empires.\nWe condemn the Republican policies which permitted the victimizing of investors in the securities of private power corporations, and the exploitation of the people by unnecessarily high utility costs.\nWe condemn the opposition of utility power interests which delayed for years the development of national defense projects in the Tennessee Valley, and which obstructed river basin improvements and other public projects bringing low-cost electric power to the people. The successful power developments in the Tennessee and Columbia River basins show the wisdom of the Democratic Party in establishing government-owned and operated hydro-electric plants in the interests of power and light consumers.\nThrough these Democratic victories, whole regions have been revived and restored to prosperous habitation. Production costs have been reduced. Industries have been established which employ men and capital. Cheaper electricity has brought vast economic benefits to thousands of homes and communities.\nThese victories of the people must be safeguarded. They will be turned to defeat if the Republican Party should be returned to power. We pledge our Party militantly to oppose every effort to encroach upon the inherent right of our people to be provided with this primary essential of life at the lowest possible cost.\nThe nomination of a utility executive by the Republican Party as its presidential candidate raises squarely the issue, whether the nation's water power shall be used for all the people or for the selfish interests of a few. We accept that issue.\nDevelopments of Western Resources\n\nWe take satisfaction in pointing out the incomparable development of the public land states under the wise and constructive legislation of this Administration. Mining has been revived, agriculture fostered, reclamation extended and natural resources developed as never before in a similar period. We pledge the continuance of such policies, based primarily on the expansion of opportunity for the people, as will encourage the full development, free from financial exploitation, of the great resources—mineral, agricultural, livestock, fishing and lumber—which the West affords.\nRadio\n\nRadio has become an integral part of the democratically accepted doctrine of freedom of speech, press, assembly and religion. We urge such legislative steps as may be required to afford the same protection from censorship that is now afforded the press under the Constitution of the United States.\nWe Must Strengthen Democracy By Improving the Welfare of the People\n\nWe place human resources first among the assets of a democratic society.\nUnemployment\n\nThe Democratic Party wages war on unemployment, one of the gravest problems of our times, inherited at its worst from the last Republican administration. Since we assumed office, nine million additional persons have gained regular employment in normal private enterprise. All our policies—financial, industrial and agricultural—will continue to accelerate the rate of this progress.\nBy public action, where necessary to supplement private reemployment, we have rescued millions from idleness that breeds weakness, and given them a real stake in their country's well being. We shall continue to recognize the obligation of Government to provide work for deserving workers who cannot be absorbed by private industry.\nWe are opposed to vesting in the states and local authorities the control of Federally-financed work relief. We believe that this Republican proposal is a thinly disguised plan to put the unemployed back on the dole.\nWe will continue energetically to direct our efforts toward the employment in private industry of all those willing to work, as well as the fullest employment of money and machines. This we pledge as our primary objective. To further implement this objective, we favor calling, under the direction of the President, a national unemployment conference of leaders of government, industry, labor and farm groups.\nThere is work in our factories, mines, fields, forests and river basins, on our coasts, highways, railroads and inland waterways. There are houses to be built to shelter our people. Building a better America means work and a higher standard of living for every family, and a richer and more secure heritage for every American.\nSocial Security\n\nThe Democratic Party, which established social security for the nation, is dedicated to its extension. We pledge to make the Social Security Act increasingly effective, by covering millions of persons not now protected under its terms; by strengthening our unemployment insurance system and establishing more adequate and uniform benefits, through the Federal equalization fund principle; by progressively extending and increasing the benefits of the old-age and survivors insurance system, including protection of the permanently disabled; and by the early realization of a minimum pension for all who have reached the age of retirement and are not gainfully employed.\nHealth\n\nGood health for all the people is a prime requisite of national preparedness in its broadest sense. We have advanced public health, industrial hygiene, and maternal and child care. We are coordinating the health functions of the Federal Government. We pledge to expand these efforts, and to provide more hospitals and health centers and better health protection wherever the need exists, in rural and urban areas, all through the co-operative efforts of the Federal, state and local governments, the medical, dental, nursing and other scientific professions, and the voluntary agencies.\nYouth and Education\n\nToday, when the youth of other lands is being sacrificed in war, this nation recognizes the full value of the sound youth program established by the Administration. The National Youth Administration and Civilian Conservation Corps have enabled our youth to complete their education, have maintained their health, trained them for useful citizenship, and aided them to secure employment.\nOur public works have modernized and greatly expanded the nation's schools. We have increased Federal aid for vocational education and rehabilitation, and undertaken a comprehensive program of defense-industry training. We shall continue to bring to millions of children, youths and adults, the educational and economic opportunities otherwise beyond their reach.\nSlum-Clearance and Low-Rent Housing\n\nWe have launched a soundly conceived plan of loans and contributions to rid America of overcrowded slum dwellings that breed disease and crime, and to replace them by low-cost housing projects within the means of low-income families. We will extend and accelerate this plan not only in the congested city districts, but also in the small towns and farm areas, and we will make it a powerful arm of national defense by supplying housing for the families of enlisted personnel and for workers in areas where industry is expanding to meet defense needs.\nConsumers\n\nWe are taking effective steps to insure that, in this period of stress, the cost of living shall not be increased by speculation and unjustified price rises.\nNegroes\n\nOur Negro citizens have participated actively in the economic and social advances launched by this Administration, including fair labor standards, social security benefits, health protection, work relief projects, decent housing, aid to education, and the rehabilitation of low-income farm families. We have aided more than half a million Negro youths in vocational training, education and employment. We shall continue to strive for complete legislative safeguards against discrimination in government service and benefits, and in the national defense forces. We pledge to uphold due process and the equal protection of the laws for every citizen, regardless of race, creed or color.\nVeterans\n\nWe pledge to continue our policy of fair treatment of America's war veterans and their dependents, in just tribute to their sacrifices and their devotion to the cause of liberty.\nIndians\n\nWe favor and pledge the enactment of legislation creating an Indian Claims Commission for the special purpose of entertaining and investigating claims presented by Indian groups, bands and tribes, in order that our Indian citizens may have their claims against the Government considered, adjusted, and finally settled at the earliest possible date.\nCivil Service\n\nWe pledge the immediate extension of a genuine system of merit to all positions in the executive branch of the Federal Government except actual bona fide policy-making positions. The competitive method of selecting employes shall be improved until experience and qualification shall be the sole test in determining fitness for employment in the Federal service. Promotion and tenure in Federal service shall likewise depend upon fitness, experience and qualification. Arbitrary and unreasonable rules as to academic training shall be abolished, all to the end that a genuine system of efficiency and merit shall prevail throughout the entire Federal service.\nTerritories and District of Columbia\n\nWe favor a larger measure of self-government leading to statehood, for Alaska, Hawaii and Puerto Rico. We favor the appointment of residents to office, and equal treatment of the citizens of each of these three territories. We favor the prompt determination and payment of any just claims by Indian and Eskimo citizens of Alaska against the United States.\nWe also favor the extension of the right of suffrage to the people of the District of Columbia.\nTrue First Line of Defense\n\nWe pledge to continue to stand guard on our true first line of defense—the security and welfare of the men, women and children of America.\nOur Democratic Faith\n\nDemocracy is more than a political system for the government of a people. It is the expression of a people's faith in themselves as human beings. If this faith is permitted to die, human progress will die with it. We believe that a mechanized existence, lacking the spiritual quality of democracy, is intolerable to the free people of this country.\nWe therefore pledge ourselves to fight, as our fathers fought, for the right of every American to enjoy freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, petition, and security in his home.\nIt is America's destiny, in these days of rampant despotism, to be the guardian of the world heritage of liberty and to hold aloft and aflame the torch of Western civilization.\nThe Democratic Party rededicates itself to this faith in democracy, to the defense of the American system of government, the only system under which men are masters of their own souls, the only system under which the American people, composed of many races and creeds, can live and work, play and worship in peace, security and freedom.\nFirmly relying upon a continuation of the blessings of Divine Providence upon all our righteous endeavors to preserve forever the priceless heritage of American liberty and peace, we appeal to all the liberal-minded men and women of the nation to approve this platform and to go forward with us by wholeheartedly supporting the candidates who subscribe to the principles which it proclaims.", "Words" -> 4650, "WordCounts" -> <|"the" -> 307, "and" -> 244, "of" -> 233, "to" -> 152, "in" -> 85, "We" -> 74, "our" -> 62, "a" -> 56, "for" -> 49, "by" -> 47, "have" -> 46, "that" -> 33, "is" -> 32, "as" -> 29, "To" -> 27, "be" -> 26, "this" -> 25, "continue" -> 25, "people" -> 24, "shall" -> 23, "their" -> 21, "all" -> 21, "which" -> 20, "The" -> 20, "will" -> 19, "we" -> 18, "has" -> 18, "farm" -> 18, "been" -> 18, "are" -> 18, "power" -> 17, "not" -> 17, "national" -> 17, "defense" -> 17, "American" -> 17, "with" -> 16, "pledge" -> 15, "on" -> 15, "business" -> 15, "system" -> 14, "security" -> 14, "Party" -> 14, "its" -> 14, "democracy" -> 13, "work" -> 12, "through" -> 12, "these" -> 12, "other" -> 12, "from" -> 12, "Federal" -> 12, "against" -> 12, 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1936", "Party" -> "Democratic", "Year" -> 1936, "Date" -> DateObject[{1936, 6, 23}], "Text" -> "We hold this truth to be self-evident—that the test of a representative government is its ability to promote the safety and happiness of the people.\nWe hold this truth to be self-evident—that 12 years of Republican leadership left our Nation sorely stricken in body, mind, and spirit; and that three years of Democratic leadership have put it back on the road to restored health and prosperity.\nWe hold this truth to be self-evident—that 12 years of Republican surrender to the dictatorship of a privileged few have been supplanted by a Democratic leadership which has returned the people themselves to the places of authority, and has revived in them new faith and restored the hope which they had almost lost.\nWe hold this truth to be self-evident—that this three-year recovery in all the basic values of life and the reestablishment of the American way of living has been brought about by humanizing the policies of the Federal Government as they affect the personal, financial, industrial, and agricultural well-being of the American people.\nWe hold this truth to be self-evident—that government in a modern civilization has certain inescapable obligations to its citizens, among which are:\n(1) Protection of the family and the home.\n(2) Establishment of a democracy of opportunity for all the people.\n(3) Aid to those overtaken by disaster. These obligations, neglected through 12 years of the old leadership, have once more been recognized by American Government. Under the new leadership they will never be neglected.\nFor the Protection of the Family and the Home\n\n(1) We have begun and shall continue the successful drive to rid our land of kidnappers and bandits. We shall continue to use the powers of government to end the activities of the malefactors of great wealth who defraud and exploit the people.\nSavings and Investment\n\n(2) We have safeguarded the thrift of our citizens by restraining those who would gamble with other peoples savings, by requiring truth in the sale of securities; by putting the brakes upon the use of credit for speculation; by outlawing the manipulation of prices in stock and commodity markets; by curbing the overweening power and unholy practices of utility holding companies; by insuring fifty million bank accounts.\nOld Age and Social Security\n\n(3) We have built foundations for the security of those who are faced with the hazards of unemployment and old age; for the orphaned, the crippled, and the blind. On the foundation of the Social Security Act we are determined to erect a structure of economic security for all our people, making sure that this benefit shall keep step with the ever-increasing capacity of America to provide a high standard of living for all its citizens.\nConsumer\n\n(4) We will act to secure to the consumer fair value, honest sales and a decreased spread between the price he pays and the price the producer receives.\nRural Electrification\n\n(5) This administration has fostered power rate yardsticks in the Tennessee Valley and in several other parts of the Nation. As a result, electricity has been made available to the people at a lower rate. We will continue to promote plans for rural electrification and for cheap power by means of the yardstick method.\nHousing\n\n(6) We maintain that our people are entitled to decent, adequate housing at a price which they can afford. In the last three years, the Federal Government, having saved more than two million homes from foreclosure, has taken the first steps in our history to provide decent housing for people of meagre incomes. We believe every encouragement should be given to the building of new homes by private enterprise; and that the Government should steadily extend its housing program toward the goal of adequate housing for those forced through economic necessities to live in unhealthy and slum conditions.\nVeterans\n\n(7) We shall continue just treatment of our war veterans and their dependents.\nFor the Establishment of a Democracy of Opportunity\n\nAgriculture\n\nWe have taken the farmers off the road to ruin. We have kept our pledge to agriculture to use all available means to raise farm income toward its pre-war purchasing power. The farmer is no longer suffering from 15-cent corn, 3-cent hogs, 2 1/2-cent beef at the farm, 5-cent wool, 30-cent wheat, 5-cent cotton, and 8-cent sugar.\nBy Federal legislation, we have reduced the farmer's indebtedness and doubled his net income. In cooperation with the States and through the varmers' own committees, we are restoring the fertility of his land and checking the erosion of his soil. We are bringing electricity and good roads to his home.\nWe will continue to improve the soil conservation and domestic allotment program with payments to farmers.\nWe will continue a fair-minded administration of agricultural laws, quick to recognize and meet new problems and conditions. We recognize the gravity of the evils of farm tenancy, and we pledge the full cooperation of the Government in the refinancing of farm indebtedness at the lowest possible rates of interest and over a long term of years.\nWe favor the production of all the market will absorb, both at home and abroad, plus a reserve supply sufficient to insure fair prices to consumers; we favor judicious commodity loans on seasonal surpluses; and we favor assistance within Federal authority to enable farmers to adjust and balance production with demand, at a fair profit to the farmers.\nWe favor encouragement of sound, practical farm co-operatives.\nBy the purchase and retirement of ten million acres of sub-marginal land, and assistance to those attempting to eke out an existence upon it, we have made a good beginning toward proper land use and rural rehabilitation.\nThe farmer has been returned to the road to freedom and prosperity. We will keep him on that road.\nLabor\n\nWe have given the army of America's industrial workers something more substantial than the Republicans' dinner pail full of promises. We have increased the worker's pay and shortened his hours; we have undertaken to put an end to the sweated labor of his wife and children; we have written into the law of the land his right to collective bargaining and self-organization free from the interference of employers; we have provided Federal machinery for the peaceful settlement of labor disputes.\nWe will continue to protect the worker and we will guard his rights, both as wage-earner and consumer, in the production and consumption of all commodities, including coal and water power and other natural resource products.\nThe worker has been returned to the road to freedom and prosperity. We will keep him on that road.\nBusiness\n\nWe have taken the American business man out of the red. We have saved his bank and given it a sounder foundation; we have extended credit; we have lowered interest rates; we have undertaken to free him from the ravages of cutthroat competition.\nThe American business man has been returned to the road to freedom and prosperity. We will keep him on that road.\nYouth\n\nWe have aided youth to stay in school; given them constructive occupation; opened the door to opportunity which 12 years of Republican neglect had closed.\nOur youth have been returned to the road to freedom and prosperity. We will keep them on that road.\nMonopoly and Concentration of Economic Power\n\nMonopolies and the concentration of economic power, the creation of Republican rule and privilege, continue to be the master of the producer, the exploiter of the consumer, and the enemy of the independent operator. This is a problem challenging the unceasing effort of untrammeled public officials in every branch of the Government. We pledge vigorously and fearlessly to enforce the criminal and civil provisions of the existing anti-trust laws, and to the extent that their effectiveness has been weakened by new corporate devices or judicial construction, we propose by law to restore their efficacy in stamping out monopolistic practices and the concentration of economic power.\nAid to Those Overtaken By Disaster\n\nWe have aided and will continue to aid those who have been visited by widespread drought and floods, and have adopted a Nation-wide flood-control policy.\nUnemployment\n\nWe believe that unemployment is a national problem, and that it is an inescapable obligation of our Government to meet it in a national way.\nDue to our stimulation of private business, more than five million people have been reemployed; and we shall continue to maintain that the first objective of a program of economic security is maximum employment in private industry at adequate wages. Where business fails to supply such employment, we believe that work at prevailing wages should be provided in cooperation with State and local governments on useful public projects, to the end that the national wealth may be increased, the skill and energy of the worker may be utilized, his morale maintained, and the unemployed assured the opportunity to earn the necessities of life.\nThe Constitution\n\nThe Republican platform proposes to meet many pressing national problems solely by action of the separate States. We know that drought, dust storms, floods, minimum wages, maximum hours, child labor, and working conditions in industry, monopolistic and unfair business practices cannot be adequately handled exclusively by 48 separate State legislatures, 48 separate State administrations, and 48 separate State courts. Transactions and activities which inevitably overflow State boundaries call for both State and Federal treatment.\nWe have sought and will continue to seek to meet these problems through legislation within the Constitution.\nIf these problems cannot be effectively solved by legislation within the Constitution, we shall seek such clarifying amendment as will assure to the legislatures of the several States and to the Congress of the United States, each within its proper jurisdiction, the power to enact those laws which the State and Federal legislatures, within their respective spheres, shall find necessary, in order adequately to regulate commerce, protect public health and safety and safeguard economic security. Thus we propose to maintain the letter and spirit of the Constitution.\nThe Merit System in Government\n\nFor the protection of government itself and promotion of its efficiency, we pledge the immediate extension of the merit system through the classified civil service—which was first established and fostered under Democratic auspices—to all non-policy-making positions in the Federal service.\nWe shall subject to the civil service law all continuing positions which, because of the emergency, have been exempt from its operation.\nCivil Liberties\n\nWe shall continue to guard the freedom of speech, press, radio, religion and assembly which our Constitution guarantees; with equal rights to all and special privileges to none.\nGovernment Finance\n\nThe Administration has stopped deflation, restored values and enabled business to go ahead with confidence.\nWhen national income shrinks, government income is imperilled. In reviving national income, we have fortified government finance. We have raised the public credit to a position of unsurpassed security. The interest rate on Government bonds has been reduced to the lowest point in twenty eight years. The same Government bonds which in 1932 sold under 83 are now selling over 104.\nWe approve the objective of a permanently sound currency so stabilized as to prevent the former wide fluctuations in value which injured in turn producers, debtors, and property owners on the one hand, and wage-earners and creditors on the other, a currency which will permit full utilization of the country's resources. We assert that today we have the soundest currency in the world.\nWe are determined to reduce the expenses of government. We are being aided therein by the recession in unemployment. As the requirements of relief decline and national income advances, an increasing percentage of Federal expenditures can and will be met from current revenues, secured from taxes levied in accordance with ability to pay. Our retrenchment, tax and recovery programs thus reflect our firm determination to achieve a balanced budget and the reduction of the national debt at the earliest possible moment.\nForeign Policy\n\nIn our relationship with other nations, this Government will continue to extend the policy of the Good Neighbor. We reaffirm our opposition to war as an instrument of national policy, and declare that disputes between nations should be settled by peaceful means. We shall continue to observe a true neutrality in the disputes of others; to be prepared, resolutely to resist aggression against ourselves; to work for peace and to take the profits out of war; to guard against being drawn, by political commitments, international banking or private trading, into any war which may develop anywhere.\nWe shall continue to foster the increase in our foreign trade which has been achieved by this administration; to seek by mutual agreement the lowering of those tariff barriers, quotas and embargoes which have been raised against our exports of agricultural and industrial products; but continue as in the past to give adequate protection to our farmers and manufacturers against unfair competition or the dumping on our shores of commodities and goods produced abroad by cheap labor or subsidized by foreign governments.\nThe Issue\n\nThe issue in this election is plain. The American people are called upon to choose between a Republican administration that has and would again regiment them in the service of privileged groups and a Democratic administration dedicated to the establishment of equal economic opportunity for all our people.\nWe have faith in the destiny of our nation. We are sufficiently endowed with natural resources and with productive capacity to provide for all a quality of life that meets the standards of real Americanism.\nDedicated to a government of liberal American principles, we are determined to oppose equally, the despotism of Communism and the menace of concealed Fascism.\nWe hold this final truth to be self-evident—that the interests, the security and the happiness of the people of the United States of America can be perpetuated only under democratic government as conceived by the founders of our nation.", "Words" -> 2302, "WordCounts" -> <|"the" -> 170, "of" -> 114, "and" -> 105, "to" -> 103, "We" -> 50, "in" -> 35, "have" -> 33, "a" -> 32, "by" -> 26, "we" -> 23, "our" -> 21, "that" -> 19, "will" -> 18, "be" -> 18, "continue" -> 16, "which" -> 15, "has" -> 15, "for" -> 15, "been" -> 15, "with" -> 13, "The" -> 13, "people" -> 13, "Government" -> 12, "are" -> 12, "all" -> 12, "this" -> 11, "shall" -> 11, "on" -> 11, "road" -> 10, "his" 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"accounts" -> 1, "accordance" -> 1, "absorb" -> 1, "about" -> 1, "8-cent" -> 1, "83" -> 1, "7" -> 1, "6" -> 1, "5" -> 1, "4" -> 1, "3-cent" -> 1, "30-cent" -> 1, "1932" -> 1, "15-cent" -> 1, "1/2-cent" -> 1, "104" -> 1|>|>, <|"SourceURL" -> "http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29595", "Name" -> "Democratic Party Platform of 1932", "Party" -> "Democratic", "Year" -> 1932, "Date" -> DateObject[{1932, 6, 27}], "Text" -> "In this time of unprecedented economic and social distress the Democratic Party declares its conviction that the chief causes of this condition were the disastrous policies pursued by our government since the World War, of economic isolation, fostering the merger of competitive businesses into monopolies and encouraging the indefensible expansion and contraction of credit for private profit at the expense of the public.\nThose who were responsible for these policies have abandoned the ideals on which the war was won and thrown away the fruits of victory, thus rejecting the greatest opportunity in history to bring peace, prosperity, and happiness to our people and to the world.\nThey have ruined our foreign trade; destroyed the values of our commodities and products, crippled our banking system, robbed millions of our people of their life savings, and thrown millions more out of work, produced wide-spread poverty and brought the government to a state of financial distress unprecedented in time of peace.\nThe only hope for improving present conditions, restoring employment, affording permanent relief to the people, and bringing the nation back to the proud position of domestic happiness and of financial, industrial, agricultural and commercial leadership in the world lies in a drastic change in economic governmental policies.\nWe believe that a party platform is a covenant with the people to have [sic] faithfully kept by the party when entrusted with power, and that the people are entitled to know in plain words the terms of the contract to which they are asked to subscribe. We hereby declare this to be the platform of the Democratic Party:\nThe Democratic Party solemnly promises by appropriate action to put into effect the principles, policies, and reforms herein advocated, and to eradicate the policies, methods, and practices herein condemned. We advocate an immediate and drastic reduction of governmental expenditures by abolishing useless commissions and offices, consolidating departments and bureaus, and eliminating extravagance to accomplish a saving of not less than twenty-five per cent in the cost of the Federal Government. And we call upon the Democratic Party in the states to make a zealous effort to achieve a proportionate result.\nWe favor maintenance of the national credit by a federal budget annually balanced on the basis of accurate executive estimates within revenues, raised by a system of taxation levied on the principle of ability to pay.\nWe advocate a sound currency to be preserved at all hazards and an international monetary conference called on the invitation of our government to consider the rehabilitation of silver and related questions.\nWe advocate a competitive tariff for revenue with a fact-finding tariff commission free from executive interference, reciprocal tariff agreements with other nations, and an international economic conference designed to restore international trade and facilitate exchange.\nWe advocate the extension of federal credit to the states to provide unemployment relief wherever the diminishing resources of the states makes it impossible for them to provide for the needy; expansion of the federal program of necessary and useful construction effected [sic] with a public interest, such as adequate flood control and waterways.\nWe advocate the spread of employment by a substantial reduction in the hours of labor, the encouragement of the shorter week by applying that principle in government service; we advocate advance planning of public works.\nWe advocate unemployment and old-age insurance under state laws.\nWe favor the restoration of agriculture, the nation's basic industry; better financing of farm mortgages through recognized farm bank agencies at low rates of interest on an amortization plan, giving preference to credits for the redemption of farms and homes sold under foreclosure.\nExtension and development of the Farm co-operative movement and effective control of crop surpluses so that our farmers may have the full benefit of the domestic market.\nThe enactment of every constitutional measure that will aid the farmers to receive for their basic farm commodities prices in excess of cost.\nWe advocate a Navy and an Army adequate for national defense, based on a survey of all facts affecting the existing establishments, that the people in time of peace may not be burdened by an expenditure fast approaching a billion dollars annually.\nWe advocate strengthening and impartial enforcement of the anti-trust laws, to prevent monopoly and unfair trade practices, and revision thereof for the better protection of labor and the small producer and distributor.\nThe conservation, development, and use of the nation's water power in the public interest.\nThe removal of government from all fields of private enterprise except where necessary to develop public works and natural resources in the common interest.\nWe advocate protection of the investing public by requiring to be filed with the government and carried in advertisements of all offerings of foreign and domestic stocks and bonds true information as to bonuses, commissions, principal invested, and interests of the sellers.\nRegulation to the full extent of federal power, of:\n(a) Holding companies which sell securities in interstate commerce;\n(b) Rates of utilities companies operating across State lines;\n(c) Exchanges in securities and commodities. We advocate quicker methods of realizing on assets for the relief of depositors of suspended banks, and a more rigid supervision of national banks for the protection of depositors and the prevention of the use of their moneys in speculation to the detriment of local credits.\nThe severance of affiliated security companies from, and the divorce of the investment banking business from, commercial banks, and further restriction of federal reserve banks in permitting the use of federal reserve facilities for speculative purposes.\nWe advocate the full measure of justice and generosity for all war veterans who have suffered disability or disease caused by or resulting from actual service in time of war and for their dependents.\nWe advocate a firm foreign policy, including peace with all the world and the settlement of international disputes by arbitration; no interference in the internal affairs of other nations; and sanctity of treaties and the maintenance of good faith and of good will in financial obligations; adherence to the World Court with appending reservations; the Pact of Paris abolishing war as an instrument of national policy, to be made effective by provisions for consultation and conference in case of threatened violations of treaties.\nInternational agreements for reduction of armaments and cooperation with nations of the Western Hemisphere to maintain the spirit of the Monroe Doctrine.\nWe oppose cancelation of the debts owing to the United States by foreign nations.\nIndependence for the Philippines; ultimate statehood for Puerto Rico.\nThe employment of American citizens in the operation of the Panama Canal.\nSimplification of legal procedure and reorganization of the judicial system to make the attainment of justice speedy, certain, and at less cost.\nContinuous publicity of political contributions and expenditures; strengthening of the Corrupt Practices Act and severe penalties for misappropriation of campaign funds.\nWe advocate the repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment. To effect such repeal we demand that the Congress immediately propose a Constitutional Amendment to truly represent [sic] the conventions in the states called to act solely on that proposal; we urge the enactment of such measures by the several states as will actually promote temperance, effectively prevent the return of the saloon, and bring the liquor traffic into the open under complete supervision and control by the states.\nWe demand that the Federal Government effectively exercise its power to enable the states to protect themselves against importation of intoxicating liquors in violation of their laws.\nPending repeal, we favor immediate modification of the Volstead Act; to legalize the manufacture and sale of beer and other beverages of such alcoholic content as is permissible under the Constitution and to provide therefrom a proper and needed revenue.\nWe condemn the improper and excessive use of money in political activities.\nWe condemn paid lobbies of special interests to influence members of Congress and other public servants by personal contact.\nWe condemn action and utterances of high public officials designed to influence stock exchange prices.\nWe condemn the open and cover resistance of administrative officials to every effort made by Congressional Committees to curtail the extravagant expenditures of the Government and to revoke improvident subsidies granted to favorite interests.\nWe condemn the extravagance of the Farm Board, its disastrous action which made the Government a speculator in farm products, and the unsound policy of restricting agricultural products to the demands of domestic markets.\nWe condemn the usurpation of power by the State Department in assuming to pass upon foreign securities offered by international bankers as a result of which billions of dollars in questionable bonds have been sold to the public upon the implied approval of the Federal Government.\nAnd in conclusion, to accomplish these purposes and to recover 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assembled, pause to pay our tribute of love and respect to the memory of him who in his life and in his official actions voiced the hopes and aspirations of all good men and women of every race and clime, the former President of the United States, Woodrow Wilson. His spirit moves on and his example and deeds will exalt those who come after us as they have inspired us.\nWe are grateful that we were privileged to work with him and again pay tribute to his high ideals and accomplishments.\nWe reaffirm our devotion to the principles of Democratic government formulated by Jefferson and enforced by a long and illustrious line of Democratic Presidents.\nWe hold that government must function not to centralize our wealth but to preserve equal opportunity so that all may share in our priceless resources; and not confine prosperity to a favored few. We, therefore, pledge the Democratic Party to encourage business, small and great alike; to conserve human happiness and liberty; to break the shackles of monopoly and free business of the nation; to respond to the popular will.\nThe function of a national platform is to declare general principles and party policies. We do not, therefore, assume to bind our party respecting local issues or details of legislation.\nWe, therefore, declare the policy of the Democratic Party with regard to the following dominant national issues:\nThe Rights of the States\n\nWe demand that the constitutional rights and powers of the states shall be preserved in their full vigor and virtue. These constitute a bulwark against centralization and the destructive tendencies of the Republican Party.\nWe oppose bureaucracy and the multiplication of offices and officeholders.\nWe demand a revival of the spirit of local self-government, without which free institutions cannot be preserved.\nRepublican Corruption\n\nUnblushingly the Republican Party offers as its record agriculture prostrate, industry depressed, American shipping destroyed, workmen without employment; everywhere disgust and suspicion, and corruption unpunished and unafraid.\nNever in the entire history of the country has there occurred in any given period of time or, indeed, in all time put together, such a spectacle of sordid corruption and unabashed rascality as that which has characterized the administration of federal affairs under eight blighting years of Republican rule. Not the revels of reconstruction,В nor all the compounded frauds succeeding that evil era, have approached in sheer audacity the shocking thieveries and startling depravities of officials high and low in the public service at Washington. From cabinet ministers, with their treasonable crimes, to the cheap vendors of official patronage, from the purchasers of seats in the United States Senate to the vulgar grafters upon alien trust funds, and upon the hospital resources of the disabled veterans of the World War; from the givers and receivers of stolen funds for Republican campaign purposes to the public men who sat by silently consenting and never revealing a fact or uttering a word in condemnation, the whole official organization under Republican rule has become saturated with dishonesty defiant of public opinion and actuated only by a partisan desire to perpetuate its control of the government.\nAs in the time of Samuel J. Tilden, from whom the presidency was stolen, the watchword of the day should be: \"Turn the rascals out.\" This is the appeal of the Democratic Party to the people of the country. To this fixed purpose should be devoted every effort and applied every resource of the party; to this end every minor difference on non-essential issues should be put aside and a determined and a united fight be made to rescue the government from those who have betrayed their trust by disgracing it.\nEconomy And Reorganization\n\nThe Democratic Party stands for efficiency and economy in the administration of public affairs and we pledge:\n(a) Business-like reorganization of all the departments of the government.\n(b) Elimination of duplication, waste and overlapping.\n(c) Substitution of modern business-like methods for existing obsolete and antiquated conditions.\nNo economy resulted from the Republican Party rule. The savings they claim take no account of the elimination of expenditures following the end of the World War, the large sums realized from the sale of war materials, nor its failure to supply sufficient funds for the efficient conduct of many important governmental activities.\nFinancing and Taxation\n\n(a) The Federal Reserve system, created and inaugurated under Democratic auspices, is the greatest legislative contribution to constructive business ever adopted. The administration of the system for the advantage of stock market speculators should cease. It must be administered for the benefit of farmers, wage earners, merchants, manufacturers and others engaged in constructive business.\n(b) The taxing function of governments, free or despotic, has for centuries been regarded as the power above all others which requires vigilant scrutiny to the end that it be not exercised for purposes of favor or oppression.\nThree times since the World War the Democrats in Congress have favored a reduction of the tax burdens of the people in face of stubborn opposition from a Republican administration; and each time these reductions have largely been made for the relief of those least able to endure the exactions of a Republican fiscal policy. The tax bill of the session recently ended was delayed by Republican tactics and juggled by partisan considerations so as to make impossible a full measure of relief to the greater body of taxpayers. The moderate reductions afforded were grudgingly conceded and the whole proceeding in Congress, dictated as far as possible from the White House and the treasury, denoted the proverbial desire of the Republican Party always to discriminate against the masses in favor of privileged classes.\nThe Democratic Party avows its belief in the fiscal policy inaugurated by the last Democratic Administration, which provided a sinking fund sufficient to extinguish the nation's indebtedness within a reasonable period of time, without harassing the present and next succeeding generations with tax burdens which, if not unendurable, do in fact check initiative in enterprise and progress in business. Taxes levied beyond the actual requirements of the legally established sinking fund are but an added burden upon the American people, and the surplus thus accumulated in the federal treasury is an incentive to the increasingly extravagant expenditures which have characterized Republican administrations. We, therefore, favor a further reduction of the internal taxes of the people.\nTariff\n\nThe Democratic tariff legislation will be based on the following policies:\n(a) The maintenance of legitimate business and a high standard of wages for American labor.\n(b) Increasing the purchasing power of wages and income by the reduction of those monopolistic and extortionate tariff rates bestowed in payment of political debts.\n(c) Abolition of log-rolling and restoration of the Wilson conception of a fact-finding tariff commission, quasi-judicial and free from the executive domination which has destroyed the usefulness of the present commission.\n(d) Duties that will permit effective competition, insure against monopoly and at the same time produce a fair revenue for the support of government. Actual difference between the cost of production at home and abroad, with adequate safeguard for the wage of the American laborer must be the extreme measure of every tariff rate.\n(e) Safeguarding the public against monopoly created by special tariff favors.\n(f) Equitable distribution of the benefits and burdens of the tariff among all.\nWage-earner, farmer, stockman, producer and legitimate business in general have everything to gain from a Democratic tariff based on justice to all.\nCivil Service\n\nGrover Cleveland made the extension of the merit system a tenet of our political faith. We shall preserve and maintain the civil service.\nAgriculture\n\nDeception upon the farmer and stock raiser has been practiced by the Republican Party through false and delusive promises for more than fifty years. Specially favored industries have been artificially aided by Republican legislation. Comparatively little has been done for agriculture and stock raising, upon which national prosperity rests. Unsympathetic inaction with regard to this problem must cease. Virulent hostility of the Republican administration to the advocates of farm relief and denial of the right of farm organizations to lead in the development of farm policy must yield to Democratic sympathy and friendliness.\nFour years ago the Republican Party, forced to acknowledge the critical situation, pledged itself to take all steps necessary to bring back a balanced condition between agriculture and other industries and labor. Today it faces the country not only with that pledge unredeemed but broken by the acts of a Republican President, who is primarily responsible for the failure to offer a constructive program to restore equality to agriculture.\nWhile he has had no constructive and adequate program to offer in its stead, he has twice vetoed farm relief legislation and has sought to justify his disapproval of agricultural legislation partly on grounds wholly inconsistent with his acts, making industrial monopolies the beneficiaries of government favor; and in endorsing the agricultural policy of the present administration the Republican Party, in its recent convention, served notice upon the farmer that the so-called protective system is not meant for him; that while it offers protection to the privileged few, it promises continued world prices to the producers of the chief cash crops of agriculture.\nWe condemn the policy of the Republican Party which promises relief to agriculture only through a reduction of American farm production to the needs of the domestic market. Such a program means the continued deflation of agriculture, the forcing of additional millions from the farms, and the perpetuation of agricultural distress for years to come, with continued bad effects on business and labor throughout the United States.\nThe Democratic Party recognizes that the problems of production differ as between agriculture and industry. Industrial production is largely under human control, while agricultural production, because of lack of coordination among the 6,500,000 individual farm units, and because of the influence of weather, pests and other causes, is largely beyond human control. The result is that a large crop frequently is produced on a small acreage and a small crop on a large acreage; and, measured in money value, it frequently happens that a large crop brings less than a small crop.\nProducers of crops whose total volume exceeds the needs of the domestic market must continue at a disadvantage until the government shall intervene as seriously and as effectively in behalf of the farmer as it has intervened in behalf of labor and industry. There is a need of supplemental legislation for the control and orderly handling of agricultural surpluses, in order that the price of the surplus may not determine the price of the whole crop. Labor has benefited by collective bargaining and some industries by tariff. Agriculture must be as effectively aided.\nThe Democratic Party in its 1924 platform pledged its support to such legislation. It now reaffirms that stand and pledges the united efforts of the legislative and executive branches of government, as far as may be controlled by the party, to the immediate enactment of such legislation, and to such other steps as are necessary to establish and maintain the purchasing power of farm products and the complete economic equality of agriculture.\nThe Democratic Party has always stood against special privilege and for common equality under the law. It is a fundamental principle of the party that such tariffs as are levied must not discriminate against any industry, class or section. Therefore, we pledge that in its tariff policy the Democratic Party will insist upon equality of treatment between agriculture and other industries.\nFarm relief must rest on the basis of an economic equality of agriculture with other industries. To give this equality a remedy must be found which will include among other things:\n(a) Credit aid by loans to co-operatives on at least as favorable a basis as the government aid to the merchant marine.\n(b) Creation of a federal farm board to assist the farmer and stock raiser in the marketing of their products, as the Federal Reserve Board has done for the banker and business man. When our archaic banking and currency system was revised after its record of disaster and panic under Republican administrations, it was a Democratic Congress in the administration of a Democratic President that accomplished its stabilization through the Federal Reserve Act creating the Federal Reserve Board, with powers adequate to its purpose. Now, in the hour of agriculture's need, the Democratic Party pledges the establishment of a new agricultural policy fitted to present conditions, under the direction of a farm board vested with all the powers necessary to accomplish for agriculture what the Federal Reserve Board has been able to accomplish for finance, in full recognition of the fact that the banks of the country, through voluntary cooperation, were never able to stabilize the financial system of the country until the government powers were invoked to help them.\n(c) Reduction through proper government agencies of the spread between what the farmer and stock raiser gets and the ultimate consumer pays, with consequent benefits to both.\n(d) Consideration of the condition of agriculture in the formulation of government financial and tax measures.\nWe pledge the party to foster and develop co-operative marketing associations through appropriate governmental aid. We recognize that experience has demonstrated that members of such associations alone can not successfully assume the full responsibility for a program that benefits all producers alike. We pledge the party to an earnest endeavor to solve this problem of the distribution of the cost of dealing with crop surpluses over the marketed units of the crop whose producers are benefited by such assistance. The solution of this problem would avoid government subsidy, to which the Democratic Party has always been opposed. The solution of this problem will be a prime and immediate concern of a Democratic administration.\nWe direct attention to the fact that it was a Democratic Congress, in the administration of a Democratic President, which established the federal loan system and laid the foundation for the entire rural credits structure, which has aided agriculture to sustain in part the shock of the policies of two Republican administrations; and we promise thorough-going administration of our rural credits laws, so that the farmers in all sections may secure the maximum benefits intended under these acts.\nMining\n\nMining is one of the basic industries of this country. We produce more coal, iron and copper than any other country. The value of our mineral production is second only to agriculture. Mining has suffered like agriculture, and from similar causes. It is the duty of our government to foster this industry and to remove the restrictions that destroy its prosperity.\nForeign Policy\n\nThe Republican administration has no foreign policy; it has drifted without plan. This great nation can not afford to play a minor role in world politics. It must have a sound and positive foreign policy, not a negative one. We declare for a constructive foreign policy based on these principles:\n(a) Outlawry of war and an abhorrence of militarism, conquest and imperialism.\n(b) Freedom from entangling political alliances with foreign nations.\n(c) Protection of American lives and rights. (d) Non-interference with the elections or other internal political affairs of any foreign nation. This principle of non-interference extends to Mexico, Nicaragua and all other Latin-American nations. Interference in the purely internal affairs of Latin-American countries must cease.\n(e) Rescue of our country from its present impaired world standing and restoration to its former position as a leader in the movement for international arbitration, conciliation, conference and limitation of armament by international agreement.\n(f) International agreements for reduction of all armaments and the end of competitive war preparations, and, in the meantime, the maintenance of an army and navy adequate for national defense.\n(g) Full, free and open co-operation with all other nations for the promotion of peace and justice throughout the world.\n(h) In our foreign relations this country should stand as a unit, and, to be successful, foreign policies must have the approval and the support of the American people.\n(i) Abolition of the practice of the President of entering into and carrying out agreements with a foreign government, either de facto or de jure, for the protection of such government against revolution or foreign attack, or for the supervision of its internal affairs, when such agreements have not been advised and consented to by the Senate, as provided in the Constitution of the United States, and we condemn the administration for carrying out such an unratified agreement that requires us to use our armed forces in Nicaragua.\n(j) Recognition that the Monroe Doctrine is a cardinal principle of this government promulgated for the protection of ourselves and our Latin-American neighbors. We shall seek their friendly co-operation in the maintenance of this doctrine.\n(k) We condemn the Republican administration for lack of statesmanship and efficiency in negotiating the 1921 treaty for the limitation of armaments, which limited only the construction of battleships and ships of over ten thousand tons. Merely a gesture towards peace, it accomplished no limitation of armament, because it simply substituted one weapon of destruction for another. While it resulted in the destruction of our battleships and the blueprints of battleships of other nations, it placed no limitation upon construction of aircraft, submarines, cruisers, warships under ten thousand tons, poisonous gases or other weapons of destruction. No agreement was ratified with regard to submarines and poisonous gases. The attempt of the President to remedy the failure of 1921 by the Geneva Conference of 1928 was characterized by the same lack of statesmanship and efficiency and resulted in entire failure.\nIn consequence, the race between nations in the building of unlimited weapons of destruction still goes on and the peoples of the world are still threatened with war and burdened with taxation for additional armament.\nWaterpower, Waterways and Flood Control\n\nThe federal government and state governments, respectively, now have absolute and exclusive sovereignty and control over enormous water-powers, which constitute one of the greatest assets of the nation. This sovereign title and control must be preserved respectively in the state and federal governments, to the end that the people may be protected against exploitation of this great resource and that water powers may be expeditiously developed under such regulations as will insure to the people reasonable rates and equitable distribution.\nWe favor and will promote deep waterways from the Great Lakes to the Gulf and to the Atlantic Ocean.\nWe favor the fostering and building up of water transportation through improvement of inland waterways and removal of discrimination against water transportation. Flood control and the lowering of flood levels are essential to the safety of life and property, and the productivity of our lands, the navigability of our streams, the reclaiming of our wet and overflowed lands. We favor expeditious construction of flood relief works on the Mississippi and Colorado rivers and such reclamation and irrigation projects upon the Colorado River as may be found feasible.\nWe favor appropriations for prompt co-ordinated surveys by the United States to determine the possibilities of general navigation improvements and waterpower development on navigable streams and their tributaries and to secure reliable information as to the most economical navigation improvement, in combination with the most efficient and complete development of waterpower.\nWe favor the strict enforcement of the Federal Waterpower Act, a Democratic act, and insist that the public interest in waterpower sites, ignored by two Republican administrations, be protected.\nBeing deeply impressed by the terrible disasters from floods in the Mississippi Valley during 1927, we heartily endorse the Flood Control Act of last May, which recognizes that the flood waters of the Mississippi River and its tributaries constitute a national problem of the gravest character and makes provision for their speedy and effective control. This measure is a continuation and expansion of the policy established by a Democratic Congress in 1917 in the act of that year for controlling floods on the Mississippi and Sacramento rivers. It is a great piece of constructive legislation, and we pledge our party to its vigorous and early enforcement.\nConservation And Reclamation\n\nWe shall conserve the natural resources of our country for the benefit of the people and to protect them against waste and monopolization. Our disappearing resources of timber call for a national policy of reforestation. The federal government should improve and develop its public lands so that they may go into private ownership and become subjected to taxation for the support of the states wherein they exist. The Democratic administration will actively, efficiently and economically carry on reclamation projects and make equitable adjustments with the homestead entry-men for the mistakes the government has made, and extend all practical aid to refinance reclamation and drainage projects.\nTransportation\n\nEfficient and economical transportation is essential to the prosperity of every industry. Cost of transportation controls the income of every human being and materially affects the cost of living. We must, therefore, promote every form of transportation to a state of highest efficiency. Recognizing the prime importance of air transportation, we shall encourage its development by every possible means. Improved roads are of vital importance not only to commerce and industry, but also to agriculture and rural life. The federal government should construct and maintain at its own expense roads upon its public lands. We reaffirm our approval of the Federal Roads Law, enacted by a Democratic administration. Common carriers, whether by land, water or rail, must be protected in all equal opportunity to compete, so that governmental regulations against exorbitant rates and inefficiency will be aided by competition.\nLabor\n\n(a) We favor the principle of collective bargaining, and the Democratic principle that organized labor should choose its own representatives without coercion or interference.\n(b) Labor is not a commodity. Human rights must be safeguarded. Labor should be exempt from the operation of anti-trust laws.\n(c) We recognize that legislative and other investigations have shown the existence of grave abuse in the issuance of injunctions in labor disputes. No injunctions should be granted in labor disputes except upon proof of threatened irreparable injury and after notice and hearing and the injunction should be confined to those acts which do directly threaten irreparable injury. The expressed purpose of representatives of capital, labor and the bar to devise a plan for the elimination of the present evils with respect to injunctions must be supported and legislation designed to accomplish these ends formulated and passed.\n(d) We favor legislation providing that products of convict labor shipped from one state to another shall be subject to laws of the latter state, as though they had been produced therein.\nUnemployment\n\nUnemployment is present, widespread and increasing. Unemployment is almost as destructive to the happiness, comfort, and well-being of human beings as war. We expend vast sums of money to protect our people against the evils of war, but no governmental program is anticipated to prevent the awful suffering and economic losses of unemployment. It threatens the well-being of millions of our people and endangers the prosperity of the nation. We favor the adoption by the government, after a study of this subject, of a scientific plan whereby during periods of unemployment appropriations shall be made available for the construction of necessary public works and the lessening, as far as consistent with public interests, of government construction work when labor is generally and satisfactorily employed in private enterprise.\nStudy should also be made of modern methods of industry and a constructive solution found to absorb and utilize the surplus human labor released by the increasing use of machinery.\nAccident Compensation to Government Employees\n\nWe favor legislation making fair and liberal compensation to government employees who are injured in accident or by occupational disease and to the dependents of such workers as may die as a result thereof.\nFederal Employees\n\nFederal employees should receive a living wage based upon American standards of decent living. Present wages are, in many instances, far below that standard. We favor a fair and liberal retirement law for government employees in the classified service.\nVeterans\n\nThrough Democratic votes, and in spite of two Republican Presidents' opposition, the Congress has maintained America's traditional policy to generously care for the veterans of the World War. In extending them free hospitalization, a statutory award for tuberculosis, a program of progressive hospital construction, and provisions for compensation for the disabled, the widows and orphans, America has surpassed the record of any nation in the history of the world. We pledge the veterans that none of the benefits heretofore accorded by the Wilson administration and the votes of Democrat members of Congress shall be withdrawn; that these will be added to more in accordance with the veterans' and their dependents' actual needs. Generous appropriations, honest management, the removal of vexatious administration delays, and sympathetic assistance for the veterans of all wars, is what the Democratic Party demands and promises.\nWomen and Children\n\nWe declare for equality of women with men in all political and governmental matters.\nChildren are the chief asset of the nation. Therefore their protection through infancy and childhood against exploitation is an important national duty.\nThe Democratic Party has always opposed the exploitation of women in industry and has stood for such conditions of work as will preserve their health and safety.\nWe favor an equal wage for equal service; and likewise favor adequate appropriations for the women's and children's bureau.\nImmigration\n\nLaws which limit immigration must be preserved in full force and effect, but the provisions contained in these laws that separate husbands from wives and parents from infant children are inhuman and not essential to the purpose or the efficacy of such laws.\nRadio\n\nGovernment supervision must secure to all the people the advantage of radio communication and likewise guarantee the right of free speech. Official control in contravention of this guarantee should not be tolerated. Governmental control must prevent monopolistic use of radio communication and guarantee equitable distribution and enjoyment thereof.\nCoal\n\nBituminous coal is not only the common base of manufacture, but it is a vital agency in our interstate transportation. The demoralization of this industry, its labor conflicts and distress, its waste of a national resource and disordered public service, demand constructive legislation that will allow capital and labor a fair share of prosperity, with adequate protection to the consuming public.\nCongressional Election Reform\n\nWe favor legislation to prevent defeated members of both houses of Congress from participating in the sessions of Congress by fixing the date for convening the Congress immediately after the biennial national election.\nLaw Enforcement\n\nCampaign Expenditures\n\nWe condemn the improper and excessive use of money in elections as a danger threatening the very existence of democratic institutions. Republican expenditures in senatorial primaries and elections have been so exorbitant as to constitute a national scandal. We favor publicity in all matters affecting campaign contributions and expenditures. We shall, beginning not later than August 1, 1928, and every thirty days thereafter, the last publication and filing being not later than five days before the election, publish in the press and file with the appropriate committees of the House and Senate a complete account of all contributions, the names of the contributors, the amounts expended and the purposes for which the expenditures are made, and will, at all times, hold open for public inspection the books and records relating to such matters. In the event that any financial obligations are contracted and not paid, our National Committee will similarly report and publish, at least five days before the election, all details respecting such obligations.\nWe agree to keep and maintain a permanent record of all campaign contributions and expenditures and to insist that contributions by the citizens of one state to the campaign committees of other states shall have immediate publicity.\nMerchant Marine\n\nWe reaffirm our support of an efficient, dependable American merchant marine for the carriage of the greater portion of our commerce and for the national defense.\nThe Democratic Party has consistently and vigorously supported the shipping services maintained by the regional United States Shipping Board in the interest of all ports and all sections of our country, and has successfully opposed the discontinuance of any of these lines. We favor the transfer of these lines gradually to the local private American companies, when such companies can show their ability to take over and permanently maintain the lines. Lines that can not now be transferred to private enterprise should continue to be operated as at present and should be kept in an efficient state by remodeling of some vessels and replacement of others.\nWe are unalterably opposed to a monopoly in American shipping and are opposed to the operation of any of our services in a manner that would retard the development of any ports or section of our country.\nWe oppose such sacrifices and favoritism as exhibited in the past in the matter of alleged sales, and insist that the primary purpose of legislation upon this subject be the establishment and maintenance of an adequate American merchant marine.\nArmenia\n\nWe favor the most earnest efforts on the part of the United States to secure the fulfillment of the promises and engagements made during and following the World War by the United States and the allied powers to Armenia and her people.\nEducation\n\nWe believe with Jefferson and other founders of the Republic that ignorance is the enemy of freedom and that each state, being responsible for the intellectual and moral qualifications of its citizens and for the expenditure of the moneys collected by taxation for the support of its schools, shall use its sovereign right in all matters pertaining to education.\nThe federal government should offer to the states such counsel, advice, results of research and aid as may be made available through the federal agencies for the general improvement of our schools in view of our national needs.\nMonopolies and Anti-Trust Laws\n\nDuring the last seven years, under Republican rule, the anti-trust laws have been thwarted, ignored and violated so that the country is rapidly becoming controlled by trusts and sinister monopolies formed for the purpose of wringing from the necessaries of life an unrighteous profit. These combinations are formed and conducted in violation of law, encouraged, aided and abetted in their activities by the Republican administration and are driving all small tradespeople and small industrialists out of business. Competition is one of the most sacred, cherished and economic rights of the American people. We demand the strict enforcement of the anti-trust laws and the enactment of other laws, if necessary, to control this great menace to trade and commerce, and thus to preserve the right of the small merchant and manufacturer to earn a legitimate profit from his business.\nDishonest business should be treated without influence at the national capitol. Honest business, no matter its size, need have no fears of a Democratic administration. The Democratic Party will ever oppose illegitimate and dishonest. business. It will foster, promote, and encourage all legitimate enterprises.\nCanal Zone\n\nWe favor the employment of American citizens in the operation and maintenance of the Panama Canal in all positions above the grade of messenger and favor as liberal wages and conditions of employment as prevailed under previous Democratic administrations.\nAlaska—Hawaii\n\nWe favor the development of Alaska and Hawaii in the traditional American way, through self-government. We favor the appointment of only bona fide residents to office in the territories. We favor the extension and improvement of the mail, air mail, telegraph and radio, agricultural experimenting, highway construction, and other necessary federal activities in the territories.\nPuerto Rico\n\nWe favor granting to Puerto Rico such territorial form of government as would meet the present economic conditions of the island, and provide for the aspirations of her people, with the view to ultimate statehood accorded to all territories of the United States since the beginning of our government, and we believe any officials appointed to administer the government of such territories should be qualified by previous bona fide residence therein.\nPhilippines\n\nThe Filipino people have succeeded in maintaining a stable government and have thus fulfilled the only condition laid down by the Congress as a prerequisite to the granting of independence. We declare that it is now our duty to keep our promise to these people by granting them immediately the independence which they so honorably covet.\nPublic Health\n\nThe Democratic Party recognizes that not only the productive wealth of the nation but its contentment and happiness depends upon the health of its citizens. It, therefore, pledges itself to enlarge the existing Bureau of Public Health and to do all things possible to stamp out communicable and contagious diseases, and to ascertain preventive means and remedies for these diseases, such as cancer, infantile paralysis and others which heretofore have largely defied the skill of physicians.\nWe pledge our party to spare no means to lift the apprehension of diseases from the minds of our people, and to appropriate all moneys necessary to carry out this pledge.\nConclusion\n\nAffirming our faith in these principles, we submit our cause to the people.", "Words" -> 5517, "WordCounts" -> <|"the" -> 440, "of" -> 345, "and" -> 279, "to" -> 154, "in" -> 100, "a" -> 89, "for" -> 68, "We" -> 58, "that" -> 53, "by" -> 45, "as" -> 43, "be" -> 41, "our" -> 39, "Democratic" -> 37, "all" -> 34, "The" -> 33, "with" -> 32, "is" -> 32, "its" -> 31, "government" -> 31, "Republican" -> 28, "has" -> 28, "favor" -> 26, "Party" -> 25, "from" -> 24, "such" -> 23, 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-> 2, "schools" -> 2, "same" -> 2, "safety" -> 2, "roads" -> 2, "rivers" -> 2, "River" -> 2, "Rico" -> 2, "result" -> 2, "restoration" -> 2, "responsible" -> 2, "respectively" -> 2, "respecting" -> 2, "respect" -> 2, "requires" -> 2, "representatives" -> 2, "removal" -> 2, "remedy" -> 2, "regulations" -> 2, "reductions" -> 2, "recognize" -> 2, "reasonable" -> 2, "race" -> 2, "put" -> 2, "purchasing" -> 2, "Puerto" -> 2, "publish" -> 2, "publicity" -> 2, "Public" -> 2, "provisions" -> 2, "provided" -> 2, "protect" -> 2, "promise" -> 2, "profit" -> 2, "produced" -> 2, "produce" -> 2, "prime" -> 2, "price" -> 2, "previous" -> 2, "Presidents" -> 2, "ports" -> 2, "poisonous" -> 2, "pledged" -> 2, "platform" -> 2, "period" -> 2, "peace" -> 2, "pay" -> 2, "partisan" -> 2, "part" -> 2, "own" -> 2, "opposition" -> 2, "opportunity" -> 2, "open" -> 2, "officials" -> 2, "offers" -> 2, "obligations" -> 2, "notice" -> 2, "nor" -> 2, "Nicaragua" -> 2, "never" -> 2, "navigation" -> 2, "monopolistic" -> 2, "monopolies" -> 2, "moneys" -> 2, "modern" -> 2, "minor" -> 2, "millions" -> 2, "methods" -> 2, "matter" -> 2, "marketing" -> 2, "many" -> 2, "making" -> 2, "make" -> 2, "maintained" -> 2, "mail" -> 2, "likewise" -> 2, "levied" -> 2, "Laws" -> 2, "Law" -> 2, "later" -> 2, "laid" -> 2, "keep" -> 2, "justice" -> 2, "Jefferson" -> 2, "itself" -> 2, "irreparable" -> 2, "into" -> 2, "international" -> 2, "interest" -> 2, "insure" -> 2, "institutions" -> 2, "injury" -> 2, "influence" -> 2, "independence" -> 2, "increasing" -> 2, "income" -> 2, "inaugurated" -> 2, "important" -> 2, "importance" -> 2, "immediately" -> 2, "ignored" -> 2, "if" -> 2, "House" -> 2, "hospital" -> 2, "hold" -> 2, "history" -> 2, "heretofore" -> 2, "her" -> 2, "Health" -> 2, "health" -> 2, "he" -> 2, "had" -> 2, "greatest" -> 2, "greater" -> 2, "Government" -> 2, "gases" -> 2, "fund" -> 2, "frequently" -> 2, "formulated" -> 2, "former" -> 2, "formed" -> 2, "form" -> 2, "floods" -> 2, "five" -> 2, "fiscal" -> 2, "fide" -> 2, "few" -> 2, "farmers" -> 2, "faith" -> 2, "(f)" -> 2, "extension" -> 2, "exorbitant" -> 2, "existing" -> 2, "existence" -> 2, "executive" -> 2, "evils" -> 2, "ever" -> 2, "establishment" -> 2, "enactment" -> 2, "Employees" -> 2, "elimination" -> 2, "efforts" -> 2, "effectively" -> 2, "effective" -> 2, "economy" -> 2, "economical" -> 2, "earnest" -> 2, "each" -> 2, "(e)" -> 2, "done" -> 2, "domestic" -> 2, "distress" -> 2, "disputes" -> 2, "discriminate" -> 2, "disabled" -> 2, "difference" -> 2, "develop" -> 2, "determine" -> 2, "details" -> 2, "destructive" -> 2, "destroyed" -> 2, "desire" -> 2, "dependents" -> 2, "defense" -> 2, "de" -> 2, "crops" -> 2, "credits" -> 2, "created" -> 2, "corruption" -> 2, "co-operation" -> 2, "convention" -> 2, "controlled" -> 2, "Control" -> 2, "continue" -> 2, "conserve" -> 2, "competition" -> 2, "compensation" -> 2, "companies" -> 2, "communication" -> 2, "common" -> 2, "committees" -> 2, "commission" -> 2, "come" -> 2, "Colorado" -> 2, "collective" -> 2, "coal" -> 2, "Children" -> 2, "chief" -> 2, "causes" -> 2, "carrying" -> 2, "carry" -> 2, "capital" -> 2, "Canal" -> 2, "building" -> 2, "both" -> 2, "bona" -> 2, "board" -> 2, "beyond" -> 2, "benefited" -> 2, "benefit" -> 2, "believe" -> 2, "behalf" -> 2, "beginning" -> 2, "before" -> 2, "become" -> 2, "basis" -> 2, "bargaining" -> 2, "available" -> 2, "assume" -> 2, "associations" -> 2, "assistance" -> 2, "aspirations" -> 2, "Armenia" -> 2, "armaments" -> 2, "approval" -> 2, "another" -> 2, "And" -> 2, "also" -> 2, "alike" -> 2, "air" -> 2, "Agriculture" -> 2, "agencies" -> 2, "advantage" -> 2, "additional" -> 2, "added" -> 2, "actual" -> 2, "act" -> 2, "acreage" -> 2, "account" -> 2, "accorded" -> 2, "accomplished" -> 2, "above" -> 2, "Abolition" -> 2, "1928" -> 2, "1921" -> 2, "Zone" -> 1, "yield" -> 1, "year" -> 1, "wringing" -> 1, "workmen" -> 1, "workers" -> 1, "word" -> 1, "Woodrow" -> 1, "women's" -> 1, "Women" -> 1, "wives" -> 1, "within" -> 1, "withdrawn" -> 1, "widows" -> 1, "widespread" -> 1, "whom" -> 1, "wholly" -> 1, "White" -> 1, "whether" -> 1, "wherein" -> 1, "whereby" -> 1, "When" -> 1, "wet" -> 1, "weather" -> 1, "weapon" -> 1, "way" -> 1, "Waterways" -> 1, "waters" -> 1, "water-powers" -> 1, "watchword" -> 1, "Washington" -> 1, "warships" -> 1, "wars" -> 1, "Wage-earner" -> 1, "vulgar" -> 1, "voluntary" -> 1, "volume" -> 1, "voiced" -> 1, "Virulent" -> 1, "virtue" -> 1, "violation" -> 1, "violated" -> 1, "vigorously" -> 1, "vigorous" -> 1, "vigor" -> 1, "vigilant" -> 1, "vexatious" -> 1, "vetoed" -> 1, "Veterans" -> 1, "vested" -> 1, "vessels" -> 1, "very" -> 1, "vendors" -> 1, "vast" -> 1, "Valley" -> 1, "uttering" -> 1, "utilize" -> 1, "usefulness" -> 1, "up" -> 1, "Unsympathetic" -> 1, "unrighteous" -> 1, "unredeemed" -> 1, "unratified" -> 1, "unpunished" -> 1, "unlimited" -> 1, "unit" -> 1, "unendurable" -> 1, "Unblushingly" -> 1, "unalterably" -> 1, "unafraid" -> 1, "unabashed" -> 1, "twice" -> 1, "Turn" -> 1, "tuberculosis" -> 1, "trusts" -> 1, "treaty" -> 1, "treatment" -> 1, "treated" -> 1, "treasonable" -> 1, "Transportation" -> 1, "transferred" -> 1, "transfer" -> 1, "tradespeople" -> 1, "trade" -> 1, "towards" -> 1, "total" -> 1, "tolerated" -> 1, "together" -> 1, "Today" -> 1, "title" -> 1, "timber" -> 1, "Tilden" -> 1, "thwarted" -> 1, "Through" -> 1, "Three" -> 1, "threatens" -> 1, "threatening" -> 1, "threaten" -> 1, "though" -> 1, "thorough-going" -> 1, "thirty" -> 1, "thieveries" -> 1, "thereafter" -> 1, "There" -> 1, "there" -> 1, "territorial" -> 1, "terrible" -> 1, "tenet" -> 1, "tendencies" -> 1, "telegraph" -> 1, "taxpayers" -> 1, "taxing" -> 1, "Taxes" -> 1, "taxes" -> 1, "Taxation" -> 1, "tariffs" -> 1, "Tariff" -> 1, "tactics" -> 1, "sympathy" -> 1, "sympathetic" -> 1, "sustain" -> 1, "suspicion" -> 1, "surveys" -> 1, "surpassed" -> 1, "supply" -> 1, "supplemental" -> 1, "suffering" -> 1, "suffered" -> 1, "Such" -> 1, "successful" -> 1, "succeeded" -> 1, "Substitution" -> 1, "substituted" -> 1, "subsidy" -> 1, "submit" -> 1, "subjected" -> 1, "Study" -> 1, "study" -> 1, "stubborn" -> 1, "structure" -> 1, "stockman" -> 1, "stead" -> 1, "statutory" -> 1, "statehood" -> 1, "startling" -> 1, "stands" -> 1, "standing" -> 1, "standards" -> 1, "stamp" -> 1, "stable" -> 1, "stabilize" -> 1, "stabilization" -> 1, "spread" -> 1, "spite" -> 1, "speedy" -> 1, "speech" -> 1, "speculators" -> 1, "spectacle" -> 1, "Specially" -> 1, "spare" -> 1, "sovereignty" -> 1, "sound" -> 1, "sought" -> 1, "sordid" -> 1, "solve" -> 1, "so-called" -> 1, "skill" -> 1, "size" -> 1, "situation" -> 1, "sites" -> 1, "sinister" -> 1, "simply" -> 1, "similarly" -> 1, "similar" -> 1, "silently" -> 1, "shown" -> 1, "show" -> 1, "shocking" -> 1, "shock" -> 1, "ships" -> 1, "Shipping" -> 1, "shipped" -> 1, "sheer" -> 1, "shackles" -> 1, "seven" -> 1, "sessions" -> 1, "session" -> 1, "Service" -> 1, "served" -> 1, "seriously" -> 1, "separate" -> 1, "senatorial" -> 1, "seek" -> 1, "second" -> 1, "seats" -> 1, "scrutiny" -> 1, "scientific" -> 1, "scandal" -> 1, "savings" -> 1, "saturated" -> 1, "satisfactorily" -> 1, "sat" -> 1, "Samuel" -> 1, "sales" -> 1, "sale" -> 1, "Safeguarding" -> 1, "safeguarded" -> 1, "safeguard" -> 1, "sacrifices" -> 1, "sacred" -> 1, "Sacramento" -> 1, "role" -> 1, "Roads" -> 1, "Rights" -> 1, "revolution" -> 1, "revival" -> 1, "revised" -> 1, "revenue" -> 1, "revels" -> 1, "revealing" -> 1, "retirement" -> 1, "retard" -> 1, "results" -> 1, "rests" -> 1, "restrictions" -> 1, "restore" -> 1, "rest" -> 1, "responsibility" -> 1, "respond" -> 1, "residents" -> 1, "residence" -> 1, "research" -> 1, "Rescue" -> 1, "rescue" -> 1, "requirements" -> 1, "Republic" -> 1, "report" -> 1, "replacement" -> 1, "Reorganization" -> 1, "reorganization" -> 1, "remove" -> 1, "remodeling" -> 1, "remedies" -> 1, "reliable" -> 1, "released" -> 1, "relations" -> 1, "relating" -> 1, "regional" -> 1, "regarded" -> 1, "Reform" -> 1, "reforestation" -> 1, "refinance" -> 1, "Reduction" -> 1, "records" -> 1, "reconstruction" -> 1, "Recognizing" -> 1, "Recognition" -> 1, "recognition" -> 1, "Reclamation" -> 1, "reclaiming" -> 1, "recently" -> 1, "recent" -> 1, "receivers" -> 1, "receive" -> 1, "realized" -> 1, "reaffirms" -> 1, "ratified" -> 1, "rate" -> 1, "rascals" -> 1, "rascality" -> 1, "rapidly" -> 1, "raising" -> 1, "rail" -> 1, "Radio" -> 1, "quasi-judicial" -> 1, "qualified" -> 1, "qualifications" -> 1, "purely" -> 1, "purchasers" -> 1, "publication" -> 1, "provision" -> 1, "providing" -> 1, "provide" -> 1, "proverbial" -> 1, "protective" -> 1, "Protection" -> 1, "prostrate" -> 1, "property" -> 1, "proper" -> 1, "proof" -> 1, "promulgated" -> 1, "prompt" -> 1, "promotion" -> 1, "progressive" -> 1, "progress" -> 1, "productivity" -> 1, "productive" -> 1, "Producers" -> 1, "producer" -> 1, "proceeding" -> 1, "problems" -> 1, "privilege" -> 1, "primary" -> 1, "primarily" -> 1, "primaries" -> 1, "prices" -> 1, "priceless" -> 1, "preventive" -> 1, "prevailed" -> 1, "press" -> 1, "presidency" -> 1, "Present" -> 1, "prerequisite" -> 1, "preparations" -> 1, "practiced" -> 1, "practice" -> 1, "practical" -> 1, "possibilities" -> 1, "positive" -> 1, "positions" -> 1, "position" -> 1, "portion" -> 1, "popular" -> 1, "politics" -> 1, "Policy" -> 1, "play" -> 1, "placed" -> 1, "piece" -> 1, "physicians" -> 1, "Philippines" -> 1, "pests" -> 1, "pertaining" -> 1, "perpetuation" -> 1, "perpetuate" -> 1, "permit" -> 1, "permanently" -> 1, "permanent" -> 1, "periods" -> 1, "peoples" -> 1, "pays" -> 1, "payment" -> 1, "pause" -> 1, "patronage" -> 1, "past" -> 1, "passed" -> 1, "partly" -> 1, "participating" -> 1, "parents" -> 1, "paralysis" -> 1, "panic" -> 1, "Panama" -> 1, "paid" -> 1, "ownership" -> 1, "overlapping" -> 1, "overflowed" -> 1, "Outlawry" -> 1, "ourselves" -> 1, "Our" -> 1, "orphans" -> 1, "organized" -> 1, "organizations" -> 1, "organization" -> 1, "orderly" -> 1, "order" -> 1, "oppression" -> 1, "opinion" -> 1, "operated" -> 1, "Official" -> 1, "offices" -> 1, "officeholders" -> 1, "office" -> 1, "Ocean" -> 1, "occurred" -> 1, "occupational" -> 1, "obsolete" -> 1, "Now" -> 1, "Not" -> 1, "Non-interference" -> 1, "non-interference" -> 1, "non-essential" -> 1, "none" -> 1, "next" -> 1, "new" -> 1, "Never" -> 1, "neighbors" -> 1, "negotiating" -> 1, "negative" -> 1, "necessaries" -> 1, "navy" -> 1, "navigable" -> 1, "navigability" -> 1, "natural" -> 1, "nation's" -> 1, "National" -> 1, "names" -> 1, "multiplication" -> 1, "moves" -> 1, "movement" -> 1, "moral" -> 1, "Monroe" -> 1, "monopolization" -> 1, "Monopolies" -> 1, "moderate" -> 1, "mistakes" -> 1, "ministers" -> 1, "mineral" -> 1, "minds" -> 1, "militarism" -> 1, "Mexico" -> 1, "messenger" -> 1, "merit" -> 1, "Merely" -> 1, "merchants" -> 1, "Merchant" -> 1, "menace" -> 1, "memory" -> 1, "meet" -> 1, "measures" -> 1, "measured" -> 1, "meantime" -> 1, "meant" -> 1, "May" -> 1, "maximum" -> 1, "materials" -> 1, "materially" -> 1, "masses" -> 1, "marketed" -> 1, "Marine" -> 1, "manufacturers" -> 1, "manufacturer" -> 1, "manufacture" -> 1, "manner" -> 1, "management" -> 1, "man" -> 1, "makes" -> 1, "maintaining" -> 1, "machinery" -> 1, "lowering" -> 1, "low" -> 1, "love" -> 1, "losses" -> 1, "long" -> 1, "log-rolling" -> 1, "loans" -> 1, "loan" -> 1, "lives" -> 1, "little" -> 1, "Lines" -> 1, "line" -> 1, "limited" -> 1, "limit" -> 1, "like" -> 1, "lift" -> 1, "liberty" -> 1, "levels" -> 1, "lessening" -> 1, "less" -> 1, "legally" -> 1, "leader" -> 1, "lead" -> 1, "latter" -> 1, "land" -> 1, "Lakes" -> 1, "laborer" -> 1, "kept" -> 1, "(k)" -> 1, "justify" -> 1, "jure" -> 1, "juggled" -> 1, "J" -> 1, "(j)" -> 1, "issuance" -> 1, "island" -> 1, "irrigation" -> 1, "iron" -> 1, "invoked" -> 1, "investigations" -> 1, "intervened" -> 1, "intervene" -> 1, "interstate" -> 1, "International" -> 1, "Interference" -> 1, "interference" -> 1, "interests" -> 1, "intended" -> 1, "intellectual" -> 1, "instances" -> 1, "inspired" -> 1, "inspection" -> 1, "inland" -> 1, "injured" -> 1, "injunction" -> 1, "initiative" -> 1, "inhuman" -> 1, "information" -> 1, "infantile" -> 1, "infant" -> 1, "infancy" -> 1, "inefficiency" -> 1, "industrialists" -> 1, "Industrial" -> 1, "industrial" -> 1, "individual" -> 1, "indeed" -> 1, "indebtedness" -> 1, "increasingly" -> 1, "Increasing" -> 1, "inconsistent" -> 1, "include" -> 1, "incentive" -> 1, "inaction" -> 1, "improvements" -> 1, "Improved" -> 1, "improve" -> 1, "improper" -> 1, "impressed" -> 1, "impossible" -> 1, "imperialism" -> 1, "impaired" -> 1, "Immigration" -> 1, "immigration" -> 1, "illustrious" -> 1, "illegitimate" -> 1, "ignorance" -> 1, "ideals" -> 1, "(i)" -> 1, "husbands" -> 1, "Human" -> 1, "houses" -> 1, "hour" -> 1, "hostility" -> 1, "hospitalization" -> 1, "hopes" -> 1, "honorably" -> 1, "Honest" -> 1, "honest" -> 1, "homestead" -> 1, "home" -> 1, "His" -> 1, "highway" -> 1, "highest" -> 1, "help" -> 1, "heartily" -> 1, "hearing" -> 1, "Hawaii" -> 1, "harassing" -> 1, "happens" -> 1, "handling" -> 1, "(h)" -> 1, "Gulf" -> 1, "grudgingly" -> 1, "Grover" -> 1, "grounds" -> 1, "Great" -> 1, "gravest" -> 1, "grave" -> 1, "grateful" -> 1, "granted" -> 1, "grafters" -> 1, "gradually" -> 1, "grade" -> 1, "Governmental" -> 1, "good" -> 1, "goes" -> 1, "go" -> 1, "givers" -> 1, "given" -> 1, "give" -> 1, "gets" -> 1, "gesture" -> 1, "Geneva" -> 1, "generously" -> 1, "Generous" -> 1, "generations" -> 1, "generally" -> 1, "gain" -> 1, "(g)" -> 1, "further" -> 1, "fundamental" -> 1, "Full" -> 1, "fulfillment" -> 1, "fulfilled" -> 1, "From" -> 1, "friendly" -> 1, "friendliness" -> 1, "Freedom" -> 1, "freedom" -> 1, "frauds" -> 1, "Four" -> 1, "founders" -> 1, "foundation" -> 1, "fostering" -> 1, "formulation" -> 1, "Foreign" -> 1, "forcing" -> 1, "forces" -> 1, "forced" -> 1, "force" -> 1, "fixing" -> 1, "fixed" -> 1, "fitted" -> 1, "Financing" -> 1, "finance" -> 1, "Filipino" -> 1, "filing" -> 1, "file" -> 1, "fight" -> 1, "fifty" -> 1, "feasible" -> 1, "fears" -> 1, "favors" -> 1, "favoritism" -> 1, "favorable" -> 1, "farms" -> 1, "Farm" -> 1, "false" -> 1, "facto" -> 1, "fact-finding" -> 1, "faces" -> 1, "face" -> 1, "extreme" -> 1, "extravagant" -> 1, "extortionate" -> 1, "extinguish" -> 1, "extends" -> 1, "extending" -> 1, "extend" -> 1, "expressed" -> 1, "experimenting" -> 1, "experience" -> 1, "expense" -> 1, "Expenditures" -> 1, "expenditure" -> 1, "expended" -> 1, "expend" -> 1, "expeditiously" -> 1, "expeditious" -> 1, "expansion" -> 1, "exist" -> 1, "exhibited" -> 1, "exercised" -> 1, "exempt" -> 1, "exclusive" -> 1, "excessive" -> 1, "except" -> 1, "exceeds" -> 1, "example" -> 1, "exalt" -> 1, "exactions" -> 1, "evil" -> 1, "everywhere" -> 1, "everything" -> 1, "event" -> 1, "establish" -> 1, "era" -> 1, "Equitable" -> 1, "entry-men" -> 1, "enterprises" -> 1, "entering" -> 1, "entangling" -> 1, "enormous" -> 1, "enlarge" -> 1, "enjoyment" -> 1, "engagements" -> 1, "engaged" -> 1, "Enforcement" -> 1, "enforced" -> 1, "enemy" -> 1, "endure" -> 1, "ends" -> 1, "endorsing" -> 1, "endorse" -> 1, "ended" -> 1, "endeavor" -> 1, "endangers" -> 1, "encouraged" -> 1, "enacted" -> 1, "employed" -> 1, "Elimination" -> 1, "Election" -> 1, "either" -> 1, "eight" -> 1, "effort" -> 1, "efficiently" -> 1, "Efficient" -> 1, "efficacy" -> 1, "effects" -> 1, "effect" -> 1, "Education" -> 1, "education" -> 1, "Economy" -> 1, "economically" -> 1, "earners" -> 1, "earn" -> 1, "early" -> 1, "Duties" -> 1, "During" -> 1, "duplication" -> 1, "driving" -> 1, "drifted" -> 1, "drainage" -> 1, "down" -> 1, "domination" -> 1, "dominant" -> 1, "Doctrine" -> 1, "doctrine" -> 1, "disordered" -> 1, "dishonesty" -> 1, "Dishonest" -> 1, "dishonest" -> 1, "disgust" -> 1, "disgracing" -> 1, "disease" -> 1, "discrimination" -> 1, "discontinuance" -> 1, "disasters" -> 1, "disaster" -> 1, "disapproval" -> 1, "disappearing" -> 1, "disadvantage" -> 1, "directly" -> 1, "direction" -> 1, "direct" -> 1, "differ" -> 1, "die" -> 1, "dictated" -> 1, "devotion" -> 1, "devoted" -> 1, "devise" -> 1, "developed" -> 1, "determined" -> 1, "destroy" -> 1, "despotic" -> 1, "designed" -> 1, "depressed" -> 1, "depravities" -> 1, "depends" -> 1, "dependable" -> 1, "departments" -> 1, "denoted" -> 1, "denial" -> 1, "demoralization" -> 1, "demonstrated" -> 1, "Democrats" -> 1, "democratic" -> 1, "Democrat" -> 1, "demands" -> 1, "delusive" -> 1, "delays" -> 1, "delayed" -> 1, "deflation" -> 1, "defied" -> 1, "defiant" -> 1, "defeated" -> 1, "deeply" -> 1, "deep" -> 1, "deeds" -> 1, "Deception" -> 1, "decent" -> 1, "debts" -> 1, "dealing" -> 1, "day" -> 1, "date" -> 1, "danger" -> 1, "currency" -> 1, "cruisers" -> 1, "critical" -> 1, "crimes" -> 1, "Credit" -> 1, "Creation" -> 1, "creating" -> 1, "covet" -> 1, "countries" -> 1, "counsel" -> 1, "Cost" -> 1, "Corruption" -> 1, "copper" -> 1, "coordination" -> 1, "co-ordinated" -> 1, "co-operatives" -> 1, "co-operative" -> 1, "cooperation" -> 1, "convict" -> 1, "convening" -> 1, 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"Affirming" -> 1, "affects" -> 1, "affecting" -> 1, "advocates" -> 1, "advised" -> 1, "advice" -> 1, "adoption" -> 1, "adopted" -> 1, "Administration" -> 1, "administered" -> 1, "administer" -> 1, "adjustments" -> 1, "actuated" -> 1, "Actual" -> 1, "actively" -> 1, "actions" -> 1, "acknowledge" -> 1, "accumulated" -> 1, "accordance" -> 1, "accomplishments" -> 1, "Accident" -> 1, "accident" -> 1, "abuse" -> 1, "absorb" -> 1, "absolute" -> 1, "abroad" -> 1, "ability" -> 1, "abhorrence" -> 1, "abetted" -> 1, "6,500,000" -> 1, "1927" -> 1, "1924" -> 1, "1917" -> 1, "1" -> 1, "В" -> 1|>|>, <|"SourceURL" -> "http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29593", "Name" -> "Democratic Party Platform of 1924", "Party" -> "Democratic", "Year" -> 1924, "Date" -> DateObject[{1924, 6, 24}], "Text" -> "We, the representatives of the democratic party, in national convention assembled, pay our profound homage to the memory of Woodrow Wilson. Our hearts are filled with gratitude that American democracy should have produced this man, whose spirit and influence will live on through the ages; and that it was our privilege to have co-operated with him in the advancement of ideals of government which will serve as an example and inspiration for this and future generations. We affirm our abiding faith in those ideals and pledge ourselves to take up the standard which he bore and to strive for the full triumph of the principles of democracy to which he dedicated his life.\nDemocratic Principles\n\nThe democratic party believes in equal rights to all and special privilege to none. The republican party holds that special privileges are essential to national prosperity. It believes that national prosperity must originate with the special interests and seep down through the channels of trade to the less favored industries to the wage earners and small salaried employes. It has accordingly enthroned privilege and nurtured selfishness.\nThe republican party is concerned chiefly with material things; the democratic party is concerned chiefly with human rights. The masses, burdened by discriminating laws and unjust administration, are demanding relief. The favored special interests, represented by the republican party, contented with their unjust privileges, are demanding that no change be made. The democratic party stands for remedial legislation and progress. The republican party stands still.\nComparison of Parties\n\nWe urge the American people to compare the record of eight unsullied years of democratic administration with that of the republican administration. In the former there was no corruption. The party pledges were faithfully fulfilled and a democratic congress enacted an extraordinary number of constructive and remedial laws. The economic life of the nation was quickened.\nTariff taxes were reduced. A federal trade commission was created. A federal farm loan system was established. Child labor legislation was enacted. A good roads bill was passed. Eight hour laws were adopted. A secretary of labor was given a seat in the cabinet of the president. The Clayton amendment to the Sherman anti-trust act was passed, freeing American labor and taking it from the category of commodities. By the Smith-Lever bill improvement of agricultural conditions was effected. A corrupt practice act was adopted. A well-considered warehouse act was passed. Federal employment bureaus were created, farm loan banks were organized and the federal reserve system was established. Privilege was uprooted. A corrupt lobby was driven from the national capital. A higher sense of individual and national duty was aroused. America enjoyed an unprecedented period of social and material progress.\nDuring the time which intervened between the inauguration of a democratic administration on March 4, 1913, and our entrance into the world war, we placed upon the statute-books of our country more effective constructive and remedial legislation than the republican party had placed there in a generation.\nDuring the great struggle which followed we had a leadership that carried America to greater heights of honor and power and glory than she had ever known before in her entire history.\nTransition from this period of exalted democratic leadership to the sordid record of the last three and a half years makes the nation ashamed. It marks the contrast between a high conception of public service and an avid purpose to distribute spoils.\nG. O. P. Corruption\n\nNever before in our history has the government been so tainted by corruption and never has an administration so utterly failed. The nation has been appalled by the revelations of political de-pravity which have characterized the conduct of public affairs. We arraign the republican party for attempting to limit inquiry into official delinquencies and to impede if not to frustrate the investigations to which in the beginning the republican party leaders assented, but which later they regarded with dismay.\nThese investigations sent the former secretary of the interior to Three Rivers in disgrace and dishonor. These investigations revealed the incapacity and indifference to public obligation of the secretary of the navy, compelling him by force of public opinion to quit the cabinet. These investigations confirmed the general impression as to the unfitness of the attorney general by exposing an official situation and personal contacts which shocked the conscience of the nation and compelled his dismissal from the cabinet.\nThese investigations disclosed the appalling conditions of the veterans bureau with its fraud upon the government and its cruel neglect of the sick and disabled soldiers of the world war. These investigations revealed the criminal and fraudulent nature of the oil leases which caused the congress, despite the indifference of the executive, to direct recovery of the public domain and the prosecution of the criminal.\nSuch are the exigencies of partisan politics that republican leaders are teaching the strange doctrine that public censure should be directed against those who expose crime rather than against criminals who have committed the offenses. If only three cabinet officers out of ten are disgraced, the country is asked to marvel at how many are free from taint. Long boastful that it was the only party \"fit to govern,\" the republican party has proven its inability to govern even itself. It is at war with itself. As an agency of government it has ceased to function.\nThis nation cannot afford to entrust its welfare to a political organization that cannot master itself, or to an executive whose policies have been rejected by his own party. To retain in power an administration of this character would inevitably result in four years more of continued disorder, internal dissension and governmental inefficiency. A vote for Coolidge is a vote for chaos.\nIssues\n\nThe dominant issues of the campaign are created by existing conditions. Dishonesty, discrimination, extravagances and inefficiency exist in government. The burdens of taxation have become unbearable. Distress and bankruptcy in agriculture, the basic industry of our country, is affecting the happiness and prosperity of the whole people. The cost of living is causing hardship and unrest.\nThe slowing down of industry is adding to the general distress. The tariff, the destruction of our foreign markets and the high cost of transportation are taking the profit out of agriculture, mining and other raw material industries. Large standing armies and the cost of preparing for war still cast their burdens upon humanity. These conditions the existing republican administration has proven itself unwilling or unable to redress.\nThe democratic party pledges itself to the following program:\nHonest government.\nWe pledge the democratic party to drive from public places all which make barter of our national power, its resources or the administration of its laws; to punish those guilty of these offenses.\nTo put none but the honest in public office; to practice economy in the expenditure of public money; to reverence and respect the rights of all under the constitution.\nTo condemn and destroy government by the spy and blackmailer which was by this republican administration both encouraged and practiced.\nTariff and Taxation\n\nThe Fordney-McCumber tariff act is the most unjust, unscientific and dishonest tariff tax measure ever enacted in our history. It is class legislation which defrauds the people for the benefit of a few, it heavily increases the cost of living, penalizes agriculture, corrupts the government, fosters paternalism and, in the long run, does not benefit the very interests for which it was intended.\nWe denounce the republican tariff laws which are written, in great part, in aid of monopolies and thus prevent that reasonable exchange of commodities which would enable foreign countries to buy our surplus agricultural and manufactured products with resultant profit to the toilers and producers of America.\nTrade interchange, on the basis of reciprocal advantages to the countries participating is a time-honored doctrine of democratic faith. We declare our party's position to be in favor of a tax on commodities entering the customs house that will promote effective competition, protect against monopoly and at the same time produce a fair revenue to support the government.\nThe greatest contributing factor in the increase and unbalancing of prices is unscientific taxation. After having increased taxation and the cost of living by $2,000,000,000 under the Fordney-Mc-Cumber tariff, all that the republican party could suggest in the way of relief was a cut of $300,000,000 in direct taxes; and that was to be given principally to those with the largest incomes.\nAlthough there was no evidence of a lack of capital for investment to meet the present requirements of all legitimate industrial enterprises and although the farmers and general consumers were bearing the brunt of tariff favors already granted to special interests, the administration was unable to devise any plan except one to grant further aid to the few. Fortunately this plan of the administration failed and under democratic leadership, aided by progressive republicans, a more equitable one was adopted, which reduces direct taxes by about $450,000,000.\nThe issue between the president and the democratic party is not one of tax reduction or of the conservation of capital. It is an issue of relative burden of taxation and of the distribution of capital as affected by the taxation of income. The president still stands on the so-called Mellon plan, which his party has just refused to indorse or mention in its platform.\nThe income tax was intended as a tax upon wealth. It was not intended to take from the poor any part of the necessities of life. We hold that the fairest tax with which to raise revenue for the federal government is the income tax. We favor a graduated tax upon incomes, so adjusted as to lay the burdens of government upon the taxpayers in proportion to the benefits they enjoy and their ability to pay.\nWe oppose the so-called nuisance taxes, sales taxes and all other forms of taxation that unfairly shift to the consumer the burdens of taxation. We refer to the democratic revenue measure passed by the last congress as distinguished from the Mellon tax plan as an illustration of the policy of the democratic party. We first made a flat reduction of 25 per cent upon the tax of all incomes payable this year and then we so changed the proposed Mellon plan as to eliminate taxes upon the poor, reducing them upon moderate incomes and, in a lesser degree, upon the incomes of multi-millionaires. We hold that all taxes are unnecessarily high and pledge ourselves to further reductions.\nWe denounce the Mellon plan as a device to relieve multi-millionaires at the expense of other taxpayers, and we accept the issue of taxation tendered by President Coolidge.\nAgriculture\n\nDuring the four years of republican government the economic condition of the American farmer has changed from comfort to bankruptcy, with all its attendant miseries. The chief causes for this are:\n(a) The republican party policy of isolation in international affairs has prevented Europe from getting back to its normal balance, and, by leaving unsolved the economic problems abroad, has driven the European city population from industrial activities to the soil in large numbers in order to earn the mere necessaries of life. This has deprived the American farmer of his normal export trade.\n(b) The republican policy of a prohibitive tariff, exemplified in the Fordney-McCumber law, which has forced the American farmer, with his export market debilitated, to buy manufactured goods at sustained high domestic levels, thereby making him the victim of the profiteer.\n(c) The republican policy of high transportation rates, both rail and water, which has made it impossible for the farmer to ship his produce to market at even a living profit.\nTo offset these policies and their disastrous results, and to restore the farmer again to economic equality with other industrialists, we pledge\nourselves:\n(a) To adopt an international policy of such co-operation by direct official, instead of indirect and evasive unofficial means, as will re-establish the farmers' export market by restoring the industrial balance in Europe and the normal flow of international trade with the settlement of Europe's economic problems.\n(b) To adjust the tariff so that the farmer and all other classes can buy again in a competitive manufacturers' market.\n(c) To readjust and lower rail and water rates which will make our markets, both for the buyer and the seller, national and international instead of regional and local.\n(d) To bring about the early completion of international waterway systems for transportation and to develop our water powers for cheaper fertilizer and use on our farms.\n(e) To stimulate by every proper governmental activity the progress of the co-operative marketing movement and the establishment of an export marketing corporation or commission in order that the exportable surplus may not establish the price of the whole crop.\n(f) To secure for the farmer credits suitable for his needs.\n(g) By the establishment of these policies and others naturally supplementary thereto, to reduce the margin between what the producer receives for his products and the consumer has to pay for his supplies, to the end that we secure an equality for agriculture.\nRailroads\n\nThe sponsors for the Esch-Cummins transportation act of 1920, at the time of its presentation to congress, stated that it had for its purposes the reduction of the cost of transportation, the improvement of service, the bettering of labor conditions, the promotion of peaceful co-operation between employer and employe, and at the same time the assurance of a fair and just return to the railroads upon their investment.\nWe are in accord with these announced purposes, but contend that the act has failed to accomplish them. It has failed to reduce the cost of transportation. The promised improvement in service has not been realized. The labor provisions of the act have proven unsatisfactory in settling differences between employer and employes. The so-called recapture clause has worked out to the advantage of the strong and has been of no benefit to the weak. The pronouncement in the act for the development of both rail and water transportation has proved futile. Water transportation upon our inland waterways has not been encouraged, the limitation of our coastwise trade is threatened by the administration of the act. It has unnecessarily interfered with the power of the states to regulate purely intrastate transportation. It must therefore be so rewritten that the high purpose which the public welfare demands may be accomplished.\nRailroad freight rates should be so readjusted as to give the bulky basic, low-priced raw commodities, such as agricultural products, coal and ores the lowest rates, placing the higher rates upon more valuable and less bulky manufactured products.\nMuscle Shoals\n\nWe reaffirm and pledge the fulfillment of the policy, with reference to Muscle Shoals, as declared and passed by the democratic majority of the sixty-fourth congress in the national defense act of 1916, \"for the production of nitrates or other products needed for munitions of war and useful in the manufacture of fertilizers.\"\nWe hold that the production of cheaper and high grade fertilizers is essential to agricultural prosperity. We demand prompt action by congress for the operation of the Muscle Shoals plants to maximum capacity in the production, distribution and sale of commercial fertilizers to the farmers of the country and we oppose any legislation that limits the production of fertilizers at Muscle Shoals by limiting the amount of power to be used in their manufacture.\nCredit and Currency\n\nWe denounce the recent cruel and unjust contraction of legitimate and necessary credit and currency, which was directly due to the so-called deflation policy of the republican party, as declared in its national platform of June, 1920, and in the speech of acceptance of its candidate for the presidency. Within eighteen months after the election of 1920 this policy resulted in withdrawing bank loans by over $5,000,000,000 and in contracting our currency by over $1,500,000,000.\nThe contraction bankrupted hundreds of thousands of farmers and stock growers in America and resulted in widespread industrial depression and unemployment. We demand that the federal reserve system be so administered as to give stability to industry, commerce and finance, as was intended by the democratic party, which gave the federal reserve system to the nation.\nReclamation\n\nThe democratic party was foremost in urging reclamation for the immediate arid and semiarid lands of the west. The lands are located in the public land states, and, therefore, it is due to the government to utilize their resources by reclamation. Homestead entrymen under reclamation projects have suffered from the extravagant inefficiencies and mistakes of the federal government.\nThe reclamation act of 1924, recommended by the fact finding commission and added as an amendment to the second deficiency appropriation bill at the last session of congress, was eliminated from that bill by the republican conferees in the report they presented to congress one hour before adjournment. The democratic party pledges itself actively, efficiently and economically to carry on the reclamation projects, and to make equitable adjustment for the mistakes the government has made.\nConservation\n\nWe pledge recovery of the navy's oil reserves, and all other parts of the public domain which have been fraudulently or illegally leased or otherwise wrongfully transferred to the control of private interests; vigorous prosecution of all public officials, private citizens and corporations that participated in these transactions; revision of the water power act, the general leasing act and all other legislation relating to public domain, that may be essential to its conservation and honest and efficient use on behalf of the people of the country.\nWe believe that the nation should retain title to its water power and we favor the expeditious creation and development of our water power. We favor strict public control and conservation of all the nation's natural resources, such as coal, iron, oil and timber, and their use in such manner as may be to the best interest of our citizens.\nThe conservation of migratory birds, the establishment of game preserves, and the protection and conservation of wild life is of importance to agriculturists as well as sportsmen. Our disappearing national natural resources of timber calls for a national policy of reforestation.\nImproved Highways\n\nImproved roads are of vital importance, not only to commerce and industry, but also to agriculture and natural life. We call attention to the record of the democratic party in this matter and favor continuance of federal aid under existing federal and state agencies.\nMining\n\nMining is one of the basic industries of this country. We produce more coal, iron, copper and silver than any other country. The value of our mineral production is second only to agriculture.\nMining has suffered like agriculture and from the same causes. It is the duty of our government to foster this industry and to remove the restrictions that destroy its prosperity.\nMerchant Marine\n\nThe democratic party condemns the vacillating policy of the republican administration in the failure to develop an American flag shipping policy. There has been a marked decrease in the volume of American commerce carried in American vessels as compared to the record under a democratic administration.\nWe oppose as illogical and unsound all efforts to overcome by subsidy the handicap to American shipping and commerce imposed by republican policies.\nWe condemn the practice of certain American railroads in favoring foreign ships, and pledge ourselves to correct such discriminations. We declare for an American owned merchant marine, American built and manned by American crews, which is essential for naval security in war and is a protection to the American farmer and manufacturer against excessive ocean freight charges on products of farm and factory.\nWe declare that the government should own and operate such merchant ships as will insure the accomplishment of these purposes and to continue such operation so long as it may be necessary without obstructing the development and growth of a privately owned American flag shipping.\nNecessities of Life\n\nWe pledge the democratic party to regulate by governmental agencies the anthracite coal industry and all other corporations controlling the necessaries of life where public welfare has been subordinated to private interests.\nEducation\n\nWe believe with Thomas Jefferson and founders of the republic that ignorance is the enemy of freedom and that each state, being responsible for the intellectual and moral qualifications of its citizens and for the expenditure of the moneys collected by taxation for the support of its schools, shall use its sovereign fight in all matters pertaining to education. The federal government should offer to the states such counsel, advice and aid as may be made available through the federal agencies for the general improvement of our schools in view of our national needs.\nCivil Service\n\nWe denounce the action of the republican administration in its violations of the principles of civil service by its partisan removals and manipulation of the eligible lists in the postoffice department and other governmental departments; by its packing the civil service commission so that commission became the servile instrument of the administration in its wish to deny to the former service men their preferential rights under the law and the evasion of the requirements of the law with reference to appointments in the department.\nWe pledge the democratic party faithfully to comply with the spirit as well as the regulation of civil service; to extend its provisions to internal revenue officers and to other employes of the government not in executive positions, and to secure to former service men preference in such appointments.\nPostal Employes\n\nWe declare in favor of adequate salaries to provide decent living conditions for postal employes.\nPopular Elections\n\nWe pledge the democratic party to a policy which will prevent members of either house who fail of re-election from participating in the subsequent sessions of congress. This can be accomplished by fixing the days for convening the congress immediately after the biennial national election; and to this end we favor granting the right to the people of the several states to vote on proposed constitutional amendments on this subject.\nProbation\n\nWe favor the extension of the probation principle to the courts of the United States.\nActivities of Women\n\nWe welcome the women of the nation to their rightful place by the side of men in the control of the government whose burdens they have always shared.\nThe democratic party congratulates them upon the essential part which they have taken in the progress of our country, and the zeal with which they are using their political power to aid the enactment of beneficial laws and the exaction of fidelity in the public service.\nVeterans of Wars\n\nWe favor generous appropriations, honest management and sympathetic care and assistance in the hospitalization, rehabilitation and compensation of the veterans of all wars and their dependents. The humanizing of the veterans' bureau is imperatively required.\nContributions\n\nThe nation now knows that the predatory interests have, by supplying republican campaign funds, systematically purchased legislative favors and administrative immunity. The practice must stop; our nation must return to honesty and decency in politics.\nElections are public affairs conducted for the sole purpose of ascertaining the will of the sovereign voters. Therefore, we demand that national elections shall hereafter be kept free from the poison of excessive private contributions. To this end, we favor reasonable means of publicity, at public expense, so that candidates, properly before the people for federal offices, may present their claims at a minimum of cost. Such publicity should precede the primary and the election.\nWe favor the prohibition of individual contributions, direct and indirect, to the campaign funds of congressmen, senators or presidential candidates, beyond a reasonable sum to be fixed in the law, for both individual contributions and total expenditures, with requirements for full publicity. We advocate a complete revision of the corrupt practice act to prevent Newberryism and the election evils disclosed by recent investigations.\nNarcotics\n\nRecognizing in narcotic addiction, especially the spreading of heroin addiction among the youth, a grave peril to America and to the human race, we pledge ourselves vigorously to take against it all legitimate and proper measures for education, for control and for suppression at home and abroad.\nProhibition Law\n\nThe republican administration has failed to enforce the prohibition law; is guilty of trafficking in liquor permits, and has become the protector of violators of this law.\nThe democratic party pledges itself to respect and enforce the constitution and all laws.\nRights of States\n\nWe demand that the states of the union shall be preserved in all their vigor and power. They constitute a bulwark against the centralizing and destructive tendencies of the republican party.\nWe condemn the efforts of the republican party to nationalize the functions and duties of the states.\nWe oppose the extension of bureaucracy, the creation of unnecessary bureaus and federal agencies and the multiplication of offices and office-holders.\nWe demand a revival of the spirit of local self-government essential to the preservation of the free institutions of our republic.\nAsiatic Immigration\n\nWe pledge ourselves to maintain our established position in favor of the exclusion of Asiatic immigration.\nPhilippines\n\nThe Filipino peoples have succeeded in maintaining a stable government and have thus fulfilled the only condition laid down by congress as a prerequisite to the granting of independence. We declare that it is now our liberty and our duty to keep our promise to these people by granting them immediately the independence which they so honorably covet.\nAlaska\n\nThe maladministration of affairs in Alaska is a matter of concern to all our people. Under the republican administration, development has ceased and the fishing industry has been seriously impaired. We pledge ourselves to correct the evils which have grown up in the administration of that rich domain.\nAn adequate form of local self-government for Alaska must be provided and to that end we favor the establishment of a full territorial form of government for that territory similar to that enjoyed by all the territories except Alaska during the last century of American history.\nHawaii\n\nWe believe in a policy for continuing the improvements of the national parks, the harbors and breakwaters, and the federal roads of the territory of Hawaii.\nVirgin Islands\n\nWe recommend legislation for the welfare of the inhabitants of the Virgin islands.\nLausanne Treaty\n\nWe condemn the Lausanne treaty. It barters legitimate American rights and betrays Armenia, for the Chester oil concessions.\nWe favor the protection of American rights in Turkey and the fulfillment of President Wilson's arbitral award respecting Armenia.\nDisarmament\n\nWe demand a strict and sweeping reduction of armaments by land and sea, so that there shall be no competitive military program or naval building. Until international agreements to this end have been made we advocate an army and navy adequate for our national safety.\nOur government should secure a joint agreement with all nations for world disarmament and also for a referendum of war, except in case of actual or threatened attack.\nThose who must furnish the blood and bear the burdens imposed by war should, whenever possible, be consulted before this supreme sacrifice is required of them.\nGreece\n\nWe welcome to the sisterhood of republics the ancient land of Greece which gave to our party its priceless name. We extend to her government and people our cordial good wishes.\nWar is a relic of barbarism and it is justifiable only as a measure of defense.\nIn the event of war in which the man power of the nation is drafted, all other resources should likewise be drafted. This will tend to discourage war by depriving it of its profits.\nPersonal Freedom\n\nThe democratic party reaffirms its adherence and devotion to those cardinal principles contained in the constitution and the precepts upon which our government is founded, that congress shall make no laws respecting the establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercises thereof, or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press or of the right of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition the government for a redress of grievances, that the church and the state shall be and remain separate, and that no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office of public trust under the United States. These principles, we pledge ourselves ever to defend and maintain. We insist at all times upon obedience to the orderly processes of the law and deplore and condemn any effort to arouse religious or racial dissension.\nLeague of Nations\n\nThe democratic party pledges all its energies to the outlawing of the whole war system. We refuse to believe that the wholesale slaughter of human beings on the battlefield is any more necessary to man's highest development than is killing by individuals.\nThe only hope for world peace and for economic recovery lies in the organized efforts of sovereign nations co-operating to remove the causes of war and to substitute law and order for violence.\nUnder democratic leadership a practical plan was devised under which fifty-four nations are now operating, and which has for its fundamental purpose the free co-operation of all nations in the work of peace.\nThe government of the United States for the last four years has had no foreign policy, and consequently it has delayed the restoration of the political and economic agencies of the world. It has impaired our self-respect at home and injured our prestige abroad. It has curtailed our foreign markets and ruined our agricultural prices.\nIt is of supreme importance to civilization and to mankind that America be placed and kept on the right side of the greatest moral question of all time, and therefore the democratic party renews its declarations of confidence in the idea of world peace, the league of nations and the world court of justice as together constituting the supreme effort of the statesmanship and religious conviction of our time to organize the world for peace.\nFurther, the democratic party declared that it will be the purpose of the next administration to do all in its power to secure for our country that moral leadership in the family of nations which, in the providence of God, has been so clearly marked out for it. There is no substitute for the league of nations as an agency working for peace, therefore, we believe, that, in the interest of permanent peace, and in the lifting of the great burdens of war from the backs of the people, and in order to establish a permanent foreign policy on these supreme questions, not subject to change with change of party administration, it is desirable, wise and necessary to lift this question out of party politics and to that end to take the sense of the American people at a referendum election, advisory to the government, to be held officially, under act of congress, free from all other questions and candidacies, after ample time for full consideration and discussion throughout the country, upon the question, in substance, as follows:\n\"Shall the United States become a member of the league of nations upon such reservations or amendments to the covenant of the league as the president and the senate of the United States may agree upon.\"\nImmediately upon an affirmative vote we will carry out such mandate.\nWaterways\n\nWe favor and will promote deep waterways from the great lakes to the gulf and to the Atlantic ocean.\nFlood Control\n\nWe favor a policy for the fostering and building of inland waterways and the removal of discrimination against water transportation. Flood control and the lowering of flood levels is essential to the safety of life and property, the productivity of our lands, the navigability of our streams and the reclaiming of our wet and overflowed lands and the creation of hydro-electric power. We favor the expeditious construction of flood relief works on the Mississippi and Colorado rivers and also such reclamation and irrigation projects upon the Colorado river as may be found to be feasible and practical.\nWe favor liberal appropriations for prompt coordinated surveys by the United States to determine the possibilities of general navigation improvements and water power development on navigable streams and their tributaries, to secure reliable information as to the most economical navigation improvement, in combination with the most efficient and complete development of water power.\nWe favor suspension of the granting of federal water power licenses by the federal water power committee until congress has received reports from the water power commission with regard to applications for such licenses.\nPrivate Monopolies\n\nThe federal trade commission has submitted to the republican administration numerous reports showing the existence of monopolies and combinations in restraint of trade, and has recommended proceedings against these violators of the law. The few prosecutions which have resulted from this abundant evidence furnished by this agency created by the democratic party, while proving the indifference of the administration to the violations of law by trusts and monopolies and its friendship for them, nevertheless demonstrate the value of the federal trade commission.\nWe declare that a private monopoly is indefensible and intolerable, and pledge the democratic party to vigorous enforcement of existing laws against monopoly and illegal combinations, and to the enactment of such further measures as may be necessary.\nFraudulent Stock Sale\n\nWe favor the immediate passage of such legislation as may be necessary to enable the states efficiently to enforce their laws relating to the gradual financial strangling of innocent investors, workers and consumers, caused by the indiscriminate promotion, refinancing and reorganizing of corporations on an inflated and over-capitalized basis, resulting already in the undermining and collapse of many railroads, public service and industrial corporations, manifesting itself in unemployment, irreparable loss and waste and which constitute a serious menace to the stability of our economic system.\nAviation\n\nWe favor a sustained development of aviation by both the government and commercially.\nLabor, Child Welfare\n\nLabor is not a commodity. It is human. We favor collective bargaining and laws regulating hours of labor and conditions under which labor is performed. We favor the enactment of legislation providing that the product of convict labor shipped from one state to another shall be subject to the laws of the latter state exactly as though they had been produced therein. In order to mitigate unemployment attending business depression, we urge the enactment of legislation authorizing the construction and repair of public works be initiated in periods of acute unemployment.\nWe pledge the party to co-operate with the state governments for the welfare, education and protection of child life and all necessary safeguards against exhaustive debilitating employment conditions for women.\nWithout the votes of democratic members of congress the child labor amendment would not have been submitted for ratification.\nLatin-America\n\nFrom the day of their birth, friendly relations have existed between the Latin-American republics and the United States. That friendship grows stronger as our relations become more intimate. 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"activities" -> 1, "actively" -> 1, "accordingly" -> 1, "accord" -> 1, "accomplishment" -> 1, "accomplish" -> 1, "acceptance" -> 1, "accept" -> 1, "abundant" -> 1, "abridging" -> 1, "ability" -> 1, "abiding" -> 1, "4" -> 1, "25" -> 1, "1924" -> 1, "1916" -> 1, "1913" -> 1|>|>, <|"SourceURL" -> "http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29592", "Name" -> "Democratic Party Platform of 1920", "Party" -> "Democratic", "Year" -> 1920, "Date" -> DateObject[{1920, 6, 28}], "Text" -> "The Democratic Party, in its National Convention now assembled, sends greetings to the President of the United States, Woodrow Wilson, and hails with patriotic pride the great achievements for country and the world wrought by a Democratic administration under his leadership.\nIt salutes the mighty people of this great republic, emerging with imperishable honor from the severe tests and grievous strains of the most tragic war in history, having earned the plaudits and the gratitude of all free nations.\nIt declares its adherence to the fundamental progressive principles of social, economic and industrial justice and advance, and purposes to resume the great work of translating these principles into effective laws, begun and carried far by the Democratic administration and interrupted only when the war claimed all the national energies for the single task of victory.\nLeague of Nations\n\nThe Democratic Party favors the League of Nations as the surest, if not the only, practicable means of maintaining the permanent peace of the world and terminating the insufferable burden of great military and naval establishments. It was for this that America broke away from traditional isolation and spent her blood and treasure to crush a colossal scheme of conquest. It was upon this basis that the President of the United States, in prearrangement with our allies, consented to a suspension of hostilities against the Imperial German Government; the Armistice was granted and a Treaty of Peace negotiated upon the definite assurance to Germany, as well as to the powers pitted against Germany, that \"a general association of nations must be formed, under specific covenants, for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.\" Hence, we not only congratulate the President on the vision manifested and the vigor exhibited in the prosecution of the war; but we felicitate him and his associates on the exceptional achievement at Paris involved in the adoption of a league and treaty so near akin to previously expressed American ideals and so intimately related to the aspirations of civilized peoples everywhere.\nWe commend the President for his courage and his high conception of good faith in steadfastly standing for the covenant agreed to by all the associated and allied nations at war with Germany, and we condemn the Republican Senate for its refusal to ratify the treaty merely because it was the product of Democratic statesmanship, thus interposing partisan envy and personal hatred in the way of the peace and renewed prosperity of the world.\nBy every accepted standard of international morality the President is justified in asserting that the honor of the country is involved in this business; and we point to the accusing fact that, before it was determined to initiate political antagonism to the treaty, the now Republican chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee himself publicly proclaimed that any proposition for a separate peace with Germany, such as he and his party associates thereafter reported to the Senate, would make us \"guilty of the blackest crime.\"\nOn May 15 last the Knox substitute for the Versailles Treaty was passed by the Republican Senate; and this Convention can contrive no more fitting characterization of its obloquy than that made in the Forum magazine of December, 1918, by Henry Cabot Lodge, when he said:\n\"If we send our armies and young men abroad to be killed and wounded in northern France and Flanders with no result but this, our entrance into war with such an intention was a crime which nothing can justify. The intent of Congress and the intent of the President was that there could be no peace until we could create a situation where no such war as this could recur.\n\"We cannot make peace except in company with our allies.\n\"It would brand us with everlasting dishonor and bring ruin to us also if we undertook to make a separate peace.\"\nThus, to that which Mr. Lodge, in saner moments, considered \"the blackest crime\" he and his party in madness sought to give the sanctity of law; that which eighteen months ago was of \"everlasting dishonor,\" the Republican Party and its candidates to-day accept as the essence of faith.\nWe endorse the President's view of our international obligations and his firm stand against reservations designed to cut to pieces the vital provisions of the Versailles Treaty and we commend the Democrats in Congress for voting against resolutions for separate peace which would disgrace the nation.\nWe advocate the immediate ratification of the treaty without reservations which would impair its essential integrity; but do not oppose the acceptance of any reservations making clearer or more specific the obligations of the United States to the league associates. Only by doing this may we retrieve the reputation of this nation among the powers of the earth and recover the moral leadership which President Wilson won and which Republican politicians at Washington sacrificed. Only by doing this may we hope to aid effectively in the restoration of order throughout the world and to take the place which we should assume in the front rank of spiritual, commercial and industrial advancement.\nWe reject as utterly vain, if not vicious, the Republican assumption that ratification of the treaty and membership in the League of Nations would in any wise impair the integrity or independence of our country. The fact that the covenant has been entered into by twenty-nine nations, all as jealous of their independence as we of ours, is a sufficient refutation of such a charge. The President repeatedly has declared, and this Convention reaffirms, that all our duties and obligations as a member of the league must be fulfilled in strict conformity with the Constitution of the United States, embodied in which is the fundamental requirement of declaratory action by the Congress before this nation may become a participant in any war.\nSenate Rules\n\nWe favor such alteration of the rules of procedure of the Senate of the United States as will permit the prompt transaction of the nation's legislative business.\nConduct of the War\n\nDuring the war President Wilson exhibited the very broadest conception of liberal Americanism. In his conduct of the war, as in the general administration of his high office, there was no semblance of partisan bias. He invited to Washington as his councilors and coadjutors hundreds of the most prominent and pronounced Republicans in the country. To these he committed responsibilities of the gravest import and most confidential nature. Many of them had charge of vital activities of the government\nAnd yet, with the war successfully prosecuted and gloriously ended, the Republican Party in Congress, far from applauding the masterly leadership of the President and felicitating the country on the amazing achievements of the American government, has meanly requited the considerate course of the chief magistrate by savagely defaming the Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy and by assailing nearly every public officer of every branch of the service intimately concerned in winning the war abroad and preserving the security of the government at home.\nWe express something that the Republican Convention omitted to express—we express to the soldiers and sailors of America the admiration of their fellow countrymen. Guided by the genius of such commanders as General John J. Pershing, the armed forces of America constituted a decisive factor in the victory and brought new lustre to the flag.\nWe commend the patriotic men and women, who sustained the efforts of their government in the crucial hours of the war, and contributed to the brilliant administrative success, achieved under the broad-visioned leadership of the President.\nFinancial Achievements\n\nA review of the record of the Democratic Party during the administration of Woodrow Wilson presents a chapter of substantial achievements unsurpassed in the history of the republic. For fifty years before the advent of this administration periodical convulsions had impeded the industrial progress of the American people and caused unestimatable loss and distress. By the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act the old system, which bred panics, was replaced by a new system, which insured confidence. It was an indispensable factor in winning the war, and to-day it is the hope and inspiration of business. Indeed, one vital danger against which the American people should keep constantly on guard, is the commitment of this system to partisan enemies who struggled against its adoption and vainly attempted to retain in the hands of speculative bankers a monopoly of the currency and credits of the nation. Already there are well defined indications of an assault upon the vital principles of the system in the event of Republican success at the elections in November.\nUnder Democratic leadership the American people successfully financed their stupendous part in the greatest war of all time. The Treasury wisely insisted during the war upon meeting an adequate portion of the war expenditure from current taxes and the bulk of the balance from popular loans, and, during the first full fiscal year after fighting stopped, upon meeting current expenditures from current receipts notwithstanding the new and unnecessary burdens thrown upon the Treasury by the delay, obstruction and extravagance of a Republican Congress.\nThe non-partisan Federal Reserve authorities have been wholly free of political interference or motive; and, in their own time and their own way, have used courageously, though cautiously, the instruments at their disposal to prevent undue expansion of credit in the country. As a result of these sound Treasury and Federal Reserve policies, the inevitable war inflation has been held down to a minimum, and the cost of living has been prevented from increasing in this country in proportion to the increase in other belligerent countries and in neutral countries which are in close contact with the world's commerce and exchanges.\nAfter a year and a half of fighting in Europe, and despite another year and a half of Republican obstruction at home, the credit of the Government of the United States stands unimpaired, the Federal Reserve note is the unit of value throughout all the world; and the United States is the one great country in the world which maintains a free gold market.\nWe condemn the attempt of the Republican party to deprive the American people of their legitimate pride in the financing of the war—an achievement without parallel in the financial history of this or any other country, in this or any other war. And in particular we condemn the pernicious attempt of the Republican Party to create discontent among the holders of the bonds of the Government of the United States and to drag our public finance and our banking and currency system back into the arena of party politics .\nTax Revision\n\nWe condemn the failure of the present Congress to respond to the oft-repeated demand of the President and the Secretaries of the Treasury to revise the existing tax laws. The continuance in force in peace times of taxes devised under pressure of imperative necessity to produce a revenue for war purposes is indefensible and can only result in lasting injury to the people. The Republican Congress persistently failed, through sheer political cowardice, to make a single move toward a readjustment of tax laws which it denounced before the last election and was afraid to revise before the next election.\nWe advocate reform and a searching revision of the War Revenue Acts to fit peace conditions so that the wealth of the nation may not be withdrawn from productive enterprise and diverted to wasteful or non-productive expenditure.\nWe demand prompt action by the next Congress for a complete survey of existing taxes and their modification and simplification with a view to secure greater equity and justice in the tax burden and improvement in administration.\nPublic Economy\n\nClaiming to have effected great economies in Government expenditures, the Republican Party cannot show the reduction of one dollar in taxation as a corollary of this false pretense. In contrast, the last Democratic Congress enacted legislation reducing taxes from eight billions, designed to be raised, to six billions for the first year after the Armistice, and to four billions thereafter; and there the total is left undiminished by our political adversaries. Two years after Armistice Day a Republican Congress provides for expending the stupendous sum of $5,403,390,.327.30, and wouldn't even lop off the thirty cents.\nAffecting great paper economies by reducing departmental estimates of sums which would not have been spent in any event, and by reducing formal appropriations, the Republican statement of expenditures omits the pregnant fact that the Congress authorized the use of one and a half billion dollars in the hands of various departments and bureaus, which otherwise would have been covered back into the Treasury, and which should be added to the Republican total of expenditures.\nHigh Cost of Living\n\nThe high cost of living and the depreciation of bond values in this country are primarily due to the war itself, to the necessary governmental expenditures for the destructive purposes of war, to private extravagance, to the world shortage of capital, to the inflation of foreign currencies and credits, and, in large degree, to conscienceless profiteering.\nThe Republican Party is responsible for the failure to restore peace and peace conditions in Europe, which is a principal cause of post-armistice inflation the world over. It has denied the demand of the President for necessary legislation to deal with secondary and local causes. The sound policies pursued by the Treasury and the Federal Reserve system have limited in this country, though they could not prevent, the inflation which was worldwide. Elected upon specific promises to curtail public expenditures and to bring the country back to a status of effective economy, the Republican Party in Congress wasted time and energy for more than a year in vain and extravagant investigations, costing the tax-payers great sums of money, while revealing nothing beyond the incapacity of Republican politicians to cope with the problems. Demanding that the President, from his place at the Peace Table, call the Congress into extraordinary session for imperative purposes of readjustment, the Congress when convened spent thirteen months in partisan pursuits, failing to repeal a single war statute which harassed business or to initiate a single constructive measure to help business. It busied itself making a pre-election record of pretended thrift, having not one particle of substantial existence in fact. It raged against profiteers and the high cost of living without enacting a single statute to make the former afraid or doing a single act to bring the latter within limitations.\nThe simple truth is that the high cost of living can only be remedied by increased production, strict governmental economy and a relentless pursuit of those who take advantage of post-war conditions and are demanding and receiving outrageous profits.\nWe pledge the Democratic Party to a policy of strict economy in government expenditures, and to the enactment and enforcement of such legislation as may be required to bring profiteers before the bar of criminal justice.\nThe Tariff\n\nWe reaffirm the traditional policy of the Democratic Party in favor of a tariff for revenue only and confirm the policy of basing tariff revisions upon the intelligent research of a non-partisan commission, rather than upon the demands of selfish interests, temporarily held in abeyance.\nBudget\n\nIn the interest of economy and good administration, we favor the creation of an effective budget system, that will function in accord with the principles of the Constitution. The reform should reach both the executive and legislative aspects of the question. The supervision and preparation of the budget should be vested in the Secretary of the Treasury as the representative of the President. The budget, as such, should not be increased by the Congress except by a two-thirds vote, each House, however, being free to exercise its constitutional privilege of making appropriations through independent bills. The appropriation bills should be considered by single Committees of the House and Senate. The audit system should be consolidated and its powers expanded so as to pass upon the wisdom of, as well as the authority for, expenditures.\nA budget bill was passed in the closing days of the second session of the Sixty-sixth Congress which, invalidated by plain constitutional defects and defaced by considerations of patronage, the President was obliged to veto. The House amended the bill to meet the Executive objection. We condemn the Republican Senate for adjourning without passing the amended measure, when by devoting an hour or two more to this urgent public business a budget system could have been provided.\nAgricultural Interests\n\nTo the great agricultural interests of the country, the Democratic Party does not find it necessary to make promises. It already is rich in its record of things actually accomplished. For nearly half a century of Republican rule not a sentence was written into the Federal Statutes affording one dollar of bank credits to the farming interests of America. In the first term of this Democratic administration the National Bank Act was so altered as to authorize loans of five years' maturity on improved farm lands. Later was established a system of farm loan banks, from which the borrowings already exceed three hundred millions of dollars; and under which the interest rate to farmers has been so materially reduced as to drive out of business the farm loan sharks who formerly subsisted by extortion upon the great agricultural interests of the country.\nThus it was a Democratic Congress in the administration of a Democratic President which enabled the farmers of America for the first time to obtain credit upon reasonable terms and insured their opportunity for the future development of the nation's agricultural resources. Tied up in Supreme Court proceedings, in a suit by hostile interests, the Federal Farm Loan System, originally opposed by the Republican candidate for the Presidency, appealed in vain to a Republican Congress for adequate financial assistance to tide over the interim between the beginning and the\nending of the current year, awaiting a final decision of the highest court on the validity of the contested act. We pledge prompt consistent support of sound and effective measures to sustain, to amplify and to perfect the rural Credits Statutes and thus to check and reduce the growth and course of farm tenancy.\nNot only did the Democratic Party put into effect a great Farm Loan system of land mortgage banks, but it passed the Smith-Lever agricultural extension act, carrying to every farmer in every section of the country, through the medium of trained experts and by demonstration farms, the practical knowledge acquired by the Federal Agricultural Department in all things relating to agriculture, horticulture and animal life; it established the Bureau of Markets, the Bureau of Farm Management, and passed the Cotton Futures Act, the Grain Grades Bill, the Co-operative Farm Administration Act, and the Federal Warehouse Act.\nThe Democratic Party has vastly improved the rural mail system and has built up the parcel post system to such an extent as to render its activities and its practical service indispensable to the farming community. It was this wise encouragement and this effective concern of the Democratic Party for the farmers of the United States that enabled this great interest to render such essential service in feeding the armies of America and the allied nations of the war and succoring starving populations since Armistice Day.\nMeanwhile the Republican leaders at Washington have failed utterly to propose one single measure to make rural life more tolerable. They have signalized their fifteen months of Congressional power by urging schemes which would strip the farms of labor; by assailing the principles of the Farm Loan system and seeking to impair its efficiency; by covertly attempting to destroy the great nitrogen plant at Mussel Shoals upon which the government has expended $70,000,000 to supply American farmers with fertilizers at reasonable cost; by ruthlessly crippling nearly every branch of agricultural endeavor, literally starving the productive mediums through which the people must be fed.\nWe favor such legislation as will confirm to the primary producers of the nation the right of collective bargaining, and the right of co-operative handling and marketing of the products of the workshop and the farm and such legislation as will facilitate the exportation of our farm products.\nWe favor comprehensive studies of farm production costs and the uncensored publication of facts found in such studies.\nLabor and Industry\n\nThe Democratic Party is now, as ever, the firm friend of honest labor and the promoter of progressive industry. It established the Department of Labor at Washington and a Democratic President called to his official council board the first practical workingman who ever held a cabinet portfolio. Under this administration have been established employment bureaus to bring the man and the job together; have been peaceably determined many bitter disputes between capital and labor; were passed the Child-Labor Act, the Workingman's Compensation Act (the extension of which we advocate so as to include laborers engaged in loading and unloading ships and in interstate commerce), the Eight-Hour Law, the act for Vocational Training, and a code of other wholesome laws affecting the liberties and bettering the conditions of the laboring classes. In the Department of Labor the Democratic administration established a Woman's Bureau, which a Republican Congress destroyed by withholding appropriations.\nLabor is not a commodity; it is human. Those who labor have rights, and the national security and safety depend upon a just recognition of those rights and the conservation of the strength of the workers and their families in the interest of sound-hearted and sound-headed men, women and children. Laws regulating hours of labor and conditions under which labor is performed, when passed in recognition of the conditions under which life must be lived to attain the highest development and happiness, are just assertions of the national interest in the welfare of the people.\nAt the same time, the nation depends upon the products of labor; a cessation of production means loss and, if long continued, means disaster. The whole people, therefore, have a right to insist that justice shall be done to those who work, and in turn that those whose labor creates the necessities upon which the life of the nation depends must recognize the reciprocal obligation between the worker and the state.\nThey should participate in the formulation of sound laws and regulations governing the conditions under which labor is performed, recognize and obey the laws so formulated, and seek their amendment when necessary by the processes ordinarily addressed to the laws and regulations affecting the other relations of life.\nLabor, as well as capital, is entitled to adequate compensation. Each has the indefeasible right of organization, of collective bargaining and of speaking through representatives of their own selection. Neither class, however, should at any time nor in any circumstances take action that will put in jeopardy the public welfare. Resort to strikes and lockouts which endanger the health or lives of the people is an unsatisfactory device for determining disputes, and the Democratic Party pledges itself to contrive, if possible, and put into effective operation a fair and comprehensive method of composing differences of this nature.\nIn private industrial disputes, we are opposed to compulsory arbitration as a method plausible in theory, but a failure in fact. With respect to government service, we hold distinctly that the rights of the people are paramount to the right to strike. However, we profess scrupulous regard for the conditions of public employment and pledge the Democratic Party to instant inquiry into the pay of government employees and equally speedy regulations designed to bring salaries to a just and proper level.\nWoman's Suffrage\n\nWe endorse the proposed 19th Amendment of the Constitution of the United States granting equal suffrage to women. We congratulate the legislatures of thirty-five states which have already ratified said amendment and we urge the Democratic Governors and Legislatures of Tennessee, North Carolina and Florida and such states as have not yet ratified the Federal Suffrage Amendment to unite in an effort to complete the process of ratification and secure the thirty-sixth state in time for all the women of the United States to participate in the fall election.\nWe commend the effective advocacy of the measure by President Wilson.\nWelfare of Women and Children\n\nWe urge co-operation with the states for the protection of child life through infancy and maternity care; in the prohibition of child labor and by adequate appropriations for the Children's Bureau and the Woman's Bureau in the Department of Labor.\nEducation\n\nCo-operative Federal assistance to the states is immediately required for the removal of illiteracy, for the increase of teachers' salaries and instruction in citizenship for both native and foreign-born; increased appropriation for vocational training in home economics; re-establishment of joint Federal and state employment service with women's departments under the direction of technically qualified women.\nWomen in Industry\n\nWe advocate full representation of women on all commissions dealing with women's work or women's interests and a reclassification of the Federal Civil Service free from discrimination on the ground of sex; a continuance of appropriations for education in sex hygiene; Federal legislation which shall insure that American women resident in the United States, but married to aliens, shall retain their American citizenship, and that the same process of naturalization shall be required for women as for men.\nDisabled Soldiers\n\nThe Federal government should treat with the utmost consideration every disabled soldier, sailor, and marine of the world war, whether his disability be due to wounds received in line of action or to health impaired in service; and for the dependents of the brave men who died in line of duty the government's tenderest concern and richest bounty should be their requital. The fine patriotism exhibited, the heroic conduct displayed, by American soldiers, sailors and marines at home and abroad, constitute a sacred heritage of posterity, the worth of which can never be recompensed from the Treasury and the glory of which must not be diminished by any such expedients.\nThe Democratic administration wisely established a War Risk Insurance Bureau, giving four and a half millions of enlisted men insurance at unprecedentedly low rates and through the medium of which compensation of men and women injured in service is readily adjusted, and hospital facilities for those whose health is impaired are abundantly afforded.\nThe Federal Board for Vocational Education should be made a part of the War Risk Insurance Bureau, in order that the task may be treated as a whole, and this machinery of protection and assistance must receive every aid of law and appropriation necessary to full and effective operation.\nWe believe that no higher or more valued privilege can be afforded to an American citizen than to become a freeholder in the soil of the United States, and to that end we pledge our party to the enactment of soldier settlements and home aid legislation which will afford to the men who fought for America the opportunity to become land and home owners under conditions affording genuine government assistance unencumbered by needless difficulties of red tape or advance financial investment.\nThe Railroads\n\nThe railroads were subjected to Federal control as a war measure, without other idea than the swift transport of troops, munitions and supplies. When human life and national hopes were at stake profits could not be considered and were not. Federal operation, however, was marked by an intelligence and efficiency that minimized loss and resulted in many and marked reforms. The equipment taken over was not only grossly inadequate but shamefully outworn. Unification practices overcame these initial handicaps and provided additions, betterments and improvements. Economics enabled operation without the rate raises that private control would have found necessary, and labor was treated with an exact justice that secured the enthusiastic co-operation that victory demanded. The fundamental purpose of Federal control was achieved fully and splendidly, and at far less cost to the taxpayer than would have been the case under private operation. Investments in railroad properties were not only saved by government operation, but government management returned these properties vastly improved in every physical and executive detail. A great task was greatly discharged.\nThe President's recommendation of return to private ownership gave the Republican majority a full year in which to enact the necessary legislation. The House took six months to formulate its ideas, and another six months was consumed by the Republican Senate in equally vague debate. As a consequence, the Esch-Cummins Bill went to the President in the closing hours of Congress, and he was forced to a choice between the chaos of a veto and acquiescence in the measure submitted, however grave may have been his objections to it.\nThere should be a fair and complete test of the law until careful and mature action by Congress may cure its defects and insure a thoroughly effective transportation system under private ownership without government subsidy at the expense of the taxpayers of the country.\nImproved Highways\n\nImproved roads are of vital importance not only to commerce and industry but also to agriculture and rural life. The Federal Road Act of 1916, enacted by a Democratic Congress, represented the first systematic effort of the government to insure the building of an adequate system of roads in this country. The act, as amended, has resulted in placing the movement for improved highways on a progressive and substantial basis in every State in the Union and in bringing under actual construction more than 13,000 miles of roads suited to the traffic needs of the communities in which they are located.\nWe favor a continuance of the present Federal aid plan under existing Federal and State agencies, amended so as to include as one of the elements in determining the ratio in which the several states shall be entitled to share in the fund, the area of any public lands therein.\nInasmuch as the postal service has been extended by the Democratic Party to the door of practically every producer and every consumer in the country (rural free delivery alone having been provided for 6,000,000 additional patrons within the past eight years without materially added cost), we declare that this instrumentality can and will be used to the maximum of its capacity to improve the efficiency of distribution and reduce the cost of living to consumers while increasing the profitable operations of producers.\nWe strongly favor the increased use of the motor vehicle in the transportation of the mails and urge the removal of the restrictions imposed by the Republican Congress on the use of motor devices in mail transportation in rural territories.\nThe Postal Service\n\nThe efficiency of the Post Office Department has been vindicated against a malicious and designing assault, by the efficiency of its operation. Its record refutes its assailants. Their voices are silenced and their charges have collapsed.\nWe recommend the work of the Joint Commission on the reclassification of salaries of postal employes, recently concluded, which commission was created by a Democratic administration. The Democratic Party has always favored and will continue to favor the fair and just treatment of all government employes.\nFree Speech and Press\n\nWe resent the unfounded reproaches directed against the Democratic administration for alleged interference with the freedom of the press and freedom of speech.\nNo utterance from any quarter has been assailed, and no publication has been repressed, which has not been animated by treasonable purposes, and directed against the nation's peace, order and security in time of war.\nWe reaffirm our respect for the great principles of free speech and a free press, but assert as an indisputable proposition that they afford no toleration of enemy propaganda or the advocacy of the overthrow of the government of the state or nation by force or violence.\nInland Waterways\n\nWe call attention to the failure of the Republican National Convention to recognize in any way the rapid development of barge transportation on our inland waterways, which development is the result of the constructive policies of the Democratic administration. And we pledge ourselves to the further development of adequate transportation facilities on our rivers and to the further improvement of our inland waterways, and we recognize the importance of connecting the Great Lakes with the sea by way of the Mississippi River and its tributaries, as well as by the St. Lawrence River. We favor an enterprising Foreign Trade policy with all nations, and in this connection we favor the full utilization of all Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf ports, and an equitable distribution of shipping facilities between the various ports.\nTransportation remains an increasingly vital problem in the continued development and prosperity of the nation.\nOur present facilities for distribution by rail are inadequate and the promotion of transportation by water is imperative.\nWe therefore favor a liberal and comprehensive policy for the development and utilization of our harbors and interior waterways.\nMerchant Marine\n\nWe desire to congratulate the American people upon the rebirth of our Merchant Marine which once more maintains its former place in the world. It was under a Democratic administration that this was accomplished after seventy years of indifference and neglect, thirteen million tons having been constructed since the act was passed in 1916. We pledge the policy of our party to the continued growth of our Merchant Marine under proper legislation so that American products will be carried to all ports of the world by vessels built in American yards, flying the American flag.\nReclamation of Arid Lands\n\nBy wise legislation and progressive administration, we have transformed the government reclamation projects, representing an investment of $100,000,000, from a condition of impending failure and loss of confidence in the ability of the government to carry through such large enterprises, to a condition of demonstrated success, whereby formerly arid and wholly unproductive lands now sustain 40,000 prosperous families and have an annual crop production of over $70,000,000, not including the crops grown on a million acres outside the projects supplied with storage water from government works.\nWe favor ample appropriations for the continuation and extension of this great work of home-building and internal improvement along the same general lines, to the end that all practical projects shall be built, and waters now running to waste shall be made to provide homes and add to the food supply, power resources, and taxable property, with the government ultimately reimbursed for the entire outlay.\nFlood Control\n\nWe commend the Democratic Congress for the redemption of the pledge contained in our last platform by the passage of the Flood Control Act of March 1st, 1917, and point to the successful control of the floods of the Mississippi River and the Sacramento River, California, under the policy of that law, for its complete justification. We favor the extension of this policy to other flood control problems wherever the Federal interest involved justified the expenditure required.\nThe Trade Commission\n\nThe Democratic Party heartily endorses the creation and work of the Federal Trade Commission in establishing a fair field for competitive business, free from restraints of trade and monopoly and recommends amplification of the statutes governing its activities so as to grant it authority to prevent the unfair use of patents in restraint of trade.\nLive Stock Markets\n\nFor the purpose of insuring just and fair treatment in the great interstate live stock market, and thus instilling confidence in growers through which production will be stimulated and the price of meats to consumers be ultimately reduced, we favor the enactment of legislation for the supervision of such markets by the national government.\nPort Facilities\n\nThe urgent demands of the war for adequate transportation of war material as well as for domestic need, revealed the fact that our port facilities and rate adjustments were such as to seriously affect the whole country in times of peace as well as war.\nWe pledge our party to stand for equality of rates, both import and export, for the ports of the country, to the end that there may be adequate and fair facilities and rates for the mobilization of the products of the country offered for shipment.\nPetroleum\n\nThe Democratic Party recognizes the importance of the acquisition by Americans of additional sources of supply of petroleum and other minerals and declares that such acquisition both at home and abroad should be fostered and encouraged. We urge such action, legislative and executive, as may secure to American citizens the same rights in the acquirement of mining rights in foreign countries as are enjoyed by the citizens or subjects of any other nation.\nMexico\n\nThe United States is the neighbor and friend of the nations of the three Americas. In a very special sense, our international relations in this hemisphere should be characterized by good will and free from any possible suspicion as to our national purpose.\nThe administration, remembering always that Mexico is an independent nation and that permanent stability in her government and her institutions could come only from the consent of her own people to a government of their own making, has been unwilling either to profit by the misfortunes of the people of Mexico or to enfeeble their future by imposing from the outside a rule upon their temporarily distracted councils. (a) As a consequence, order is gradually reappearing in Mexico; at no time in many years have American lives and interests been so safe as they are now; peace reigns along the border and industry is resuming.\nWhen the new government of Mexico shall have given ample proof of its ability permanently to maintain law and order, signified its willingness to meet its international obligations and written upon its statute books just laws under which foreign investors shall have rights as well as duties, that government should receive our recognition and sympathetic assistance. Until these proper expectations have been met, Mexico must realize the propriety of a policy that asserts the right of the United States to demand full protection for its citizens.\nIreland\n\nThe great principle of national self-determination has received constant reiteration as one of the chief objectives for which this country entered the war and victory established this principle.\nWithin the limitations of international comity and usage, this Convention repeats the several previous expressions of the sympathy of the Democratic Party of the United States for the aspirations of Ireland for self-government.\nArmenia\n\nWe express our deep and earnest sympathy for the unfortunate people of Armenia, and we believe that our government, consistent with its Constitution and principles, should render every possible and proper aid to them in their efforts to establish and maintain a government of their own.\nPorto Rico\n\nWe favor granting to the people of Porto Rico the traditional territorial form of government, with a view to ultimate statehood, accorded to all territories of the United States since the beginning of our government, and we believe that the officials appointed to administer the government of such territories should be qualified by previous bona-fide residence therein.\nAlaska\n\nWe commend the Democratic administration for inaugurating a new policy as to Alaska, as evidenced by the construction of the Alaska railroad and opening of the coal and oil fields.\nWe declare for the modification of the existing coal land law, to promote development without disturbing the features intended to prevent monopoly.\nFor such changes in the policy of forestry control as will permit the immediate initiation of the paper pulp industry.\nFor relieving the territory from the evils of long-distance government by arbitrary and interlocking bureaucratic regulation, and to that end we urge the speedy passage of a law containing the essential features of the Land-Curry Bill now pending, co-ordinating and consolidating all Federal control of natural resources under one department to be administered by a non-partisan board permanently resident in the territory.\nFor the fullest measure of territorial self-government with the view of ultimate statehood, with jurisdiction over all matters not of purely Federal concern, including fisheries and game, and for an intelligent administration of Federal control we believe that all officials appointed should be qualified by previous bona-fide residence in the territory.\nFor a comprehensive system of road construction with increased appropriations and the full extension of the Federal Road Aid Act to Alaska.\nFor the extension to Alaska of the Federal Farm Loan Act.\nThe Philippines\n\nWe favor the granting of independence without unnecessary delay to the 10,500,000 inhabitants of the Philippine Islands.\nHawaii\n\nWe favor a liberal policy of homesteading public lands in Hawaii to promote a larger middle-class citizen population, with equal rights to all citizens.\nThe importance of Hawaii as an outpost on the western frontier of the United States, demands adequate appropriations by Congress for the development of our harbors and highways there.\nNew Nations\n\nThe Democratic Party expresses its active sympathy with the people of China, Czecho-Slovakia, Finland, Poland, Persia, Jugo-Slavia and others who have recently established representative governments and who are striving to develop the institutions of true Democracy.\nAsiatic Immigrants\n\nThe policy of the United States with reference to the non-admission of Asiatic immigrants is a true expression of the judgment of our people, and to the several states, whose geographical situation or internal conditions make this policy, and the enforcement of the laws enacted pursuant thereto, of particular concern, we pledge our support.\nRepublican Corruption\n\nThe shocking disclosure of the lavish use of money by aspirants for the Republican nomination for the highest office in the gift of the people, has created a painful impression throughout the country. Viewed in connection with the recent conviction of a Republican Senator from the State of Michigan for the criminal transgression of the law limiting expenditures on behalf of a candidate for the United States Senate, it indicates the reentry, under Republican auspices, of money as an influential factor in elections, thus nullifying the letter and flaunting the spirit of numerous laws, enacted by the people, to protect the ballot from the contamination of corrupt practices. We deplore these delinquencies and invoke their stern popular rebuke, pledging our earnest efforts to a strengthening of the present statutes against corrupt practices, and their rigorous enforcement.\nWe remind the people that it was only by the return of a Republican Senator in Michigan, who is now under conviction and sentence for the criminal misuse of money in his election, that the present organization of the Senate with a Republican majority was made possible.\nConclusion\n\nBelieving that we have kept the Democratic faith, and resting our claims to the confidence of the people not upon grandiose promises, but upon the solid performances of our party, we submit our record to the nation's consideration and ask that the pledges of this platform be appraised in the light of that record.", "Words" -> 7115, "WordCounts" -> <|"the" -> 678, "of" -> 453, "and" -> 314, "to" -> 206, "in" -> 157, "a" -> 117, "for" -> 77, "by" -> 74, "as" -> 60, "that" -> 55, "which" -> 51, "The" -> 50, 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6, "interest" -> 6, "first" -> 6, "Farm" -> 6, "fair" -> 6, "fact" -> 6, "facilities" -> 6, "extension" -> 6, "Convention" -> 6, "commend" -> 6, "bring" -> 6, "before" -> 6, "action" -> 6, "act" -> 6, "Wilson" -> 5, "use" -> 5, "urge" -> 5, "treaty" -> 5, "those" -> 5, "Reserve" -> 5, "purposes" -> 5, "products" -> 5, "production" -> 5, "present" -> 5, "political" -> 5, "over" -> 5, "order" -> 5, "new" -> 5, "months" -> 5, "living" -> 5, "leadership" -> 5, "justice" -> 5, "international" -> 5, "increased" -> 5, "if" -> 5, "high" -> 5, "he" -> 5, "half" -> 5, "failure" -> 5, "efficiency" -> 5, "Department" -> 5, "condemn" -> 5, "budget" -> 5, "between" -> 5, "assistance" -> 5, "Alaska" -> 5, "aid" -> 5, "agricultural" -> 5, "way" -> 4, "Washington" -> 4, "War" -> 4, "view" -> 4, "victory" -> 4, "thus" -> 4, "they" -> 4, "taxes" -> 4, "state" -> 4, "sound" -> 4, "same" -> 4, "River" -> 4, "result" -> 4, "required" -> 4, "recognize" -> 4, "purpose" -> 4, "proper" -> 4, "progressive" -> 4, 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"territories" -> 3, "territorial" -> 3, "tax" -> 3, "task" -> 3, "take" -> 3, "sympathy" -> 3, "supply" -> 3, "success" -> 3, "substantial" -> 3, "strict" -> 3, "statute" -> 3, "State" -> 3, "spent" -> 3, "specific" -> 3, "six" -> 3, "since" -> 3, "several" -> 3, "separate" -> 3, "security" -> 3, "secure" -> 3, "salaries" -> 3, "roads" -> 3, "resources" -> 3, "reservations" -> 3, "render" -> 3, "regulations" -> 3, "reducing" -> 3, "recognition" -> 3, "ratification" -> 3, "rates" -> 3, "rate" -> 3, "qualified" -> 3, "put" -> 3, "provided" -> 3, "protection" -> 3, "prompt" -> 3, "promises" -> 3, "projects" -> 3, "previous" -> 3, "practices" -> 3, "powers" -> 3, "policies" -> 3, "place" -> 3, "non-partisan" -> 3, "nearly" -> 3, "National" -> 3, "most" -> 3, "monopoly" -> 3, "Merchant" -> 3, "means" -> 3, "Marine" -> 3, "many" -> 3, "liberal" -> 3, "legislative" -> 3, "League" -> 3, "league" -> 3, "land" -> 3, "itself" -> 3, "involved" -> 3, "integrity" -> 3, "insure" -> 3, "improvement" -> 3, "imperative" -> 3, "impair" -> 3, "hours" -> 3, "history" -> 3, "highest" -> 3, "held" -> 3, "health" -> 3, "Hawaii" -> 3, "granting" -> 3, "good" -> 3, "general" -> 3, "fundamental" -> 3, "foreign" -> 3, "financial" -> 3, "far" -> 3, "faith" -> 3, "factor" -> 3, "express" -> 3, "expenditure" -> 3, "exhibited" -> 3, "executive" -> 3, "essential" -> 3, "enforcement" -> 3, "enabled" -> 3, "employment" -> 3, "efforts" -> 3, "during" -> 3, "doing" -> 3, "distribution" -> 3, "disputes" -> 3, "designed" -> 3, "demands" -> 3, "criminal" -> 3, "crime" -> 3, "credits" -> 3, "credit" -> 3, "countries" -> 3, "continued" -> 3, "continuance" -> 3, "construction" -> 3, "considered" -> 3, "congratulate" -> 3, "Commission" -> 3, "commerce" -> 3, "capital" -> 3, "By" -> 3, "built" -> 3, "billions" -> 3, "Bill" -> 3, "become" -> 3, "back" -> 3, "associates" -> 3, "As" -> 3, "appropriation" -> 3, "And" -> 3, "already" -> 3, "affording" -> 3, "activities" -> 3, "achievements" -> 3, "A" -> 3, "$70,000,000" -> 2, "yet" -> 2, "written" -> 2, "Woodrow" -> 2, "Women" -> 2, "within" -> 2, "wisely" -> 2, "winning" -> 2, "wholly" -> 2, "while" -> 2, "When" -> 2, "welfare" -> 2, "water" -> 2, "Vocational" -> 2, "veto" -> 2, "very" -> 2, "Versailles" -> 2, "vastly" -> 2, "various" -> 2, "utterly" -> 2, "utilization" -> 2, "used" -> 2, "urgent" -> 2, "up" -> 2, "until" -> 2, "unnecessary" -> 2, "Under" -> 2, "ultimately" -> 2, "ultimate" -> 2, "true" -> 2, "treatment" -> 2, "treated" -> 2, "trade" -> 2, "total" -> 2, "to-day" -> 2, "To" -> 2, "times" -> 2, "Thus" -> 2, "three" -> 2, "though" -> 2, "thirteen" -> 2, "things" -> 2, "They" -> 2, "therein" -> 2, "therefore" -> 2, "thereafter" -> 2, "them" -> 2, "temporarily" -> 2, "tariff" -> 2, "sustain" -> 2, "support" -> 2, "supervision" -> 2, "sums" -> 2, "Suffrage" -> 2, "successfully" -> 2, "stupendous" -> 2, "studies" -> 2, "Statutes" -> 2, "statutes" -> 2, "statehood" -> 2, "starving" -> 2, "stand" -> 2, "speedy" -> 2, "speech" -> 2, "soldiers" -> 2, "soldier" -> 2, "situation" -> 2, "sex" -> 2, "session" -> 2, "Service" -> 2, "sentence" -> 2, "Senator" -> 2, "self-government" -> 2, "sailors" -> 2, "said" -> 2, "rule" -> 2, "Road" -> 2, "Risk" -> 2, "Rico" -> 2, "revise" -> 2, "revenue" -> 2, "return" -> 2, "retain" -> 2, "resulted" -> 2, "respect" -> 2, "resident" -> 2, "residence" -> 2, "republic" -> 2, "representative" -> 2, "removal" -> 2, "relations" -> 2, "reform" -> 2, "reduced" -> 2, "reduce" -> 2, "reclassification" -> 2, "recently" -> 2, "received" -> 2, "receive" -> 2, "reasonable" -> 2, "reaffirm" -> 2, "readjustment" -> 2, "ratified" -> 2, "railroad" -> 2, "publication" -> 2, "prosperity" -> 2, "proposition" -> 2, "properties" -> 2, "promote" -> 2, "profits" -> 2, "profiteers" -> 2, "productive" -> 2, "producers" -> 2, "process" -> 2, "problems" -> 2, "privilege" -> 2, "principle" -> 2, "pride" -> 2, "press" -> 2, "President's" -> 2, "power" -> 2, "postal" -> 2, "Porto" -> 2, "popular" -> 2, "politicians" -> 2, "point" -> 2, "pledges" -> 2, "platform" -> 2, "permit" -> 2, "permanently" -> 2, "permanent" -> 2, "performed" -> 2, "Peace" -> 2, "patriotic" -> 2, "passage" -> 2, "particular" -> 2, "participate" -> 2, "part" -> 2, "paper" -> 2, "ownership" -> 2, "outside" -> 2, "organization" -> 2, "opposed" -> 2, "opportunity" -> 2, "Only" -> 2, "officials" -> 2, "office" -> 2, "obstruction" -> 2, "nothing" -> 2, "next" -> 2, "nature" -> 2, "motor" -> 2, "modification" -> 2, "Mississippi" -> 2, "millions" -> 2, "million" -> 2, "Michigan" -> 2, "method" -> 2, "meeting" -> 2, "meet" -> 2, "medium" -> 2, "materially" -> 2, "Markets" -> 2, "market" -> 2, "marked" -> 2, "majority" -> 2, "maintains" -> 2, "maintain" -> 2, "mail" -> 2, "Lodge" -> 2, "loans" -> 2, "loan" -> 2, "lives" -> 2, "line" -> 2, "limitations" -> 2, "large" -> 2, "justified" -> 2, "Ireland" -> 2, "investment" -> 2, "intimately" -> 2, "interstate" -> 2, "internal" -> 2, "interference" -> 2, "intent" -> 2, "intelligent" -> 2, "insured" -> 2, "Insurance" -> 2, "institutions" -> 2, "inland" -> 2, "initiate" -> 2, "Industry" -> 2, "indispensable" -> 2, "independent" -> 2, "increasing" -> 2, "increase" -> 2, "including" -> 2, "include" -> 2, "inadequate" -> 2, "Improved" -> 2, "import" -> 2, "impaired" -> 2, "immediate" -> 2, "human" -> 2, "hope" -> 2, "honor" -> 2, "highways" -> 2, "harbors" -> 2, "hands" -> 2, "had" -> 2, "growth" -> 2, "governmental" -> 2, "governing" -> 2, "future" -> 2, "further" -> 2, "friend" -> 2, "freedom" -> 2, "four" -> 2, "found" -> 2, "formerly" -> 2, "former" -> 2, "Foreign" -> 2, "force" -> 2, "Flood" -> 2, "flag" -> 2, "firm" -> 2, "fighting" -> 2, "features" -> 2, "farms" -> 2, "farming" -> 2, "families" -> 2, "failed" -> 2, "extravagance" -> 2, "except" -> 2, "everlasting" -> 2, "ever" -> 2, "event" -> 2, "Europe" -> 2, "equally" -> 2, "equal" -> 2, "entitled" -> 2, "entered" -> 2, "endorse" -> 2, "employes" -> 2, "elections" -> 2, "eight" -> 2, "effort" -> 2, "Education" -> 2, "economies" -> 2, "earnest" -> 2, "duties" -> 2, "due" -> 2, "dollars" -> 2, "dollar" -> 2, "dishonor" -> 2, "directed" -> 2, "determining" -> 2, "determined" -> 2, "depends" -> 2, "departments" -> 2, "delay" -> 2, "defects" -> 2, "declares" -> 2, "declare" -> 2, "Day" -> 2, "currency" -> 2, "creation" -> 2, "created" -> 2, "create" -> 2, "covenant" -> 2, "course" -> 2, "corrupt" -> 2, "Co-operative" -> 2, "co-operation" -> 2, "conviction" -> 2, "Control" -> 2, "contrive" -> 2, "consumers" -> 2, "constructive" -> 2, "constitutional" -> 2, "consistent" -> 2, "consideration" -> 2, "consequence" -> 2, "connection" -> 2, "confirm" -> 2, "conduct" -> 2, "condition" -> 2, "conception" -> 2, "compensation" -> 2, "commission" -> 2, "collective" -> 2, "coal" -> 2, "closing" -> 2, "citizenship" -> 2, "citizen" -> 2, "child" -> 2, "chief" -> 2, "charge" -> 2, "carried" -> 2, "cannot" -> 2, "candidate" -> 2, "call" -> 2, "bureaus" -> 2, "burden" -> 2, "branch" -> 2, "bona-fide" -> 2, "board" -> 2, "blackest" -> 2, "bills" -> 2, "bill" -> 2, "beginning" -> 2, "basis" -> 2, "bargaining" -> 2, "banks" -> 2, "authority" -> 2, "attempt" -> 2, "assault" -> 2, "assailing" -> 2, "aspirations" -> 2, "Asiatic" -> 2, "armies" -> 2, "Armenia" -> 2, "appointed" -> 2, "another" -> 2, "ample" -> 2, "among" -> 2, "Amendment" -> 2, "amendment" -> 2, "always" -> 2, "also" -> 2, "along" -> 2, "allies" -> 2, "allied" -> 2, "agriculture" -> 2, "Agricultural" -> 2, "afraid" -> 2, "afforded" -> 2, "afford" -> 2, "affecting" -> 2, "advocacy" -> 2, "advance" -> 2, "adoption" -> 2, "additional" -> 2, "added" -> 2, "acquisition" -> 2, "achievement" -> 2, "achieved" -> 2, "accomplished" -> 2, "ability" -> 2, "1916" -> 2, "$100,000,000" -> 1, "young" -> 1, "yards" -> 1, "wrought" -> 1, "wounds" -> 1, "wounded" -> 1, "wouldn't" -> 1, "worth" -> 1, "worldwide" -> 1, "world's" -> 1, "workshop" -> 1, "works" -> 1, "Workingman's" -> 1, "workingman" -> 1, "workers" -> 1, "worker" -> 1, "won" -> 1, "Within" -> 1, "withholding" -> 1, "withdrawn" -> 1, "With" -> 1, "wisdom" -> 1, "willingness" -> 1, "wholesome" -> 1, "whether" -> 1, "wherever" -> 1, "whereby" -> 1, "where" -> 1, "western" -> 1, "went" -> 1, "Welfare" -> 1, "wealth" -> 1, "Waterways" -> 1, "waters" -> 1, "wasteful" -> 1, "wasted" -> 1, "waste" -> 1, "war—an" -> 1, "Warehouse" -> 1, "voting" -> 1, "vote" -> 1, "voices" -> 1, "vocational" -> 1, "vision" -> 1, "violence" -> 1, "vindicated" -> 1, "vigor" -> 1, "Viewed" -> 1, "vicious" -> 1, "vested" -> 1, "vessels" -> 1, "vehicle" -> 1, "values" -> 1, "valued" -> 1, "value" -> 1, "validity" -> 1, "vainly" -> 1, "vague" -> 1, "utterance" -> 1, "utmost" -> 1, "usage" -> 1, "urging" -> 1, "unwilling" -> 1, "Until" -> 1, "unsurpassed" -> 1, "unsatisfactory" -> 1, "unproductive" -> 1, "unprecedentedly" -> 1, "unloading" -> 1, "unite" -> 1, "unit" -> 1, "Union" -> 1, "unimpaired" -> 1, "Unification" -> 1, "unfounded" -> 1, "unfortunate" -> 1, "unfair" -> 1, "unestimatable" -> 1, "unencumbered" -> 1, "undue" -> 1, "undiminished" -> 1, "undertook" -> 1, "uncensored" -> 1, "two-thirds" -> 1, "Two" -> 1, "two" -> 1, "twenty-nine" -> 1, "turn" -> 1, "truth" -> 1, "troops" -> 1, "tributaries" -> 1, "treat" -> 1, "treasure" -> 1, "treasonable" -> 1, "Transportation" -> 1, "transport" -> 1, "translating" -> 1, "transgression" -> 1, "transformed" -> 1, "transaction" -> 1, "Training" -> 1, "training" -> 1, "trained" -> 1, "tragic" -> 1, "traffic" -> 1, "toward" -> 1, "took" -> 1, "tons" -> 1, "toleration" -> 1, "tolerable" -> 1, "together" -> 1, "Tied" -> 1, "tide" -> 1, "thrown" -> 1, "thrift" -> 1, "Those" -> 1, "thoroughly" -> 1, "thirty-sixth" -> 1, "thirty-five" -> 1, "thirty" -> 1, "thereto" -> 1, "There" -> 1, "theory" -> 1, "Their" -> 1, "tests" -> 1, "test" -> 1, "terms" -> 1, "terminating" -> 1, "term" -> 1, "Tennessee" -> 1, "tenderest" -> 1, "tenancy" -> 1, "technically" -> 1, "teachers" -> 1, "taxpayers" -> 1, "tax-payers" -> 1, "taxpayer" -> 1, "taxation" -> 1, "taxable" -> 1, "Tax" -> 1, "Tariff" -> 1, "tape" -> 1, "taken" -> 1, "Table" -> 1, "systematic" -> 1, "System" -> 1, "sympathetic" -> 1, "swift" -> 1, "sustained" -> 1, "suspicion" -> 1, "suspension" -> 1, "survey" -> 1, "surest" -> 1, "Supreme" -> 1, "supplies" -> 1, "supplied" -> 1, "sum" -> 1, "suited" -> 1, "suit" -> 1, "suffrage" -> 1, "sufficient" -> 1, "succoring" -> 1, "successful" -> 1, "substitute" -> 1, "subsisted" -> 1, "subsidy" -> 1, "submitted" -> 1, "submit" -> 1, "subjects" -> 1, "subjected" -> 1, "struggled" -> 1, "strongly" -> 1, "striving" -> 1, "strip" -> 1, "strikes" -> 1, "strike" -> 1, "strengthening" -> 1, "strength" -> 1, "strains" -> 1, "storage" -> 1, "stopped" -> 1, "Stock" -> 1, "stock" -> 1, "stimulated" -> 1, "stern" -> 1, "steadfastly" -> 1, "status" -> 1, "statesmanship" -> 1, "statement" -> 1, "stands" -> 1, "standing" -> 1, "standard" -> 1, "stake" -> 1, "stability" -> 1, "St." -> 1, "splendidly" -> 1, "spiritual" -> 1, "spirit" -> 1, "Speech" -> 1, "speculative" -> 1, "special" -> 1, "speaking" -> 1, "sources" -> 1, "sound-hearted" -> 1, "sound-headed" -> 1, "sought" -> 1, "something" -> 1, "solid" -> 1, "Soldiers" -> 1, "soil" -> 1, "social" -> 1, "Smith-Lever" -> 1, "small" -> 1, "Sixty-sixth" -> 1, "simplification" -> 1, "simple" -> 1, "silenced" -> 1, "signified" -> 1, "signalized" -> 1, "show" -> 1, "shortage" -> 1, "shocking" -> 1, "Shoals" -> 1, "ships" -> 1, "shipping" -> 1, "shipment" -> 1, "sheer" -> 1, "sharks" -> 1, "share" -> 1, "shamefully" -> 1, "severe" -> 1, "seventy" -> 1, "settlements" -> 1, "seriously" -> 1, "sense" -> 1, "sends" -> 1, "send" -> 1, "semblance" -> 1, "selfish" -> 1, "self-determination" -> 1, "selection" -> 1, "seeking" -> 1, "seek" -> 1, "secured" -> 1, "section" -> 1, "Secretary" -> 1, "Secretaries" -> 1, "secondary" -> 1, "second" -> 1, "searching" -> 1, "sea" -> 1, "scrupulous" -> 1, "schemes" -> 1, "scheme" -> 1, "saved" -> 1, "savagely" -> 1, "saner" -> 1, "sanctity" -> 1, "salutes" -> 1, "sailor" -> 1, "safety" -> 1, "safe" -> 1, "sacrificed" -> 1, "sacred" -> 1, "Sacramento" -> 1, "ruthlessly" -> 1, "running" -> 1, "Rules" -> 1, "rules" -> 1, "ruin" -> 1, "road" -> 1, "rivers" -> 1, "rigorous" -> 1, "richest" -> 1, "rich" -> 1, "revisions" -> 1, "Revision" -> 1, "revision" -> 1, "review" -> 1, "Revenue" -> 1, "revealing" -> 1, "revealed" -> 1, "returned" -> 1, "retrieve" -> 1, "resuming" -> 1, "resume" -> 1, "restrictions" -> 1, "restraints" -> 1, "restraint" -> 1, "restore" -> 1, "restoration" -> 1, "resting" -> 1, "responsible" -> 1, "responsibilities" -> 1, "respond" -> 1, "Resort" -> 1, "resolutions" -> 1, "resent" -> 1, "research" -> 1, "requited" -> 1, "requital" -> 1, "requirement" -> 1, "reputation" -> 1, "Republicans" -> 1, "reproaches" -> 1, "repressed" -> 1, "representing" -> 1, "represented" -> 1, "representatives" -> 1, "representation" -> 1, "reported" -> 1, "replaced" -> 1, "repeats" -> 1, "repeatedly" -> 1, "repeal" -> 1, "renewed" -> 1, "remind" -> 1, "remembering" -> 1, "remedied" -> 1, "remains" -> 1, "relieving" -> 1, "relentless" -> 1, "Relations" -> 1, "relating" -> 1, "related" -> 1, "reject" -> 1, "reiteration" -> 1, "reimbursed" -> 1, "reigns" -> 1, "regulation" -> 1, "regulating" -> 1, "regard" -> 1, "refutes" -> 1, "refutation" -> 1, "refusal" -> 1, "reforms" -> 1, "reference" -> 1, "re-establishment" -> 1, "reentry" -> 1, "reduction" -> 1, "redemption" -> 1, "red" -> 1, "recur" -> 1, "recover" -> 1, "recompensed" -> 1, "recommends" -> 1, "recommendation" -> 1, "recommend" -> 1, "recognizes" -> 1, "Reclamation" -> 1, "reclamation" -> 1, "reciprocal" -> 1, "recent" -> 1, "receiving" -> 1, "receipts" -> 1, "rebuke" -> 1, "rebirth" -> 1, "reappearing" -> 1, "realize" -> 1, "reaffirms" -> 1, "readily" -> 1, "reach" -> 1, "ratio" -> 1, "ratify" -> 1, "rather" -> 1, "rapid" -> 1, "rank" -> 1, "raises" -> 1, "raised" -> 1, "Railroads" -> 1, "railroads" -> 1, "rail" -> 1, "raged" -> 1, "question" -> 1, "quarter" -> 1, "pursuits" -> 1, "pursuit" -> 1, "pursued" -> 1, "pursuant" -> 1, "purely" -> 1, "pulp" -> 1, "publicly" -> 1, "Public" -> 1, "provisions" -> 1, "provides" -> 1, "provide" -> 1, "protect" -> 1, "prosperous" -> 1, "prosecution" -> 1, "prosecuted" -> 1, "propriety" -> 1, "proposed" -> 1, "propose" -> 1, "proportion" -> 1, "property" -> 1, "propaganda" -> 1, "proof" -> 1, "pronounced" -> 1, "promotion" -> 1, "promoter" -> 1, "prominent" -> 1, "prohibition" -> 1, "progress" -> 1, "profiteering" -> 1, "profitable" -> 1, "profit" -> 1, "profess" -> 1, "product" -> 1, "producer" -> 1, "produce" -> 1, "proclaimed" -> 1, "processes" -> 1, "proceedings" -> 1, "procedure" -> 1, "problem" -> 1, "principal" -> 1, "primary" -> 1, "primarily" -> 1, "price" -> 1, "previously" -> 1, "prevented" -> 1, "pretense" -> 1, "pretended" -> 1, "pressure" -> 1, "Press" -> 1, "Presidency" -> 1, "preserving" -> 1, "presents" -> 1, "preparation" -> 1, "pregnant" -> 1, "pre-election" 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"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29591", "Name" -> "Democratic Party Platform of 1916", "Party" -> "Democratic", "Year" -> 1916, "Date" -> DateObject[{1916, 6, 14}], "Text" -> "The Democratic Party, in National Convention assembled, adopts the following declaration to the end that the people of the United States may both realize the achievements wrought by four years of Democratic administration and be apprised of the policies to which the party is committed for the further conduct of National affairs.\nI. Record of Achievement\n\nWe endorse the administration of Woodrow Wilson. It speaks for itself. It is the best exposition of sound Democratic policy at home and abroad.\nWe challenge comparison of our record, our keeping of pledges and our constructive legislation, with those of any party of any time.\nWe found our country hampered by special privilege, a vicious tariff, obsolete banking laws and an inelastic currency. Our foreign affairs were dominated by commercial interests for their selfish ends. The Republican Party, despite repeated pledges, was impotent to correct abuses which it had fostered. Under our Administration, under a leadership which has never faltered, these abuses have been corrected, and our people have been freed therefrom.\nOur archaic banking and currency system, prolific of panic and disaster under Republican administrations,—long the refuge of the money trust,—has been supplanted by the Federal Reserve Act, a true democracy of credit under government control, already proved a financial bulwark in a world crisis, mobilizing our resources, placing abundant credit at the disposal of legitimate industry and making a currency panic impossible.\nWe have created a Federal Trade Commission to accommodate perplexing questions arising under the anti-trust laws, so that monopoly may be strangled at its birth and legitimate industry encouraged. Fair competition in business is now assured.\nWe have effected an adjustment of the tariff, adequate for revenue under peace conditions, and fair to the consumer and to the producer. We have adjusted the burdens of taxation so that swollen incomes bear their equitable share. Our revenues have been sufficient in times of world stress, and will largely exceed the expenditures for the current fiscal year.\nWe have lifted human labor from the category of commodities and have secured to the workingman the right of voluntary association for his protection and welfare. We have protected the rights of the laborer against the unwarranted issuance of writs of injunction, and have guaranteed to him the right of trial by jury in cases of alleged contempt committed outside the presence of the court.\nWe have advanced the parcel post to genuine efficiency, enlarged the postal savings system, added ten thousand rural delivery routes and extensions, thus reaching two and one-half millions additional people, improved the postal service in every branch, and for the first time in our history, placed the post-office system on a self-supporting basis, with actual surplus in 1913, 1914 and 1916.\nII. Economic Freedom\n\nThe reforms which were most obviously needed to clear away special privilege, prevent unfair discrimination and release the energies of men of all ranks and advantages, have been effected by recent legislation. We must now remove, as far as possible, every remaining element of unrest and uncertainty from the path of the business men of America, and secure for them a continued period of quiet, assured and confident prosperity.\nIII. Tariff\n\nWe reaffirm our belief in the doctrine of a tariff for the purpose of providing sufficient revenue for the operation of the government economically administered, and unreservedly endorse the Underwood tariff law as truly exemplifying that doctrine. We recognize that tariff rates are necessarily subject to change to meet changing conditions in the world's productions and trade. The events of the last two years have brought about many momentous changes. In some respects their effects are yet conjectural and wait to be disclosed, particularly in regard to our foreign trade. Two years of a war which has directly involved most of the chief industrial nations in the world, and which has indirectly affected the life and industry of all nations are bringing about economic changes more varied and far-reaching than the world has ever before experienced. In order to ascertain just what those changes may be, the Democratic Congress is providing for a non-partisan tariff commission to make impartial and thorough study of every economic fact that may throw light either upon our past or upon our future fiscal policy with regard to the imposition of taxes on imports or with regard to the changed and changing conditions under which our trade is carried on. We\ncordially endorse this timely proposal and declare ourselves in sympathy with the principle and purpose of shaping legislation within that field in accordance with clearly established facts rather than in accordance with the demands of selfish interests or upon information provided largely, if not exclusively, by them.\nIV. Americanism\n\nThe part that the United States will play in the new day of international relationships that is now upon us will depend upon our preparation and our character. The Democratic party, therefore, recognizes the assertion and triumphant demonstration of the indivisibility and coherent strength of the nation as the supreme issue of this day in which the whole world faces the crisis of manifold change. It summons all men of whatever origin or creed who would count themselves Americans, to join in making clear to all the world the unity and consequent power of America. This is an issue of patriotism. To taint it with partisanship would be to defile it. In this day of test, America must show itself not a nation of partisans but a nation of patriots. There is gathered here in America the best of the blood, the industry and the genius of the whole world, the elements of a great race and a magnificent society to be welded into a mighty and splendid Nation. Whoever, actuated by the purpose to promote the interest of a foreign power, in disregard of our own country's welfare or to injure this government in its foreign relations or cripple or destroy its industries at home, and whoever by arousing prejudices of a racial, religious or other nature creates discord and strife among our people so as to obstruct the wholesome process of unification, is faithless to the trust which the privileges of citizenship repose in him and is disloyal to his country. We therefore condemn as subversive to this Nation's unity and integrity, and as destructive of its welfare, the activities and designs of every group or organization, political or otherwise, that has for its object the advancement of the interest of a foreign power, whether such object is promoted by intimidating the government, a political party, or representatives of the people, or which is calculated and tends to divide our people into antagonistic groups and thus to destroy that complete agreement and solidarity of the people and that unity of sentiment and purpose so essential to the perpetuity of the Nation and its free institutions. We condemn all alliances and combinations of individuals in this country, of whatever nationality or descent, who agree and conspire together for the purpose of embarrassing or weakening our government or of improperly influencing or coercing our public representatives in dealing or negotiating with any foreign power. We charge that such conspiracies among a limited number exist and have been instigated for the purpose of advancing the interests of foreign countries to the prejudice and detriment of our own country. We condemn any political party which, in view of the activity of such conspirators, surrenders its integrity or modifies its policy.\nV. Preparedness\n\nAlong with the proof of our character as a Nation must go the proof of our power to play the part that legitimately belongs to us. The people of the United States love peace. They respect the rights and covet the friendship of all other nations. They desire neither any additional territory nor any advantage which cannot be peacefully gained by their skill, their industry, or their enterprise; but they insist upon having absolute freedom of National life and policy, and feel that they owe it to themselves and to the role of spirited independence which it is their sole ambition to play that they should render themselves secure against the hazard of interference from any quarter, and should be able to protect their rights upon the seas or in any part of the world. We therefore favor the maintenance of an army fully adequate to the requirements of order, of safety, and of the protection of the nation's rights, the fullest development of modern methods of seacoast defence and the maintenance of an adequate reserve of citizens trained to arms and prepared to safeguard the people and territory of the United States against any danger of hostile action which may unexpectedly arise; and a fixed policy for the continuous development of a navy, worthy to support the great naval traditions of the United States and fully equal to the international tasks which this Nation hopes and expects to take a part in performing. The plans and enactments of the present Congress afford substantial proof of our purpose in this exigent matter.\nVI. International Relation\n\nThe Democratic administration has throughout the present war scrupulously and successfully held to the old paths of neutrality and to the peaceful pursuit of the legitimate objects of our National life which statesmen of all parties and creeds have prescribed for themselves in America since the beginning of our history. But the circumstances of the last two years have revealed necessities of international action which no former generation can have foreseen. We hold that it is the duty of the United States to use its power, not only to make itself safe at home, but also to make secure its just interests throughout the world, and, both for this end and in the interest of humanity, to assist the world in securing settled peace and justice. We believe that every people has the right to choose the sovereignty under which it shall live; that the small states of the world have a right to enjoy from other nations the same respect for their sovereignty and for their territorial integrity that great and powerful nations expect and insist upon; and that the world has a right to be free from every disturbance of its peace that has its origin in aggression or disregard of the rights of people and nations; and we believe that the time has come when it is the duty of the United States to join the other nations of the world in any feasible association that will effectively serve those principles, to maintain inviolate the complete security of the highway of the seas for the common and unhindered use of all nations.\nThe present Administration has consistently sought to act upon and realize in its conduct of the foreign affairs of the Nation the principle that should be the object of any association of the nations formed to secure the peace of the world and the maintenance of national and individual rights. It has followed the highest American traditions. It has preferred respect for the fundamental rights of smaller states even to property interests, and has secured the friendship of the people of these States for the United States by refusing to make a more material interest an excuse for the assertion of our superior power against the dignity of their sovereign independence. It has regarded the lives of its citizens and the claims of humanity as of greater moment than material rights, and peace as the best basis for the just settlement of commercial claims. It has made the honor and ideals of the United States its standard alike in negotiation and action.\nVII. Pan-American Concord\n\nWe recognize now, as we have always recognized, a definite and common interest between the United States and the other peoples and republics of the Western Hemisphere in all matters of National independence and free political development. We favor the establishment and maintenance of the closest relations of amity and mutual helpfulness between the United States and the other republics of the American continents for the support of peace and the promotion of a common prosperity. To that end we favor all measures which may be necessary to facilitate intimate intercourse and promote commerce between the United States and her neighbors to the south of us, and such international understandings as may be practicable and suitable to accomplish these ends.\nWe commend the action of the Democratic administration in holding the Pan-American Financial Conference at Washington in May, 1915, and organizing the International High Commission, which represented the United States in the recent meeting of representatives of the Latin-American Republics at Buenos Aires, April, 1916, which have so greatly promoted the friendly relations between the people of the Western Hemisphere.\nVIII. Mexico\n\nThe Monroe Doctrine is reasserted as a principle of Democratic faith. That doctrine guarantees the independent republics of the two Americas against aggression from another continent. It implies, as well, the most scrupulous regard upon our part for the sovereignty of each of them. We court their good will. We seek not to despoil them. The want of a stable, responsible government in Mexico, capable of repressing and punishing marauders and bandit bands, who have not only taken the lives and seized and destroyed the property of American citizens in that country, but have insolently invaded our soil, made war upon and murdered our people thereon, has rendered it necessary temporarily to occupy, by our armed forces, a portion of the territory of that friendly state. Until, by the restoration of law and order therein, a repetition of such incursions is improbable, the necessity for their remaining will continue. Intervention, implying as it does, military subjugation, is revolting to the people of the United States, notwithstanding the provocation to that course has been great and should be resorted to, if at all, only as a last recourse. The stubborn resistance of the President and his advisers to every demand and suggestion to enter upon it, is creditable alike to them and to the people in whose name he speaks.\nIX. Merchant Marine\n\nImmediate provision should be made for the development of the carrying trade of the United States. Our foreign commerce has in the past been subject to many unnecessary and vexatious obstacles in the way of legislation of Republican Congresses. Until the recent Democratic tariff legislation, it was hampered by unreasonable burdens of taxation. Until the recent banking legislation, it had at its disposal few of the necessary instrumentalities of international credit and exchange. Until the formulation of the pending act to promote the construction of a merchant marine, it lacked even the prospect of adequate carriage by sea. We heartily endorse the purposes and policy of the pending shipping bill and favor all such additional measures of constructive or remedial legislation as may be necessary to restore our flag to the seas and to provide further facilities for our foreign commerce, particularly such laws as may be requisite to remove unfair conditions of competition in the dealings of American merchants and producers with competitors in foreign markets.\nX. Conservation\n\nFor the safeguarding and quickening of the life of our own people, we favor the conservation and development of the natural resources of the country through a policy which shall be positive rather than negative, a policy which shall not withhold such resources from development but which, while permitting and encouraging their use, shall prevent both waste and monopoly in their exploitation, and we earnestly favor the passage of acts which will accomplish these objects, reaffirming the declaration of the platform of 1912 on this subject.\nThe policy of reclaiming our arid lands should be steadily adhered to.\nXI. the Administration and the Farmer\n\nWe favor the vigorous prosecution of investigations and plans to render agriculture more profitable and country life more healthful, comfortable and attractive, and we believe that this should be a dominant aim of the nation as well as of the States. With all its recent improvement, farming still lags behind other occupations in development as a business, and the advantages of an advancing civilization have not accrued to rural communities in a fair proportion. Much has been accomplished in this field under the present administration, far more than under any previous administration. In the Federal Reserve Act of the last Congress, and the Rural Credits Act of the present Congress, the machinery has been created which will make credit available to the farmer constantly and readily, placing him at last upon a footing of equality with the merchant and the manufacturer in securing the capital necessary to carry on his enterprises. Grades and standards necessary to the intelligent and successful conduct of the business of agriculture have also been established or are in the course of establishment by law. The long-needed Cotton Futures Act, passed by the Sixty-Third Congress, has now been in successful operation for nearly two years. A Grain Grades Bill, long needed, and a permissive Warehouse Bill, intended to provide better storage facilities and to enable the farmer to obtain certificates upon which he may secure advances of money have been passed by the House of Representatives, have been favorably reported to the Senate, and will probably become law during the present session of the Congress. Both Houses have passed a good-roads measure, which will be of far reaching benefit to all agricultural communities. Above all, the most extraordinary and significant progress has been made, under the direction of the Department of Agriculture, in extending and perfecting practical farm demonstration work which is so rapidly substituting scientific for empirical farming. But it is also necessary that rural activities should be better directed through co-operation and organization, that unfair methods of competition should be eliminated and the conditions requisite for the just, orderly and economical marketing of farm products created. We approve the Democratic administration for having emphatically directed attention for the first time to the essential interests of agriculture involved in farm marketing and finance, for creating the Office of Markets and Rural Organization in connection with the Department of Agriculture, and for extending the co-operative machinery necessary for conveying information to farmers by means of demonstration. We favor continued liberal provision, not only for the benefit of production, but also for the study and solution of problems of farm marketing and finance and for the extension of existing agencies for improving country life.\nXII. Good Roads\n\nThe happiness, comfort and prosperity of rural life, and the development of the city, are alike conserved by the construction of public highways. We, therefore, favor national aid in the construction of post roads and roads for like purposes.\nXIII. Government Employment\n\nWe hold that the life, health and strength of the men, women and children of the Nation are its greatest asset and that in the conservation of these the Federal Government, wherever it acts as the employer of labor, should both on its own account and as an example, put into effect the following principles of just employment:\n1. A living wage for all employees.\n2. A working day not to exceed eight hours, with one day of rest in seven.\n3. The adoption of safety appliances and the establishment of thoroughly sanitary conditions of labor.\n4. Adequate compensation for industrial accidents.\n5. The standards of the \"Uniform Child Labor Law,\" wherever minors are employed.\n6. Such provisions for decency, comfort and health in the employment of women as should be accorded the mothers of the race.\n7. An equitable retirement law providing for the retirement of superannuated and disabled employees of the civil service, to the end that a higher standard of efficiency may be maintained.\nWe believe also that the adoption of similar principles should be urged and applied in the legislation of the States with regard to labor within their borders and that through every possible agency the life and health of the people of the nation should be conserved.\nXIV. Labor\n\nWe declare our faith in the Seamen's Act, passed by the Democratic Congress, and we promise our earnest continuance of its enforcement.\nWe favor the speedy enactment of an effective Federal Child Labor Law and the regulation of the shipment of prison-made goods in interstate commerce.\nWe favor the creation of a Federal Bureau of Safety in the Department of Labor, to gather facts concerning industrial hazards, and to recommend legislation to prevent the maiming and killing of human beings.\nWe favor the extension of the powers and functions of the Federal Bureau of Mines.\nWe favor the development upon a systematic scale of the means already begun under the present administration, to assist laborers throughout the Nation to seek and obtain employment, and the extension of the Federal Government of the same assistance and encouragement as is now given to agricultural training.\nWe heartily commend our newly established Department of Labor for its fine record in settling strikes by personal advice and through conciliating agents.\nXV. Public Health\n\nWe favor a thorough reconsideration of the means and methods by which the Federal Government handles questions of public health to the end that human life may be conserved by the elimination of loathsome disease, the improvement of sanitation and the diffusion of a knowledge of disease prevention\nWe favor the establishment by the Federal Government of tuberculosis sanitariums for needy tubercular patients.\nXVI. Senate Rules\n\nWe favor such alteration of the rules of procedure of the Senate of the United States as will permit the prompt transaction of the Nation's legislative business.\nXVII. Economy and the Budget\n\nWe demand careful economy in all expenditures for the support of the government, and to that end favor a return by the House of Representatives to its former practice of initiating and preparing all appropriation bills through a single committee chosen from its membership, in order that responsibility may be central, expenditures standardized and made uniform, and waste and duplication in the public service as much as possible avoided. We favor this as a practicable first step towards a budget system.\nXVIII. Civil Service\n\nWe reaffirm our declarations for the rigid enforcement of the civil service laws.\nXIX. Philippine Islands\n\nWe heartily endorse the provisions of the bill, recently passed by the House of Representatives, further promoting self-government in the Philippine Islands as being in fulfillment of the policy declared by the Democratic Party in its last national platform, and we reiterate our endorsement of the purpose of ultimate independence for the Philippine Islands, expressed in the preamble of that measure.\nXX. Woman Suffrage\n\nWe recommend the extension of the franchise to the women of the country by the States upon the same terms as to men.\nXXI. Protection of Citizens\n\nWe again declare the policy that the sacred rights of American citizenship must be preserved at home and abroad, and that no treaty shall receive the sanction of our Government which does not expressly recognize the absolute equality of all our citizens irrespective of race, creed or previous nationality, and which does not recognize the right of expatriation. The American Government should protect American citizens in their rights, not only at home but abroad, and any country having a government should be held to strict accountability for any wrongs done them, either to person or property. At the earliest practical opportunity our country should strive earnestly for peace among the warring nations of Europe and seek to bring about the adoption of the fundamental principle of justice and humanity, that all men shall enjoy equality of right and freedom from discrimination in the lands wherein they dwell.\nXXII. Prison Reform\n\nWe demand that the modern principles of prison reform be applied in our Federal Penal System. We favor such work for prisoners as shall give them training in remunerative occupations so that they may make an honest living when released from prison; the setting apart of the net wages of the prisoner to be paid to his dependent family or to be reserved for his own use upon his release; the liberal extension of the principles of the Federal Parole Law, with due regard both to the welfare of the prisoner and the interests of society; the adoption of the Probation System especially in the case of first offenders not convicted of serious crimes.\nXXIII. Pensions\n\nWe renew the declarations of recent Democratic platforms relating to generous pensions for soldiers and their widows, and call attention to our record of performance in this particular.\nXXIV. Waterways and Flood Control\n\nWe renew the declaration in our last two platforms relating to the development of our waterways. The recent devastation of the lower Mississippi Valley and several other sections by floods accentuates the movement for the regulation of river flow by additional bank and levee protection below, and diversion, storage and control of the flood waters above, and their utilization for beneficial purposes in the reclamation of arid and swamp lands and development of water-power, instead of permitting the floods to continue as heretofore agents of destruction. We hold that the control of the Mississippi River is a National problem. The preservation of the depth of its waters for purposes of navigation, the building of levees and works of bank protection to maintain the integrity of its channel and prevent the overflow of its valley resulting in the interruption of interstate commerce, the disorganization of the mail service, and the enormous loss of life and property, impose an obligation which alone can be discharged by the National Government.\nWe favor the adoption of a liberal and comprehensive plan for the development and improvement of our harbors and inland waterways with economy and efficiency so as to permit their navigation by vessels of standard draft.\nXXV. Alaska\n\nIt has been and will be the policy of the Democratic party to enact all laws necessary for the speedy development of Alaska and its great natural resources.\nXXVI. Territories\n\nWe favor granting to the people of Alaska, Hawaii and Porto Rico the traditional territorial government accorded to the territories of the United States since the beginning of our government, and we believe that the officials appointed to administer the government of those several territories should be qualified by previous bona-fide residence.\nXXVII. Candidates\n\nWe unreservedly endorse our President and Vice-President, Woodrow Wilson, of New Jersey, and Thomas Riley Marshall of Indiana, who have performed the functions of their great offices faithfully and impartially and with distinguished ability.\nIn particular, we commend to the American people the splendid diplomatic victories of our great President, who has preserved the vital interests of our Government and its citizens, and kept us out of war.\nWoodrow Wilson stands to-day the greatest American of his generation.\nXXVIII. Conclusion\n\nThis is a critical hour in the history of America, a critical hour in the history of the world. Upon the record above set forth, which shows great constructive achievement in following out a consistent policy for our domestic and internal development; upon the record of the Democratic administration, which has maintained the honor, the dignity and the interests of the United States, and, at the same time, retained the respect and friendship of all the nations of the world; and upon the great policies for the future strengthening of the life of our country, the enlargement of our National vision and the ennobling of our international relations, as set forth above, we appeal with confidence to the voters of the country.", "Words" -> 4570, "WordCounts" -> <|"the" -> 418, "of" -> 339, "and" -> 223, "to" -> 123, "in" -> 84, "for" -> 63, "a" -> 60, "our" -> 56, "We" -> 55, "that" -> 48, "be" -> 36, "which" -> 35, "by" -> 35, "as" -> 35, "its" -> 29, "have" -> 28, "has" -> 27, "or" -> 26, "is" -> 24, "States" -> 22, "all" -> 22, "their" -> 21, "The" -> 21, "favor" -> 21, "people" -> 20, 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"2" -> 1, "1915" -> 1, "1914" -> 1, "1913" -> 1, "1912" -> 1, "1" -> 1|>|>, <|"SourceURL" -> "http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29590", "Name" -> "Democratic Party Platform of 1912", "Party" -> "Democratic", "Year" -> 1912, "Date" -> DateObject[{1912, 6, 25}], "Text" -> "We, the representatives of the Democratic party of the United States, in national convention assembled, reaffirm our devotion to the principles of Democratic government formulated by Thomas Jefferson and enforced by a long and illustrious line of Democratic Presidents.\nTariff Reform\n\nWe declare it to be a fundamental principle of the Democratic party that the Federal government, under the Constitution, as no right or power to impose or collect tariff duties, except for the purpose of revenue, and we demand that the collection of such taxes shall be limited to the necessities of government honestly and economically administered.\nThe high Republican tariff is the principal cause of the unequal distribution of wealth; it is a system of taxation which makes the rich richer and the poor poorer; under its operations the American farmer and laboring man are the chief sufferers; it raises the cost of the necessaries of life to them, but does not protect their product or wages. The farmer sells largely in free markets and buys almost entirely in the protected markets. In the most highly protected industries, such as cotton and wool, steel and iron, the wages of the laborers are the lowest paid in any of our industries. We denounce the Republican pretence on that subject and assert that American wages are established by competitive conditions, and not by the tariff.\nWe favor the immediate downward revision of the existing high and in many cases prohibitive tariff duties, insisting that material reductions be speedily made upon the necessaries of life. Articles entering into competition with trust-controlled products and articles of American manufacture which are sold abroad more cheaply than at home should be put upon the free list.\nWe recognize that our system of tariff taxation is intimately connected with the business of the country, and we favor the ultimate attainment of the principles we advocate by legislation that will not injure or destroy legitimate industry.\nWe denounce the action of President Taft in vetoing the bills to reduce the tariff in the cotton, woolen, metals, and chemical schedules and the Farmers' free bill, all of which were designed to give immediate relief to the masses from the exactions of the trusts.\nThe Republican party, while promising tariff revision, has shown by its tariff legislation that such revision is not to be in the people's interest, and having been faithless to its pledges of 1908, it should not longer enjoy the confidence of the nation. We appeal to the American people to support us in our demand for a tariff for revenue only.\nHigh Cost of Living\n\nThe high cost of living is a serious problem in every American home. The Republican party, in its platform, attempts to escape from responsibility for present conditions by denying that they are due to a protective tariff. We take issue with them on this subject, and charge that excessive prices result in a large measure from the high tariff laws enacted and maintained by the Republican party and from trusts and commercial conspiracies fostered and encouraged by such laws, and we assert that no substantial relief can be secured for the people until import duties on the necessaries of life are materially reduced and these criminal conspiracies broken up.\nAnti-Trust Law\n\nA private monopoly is indefensible and intolerable. We therefore favor the vigorous enforcement of the criminal as well as the civil law against trusts and trust officials, and demand the enactment of such additional legislation as may be necessary to make it impossible for a private monopoly to exist in the United States.\nWe favor the declaration by law of the conditions upon which corporations shall be permitted to engage in interstate trade, including, among others, the prevention of holding companies, of interlocking directors, of stock watering, of discrimination in price, and the control by any one corporation of so large a proportion of any industry as to make it a menace to competitive conditions.\nWe condemn the action of the Republican administration in compromising with the Standard Oil Company and the tobacco trust and its failure to invoke the criminal provisions of the anti-trust law against the officers of those corporations after the court had declared that from the undisputed facts in the record they had violated the criminal provisions of the law.\nWe regret that the Sherman anti-trust law has received a judicial construction depriving it of much of its efficiency and we favor the enactment of legislation which will restore to the statute the strength of which it has been deprived by such interpretation.\nRights of the States\n\nWe believe in the preservation and maintenance in their full strength and integrity of the three co-ordinate branches of the Federal government—the executive, the legislative, and the judicial—each keeping within its own bounds and not encroaching upon the just powers of either of the others.\nBelieving that the most efficient results under our system of government are to be attained by the full exercise by the States of their reserved sovereign powers, we denounce as usurpation the efforts of our opponents to deprive the States of any of the rights reserved to them, and to enlarge and magnify by indirection the powers of the Federal government.\nWe insist upon the full exercise of all the powers of the Government, both State and national, to protect the people from injustice at the hands of those who seek to make the government a private asset in business. There is no twilight zone between the nation and the State in which exploiting interests can take refuge from both. It is as necessary that the Federal government shall exercise the powers delegated to it as it is that the States shall exercise the powers reserved to them, but we insist that Federal remedies for the regulation of interstate commerce and for the prevention of private monopoly, shall be added to, and not substituted for State remedies.\nIncome Tax and Popular Election of\n\nSenators\n\nWe congratulate the country upon the triumph of two important reforms demanded in the last national platform, namely, the amendment of the Federal Constitution authorizing an income tax, and the amendment providing for the popular election of senators, and we call upon the people of all the States to rally to the support of the pending propositions and secure their ratification.\nWe note with gratification the unanimous sentiment in favor of publicity, before the election, of campaign contributions—a measure demanded in our national platform of 1908, and at that time opposed by the Republican party—and we commend the Democratic House of Representatives for extending the doctrine of publicity to recommendations, verbal and written, upon which presidential appointments are made, to the ownership and control of newspapers, and to the expenditures made by and in behalf of those who aspire to presidential nominations, and we point for additional justification for this legislation to the enormous expenditures of money in behalf of the President and his predecessor in the recent contest for the Republican nomination for President.\nPresidential Primary\n\nThe movement toward more popular government should be promoted through legislation in each State which will permit the expression of the preference of the electors for national candidates at presidential primaries.\nWe direct that the National Committee incorporate in the call for the next nominating convention a requirement that all expressions of preference for Presidential candidates shall be given and the selection of delegates and alternates made through a primary election conducted by the party organization in each State where such expression and election are not provided for by State law. Committeemen who are hereafter to constitute the membership of the Democratic National Committee, and whose election is not provided for by law, shall be chosen in each State at such primary elections, and the service and authority of committeemen, however chosen, shall begin immediately upon the receipt of their credentials, respectively.\nCampaign Contributions\n\nWe pledge the Democratic party to the enactment of a law prohibiting any corporation from contributing to a campaign fund and any individual from contributing any amount above a reasonable maximum.\nTerm of President\n\nWe favor a single Presidential term, and to that end urge the adoption of an amendment to the Constitution making the President of the United States ineligible to reelection, and we pledge the candidates of this Convention to this principle.\nDemocratic Congress\n\nAt this time, when the Republican party, after a generation of unlimited power in its control of the Federal Government, is rent into factions, it is opportune to point to the record of accomplishment of the Democratic House of Representatives in the Sixty-second Congress. We indorse its action and we challenge comparison of its record with that of any Congress which has been controlled by our opponents.\nWe call the attention of the patriotic citizens of our country to its record of efficiency, economy and constructive legislation.\nIt has, among other achievements, revised the rules of the House of Representatives so as to give to the Representatives of the American people freedom of speech and of action in advocating, proposing and perfecting remedial legislation.\nIt has passed bills for the relief of the people and the development of our country; it has endeavored to revise the tariff taxes downward in the interest of the consuming masses and thus to reduce the high cost of living.\nIt has proposed an amendment to the Federal Constitution providing for the election of United States Senators by the direct vote of the people.\nIt has secured the admission of Arizona and New Mexico as two sovereign States.\nIt has required the publicity of campaign expenses both before and after election and fixed a limit upon the election expenses of United States Senators and Representatives.\nIt has passed a bill to prevent the abuse of the writ of injunction.\nIt has passed a law establishing an eight hour day for workmen on all national public work.\nIt has passed a resolution which forced the President to take immediate steps to abrogate the Russian treaty.\nAnd it has passed the great supply bills which lessen waste and extravagance, and which reduce the annual expenses of the government by many millions of dollars.\nWe approve the measure reported by the Democratic leaders in the House of Representatives for the creation of a council of national defence, which will determine a definite naval program with a view to increased efficiency and economy.\nThe party that proclaimed and has always enforced the Monroe Doctrine, and was sponsor for the new navy, will continue faithfully to observe the constitutional requirements to provide and maintain an adequate and well-proportioned navy sufficient to defend American policies, protect our citizens and uphold the honor and dignity of the nation.\nRepublican Extravagance\n\nWe denounce the profligate waste of the money wrung from the people by oppressive taxation through the lavish appropriations of recent Republican Congresses, which have kept taxes high and reduced the purchasing power of the people's toil. We demand a return to that simplicity and economy which befits a Democratic government and a reduction in the number of useless offices, the salaries of which drain the substance of the people.\nRailroads, Express Companies, Telegraph and Telephone Lines\n\nWe favor the efficient supervision and rate regulation of railroads, express companies, telegraph and telephone lines engaged in interstate commerce. To this end we recommend the valuation of railroads, express companies, telegraph and telephone lines by the Interstate Commerce Commission, such valuation to take into consideration the physical value of the property, the original cost, the cost of reproduction, and any element of value that will render the valuation fair and just.\nWe favor such legislation as will effectually prohibit the railroads, express, telegraph and telephone companies from engaging in business which brings them into competition with their shippers or patrons; also legislation preventing the overissue of stocks and bonds by interstate railroads, express companies, telegraph and telephone lines, and legislation which will assure such reduction in transportation rates as conditions will permit, care being taken to avoid reduction that would compel a reduction of wages, prevent adequate service, or do injustice to legitimate investments.\nBanking Legislation\n\nWe oppose the so-called Aldrich bill or the establishment of a central bank; and we believe our country will be largely freed from panics and consequent unemployment and business depression by such a systematic revision of our banking laws as will render temporary relief in localities where such relief is needed, with protection from control of dominion by what is known as the money trust.\nBanks exist for the accommodation of the public, and not for the control of business. All legislation on the subject of banking and currency should have for its purpose the securing of these accommodations on terms of absolute security to the public and of complete protection from the misuse of the power that wealth gives to those who possess it.\nWe condemn the present methods of depositing government funds in a few favored banks, largely situated in or controlled by Wall Street, in return for political favors, and we pledge our party to provide by law for their deposit by competitive bidding in the banking institutions of the country, national and State, without discrimination as to locality, upon approved securities and subject to call by the Government.\nRural Credits\n\nOf equal importance with the question of currency reform is the question of rural credits or agricultural finance. Therefore, we recommend that an investigation of agricultural credit societies in foreign countries be made, so that it may be ascertained whether a system of rural credits may be devised suitable to conditions in the United States; and we also favor legislation permitting national banks to loan a reasonable proportion of their funds on real estate security.\nWe recognize the value of vocational education, and urge Federal appropriations for such training and extension teaching in agriculture in co-operation with the several States.\nWaterways\n\nWe renew the declaration in our last platform relating to the conservation of our natural resources and the development of our waterways. The present devastation of the Lower Mississippi Valley accentuates the movement for the regulation of river flow by additional bank and levee protection below, and the diversion, storage and control of the flood waters above, their utilization for beneficial purposes in the reclamation of arid and swamp lands and the development of water power, instead of permitting the floods to continue, as heretofore, agents of destruction.\nWe hold that the control of the Mississippi River is a national problem. The preservation of the depth of its waters for the purpose of navigation, the building of levees to maintain the integrity of its channel and the prevention of the overflow of the land and its consequent devastation, resulting in the interruption of interstate commerce, the disorganization of the mail service, and the enormous loss of life and property impose an obligation which alone can be discharged by the general government.\nTo maintain an adequate depth of water the entire year, and thereby encourage water transportation, is a consummation worthy of legislative attention, and presents an issue national in its character. It calls for prompt action on the part of Congress, and the Democratic party pledges itself to the enactment of legislation leading to that end.\nWe favor the co-operation of the United States and the respective States in plans for the comprehensive treatment of all waterways with a view of co-ordinating plans for channel improvement, with plans for drainage of swamp and overflowed lands, and to this end we favor the appropriation by the Federal Government of sufficient funds to make surveys of such lands, to develop plans for draining of the same, and to supervise the work of construction.\nWe favor the adoption of a liberal and comprehensive plan for the development and improvement of our inland waterways, with economy and efficiency, so as to permit their navigation by vessels of standard draft.\nPost Roads\n\nWe favor national aid to State and local authorities in the construction and maintenance of post roads.\nRights of Labor\n\nWe repeat our declarations of the platform of 1908, as follows:\n\"The courts of justice are the bulwarks of our liberties, and we yield to none in our purpose to maintain their dignity. Our party has given to the bench a long line of distinguished justices who have added to the respect and confidence in which this department must be jealously maintained. We resent the attempt of the Republican party to raise a false issue respecting the judiciary. It is an unjust reflection upon a great body of our citizens to assume that they lack respect for the courts.\n\"It is the function of the courts to interpret the laws which the people enact, and if the laws appear to work economic, social or political injustice, it is our duty to change them. The only basis upon which the integrity of our courts can stand is that of unswerving justice and protection of life, personal liberty, and property. As judicial processes may be abused, we should guard them against abuse.\n\"Experience has proved the necessity of a modification of the present law relating to injunction, and we reiterate the pledges of our platforms of 1896 and 1904 in favor of a measure which passed the United States Senate in 1898, relating to contempt in Federal Courts, and providing for trial by jury in cases of indirect contempt.\n\"Questions of judicial practice have arisen especially in connection with industrial disputes. We believe that the parties to all judicial proceedings should be treated with rigid impartiality, and that injunctions should not be issued in any case in which an injunction would not issue if no industrial dispute were involved.\n\"The expanding organization of industry makes it essential that there should be no abridgement of the right of the wage earners and producers to organize for the protection of wages and the improvement of labor conditions, to the end that such labor organizations and their members should not be regarded as illegal combinations in restraint of trade.\n\"We pledge the Democratic party to the enactment of a law creating a department of labor, represented separately in the President's cabinet in which department shall be included the subject of mines and mining.\"\nWe pledge the Democratic party, so far as the Federal jurisdiction extends, to an employГ©s' compensation law providing adequate indemnity for injury to body or loss of life.\nConservation\n\nWe believe in the conservation and the development, for the use of all the people, of the natural resources of the country. Our forests, our sources of water supply, our arable and our mineral lands, our navigable streams, and all the other material resources with which our country has been so lavishly endowed, constitute the foundation of our national wealth. Such additional legislation as may be necessary to prevent their being wasted or absorbed by special or privileged interests, should be enacted and the policy of their conservation should be rigidly adhered to.\nThe public domain should be administered and disposed of with due regard to the general welfare. Reservations should be limited to the purposes which they purport to serve and not extended to include land wholly unsuited therefor. The unnecessary withdrawal from sale and settlement of enormous tracts of public land, upon which tree growth never existed and cannot be promoted, tends only to retard development, create discontent, and bring reproach upon the policy of conservation.\nThe public land laws should be administered in a spirit of the broadest liberality toward the settler exhibiting a bona-fide purpose to comply therewith, to the end that the invitation of this government to the landless should be as attractive as possible, and the plain provisions of the forest reserve act permitting homestead entries to be made within the national forests should not be nullified by administrative regulations which amount to a withdrawal of great areas of the same from settlement.\nImmediate action should be taken by Congress to make available the vast and valuable coal deposits of Alaska under conditions that will be a perfect guarantee against their falling into the hands of monopolizing corporations, associations or interests.\nWe rejoice in the inheritance of mineral resources unequalled in extent, variety, or value, and in the development of a mining industry unequalled in its magnitude and importance. We honor the men who, in their hazardous toil underground, daily risk their lives in extracting and preparing for our use the products of the mine, so essential to the industries, the commerce, and the comfort of the people of this country. And we pledge ourselves to the extension of the work of the bureau of mines in every way appropriate for national legislation with a view to safeguarding the lives of the miners, lessening the waste of essential resources, and promoting the economic development of mining, which, along with agriculture, must in the future, even more than in the past, serve as the very foundation of our national prosperity and welfare, and our international commerce.\nAgriculture\n\nWe believe in encouraging the development of a modern system of agriculture and a systematic effort to improve the conditions of trade in farm products so as to benefit both consumer and producer. And as an efficient means to this end we favor the enactment by Congress of legislation that will suppress the pernicious practice of gambling in agricultural products by organized exchanges or others.\nMerchant Marine\n\nWe believe in fostering, by constitutional regulation of commerce, the growth of a merchant marine, which shall develop and strengthen the commercial ties which bind us to our sister republics of the south, but without imposing additional burdens upon the people and without bounties or subsidies from the public treasury.\nWe urge upon Congress the speedy enactment of laws for the greater security of life and property at sea; and we favor the repeal of all laws, and the abrogation of so much of our treaties with other nations, as provide for the arrest and imprisonment of seamen charged with desertion, or with violation of their contract of service.\nSuch laws and treaties are un-American, and violate the spirit, if not the letter, of the Constitution of the United States.\nWe favor the exemption from tolls of American ships engaged in coastwise trade passing through the Panama canal.\nWe also favor legislation forbidding the use of the Panama Canal by ships owned or controlled by railroad carriers engaged in transportation competitive with the canal.\nPure Food and Public Health\n\nWe reaffirm our previous declarations advocating the union and strengthening of the various governmental agencies relating to pure foods, quarantine, vital statistics and human health. Thus united, and administered without partiality to or discrimination against any school of medicine or system of healing, they would constitute a single health service, not subordinated to any commercial or financial interests, but devoted exclusively to the conservation of human life and efficiency. Moreover, this health service should co-operate with the health agencies of our various States and cities, without interference with their prerogatives, or with the freedom of individuals to employ such medical or hygienic aid as they may see fit.\nCivil Service Law\n\nThe law pertaining to the civil service should be honestly and rigidly enforced, to the end that merit and ability shall be the standard of appointment and promotion, rather than service rendered to a political party; and we favor a reorganization of the evil service, with adequate compensation commensurate with the class of work performed for all officers and employГ©s; and also favor the extension to all classes of civil service employГ©s of the benefits of the provisions of the employers' liability law. We also recognize the right of direct petition to Congress by employes for the redress of grievances.\nLaw Reform\n\nWe recognize the urgent need of reform in the administration of civil and criminal law in the United States, and we recommend the enactment of such legislation and the promotion of such measures as will rid the present legal system of the delays, expense, and uncertainties incident to the system as now administered.\nThe Philippines\n\nWe reaffirm the position thrice announced by the Democracy in national convention assembled against a policy of imperialism and colonial exploitation in the Philippines or elsewhere. We condemn the experiment in imperialism as an inexcusable blunder, which has involved us in enormous expense, brought us weakness instead of strength, and laid our nation open to the charge of abandonment of the fundamental doctrine of self-government. We favor an immediate declaration of the nation's purpose to recognize the independence of the Philippine Islands as soon as a stable government can be established, such independence to be guaranteed by us until the neutralization of the islands can be secured by treaty with other Powers.\nIn recognizing the independence of the Philippines, our government should retain such land as may be necessary for coaling stations and naval bases.\nArizona and New Mexico\n\nWe welcome Arizona and New Mexico to the sisterhood of States, and heartily congratulate them upon their auspicious beginnings of great and glorious careers.\nAlaska\n\nWe demand for the people of Alaska the full enjoyment of the rights and privileges of a Territorial form of government, and we believe that the officials appointed to administer the government of all our Territories and the District of Columbia should be qualified by previous bona-fide residence.\nThe Russian Treaty\n\nWe commend the patriotism of the Democratic members of the Senate and House of Representatives which compelled the termination of the Russian treaty of 1832, and we pledge ourselves anew to preserve the sacred rights of American citizenship at home and abroad. No treaty should receive the sanction of our government which does not recognize the equality of all of our citizens, irrespective of race or creed, and which does not expressly guarantee the fundamental right of expatriation.\nThe constitutional rights of American citizens should protect them on our borders and go with them throughout the world, and every American citizen residing or having property in any foreign country is entitled to and must be given the full protection of the United States government, both for himself and his property.\nParcels Post and Rural Delivery\n\nWe favor the establishment of a parcels post or postal express, and also the extension of the rural delivery system as rapidly as practicable.\nPanama Canal Exposition\n\nWe hereby express our deep interest in the great Panama Canal Exposition to be held in San Francisco in 1915, and favor such encouragement as can be properly given.\nProtection of National Uniform\n\nWe commend to the several States the adoption of a law making it an offence for the proprietors of places of public amusement and entertainment to discriminate against the uniform of the United States, similar to the law passed by Congress applicable to the District of Columbia and the Territories in 1911.\nPensions\n\nWe renew the declaration of our last platform relating to a generous pension policy.\nRule of the People\n\nWe direct attention to the fact that the Democratic party's demand for a return to the rule of the people expressed in the national platform four years ago, has now become the accepted doctrine of a large majority of the electors. We again remind the country that only by a larger exercise of the reserved power of the people can they protect themselves from the misuse of delegated power and the usurpation of government instrumentalities by special interests. For this reason the National Convention insisted on the overthrow of Cannonism and the inauguration of a system by which United States Senators could be elected by direct vote. The Democratic party offers itself to the country as an agency through which the complete overthrow and extirpation of corruption, fraud, and machine rule in American politics can be effected.\nConclusion\n\nOur platform is one of principles which we believe to be essential to our national welfare. Our pledges are made to be kept when in office, as well as relied upon during the campaign, and we invite the co-operation of all citizens, regardless of party, who believe in maintaining unimpaired the institutions and traditions of our country.", "Words" -> 4692, "WordCounts" -> <|"the" -> 451, "of" -> 340, "and" -> 213, "to" -> 148, "in" -> 99, "a" -> 68, "We" -> 62, "for" -> 56, "by" -> 56, "be" -> 51, "our" -> 48, "that" -> 44, "as" -> 41, "which" -> 40, "with" -> 31, "we" -> 30, "or" -> 28, "States" -> 24, "favor" -> 24, "should" -> 23, "is" -> 23, "such" -> 22, "their" -> 20, "The" -> 20, "has" -> 20, "government" -> 20, "upon" -> 19, "not" -> 19, "national" -> 19, "legislation" -> 19, "from" -> 19, "party" -> 18, "law" -> 18, "it" -> 18, "its" -> 17, "Democratic" -> 17, "an" -> 17, "people" -> 16, "all" -> 15, "will" -> 14, "United" -> 13, "this" -> 13, "country" -> 13, "are" -> 13, "any" -> 13, "tariff" -> 12, "Republican" -> 12, "It" -> 12, "Federal" -> 12, "American" -> 12, 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"abandonment" -> 1, "A" -> 1, "1915" -> 1, "1911" -> 1, "1904" -> 1, "1898" -> 1, "1896" -> 1, "1832" -> 1|>|>, <|"SourceURL" -> "http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29589", "Name" -> "Democratic Party Platform of 1908", "Party" -> "Democratic", "Year" -> 1908, "Date" -> DateObject[{1908, 7, 7}], "Text" -> "We, the representatives of the Democracy of the United States, in National Convention assembled, reaffirm our belief in, and pledge our loyalty to, the principles of the party.\nWe rejoice at the increasing signs of an awakening throughout the country. The various investigations have traced graft and political corruption to the representatives of the predatory wealth, and laid bare the unscrupulous methods by which they have debauched elections and preyed upon a defenseless public through the subservient officials whom they have raised to place and power.\nThe conscience of the nation is now aroused to free the Government from the grip of those who have made it a business asset of the favor-seeking corporations. It must become again a people's government, and be administered in all its departments according to the Jeffersonian maxim, \"equal rights to all; special privileges to none.\"\n\"Shall the people rule?\" is the overshadowing issue which manifests itself in all the questions now under discussion.\nIncrease of Office Holders\n\nCoincident with the enormous increase in expenditures is a like addition to the number of office-holders. During the past year 23,784 were added, costing $16,156,000, and in the past six years of Republican administration the total number of new offices created, aside from many commissions, has been 99,319, entailing an additional expenditure of nearly $70,000,000 as against only 10,279 new offices created under the Cleveland and McKinley administrations, which involved an expenditure of only $6,000,000. We denounce this great and growing increase in the number of office-holders as not only unnecessary and wasteful, but also as clearly indicating a deliberate purpose on the part of the Administration to keep the Republican party in power at public expense by thus increasing the number of its retainers and dependents. Such procedure we declare to be no less dangerous and corrupt than the open purchase of votes at the polls.\nEconomy in Administration\n\nThe Republican Congress in the session just ended made appropriations amounting to $1,008,000,000, exceeding the total expenditures of the past fiscal year by $90,000,000 and leaving a deficit of more than $60,000,000 for the fiscal year just ended. We denounce the heedless waste of the people's money which has resulted in this appalling increase as a shameful violation of all prudent considerations of government and as no less than a crime against the millions of working men and women, from whose earnings the great proportion of these colossal sums must be extorted through excessive tariff exactions and other indirect methods. It is not surprising that in the face of this shocking record the Republican platform contains no reference to economical administration or promise thereof in the future. We demand that a stop be put to this frightful extravagance, and insist upon the strictest economy in every department compatible with frugal and efficient administration\nArbitrary Power—the Speaker\n\nThe House of Representatives was designed by the fathers of the Constitution to be the popular branch of our Government, responsive to the public will.\nThe House of Representatives, as controlled in recent years by the Republican party, has ceased to be a deliberative and legislative body, responsive to the will of a majority of its members, but has come under the absolute domination of the Speaker, who has entire control of its deliberations and powers of legislation.\nWe have observed with amazement the popular branch of our Federal Government helpless to obtain either the consideration or enactment of measures desired by a majority of its members.\nLegislative control becomes a failure when one member in the person of the Speaker is more powerful than the entire body.\nWe demand that the House of Representatives shall again become a deliberative body, controlled by a majority of the people's representatives, and not by the Speaker; and we pledge ourselves to adopt such rules and regulations to govern the House of Representatives as will enable a majority of its members to direct its deliberations and control legislation.\nMisuse of Patronage\n\nWe condemn as a violation of the spirit of our institutions the action of the present Chief Executive in using the patronage of his high office to secure the nomination for the Presidency of one of his Cabinet of officers. A forced succession to the Presidency is scarcely less repugnant to public sentiment than is life tenure in that office. No good intention on the part of the Executive, and no virtue in the one selected, can justify the establishment of a dynasty. The right of the people freely to select their officials is inalienable and cannot be delegated.\nPublicity of Campaign Contributions\n\nWe demand Federal legislation forever terminating the partnership which has existed between corporations of the country and the Republican party under the expressed or implied agreement that in return for the contribution of great sums of money wherewith to purchase elections, they should be allowed to continue substantially unmolested in their efforts to encroach upon the rights of the people.\nAny reasonable doubt as to the existence of this relation has been forever dispelled by the sworn testimony of witnesses examined in the insurance investigation in New York, and the open admission of a single individual—unchallenged by the Republican National Committee—that he himself at the personal request of the Republican candidate for the Presidency raised over a quarter of a million dollars to be used in a single State during the closing hours of the last campaign. In order that this practice shall be stopped for all time, we demand the passage of a statute punishing by imprisonment any officer of a corporation who shall either contribute on behalf of, or consent to the contribution by, a corporation, of any money or thing of value to be used in furthering the election of a President or Vice-President of the United States or of any member of the Congress thereof.\nWe denounce the Republican party, having complete control of the Federal Government for their failure to pass the bill, introduced in the last Congress, to compel the publication of the names of contributors and the amounts contributed toward campaign funds, and point to the evidence of their insincerity when they sought by an absolutely irrelevant and impossible amendment to defeat the passage of the bill. As a further evidence of their intention to conduct their campaign in the coming contest with vast sums of money wrested from favor-seeking corporations, we call attention to the fact that the recent Republican National Convention at Chicago refused, when the issue was presented to it, to declare against such practices.\nWe pledge the Democratic party to the enactment of a law prohibiting any corporation from contributing to a campaign fund and any individual from contributing an amount above a reasonable maximum, and providing for the publication before election of all such contributions.\nThe Rights of the States\n\nBelieving, with Jefferson, in \"the support of the State governments in all their rights as the most competent administrations for our domestic concerns, and the surest bulwarks against anti-republican tendencies,\" and in \"the preservation of the General Government in its whole constitutional vigor, as the sheet anchor of our peace at home and safety abroad,\" we are opposed to the centralization implied in the suggestion, now frequently made, that the powers of the General Government should be extended by judicial construction. There is no twilight zone between the Nation and the State in which exploiting interests can take refuge from both; and it is as necessary that the Federal Government shall exercise the powers delegated to it as it is that the State governments shall use the authority reserved to them; but we insist that Federal remedies for the regulation of interstate commerce and for the prevention of private monopoly shall be added to, not substituted for, State remedies.\nTariff\n\nWe welcome the belated promise of tariff reform now offered by the Republican party in tardy recognition of the righteousness of the Democratic position on this question; but the people cannot safely entrust the execution of this important work to a party which is so deeply obligated to the highly protected interests as is the Republican party. We call attention to the significant fact that the promised relief is postponed until after the coming election—an election to succeed in which the Republican party must have that same support from the beneficiaries of the high protective tariff as it has always heretofore received from them; and to the further fact that during years of uninterrupted power no action whatever has been taken by the Republican Congress to correct the admittedly existing tariff iniquities.\nWe favor immediate revision of the tariff by the reduction of import duties. Articles entering into competition with trust-controlled products should be placed upon the free list, and material reductions should be made in the tariff upon the necessaries of life, especially upon articles competing with such American manufactures as are sold abroad more cheaply than at home; and gradual reductions should be made in such other schedules as may be necessary to restore the tariff to a revenue basis.\nExisting duties have given to the manufacturers of paper a shelter behind which they have organized combinations to raise the price of pulp and of paper, thus imposing a tax upon the spread of knowledge. We demand the immediate repeal of the tariff on wood pulp, print paper, lumber, timber and logs, and that these articles be placed upon the free list.\nTrusts\n\nA private monopoly is indefensible and intolerable. We therefore favor the vigorous enforcement of the criminal law against guilty trust magnates and officials, and demand the enactment of such additional legislation as may be necessary to make it impossible for a private monopoly to exist in the United States. Among the additional remedies we specify three: First, a law preventing a duplication of directors among competing corporations; second, a license system which will, without abridging the right of each State to create corporations, or its right to regulate as it will foreign corporations doing business within its limits, make it necessary for a manufacturing or trading corporation engaged in interstate commerce to take out a Federal license before it shall be permitted to control as much as twenty-five per cent of the product in which it deals, the license to protect the public from watered stock and to prohibit the control by such corporation of more than fifty per cent of the total amount of any product consumed in the United States; and, third, a law compelling such licensed corporations to sell to all purchasers in all parts of the country on the same terms, after making due allowance for cost of transportation.\nRailroad Regulation\n\nWe assert the right of Congress to exercise complete control over interstate commerce and the right of each State to exercise like control over commerce within its borders.\nWe demand such enlargement of the powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission as may be necessary to enable it to compel railroads to perform their duties as common carriers and prevent discrimination and extortion.\nWe favor the efficient supervision and rate regulation of railroads engaged in interstate com- merce. To this end we recommend the valuation of railroads by the Interstate Commerce Commission, such valuation to take into consideration the physical value of the property, the original cost of production and all elements of value that will render the valuation fair and just.\nWe favor such legislation as will prohibit the railroads from engaging in business which brings them into competition with their shippers; also legislation which will assure such reduction in transportation rates as conditions will permit, care being taken to avoid reduction that would compel a reduction of wages, prevent adequate service, or do injustice to legitimate investments.\nWe heartily approve the laws prohibiting the pass and the rebate, and we favor any further necessary legislation to restrain, correct and prevent such abuses.\nWe favor such legislation as will increase the power of the Interstate Commerce Commission, giving to it the initiative with reference to rates and transportation charges put into effect by the railroad companies, and permitting the Interstate Commerce Commission, on its own initiative, to declare a rate illegal and as being more than should be charged for such service. The present law relating thereto is inadequate, by reason of the fact that the Interstate Commerce Commission is without power to fix or investigate a rate until complaint has been made to it by the shipper.\nWe further declare in favor of a law providing that all agreements of traffic or other associations of railway agents affecting interstate rates, service or classification, shall be unlawful, unless filed with and approved by the Interstate Commerce Commission .\nWe favor the enactment of a law giving to the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to inspect proposed railroad tariff rates or schedules before they shall take effect, and, if they be found to be unreasonable, to initiate an adjustment thereof.\nBanking\n\nThe panic of 1907, coming without any legitimate excuse, when the Republican party had for a decade been in complete control of the Federal government, furnishes additional proof that it is either unwilling or incompetent to protect the interests of the general public. It has so linked the country to Wall street that the sins of the speculators are visited upon the whole people. While refusing to rescue the wealth producers from spoliation at the hands of the stock gamblers and speculators in farm products, it has deposited Treasury funds, without interest and without competition, in favorite banks. It has used an emergency for which it is largely responsible to force through Congress a bill changing the basis of bank currency and inviting market manipulation, and has failed to give to the 15,000,000 depositors of the country protection in their savings.\nWe believe that in so far as the needs of commerce require an emergency currency, such currency should be issued and controlled by the Federal Government, and loaned on adequate security to National and State banks. We pledge ourselves to legislation under which the national banks shall be required to establish a guarantee fund for the prompt payment of the depositors of any insolvent national bank, under an equitable system which shall be available to all State banking institutions wishing to use it.\nWe favor a postal savings bank if the guaranteed bank can not be secured, and that it be constituted so as to keep the deposited money in the communities where it is established. But we condemn the policy of the Republican party in providing postal savings banks under a plan of conduct by which they will aggregate the deposits of the rural communities and redeposit the same while under Government charge in the banks of Wall street, thus depleting the circulating medium of the producing regions and unjustly favoring the speculative markets.\nIncome Tax\n\nWe favor an income tax as part of our revenue system, and we urge the submission of a constitutional amendment specifically authorizing Congress to levy and collect a tax upon individual and corporate incomes, to the end that wealth may bear its proportionate share of the burdens of the Federal Government.\nLabor and Injunctions\n\nThe courts of justice are the bulwark of our liberties, and we yield to none in our purpose to maintain their dignity. Our party has given to the bench a long line of distinguished judges, who have added to the respect and confidence in which this department must be jealously maintained. We resent the attempt of the Republican party to raise a false issue respecting the judiciary. It is an unjust reflection upon a great body of our citizens to assume that they lack respect for the courts.\nIt is the function of the courts to interpret the laws which the people create, and if the laws appear to work economic, social or political injustice, it is our duty to change them. The only basis upon which the integrity of our courts can stand is that of unswerving justice and protection of life, personal liberty and property. If judicial processes may be abused, we should guard them against abuse.\nExperience has proved the necessity of a modification of the present law relating to injunctions, and we reiterate the pledge of our national platforms of 1896 and 1904 in favor of the measure which passed the United States Senate in 1896, but which a Republican Congress has ever since refused to enact, relating to contempts in Federal courts and providing for trial by jury in cases of indirect contempt.\nQuestions of judicial practice have arisen especially in connection with industrial disputes. We deem that the parties to all judicial proceedings should be treated with rigid impartiality, and that injunctions should not be issued in any cases in which injunctions would not issue if no industrial dispute were involved.\nThe expanding organization of industry makes it essential that there should be no abridgement of the right of wage earners and producers to organize for the protection of wages and the improvement of labor conditions, to the end that such labor organizations and their members should not be regarded as illegal combinations in restraint of trade.\nWe favor the eight hour day on all Government work.\nWe pledge the Democratic party to the enactment of a law by Congress, as far as the Federal jurisdiction extends, for a general employer's liability act covering injury to body or loss of life of employes.\nWe pledge the Democratic party to the enactment of a law creating a Department of Labor, represented separately in the President's Cabinet, in which Department shall be included the subject of mines and mining.\nMerchant Marine\n\nWe believe in the upbuilding of the American merchant marine without new or additional burdens upon the people and without bounties from the public treasury.\nThe Navy\n\nThe constitutional provision that a navy shall be provided and maintained means an adequate navy, and we believe that the interests of this country would be best served by having a navy sufficient to defend the coasts of this country and protect American citizens wherever their rights may be in jeopardy.\nProtection of American Citizens\n\nWe pledge ourselves to insist upon the just and lawful protection of our citizens at home and abroad, and to use all proper methods to secure for them, whether native born or naturalized, and without distinction of race or creed, the equal protection of the law and the enjoyment of all rights and privileges open to them under our treaties; and if, under existing treaties, the right of travel and sojourn is denied to American citizens, or recognition is withheld from American passports by any countries on the ground of race or creed, we favor prompt negotiations with the governments of such countries to secure the removal of these unjust discriminations.\nWe demand that all over the world a duly authenticated passport issued by the Government of the United States to an American citizen, shall be proof of the fact that he is an American citizen and shall entitle him to the treatment due him as such.\nCivil Service\n\nThe laws pertaining to the civil service should be honestly and rigidly enforced, to the end that merit and ability shall be the standard of appointment and promotion rather than services rendered to a political party.\nPensions\n\nWe favor a generous pension policy, both as a matter of justice to the surviving veterans and their dependents, and because it tends to relieve the country of the necessity of maintaining a large standing army.\nHealth Bureau\n\nWe advocate the organization of all existing national public health agencies into a national bureau of public health with such power over sanitary conditions connected with factories, mines, tenements, child labor and other such subjects as are properly within the jurisdiction of the Federal government and do not interfere with the power of the States controlling public health agencies.\nAgricultural and Mechanical Education\n\nThe Democratic party favors the extension of agricultural, mechanical and industrial education. We therefore favor the establishment of district agricultural experiment stations and secondary agricultural and mechanical colleges in the several States.\nPopular Election of Senators\n\nWe favor the election of United States Senators by direct vote of the people, and regard this reform as the gateway to other national reforms.\nOklahoma\n\nWe welcome Oklahoma to the sisterhood of States and heartily congratulate her upon the auspicious beginning of a great career.\nPanama Canal\n\nWe believe that the Panama Canal will prove of great value to our country, and favor its speedy completion.\nArizona and New Mexico\n\nThe National Democratic party has for the last sixteen years labored for the admission of Arizona and New Mexico as separate States of the Federal Union, and recognizing that each possesses every qualification successfully to maintain separate State governments, we favor the immediate admission of these Territories as separate States.\nGrazing Lands\n\nThe establishment of rules and regulations, if any such are necessary, in relation to free grazing upon the public lands outside of forest or other reservations, until the same shall eventually be disposed of, should be left to the people of the States respectively in which such lands may be situated.\nWaterways\n\nWater furnishes the cheaper means of transportation, and the National Government, having the control of navigable waters, should improve them to their fullest capacity. We earnestly favor the immediate adoption of a liberal and comprehensive plan for improving every water course in the Union which is justified by the needs of commerce; and, to secure that end, we favor, when practicable, the connection of the Great Lakes with the navigable rivers and with the Gulf through the Mississippi River, and the navigable rivers with each other, and the rivers, bays and sounds of our coasts with each other, by artificial canals, with a view of perfecting a system of inland waterways to be navigated by vessels of standard draught.\nWe favor the co-ordination of the various services of the Government connected with waterways in one service, for the purpose of aiding in the completion of such a system of inland waterways; and we favor the creation of a fund ample for continuous work, which shall be conducted under the direction of a commission of experts to be authorized by law.\nPost Roads\n\nWe favor Federal aid to State and local authorities in the construction and maintenance of post roads.\nTelegraph and Telephone\n\nWe pledge the Democratic party to the enactment of a law to regulate, under the jurisdiction of the Interstate Commerce Commission, the rates and services of telegraph and telephone companies engaged in the transmission of messages between the States.\nNatural Resources\n\nWe repeat the demand for internal development and for the conservation of our natural resources contained in previous platforms, the enforcement of which Mr. Roosevelt has vainly sought from a reluctant party; and to that end we insist upon the preservation, protection and replacement of needed forests, the preservation of the public domain for home seekers, the protection of the national resources in timber, coal, iron and oil against monopolistic control, the development of our waterways for navigation and every other useful purpose, including the irrigation of arid lands, the reclamation of swamp lands, the clarification of streams, the development of water power, and the preservation of electric power, generated by this natural force, from the control of monopoly; and to such end we urge the exercise of all powers, national, State and municipal, both separately and in co-operation.\nWe insist upon a policy of administration of our forest reserves which shall relieve it of the abuses which have arisen thereunder, and which shall, as far as practicable, conform to the police regulations of the several States wherein the reserves are located, which shall enable homesteaders as of right to occupy and acquire title to all portions thereof which are especially adapted to agriculture, and which shall furnish a system of timber sales available as well to the private citizen as to the larger manufacturer and consumer.\nHawaii\n\nWe favor the application of the principles of the land laws of the United States to our newly acquired territory, Hawaii, to the end that the public lands of that territory may be held and utilized for the benefit of bona-fide homesteaders.\nThe Philippines\n\nWe condemn the experiment in imperialism as an inexcusable blunder which has involved us in enormous expense, brought us weakness instead of strength, and laid our nation open to the charge of abandoning a fundamental doctrine of self-government. We favor an immediate declaration of the nation's purpose to recognize the independence of the Philippine Islands as soon as a stable government can be established, such independence to be guaranteed by us as we guarantee the independence of Cuba, until the neutralization of the islands can be secured by treaty with other powers. In recognizing the independence of the Philippines our Government should retain such land as may be necessary for coaling stations and naval bases.\nAlaska and Porto Rico\n\nWe demand for the people of Alaska and Porto Rico the full enjoyment of the rights and privileges of a territorial form of government, and that the officials appointed to administer the government of all our territories and the District of Columbia should be thoroughly qualified by previous bona-fide residence.\nPan-American Relations\n\nThe Democratic party recognizes the importance and advantage of developing closer ties of Pan-American friendship and commerce between the United States and her sister nations of Latin America, and favors the taking of such steps, consistent with Democratic policies, for better acquaintance, greater mutual confidence, and larger exchange of trade as will bring lasting benefit not only to the United States, but to this group of American Republics, having constitutions, forms of government, ambitions and interests akin to our own.\nAsiatic Immigration\n\nWe favor full protection, by both National and State governments within their respective spheres, of all foreigners residing in the United States under treaty, but we are opposed to the admission of Asiatic immigrants who can not be amalgamated with our population, or whose presence among us would raise a race issue and involve us in diplomatic controversies with Oriental powers.\nForeign Patents\n\nWe believe that where an American citizen holding a patent in a foreign country is compelled to manufacture under his patent within a certain time, similar restrictions should be applied in this country to the citizens or subjects of such a country.\nConclusion\n\nThe Democratic party stands for Democracy; the Republican party has drawn to itself all that is aristocratic and plutocratic.\nThe Democratic party is the champion of equal rights and opportunities to all; the Republican party is the party of privilege and private monopoly. The Democratic party listens to the voice of the whole people and gauges progress by the prosperity and advancement of the average man; the Republican party is subservient to the comparatively few who are the beneficiaries of governmental favoritism. We invite the co-operation of all, regardless of previous political affiliation or past differences, who desire to preserve a government of the people, by the people and for the people and who favor such an administration of the government as will insure, as far as human wisdom can, that each citizen shall draw from society a reward commensurate with his contribution to the welfare of society.", "Words" -> 4550, "WordCounts" -> <|"the" -> 412, "of" -> 294, "and" -> 171, "to" -> 169, "a" -> 91, "in" -> 85, "be" -> 57, "We" -> 55, "as" -> 53, "that" -> 45, "by" -> 42, "for" -> 38, "which" -> 35, "is" -> 33, "such" -> 30, "party" -> 29, "with" -> 27, "our" -> 27, "favor" -> 27, "or" -> 26, "all" -> 25, "it" -> 24, "we" -> 23, "The" -> 23, "shall" -> 23, "Republican" -> 21, "has" -> 21, "States" -> 20, "upon" -> 18, "should" -> 18, "an" -> 18, "from" -> 17, "this" -> 16, "their" -> 16, "Government" -> 15, "will" -> 14, "under" -> 14, "people" -> 14, "its" -> 14, "Federal" -> 14, "State" -> 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"authority" -> 1, "authorities" -> 1, "authenticated" -> 1, "auspicious" -> 1, "attempt" -> 1, "assure" -> 1, "assume" -> 1, "associations" -> 1, "asset" -> 1, "assert" -> 1, "assembled" -> 1, "aside" -> 1, "As" -> 1, "artificial" -> 1, "Articles" -> 1, "aroused" -> 1, "army" -> 1, "aristocratic" -> 1, "arid" -> 1, "Arbitrary" -> 1, "approved" -> 1, "approve" -> 1, "appropriations" -> 1, "appointment" -> 1, "appointed" -> 1, "applied" -> 1, "application" -> 1, "appear" -> 1, "appalling" -> 1, "Any" -> 1, "anti-republican" -> 1, "anchor" -> 1, "ample" -> 1, "amounts" -> 1, "amounting" -> 1, "Among" -> 1, "America" -> 1, "ambitions" -> 1, "amazement" -> 1, "amalgamated" -> 1, "always" -> 1, "allowed" -> 1, "allowance" -> 1, "akin" -> 1, "aiding" -> 1, "aid" -> 1, "agriculture" -> 1, "Agricultural" -> 1, "agreements" -> 1, "agreement" -> 1, "aggregate" -> 1, "agents" -> 1, "affiliation" -> 1, "affecting" -> 1, "advocate" -> 1, "advantage" -> 1, "advancement" -> 1, "adoption" -> 1, "adopt" -> 1, "admittedly" -> 1, "administered" -> 1, "administer" -> 1, "adjustment" -> 1, "addition" -> 1, "adapted" -> 1, "act" -> 1, "acquired" -> 1, "acquire" -> 1, "acquaintance" -> 1, "according" -> 1, "abused" -> 1, "abuse" -> 1, "absolutely" -> 1, "absolute" -> 1, "abridging" -> 1, "abridgement" -> 1, "above" -> 1, "ability" -> 1, "abandoning" -> 1, "99,319" -> 1, "23,784" -> 1, "1907" -> 1, "1904" -> 1, "15,000,000" -> 1, "10,279" -> 1|>|>, <|"SourceURL" -> "http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29588", "Name" -> "Democratic Party Platform of 1904", "Party" -> "Democratic", "Year" -> 1904, "Date" -> DateObject[{1904, 7, 6}], "Text" -> "The Democratic party of the United States, in National Convention assembled, declares its devotion to the essential principles of the Democratic faith which bring us together in party communion.\nUnder these principles local self-government and National unity and prosperity were alike established. They underlaid our independence, the structure of our free Republic, and every Democratic expansion from Louisiana to California, and Texas to Oregon, which preserved faithfully in all the States the tie between taxation and representation. They yet inspirit the masses of our people, guarding jealously their rights and liberties, and cherishing their fraternity, peace and orderly development. They remind us of our duties and responsibilities as citizens and impress upon us, particularly at this time, the necessity of reform and the rescue of the administration of Government from the headstrong, arbitrary and spasmodic methods which distract business by uncertainty, and pervade the public mind with dread, distrust and perturbation.\nFundamental Principles\n\nThe application of these fundamental principles to the living issues of the day constitutes the first step toward the assured peace, safety and progress of our nation. Freedom of the press, of conscience, and of speech; equality before the law of all citizens; right of trial by jury; freedom of the person defended by the Writ of Habeas Corpus; liberty of personal contract untrammeled by sumptuary laws; supremacy of the civil over military authority; a well-disciplined militia; separation of Church and State; economy in expenditures; low taxes, that labor may be lightly burdened; prompt and sacred fulfillment of public and private obligations; fidelity to treaties; peace and friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none; absolute acquiescence in the will of the majority, the vital principle of Republics—these are doctrines which Democracy has established as proverbs of the Nation, and they should be constantly invoked, and enforced.\nEconomy of Administration\n\nLarge reductions can easily be made in the annual expenditures of the Government without impairing the efficiency of any branch of the public service, and we shall insist upon the strictest economy and frugality compatible with vigorous and efficient civil, military and naval administration as a right of the people, too clear to be denied or withheld.\nHonesty in the Public Service\n\nWe favor the enforcement of honesty in the public service, and to that end a thorough legislative investigation of those executive departments of the Government already known to teem with corruption, as well as other departments suspected of harboring corruption, and the punishment of ascertained corruptionists without fear or favor or regard to persons. The persistent and deliberate refusal of both the Senate and House of Representatives to permit such investigation to be made demonstrates that only by a change in the executive and in the legislative departments can complete exposure, punishment and correction be obtained.\nFederal Government Contracts With Trusts\n\nWe condemn the action of the Republican party in Congress in refusing to prohibit an executive department from entering into contracts with convicted trusts or unlawful combinations in restraint of inter-State trade. We believe that one of the best methods of procuring economy and honesty in the public service is to have public officials, from the occupant of the White House down to the lowest of them, return, as nearly as may be, to Jeffersonian simplicity of living.\nExecutive Usurpation\n\nWe favor the nomination and election of a President imbued with the principles of the Constitution, who will set his face sternly against executive usurpation of legislative and judicial functions, whether that usurpation be veiled under the guise of executive construction of existing laws, or whether it take refuge in the tyrant's plea of necessity or superior wisdom.\nImperialism\n\nWe favor the preservation, so far as we can, of an open door for the world's commerce in the Orient without unnecessary entanglement in Oriental and European affairs, and without arbitrary, unlimited, irresponsible and absolute government anywhere within our jurisdiction. We oppose, as fervently as did George Washington, an indefinite, irresponsible, discretionary and vague absolutism and a policy of colonial exploitation, no matter where or by whom invoked or exercised. We believe with Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, that no Government has a right to make one set of laws for those \"at home\" and another and a different set of laws, absolute in their character, for those \"in the colonies.\" All men under the American flag are entitled to the protection of the institutions whose emblem the flag is; if they are inherently unfit for those institutions, then they are inherently unfit to be members of the American body politic. Wherever there may exist a people incapable of being governed under American laws, in consonance with the American Constitution, the territory of that people ought not to be part of the American domain.\nWe insist that we ought to do for the Filipinos what we have done already for the Cubans, and it is our duty to make that promise now, and upon suitable guarantees of protection to citizens of our own and other countries resident there at the time of our withdrawal to set the Filipino people upon their feet, free and independent, to work out their own destiny.\nThe endeavor of the Secretary of War, by pledging the Government's endorsement for \"promoters\" in the Philippine Islands to make the United States a partner in speculative exploitation of the archipelago, which was only temporarily held up by the opposition of Democratic Senators in the last session, will, if successful, lead to entanglements from which it will be difficult to escape.\nTariff\n\nThe Democratic party has been, and will continue to be, the consistent opponent of that class of tariff legislation by which certain interests have been permitted, through Congressional favor, to draw a heavy tribute from the American people. This monstrous perversion of those equal opportunities which our political institutions were established to secure, has caused what may once have been infant industries to become the greatest combinations of capital that the world has ever known. These special favorites of the Government have, through trust methods, been converted into monopolies, thus bringing to an end domestic competition, which was the only alleged check upon the extravagant profits made possible by the protective system. These industrial combinations, by the financial assistance they can give, now control the policy of the Republican party.\nWe denounce protectionism as a robbery of the many to enrich the few, and we favor a tariff limited to the needs of the Government economically, effectively and constitutionally administered and so levied as not to discriminate against any industry, class or section, to the end that the burdens of taxation shall be distributed as equally as possible.\nWe favor a revision and a gradual reduction of the tariff by the friends of the masses and for the common weal, and not by the friend of its abuses, its extortions and its discriminations, keeping in view the ultimate end of \"equality of burdens and equality of opportunities,\" and the constitutional purpose of raising a revenue by taxation, to wit: the support of the Federal Government in all its integrity and virility, but in simplicity.\nTrusts and Unlawful Combinations\n\nWe recognize that the gigantic trusts and combinations designed to enable capital to secure more than its just share of the joint product of capital and labor, and which have been fostered and promoted under Republican rule, are a menace to beneficial competition and an obstacle to permanent business prosperity.\nA private monopoly is indefensible and intolerable.\nIndividual equality of opportunity and free competition are essential to a healthy and permanent commercial prosperity; and any trust, combination or monopoly tending to destroy these by controlling production, restricting competition or fixing prices and wages, should be prohibited and punished by law. We especially denounce rebates and discriminations by transportation companies as the most potent agency in promoting and strengthening these unlawful conspiracies against trade.\nWe demand an enlargement of the powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission, to the end that the traveling public and shippers of this country may have prompt and adequate relief from the abuses to which they are subjected in the matter of transportation. We demand a strict enforcement of existing civil and criminal statutes against all such trusts, combinations and monopolies; and we demand the enactment of such further legislation as may be necessary effectually to suppress them.\nAny trust or unlawful combination engaged in inter-State commerce which is monopolizing any branch of business or production, should not be permitted to transact business outside of the State of its origin, whenever it shall be established in any court of competent jurisdiction that such monopolization exists. Such prohibition should be enforced through comprehensive laws to be enacted on the subject.\nCapital and Labor\n\nWe favor the enactment and administration of laws giving labor and capital impartially their just rights. Capital and labor ought not to be enemies. Each is necessary to the other. Each has its rights, but the rights of labor are certainly no less \"vested,\" no less \"sacred\" and no less \"inalienable\" than the rights of capital.\nWe favor arbitration of differences between corporate employers and their employees and a strict enforcement of the eight hour law on all Government work.\nWe approve the measure which passed the United States Senate in 1896, but which a Republican Congress has ever since refused to enact, relating to contempts in Federal courts and providing for trial by jury in cases of indirect contempt.\nConstitutional Guaranties\n\nConstitutional guaranties are violated whenever any citizen is denied the right to labor, acquire and enjoy property or reside where interest or inclination may determine. Any denial thereof by individuals, organizations or governments should be summarily rebuked and punished.\nWe deny the right of any executive to disregard or suspend any constitutional privilege or limitation. Obedience to the laws and respect for their requirements are alike the supreme duty of the citizen and the official.\nThe military should be used only to support and maintain the law. We unqualifiedly condemn its employment for the summary banishment of citizens without trial, or for the control of elections.\nWaterways\n\nWe favor liberal appropriations for the care and improvement of the waterways of the country. When any waterway like the Mississippi River is of sufficient importance to demand the special aid of the Government, such aid should be extended with a definite plan of continuous work until permanent improvement is secured.\nWe oppose the Republican policy of starving home development in order to feed the greed for conquest and the appetite for national \"prestige\" and display of strength.\nReclamation of Arid Lands and Domestic Development\n\nWe congratulate our Western citizens upon the passage of the measure known as the Newlands Irrigation Act for the irrigation and reclamation of the arid lands of the West—a measure framed by a Democrat, passed in the Senate by a nonpartisan vote, and passed in the House against the opposition of almost all the Republican leaders by a vote the majority of which was Democratic. We call attention to this great Democratic measure, broad and comprehensive as it is, working automatically throughout all time without further action of Congress, until the reclamation of all the lands in the arid West capable of reclamation, is accomplished, reserving the lands reclaimed for homeseekers in small tracts and rigidly guarding against land monopoly, as an evidence of the policy of domestic development contemplated by the Democratic party, should it be placed in power.\nThe Isthmian Canal\n\nThe Democracy when entrusted with power will construct the Panama Canal speedily, honestly and economically, thereby giving to our people what Democrats have always contended for—a great inter-oceanic canal, furnishing shorter and cheaper lines of transportation, and broader and less trammeled trade relations with the other peoples of the world.\nAmerican Citizenship\n\nWe pledge ourselves to insist upon the just and lawful protection of our citizens at home and abroad, and to use all proper measures to secure for them, whether native born or naturalized, and without distinction of race or creed, the equal protection of laws and the enjoyment of all rights and privileges open to them under the covenants of our treaties of friendship and commerce; and if under existing treaties the right of travel and sojourn is denied to American citizens or recognition is withheld from American passports by any countries on the ground of race or creed, we favor the beginning of negotiations with the governments of such countries to secure by new treaties the removal of these unjust discriminations.\nWe demand that all over the world a duly authenticated passport issued by the Government of the United States to an American citizen shall be proof of the fact that he is an American citizen and shall entitle him to the treatment due him as such.\nElection of Senators By the People\n\nWe favor the election of United States Senators by direct vote of the people.\nStatehood for Territories\n\nWe favor the admission of the Territory of Oklahoma and the Indian Territory. We also favor the immediate admission of Arizona and New Mexico, as separate States, and territorial governments for Alaska and Porto Rico.\nWe hold that the officials appointed to administer the government of any Territory, as well as the District of Alaska, should be bona-fide residents at the time of their appointment of the Territory or district in which their duties are to be performed.\nCondemnation of Polygamy\n\nWe demand the extermination of polygamy within the jurisdiction of the United States, and the complete separation of Church and State in political affairs.\nMerchant Marine\n\nWe denounce the ship subsidy bill recently passed by the United States Senate as an iniquitous appropriation of public funds for private purposes and a wasteful, illogical and useless attempt to overcome by subsidy the obstructions raised by Republican legislation to the growth and development of American commerce on the sea.\nWe favor the upbuilding of a merchant marine without new or additional burdens upon the people and without bounties from the public treasury.\nReciprocity\n\nWe favor liberal trade arrangements with Canada, and with peoples of other countries where they can be entered into with benefit to American agriculture, manufactures, mining or commerce.\nMonroe Doctrine\n\nWe favor the maintenance of the Monroe Doctrine in its full integrity.\nArmy\n\nWe favor the reduction of the Army and of Army expenditures to the point historically demonstrated to be safe and sufficient.\nPensions: Our Soldiers and Sailors\n\nThe Democracy would secure to the surviving soldiers and sailors and their dependents generous pensions, not by an arbitrary executive order, but by legislation which a grateful people stand ready to enact.\nOur soldiers and sailors who defend with their lives the Constitution and the laws have a sacred interest in their just administration. They must, therefore, share with us the humiliation with which we have witnessed the exaltation of court favorites, without distinguished service, over the scarred heroes of many battles, or aggrandizement by executive appropriations out of the treasuries of prostrate peoples in violation of the act of Congress which fixes the compensation of allowance of the military officers.\nCivil Service\n\nThe Democratic party stands committed to the principles of civil service reform, and we demand their honest, just and impartial enforcement.\nWe denounce the Republican party for its continuous and sinister encroachments upon the spirit and operation of civil service rules, whereby it has arbitrarily dispensed with examinations for office in the interest of favorites, and employed all manner of devices to overreach and set aside the principles upon which the Civil Service is based.\nSectional and Race Agitation\n\nThe race question has brought countless woes to this country. The calm wisdom of the American people should see to it that it brings no more.\nTo revive the dead and hateful race and sectional animosities in any part of our common country means confusion, distraction of business, and the reopening of wounds now happily healed. North, South, East and West have but recently stood together in line of battle from the walls of Pekin to the hills of Santiago, and as sharers of a common glory and a common destiny, we should share fraternally the common burdens.\nWe therefore deprecate and condemn the Bourbon-like selfish, and narrow spirit of the recent Republican Convention at Chicago which sought to kindle anew the embers of racial and sectional strife, and we appeal from it to the sober common sense and patriotic spirit of the American people.\nThe Republican Administration\n\nThe existing Republican administration has been spasmodic, erratic, sensational, spectacular and arbitrary. It has made itself a satire upon the Congress, courts, and upon the settled practices and usages of national and international law.\nIt summoned the Congress in hasty and futile extra session and virtually adjourned it, leaving behind in its flight from Washington uncalled calendars and unaccomplished tasks.\nIt made war, which is the sole power of Congress, without its authority, thereby usurping one of its fundamental prerogatives. It violated a plain statute of the United States as well as plain treaty obligations, international usages and constitutional law; and has done so under pretense of executing a great public policy which could have been more easily effected lawfully, constitutionally and with honor.\nIt forced strained and unnatural constructions upon statutes, usurping judicial interpretation, and substituting for congressional enactment executive decree.\nIt withdrew from the Congress its customary duties of investigation which have heretofore made the representatives of the people and the States the terror of evildoers.\nIt conducted a secretive investigation of its own, and boasting of a few sample convicts, it threw a broad coverlet over the bureaus which had been their chosen field of operative abuses, and kept in power the superior officers under whose administration the crimes had been committed.\nIt ordered assault upon some monopolies, but paralyzed by a first victory, it flung out the flag of truce and cried out that it would not \"run amuck\"; leaving its future purposes beclouded by its vacillations.\nAppeal to the People\n\nConducting the campaign upon this declaration of our principles and purposes, we invoke for our candidates the support not only of our great and time-honored organization, but also the active assistance of all of our fellow citizens who, disregarding past differences, desire the perpetuation of our constitutional Government as framed and established by the fathers of the Republic.", "Words" -> 3055, "WordCounts" -> <|"the" -> 248, "of" -> 201, "and" -> 167, "to" -> 85, "in" -> 50, "a" -> 39, "We" -> 37, "by" -> 36, "be" -> 29, "as" -> 28, "or" -> 27, "which" -> 25, "for" -> 25, "with" -> 21, "that" -> 20, "our" -> 20, "its" -> 18, "favor" -> 18, "is" -> 16, "upon" -> 15, "their" -> 15, "American" -> 15, "The" -> 14, "it" -> 14, "all" -> 14, "people" -> 13, "have" -> 13, "from" -> 13, "we" -> 12, "has" -> 12, "Government" -> 12, "any" -> 12, "without" 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adoption of the Declaration of Independence, do reaffirm our faith in that immortal proclamation of the inalienable rights of man, and our allegiance to the Constitution framed in harmony therewith by the fathers of the Republic. We hold with the United States Supreme Court that the Declaration of Independence is the spirit of our government, of which the Constitution is the form and letter.\nWe declare again that all governments instituted among men derive their just powers from the consent of the governed; that any government not based upon the consent of the governed is a tyranny; and that to impose upon any people a government of force is to substitute the methods of imperialism for those of a republic.\nWe hold that the Constitution follows the flag, and denounce the doctrine that an Executive or Congress deriving their existence and their powers from the Constitution can exercise lawful authority beyond it or in violation of it. We assert that no nation can long endure half republic and half empire, and we warn the American people that imperialism abroad will lead quickly and inevitably to despotism at home.\nBelieving in these fundamental principles, we denounce the Porto Rican law, enacted by a Republican Congress against the protest and opposition of the Democratic minority, as a bold and open violation of the nation's organic law and a flagrant breach of the national good faith. It imposes upon the people of Porto Rico a government without their consent and taxation without representation. It dishonors the American people by repudiating a solemn pledge made in their behalf by the Commanding General of our Army, which the Porto Ricans welcomed to a peaceful and unresisted occupation of their land. It dooms to poverty and distress a people whose helplessness appeals with peculiar force to our justice and magnanimity. In this, the first act of its imperialistic programme, the Republican party seeks to commit the United States to a colonial policy, inconsistent with republican institutions and condemned by the Supreme Court in numerous decisions.\nWe demand the prompt and honest fulfillment of our pledge to the Cuban people and the world that the United States has no disposition nor intention to exercise sovereignty jurisdiction, or control over the Island of Cuba, except for its pacification. The war ended nearly two years ago, profound peace reigns over all the island, and still the administration keeps the government of the island from its people, while Republican carpet-bag officials plunder its revenues and exploit the colonial theory, to the disgrace of the American people.\nWe condemn and denounce the Philippine policy of the present administration. It has involved the Republic in an unnecessary war, sacrificed the lives of many of our noblest sons, and placed the United States, previously known and applauded throughout the world as the champion of freedom, in the false and un-American position of crushing with military force the efforts of our former allies to achieve liberty and self-government. The Filipinos cannot be citizens without endangering our civilization; they cannot be subjects without imperiling our form of government; and as we are not willing to surrender our civilization nor to convert the Republic into an empire, we favor an immediate declaration of the nation's purpose to give the Filipinos, first, a stable form of government; second, independence; and third, protection from outside interference, such as has been given for nearly a century to the republics of Central and South America.\nThe greedy commercialism which dictated the Philippine policy of the Republican administration attempts to justify it with the plea that it will pay; but even this sordid and unworthy plea fails when brought to the test of facts. The war of \"criminal aggression\" against the Filipinos, entailing an annual expense of many millions, has already cost more than any possible profit that could accrue from the entire Philippine trade for years to come. Furthermore, when trade is extended at the expense of liberty, the price is always too high.\nWe are not opposed to territorial expansion when it takes in desirable territory which can be erected into States in the Union, and whose people are willing and fit to become American citizens. We favor trade expansion by every peaceful and legitimate means. But we are unalterably opposed to seizing or purchasing distant islands to be governed outside the Constitution, and whose people can never become citizens.\nWe are in favor of extending the Republic's influence among the nations, but we believe that that influence should be extended not by force and violence, but through the persuasive power of a high and honorable example.\nThe importance of other questions, now pending before the American people is no wise diminished and the Democratic party takes no backward step from its position on them, but the burning issue of imperialism growing out of the Spanish war involves the very existence of the Republic and the destruction of our free institutions. We regard it as the paramount issue of the campaign.\nThe declaration in the Republican platform adopted at the Philadelphia Convention, held in June, 1900, that the Republican party \"steadfastly adheres to the policy announced in the Monroe Doctrine\" is manifestly insincere and deceptive. This profession is contradicted by the avowed policy of that party in opposition to the spirit of the Monroe Doctrine to acquire and hold sovereignty over large areas of territory and large numbers of people in the Eastern Hemisphere. We insist on the strict maintenance of the Monroe Doctrine in all its integrity, both in letter and in spirit, as necessary to prevent the extension of European authority on this Continent and as essential to our supremacy in American affairs. At the same time we declare that no American people shall ever be held by force in unwilling subjection to European authority.\nWe oppose militarism. It means conquest abroad and intimidation and oppression at home. It means the strong arm which has ever been fatal to free institutions. It is what millions of our citizens have fled from in Europe. It will impose upon our peace loving people a large standing army and unnecessary burden of taxation, and will be a constant menace to their liberties. A small standing army and a well-disciplined state militia are amply sufficient in time of peace. This republic has no place for a vast military establishment, a sure forerunner of compulsory military service and conscription. When the nation is in danger the volunteer soldier is his country's best defender. The National Guard of the United States should ever be cherished in the patriotic hearts of a free people. Such organizations are ever an element of strength and safety. For the first time in our history, and coeval with the Philippine conquest, has there been a wholesale departure from our time honored and approved system of volunteer organization. We denounce it as un-American, un-Democratic, and un-Republican, and as a subversion of the ancient and fixed principles of a free people.\nPrivate monopolies are indefensible and intolerable. They destroy competition, control the price of all material, and of the finished product, thus robbing both producer and consumer. They lessen the employment of labor, and arbitrarily fix the terms and conditions thereof; and deprive individual energy and small capital of their opportunity of betterment.\nThey are the most efficient means yet devised for appropriating the fruits of industry to the benefit of the few at the expense of the many, and unless their insatiate greed is checked, all wealth will be aggregated in a few hands and the Republic destroyed. The dishonest paltering with the trust evil by the Republican party in State and national platforms is conclusive proof of the truth of the charge that trusts are the legitimate product of Republican policies, that they are fostered by Republican laws, and that they are protected by the Republican administration, in return for campaign subscriptions and political support.\nWe pledge the Democratic party to an unceasing warfare in nation, State and city against private monopoly in every form. Existing laws against trusts must be enforced and more stringent ones must be enacted providing for publicity as to the affairs of corporations engaged in inter-State commerce requiring all corporations to show, before doing business outside the State of their origin, that they have no water in their stock, and that they have not attempted, and are not attempting, to monopolize any branch of business or the production of any articles of merchandise; and the whole constitutional power of Congress over inter-State commerce, the mails and all modes of inter-State communication, shall be exercised by the enactment of comprehensive laws upon the subject of trusts. Tariff laws should be amended by putting the products of trusts upon the free list, to prevent monopoly under the plea of protection. The failure of the present Republican administration, with an absolute control over all the branches of the national government, to enact any legislation designed to prevent or even curtail the absorbing power of trusts and illegal combinations, or to enforce the anti-trust laws already on the statute-books proves that insincerity of the high-sounding phrases of the Republican platform.\nCorporations should be protected in all their rights and their legitimate interests should be respected, but any attempt by corporations to interfere with the public affairs of the people or to control the sovereignty which creates them, should be forbidden under such penalties as will make such attempts impossible.\nWe condemn the Dingley tariff law as a trust breeding measure, skillfully devised to give the few favors which they do not deserve, and to place upon the many burdens which they should not bear.\nWe favor such an enlargement of the scope of the inter-State commerce law as will enable the commission to protect individuals and communities from discrimination, and the public from unjust and unfair transportation rates.\nWe reaffirm and indorse the principles of the National Democratic Platform adopted at Chicago in 1896, and we reiterate the demand of that platform for an American financial system made by the American people for themselves, and which shall restore and maintain a bi-metallic price-level, and as part of such system the immediate restoration of the free and unlimited coinage of silver and gold at the present legal ratio of 16 to 1, without waiting for the aid or consent of any other nation.\nWe denounce the currency bill enacted at the last session of Congress as a step forward in the Republican policy which aims to discredit the sovereign right of the National Government to issue all money, whether coin or paper, and to bestow upon national banks the power to issue and control the volume of paper money for their own benefit. A permanent national bank currency, secured by government bonds, must have a permanent debt to rest upon, and, if the bank currency is to increase with population and business, the debt must also increase. The Republican currency scheme is, therefore, a scheme for fastening upon the taxpayers a perpetual and growing debt for the benefit of the banks. We are opposed to this private corporation paper circulated as money, but without legal tender qualities, and demand the retirement of national bank notes as fast as government paper or silver certificates can be substituted for them.\nWe favor an amendment to the Federal Constitution, providing for the election of United States Senators by direct vote of the people, and we favor direct legislation wherever practicable.\nWe are opposed to government by injunction; we denounce the blacklist, and favor arbitration as a means of settling disputes between corporations and their employees.\nIn the interest of American labor and the uplifting of the workingman, as the cornerstone of the prosperity of our country, we recommend that Congress create a Department of Labor, in charge of a secretary, with a seat in the Cabinet, believing that the elevation of the American laborer will bring with it increased production and increased prosperity to our country at home and to our commerce abroad.\nWe are proud of the courage and fidelity of the American soldiers and sailors in all our wars; we favor liberal pensions to them and their dependents, and we reiterate the position taken in the Chicago platform of 1896, that the fact of enlistment and service shall be deemed conclusive evidence against disease and disability before enlistment.\nWe favor the immediate construction, ownership and control of the Nicaraguan Canal by the United States, and we denounce the insincerity of the plank in the Republican National Platform for an Isthmian Canal in face of the failure of the Republican majority to pass the bill pending in Congress.\nWe condemn the Hay-Pauncefote treaty as a surrender of American rights and interests not to be tolerated by the American people.\nWe denounce the failure of the Republican party to carry out its pledges to grant statehood to the territories of Arizona, New Mexico and Oklahoma, and we promise the people of those territories immediate statehood and home rule during their condition as territories, and we favor home rule and a territorial form of government for Alaska and Porto Rico.\nWe favor an intelligent system of improving the arid lands of the West, storing the waters for the purpose of irrigation, and the holding of such lands for actual settlers.\nWe favor the continuance and strict enforcement of the Chinese exclusion law, and its application to the same classes of all Asiatic races.\nJefferson said: \"Peace, commerce and honest friendship with all nations- entangling alliance with none.\" We approve this wholesome doctrine, and earnestly protest against the Republican departure which has involved us in so-called world politics, including the diplomacy of Europe and the intrigue and land-grabbing of Asia, and we especially condemn the ill-concealed Republican alliance with England, which must mean discrimination against other friendly nations, and which has already stifled the nation's voice while liberty is being strangled in Africa.\nBelieving in the principles of self-government and rejecting, as did our forefathers, the claim of monarchy, we view with indignation the purpose of England to overwhelm with force the South African Republics. Speaking, as we believe, for the entire American nation, except its Republican office-holders and for all freemen everywhere, we extend our sympathies to the heroic burghers in their unequal struggle to maintain their liberty and independence.\nWe denounce the lavish appropriations of recent Republican Congresses, which have kept taxes high and which threaten the perpetuation of the oppressive war levies. We oppose the accumulation of a surplus to be squandered in such barefaced frauds upon the taxpayers as the shipping subsidy bill, which, under the false pretense of prospering American shipbuilding, would put unearned millions into the pockets of favorite contributors to the Republican campaign fund. We favor the reduction and speedy repeal of the war taxes, and a return to the time-honored Democratic policy of strict economy in governmental expenditures.\nBelieving that our most cherished institutions are in great peril, that the very existence of\nour constitutional republic is at stake, and that the decision now to be rendered will determine whether or not our children are to enjoy these blessed privileges of free government, which have made the United States great, prosperous and honored, we earnestly ask for the foregoing declaration of principles, the hearty support of the liberty-loving American people, regardless of previous party affiliations.", "Words" -> 2580, "WordCounts" -> <|"the" -> 242, "of" -> 155, "and" -> 129, "to" -> 73, "in" -> 51, "a" -> 38, "We" -> 32, "that" -> 30, "our" -> 26, "as" -> 25, "for" -> 23, "Republican" -> 22, "people" -> 22, "we" -> 21, "by" -> 21, "be" -> 21, "their" -> 19, "is" -> 18, "are" -> 18, "with" -> 17, "which" -> 17, "American" -> 17, 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1, "allegiance" -> 1, "Alaska" -> 1, "aims" -> 1, "aid" -> 1, "ago" -> 1, "aggression" -> 1, "aggregated" -> 1, "again" -> 1, "African" -> 1, "Africa" -> 1, "affiliations" -> 1, "adoption" -> 1, "adheres" -> 1, "actual" -> 1, "act" -> 1, "acquire" -> 1, "achieve" -> 1, "accumulation" -> 1, "accrue" -> 1, "absorbing" -> 1, "absolute" -> 1, "1900" -> 1, "16" -> 1, "1" -> 1|>|>, <|"SourceURL" -> "http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29586", "Name" -> "Democratic Party Platform of 1896", "Party" -> "Democratic", "Year" -> 1896, "Date" -> DateObject[{1896, 7, 7}], "Text" -> "We, the Democrats of the United States in National Convention assembled, do reaffirm our allegiance to those great essential principles of justice and liberty, upon which our institutions are founded, and which the Democratic Party has advocated from Jefferson's time to our own—freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of conscience, the preservation of personal rights, the equality of all citizens before the law, and the faithful observance of constitutional limitations.\nDuring all these years the Democratic Party has resisted the tendency of selfish interests to the centralization of governmental power, and steadfastly maintained the integrity of the dual scheme of government established by the founders of this Republic of republics. Under its guidance and teachings the great principle of local self-government has found its best expression in the maintenance of the rights of the States and in its assertion of the necessity of confining the general government to the exercise of the powers granted by the Constitution of the United States.\nThe Constitution of the United States guarantees to every citizen the rights of civil and religious liberty. The Democratic Party has always been the exponent of political liberty and religious freedom, and it renews its obligations and reaffirms its devotion to these fundamental principles of the Constitution.\nThe Money Plank\n\nRecognizing that the money question is paramount to all others at this time, we invite attention to the fact that the Federal Constitution named silver and gold together as the money metals of the United States, and that the first coinage law passed by Congress under the Constitution made the silver dollar the monetary unit and admitted gold to free coinage at a ratio based upon the silver-dollar unit.\nWe declare that the act of 1873 demonetizing silver without the knowledge or approval of the American people has resulted in the appreciation of gold and a corresponding fall in the prices of commodities produced by the people; a heavy increase in the burdens of taxation and of all debts, public and private; the enrichment of the money-lending class at home and abroad; the prostration of industry and impoverishment of the people.\nWe are unalterably opposed to monometallism which has locked fast the prosperity of an industrial people in the paralysis of hard times. Gold monometallism is a British policy, and its adoption has brought other nations into financial servitude to London. It is not only un-American but anti-American, and it can be fastened on the United States only by the stifling of that spirit and love of liberty which proclaimed our political independence in 1776 and won it in the War of the Revolution.\nWe demand the free and unlimited coinage of both silver and gold at the present legal ratio of 16 to 1 without waiting for the aid or consent of any other nation. We demand that the standard silver dollar shall be a full legal tender, equally with gold, for all debts, public and private, and we favor such legislation as will prevent for the future the demonetization of any kind of legal-tender money by private contract.\nWe are opposed to the policy and practice of surrendering to the holders of the obligations of the United States the option reserved by law to the Government of redeeming such obligations in either silver coin or gold coin.\nInterest-Bearing Bonds\n\nWe are opposed to the issuing of interest-bearing bonds of the United States in time of peace and condemn the trafficking with banking syndicates, which, in exchange for bonds and at an enormous profit to themselves, supply the Federal Treasury with gold to maintain the policy of gold monometallism.\nAgainst National Banks\n\nCongress alone has the power to coin and issue money, and President Jackson declared that this power could not be delegated to corporations or individuals. We therefore denounce the issuance of notes intended to circulate as money by National banks as in derogation of the Constitution, and we demand that all paper which is made a legal tender for public and private debts, or which is receivable for dues to the United States, shall be issued by the Government of the United States and shall be redeemable in coin.\nTariff Resolution\n\nWe hold that tariff duties should be levied for purposes of revenue, such duties to be so adjusted as to operate equally throughout the country, and not discriminate between class or section, and that taxation should be limited by the needs of the Government, honestly and economically administered. We denounce as disturbing to business the Republican threat to restore the McKinley law, which has twice been condemned by the people in National elections and which, enacted under the false plea of protection to home industry, proved a prolific breeder of trusts and monopolies, enriched the few at the expense of the many, restricted trade and deprived the producers of the great American staples of access to their natural markets.\nUntil the money question is settled we are opposed to any agitation for further changes in our tariff laws, except such as are necessary to meet the deficit in revenue caused by the adverse decision of the Supreme Court on the income tax. But for this decision by the Supreme Court, there would be no deficit in the revenue under the law passed by the Democratic Congress in strict pursuance of the uniform decisions of that court for nearly 100 years, that court having in that decision sustained Constitutional objections to its enactment which had previously been over-ruled by the ablest Judges who have ever sat on that bench. We declare that it is the duty of Congress to use all the Constitutional power which remains after that decision, or which may come from its reversal by the court as it may hereafter be constituted, so that the burdens of taxation may be equally and impartially laid, to the end that wealth may bear its due proportion of the expense of the Government.\nImmigration and Arbitration\n\nWe hold that the most efficient way of protecting American labor is to prevent the importation of foreign pauper labor to compete with it in the home market, and that the value of the home market to our American farmers and artisans is greatly reduced by a vicious monetary system which depresses the prices of their products below the cost of production, and thus deprives them of the means of purchasing the products of our home manufactories; and as labor creates the wealth of the country, we demand the passage of such laws as may be necessary to protect it in all its rights.\nWe are in favor of the arbitration of differences between employers engaged in interstate commerce and their employees, and recommend such legislation as is necessary to carry out this principle.\nTrusts and Pools\n\nThe absorption of wealth by the few, the consolidation of our leading railroad systems, and the formation of trusts and pools require a stricter control by the Federal Government of those arteries of commerce. We demand the enlargement of the powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission and such restriction and guarantees in the control of railroads as will protect the people from robbery and oppression.\nDeclare for Economy\n\nWe denounce the profligate waste of the money wrung from the people by oppressive taxation and the lavish appropriations of recent Republican Congresses, which have kept taxes high, while the labor that pays them is unemployed and the products of the people's toil are depressed in price till they no longer repay the cost of production. We demand a return to that simplicity and economy which befits a Democratic Government, and a reduction in the number of useless offices, the salaries of which drain the substance of the people.\nFederal Interference in Local Affairs\n\nWe denounce arbitrary interference by Federal authorities in local affairs as a violation of the Constitution of the United States, and a crime against free institutions, and we especially object to government by injunction as a new and highly dangerous form of oppression by which Federal Judges, in contempt of the laws of the States and rights of citizens, become at once legislators, judges and executioners; and we approve the bill passed at the last session of the United States Senate, and now pending in the House of Representatives, relative to contempts in Federal courts and providing for trials by jury in certain cases of contempt.\nPacific Railroad\n\nNo discrimination should be indulged in by the Government of the United States in favor of any of its debtors. We approve of the refusal of the Fifty-third Congress to pass the Pacific Railroad Funding bill and denounce the effort of the present Republican Congress to enact a similar measure.\nPensions\n\nRecognizing the just claims of deserving Union soldiers, we heartily indorse the rule of the present Commissioner of Pensions, that no names shall be arbitrarily dropped from the pension roll; and the fact of enlistment and service should be deemed conclusive evidence against disease and disability before enlistment.\nAdmission of Territories\n\nWe favor the admission of the Territories of New Mexico, Arizona and Oklahoma into the Union as States, and we favor the early admission of all the Territories, having the necessary population and resources to entitle them to Statehood, and, while they remain Territories, we hold that the officials appointed to administer the government of any Territory, together with the District of Columbia and Alaska, should be bona-fide residents of the Territory or District in which their duties are to be performed. The Democratic party believes in home rule and that all public lands of the United States should be appropriated to the establishment of free homes for American citizens.\nWe recommend that the Territory of Alaska be granted a delegate in Congress and that the general land and timber laws of the United States be extended to said Territory.\nSympathy for Cuba\n\nThe Monroe doctrine, as originally declared, and as interpreted by succeeding Presidents, is a permanent part of the foreign policy of the United States, and must at all times be maintained.\nWe extend our sympathy to the people of Cuba in their heroic struggle for liberty and independence.\nCivil-Service Laws\n\nWe are opposed to life tenure in the public service, except as provided in the Constitution. We favor appointments based on merit, fixed terms of office, and such an administration of the civil-service laws as will afford equal opportunities to all citizens of ascertained fitness.\nThird-Term Resolution\n\nWe declare it to be the unwritten law of this Republic, established by custom and usage of 100 years, and sanctioned by the examples of the greatest and wisest of those who founded and have maintained our Government that no man should be eligible for a third term of the Presidential office.\nImprovement of Waterways\n\nThe Federal Government should care for and improve the Mississippi River and other great waterways of the Republic, so as to secure for the interior States easy and cheap transportation to tidewater. When any waterway of the Republic is of sufficient importance to demand aid of the Government such aid should be extended upon a definite plan of continuous work until permanent improvement is secured.\nConclusion\n\nConfiding in the justice of our cause and the necessity of its success at the polls, we submit the foregoing declaration of principles and purposes to the considerate judgment of the American people. 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party, as formulated by Jefferson and exemplified by the long and illustrious line of his successors in Democratic leadership, from Madison to Cleveland; we believe the public welfare demands that these principles be applied to the conduct of the Federal Government, through the accession to power of the party that advocates them; and we solemnly declare that the need of a return to these fundamental principles of free popular government, based on home rule and individual liberty, was never more urgent than now, when the tendency to centralize all power at the Federal capital has become a menace to the reserved rights of the States that strikes at the very roots of our Government under the Constitution as framed by the fathers of the Republic.\nWe warn the people of our common country, jealous for the preservation of their free institutions, that the policy of Federal control of elections, to which the Republican party has committed itself, is fraught with the gravest dangers, scarcely less momentous than would result from a revolution practically establishing monarchy on the ruins of the Republic. It strikes at the North as well as at the South, and injures the colored citizen even more than the white; it means a horde of deputy marshals at every polling place, armed with Federal power; returning boards appointed and controlled by Federal authority, the outrage of the electoral rights of the people in the several States, the subjugation of the colored people to the control of the party in power, and the reviving of race antagonisms, now happily abated, of the utmost peril to the safety and happiness of all; a measure deliberately and justly described by a leading Republican Senator as \"the most infamous bill that ever crossed the threshold of the Senate.\" Such a policy, if sanctioned by law, would mean the dominance of a self-perpetuating oligarchy of office-holders, and the party first intrusted with its machinery could be dislodged from power only by an appeal to the reserved right of the people to resist oppression, which is inherent in all self-governing communities. Two years ago this revolutionary policy was emphatically condemned by the people at the polls, but in contempt of that verdict the Republican can party has defiantly declared in its latest authoritative utterance that its success in the coming elections will mean the enactment of the Force Bill and the usurpation of despotic control over elections in all the States.\nBelieving that the preservation of Republican government in the United States is dependent upon the defeat of this policy of legalized force and fraud, we invite the support of all citizens who desire to see the Constitution maintained in its integrity with the laws pursuant thereto, which have given our country a hundred years of unexampled prosperity; and we pledge the Democratic party, if it be intrusted with power, not only to the defeat of the Force Bill, but also to relentless opposition to the Republican policy of profligate expenditure, which, in the short space of two years, has squandered an enormous surplus and emptied an overflowing Treasury, after piling new burdens of taxation upon the already overtaxed labor of the country.\nWe denounce Republican protection as a fraud, a robbery of the great majority of the American people for the benefit of the few. We declare it to be a fundamental principle of the Democratic party that the Federal Government has no constitutional power to impose and collect tariff duties, except for the purpose of revenue only, and we demand that the collection of such taxes shall be limited to the necessities of the Government when honestly and economically administered.\nWe denounce the McKinley tariff law enacted by the Fifty-first Congress as the culminating atrocity of class legislation; we indorse the efforts made by the Democrats of the present Congress to modify its most oppressive features in the direction of free raw materials and cheaper manufactured goods that enter into general consumption; and we promise its repeal as one of the beneficent results that will follow the action of the people in intrusting power to the Democratic party. Since the McKinley tariff went into operation there have been ten reductions of the wages of the laboring man to one increase. We deny that there has been any increase of prosperity to the country since that tariff went into operation, and we point to the fullness and distress, the wage reductions and strikes in the iron trade, as the best possible evidence that no such prosperity has resulted from the McKinley Act.\nWe call the attention of thoughtful Americans to the fact that after thirty years of restrictive taxes against the importation of foreign wealth, in exchange for our agricultural surplus, the homes and farms of the country have become burdened with a real estate mortgage debt of over $2,500,000,000, exclusive of all other forms of indebtedness; that in one of the chief agricultural States of the West there appears a real estate mortgage debt averaging $165 per capita of the total population, and that similar conditions and tendencies are shown to exist in other agricultural-exporting States. We denounce a policy which fosters no industry so much as it does that of the Sheriff.\nTrade interchange, on the basis of reciprocal advantages to the countries participating, is a time-honored doctrine of the Democratic faith, but we denounce the sham reciprocity which juggles with the people's desire for enlarged foreign markets and freer exchanges by pretending to establish closer trade relations for a country whose articles of export are almost exclusively agricultural products with other countries that are also agricultural, while erecting a custom-house barrier of prohibitive tariff taxes against the richest countries of the world, that stand ready to take our entire surplus of products, and to exchange therefor commodities which are necessaries and comforts of life among our own people.\nWe recognize in the Trusts and Combinations, which are designed to enable capital to secure more than its just share of the joint product of Capital and Labor, a natural consequence of the prohibitive taxes, which prevent the free competition, which is the life of honest trade, but believe their worst evils can be abated by law, and we demand the rigid enforcement of the laws made to prevent and control them, together with such further legislation in restraint of their abuses as experience may show to be necessary.\nThe Republican party, while professing a policy of reserving the public land for small holdings by actual settlers, has given away the people's heritage, till now a few railroads and non-resident aliens, individual and corporate, possess a larger area than that of all our farms between the two seas. The last Democratic administration reversed the improvident and unwise policy of the Republican party touching the public domain, and reclaimed from corporations and syndicates, alien and domestic, and restored to the people nearly one hundred million (100,000,000) acres of valuable land, to be sacredly held as homesteads for our citizens, and we pledge ourselves to continue this policy until every acre of land so unlawfully held shall be reclaimed and restored to the people.\nWe denounce the Republican legislation known as the Sherman Act of 1890 as a cowardly makeshift, fraught with possibilities of danger in the future, which should make all of its supporters, as well as its author, anxious for its speedy repeal. We hold to the use of both gold and silver as the standard money of the country, and to the coinage of both gold and silver without discriminating against either metal or charge for mintage, but the dollar unit of coinage of both metals must be of equal intrinsic and exchangeable value, or be adjusted through international agreement or by such safeguards of legislation as shall insure the maintenance of the parity of the two metals and the equal power of every dollar at all times in the markets and in the payment of debts; and we demand that all paper currency shall be kept at par with and redeemable in such coin. We insist upon this policy as especially necessary for the protection of the farmers and laboring classes, the first and most defenseless victims of unstable money and a fluctuating currency.\nWe recommend that the prohibitory 10 per cent tax on State bank issues be repealed.\nPublic office is a public trust. We reaffirm the declaration of the Democratic National Convention of 1876 for the reform of the civil service, and we call for the honest enforcement of all laws regulating the same. The nomination of a President, as in the recent Republican Convention, by delegations composed largely of his appointees, holding office at his pleasure, is a scandalous satire upon free popular institutions and a startling illustration of the methods by which a President may gratify his ambition. We denounce a policy under which the Federal office-holders usurp control of party conventions in the States, and we pledge the Democratic party to reform these and all other abuses which threaten individual liberty and local self-government.\nThe Democratic party is the only party that has ever given the country a foreign policy consistent and vigorous, compelling respect abroad and inspiring confidence at home. While avoiding entangling alliances, it has aimed to cultivate friendly relations with other nations, and especially with our neighbors on the American Continent, whose destiny is closely linked with our own, and we view with alarm the tendency to a policy of irritation and bluster which is liable at any time to confront us with the alternative of humiliation or war. We favor the maintenance of a navy strong enough for all purposes of national defense, and to properly maintain the honor and dignity of the country abroad.\nThis country has always been the refuge of the oppressed from every land—exiles for conscience sake—and in the spirit of the founders of our Government we condemn the oppression practised by the Russian Government upon its Lutheran and Jewish subjects, and we call upon our National Government, in the interest of justice and humanity, by all just and proper means, to use its prompt and best efforts to bring about a cessation of these cruel persecutions in the dominions of the Czar and to secure to the oppressed equal rights.\nWe tender our profound and earnest sympathy to those lovers of freedom who are struggling for home rule and the great cause of local self-government in Ireland.\nWe heartily approve all legitimate efforts to prevent the United States from being used as the dumping ground for the known criminals and professional paupers of Europe; and we demand the rigid enforcement of the laws against Chinese immigration and the importation of foreign workmen under contract, to degrade American labor and lessen its wages; but we condemn and denounce any and all attempts to restrict the immigration of the industrious and worthy of foreign lands.\nThis Convention hereby renews the expression of appreciation of the patriotism of the soldiers and sailors of the Union in the war for its preservation, and we favor just and liberal pensions for all disabled Union soldiers, their widows and dependents, but we demand that the work of the Pension Office shall be done industriously, impartially and honestly. We denounce the present administration of that office as incompetent, corrupt, disgraceful and dishonest.\nThe Federal Government should care for and improve the Mississippi River and other great waterways of the Republic, so as to secure for the interior States easy and cheap transportation to tide water. When any waterway of the Republic is of sufficient importance to demand the aid of the Government, such aid should be extended upon a definite plan of continuous work, until permanent improvement is secured.\nFor purposes of national defense and the promotion of commerce between the States, we recognize the early construction of the Nicaragua Canal and its protection against foreign control as of great importance to the United States.\nRecognizing the World's Columbian Exposition as a national undertaking of vast importance, in which the General Government has invited the cooperation of all the powers of the world, and appreciating the acceptance by many of such powers of the invitation so extended, and the broad and liberal efforts being made by them to contribute to the grandeur of the undertaking, we are of opinion that Congress should make such necessary financial provision as shall be requisite to the maintenance of the national honor and public faith.\nPopular education being the only safe basis of popular suffrage, we recommend to the several States most liberal appropriations for the public schools. Free common schools are the nursery of good government, and they have always received the fostering care of the Democratic party, which favors every means of increasing intelligence. Freedom of education, being an essential of civil and religious liberty, as well as a necessity for the development of intelligence, must not be interfered with under any pretext whatever. We are opposed to State interference with parental rights and rights of conscience in the education of children as an infringement of the fundamental Democratic doctrine that the largest individual liberty consistent with the rights of others insures the highest type of American citizenship and the best government.\nWe approve the action of the present House of Representatives in passing bills for admitting into the Union as States of the Territories of New Mexico and Arizona, and we favor the early admission of all the Territories having the necessary population and resources to entitle them to Statehood, and while they remain Territories we hold that the officials appointed to administer the government of any Territory, together with the Districts of Columbia and Alaska, should be bona-fide residents of the Territory or district in which their duties are to be performed. The Democratic party believes in home rule and the control of their own affairs by the people of the vicinage.\nWe favor legislation by Congress and State Legislatures to protect the lives and limbs of railway employees and those of other hazardous transportation companies, and denounce the inactivity of the Republican party, and particularly the Republican Senate, for causing the defeat of measures beneficial and protective to this class of wage workers.\nWe are in favor of the enactment by the States of laws for abolishing the notorious sweating system, for abolishing contract convict labor, and for prohibiting the employment in factories of children under 15 years of age.\nWe are opposed to all sumptuary laws, as an interference with the individual rights of the citizen.\nUpon this statement of principles and policies, the Democratic party asks the intelligent judgment of the American people. 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"Year" -> 1888, "Date" -> DateObject[{1888, 6, 5}], "Text" -> "The Democratic party of the United States, in National Convention assembled, renews the pledge of its fidelity to Democratic faith and reaffirms the platform adopted by its representatives in the Convention of 1884, and indorses the views expressed by President Cleveland in his last annual message to Congress as the correct interpretation of that platform upon the question of Tariff reduction; and also indorses the efforts of our Democratic Representatives in Congress to secure a reduction of excessive taxation.\nChief among its principles of party faith are the maintenance of an indissoluble Union of free and indestructible States, now about to enter upon its second century of unexampled progress and renown; devotion to a plan of government regulated by a written Constitution, strictly specifying every granted power and expressly reserving to the States or people the entire ungranted residue of power; the encouragement of a jealous popular vigilance directed to all who have been chosen for brief terms to enact and execute the laws, and are charged with the duty of preserving peace, insuring equality and establishing justice.\nThe Democratic party welcomes an exacting scrutiny of the administration of the Executive power which four years ago was committed to its trust in the selection of Grover Cleveland as President of the United States; and it challenges the most searching inquiry concerning its fidelity and devotion to the pledges which then invited the suffrages of the people.\nDuring a most critical period of our financial affairs, resulting from over taxation, the anomalous condition of our currency, and a public debt unmatured, it has by the adoption of a wise and conservative course, not only averted disaster, but greatly promoted the prosperity of the people.\nIt has reversed the improvident and unwise policy of the Republican party touching the public domain, and has reclaimed from corporations and syndicates, alien and domestic, and restored to the people, nearly one hundred millions of acres of valuable land to be sacredly held as homesteads for our citizens.\nWhile carefully guarding the interests of the taxpayers and conforming strictly to the principles of justice and equity, it has paid out more for pensions and bounties to the soldiers and sailors of the Republic than was ever paid before during an equal period.\nBy intelligent management and a judicious and economical expenditure of the public money it has set on foot the reconstruction of the American Navy upon a system which forbids the recurrence of scandal and insures successful results.\nIt has adopted and consistently pursued a firm and prudent foreign policy, preserving peace with all nations while scrupulously maintaining all the rights and interests of our Government and people at home and abroad.\nThe exclusion from our shores of Chinese laborers has been effectually secured under the provisions of a treaty, the operation of which has been postponed by the action of a Republican majority in the Senate.\nHonest reform in the Civil Service has been inaugurated and maintained by President Cleveland, and he has brought the public service to the highest standard of efficiency, not only by rule and precept, but by the example of his own untiring and unselfish administration of public affairs.\nIn every branch and department of the Government under Democratic control, the rights and welfare of all the people have been guarded and defended; every public interest has been protected, and the equality of all our citizens before the law, without regard to race or section, has been steadfastly maintained.\nUpon its record, thus exhibited, and upon the pledge of a continuance to the people of these benefits of good government, the National Democracy invokes a renewal of popular trust by the reelection of a Chief Magistrate who has been faithful, able and prudent.\nThey invoke in addition to that trust, the transfer also to the Democracy of the entire legislative power.\nThe Republican party, controlling the Senate and resisting in both Houses of Congress a reformation of unjust and unequal tax laws, which have outlasted the necessities of war and are now undermining the abundance of a long peace, deny to the people equality before the law and the fairness and the justice which are their right.\nThus the cry of American labor for a better share in the rewards of industry is stifled with false pretenses, enterprise is fettered and bound down to home markets; capital is discouraged with doubt, and unequal, unjust laws can neither be properly amended nor repealed.\nThe Democratic party will continue, with all the power confided to it, the struggle to reform these laws in accordance with the pledges of its last platform indorsed at the ballot-box by the suffrages of the people.\nOf all the industrious freemen of our land, an immense majority, including every tiller of the soil, gain no advantage from excessive tax laws; but the price of nearly everything they buy is increased by the favoritism of an unequal system of tax legislation.\nAll unnecessary taxation is unjust taxation.\nIt is repugnant to the creed of Democracy, that by such taxation the costs of the necessaries of life should be unjustifiably increased to all our people.\nJudged by Democratic principles, the interests of the people are betrayed, when, by unnecessary taxation, trusts and combinations are permitted and fostered, which, while unduly enriching the few that combine, rob the body of our citizens by depriving them of the benefits of natural competition. Every Democratic rule of governmental action is violated when through unnecessary taxation a vast sum of money, far beyond the needs of an economical administration, is drawn from the people and the channels of trade, and accumulated as a demoralizing surplus in the National Treasury.\nThe money now lying idle in the Federal Treasury, resulting from superfluous taxation amounts to more than $125,000,000, and the surplus collected is reaching the sum of more than $60,000,000 annually.\nDebauched by this immense temptation the remedy of the Republican party is to meet and exhaust by extravagant appropriations and expenses, whether constitutional or not, the accumulation of extravagant taxation.\nThe Democratic remedy is to enforce frugality in public expense and abolish needless taxation.\nOur established domestic industries and enterprises should not, and need not, be endangered by a reduction and correction of the burdens of taxation. On the contrary, a fair and careful revision of our tax laws, with due allowance for the difference between the wages of American and foreign labor, must promote and encourage every branch of such industries and enterprises by giving them assurance of an extended market and steady and continuous operations.\nIn the interest of American labor, which should in no event be neglected, the revision of our tax laws contemplated by the Democratic party would promote the advantage of such labor by cheapening the cost of necessaries of life in the home of every workingman and at the same time securing to him steady and remunerative employment.\nUpon this great issue of tariff reform, so closely concerning every phase of our national life, and upon every question involved in the problem of good government, the Democratic party submits its principles and professions to the intelligent suffrages of the American people.\nResolution Presented by Mr. Scott, of Pennsylvania:\nResolved, That this convention hereby indorses and recommends the early passage of the bill for the reduction of the revenue now pending in the House of Representatives.\nResolution Presented by Mr. Lehmann, of Iowa:\nResolved, That a just and liberal policy should be pursued in reference to the Territories; that the right of self-government is inherent in the people and guaranteed under the Constitution; that the Territories of Washington, Dakota, Montana and New Mexico are, by virtue of population and development, entitled to admission into the Union as States, and we unqualifiedly condemn the course of the Republican party in refusing Statehood and self-government to their people.\nResolution Presented by ex-Governor Leon Abbett, of New Jersey:\nResolved, That we express our cordial sympathy with the struggling people of all nations in their effort to secure for themselves the inestimable blessings of self-government and civil and religious liberty. 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But the fundamental principles of the Democracy, approved by the united voice of the people, remain, and will ever remain, as the best and only security for the continuance of free government The preservation of personal rights; the equality of all citizens before the law; the reserved rights of the States; and the supremacy of the Federal Government within the limits of the Constitution, will ever form the true basis of our liberties, and can never be surrendered without destroying that balance of rights and powers which enables a continent to be developed in peace, and social order to be maintained by means of local self-government.\nBut it is indispensable for the practical application and enforcement of these fundamental principles, that the Government should not always be controlled by one political party. Frequent change of administration is as necessary as constant recurrence to the popular will. Otherwise abuses grow, and the Government, instead of being carried on for the general welfare, becomes an instrumentality for imposing heavy burdens on the many who are governed, for the benefit of the few who govern. Public servants thus become arbitrary rulers.\nThis is now the condition of the country. Hence a change is demanded. The Republican party, so far as principle is concerned, is a reminiscence; in practice, it is an organization for enriching those who control its machinery. The frauds and jobbery which have been brought to light in every department of the Government, are sufficient to have called for reform within the Republican party; yet those in authority, made reckless by the long possession of power, have succumbed to its corrupting influence, and have placed in nomination a ticket against which the independent portion of the party are in open revolt.\nTherefore a change is demanded. Such a change was alike necessary in 1876, but the will of the people was then defeated by a fraud which can never be forgotten, nor condoned. Again, in 1880, the change demanded by the people was defeated by the lavish use of money contributed by unscrupulous contractors and shameless jobbers who had bargained for unlawful profits, or for high office.\nThe Republican party during its legal, its stolen, and its bought tenure of power, has steadily decayed in moral character and political capacity.\nIts platform promises are now a list of its past failures.\nIt demands the restoration of our Navy. It has squandered hundreds of millions to create a navy that does not exist.\nIt calls upon Congress to remove the burdens under which American shipping has been depressed. It imposed and has continued those burdens.\nIt professes a policy of reserving the public lands for small holdings by actual settlers. It has given away the people's heritage till now a few railroads, and non-resident aliens, individual and corporate, possess a larger area than that of all our farms between the two seas.\nIt professes a preference for free institutions. It organized and tried to legalize a control of State elections by Federal troops.\nIt professes a desire to elevate labor. It has subjected American workingmen to the competition of convict and imported contract labor.\nIt professes gratitude to all who were disabled, or died in the war, leaving widows and orphans. It left to a Democratic House of Representatives the first effort to equalize both bounties and pensions.\nIt proffers a pledge to correct the irregularities of our tariff. It created and has continued them. Its own Tariff Commission confessed the need of more than twenty per cent reduction. Its Congress gave a reduction of less than four per cent.\nIt professes the protection of American manufactures. It has subjected them to an increasing flood of manufactured goods, and a hopeless competition with manufacturing nations, not one of which taxes raw materials.\nIt professes to protect all American industries. It has impoverished many to subsidize a few.\nIt professes the protection of American labor. It has depleted the returns of American agricultureian industry followed by half of our people. It professes the equality of all men before the law. Attempting to fix the status of colored citizens, the acts of its Congress were overset by the decision of its Courts.\nIt \"accepts anew the duty of leading in the work of progress and reform.\" Its caught criminals are permitted to escape through contrived delays or actual connivance in the prosecution. Honeycombed with corruption, outbreaking exposures no longer shock its moral sense. Its honest members, its independent journals, no longer maintain a successful contest for authority in its councils or a veto upon bad nominations.\nThat change is necessary is proved by an existing surplus of more than $10(),00(),000, which has yearly been collected from a suffering people. Unnecessary taxation is unjust taxation. We denounce the Republican party for having failed to relieve the people from crushing war taxes which have paralyzed business, crippled industry, and deprived labor of employment and of just reward.\nThe Democracy pledges itself to purify the Administration from corruption to restore economy, to revive respeet for law, and to reduce taxation to the lowest limit consistent with due regard to the preservation of the faith of the Nation to its creditors and pensioners.\nKnowing full well, however, that legislation affecting the operations of the people should be cautious and conservative in method, not in advance of public opinion, but responsive to its demands, the Democratic party is pledged to revise the tariff in a spirit of fairness to all interests.\nBut in making reduction in taxes, it is not proposed to injure any domestic industries, but rather to promote their healthy growth. From the foundation of this Government, taxes collected at the Custom House have been the chief source of Federal Revenue. Such they must continue to be. Moreover, many industries have come to rely upon legislation for successful continuance, so that any change of law must be at every step regardful of the labor and capital thus involved. The process of reform must be subject in the execution to this plain dictate of justice.\nAll taxation shall be limited to the requirements of economical government. The necessary reduction and taxation can and must be effected without depriving American labor of the ability to compete successfully with foreign labor, and without imposing lower rates of duty than will be ample to cover any increased cost of production which may exist in consequence of the higher rate of wages prevailing in this country.\nSufficient revenue to pay all the expenses of the Federal Government, economically administered, including pensions, interest, and principal on the public debt, can be got, under our present system of taxation, from the custom house taxes on fewer imported articles, bearing heaviest on articles of luxury, and bearing lightest on articles of necessity.\nWe, therefore, denounce the abuses of the existing tariff; and, subject to the preceding limitations, we demand that Federal taxation shall be exclusively for public purposes and shall not exceed the needs of the Government economically administered.\nThe system of direct taxation known as the \"Internal Revenue,\" is a war tax, and so long as the law continues, the money derived therefrom should be sacredly devoted to the relief of the people from the remaining burdens of the war, and be made a fund to defray the expenses of the care and comfort of worthy soldiers disabled in line of duty in the wars of the Republic and for the payment of such pensions as Congress may from time to time grant to such soldiers, a like fund for the sailors having been already provided; and any surplus should be paid into the Treasury.\nWe favor an American continental policy based upon more intimate commercial and political relations with the fifteen sister Republics of North, Central, and South America, but entangling alliances with none.\nWe believe in honest money, the gold and silver coinage of the Constitution, and a circulating medium convertible into such money without loss.\nAssrlting the equality of all men before the law, we hold that it is the duty of the Government, in its dealings with the people, to mete out equal and exact justice to all citizens of whatever nativity, race, color, or persuasion—religious or political.\nWe believe in a free ballot and a fair count; and we recall to the memory of the people the noble struggle of the Democrats in the Forty-fifth and Forty-sixth Congresses, by which a reluctant Republican opposition was compelled to assent to legislation making everywhere illegal the presence of troops at the polls, as the conclusive proof that a Democratic administration will preserve liberty with order.\nThe selection of Federal officers for the Territories should be restricted to citizens previously resident therein.\nWe oppose sumptuary laws which vex the citizen and interfere with individual liberty; we favor honest Civil Service Reform, and the compensation of all United States officers by fixed salaries; the separation of Church and State; and the diffusion of free education by common schools, so that every child in the land may be taught the rights and duties of citizenship.\nWhile we favor all legislation which will tend to the equitable distribution of property, to the prevention of monopoly, and to the strict enforcement of individual rights against corporate abuses, we hold that the welfare of society depends upon a scrupulous regard for the rights of property as defined by law.\nWe believe that labor is best rewarded where it is freest and most enlightened. It should therefore be fostered and cherished. We favor the repeal of all laws restricting the free action of labor, and the enactment of laws by which labor organizations may be incorporated, and of all such legislation as will tend to enlighten the people as to the true relations of capital and labor.\nWe believe that the public lands ought, as far as possible, to be kept as homesteads for actual settlers; that all unearned lands heretofore improvidently granted to railroad corporations by the action of the Republican party should be restored to the public domain; and that no more grants of land shall be made to corporations, or be allowed to fall into the ownership of alien absentees.\nWe are opposed to all propositions which upon any pretext would convert the General Government into a machine for collecting taxes to be distributed among the States, or the citizens thereof.\nIn reaffirming the declaration of the Democratic platform of 1856, that, \"the liberal principles embodied by Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence, and sanctioned in the Constitution, which make ours the land of liberty and the asylum of the oppressed of every Nation, have ever been cardinal principles in the Democratic faith,\" we nevertheless do not sanction the importation of foreign labor, or the admission of servile races, unfitted by habits, training, religion, or kindred, for absorption into the great body of our people, or for the citizenship which our laws confer. American civilization demands that against the immigration or importation of Mongolians to these shores our gates be closed.\nThe Democratic party insists that it is the duty of the Government to protect, with equal fidelity and vigilance, the rights of its citizens, native and naturalized, at home and abroad, and to the end that this protection may be assured, United States papers of naturalization, issued by courts of competent jurisdiction, must be respected by the Executive and Legislative departments of our own Government, and by all foreign powers.\nIt is an imperative duty of this Government to efficiently protect all the rights of persons and property of every American citizen in foreign lands, and demand and enforce full reparation for any invasion thereof.\nAn American citizen is only responsible to his own Government for any act done in his own country, or under her flag, and can only be tried therefor on her own soil and according to her laws; and no power exists in this Government to expatriate an American citizen to be tried in any foreign land for any such act.\nThis country has never had a well-defined and executed foreign policy save under Democratic administration; that policy has ever been, in regard to foreign nations, so long as they do not act detrimental to the interests of the country or hurtful to our citizens, to let them alone; that as a result of this policy we call the acquisition of Louisiana, Florida, California, and of the adjacent Mexican territory by purchase alone, and contrast these grand acquisitions of Democratic statesmanship with the purchase of Alaska, the sole fruit of a Republican administration of nearly a quarter of a century.\nThe Federal Government should care for and improve the Mississippi River and other great waterways of the Republic, so as to secure for the interior States easy and cheap transportation to tide water.\nUnder a long period of Democratic rule and policy, our merchant marine was fast overtaking and on the point of outstripping that of Great Britain. Under twenty years of Republican rule and policy, our commerce has been left to British bottoms, and almost has the American flag been swept off the high seas.\nInstead of the Republican party's British policy, we demand for the people of the United States an American policy.\nUnder Democratic rule and policy our merchants and sailors, flying the stars and stripes in every port, successfully searched out a market for the varied products of American industry.\nUnder a quarter of a century of Republican rule and policy, despite our manifest advantage of all other nations in high-paid labor, favorable climate and teeming soils; despite freedom of trade among all these United States; despite their population by the foremost races of men and an annual immigration of the young, thrifty and adventurous of all nations; despite our freedom here from the inherited burdens of life and industry in the old-world monarchies, their costly war navies, their vast tax-consuming, non-producing standing armies; despite twenty years of peace, that Republican rule and policy have managed to surrender to Great Britain, along with our commerce, the control of the markets of the world.\nInstead of the Republican party's British policy, we demand on behalf of the American Democracy, an American policy.\nInstead of the Republican party's discredited scheme and false pretense of friendship for American labor, expressed by imposing taxes, we demand in behalf of the Democracy, freedom for American labor by reducing taxes, to the end that these United States may compete with unhindered powers for the primacy among nations in all the arts of peace and fruits of liberty.\nWith profound regret we have been apprised by the venerable statesman through whose person was struck that blow at the vital principle of republics (acquiescence in the will of the majority), that he cannot permit us again to place in his hands the leadership of the Democratic hosts, for the reason that the achievement of reform in the administration of the Federal Government is an undertaking now too heavy for his age and failing strength.\nRejoicing that his life has been prolonged until the general judgment of our fellow-countrymen is united in the wish that that wrong were righted in his person, for the Democracy of the United States we offer to him in his withdrawal from public cares not only our respectful sympathy and esteem, but also that best homage of freemen, the pledge of our devotion to the principles and the cause now inseparable in the history of this Republic from the labors and the name of Samuel J. Tilden.\nWith this statement of the hopes, principles and purposes of the Democratic party, the great issue of Reform and change in Administration is submitted to the people in calm confidence that the popular voice will pronounce in favor of new men, and new and more favorable conditions for the growth of industry, the extension of trade, the employment and the due reward of labor and of capital, and the general welfare of the whole country.", "Words" -> 2694, "WordCounts" -> <|"the" -> 223, "of" -> 180, "and" -> 109, "to" -> 85, "in" -> 52, "a" -> 43, "for" -> 38, "that" -> 33, "be" -> 31, "by" -> 29, "It" -> 24, "is" -> 23, "all" -> 21, "our" -> 20, "American" -> 19, "as" -> 18, "which" -> 16, "labor" -> 16, "its" -> 16, "has" -> 16, "Government" -> 16, "policy" -> 14, "people" -> 14, "or" -> 14, "with" -> 13, "we" -> 13, "Republican" -> 13, "Democratic" -> 13, "The" -> 12, "party" -> 11, "been" -> 11, "an" -> 11, "will" -> 10, "We" -> 10, "have" -> 10, "this" -> 9, "States" -> 9, 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1, "ability" -> 1, "1880" -> 1, "1876" -> 1, "1856" -> 1, "10(),00(),000" -> 1|>|>, <|"SourceURL" -> "http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29582", "Name" -> "Democratic Party Platform of 1880", "Party" -> "Democratic", "Year" -> 1880, "Date" -> DateObject[{1880, 6, 22}], "Text" -> "The Democrats of the United States, in Convention assembled, declare:\n1. We pledge ourselves anew to the constitutional doctrines and traditions of the Democratic party as illustrated by the teachings and example of a long line of Democratic statesmen and patriots, and embodied in the platform of the last National Convention of the party.\n2. Opposition to centralization and to that dangerous spirit of encroachment which tends to consolidate the powers of all the departments in one, and thus to create whatever be the form of government, a real despotism. No sumptuary laws; separation of Church and State, for the good of each; common schools fostered and protected.\n3. Home rule; honest money, consisting of gold and silver, and paper convertible into coin on demand; the strict maintenance of the public faith, State and National, and a tariff for revenue only.\n4. The subordination of the military to the civil power, and a general and thorough reform of the civil service.\n5. The right to a free ballot is the right preservative of all rights, and must and shall be maintained in every part of the United States.\n6. The existing administration is the representative of conspiracy only, and its claim of right to surround the ballot-boxes with troops and deputy marshals, to intimidate and obstruct the election, and the unprecedented use of the veto to maintain its corrupt and despotic powers, insult the people and imperil their institutions.\n7. We execrate the course of this administration in making places in the civil service a reward for political crime, and demand a reform by statute which shall make it forever impossible for a defeated candidate to bribe his way to the seat of the usurper by billeting villains upon the people.\n8. The great fraud of 1876-77, by which, upon a false count of the electoral votes of two States, the candidate defeated at the polls was declared to be President, and for the first time in American history, the will of the people was set aside under a threat of military violence, struck a deadly blow at our system of representative government. The Democratic party, to preserve the country from the horrors of a civil war, submitted for the time in firm and patriotic faith that the people would punish this crime in 1880. This issue precedes and dwarfs every other. It imposes a more sacred duty upon the people of the Union than ever addressed the conscience of a nation of free men.\n9. The resolution of Samuel J. Tilden not again to be a candidate for the exalted place to which he was elected by a majority of his countrymen, and from which he was excluded by the leaders of the Republican party, is received by the Democrats of the United States with deep sensibility, and they declare their confidence in his wisdom, patriotism, and integrity, unshaken by the assaults of a common enemy, and they further assure him that he is followed into the retirement he has chosen for himself by the sympathy and respect of his fellow-citizens, who regard him as one who, by elevating the standards of public morality, merits the lasting gratitude of his country and his party.\n10. Free ships and a living chance for American commerce on the seas, and on the land no discrimination in favor of transportation lines, corporations, or monopolies.\n11. Amendment of the Burlingame Treaty. No more Chinese immigration, except for travel, education, and foreign commerce, and that even carefully guarded.\n12. Public money and public credit for public purposes solely, and public land for actual settlers.\n13. The Democratic party is the friend of labor and the laboring man, and pledges itself to protect him alike against the cormorant and the commune.\n14. We congratulate the country upon the honesty and thrift of a Democratic Congress which has reduced the public expenditure $40,000,000 a year; upon the continuation of prosperity at home, and the national honor abroad, and, above all, upon the promise of such a change in the administration of the government as shall insure us genuine and lasting reform in every department of the public service.", "Words" -> 692, "WordCounts" -> <|"the" -> 68, "of" -> 48, "and" -> 45, "a" -> 21, "to" -> 17, "in" -> 13, "for" -> 12, "by" -> 10, "The" -> 8, "public" -> 7, "which" -> 6, "upon" -> 6, "party" -> 6, "his" -> 6, "people" -> 5, "is" -> 5, "Democratic" -> 5, "was" -> 4, "that" -> 4, "States" -> 4, "he" -> 4, "civil" -> 4, "be" -> 4, "We" -> 3, "United" -> 3, "shall" -> 3, "service" -> 3, "right" -> 3, "reform" -> 3, "on" -> 3, "him" -> 3, "government" -> 3, "every" -> 3, "country" -> 3, "candidate" -> 3, "at" -> 3, "as" -> 3, "all" -> 3, "administration" -> 3, "with" -> 2, "who" -> 2, "time" -> 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"coin" -> 1, "claim" -> 1, "Church" -> 1, "chosen" -> 1, "Chinese" -> 1, "change" -> 1, "chance" -> 1, "centralization" -> 1, "carefully" -> 1, "Burlingame" -> 1, "bribe" -> 1, "blow" -> 1, "billeting" -> 1, "ballot-boxes" -> 1, "ballot" -> 1, "assure" -> 1, "assembled" -> 1, "assaults" -> 1, "aside" -> 1, "anew" -> 1, "Amendment" -> 1, "alike" -> 1, "against" -> 1, "again" -> 1, "addressed" -> 1, "actual" -> 1, "abroad" -> 1, "above" -> 1, "9" -> 1, "8" -> 1, "7" -> 1, "6" -> 1, "5" -> 1, "4" -> 1, "3" -> 1, "2" -> 1, "1880" -> 1, "1876-77" -> 1, "14" -> 1, "13" -> 1, "12" -> 1, "11" -> 1, "10" -> 1, "1" -> 1|>|>, <|"SourceURL" -> "http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29581", "Name" -> "Democratic Party Platform of 1876", "Party" -> "Democratic", "Year" -> 1876, "Date" -> DateObject[{1876, 6, 22}], "Text" -> "We, the delegates of the Democratic party of the United States, in National Convention assembled, do hereby declare the administration of the Federal Government to be in great need of immediate reform; do hereby enjoin upon the nominees of this Convention, and of the Democratic party in each State, a zealous effort and co-operation to this end, and do here appeal to our fellow-citizens of every former political connection to undertake with us this first and most pressing patriotic duty for the Democracy of the whole country. We do here reaffirm our faith in the permanence of the Federal Union, our devotion to the Constitution of the United States, with its amendments universally accepted as a final settlement of the controversies that engendered civil war, and do here record our steadfast confidence in the perpetuity of republican self-government; in absolute acquiescence in the will of the majority, the vital principle of republics; in the supremacy of the civil over the military; in the two-fold separation of church and state, for the sake alike of civil and religious freedom; in the equality of all citizens before just laws of their own enactment; in the liberty of individual conduct unvexed by sumptuary laws; in the faithful education of the rising generation, that they may preserve, enjoy and transmit these best conditions of human happiness and hope. We behold the noblest products of a hundred years of changeful history. But while upholding the bond of our Union and great charter of these our rights, it behooves a free people to practice also that eternal vigilance which is the price of liberty.\nReform is necessary to rebuild and establish in the hearts of the whole people the Union eleven years ago happily rescued from the danger of the secession of States, but now to be saved from a corrupt centralism which, after inflicting upon ten States the rapacity of carpet-bag tyrannies, has honeycombed the offices of the Federal Government itself with incapacity, waste and fraud; infected States and municipalities with the contagion of misrule, and locked fast the prosperity of an industrious people in the paralysis of hard times. Reform is necessary to establish a sound currency, restore the public credit and maintain the national honor.\nWe denounce the failure for all these eleven years to make good the promise of the legal tender notes, which are a changing standard of value in the hands of the people, and the non-payment of which is a disregard of the plighted faith of the nation.\nWe denounce the improvidence which, in eleven years of peace, has taken from the people in Federal taxes thirteen times the whole amount of the legal-tender notes and squandered four times their sum in useless expense, without accumulating any reserve for their redemption. We denounce the financial imbecility and immorality of that party, which, during eleven years of peace, has made no advance toward resumption, no preparation for resumption, but instead has obstructed resumption by wasting our resources and exhausting all our surplus income, and while annually professing to intend a speedy return to specie payments, has annually enacted fresh hindrances thereto. As such hindrance we denounce the resumption clause of the act of 1875 and we here demand its repeal. We demand a judicious system of preparation by public economies, by official retrenchments, and by wise finance, which shall enable the nation soon to assure the whole world of its perfect ability and its perfect readiness to meet any of its promises at the call of the creditor entitled to payment.\nWe believe such a system, well-advised, and, above all, intrusted to competent hands for execution, creating at no time an artificial scarcity of currency, and at no time alarming the public mind into a withdrawal of that vast machinery of credit by which ninety-five per cent of our business transactions are performed—a system open and public and inspiring general confidence—would from the day of its adoption bring healing on its wings to all our harassed industries, set in motion the wheels of commerce, manufactures and the mechanic arts, restore employment to labor, and renew in all its natural sources the prosperity of the people.\nReform is necessary in the sum and mould of Federal taxation, to the end that capital may be set free from distrust, and labor lightly burdened. We denounce the present tariff levied upon nearly four thousand articles as a masterpiece of injustice, inequality and false pretense, which yields a dwindling and not a yearly rising revenue, has impoverished many industries to subsidize a few. It prohibits imports that might purchase the products of American labor; it has degraded American commerce from the first to an inferior rank upon the high seas; it has cut down the values of American manufactures at home and abroad; it has depleted the returns of American agriculture, an industry followed by half our people; it costs the people five times more than it produces to the treasury, obstructs the process of production and wastes the fruits of labor; it promotes fraud, fosters smuggling, enriches dishonest officials, and bankrupts honest merchants. We demand that all custom-house taxation shall be only for revenue. Reform is necessary in the scale of public expense, Federal, State and municipal. Our Federal taxation has swollen from sixty millions gold in 1860 to four hundred and fifty millions currency in 1870; our aggregate taxation from one hundred and fifty-four millions gold in 1860 to seven hundred and thirty millions currency, in 1870, all in one decade; from less than five dollars per head to more than eighteen dollars per head. Since the peace the people have paid to their tax-gatherers more than thrice the sum of the national debt, and more than twice the sum for the Federal Government alone. We demand a rigorous frugality in every department and from every officer of the Government.\nReform is necessary to put a stop to the profligate waste of public lands and their diversion from actual settlers by the party in power, which has squandered two hundred millions of acres upon railroads alone, and out of more than thrice that aggregate has disposed of less than a sixth directly to the tillers of the soil.\nReform is necessary to correct the omissions of a Republican Congress and the errors of our treaties and our diplomacy, which has stripped our fellow-citizens of foreign birth and kindred race, re-erasing [re-crossing] the Atlantic from the shield of American citizenship, and has exposed our brethren of the Pacific coast to the incursions of a race not sprung from the same great parent stock, and in fact now by law denied citizenship through naturalization as being unaccustomed to the traditions of a progressive civilization, one exercised in liberty under equal laws; and we denounce the policy which thus discards the liberty-loving German and tolerates the revival of the coolie-trade in Mongolian women for immoral purposes, and Mongolian men held to perform servile labor contracts, and demand such modification of the treaty with the Chinese Empire, or such legislation within constitutional limitations, as shall prevent further importation or immigration of the Mongolian race.\nReform is necessary and can never be effected but by making it the controlling issue of the election and lifting it above the two issues with which the office-holding classes and the party in power seek to smother it:—\nFirst—The false issue with which they would enkindle sectarian strife in respect to the public schools, of which the establishment and support belong exclusively to the several States, and which the Democratic party has cherished from their foundation, and is resolved to maintain without partiality or preference for any class, sect or creed, and without contributions from the treasury to any.\nSecond—The false issue by which they seek to light anew the dying embers of sectional hate between kindred peoples once unnaturally estranged but now reunited in one indivisible republic, and a common destiny.\nReform is necessary in the civil service. Experience proves that efficient economical conduct of the government is not possible if its civil service be subject to change at every election, be a prize fought for at the ballot-box, be an approved reward of party zeal instead of posts of honor assigned for proved competency and held for fidelity in the public employ; that the dispensing of patronage should neither be a tax upon the time of our public men nor an instrument of their ambition. Here again, profession falsified in the performance attest that the party in power can work out no practical or salutary reform. Reform is necessary even more in the higher grades of the public service. President, Vice-President, judges, senators, representatives, cabinet officers—these and all others in authority are the people's servants. Their offices are not a private perquisite; they are a public trust. When the annals of this Republic show disgrace and censure of a Vice-President; a late Speaker of the House of Representatives marketing his rulings as a presiding officer; three Senators profiting secretly by their votes as law-makers; five chairmen of the leading committees of the late House of Representatives exposed in jobbery; a late Secretary of the Treasury forcing balances in the public accounts; a late Attorney-General misappropriating public funds; a Secretary of the Navy enriched and enriching friends by a percentage levied off the profits of contractors with his department; an Ambassador to England censured in a dishonorable speculation; the President's Private Secretary barely escaping conviction upon trial for guilty complicity in frauds upon the revenue; a Secretary of War impeached for high crimes and misdemeanors—the demonstration is complete, that the first step in reform must be the people's choice of honest men from another party, lest the disease of one political organization infect the body politic, and lest by making no change of men or parties, we get no change of measures and no real reform.\nAll these abuses, wrongs, and crimes, the product of sixteen years' ascendency of the Republican party, create a necessity for reform, confessed by Republicans themselves; but their reformers are voted down in Convention and displaced from the cabinet. The party's mass of honest voters is powerless to resist the eighty thousand office-holders, its leaders and guides. Reform can only be had by a peaceful civic revolution. We demand a change of system, a change of administration, a change of parties, that we may have a change of measures and of men.\nResolved, That this Convention, representing the Democratic party of the States, do cordially indorse the action of the present House of Representatives in reducing and curtailing the expenses of the Federal Government, in cutting down enormous salaries, extravagant appropriations, and in abolishing useless offices and places not required by the public necessities, and we shall trust to the firmness of the Democratic members of the House that no committee of conference and no misinterpretation of rules will be allowed to defeat these wholesome measures of economy demanded by the country.\nResolved, That the soldiers and sailors of the Republic, and the widows and orphans of those who have fallen in battle, have a just claim upon the care, protection and gratitude of their fellow-citizens.", "Words" -> 1861, "WordCounts" -> <|"the" -> 162, "of" -> 129, "and" 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We recognize the equality of all men before the law, and hold that it is the duty of the Government in its dealings with the people to mete out equal and exact justice to all, of whatever nativity, race, color or persuasion, religion or politics.\n2. We pledge ourselves to maintain the union of these States, emancipation and enfranchisement; and to oppose any reopening of the questions settled by the thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth amendments of the Constitution.\n3. We demand the immediate and absolute removal of all disabilities imposed on account of the rebellion which was finally subdued seven years ago, believing that universal amnesty will result in complete pacification in all sections of the country.\n4. Local self-government, with impartial suffrage, will guard the rights of all citizens more securely than any centralized power. The public welfare requires the supremacy of the civil over the military authority, and the freedom of person under the protection of the habeas corpus. We demand for the individual the largest liberty consistent with public order; for the State, self-government, and for the Nation a return to the methods of peace and the constitutional limitations of power.\n5. The Civil Service of the Government has become a mere instrument of partisan tyranny and personal ambition, and an object of selfish greed. It is a scandal and reproach upon free institutions, and it breeds a demoralization dangerous to the perpetuity of Republican Government.\n6. We therefore regard a thorough reform of the Civil Service as one of the most pressing necessities of the hour; that honesty, capacity, and fidelity constitute the only valid claim to public employment; that the offices of the Government cease to be a matter of arbitrary favoritism and patronage, and that public station shall become again a place of honor. To this end it is imperatively required that no President shall be a candidate for re-election.\n7. We demand a system of Federal taxation which shall not unnecessarily interfere with the industry of the people and which shall provide the means necessary to pay the expenses of the Government, economically administered, the pensions, the interest on the public debt, and a moderate annual reduction of the principal thereof; and recognizing that there are in our midst honest but irreconcilable differences of opinion with regard to the respective systems of protection and free trade, we remit the discussion of the subject to the people in their Congressional Districts, and the decision of the Congress thereon, wholly free from Executive interference or dictation.\n8. The public credit must be sacredly maintained, and we denounce repudiation in every form and guise.\n9. A speedy return to specie payment is demanded alike by the highest considerations of commercial morality and honest government.\n11. We are opposed to all further grants of lands to railroads or other corporations. The public domain should be held sacred to actual settlers.\n12. We hold that it is the duty of the Government, in its intercourse with foreign nations, to cultivate the friendships of peace by treating with all on fair and equal terms, regarding it alike dishonorable either to demand what is not right or to submit to what is wrong.\n13. For the promotion and success of these vital principles, and the support of the candidates nominated by this Convention, we invite and cordially welcome the co-operation of all patriotic citizens without regard to previous political affiliations.", "Words" -> 596, "WordCounts" -> <|"the" -> 59, "of" -> 41, "and" -> 28, "to" -> 21, "a" -> 10, "We" -> 9, "that" -> 8, "in" -> 8, "all" -> 8, "with" -> 7, "public" -> 7, "is" -> 7, "Government" -> 6, "or" -> 5, "it" -> 5, "The" -> 4, "shall" -> 4, "for" -> 4, "demand" -> 4, "by" -> 4, "be" -> 4, "which" -> 3, "we" -> 3, "regard" -> 3, "people" -> 3, "on" -> 3, "free" -> 3, "will" -> 2, "what" -> 2, "this" -> 2, "these" -> 2, "States" -> 2, "Service" -> 2, "self-government" -> 2, "return" -> 2, "protection" -> 2, "principles" -> 2, "power" -> 2, "peace" -> 2, "not" -> 2, "its" -> 2, "honest" -> 2, "hold" -> 2, "government" -> 2, "equal" -> 2, "duty" -> 2, "Convention" -> 2, "Civil" -> 2, "citizens" -> 2, "become" -> 2, "as" -> 2, "are" -> 2, 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come by the war, or the voluntary action of the Southern States in Constitutional Conventions assembled, and never to be renewed or reagitated; does, with the return of peace, demand,\nFirst. Immediate restoration of all the States to their rights in the Union, under the Constitution, and of civil government to the American people.\nSecond. Amnesty for all past political offenses, and the regulation of the elective franchise in the States, by their citizens.\nThird. Payment of the public debt of the United States as rapidly as practicable. All moneys drawn from the people by taxation, except so much as is requisite for the necessities of the government, economically administered, being honestly applied to such payment, and where the obligations of the government do not expressly state upon their face, or the law under which they were issued does not provide, that they shall be paid in coin, they ought, in right and in justice, to be paid in the lawful money of the United States.\nFourth. Equal taxation of every species of property, according to its real value, including government bonds and other public securities.\nFifth. One currency for the government and the people, the laborer and the office-holder, the pensioner and the soldier, the producer and the bond-holder.\nSixth. Economy in the administration of the government, the reduction of the standing army and navy; the abolition of the Freedmen's Bureau; and all political instrumentalities designed to secure negro supremacy; simplification of the system and discontinuance of inquisitorial modes of assessing and collecting internal revenue, so that the burden of taxation may be equalized and lessened, the credit of the government and the currency made good; the repeal of all enactments for enrolling the State militia into national forces in time of peace; and a tariff for revenue upon foreign imports, such as will afford incidental protection to domestic manufactures, and as will, without impairing the revenue, impose the least burden upon, and best promote and encourage the great industrial interests of the country.\nSeventh. Reform of abuses in the administration; the expulsion of corrupt men from office; the abrogation of useless offices; the restoration of rightful authority to, and the independence of the executive and judicial departments of the government; the subordination of the military to the civil power, to the end that the usurpations of Congress and the despotism of the sword may cease.\nEighth. Equal rights and protection for naturalized and native-born citizens at home and abroad; the assertion of American nationality, which shall command the respect of foreign powers, and furnish an example and encouragement to people struggling for national integrity, constitutional liberty, and individual rights, and the maintenance of the rights of naturalized citizens against the absolute doctrine of immutable allegiance and the claims of foreign powers to punish them for alleged crimes committed beyond their jurisdiction.\nIn demanding these measures and reforms we arraign the Radical party for its disregard of right, and the unparalleled oppression and tyranny which have marked its career.\nAfter the most solemn and unanimous pledge of both Houses of Congress to prosecute the war exclusively for the maintenance of the government and the preservation of the Union under the Constitution, it has repeatedly violated that most sacred pledge, under which alone was rallied that noble volunteer army which carried our flag to victory.\nInstead of restoring the Union, it has, so far as in its power, dissolved it, and subjected ten States, in time of profound peace, to military despotism and negro supremacy.\nIt has nullified there the right of trial by jury; it has abolished the habeas corpus, that most sacred writ of liberty; it has overthrown the freedom of speech and of the press; it has substituted arbitrary seizures and arrests, and military trials and secret star-chamber inquisitions, for the constitutional tribunals; it has disregarded in time of peace the right of the people to be free from searches and seizures; it has entered the post and telegraph offices, and even the private rooms of individuals, and seized their private papers and letters without any specific charge or notice of affidavit, as required by the organic law; it has converted the American capitol into a Bastile; it has established a system of spies and official espionage to which no constitutional monarchy of Europe would now dare to resort; it has abolished the right of appeal, on important constitutional questions, to the Supreme Judicial tribunal, and threatens to curtail, or destroy, its original jurisdiction, which is irrevocably vested by the Constitution; while the learned Chief Justice has been subjected to the most atrocious calumnies, merely because he would not prostitute his high office to the support of the false and partisan charges preferred against the President. Its corruption and extravagance have exceeded anything known in history, and by its frauds and monopolies it has nearly doubled the burden of the debt created by the war; it has stripped the President of his constitutional power of appointment, even of his own Cabinet. Under its repeated assaults the pillars of the government are rocking on their base, and should it succeed in November next and inaugurate its President, we will meet, as a subjected and conquered people, amid the ruins of liberty and the scattered fragments of the Constitution.\nAnd we do declare and resolve, That ever since the people of the United States threw off all subjection to the British crown, the privilege and trust of suffrage have belonged to the several States, and have been granted, regulated, and controlled exclusively by the political power of each State respectively, and that any attempt by congress, on any pretext whatever, to deprive any State of this right, or interfere with its exercise, is a flagrant usurpation of power, which can find no warrant in the Constitution; and if sanctioned by the people will subvert our form of government, and can only end in a single centralized and consolidated government, in which the separate existence of the States will be entirely absorbed, and an unqualified despotism be established in place of a federal union of co-equal States; and that we regard the reconstruction acts so-called, of Congress, as such an usurpation, and unconstitutional, revolutionary, and void.\nThat our soldiers and sailors, who carried the flag of our country to victory against a most gallant and determined foe, must ever be gratefully remembered, and all the guarantees given in their favor must be faithfully carried into execution.\nThat the public lands should be distributed as widely as possible among the people, and should be disposed of either under the pre-emption or homestead laws, or sold in reasonable quantities, and to none but actual occupants, at the minimum price established by the government. When grants of the public lands may be deemed necessary for the encouragement of important public improvements, the proceeds of the sale of such lands, and not the lands themselves, should be so applied.\nThat the President of the United States, Andrew Johnson, in exercising the power of his high office in resisting the aggressions of Congress upon the Constitutional rights of the States and the people, is entitled to the gratitude of the whole American people; and in behalf of the Democratic party, we tender him our thanks for his patriotic efforts in that regard.\nUpon this platform the Democratic party appeals to every patriot, including all the Conservative element, and all who desire to support the Constitution and restore the Union, forgetting all past differences of opinion, to unite with us in the present great struggle for the liberties of the people; and that to all such, to whatever party they may have heretofore belonged, we extend the right hand of fellowship, and hail all such co-operating with us as friends and brethren.\nResolved, That this convention sympathize cordially with the workingmen of the United States in their efforts to protect the rights and interests of the laboring classes of the country.\nResolved, That the thanks of the convention are tendered to Chief Justice Salmon P. 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welfare and prosperity of all the States, both Northern and Southern.\nResolved, That this convention does explicitly declare, as the sense of the American people, that after four years of failure to restore the Union by the experiment of war, during which, under the pretense of a military necessity of war-power higher than the Constitution, the Constitution itself has been disregarded in every part, and public liberty and private right alike trodden down, and the material prosperity of the country essentially impaired, justice, humanity, liberty, and the public welfare demand that immediate efforts be made for a cessation of hostilities, with a view of an ultimate convention of the States, or other peaceable means, to the end that, at the earliest practicable moment, peace may be restored on the basis of the Federal Union of the States.\nResolved, That the direct interference of the military authorities of the United States in the recent elections held in Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, and Delaware was a shameful violation of the Constitution, and a repetition of such acts in the approaching election will be held as revolutionary, and resisted with all the means and power under our control.\nResolved, That the aim and object of the Democratic party is to preserve the Federal Union and the rights of the States unimpaired, and they hereby declare that they consider that the administrative usurpation of extraordinary and dangerous powers not granted by the Constitution; the subversion of the civil by military law in States not in insurrection; the arbitrary military arrest, imprisonment, trial, and sentence of American citizens in States where civil law exists in full force; the suppression of freedom of speech and of the press; the denial of the right of asylum; the open and avowed disregard of State rights; the employment of unusual test-oaths; and the interference with and denial of the right of the people to bear arms in their defense is calculated to prevent a 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Resolved, That we, the Democracy of the Union in Convention assembled, hereby declare our affirmance of the resolutions unanimously adopted and declared as a platform of principles by the Democratic Convention at Cincinnati, in the year 1856, believing that Democratic principles are unchangeable in their nature, when applied to the same subject matters; and we recommend, as the only further resolutions, the following:\n2. Inasmuch as difference of opinion exists in the Democratic party as to the nature and extent of the powers of a Territorial Legislature, and as to the powers and duties of Congress, under the Constitution of the United States, over the institution of slavery within the Territories,\nResolved, That the Democratic party will abide by the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States upon these questions of Constitutional law.\n3. Resolved, That it is the duty of the United States to afford ample and complete protection to all its citizens, whether at home or abroad, and whether native or foreign born.\n4. Resolved, That one of the necessities of the age, in a military, commercial, and postal point of view, is speedy communication between the Atlantic and Pacific States; and the Democratic party pledge such Constitutional Government aid as will insure the construction of a Railroad to the Pacific coast, at the earliest practicable period.\n5. Resolved, That the Democratic party are in favor of the acquisition of the Island of Cuba on such terms as shall be honorable to ourselves and just to Spain.\n6. Resolved, That the enactments of the State Legislatures to defeat the faithful execution of the Fugitive Slave Law, are hostile in character, subversive of the Constitution, and revolutionary in their effect.\n7. Resolved, That it is in accordance with the interpretation of the Cincinnati platform, that during the existence of the Territorial Governments the measure of restriction, whatever it may be, imposed by the Federal Constitution on the power of the Territorial Legislature over the subject of the domestic relations, as the same has been, or shall hereafter be finally determined by the Supreme Court of the United States, should be respected by all good citizens, and enforced with promptness and fidelity by every branch of the general government.", "Words" -> 372, "WordCounts" -> <|"the" -> 51, "of" -> 30, "and" -> 14, "to" -> 9, "in" -> 9, "as" -> 8, "That" -> 7, "Resolved" -> 7, "Democratic" -> 6, "by" -> 6, "States" -> 5, "United" -> 4, "party" -> 4, "be" -> 4, "a" -> 4, "Territorial" -> 3, "or" -> 3, "it" -> 3, "is" -> 3, "Constitution" -> 3, "at" -> 3, "are" -> 3, "with" -> 2, "will" -> 2, "whether" -> 2, "we" -> 2, "their" -> 2, "that" -> 2, "Supreme" -> 2, "such" -> 2, "subject" -> 2, "shall" -> 2, "same" -> 2, "resolutions" -> 2, "principles" -> 2, "powers" -> 2, "platform" -> 2, "Pacific" -> 2, "over" -> 2, "on" -> 2, "nature" -> 2, "Legislature" -> 2, "Court" -> 2, "Convention" -> 2, "Constitutional" -> 2, "citizens" -> 2, "Cincinnati" -> 2, "all" -> 2, "year" -> 1, "within" -> 1, "when" -> 1, "whatever" -> 1, "view" -> 1, "upon" -> 1, "Union" -> 1, "under" -> 1, "unchangeable" -> 1, "unanimously" -> 1, "these" -> 1, "Territories" -> 1, "terms" -> 1, "subversive" -> 1, "State" -> 1, "speedy" -> 1, "Spain" -> 1, "slavery" -> 1, "Slave" -> 1, "should" -> 1, "revolutionary" -> 1, "restriction" -> 1, "respected" -> 1, "relations" -> 1, "recommend" -> 1, "Railroad" -> 1, "questions" -> 1, "protection" -> 1, "promptness" -> 1, "practicable" -> 1, "power" -> 1, "postal" -> 1, "point" -> 1, "pledge" -> 1, "period" -> 1, "ourselves" -> 1, "our" -> 1, "opinion" -> 1, "only" -> 1, "one" -> 1, "necessities" -> 1, "native" -> 1, "military" -> 1, "measure" -> 1, "may" -> 1, "matters" -> 1, "Legislatures" -> 1, "Law" -> 1, "law" -> 1, "just" -> 1, "its" -> 1, "Island" -> 1, "interpretation" -> 1, "insure" -> 1, "institution" -> 1, "Inasmuch" -> 1, "imposed" -> 1, "hostile" -> 1, "honorable" -> 1, "home" -> 1, "hereby" -> 1, "hereafter" -> 1, "has" -> 1, "Governments" -> 1, "Government" -> 1, "government" -> 1, "good" -> 1, "general" -> 1, "further" -> 1, "Fugitive" -> 1, "foreign" -> 1, "following" -> 1, "finally" -> 1, "fidelity" -> 1, "Federal" -> 1, "favor" -> 1, "faithful" -> 1, "extent" -> 1, "exists" -> 1, "existence" -> 1, "execution" -> 1, "every" -> 1, "enforced" -> 1, "enactments" -> 1, "effect" -> 1, "earliest" -> 1, "duty" -> 1, "duties" -> 1, "during" -> 1, "domestic" -> 1, "difference" -> 1, "determined" -> 1, "Democracy" -> 1, "defeat" -> 1, "declared" -> 1, "declare" -> 1, "decision" -> 1, "Cuba" -> 1, "construction" -> 1, "Congress" -> 1, "complete" -> 1, "communication" -> 1, "commercial" -> 1, "coast" -> 1, "character" -> 1, "branch" -> 1, "born" -> 1, "between" -> 1, "believing" -> 1, "been" -> 1, "Atlantic" -> 1, "assembled" -> 1, "applied" -> 1, "ample" -> 1, "aid" -> 1, "age" -> 1, "afford" -> 1, "affirmance" -> 1, "adopted" -> 1, "acquisition" -> 1, "accordance" -> 1, "abroad" -> 1, "abide" -> 1, "7" -> 1, "6" -> 1, "5" -> 1, "4" -> 1, "3" -> 1, "2" -> 1, "1856" -> 1, "1" -> 1|>|>, <|"SourceURL" -> "http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29576", "Name" -> "Democratic Party Platform of 1856", "Party" -> "Democratic", "Year" -> 1856, "Date" -> DateObject[{1856, 6, 2}], "Text" -> "Resolved, That the American Democracy place their trust in the intelligence, the patriotism, and the discriminating justice of the American people.\nВ Resolved, That we regard this as a distinctive feature of our political creed, which we are proud to maintain before the world, as the great moral element in a form of government springing from and upheld by the popular will; and we contrast it with the creed and practice of Federalism, under whatever name or form, which seeks to palsy the will of the constituent, and which conceives no imposture too monstrous for the popular credulity.\nВ Resolved, therefore, That, entertaining these views, the Democratic party of this Union, through their Delegates assembled in a general Convention, coming together in a spirit of concord, of devotion to the doctrines and faith of a free representative government, and appealing to their fellow-citizens for the rectitude of their intentions, renew and re-assert before the American people, the declarations of principles avowed by them when, on former occasions in general Convention, they have presented their candidates for the popular suffrage.\n1. That the Federal Government is one of limited power, derived solely from the Constitution; and the grants of power made therein ought to be strictly construed by all the departments and agents of the government; and that it is inexpedient and dangerous to exercise doubtful constitutional powers.\n2. That the Constitution does not confer upon the General Government the power to commence and carry on a general system of internal improvements.\n3. That the Constitution does not confer authority upon the Federal Government, directly or indirectly, to assume the debts of the several States, contracted for local and internal improvements, or other State purposes; nor would such assumption be just or expedient.\n4. That justice and sound policy forbid the Federal Government to foster one branch of industry to the detriment of any other, or to cherish the interests of one portion to the injury of another portion of our common country; that every citizen and every section of the country has a right to demand and insist upon an equality of rights and privileges, and to complete and ample protection of persons and property from domestic violence or foreign aggression.\n5. That it is the duty of every branch of the Government to enforce and practice the most rigid economy in conducting our public affairs, and that no more revenue ought to be raised than is required to defray the necessary expenses of the Government, and for the gradual but certain extinction of the public debt.\n6. That the proceeds of the public lands ought to be sacredly applied to the national objects specified in the Constitution; and that we are opposed to any law for the distribution of such proceeds among the States, as alike inexpedient in policy and repugnant to the Constitution.\n7. That Congress has no power to charter a national bank; that we believe such an institution one of deadly hostility to the best interests of the country, dangerous to our republican institutions and the liberties of the people, and calculated to place the business of the country within the control of a concentrated money power, and above the laws and the will of the people; and that the results of Democratic legislation in this and all other financial measures upon which issues have been made between the two political parties of the country, have demonstrated to candid and practical men of all parties, their soundness, safety, and utility, in all business pursuits.\n8. That the separation of the moneys of the Government from banking institutions is indispensable for the safety of the funds of the Government and the rights of the people.\n9. That we are decidedly opposed to taking from the President the qualified veto power, by which he is enabled, under restrictions and responsibilities amply sufficient to guard the public interests, to suspend the passage of a bill whose merits cannot secure the approval of two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, until the judgment of the people can be obtained thereon, and which has saved the American people from the corrupt and tyrannical domination of the Bank of the United States, and from a corrupting system of general internal improvements.\n10. That the liberal principles embodied by Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence, and sanctioned by the Constitution, which makes ours the land of liberty and the asylum of the oppressed of every nation, have ever been cardinal principles in the Democratic faith, and every attempt to abridge the privilege of becoming citizens and the owners of soil among us, ought to be resisted with the same spirit which swept the alien and sedition laws from our statute-books.\nAnd Whereas, Since the foregoing declaration was uniformly adopted by our predecessors in National Conventions, an adverse political and religious test has been secretly organized by a party claiming to be exclusively American, it is proper that the American Democracy should clearly define its relation thereto, and declare its determined opposition to all secret political societies, by whatever name they may be called\nВ Resolved, That the foundation of this union of States having been laid in, and its prosperity, expansion, and pre-eminent example in free government, built upon entire freedom in matters of religious concernment, and no respect of person in regard to rank or place of birth; no party can justly be deemed national, constitutional, or in accordance with American principles, which bases its exclusive organization upon religious opinions and accidental birth-place. And hence a political crusade in the nineteenth century, and in the United States of America, against Catholic and foreign-born is neither justified by the past history or the future prospects of the country, nor in unison with the spirit of toleration and enlarged freedom which peculiarly distinguishes the American system of popular government.\nResolved, That we reiterate with renewed energy of purpose the well considered declarations of former Conventions upon the sectional issue of Domestic slavery, and concerning the reserved rights of the States.\n1. That Congress has no power under the Constitution, to interfere with or control the domestic institutions of the several States, and that such States are the sole and proper judges of everything appertaining to their own affairs, not prohibited by the Constitution; that all efforts of the abolitionists, or others, made to induce Congress to interfere with questions of slavery, or to take incipient steps in relation thereto, are calculated to lead to the most alarming and dangerous consequences; and that all such efforts have an inevitable tendency to diminish the happiness of the people and endanger the stability and permanency of the Union, and ought not to be countenanced by any friend of our political institutions.\n2. That the foregoing proposition covers, and was intended to embrace the whole subject of slavery agitation in Congress; and therefore, the Democratic party of the Union, standing on this national platform, will abide by and adhere to a faithful execution of the acts known as the compromise measures, settled by the Congress of 1850; \"the act for reclaiming fugitives from service or labor,\" included; which act being designed to carry out an express provision of the Constitution, cannot, with fidelity thereto, be repealed, or so changed as to destroy or impair its efficiency.\n3. That the Democratic party will resist all attempts at renewing, in Congress or out of it, the agitation of the slavery question under whatever shape or color the attempt may be made.\n4. That the Democratic party will faithfully abide by and uphold, the principles laid down in the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions of 1798, and in the report of Mr. Madison to the Virginia Legislature in 1799; that it adopts those principles as constituting one of the main foundations of its political creed, and is resolved to carry them out in their obvious meaning and import.\nAnd that we may more distinctly meet the issue on which a sectional party, subsisting exclusively on slavery agitation, now relies to test the fidelity of the people, North and South, to the Constitution and the Union—\n1. Resolved, That claiming fellowship with, and desiring the co-operation of all who regard the preservation of the Union under the Constitution as the paramount issue—and repudiating all sectional parties and platforms concerning domestic slavery, which seek to embroil the States and incite to treason and armed resistance to law in the Territories; and whose avowed purposes, if consummated, must end in civil war and disunion, the American Democracy recognize and adopt the principles contained in the organic laws establishing the Territories of Kansas and Nebraska as embodying the only sound and safe solution of the \"slavery question\" upon which the great national idea of the people of this whole country can repose in its determined conservatism of the Union—NON-INTERFERENCE BY CONGRESS WITH SLAVERY IN STATE AND TERRITORY, OR IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.\n2. That this was the basis of the compromises of 1850 confirmed by both the Democratic and Whig parties in national Conventions—ratified by the people in the election of 1852, and rightly applied to the organization of Territories in 1854.\n3. That by the uniform application of this Democratic principle to the organization of territories, and to the admission of new States, with or without domestic slavery, as they may elect—the equal rights, of all the States will be preserved intact; the original compacts of the Constitution maintained inviolate; and the perpetuity and expansion of this Union insured to its utmost capacity of embracing, in peace and harmony, every future American State that may be constituted or annexed, with a republican form of government.\nResolved, That we recognize the right of the people of all the Territories, including Kansas and Nebraska, acting through the legally and fairly expressed will of a majority of actual residents, and whenever the number of their inhabitants justifies it, to form a Constitution, with or without domestic slavery, and be admitted into the Union upon terms of perfect equality with the other States.\nResolved, Finally, That in view of the condition of popular institutions in the Old World (and the dangerous tendencies of sectional agitation, combined with the attempt to enforce civil and religious disabilities against the rights of acquiring and enjoying citizenship, in our own land) a high and sacred duty is devolved with increased responsibility upon the Democratic party of this country, as the party of the Union, to uphold and maintain the rights of every State, and thereby the Union of the States; and to sustain and advance among us constitutional liberty, by continuing to resist all monopolies and exclusive legislation for the benefit of the few, at the expense of the many, and by a vigilant and constant adherence to those principles and compromises of the Constitution, which are broad enough and strong enough to embrace and uphold the Union as it was, the Union as it is, and the Union as it shall be, in the full expansion of the energies and capacity of this great and progressive people.\n1. Resolved, That there are questions connected with the foreign policy of this country, which are inferior to no domestic question whatever. The time has come for the people of the United States to declare themselves in favor of free seas and progressive free trade throughout the world, and, by solemn manifestations, to place their moral influence at the side of their successful example.\n2. Resolved, That our geographical and political position with reference to the other States of this continent, no less than the interest of our commerce and the development of our growing power, requires that we should hold as sacred the principles involved in the Monroe Doctrine: their bearing and import admit of no misconstruction; they should be applied with unbending rigidity.\n3. Resolved, That the great highway which nature, as well as the assent of the States most immediately interested in its maintenance, has marked out for a free communication between the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans, constitutes one of the most important achievements realized by the spirit of modern times and the unconquerable energy of our people. That result should be secured by a timely and efficient exertion of the control which we have the right to claim over it, and no power on earth should be suffered to impede or clog its progress by any interference with the relations it may suit our policy to establish between our government and the Governments of the States within whose dominions it lies. We can, under no circumstances, surrender our preponderance in the adjustment of all questions arising out of it.\n4. Resolved, That, in view of so commanding an interest, the people of the United States cannot but sympathize with the efforts which are being made by the people of Central America to regenerate that portion of the continent which covers the passage across the Interoceanic Isthmus.\n5. Resolved, That the Democratic party will expect of the next Administration that every proper effort be made to insure our ascendency in the Gulf of Mexico, and to maintain a permanent protection to the great outlets through which are emptied into its waters the products raised out of the soil and the commodities created by the industry of the people of our Western valleys and the Union at large.\nResolved, That the Democratic party recognizes the great importance, in a political and commercial point of view, of a safe and speedy communication, by military and postal roads, through our own territory, between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of this Union, and that it is the duty of the Federal Government to exercise promptly all its constitutional power to the attainment of that object, thereby binding the Union of these States in indissoluble bonds, and opening to the rich commerce of Asia an overland transit from the Pacific to the Mississippi River, and the great lakes of the North.\nResolved, That the administration of Franklin Pierce has been true to the great interests of the country. In the face of the most determined opposition it has maintained the laws, enforced economy, fostered progress, and infused integrity and vigor into every department of the government at home. It has signally improved our treaty relations, extended the field of commercial enterprise, and vindicated the rights of American citizens abroad. It has asserted with eminent impartiality the just claims of every section, and has at all times been faithful to the Constitution. 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by the popular will; and we contrast it with the creed and practice of federalism, under whatever name or form, which seeks to palsy the will of the constituent, and which conceives no imposture too monstrous for the popular credulity.\nResolved, therefore, That, entertaining these views, the democratic party of this Union, through their delegates assembled in a general convention, coming together in a spirit of concord, of devotion to the doctrines and faith of a free representative government, and appealing to their fellow-citizens for the rectitude of their intentions, renew and reassert before the American people the declaration of principles avowed by them when on former occasions, in general convention, they have presented their candidates for the popular suffrages.\n1. That the federal government is one of limited powers, derived solely from the constitution, and the grants of power made therein ought to be strictly construed by all the departments and agents of the government; and that it is inexpedient and dangerous to exercise doubtful constitutional powers.\n2. That the constitution does not confer upon the general government the power to commence and carry on a general system of internal improvements.\n3. That the constitution does not confer authority upon the federal government, directly or indirectly, to assume the debts of the several States, contracted for local and internal improvements or other State purposes; nor would such assumption be just or expedient.\n4. That justice and sound policy forbid the federal government to foster one branch of industry to the detriment of any other, or to cherish the interests of one portion to the injury of another portion of our common country; that every citizen, and every section of the country, has a right to demand and insist upon an equality of rights and privileges, and to complete an ample protection of person and property from domestic violence or foreign aggression.\n5. That it is the duty of every branch of the government to enforce and practice the most rigid economy in conducting our public affairs, and that no more revenue ought to be raised than is required to defray the necessary expenses of the government, and for the gradual but certain extinction of the public debt.\n6. That Congress has no power to charter a national bank; that we believe such an institution one of deadly hostility to the best interests of the country, dangerous to our republican institutions and the liberties of the people, and calculated to place the business of the country within the control of a concentrated money power, and above the laws and the will of the people; and that the results of democratic legislation in this and all other financial measures upon which issues have been made between the two political parties of the country, have demonstrated, to candid and practical men of all parties, their soundness safety, and utility in all business pursuits.\n7. That the separation of the moneys of the government from banking institutions is indispensable for the safety of the funds of the government and the rights of the people.\n8. That the liberal principles embodied by Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence, and sanctioned in the constitution, which make ours the land of liberty and the asylum of the oppressed of every nation, have ever been cardinal principles in the democratic faith; and every attempt to abridge the privilege of becoming citizens and the owners of the soil among us ought to be resisted with the same spirit that swept the alien and sedition laws from our statute-books.\n9. That Congress has no power under the constitution to interfere with or control the domestic institutions of the several States, and that such States are the sole and proper judges of everything appertaining to their own affairs not prohibited by the constitution; that all efforts of the abolitionists or others made to induce Congress to interfere with questions of slavery, or to take incipient steps in relation thereto, are calculated to lead to the most alarming and dangerous consequences; and that all such efforts have an inevitable tendency to diminish the happiness of the people and endanger the stability and permanency of the Union, and ought not to be countenanced by any friend of our political institutions.\nResolved, That the foregoing proposition covers, and was intended to embrace, the whole subject of slavery agitation in Congress; and therefore the democratic party of the Union, standing on this national platform, will abide by and adhere to a faithful execution of the acts known as the compromise measures settled by the last Congress—\"the act for reclaiming fugitives from service or labor\" included; which act, being designed to carry out an express provision of the constitution, cannot, with fidelity thereto be repealed nor so changed as to destroy or impair its efficiency.\nResolved, That the democratic party will resist all attempts at renewing, in congress or out of it, the agitation of the slavery question, under whatever shape or color the attempt may be made.\nResolved, That the proceeds of the public lands ought to be sacredly applied to the national object specified in the Constitution; and that we are opposed to any law for the distribution of such proceeds among the states as, alike inexpedient in policy and repugnant to the constitution.\nResolved, That we are decidedly opposed to taking from the President the qualified veto power, by which he is enabled, under restrictions and responsibilities amply sufficient to guard the public interests, to suspend the passage of a bill whose merits cannot secure the approval of two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, until the judgment of the people can be obtained thereon, and which has saved the American people from the corrupt and tyrannical domination of the Bank of the United States, and from a corrupting system of general internal improvements.\nResolved, That the democratic party will faithfully abide by and uphold the principles laid down in the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions of 1798, and in the report of Mr. Madison to the Virginia legislature in 1799; that it adopts those principles as constituting one of the main foundations of its political creed, and is resolved to carry them out in their obvious meaning and import.\nResolved, That the war with Mexico, upon all the principles of patriotism and the laws of nations was a just and necessary war on our part, in which every American citizen should have shown himself on the side of his country, and neither morally nor physically, by word or deed, have given \"aid and comfort to the enemy.\"\nResolved, That we rejoice at the restoration of friendly relations with our sister republic of Mexico, and earnestly desire for her all the blessings and prosperity which we enjoy under republican institutions; and we congratulate the American people on the results of that war, which have so manifestly justified the policy and conduct of the democratic party, and insured to the United States, \"indemnity for the past and security for the future.\"\nResolved, That, in view of the condition of popular institutions in the Old World, a high and sacred duty is devolved, with increased responsibility upon the democratic party of this country, as the party of the people, to uphold and maintain the rights of every State, and thereby the Union of the States, and to sustain and advance among us constitutional liberty, by continuing to resist all monopolies and exclusive legislation for the benefit of the few 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maintain before the world as the great moral element in a form of government springing from and upheld by the popular will; and we contrast it with the creed and practice of Federalism, under whatever name or form, which seeks to palsy the will of the constituent, and which conceives no imposture too monstrous for the popular credulity.\nResolved, therefore, That, entertaining these views, the Democratic party of this Union, through their Delegates assembled in general convention of the States, coming together in a spirit of concord, of devotion to the doctrines and faith of a free representative government, and appealing to their fellow-citizens for the rectitude of their intentions, renew and reassert before the American people the declaration of principles avowed by them when, on a former occasion, in general convention, they presented their candidates for the popular suffrage.\n1. That the Federal Government is one of limited powers, derived solely from the Constitution; and the grants of power shown therein ought to be strictly construed by all the departments and agents of the Government; and that it is inexpedient and dangerous to exercise doubtful constitutional powers.\n2. That the Constitution does not confer upon the General Government the power to commence and carry on a general system of internal improvements.\n3. That the Constitution does not confer authority upon the Federal Government, directly or indirectly, to assume the debts of the several States, contracted for local internal improvements, or other State purposes; nor would such assumption be just and expedient.\n4. That justice and sound policy forbid the Federal Government to foster one branch of industry to the detriment of another, or to cherish the interests of one portion to the injury of another portion of our common country; that every citizen, and every section of the country, has a right to demand and insist upon an equality of rights and privileges, and to complete and ample protection of persons and property from domestic violence or foreign aggression.\n5. That it is the duty of every branch of the Government to enforce and practice the most rigid economy in conducting our public affairs, and that no more revenue ought to be raised than is required to defray the necessary expenses of the Government, and for the gradual but certain extinction of the debt created by the prosecution of a just and necessary war, after peaceful relations shall have been restored.\n6. That Congress has no power to charter a national bank; that we believe such an institution one of deadly hostility to the best interests of the country, dangerous to our republican institutions and the liberties of the people, and calculated to place the business of the country within the control of a concentrated money power, and above the laws and the will of the people; and that the results of Democratic legislation, in this and all other financial measures upon which issues have been made between the two political parties of the country, have demonstrated to candid and practical men of all parties, their soundness, safety, and utility in all business pursuits.\n7. That Congress has no power under the Constitution to interfere with or control the domestic institutions of the several States, and that such States are the sole and proper judges of everything appertaining to their own affairs, not prohibited by the Constitution; that all efforts of the Abolitionists or others made to induce Congress to interfere with questions of slavery, or to take incipient steps in relation thereto, are calculated to lead to the most alarming and dangerous consequences; and that all such efforts have an inevitable tendency to diminish the happiness of the people, and endanger the stability and permanence of the Union, and ought not to be countenanced by any friend to our political institutions.\n8. That the separation of the moneys of the Government from banking institutions is indispensable for the safety of the funds of the Government and the rights of the people.\n9. That the liberal principles embodied by Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence, and sanctioned in the Constitution, which makes ours the land of liberty, and the asylum of the oppressed of every nation, have ever been cardinal principles in the Democratic faith, and every attempt to abridge the present privilege of becoming citizens and the owners of soil among us, ought to be resisted with the same spirit which swept the alien and sedition laws from our statute book.\nResolved, That the proceeds of the public lands ought to be sacredly applied to the national object specified in the Constitution; and that we are opposed to any law for the distribution of such proceeds among the States, as alike inexpedient in policy and repugnant to the Constitution.\nResolved, That we are decidedly opposed to taking from the President the qualified veto power, by which he is enabled, under restrictions and responsibilities amply sufficient to guard the public interests, to suspend the passage of a bill whose merits cannot secure the approval of two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, until the judgment of the people can be obtained thereon, and which has saved the American people from the corrupt and tyrannical domination of the Bank of the United States, and from a corrupting system of general internal improvements.\nResolved, That the war with Mexico, provoked on her part by years of insult and injury, was commenced by her army crossing the Rio Grande, attacking the American troops, and invading our sister State of Texas; and that, upon all the principles of patriotism and laws of nations, it is a just and necessary war on our part, in which every American citizen should have shown himself on the side of his country, and neither morally nor physically, by word or by deed, have given \"aid and comfort to the enemy.\"\nResolved, That we would be rejoiced at the assurance of peace with Mexico founded on the just principles of indemnity for the past and security for the future; but that, while the ratification of the liberal treaty offered to Mexico remains in doubt, it is the duty of the country to sustain the administration in every measure necessary to provide for the vigorous prosecution of the war, should that treaty be rejected.\nResolved, That the officers and soldiers who have carried the arms of their country into Mexico, have crowned it with imperishable glory. Their unconquerable courage, their daring enterprise, their unfaltering perseverance and fortitude when assailed on all sides by innumerable foes, and that more formidable enemy, the diseases of the climate, exalt their devoted patriotism into the highest heroism, and give them a right to the profound gratitude of their country, and the admiration of the world.\nResolved, That the Democratic National Convention of the thirty States composing the American Republic, tender their fraternal congratulations to the National Convention of the Republic of France, now assembled as the free-suffrage representatives of the sovereignty of thirty-five millions of republicans, to establish government on those eternal principles of equal rights for which their Lafayette and our Washington fought side by side in the struggle for our own national independence; and we would especially convey to them, and to the whole people of France, our earnest wishes for the consolidation of their liberties, through the wisdom that shall guide their counsels, on the basis of a democratic constitution, not derived from grants or concessions of kings or parliaments, but originating from the only true source of political power recognized in the States of this Union, the inherent and inalienable right of the people, in their sovereign capacity, to make and to amend their forms of government in such manner as the welfare of the community may require.\nResolved, That in view of the recent development of the grand political truth, of the sovereignty of the people, and their capacity and power for self-government, which is prostrating thrones and erecting republics on the ruins of despotism in the Old World, we feel that a high and sacred duty is devolved, with increased responsibility, upon the Democratic party of this country, as the party of the people, to sustain and advance among us constitutional \"liberty, equality, and fraternity,\" by continuing to resist all monopolies and exclusive legislation for the benefit of the few at the expense of the many, and by a vigilant and constant adherence to those principles and compromises of the Constitution which are broad enough and strong enough to embrace and uphold the Union as it was, the Union as it is, and the Union as it shall be, in the full expansion of the energies and capacity of this great and progressive people.\nVoted, That a copy of these resolutions be forwarded, through the American Minister at Paris, to the National Convention of the Republic of France.\nResolved, That the fruits of the great political triumph of 1844, which elected James K. Polk and George M. Dallas President and Vice-President of the United States, have fulfilled the hopes of the Democracy of the Union—in defeating the declared purposes of their opponents to create a national bank; in preventing the corrupt and unconstitutional distribution of the land proceeds, from the common treasury of the Union, for local purposes; in protecting the currency and the labor of the country from ruinous fluctuations, and guarding the money of the people for the use of the people, by the establishment of the constitutional treasury; in the noble impulse given to the cause of free trade, by the repeal of the tariff in 1842 and the creation of the more equal, honest, and productive tariff of 1846; and that, in our opinion, it would be a fatal error to weaken the bands of political organization by which these great reforms have been achieved, and risk them in the hands of their known adversaries, with whatever delusive appeals they may solicit our surrender of that vigilance, which is the only safeguard of liberty.\nResolved, That the confidence of the Democracy of the Union in the principles, capacity, firmness, and integrity of James K. Polk, manifested by his nomination and election in 1844, has been signally justified by the strictness of his adherence to sound Democratic doctrines, by the purity of purpose, the energy and ability which have characterized his administration in all our affairs at home and abroad; that we tender to him our cordial congratulations upon the brilliant success which has hitherto crowned his patriotic efforts, and assure him, that at the expiration of his Presidential term, he will carry with him to his retirement the esteem, respect, and admiration of a grateful country.\nResolved, That this Convention hereby present to the people of the United States, Lewis Cass, of Michigan, as the candidate of the Democratic party for the office of President, and William O. 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Resolved, That the American Democracy place their trust, not in factitious symbols, not in displays and appeals insulting to the judgment and subversive of the intellect of the people, but in a clear reliance upon the intelligence, patriotism, and the discriminating justice of the American masses.\nResolved, That we regard this as a distinctive feature of our political creed, which we are proud to maintain before the world, as the great moral element in a form of government springing from and upheld by the popular will; and we contrast it with the creed and practice of Federalism, under whatever name or form, which seeks to palsy the will of the constituent, and which conceives no imposture too monstrous for the popular credulity.\nResolved, therefore, That, entertaining these views, the Democratic party of this Union, through their delegates assembled in general convention of the States, coming together in a spirit of concord, of devotion to the doctrines and faith of a free representative government, and appealing to their fellow-citizens for the rectitude of their intentions, renew and reassert before the American people the declaration of principles avowed by them on a former occasion, when in general convention, they presented their candidates for the popular suffrages.\n1. That the Federal Government is one of limited powers, derived solely from the Constitution, and the grants of power shown therein ought to be strictly construed by all the departments and agents of the government, and that it is inexpedient and dangerous to exercise doubtful constitutional powers.\n2. That the Constitution does not confer upon the General Government the power to commence or carry on a general system of internal improvements.\n3. That the Constitution does not confer authority upon the Federal Government, directly or indirectly, to assume the debts of the several States, contracted for local internal improvements or other State purposes; nor would such assumption be just or expedient.\n4. That justice and sound policy forbid the Federal Government to foster one branch of industry to the detriment of another, or to cherish the interests of one portion to the injury of another portion of our common country—that every citizen and every section of the country has a right to demand and insist upon an equality of rights and privileges, and to complete and ample protection of person and property from domestic violence or foreign aggression.\n5. That it is the duty of every branch of the government to enforce and practice the most rigid economy in conducting our public affairs, and that no more revenue ought to be raised than is required to defray the necessary expenses of the government.\n6. That Congress has no power to charter a United States Bank, that we believe such an institution one of deadly hostility to the best interests of the country, dangerous to our republican institutions and the liberties of the people, and calculated to place the business of the country within the control of a concentrated money power, and above the laws and the will of the people.\n7. That Congress has no power, under the Constitution, to interfere with or control the domestic institutions of the several States; and that such States are the sole and proper judges of everything pertaining to their own affairs, not prohibited by the Constitution; that all efforts, by abolitionists or others, made to induce Congress to interfere with questions of slavery, or to take incipient steps in relation thereto, are calculated to lead to the most alarming and dangerous consequences, and that all such efforts have an inevitable tendency to diminish the happiness of the people and endanger the stability and permanency of the Union, and ought not to be countenanced by any friend to our Political Institutions.\n8. That the separation of the money of the government from banking institutions is indispensable for the safety of the funds of the government and the rights of the people.\n9. That the liberal principles embodied by Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence, and sanctioned in the Constitution, which makes ours the land of liberty and the asylum of the oppressed of every nation, have ever been cardinal principles in the Democratic faith; and every attempt to abridge the present privilege of becoming citizens, and the owners of soil among us, ought to be resisted with the same spirit which swept the alien and sedition laws from our statute book.\nResolved, That the proceeds of the Public Lands ought to be sacredly applied to the national objects specified in the Constitution, and that we are opposed to the laws lately adopted, and to any law for the Distribution of such proceeds among the States, as alike inexpedient in policy and repugnant to the Constitution.\nResolved, That we are decidedly opposed to taking from the President the qualified veto power by which he is enabled, under restrictions and responsibilities amply sufficient to guard the public interest, to suspend the passage of a bill, whose merits cannot secure the approval of two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, until the judgment of the people can be obtained thereon, and which has thrice saved the American People from the corrupt and tyrannical domination of the Bank of the United States.\nResolved, That our title to the whole of the Territory of Oregon is clear and unquestionable; that no portion of the same ought to be ceded to England or any other power, and that the reoccupation of Oregon and the re-annexation of Texas at the earliest practicable period are great American measures, which this Convention recommends to the cordial support of the Democracy of the Union.", "Words" -> 937, "WordCounts" -> <|"the" -> 111, "of" -> 68, "and" -> 50, "to" -> 46, "That" -> 15, "in" -> 14, "or" -> 11, "a" -> 11, "that" -> 9, "which" -> 8, "Constitution" -> 8, "by" -> 8, "be" -> 8, "States" -> 7, "power" -> 7, "people" -> 7, "our" -> 7, "is" -> 7, "government" 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"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29572", "Name" -> "Democratic Party Platform of 1840", "Party" -> "Democratic", "Year" -> 1840, "Date" -> DateObject[{1840, 5, 6}], "Text" -> "1. Resolved, That the federal government is one of limited powers, derived solely from the constitution, and the grants of power shown therein, ought to be strictly construed by all the departments and agents of the government, and that it is inexpedient and dangerous to exercise doubtful constitutional powers.\n2. Resolved, That the constitution does not confer upon the general government the power to commence and carry on, a general system of internal improvements.\n3. Resolved, That the constitution does not confer authority upon the federal government, directly or indirectly, to assume the debts of the several states, contracted for local internal improvements, or other state purposes; nor would such assumption be just or expedient.\n4. Resolved, That justice and sound policy forbid the federal government to foster one branch of industry to the detriment of another, or to cherish the interests of one portion to the injury of another portion of our common country—that every citizen and every section of the country, has a right to demand and insist upon an equality of rights and privileges, and to complete and ample protection of person and property from domestic violence, or foreign aggression.\n5. Resolved, That it is the duty of every branch of the government, to enforce and practice the most rigid economy, in conducting our public affairs, and that no more revenue ought to be raised, than is required to defray the necessary expenses of the government.\n6. Resolved, That congress has no power to charter a national bank; that we believe such an institution one of deadly hostility to the best interests of the country, dangerous to our republican institutions and the liberties of the people, and calculated to place the business of the country within the control of a concentrated money power, and above the laws and the will of the people.\n7. Resolved, That congress has no power, under the constitution, to interfere with or control the domestic institutions of the several states, and that such states are the sole and proper judges of everything appertaining to their own affairs, not prohibited by the constitution; that all efforts by abolitionists or others, made to induce congress to interfere with questions of slavery, or to take incipient steps in relation thereto, are calculated to lead to the most alarming and dangerous consequences, and that all such efforts have an inevitable tendency to diminish the happiness of the people, and endanger the stability and permanency of the union, and ought not to be countenanced by any friend to our political institutions.\n8. Resolved, That the separation of the moneys of the government from banking institutions, is indispensable for the safety of the funds of the government, and the rights of the people.\n9. Resolved, That the liberal principles embodied by Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence, and sanctioned in the constitution, which makes ours the land of liberty, and the asylum of the oppressed of every nation, have ever been cardinal principles in the democratic faith; and every attempt to abridge the present privilege of becoming citizens, and the owners of soil among us, ought to be resisted with the same spirit which swept the alien and sedition laws from our statute-book.", "Words" -> 535, "WordCounts" -> <|"the" -> 61, "of" -> 38, "and" -> 31, "to" -> 29, "That" -> 9, "Resolved" -> 9, "government" -> 9, "or" -> 8, "that" -> 6, "constitution" -> 6, "power" -> 5, "our" -> 5, "is" -> 5, "in" -> 5, "every" -> 5, "by" -> 5, "be" -> 5, "such" -> 4, "people" -> 4, "ought" -> 4, "one" -> 4, "not" -> 4, "institutions" -> 4, "from" -> 4, "a" -> 4, "with" -> 3, "upon" -> 3, "states" -> 3, "no" -> 3, "has" -> 3, "federal" -> 3, "dangerous" -> 3, "country" -> 3, "congress" -> 3, "an" -> 3, "all" -> 3, "which" -> 2, "several" -> 2, "rights" -> 2, "principles" -> 2, "powers" -> 2, "portion" -> 2, "most" -> 2, "laws" -> 2, "it" -> 2, "internal" -> 2, "interfere" -> 2, "interests" -> 2, "improvements" -> 2, "have" -> 2, "general" -> 2, "for" -> 2, "efforts" -> 2, "domestic" -> 2, "does" -> 2, "control" -> 2, "confer" -> 2, "calculated" -> 2, "branch" -> 2, "are" -> 2, "another" -> 2, "affairs" -> 2, "would" -> 1, "within" -> 1, "will" -> 1, "we" -> 1, "violence" -> 1, "us" -> 1, "union" -> 1, "under" -> 1, "thereto" -> 1, "therein" -> 1, "their" -> 1, "than" -> 1, "tendency" -> 1, "take" -> 1, "system" -> 1, "swept" -> 1, "strictly" -> 1, "steps" -> 1, "statute-book" -> 1, "state" -> 1, "stability" -> 1, "spirit" -> 1, "sound" -> 1, "solely" -> 1, "sole" -> 1, "soil" -> 1, "slavery" -> 1, "shown" -> 1, "separation" -> 1, "sedition" -> 1, "section" -> 1, "sanctioned" -> 1, "same" -> 1, "safety" -> 1, "rigid" -> 1, "right" -> 1, "revenue" -> 1, "resisted" -> 1, "required" -> 1, "republican" -> 1, "relation" -> 1, "raised" -> 1, "questions" -> 1, "purposes" -> 1, "public" -> 1, "protection" -> 1, "property" -> 1, "proper" -> 1, "prohibited" -> 1, "privileges" -> 1, "privilege" -> 1, "present" -> 1, "practice" -> 1, "political" -> 1, "policy" -> 1, "place" -> 1, "person" -> 1, "permanency" -> 1, "owners" -> 1, "own" -> 1, "ours" -> 1, "others" -> 1, "other" -> 1, "oppressed" -> 1, "on" -> 1, "nor" -> 1, "necessary" -> 1, "national" -> 1, "nation" -> 1, "more" -> 1, "moneys" -> 1, "money" -> 1, "makes" -> 1, "made" -> 1, "local" -> 1, "limited" -> 1, "liberty" -> 1, "liberties" -> 1, "liberal" -> 1, "lead" -> 1, "land" -> 1, "justice" -> 1, "just" -> 1, "judges" -> 1, "Jefferson" -> 1, "institution" -> 1, "insist" -> 1, "injury" -> 1, "inexpedient" -> 1, "inevitable" -> 1, "industry" -> 1, "induce" -> 1, "indispensable" -> 1, "indirectly" -> 1, "Independence" -> 1, "incipient" -> 1, "hostility" -> 1, "happiness" -> 1, "grants" -> 1, "funds" -> 1, "friend" -> 1, "foster" -> 1, "foreign" -> 1, "forbid" -> 1, "faith" -> 1, "expenses" -> 1, "expedient" -> 1, "exercise" -> 1, "everything" -> 1, "ever" -> 1, "equality" -> 1, "enforce" -> 1, "endanger" -> 1, "embodied" -> 1, "economy" -> 1, "duty" -> 1, "doubtful" -> 1, "directly" -> 1, "diminish" -> 1, "detriment" -> 1, "derived" -> 1, "departments" -> 1, "democratic" -> 1, "demand" -> 1, "defray" -> 1, "Declaration" -> 1, "debts" -> 1, "deadly" -> 1, "country—that" -> 1, "countenanced" -> 1, "contracted" -> 1, "construed" -> 1, "constitutional" -> 1, "consequences" -> 1, "conducting" -> 1, "concentrated" -> 1, "complete" -> 1, "common" -> 1, "commence" -> 1, "citizens" -> 1, "citizen" -> 1, "cherish" -> 1, "charter" -> 1, "carry" -> 1, "cardinal" -> 1, "business" -> 1, "best" -> 1, "believe" -> 1, "been" -> 1, "becoming" -> 1, "banking" -> 1, "bank" -> 1, "authority" -> 1, "attempt" -> 1, "asylum" -> 1, "assumption" -> 1, "assume" -> 1, "appertaining" -> 1, "any" -> 1, "ample" -> 1, "among" -> 1, "alien" -> 1, "alarming" -> 1, "aggression" -> 1, "agents" -> 1, "abridge" -> 1, "above" -> 1, "abolitionists" -> 1, "9" -> 1, "8" -> 1, "7" -> 1, "6" -> 1, "5" -> 1, "4" -> 1, "3" -> 1, "2" -> 1, "1" -> 1|>|>, <|"SourceURL" -> "http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=101961", "Name" -> "2012 Republican Party Platform", "Party" -> "Republican", "Year" -> 2012, "Date" -> DateObject[{2012, 8, 27}], "Text" -> "We Believe in America: 2012 REPUBLICAN PLATFORM\nThis platform is dedicated with appreciation and reverence for:\nPreamble\n\nThe 2012 Republican Platform is a statement of who we are and what we believe as a Party and our vision for a stronger and freer America.\nThe pursuit of opportunity has defined America from our very beginning. This is a land of opportunity. The American Dream is a dream of equal opportunity for all. And the Republican Party is the party of opportunity.\nToday, that American Dream is at risk.\nOur nation faces unprecedented uncertainty with great fiscal and economic challenges, and under the current Administration has suffered through the longest and most severe economic downturn since the Great Depression.\nMany Americans have experienced the burden of lost jobs, lost homes, and lost hopes. Our middle class has felt that burden most acutely. Meanwhile, the federal government has expanded its size and scope, its borrowing and spending, its debt and deficit. Federalism is threatened and liberty retreats.\nFor the world, this has been four years of lost American leadership, leadership that depends upon economic vitality and peace through strength.\nPut simply: The times call for trustworthy leadership and honest talk about the challenges we face. Our nation and our people cannot afford the status quo. We must begin anew, with profound changes in the way government operates; the way it budgets, taxes, and regulates. Jefferson's vision of a \"wise and frugal government\" must be restored.\nProvidence has put us at the fork in the road, and we must answer the question: If not us, who? If not now, when?\nThat is the choice facing the American people this November. Every voter will be asked to choose between the chronic high unemployment and the unsustainable debt produced by a big government entitlement society, or a positive, optimistic view of an opportunity society, where any American who works hard, dreams big and follows the rules can achieve anything he or she wants.\nThe American people possess vast reserves of courage and determination and the capacity to hear the truth and chart a strong course. They are eager for the opportunity to take on life's challenges and, through faith and hard work, transform the future for the better. They are the most generous people on earth, giving sacrificially of their time, talent, and treasure.\nThis platform affirms that America has always been a place of grand dreams and even grander realities; and so it will be again, if we return government to its proper role, making it smaller and smarter. If we restructure government's most important domestic programs to avoid their fiscal collapse. If we keep taxation, litigation, and regulation to a minimum. If we celebrate success, entrepreneurship, and innovation. If we lift up the middle class. If we hand over to the next generation a legacy of growth and prosperity, rather than entitlements and indebtedness.\nThat same commitment must be present both here at home and abroad. We are a party that knows the difference between international acclaim and world leadership. We will lift the torch of freedom and democracy to inspire all those who would be free. As President Reagan issued the clarion call to \"tear down this Wall,\" so must we always stand against tyranny and oppression. We will always support and cherish our men and women in uniform who defend our liberties with their lives.\nAs we embark upon this critical mission, we are not without guidance. We possess an owner's manual: the Constitution of the United States, the greatest political document ever written. That sacred document shows us the path forward. Trust the people. Limit government. Respect federalism. Guarantee opportunity, not outcomes. Adhere to the rule of law. Reaffirm that our rights come from God, are protected by government, and that the only just government is one that truly governs with the consent of the governed.\nThe principles written in the Constitution are secured by the character of the American people. President George Washington said in his first inaugural address: \"The propitious smiles of Heaven can never be expected on a nation that disregards the eternal rules of order and right which Heaven itself has ordained.\" Values matter. Character counts.\nMitt Romney and Paul Ryan understand these great truths. They share a positive vision for America — a vision of America renewed and strong. They know America's best days lay ahead. It will take honest results-oriented, conservative leadership to enact good policies for our people. They will provide it.\nWe respectfully submit this platform to the American people. It is both a vision of where we are headed and an invitation to join us in that journey. It is about the great dreams and opportunities that have always been America and must remain the essence of America for generations to come.\nMay God continue to shed his grace on the United States of America.\nGovernor Bob McDonnell, Chairman\nSenator John Hoeven, Co-Chair\nCongressman Marsha Blackburn, Co-Chair\n\nTable of Contents\n\n1\n9\n15\n21\n31\n39\n\nWe are the party of maximum economic freedom and the prosperity freedom makes possible. Prosperity is the product of self-discipline, work, savings, and investment by individual Americans, but it is not an end in itself. Prosperity provides the means by which individuals and families can maintain their independence from government, raise their children by their own values, practice their faith, and build communities of self-reliant neighbors. It is also the means by which the United States is able to assert global leadership. The vigor of our economy makes possible our military strength and is critical to our national security.\nThis year's election is a chance to restore the proven values of the American free enterprise system. We offer our Republican vision of a free people using their God-given talents, combined with hard work, self-reliance, ethical conduct, and the pursuit of opportunity, to achieve great things for themselves and the greater community. Our vision of an opportunity society stands in stark contrast to the current Administration's policies that expand entitlements and guarantees, create new public programs, and provide expensive government bailouts. That road has created a culture of dependency, bloated government, and massive debt.\nRepublicans believe in the Great American Dream, with its economics of inclusion, enabling everyone to have a chance to own, invest, build, and prosper. It is the opposite of the policies which, for the last three and a half years, have stifled growth, destroyed jobs, halted investment, created unprecedented uncertainty, and prolonged the worst economic downturn since the Great Depression. Those policies have placed the federal government in the driver's seat, rather than relying on energetic and entrepreneurial Americans to rebuild the economy from the ground up. Excessive taxation and regulation impede economic development. Lowering taxes promotes substantial economic growth and reducing regulation encourages business formation and job creation. Knowing that, a Republican President and Congress will jumpstart an economic renewal that creates opportunity, rewards work and saving, and unleashes the productive genius of the American people. Because the GOP is the Great Opportunity Party, this is our pledge to workers without jobs, families without savings, and neighborhoods without hope: together we can get our country back on track, expanding its bounty, renewing its faith, and fulfilling its promise of a better life.\nJob Creation: Getting Americans Back to Work\n\nThe best jobs program is economic growth. We do not offer yet another made-in-Washington package of subsidies and spending to create temporary or artificial jobs. We want much more than that. We want a roaring job market to match a roaring economy. Instead, what this Administration has given us is 42 consecutive months of unemployment above 8 percent, the longest period of high unemployment since the Great Depression. Republicans will pursue free market policies that are the surest way to boost employment and create job growth and economic prosperity for all.\nIn all the sections that follow, as well as elsewhere in this platform, we explain what must be done to achieve that goal. The tax system must be simplified. Government spending and regulation must be reined in. American companies must be more competitive in the world market, and we must be aggressive in promoting U.S. products abroad and securing open markets for them. A federal-State-private partnership must invest in the nation's infrastructure: roads, bridges, airports, ports, and water systems, among others. Federal training programs have to be overhauled and made relevant for the workplace of the twenty-first century. Potential employers need certainty and predictability for their hiring decisions, and the team of a Republican President and Congress will create the confidence that will get Americans back to work.\nSmall Business and Entrepreneurship\n\nAmerica's small businesses are the backbone of the U.S. economy, employing tens of millions of workers. Small businesses create the vast majority of jobs, patents, and U.S. exporters. Under the current Administration, we have the lowest rate of business startups in thirty years. Small businesses are the leaders in the world's advances in technology and innovation, and we pledge to strengthen that role and foster small business entrepreneurship.\nWhile small businesses have significantly contributed to the nation's economic growth, our government has failed to meet its small business goals year after year and failed to overcome burdensome regulatory, contracting, and capital barriers. This impedes their growth.\nWe will reform the tax code to allow businesses to generate enough capital to grow and create jobs for our families, friends and neighbors all across America. We will encourage investments in small businesses. We will create an environment where adequate financing and credit are available to spur manufacturing and expansion. We will serve as aggressive advocates for small businesses.\nTax Relief to Grow the Economy and Create Jobs\n\nTaxes, by their very nature, reduce a citizen's freedom. Their proper role in a free society should be to fund services that are essential and authorized by the Constitution, such as national security, and the care of those who cannot care for themselves. We reject the use of taxation to redistribute income, fund unnecessary or ineffective programs, or foster the crony capitalism that corrupts both politicians and corporations.\nOur goal is a tax system that is simple, transparent, flatter, and fair. In contrast, the current IRS code is like a patchwork quilt, stitched together over time from mismatched pieces, and is beyond the comprehension of the average citizen. A reformed code should promote simplicity and coherence, savings and innovation, increase American competitiveness, and recognize the burdens on families with children. To that end, we propose to:\n\nExtend the 2001 and 2003 tax relief packages—commonly known as the Bush tax cuts—pending reform of the tax code, to keep tax rates from rising on income, interest, dividends, and capital gains;\nReform the tax code by reducing marginal tax rates by 20 percent across-the-board in a revenue-neutral manner;\nEliminate the taxes on interest, dividends, and capital gains altogether for lower and middle-income taxpayers;\nEnd the Death Tax; and\nRepeal the Alternative Minimum Tax.\n\nAmerican Competitiveness in a Global Economy\nAmerican businesses now face the world's highest corporate tax rate. It reduces their worldwide competitiveness, encourages corporations to move overseas, lessens investment, cripples job creation, lowers U.S. wages, and fosters the avoidance of tax liability—without actually increasing tax revenues. To level the international playing field, and to spur job creation here at home, we call for a reduction of the corporate rate to keep U.S. corporations competitive internationally, with a permanent research and development tax credit, and a repeal of the corporate alternative minimum tax. We also support the recommendation of the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform, as well as the current President's Export Council, to switch to a territorial system of corporate taxation, so that profits earned and taxed abroad may be repatriated for job-creating investment here at home without additional penalty.\nFundamental Tax Principles\n\nWe oppose retroactive taxation; and we condemn attempts by activist judges, at any level of government, to seize the power of the purse by ordering higher taxes. We oppose tax policies that divide Americans or promote class warfare.\nBecause of the vital role of religious organizations, charities, and fraternal benevolent societies in fostering benevolence and patriotism, they should not be subject to taxation, and donations to them should continue to be tax deductible.\nIn any restructuring of federal taxation, to guard against hypertaxation of the American people, any value added tax or national sales tax must be tied to the simultaneous repeal of the Sixteenth Amendment, which established the federal income tax.\nReining in Out-of-Control Spending, Balancing the Budget, and Ensuring Sound Monetary Policy\n\nThe massive federal government is structurally and financially broken. For decades it has been pushed beyond its core functions, increasing spending to unsustainable levels. Elected officials have overpromised and overspent, and now the bills are due. Unless we take dramatic action now, young Americans and their children will inherit an unprecedented legacy of enormous and unsustainable debt, with the interest alone consuming an ever-increasing portion of the country's wealth. The specter of national bankruptcy that now hangs over much of Europe is a warning to us as well. Over the last three and a half years, while cutting the defense budget, the current Administration has added an additional $5.3 trillion to the national debt—now approximately $16 trillion, the largest amount in U.S. history. In fiscal year 2011, spending reached $3.6 trillion, nearly a quarter of our gross domestic product. Adjusted for inflation, that's more than three times its peak level in World War II, and almost half of every dollar spent was borrowed money. Three programs—Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security—account for over 40 percent of total spending. While these levels of spending and debt are already harming job creation and growth, projections of future spending growth are nothing short of catastrophic, both economically and socially. And those dire projections do not include the fiscal nightmare of Obamacare, with over $1 trillion in new taxes, multiple mandates, and a crushing price tag.\nWe can preempt the debt explosion. Backed by a Republican Senate and House, our next President will propose immediate reductions in federal spending, as a down payment on the much larger task of long-range fiscal control. We suggest a tripartite test for every federal activity. First, is it within the constitutional scope of the federal government? Second, is it effective and absolutely necessary? And third, is it sufficiently important to justify borrowing, especially foreign borrowing, to fund it? Against those standards we will measure programs from international population control to California's federally subsidized high-speed train to nowhere, and terminate programs that don't measure up.\nBalancing the Budget\nCutting spending is not enough; it must be accompanied by major structural reforms, increased productivity, use of technology, and long-term government downsizing that both reduce debt and deficits and ignite economic growth. We must restructure the twentieth century entitlement state so the missions of important programs can succeed in the twenty-first century. Medicare, in particular, is the largest driver of future debt. Our reform of healthcare will empower millions of seniors to control their personal healthcare decisions, unlike Obamacare that empowered a handful of bureaucrats to cut Medicare in ways that will deny care for the elderly.\nWe must also change the budget process itself. From its beginning, its design has enabled, rather than restrained, reckless spending by giving procedural cover to Members of Congress. The budget process gave us the insidious term \"tax expenditure,\" which means that any earnings the government allows a taxpayer to keep through a deduction, exemption, or credit are equivalent to spending the same amount on some program. It also lumped a broad range of diverse programs under the heading of \"entitlement,\" as if veterans' benefits and welfare checks belong in the same category. Far worse, the process assumes every spending program will be permanent and every tax cut will be temporary. It refuses to recognize the beneficial budgetary impact of lower tax rates, and it calls a spending increase a cut if it is less than the rate of inflation.\nRepublican Members of Congress have repeatedly tried to reform the budget process to make it more transparent and accountable, in particular by voting for a Balanced Budget Amendment to the Constitution, following the lead of 33 States which have put that restraint into their own constitutions. We call for a Constitutional amendment requiring a super-majority for any tax increase, with exceptions for only war and national emergencies, and imposing a cap limiting spending to the historical average percentage of GDP so that future Congresses cannot balance the budget by raising taxes.\nInflation and the Federal Reserve\n\nA sound monetary policy is critical for maintaining a strong economy. Inflation diminishes the purchasing power of the dollar at home and abroad and is a hidden tax on the American people. Moreover, the inflation tax is regressive, punishes those who save, transfers wealth from Main Street to Wall Street, and has grave implications for seniors living on fixed incomes.\nBecause the Federal Reserve's monetary policy actions affect both inflation and economic activity, those actions should be transparent. Moreover, the Fed's important role as a lender of last resort should also be carried out in a more transparent manner. A free society demands that the sun shine on all elements of government. Therefore, the Republican Party will work to advance substantive legislation that brings transparency and accountability to the Federal Reserve, the Federal Open Market Committee, and the Fed's dealings with foreign central banks. The first step to increasing transparency and accountability is through an annual audit of the Federal Reserve's activities. Such an audit would need to be carefully implemented so that the Federal Reserve remains insulated from political pressures and so its decisions are based on sound economic principles and sound money rather than on political pressures for easy money and loose credit.\nDetermined to crush the double-digit inflation that was part of the Carter Administration's economic legacy, President Reagan, shortly after his inauguration, established a commission to consider the feasibility of a metallic basis for U.S. currency. The commission advised against such a move. Now, three decades later, as we face the task of cleaning up the wreckage of the current Administration's policies, we propose a similar commission to investigate possible ways to set a fixed value for the dollar.\nEnding the Housing Crisis and Expanding Opportunities for Homeownership\n\nHomeownership expands personal liberty, builds communities, and helps Americans create wealth. \"The American Dream\" is not a stale slogan. It is the lived reality that expresses the aspirations of all our people. It means a decent place to live, a safe place to raise kids, a welcoming place to retire. It bespeaks the quiet pride of those who work hard to shelter their family and, in the process, create caring neighborhoods. Homeownership is best fostered by a growing economy with low interest rates, as well as prudent regulation, financial education, and targeted assistance to responsible borrowers.\nThe collapse of the housing market over the last four years has been not only a severe blow to the entire economy, but also a personal tragedy to millions of Americans whose homes have lost value and to so many others who have lost their homes. Combined with high unemployment, that decline has left countless homeowners saddled with mortgages exceeding the value of their homes. The response of the current Administration has done little to improve, and much to worsen, the situation. By discouraging private sector investment, it has stalled the housing recovery. Its massive intervention in the housing market, with the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac backing nearly all new mortgages, has hit the taxpayers with a bill for almost $200 billion to bail out the latter two institutions. It has spent billions more on poorly designed and ineffective housing assistance programs. Making matters worse, the Congress, under Democrat control, enacted the Dodd-Frank Act, a massive labyrinth of costly new regulations that deter lenders from lending to creditworthy homebuyers and that disproportionately harms small and community banks. As a result, home sales remain weak, investment in housing remains depressed, construction industry jobs remain down, and mortgage lending has yet to recover to pre-crisis levels.\nRebuilding Homeownership\n\nWe must establish a mortgage finance system based on competition and free enterprise that is transparent, encourages the private sector to return to housing, and promotes personal responsibility on the part of borrowers. Policies that promote reliance on private capital, like private mortgage insurance, will be critical to scaling back the federal role in the housing market and avoiding future taxpayer bailouts. Reforms should provide clear and prudent underwriting standards and guidelines on acceptable lending practices. Compliance with regulatory standards should provide a legal safe harbor to guard against opportunistic litigation. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were a primary cause of the housing crisis because their implicit government guarantee allowed them to avoid market discipline and make risky investments. Their favored political status enriched their politicallyconnected executives and their shareholders at the expense of the nation. Both Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac should be wound down in size and scope, and their officials should be held to account.\nThe FHA, tripled in size to more than $1 trillion under the current Administration, has crowded out the private sector and is at risk of requiring a taxpayer bailout. It must be downsized and limited to helping first-time homebuyers and lowand moderateincome borrowers. Taxpayer dollars should not be used to bail out borrowers and lenders by funding principal write-downs. While the federal government must prosecute mortgage fraud and other financial crimes, any settlements received thereby should be directed to individuals harmed by the misconduct, not diverted to pay for unrelated programs.\nFDIC insurance for bank depositors must be preserved. However, to correct for the moral hazard created by deposit insurance, banks should be well capitalized, which is the best insurance against future taxpayer bailouts.\nThe federal government has a role in housing by enforcing non-discrimination laws and assisting lowincome families and the elderly with safe and adequate shelter, especially through the use of housing vouchers. Homeownership is an important goal, but public policy must be balanced to reflect the needs of Americans who choose to rent. A comprehensive housing policy should address the demand for apartments and multi-family housing. Any assistance should be subject to stringent oversight to ensure that funds are spent wisely.\nInfrastructure: Building the Future\n\nAmerica's infrastructure networks are critical for economic growth, international competitiveness, and national security. Infrastructure programs have traditionally been non-partisan; everyone recognized that we all need clean water and safe roads, rail, bridges, ports, and airports. The current Administration has changed that, replacing civil engineering with social engineering as it pursues an exclusively urban vision of dense housing and government transit. In the vaunted stimulus package, less than six percent of the funds went to transportation, with most of that to cosmetic \"shovel-ready\" projects rather than fundamental structural improvements. All the while, the Democrats' Davis-Bacon law continues to drive up infrastructure construction and maintenance costs for the benefit of that party's union stalwarts.\nWhat most Americans take for granted—the safety and availability of our water supply—is in perilous condition. Engineering surveys report crumbling drinking water systems, aging dams, and overwhelmed wastewater infrastructure. Investment in these areas, as well as with levees and inland waterways, can renew communities, attract businesses, and create jobs. Most importantly, it can assure the health and safety of the American people.\nThe nation's ports have become a bottleneck in international trade. America's exporters sometimes use Canadian ports in order to reach the world market in a timely manner. With the widening of the Panama Canal, our East Coast and Gulf ports have an extraordinary opportunity to boost container traffic but require major improvement to remain competitive receivers of large vessels.\nInterstate infrastructure has long been a federal responsibility shared with the States, and a renewed federal-State partnership and new public-private partnerships are urgently needed to maintain and modernize our country's travel lifelines to facilitate economic growth and job creation. In the last two years, Congressional Republicans have taken the lead with initiatives like the FAA Modernization and Reform Act; the Pipeline Safety, Regulatory Certainty, and Job Creation Act; and the Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation Act. The recent highway bill reforming the federal highway program included some key reforms. It will shorten the project approval process, eliminate unnecessary programs, and give States more flexibility to address their particular needs. It is a return to the principles of federalism, and it contains not a single earmark. It should be followed by reform of the 42-year old National Environmental Policy Act to create regulatory certainty for infrastructure projects, expedite their timetables, and limit litigation against them.\nSecuring sufficient funding for the Highway Trust Fund remains a challenge given the debt and deficits and the need to reduce spending. Republicans will make hard choices and set priorities, and infrastructure will be among them. In some States with elected officials dominated by the Democratic Party, a proportion of highway funds is diverted to other purposes. This must stop. We oppose any funding mechanism that would involve governmental monitoring of every car and truck in the nation.\nAmtrak continues to be, for the taxpayers, an extremely expensive railroad. The public has to subsidize every ticket nearly $50. It is long past time for the federal government to get out of way and allow private ventures to provide passenger service to the northeast corridor. The same holds true with regard to high-speed and intercity rail across the country.\nInternational Trade: More American Jobs, Higher Wages, and A Better Standard of Living\n\nInternational trade is crucial for our economy. It means more American jobs, higher wages, and a better standard of living. Every $1 billion in additional U.S. exports means another 5,000 jobs here at home. The Free Trade Agreements negotiated with friendly democracies since President Reagan's trailblazing pact with Israel in 1985 facilitated the creation of nearly ten million jobs supported by our exports. That record makes all the more deplorable the current Administration's slowness in completing agreements begun by its predecessor and its failure to pursue any new trade agreements with friendly nations.\nThis worldwide explosion of trade has had a downside, however, as some governments have used a variety of unfair means to limit American access to their markets while stealing our designs, patents, brands, know-how, and technology—the \"intellectual property\" that drives innovation. The chief offender is China, which has built up its economy in part by piggybacking onto Western technological advances, manipulates its currency to the disadvantage of American exporters, excludes American products from government purchases, subsidizes Chinese companies to give them a commercial advantage, and invents regulations and standards designed to keep out foreign competition. The current Administration's way of dealing with all these violations of world trade standards has been a virtual surrender.\nRepublicans understand that you can succeed in a negotiation only if you are willing to walk away from it. Thus, a Republican President will insist on full parity in trade with China and stand ready to impose countervailing duties if China fails to amend its currency policies. Commercial discrimination will be met in kind. Counterfeit goods will be aggressively kept out of the country. Victimized private firms will be encouraged to raise claims in both U.S. courts and at the World Trade Organization. Punitive measures will be imposed on foreign firms that misappropriate American technology and intellectual property. Until China abides by the WTO's Government Procurement Agreement, the United States government will end procurement of Chinese goods and services.\nBecause American workers have shown that, on a truly level playing field, they can surpass the competition in international trade, we call for the restoration of presidential Trade Promotion Authority. It will ensure up or down votes in Congress on any new trade agreements, without meddling by special interests. A Republican President will complete negotiations for a Trans-Pacific Partnership to open rapidly developing Asian markets to U.S. products. Beyond that, we envision a worldwide multilateral agreement among nations committed to the principles of open markets, what has been called a \"Reagan Economic Zone,\" in which free trade will truly be fair trade for all concerned.\nA Twenty-First Century Workforce\nThe greatest asset of the American economy is the hard-working American. The high rates of unemployment over the last three and a half years—disastrously high among youth, minorities, and veterans—have thus been a tragic waste of energy and ideas, compounded by the waste of billions in \"stimulus\" funds with no payoff in jobs. The chief cause has been an unprecedented uncertainty in the American free enterprise system due to the overreaching policies of the current Administration. Nothing matters more than getting the American people back to work. In addition to cutting spending, keeping taxes low, and curtailing bureaucratic red tape, we must replace outdated policies and ineffectual training programs with a plan to develop a twenty-first century workforce to make the most of our country's human capital.\nIt is critical that the United States has a highly trained and skilled workforce. Nine federal agencies currently run 47 retraining programs at a total cost of $18 billion annually with dismal results. Both the trainees in those programs and the taxpayers who fund them deserve better. We propose consolidation of those programs into State block grants so that training can be coordinated with local schools and employers. That will be critically important if States establish Personal Reemployment Accounts, letting trainees direct resources in ways that will steer them toward long-term employment, especially through on-thejob training with participating employers.\nWe can accelerate the process of restoring our domestic economy—and reclaiming this country's traditional position of dominance in international trade—by a policy of strategic immigration, granting more work visas to holders of advanced degrees in science, technology, engineering, and math from other nations. Highly educated immigrants can assist in creating new services and products. In the same way, foreign students who graduate from an American university with an advanced degree in science, technology, engineering or math should be encouraged to remain here and contribute to economic prosperity and job creation. Highly skilled, Englishspeaking, and integrated into their communities, they are too valuable a resource to lose. As in past generations, we should encourage the world's innovators and inventors to create our common future and their permanent homes here in the United States.\nRepublicans believe that the employer-employee relationship of the future will be built upon employee empowerment and workplace flexibility, which is why Republicans support employee ownership. We believe employee stock ownership plans create capitalists and expand the ownership of private property and are therefore the essence of a high-performing free enterprise economy, which creates opportunity for those who work and honors those values that have made our nation so strong. Today's workforce is independent, wants flexibility in working conditions, needs family-friendly options, and is most productive when allowed to innovate and rethink the status quo. The federal government should set an example in making those adaptations, especially in promoting portability in pension plans and health insurance.\nFreedom in the Workplace\n\nThe current Administration has chosen a different path with regard to labor, clinging to antiquated notions of confrontation and concentrating power in the Washington offices of union elites. It has strongly supported the anti-business card check legislation to deny workers a secret ballot in union organizing campaigns and, through the use of Project Labor Agreements, barred 80 percent of the construction workforce from competing for jobs in many stimulus projects. The current Administration has turned the National Labor Relations Board into a partisan advocate for Big Labor, using threats and coercion outside the law to attack businesses and, through \"snap elections\" and \"micro unions,\" limit the rights of workers and employers alike.\nWe will restore the rule of law to labor law by blocking \"card check,\" enacting the Secret Ballot Protection Act, enforcing the Hobbs Act against labor violence, and passing the Raise Act to allow all workers to receive well-earned raises without the approval of their union representative. We demand an end to the Project Labor Agreements; and we call for repeal of the Davis-Bacon Act, which costs the taxpayers billions of dollars annually in artificially high wages on government projects. We support the right of States to enact Right-to-Work laws and encourage them to do so to promote greater economic liberty. Ultimately, we support the enactment of a National Right-to-Work law to promote worker freedom and to promote greater economic liberty. We will aggressively enforce the recent decision by the Supreme Court barring the use of union dues for political purposes without the consent of the worker.\nWe salute the Republican Governors and State legislators who have saved their States from fiscal disaster by reforming their laws governing public employee unions. We urge elected officials across the country to follow their lead in order to avoid State and local defaults on their obligations and the collapse of services to the public. To safeguard the free choice of public employees, no government at any level should act as the dues collector for unions. A Republican President will protect the rights of conscience of public employees by proposing legislation to bar mandatory dues for political purposes.\n\nWe are the party of the Constitution, the solemn compact which confirms our God-given individual rights and assures that all Americans stand equal before the law. Perhaps the greatest political document ever written, it defines the purposes and limits of government and is the blueprint for ordered liberty that makes the U.S. the world's freest, most stable, and most prosperous nation. Its Constitutional ideals have been emulated around the world, and with them has come unprecedented prosperity for billions of people.\nIn the spirit of the Constitution, we consider discrimination based on sex, race, age, religion, creed, disability, or national origin unacceptable and immoral. We will strongly enforce antidiscrimination statutes and ask all to join us in rejecting the forces of hatred and bigotry and in denouncing all who practice or promote racism, anti- Semitism, ethnic prejudice, or religious intolerance. We support efforts to help low-income individuals get a fair chance based on their potential and individual merit; but we reject preferences, quotas, and set-asides as the best or sole methods through which fairness can be achieved, whether in government, education, or corporate boardrooms. In a free society, the primary role of government is to protect the God-given, inalienable, inherent rights of its citizens, including the rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Merit, ability, aptitude, and results should be the factors that determine advancement in our society.\nThe Republican Party includes Americans from every faith and tradition, and our policies and positions respect the right of every American to follow his or her beliefs and underscore our reverence for the religious freedom envisioned by the Founding Fathers of our nation and of our party. As a matter of principle, we oppose the creation of any new race-based governments within the United States.\nA Restoration of Constitutional Order: Congress and the Executive\nWe salute Republican Members of the House of Representatives for enshrining in the Rules of the House the requirement that every bill must cite the provision of the Constitution which permits its introduction. Their adherence to the Constitution stands in stark contrast to the antipathy toward the Constitution demonstrated by the current Administration and its Senate allies by appointing \"czars\" to evade the confirmation process, making unlawful \"recess\" appointments when the Senate is not in recess, using executive orders to bypass the separation of powers and its checks and balances, encouraging illegal actions by regulatory agencies from the NLRB to the EPA, openly and notoriously displaying contempt for Congress, the Judiciary, and the Constitutional prerogatives of the individual States, refusing to defend the nation's laws in federal courts or enforce them on the streets, ignoring the legal requirement for legislative enactment of an annual budget, gutting welfare reform by unilaterally removing its statutory work requirement, buying senatorial votes with special favors, and evading the legal requirement for congressional consultation regarding troop commitments overseas. A Republican President and Republican Senate will join House Republicans in living by the rule of law, the foundation of the American Republic.\nProtecting America is the first and most important duty of our federal government. The Constitution wisely distributes important roles in the area of national security to both the President and Congress. It empowers the President to serve as Commander in Chief, making him the lead instrument of the American people in matters of national security and foreign affairs. It also bestows authority on Congress, including the powers to declare war, regulate commerce, and authorize the funds needed to keep and protect our Nation. The United States of America is strongest when the President and Congress work closely together—in war and in peace—to advance our common interests and ideals. By uniting our government and our citizens, our foreign policy will secure freedom, keep America safe, and ensure that we remain the \"last best hope on Earth.\"\nDefending Marriage Against An Activist Judiciary\nA serious threat to our country's constitutional order, perhaps even more dangerous than presidential malfeasance, is an activist judiciary, in which some judges usurp the powers reserved to other branches of government. A blatant example has been the court-ordered redefinition of marriage in several States. This is more than a matter of warring legal concepts and ideals. It is an assault on the foundations of our society, challenging the institution which, for thousands of years in virtually every civilization, has been entrusted with the rearing of children and the transmission of cultural values.\nA Sacred Contract: Defense of Marriage\nThat is why Congressional Republicans took the lead in enacting the Defense of Marriage Act, affirming the right of States and the federal government not to recognize same-sex relationships licensed in other jurisdictions. The current Administration's open defiance of this constitutional principle—in its handling of immigration cases, in federal personnel benefits, in allowing a same-sex marriage at a military base, and in refusing to defend DOMA in the courts—makes a mockery of the President's inaugural oath. We commend the United States House of Representatives and State Attorneys General who have defended these laws when they have been attacked in the courts. We reaffirm our support for a Constitutional amendment defining marriage as the union of one man and one woman. We applaud the citizens of the majority of States which have enshrined in their constitutions the traditional concept of marriage, and we support the campaigns underway in several other States to do so.\nLiving Within Our Means: A Constitutional Budget\nRepublican Members of Congress have repeatedly tried to reform the budget process to make it more transparent and accountable, in particular by voting for a Balanced Budget Amendment to the Constitution, following the lead of 33 States which have put that restraint into their own constitutions. We call for a Constitutional amendment requiring a super-majority for any tax increase with exceptions for only war and national emergencies, and imposing a cap limiting spending to the historical average percentage of GDP so that future Congresses cannot balance the budget by raising taxes.\nFederalism and The Tenth Amendment\n\nWe support the review and examination of all federal agencies to eliminate wasteful spending, operational inefficiencies, or abuse of power to determine whether they are performing functions that are better performed by the States. These functions, as appropriate, should be returned to the States in accordance with the Tenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. We affirm that all legislation, rules, and regulations must conform and public servants must adhere to the U.S. Constitution, as originally intended by the Framers. Whether such legislation is a State or federal matter must be determined in accordance with the Tenth Amendment, in conjunction with Article I, Section 8.\nWhen the Constitution is evaded, transgressed, or ignored, so are the freedoms it guarantees. In that context, the elections of 2012 will be much more than a contest between parties. They are a referendum on the future of liberty in America.\nThe Republican Party, born in opposition to the denial of liberty, stands for the rights of individuals, families, faith communities, institutions — and of the States which are their instruments of selfgovernment. In establishing a federal system of government, the Framers viewed the States as laboratories of democracy and centers of innovation, as do we. To maintain the integrity of their system, they bequeathed to successive generations an instrument by which we might correct any misalignment of power between our States and the federal government, the Tenth Amendment:\nIn fidelity to that principle, we condemn the current Administration's continued assaults on State governments in matters ranging from voter ID laws to immigration, from healthcare programs to land use decisions. Our States are the laboratories of democracy from which the people propel our nation forward, solving local and State problems through local and State innovations. We pledge to restore the proper balance between the federal government and the governments closest to, and most reflective of, the American people. Scores of entrenched federal programs violate the constitutional mandates of federalism by taking money from the States, laundering it through various federal agencies, only to return to the States shrunken grants with mandates attached. We propose wherever feasible to leave resources where they originate: in the homes and neighborhoods of the taxpayers. We call on the federal government to do a systematic analysis of laws and regulations to eliminate costly bureaucratic mandates on the States and the people.\nWith every right comes a responsibility. A few States and their political subdivisions are currently in dire fiscal situations, largely because of their spending, debt, and failure to rein in public employee unions. In the event those conditions worsen, the federal government must not assume the State governments' or their political subdivisions' financial responsibility or require the nation's taxpayers to pay for the misrule of a few State governments. Nor shall the States assume the federal government's financial responsibility.\nThe Continuing Importance of Protecting the Electoral College\nWe oppose the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact or any other scheme to abolish or distort the procedures of the Electoral College. We recognize that an unconstitutional effort to impose \"national popular vote\" would be a mortal threat to our federal system and a guarantee of corruption as every ballot box in every state would become a chance to steal the presidency.\nVoter Integrity to Ensure Honest Elections\n\nHonest elections are the foundation of representative government. We support State efforts to ensure ballot access for the elderly, the handicapped, military personnel, and all authorized voters. For the same reason, we applaud legislation to require photo identification for voting and to prevent election fraud, particularly with regard to registration and absentee ballots. We support State laws that require proof of citizenship at the time of voter registration to protect our electoral system against a significant and growing form of voter fraud. Every time that a fraudulent vote is cast, it effectively cancels out a vote of a legitimate voter.\nVoter fraud is political poison. It strikes at the heart of representative government. We call on every citizen, elected official, and member of the judiciary to preserve the integrity of the vote. We call for vigorous prosecution of voter fraud at the State and federal level. To do less disenfranchises present and future generations. We recognize that having a physical verification of the vote is the best way to ensure a fair election. \"Let ambition counter ambition,\" as James Madison said. When all parties have representatives observing the counting of ballots in a transparent process, integrity is assured. We strongly support the policy that all electronic voting systems have a voter verified paper audit trail.\nStates or political subdivisions that use all-mail elections cannot ensure the integrity of the ballot. When ballots are mailed to every registered voter, ballots can be stolen or fraudulently voted by unauthorized individuals because the system does not have a way to verify the identity of the voter. We call for States and political subdivisions to adopt voting systems that can verify the identity of the voter.\nMilitary men and women must not be disenfranchised from the very freedom they defend. We affirm that our troops, wherever stationed, be allowed to vote and those votes be counted in the November election and in all elections. To that end, the entire chain of command, from President and the Secretary of Defense, to base and unit commanders—must ensure the timely receipt and return of all ballots and the utilization of electronic delivery of ballots where allowed by State law.\nWe support changing the way that the decennial census is conducted, so that citizens are distinguished from lawfully present aliens and illegal aliens. In order to preserve the principle of one-person, onevote, the apportionment of representatives among the States should be according to the number of citizens.\nThe First Amendment: The Foresight of Our Founders to Protect Religious Freedom\nThe first provision of the First Amendment concerns freedom of religion. That guarantee reflected Thomas Jefferson's Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, which declared that no one should \"suffer on account of his religious opinion or belief, but that all men shall be free to profess, and by argument to maintain, their opinion in matters of religion….\" That assurance has never been more needed than it is today, as liberal elites try to drive religious beliefs—and religious believers—out of the public square. The Founders of the American Republic universally agree that democracy presupposes a moral people and that, in the words of George Washington's Farewell Address, \"Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to political prosperity, religion and morality are indispensable supports.\"\nWe pledge to respect the religious beliefs and rights of conscience of all Americans and to safeguard the independence of their institutions from government. We support the public display of the Ten Commandments as a reflection of our history and of our country's Judeo-Christian heritage, and we affirm the right of students to engage in prayer at public school events in public schools and to have equal access to public schools and other public facilities to accommodate religious freedom in the public square. We assert every citizen's right to apply religious values to public policy and the right of faith-based organizations to participate fully in public programs without renouncing their beliefs, removing religious symbols, or submitting to government-imposed hiring practices. We oppose government discrimination against businesses due to religious views. We support the First Amendment right of freedom of association of the Boy Scouts of America and other service organizations whose values are under assault and condemn the State blacklisting of religious groups which decline to arrange adoptions by same-sex couples. We condemn the hate campaigns, threats of violence, and vandalism by proponents of same-sex marriage against advocates of traditional marriage and call for a federal investigation into attempts to deny religious believers their civil rights.\nThe First Amendment: Speech that is Protected\nThe Second Amendment: Our Right to Keep and Bear Arms\nThe Fourth Amendment: Liberty and Privacy\nAffirming \"the right of the people to be secure in their houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures,\" we support pending legislation to prevent unwarranted or unreasonable governmental intrusion through the use of aerial surveillance or flyovers on U.S. soil, with the exception of patrolling our national borders. All security measures and police actions should be viewed through the lens of the Fourth Amendment; for if we trade liberty for security, we shall have neither.\nThe Fifth Amendment: Protecting Private Property\nThe Ninth Amendment: Affirming the People's Rights\nThis speaks most eloquently for itself: \"The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.\" This provision codifies the concept that our government derives its power from the people and all powers not delegated to the government are retained by the people. This is an essential feature of our governmental system, and we therefore celebrate the grassroots rediscovery of this and other constitutional guarantees over the last four years and welcome to our ranks all our fellow citizens who are determined to reclaim the rights of the people that have been ignored or violated by government.\nThe Sanctity and Dignity of Human Life\n\nFaithful to the \"self-evident\" truths enshrined in the Declaration of Independence, we assert the sanctity of human life and affirm that the unborn child has a fundamental individual right to life which cannot be infringed. We support a human life amendment to the Constitution and endorse legislation to make clear that the Fourteenth Amendment's protections apply to unborn children. We oppose using public revenues to promote or perform abortion or fund organizations which perform or advocate it and will not fund or subsidize health care which includes abortion coverage. We support the appointment of judges who respect traditional family values and the sanctity of innocent human life. We oppose the nonconsensual withholding or withdrawal of care or treatment, including food and water, from people with disabilities, including newborns, as well as the elderly and infirm, just as we oppose active and passive euthanasia and assisted suicide.\nRepublican leadership has led the effort to prohibit the barbaric practice of partial-birth abortion and permitted States to extend health care coverage to children before birth. We urge Congress to strengthen the Born Alive Infant Protection Act by enacting appropriate civil and criminal penalties on healthcare providers who fail to provide treatment and care to an infant who survives an abortion, including early induction delivery where the death of the infant is intended. We call for legislation to ban sex-selective abortions—gender discrimination in its most lethal form—and to protect from abortion unborn children who are capable of feeling pain; and we applaud U.S. House Republicans for leading the effort to protect the lives of pain-capable unborn children in the District of Columbia. We call for a ban on the use of body parts from aborted fetuses for research. We support and applaud adult stem cell research to develop lifesaving therapies, and we oppose the killing of embryos for their stem cells. We oppose federal funding of embryonic stem cell research.\nWe also salute the many States that have passed laws for informed consent, mandatory waiting periods prior to an abortion, and health-protective clinic regulation. We seek to protect young girls from exploitation through a parental consent requirement; and we affirm our moral obligation to assist, rather than penalize, women challenged by an unplanned pregnancy. We salute those who provide them with counseling and adoption alternatives and empower them to choose life, and we take comfort in the tremendous increase in adoptions that has followed Republican legislative initiatives.\nRespect for Our Flag: Symbol of the Constitution\nThe symbol of our constitutional unity, to which we all pledge allegiance, is the flag of the United States of America. By whatever legislative method is most feasible, Old Glory should be given legal protection against desecration. We condemn decisions by activist judges to deny children the opportunity to say the Pledge of Allegiance in its entirety, including \"Under God,\" in public schools and encourage States to promote the pledge. We condemn the actions of those who deny our children the means by which to show respect for our great country and the constitutional principles represented by our flag.\nAmerican Sovereignty in U.S. Courts\n\nSubjecting American citizens to foreign laws is inimical to the spirit of the Constitution. It is one reason we oppose U.S. participation in the International Criminal Court. There must be no use of foreign law by U.S. courts in interpreting our Constitution and laws. Nor should foreign sources of law be used in State courts' adjudication of criminal or civil matters.\nThe Lacey Act of 1900, designed to protect endangered wildlife in interstate commerce, is now applied worldwide, making it a crime to use, in our domestic industries, any product illegally obtained in the country of origin, whether or not the user had anything to do with its harvesting. This unreasonable extension of the Act not only hurts American businesses and American jobs, but also subordinates our own rule of law to the legal codes of 195 other governments. It must be changed.\nJust as George Washington wisely warned America to avoid foreign entanglements and enter into only temporary alliances, we oppose the adoption or ratification of international treaties that weaken or encroach upon American sovereignty.\nWe are the party of sustainable jobs and economic growth — through American energy, agriculture, and environmental policy. We are also the party of America's growers and producers, farmers, ranchers, foresters, miners, and all those who bring from the earth the minerals and energy that are the lifeblood of our nation's historically strong economy. We are as well the party of traditional conservation: the wise development of resources that keeps in mind both the sacrifices of past generations to secure that bounty and our responsibility to preserve it for future generations.\nDomestic Energy Independence: An \"All of the Above\" Energy Policy\n\nThe Republican Party is committed to domestic energy independence. The United States and its neighbors to the North and South have been blessed with abundant energy resources, tapped and untapped, traditional and alternative, that are among the largest and most valuable on earth. Advancing technology has given us a more accurate understanding of the nation's enormous reserves that are ours for the development. The role of public officials must be to encourage responsible development across the board. Unlike the current Administration, we will not pick winners and losers in the energy marketplace. Instead, we will let the free market and the public's preferences determine the industry outcomes. In assessing the various sources of potential energy, Republicans advocate an all-of-the-above diversified approach, taking advantage of all our American God-given resources. That is the best way to advance North American energy independence.\nOur policies aim at energy security to ensure an affordable, stable, and reliable energy supply for all parts of the country and all sectors of the economy. Energy security is intimately linked to national security both in terms of our current dependence upon foreign supplies and because some of the hundreds of billions of dollars we pay for foreign oil ends up in the hands of terrorist groups that wish to harm us. A growing, prosperous economy and our standard of living and quality of life, moreover, depend on affordable and abundant domestic energy supplies.\nA strong and stable energy sector is a job generator and a catalyst of economic growth, not only in the labor-intensive energy industry but also in its secondary markets. The Republican Party will encourage and ensure diversified domestic sources of energy, from research and development, exploration, production, transportation, transmission, and consumption in a way that is economically viable and job-producing, as well as environmentally sound. When our energy industry is revitalized, millions more Americans will find work in manufacturing, food production, metals, minerals, packaging, transportation and other fields — because of the jobs that will be created in, and as a result of, the energy sector. We are determined to create jobs, spur economic growth, lower energy prices, and strengthen our energy industry.\nOur Nation's Energy Abundance\nThe current Administration—with a President who publicly threatened to bankrupt anyone who builds a coal-powered plant—seems determined to shut down coal production in the United States, even though there is no cost-effective substitute for it or for the hundreds of thousands of jobs that go with it as the nation's largest source of electricity generation. We will end the EPA's war on coal and encourage the increased safe development in all regions of the nation's coal resources, the jobs it produces, and the affordable, reliable energy that it provides for America. Further, we oppose any and all cap and trade legislation.\nThe current President personally blocked one of the most important energy and jobs projects in years. The Keystone XL Pipeline—which would have brought much needed Canadian and American oil to U.S. refineries—would create thousands of jobs. The current President's job-killing combination of extremism and ineptitude threatens to create a permanent energy shortage. We are committed to approving the Keystone XL Pipeline and to streamlining permitting for the development of other oil and natural gas pipelines.\nThe federal government's failure to address the storage and disposal of spent nuclear fuel has left huge bills for States and taxpayers. Our country needs a more proactive approach to managing spent nuclear fuel, including through developing advanced reprocessing technologies.\nPulling the Plug on American Energy Independence: The Failure of the Current Administration\nThe current Administration has used taxpayer dollars to pick winners and losers in the energy sector while publicly threatening to bankrupt anyone who builds a new coal-fired plant and has stopped the Keystone XL Pipeline. The current President has done nothing to disavow the scare campaign against hydraulic fracturing. Furthermore, he has wasted billions of taxpayers' dollars by subsidizing favored companies like Solyndra, which generated bankruptcies rather than kilowatts.\nSince the current President took office in 2009, consumers pay approximately twice as much for gas at the pump. Our common theme is to promote development of all forms of energy, enable consumer choice to keep energy costs low, and ensure that America remains competitive in the global marketplace. We will respect the States' proven ability to regulate the use of hydraulic fracturing, continue development of oil and gas resources in places like the Bakken formation and Marcellus Shale, and review the environmental laws that often thwart new energy exploration and production. We salute the Republican Members of the House of Representatives for passing the Domestic Energy and Jobs Act, a vital piece of pro-growth legislation now introduced by Republicans in the Senate.\nAgriculture\n\nAgricultural production and agricultural exports are a fundamental part of the U.S. economy, and the vigor of U.S. agriculture is central to our agenda for jobs, growth, and prosperity. Our farmers and ranchers are responsible for millions of jobs and for generating a trade surplus of more than $137 billion annually. Our producers provide America with abundant food, export food to hungry people around the world, and create a positive trade balance. Because of their care for the land, the United States does not depend on foreign imports for sustenance the way we depend on others for much of our energy. However, Americans are concerned about the increasing cost of their food under the current Administration policies that restrict energy production and raise costs for producers due to increased regulation. Our dependence on foreign imports of fertilizer could threaten our food supply, and we support the development of domestic production of fertilizer. The success of our system of risk management policies will enable farmers and ranchers to continue to feed and fuel the nation and much of the world.\nUncertainty is threatening the survival of our nation's farmers. America's growers and farmers are aging and much of America's farmland will be passed to the next generation of farmers with families. Uncertainties in estate and capital gains tax laws threaten the survival of multigenerational family farms. The proposals for tax reforms contained elsewhere in this document will make certain that family farms will not be lost.\nAgricultural producers and the jobs they generate throughout the entire food chain must confront volatility in both the weather and the markets. We support farm programs that enable them to manage the extraordinary risk they meet in the fields every year. These programs should be as cost-effective as they are functional, offering risk management tools that improve producers' ability to operate when times are tough.\nJust as all other federal programs must contribute to the deficit reduction necessary to put our country back on a sound fiscal footing, so must farm programs contribute to balancing the budget.\nPrograms like the Direct Payment program should end in favor of those, like crop insurance, that help manage risk and are counter-cyclical in nature.\nWe support the historic role of the USDA in agricultural research that has transformed farming here and around the world. Because food safety is a major concern of the American people, we urge Congress to ensure adequate resources for the Department's responsibilities in that regard.\nThe U. S. Forest Service controls about 193 million acres of land and employs 30,000 workers. The Forest Service should be charged to use these resources to the best economic potential for the nation. We must limit injunctions by activist judges regarding environmental management. In order to secure one of the country's most important natural resources, we will review the way the Forest Service handles wildfires. This summer's lack of rainfall over much of agricultural America highlights the importance of access to water for farmers and ranchers alike. We stand with growers and producers in defense of their water rights against attempts by the EPA and the Army Corps of Engineers to expand jurisdiction over water, including water that is clearly not navigable.\nThe productivity of America's farmers makes possible the generosity of U.S. food aid efforts around the world. These programs are fragmented between the Department of Agriculture and the U.S. Agency for International Development. They should be streamlined into one agency with a concentration on reducing overhead to maximize delivery of the actual goods.\nThe food stamp program now accounts for nearly 80 percent of the entire USDA budget. In finding ways to fight fraud and abuse, the Congress should consider block-granting that program to the States, along with the other domestic nutrition programs.\nProtecting Our Environment\nThe environment is getting cleaner and healthier. The nation's air and waterways, as a whole, are much healthier than they were just a few decades ago. Efforts to reduce pollution, encourage recycling, educate the public, and avoid ecological degradation have been a success. To ensure their continued support by the American people, however, we need a dramatic change in the attitude of officials in Washington, a shift from a job-killing punitive mentality to a spirit of cooperation with producers, landowners, and the public. An important factor is full transparency in development of the data and modeling that drive regulations. Legislation to restore the authority of States in environmental protection is essential. We encourage the use of agricultural best management practices among the States to reduce pollution.\nOur Republican Party's Commitment to Conservation\nConservation is a conservative value. As the pioneer of conservation over a century ago, the Republican Party believes in the moral obligation of the people to be good stewards of the God-given natural beauty and resources of our country and bases environmental policy on several common-sense principles. For example, we believe people are the most valuable resource, and human health and safety are the most important measurements of success. A policy protecting these objectives, however, must balance economic development and private property rights in the short run with conservation goals over the long run. Also, public access to public lands for recreational activities such as hunting, fishing, and recreational shooting should be permitted on all appropriate federal lands.\nMoreover, the advance of science and technology advances environmentalism as well. Science allows us to weigh the costs and benefits of a policy so that we can prudently deal with our resources. This is especially important when the causes and long-range effects of a phenomenon are uncertain. We must restore scientific integrity to our public research institutions and remove political incentives from publicly funded research.\nExperience has shown that, in caring for the land and water, private ownership has been our best guarantee of conscientious stewardship, while the worst instances of environmental degradation have occurred under government control. By the same token, the most economically advanced countries—those that respect and protect private property rights—also have the strongest environmental protections, because their economic progress makes possible the conservation of natural resources. In this context, Congress should reconsider whether parts of the federal government's enormous landholdings and control of water in the West could be better used for ranching, mining, or forestry through private ownership. Timber is a renewable natural resource, which provides jobs to thousands of Americans. All efforts should be made to make federal lands managed by the U.S. Forest Service available for harvesting. The enduring truth is that people best protect what they own.\nIt makes sense that those closest to a situation are best able to determine its remedy. That is why a site- and situation-specific approach to an environmental problem is more likely to solve it, instead of a national rule based on the ideological concerns of politicized central planning. We therefore endorse legislation to require congressional approval before any rule projected to cost in excess of $100 million to American consumers can go into effect.\nThe Republican Party supports appointing public officials to federal agencies who will properly and correctly apply environmental laws and regulations, always in support of economic development, job creation, and American prosperity and leadership. Federal agencies charged with enforcing environmental laws must stop regulating beyond their authority. There is no place in regulatory agencies for activist regulators.\nReining in the EPA\n\nSince 2009, the EPA has moved forward with expansive regulations that will impose tens of billions of dollars in new costs on American businesses and consumers. Many of these new rules are creating regulatory uncertainty, preventing new projects from going forward, discouraging new investment, and stifling job creation.\nWe demand an end to the EPA's participation in \"sue and settle\" lawsuits, sweetheart litigation brought by environmental groups to expand the Agency's regulatory activities against the wishes of Congress and the public. We will require full transparency in litigation under the nation's environmental laws, including advance notice to all State and local governments, tribes, businesses, landowners, and the public who could be adversely affected. We likewise support pending legislation to ensure cumulative analysis of EPA regulations, and to require full transparency in all EPA decisions, so that the public will know in advance their full impact on jobs and the economy. We oppose the EPA's unwarranted revocation of existing permits. We also call on Congress to take quick action to prohibit the EPA from moving forward with new greenhouse gas regulations that will harm the nation's economy and threaten millions of jobs over the next quarter century. The most powerful environmental policy is liberty, the central organizing principle of the American Republic and its people. Liberty alone fosters scientific inquiry, technological innovation, entrepreneurship, and information exchange. Liberty must remain the core energy behind America's environmental improvement.\n\nWe are the party of government reform. At a time when the federal government has become bloated, antiquated and unresponsive to taxpayers, it is our intention not only to improve management and provide better services, but also to rethink and restructure government to bring it into the twenty-first century. Government reform requires constant vigilance and effort because government by its nature tends to expand in both size and scope. Our goal is not just less spending in Washington but something far more important for the future of our nation: protecting the constitutional rights of citizens, sustainable prosperity, and strengthening the American family.\nIt isn't enough to merely downsize government, having a smaller version of the same failed systems. We must do things in a dramatically different way by reversing the undermining of federalism and the centralizing of power in Washington. We look to the example set by Republican Governors and legislators all across the nation. Their leadership in reforming and reengineering government closest to the people vindicates the role of the States as the laboratories of democracy.\nOur approach, like theirs, is two-fold. We look to government—local, State, and federal—for the things government must do, but we believe those duties can be carried out more efficiently and at less cost. For all other activities, we look to the private sector; for the American people's resourcefulness, productivity, innovation, fiscal responsibility, and citizenleadership have always been the true foundation of our national greatness.\nFor much of the last century, an opposing view has dominated public policy where we have witnessed the expansion, centralization, and bureaucracy in an entitlement society. Government has lumbered on, stifling innovation, with no incentive for fundamental change, through antiquated programs begun generations ago and now ill-suited to present needs and future requirements. As a result, today's taxpayers—and future generations—face massive indebtedness, while Congressional Democrats and the current Administration block every attempt to turn things around. This man-made log-jam—the so-called stalemate in Washington—particularly affects the government's three largest programs, which have become central to the lives of untold millions of Americans: Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security.\nSaving Medicare for Future Generations\nThe Republican Party is committed to saving Medicare and Medicaid. Unless the programs' fiscal ship is righted, the individuals hurt the first and the worst will be those who depend on them the most. We will save Medicare by modernizing it, by empowering its participants, and by putting it on a secure financial footing. This will be an enormous undertaking, and it should be a non-partisan one. We welcome to the effort all who sincerely want to ensure the future for our seniors and the poor. Republicans are determined to achieve that goal with a candid and honest presentation of the problem and its solutions to the American people.\nDespite the enormous differences between Medicare and Medicaid, the two programs share the same fiscal outlook: their current courses cannot be sustained. Medicare has grown from more than 20 million enrolled in 1970 to more than 47 million enrolled today, with a projected total of 80 million in 2030. Medicaid counted almost 30 million enrollees in 1990, has about 54 million now, and under Obamacare would include an additional 11 million. Medicare spent more than $520 billion in 2010 and has close to $37 trillion in unfunded obligations, while total Medicaid spending will more than double by 2019. In many States, Medicaid's mandates and inflexible bureaucracy have become a budgetary black hole, growing faster than most other budget lines and devouring funding for many other essential governmental functions.\nThe problem goes beyond finances. Poor quality healthcare is the most expensive type of care because it prolongs affliction and leads to ever more complications. Even expensive prevention is preferable to more costly treatment later on. When approximately 80 percent of healthcare costs are related to lifestyle—smoking, obesity, substance abuse—far greater emphasis has to be put upon personal responsibility for health maintenance. Our goal for both Medicare and Medicaid must be to assure that every participant receives the amount of care they need at the time they need it, whether for an expectant mother and her baby or for someone in the last moments of life. Absent reforms, these two programs are headed for bankruptcy that will endanger care for seniors and the poor.\nThe first step is to move the two programs away from their current unsustainable defined-benefit entitlement model to a fiscally sound definedcontribution model. This is the only way to limit costs and restore consumer choice for patients and introduce competition; for in healthcare, as in any other sector of the economy, genuine competition is the best guarantee of better care at lower cost. It is also the best guard against the fraud and abuse that have plagued Medicare in its isolation from free market forces, which in turn costs the taxpayers billions of dollars every year. We can do this without making any changes for those 55 and older. While retaining the option of traditional Medicare in competition with private plans, we call for a transition to a premium-support model for Medicare, with an incomeadjusted contribution toward a health plan of the enrollee's choice. This model will include private health insurance plans that provide catastrophic protection, to ensure the continuation of doctor-patient relationships. Without disadvantaging retirees or those nearing retirement, the age eligibility for Medicare must be made more realistic in terms of today's longer life span.\nStrengthening Medicaid in the States\n\nMedicaid, as the dominant payer in the health market in regards to long-term care, births, and individuals with mental illness, is the next frontier of welfare reform. It is simply too big and too flawed to be managed in its current condition from Washington. Republican Governors have taken the lead in proposing a host of regulatory changes that could make the program more flexible, innovative, and accountable. There should be alternatives to hospitalization for chronic health problems. Patients could be rewarded for participating in disease prevention activities. Excessive mandates on coverage should be eliminated. Patients with long-term care needs might fare better in a separately designed program.\nAs those and other specific proposals show, Republican Governors and State legislatures are ready to do the hard work of modernizing Medicaid for the twenty-first century. We propose to let them do all that and more by block-granting the program to the States, providing the States with the flexibility to design programs that meet the needs of their low income citizens. Such reforms could be achieved through premium supports or a refundable tax credit, allowing non-disabled adults and children to be moved into private health insurance of their choice, where their needs can be met on the same basis as those of more affluent Americans. For the aged and disabled under Medicaid, for whom monthly costs can be extremely high, States would have flexibility to improve the quality of care and to avoid the inappropriate institutional placing of patients who prefer to be cared for at home.\nSecurity For Those Who Need It: Ensuring Retirement Security\n\nWhile no changes should adversely affect any current or near-retiree, comprehensive reform should address our society's remarkable medical advances in longevity and allow younger workers the option of creating their own personal investment accounts as supplements to the system. Younger Americans have lost all faith in the Social Security system, which is understandable when they read the nonpartisan actuary's reports about its future funding status. Born in an old industrial era beyond the memory of most Americans, it is long overdue for major change, not just another legislative stopgap that postpones a day of reckoning. To restore public trust in the system, Republicans are committed to setting it on a sound fiscal basis that will give workers control over, and a sound return on, their investments. The sooner we act, the sooner those close to retirement can be reassured of their benefits and younger workers can take responsibility for planning their own retirement decades from now.\nUnlike Social Security, the problems facing private pension plans are both demographic and ethical. While pension law may be complicated, the current bottom line is that many plans are increasingly underfunded by overestimating their rates of return on investments. This in turn endangers the integrity of the Pension Guaranty Benefit Corporation, which is itself seriously underfunded. In both cases, the taxpayers will be expected to pay for a bailout. As the first step toward possible corrective action, we call for a presidential panel to review the private pension system in this country of only those private pensions that are backed by the Pension Guaranty Benefit Corporation and to make public its findings.\nThe situation of public pension systems demands immediate remedial action. The irresponsible promises of politicians at every level of government have come back to haunt today's taxpayers with enormous unfunded pension liabilities. Many cities face bankruptcy because of excessive outlays for early retirement, extravagant health plans, and overly generous pension benefits. We salute the Republican Governors and State legislators who have, in the face of abuse and threats of violence, reformed their State pension systems for the benefit of both taxpayers and retirees alike.\nRegulatory Reform: The Key to Economic Growth\n\nThe proper purpose of regulation is to set forth clear rules of the road for the citizens, so that business owners and workers can understand in advance what they need to do, or not do, to augment the possibilities for success within the confines of the law. Regulations must be drafted and implemented to balance legitimate public safety or consumer protection goals and job creation. Constructive regulation should be a helpful guide, not a punitive threat. Worst of all, overregulation is a stealth tax on everyone as the costs of compliance with the whims of federal agencies are passed along to the consumers at the cost of $1.75 trillion a year. Many regulations are necessary, like those which ensure the safety of food and medicine, especially from overseas. But no peril justifies the regulatory impact of Obamacare on the practice of medicine, the Dodd-Frank Act on financial services, or the EPA's and OSHA's overreaching regulation agenda. A Republican Congress and President will repeal the first and second, and rein in the third. We support a sunset requirement to force reconsideration of out-ofdate regulations, and we endorse pending legislation to require congressional approval for all new major and costly regulations.\nThe bottom line on regulations is jobs. In listening to America, one constant we have heard is the jobcrippling effect of even well-intentioned regulation. That makes it all the more important for federal agencies to be judicious about the impositions they create on businesses, especially small businesses. We call for a moratorium on the development of any new major and costly regulations until a Republican Administration reviews existing rules to ensure that they have a sound basis in science and will be cost-effective.\nProtecting Internet Freedom\n\nThe Internet has unleashed innovation, enabled growth, and inspired freedom more rapidly and extensively than any other technological advance in human history. Its independence is its power. The Internet offers a communications system uniquely free from government intervention. We will remove regulatory barriers that protect outdated technologies and business plans from innovation and competition, while preventing legacy regulation from interfering with new and disruptive technologies such as mobile delivery of voice video data as they become crucial components of the Internet ecosystem. We will resist any effort to shift control away from the successful multi-stakeholder approach of Internet governance and toward governance by international or other intergovernmental organizations. We will ensure that personal data receives full constitutional protection from government overreach and that individuals retain the right to control the use of their data by third parties; the only way to safeguard or improve these systems is through the private sector.\nA Vision for the Twenty-First Century: Technology, Telecommunications and the Internet\nThe most vibrant sector of the American economy, indeed, one-sixth of it, is regulated by the federal government on precedents from the nineteenth century. Today's technology and telecommunications industries are overseen by the Federal Communications Commission, established in 1934 and given the jurisdiction over telecommunications formerly assigned to the Interstate Commerce Commission, which had been created in 1887 to regulate the railroads. This is not a good fit. Indeed, the development of telecommunications advances so rapidly that even the Telecom Act of 1996 is woefully out of date. An industry that invested $66 billion in 2011 alone needs, and deserves, a more modern relationship with the federal government for the benefit of consumers here and worldwide.\nThe current Administration has been frozen in the past. It has conducted no auction of spectrum, has offered no incentives for investment, and, through the FCC's net neutrality rule, is trying to micromanage telecom as if it were a railroad network. It inherited from the previous Republican Administration 95 percent coverage of the nation with broadband. It will leave office with no progress toward the goal of universal coverage — after spending $7.2 billion more. That hurts rural America, where farmers, ranchers, and small business manufacturers need connectivity to expand their customer base and operate in real time with the world's producers. We encourage public-private partnerships to provide predictable support for connecting rural areas so that every American can fully participate in the global economy.\nWe call for an inventory of federal agency spectrum to determine the surplus that could be auc auctioned for the taxpayers' benefit. With special recognition of the role university technology centers are playing in attracting private investment to the field, we will replace the administration's Luddite approach to technological progress with a regulatory partnership that will keep this country the world leader in technology and telecommunications.\nProtecting the Taxpayers: No More \"Too Big to Fail\"\nFor more than a century, the U.S. was the world leader in financial services. The visionary management of capital was the lifeblood of the entire economy. By giving responsible access to credit, it helped small businesses grow, created jobs, and made Americans the best-housed people in history. By funding innovation, financial services underwrote our future. Then came the financial collapse of 2008 and a critical reassessment of the role and condition of financial institutions—most of which, it must be said, were responsible and healthy, especially those closest to their investors and borrowers.\nIn cases of malfeasance or other criminal behavior, the full force of the law should be used. But in all cases, this rule must apply: No financial institution is too big to fail. The taxpayers must never again be on the hook for the losses of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. The public must never again be left holding the bag for Wall Street giants, which is why we decry the current Administration's record of over-regulation and selective intervention, which has already frozen investment and job creation and threatens to make financial institutions the coddled wards of government.\nA far better approach—protecting consumers and taxpayers alike—is institutional transparency. Banks need to know that they could be at risk, and investors need clear rules that are not subject to political meddling. The same holds true for the equity market regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission. We propose reasonable federal oversight of financial institutions, practical safeguards for consumers, and — what is crucial for this country's economic rebound — sound spending, tax, and regulatory policies that will allow those institutions to once again become the builders of the next American century. We strongly support tax reform; in the event we do not achieve this, we must preserve the mortgage interest deduction.\nJudicial Activism: A Threat to the U.S. Constitution\n\nDespite improvements as a result of Republican nominations to the judiciary, some judges in the federal courts remain far afield from their constitutional limitations. The U.S. Constitution is the law of the land. Judicial activism which includes reliance on foreign law or unratified treaties undermines American law. The sole solution, apart from impeachment, is the appointment of constitutionalist jurists, who will interpret the law as it was originally intended rather than make it. That is both a presidential responsibility, in selecting judicial candidates, and a senatorial responsibility, in confirming them. We urge Republican Senators to do all in their power to prevent the elevation of additional leftist ideologues to the courts, particularly in the waning days of the current Administration.\nIn addition to appointing activist judges, the current Administration has included an activist and highly partisan Department of Justice. With a Republican Administration, the Department will stop suing States for exercising those powers reserved to the States, will stop abusing its preclearance authority to block photo-ID voting laws, and will fulfill its responsibility to defend all federal laws in court, including the Defense of Marriage Act.\nRestructuring the U.S. Postal Service for the Twenty-First Century\nThe dire financial circumstances of the Postal Service require dramatic restructuring. In a world of rapidly advancing telecommunications, mail delivery from the era of the Pony Express cannot long survive. We call on Congress to restructure the Service to ensure the continuance of its essential function of delivering mail while preparing for the downsizing made inevitable by the advance of internet communication. In light of the Postal Service's seriously underfunded pension system, Congress should explore a greater role for private enterprise in appropriate aspects of the mail-processing system.\nProtecting Travelers and their Rights: Reforming the TSA for Security and Privacy\nWhile the aftermath of the 2001 terrorist attacks brought about a greater need for homeland security, the American people have already delivered their verdict on the Transportation Security Administration: its procedures — and much of its personnel — need to be changed. It is now a massive bureaucracy of 65,000 employees who seem to be accountable to no one for the way they treat travelers. We call for the private sector to take over airport screening wherever feasible and look toward the development of security systems that can replace the personal violation of frisking.\nThe Rule of Law: Legal Immigration\n\nThe greatest asset of the American economy is the American worker. Just as immigrant labor helped build our country in the past, today's legal immigrants are making vital contributions in every aspect of our national life. Their industry and commitment to American values strengthens our economy, enriches our culture, and enables us to better understand and more effectively compete with the rest of the world. Illegal immigration undermines those benefits and affects U.S. workers. In an age of terrorism, drug cartels, human trafficking, and criminal gangs, the presence of millions of unidentified persons in this country poses grave risks to the safety and the sovereignty of the United States. Our highest priority, therefore, is to secure the rule of law both at our borders and at ports of entry.\nWe recognize that for most of those seeking entry into this country, the lack of respect for the rule of law in their homelands has meant economic exploitation and political oppression by corrupt elites. In this country, the rule of law guarantees equal treatment to every individual, including more than one million immigrants to whom we grant permanent residence every year. That is why we oppose any form of amnesty for those who, by intentionally violating the law, disadvantage those who have obeyed it. Granting amnesty only rewards and encourages more law breaking. We support the mandatory use of the Systematic Alien Verification for Entitlements (S.A.V.E.) program—an internet-based system that verifies the lawful presence of applicants—prior to the granting of any State or federal government entitlements or IRS refunds. We insist upon enforcement at the workplace through verification systems so that jobs can be available to all legal workers. Use of the E-verify program—an internet-based system that verifies the employment authorization and identity of employees—must be made mandatory nationwide. State enforcement efforts in the workplace must be welcomed, not attacked. When Americans need jobs, it is absolutely essential that we protect them from illegal labor in the workplace. In addition, it is why we demand tough penalties for those who practice identity theft, deal in fraudulent documents, and traffic in human beings. It is why we support Republican legislation to give the Department of Homeland Security long-term detention authority to keep dangerous but undeportable aliens off our streets, expedite expulsion of criminal aliens, and make gang membership a deportable offense.\nThe current Administration's approach to immigration has undermined the rule of law at every turn. It has lessened work-site enforcement—and even allows the illegal aliens it does uncover to walk down the street to the next employer—and challenged legitimate State efforts to keep communities safe, suing them for trying to enforce the law when the federal government refuses to do so. It has created a backdoor amnesty program unrecognized in law, granting worker authorization to illegal aliens, and shown little regard for the life-and-death situations facing the men and women of the border patrol.\nPerhaps worst of all, the current Administration has failed to enforce the legal means for workers or employers who want to operate within the law.\nIn contrast, a Republican Administration and Congress will partner with local governments through cooperative enforcement agreements in Section 287g of the Immigration and Nationality Act to make communities safer for all and will consider, in light of both current needs and historic practice, the utility of a legal and reliable source of foreign labor where needed through a new guest worker program. We will create humane procedures to encourage illegal aliens to return home voluntarily, while enforcing the law against those who overstay their visas.\nState efforts to reduce illegal immigration must be encouraged, not attacked. The pending Department of Justice lawsuits against Arizona, Alabama, South Carolina, and Utah must be dismissed immediately. The double-layered fencing on the border that was enacted by Congress in 2006, but never completed, must finally be built. In order to restore the rule of law, federal funding should be denied to sanctuary cities that violate federal law and endanger their own citizens, and federal funding should be denied to universities that provide instate tuition rates to illegal aliens, in open defiance of federal law.\nWe are grateful to the thousands of new immigrants, many of them not yet citizens, who are serving in the Armed Forces. Their patriotism should encourage us all to embrace the newcomers legally among us, assist their journey to full citizenship, and help their communities avoid isolation from the mainstream of society. To that end, while we encourage the retention and transmission of heritage tongues, we support English as the nation's official language, a unifying force essential for the educational and economic advancement of—not only immigrant communities—but also our nation as a whole.\nHonoring Our Relationship with American Indians\n\nBased on both treaty and other law, the federal government has a unique government-to-government relationship with and trust responsibility for Indian Tribal Governments and American Indians and Alaska Natives. These obligations have not been sufficiently honored. The social and economic problems that plague Indian country have grown worse over the last several decades; we must reverse that trend. Ineffective federal programs deprive American Indians of the services they need, and long-term failures threaten to undermine tribal sovereignty itself.\nAmerican Indians have established elected tribal governments to carry out the public policies of the tribe, administer services to its tribal member constituents, and manage relations with federal, State, and local governments. We respect the tribal governments as the voice of their communities and encourage federal, State, and local governments to heed those voices in developing programs and partnerships to improve the quality of life for American Indians and their neighbors in their communities.\nRepublicans believe that economic selfsufficiency is the ultimate answer to the challenges confronting Indian country. We believe that tribal governments and their communities, not Washington bureaucracies, are best situated to craft solutions that will end systemic problems that create poverty and disenfranchisement. Just as the federal government should not burden States with regulations, it should not stifle the development of resources within the reservations, which need federal assistance to advance their commerce nationally through roads and technology. Federal and State regulations that thwart job creation must be withdrawn or redrawn so that tribal governments acting on behalf of American Indians are not disadvantaged. It is especially egregious that the Democratic Party has persistently undermined tribal sovereignty in order to provide advantage to union bosses in the tribal workplace.\nRepublicans recognize that each tribe has the right of consultation before any new regulatory policy is implemented on tribal land. To the extent possible, such consultation should take place in Indian country with the tribal government and its members. Before promulgating and imposing any new laws or regulations affecting trust land or members, the federal government should encourage Indian tribes to develop their own policies to achieve program objectives, and should defer to tribes to develop their own standards, or standards in conjunction with State governments.\nRepublicans reject a one-size-fits-all approach to federal-tribal-State partnerships and will work to expand local autonomy where tribal governments seek it. Better partnerships will help us to expand economic opportunity, deliver top-flight education to future generations, modernize and improve the Indian Health Service to make it more responsive to local needs, and build essential infrastructure in Indian country in cooperation with tribal neighbors. Our approach is to empower American Indians, through tribal self-determination and self-governance policies, to develop their greatest assets, human resources and the rich natural resources on their lands, without undue federal interference.\nLike all Americans, American Indians want safe communities for their families; but inadequate resources and neglect have, over time, allowed criminal activities to plague Indian country. To protect everyone—and especially the most vulnerable: children, women, and elders—the legal system in tribal communities must provide stability and protect property rights. Everyone's due process and civil rights must be safeguarded.\nWe support efforts to ensure equitable participation in federal programs by American Indians, including Alaska Natives, and Native Hawaiians and to preserve their culture and languages that we consider to be national treasures. Lastly, we recognize that American Indians have responded to the call for military service in percentage numbers far greater than have other groups of Americans. We honor that commitment, loyalty, and sacrifice of all American Indians serving in the military today and in years past and will ensure that all veterans and their families receive the care and respect they have earned through their loyal service to America.\nPreserving the District of Columbia\nThe nation's capital city, a special responsibility of the federal government, belongs both to its residents and to all Americans, millions of whom visit it every year. Congressional Republicans have taken the lead in efforts to foster homeownership and open access to higher education for Washington residents. Against the opposition of the current President and leaders of the Democratic Party, they have fought to establish, and now to expand, the D.C. Opportunity Scholarship Program, through which thousands of low-income children have been able to attend a school of their choice and receive a quality education.\nD.C.'s Republicans have been in the forefront of exposing and combating the chronic corruption among the city's top Democratic officials. We join their call for a non-partisan elected Attorney General to clean up the city's political culture and for congressional action to enforce the spirit of the Home Rule Act assuring minority representation on the City Council. After decades of inept one-party rule, the city's structural deficit demands congressional attention.\nWe oppose statehood for the District of Columbia.\nModernizing the Federal Civil Service\n\nThe federal workforce bears great responsibilities and sometimes wields tremendous power, especially when Congress delegates to it the execution of complicated and far-reaching legislation. We recognize the dedication of federal workers and the difficulty of their thankless task of implementing poorly drafted or open-ended legislation.\nUnder the current Administration, the civil service has grown by at least 140,000 workers, while the number making at least $150,000 has doubled. At a time when the national debt has increased to over $15.9 trillion under the current Administration, this is grossly irresponsible. The American people work too hard and too long to support a bloated government. We call for a reduction, through attrition, in the federal payroll of at least 10 percent and the adjustment of pay scales and benefits to reflect those of the private sector. We must bring the 130-year old Civil Service System into the twenty-first century. The federal pay system should be sufficiently flexible to acknowledge and reward those who dare to innovate, reduce overhead, optimize processes, and expedite paperwork.\nDelinquency in paying taxes and repaying student loans has been too common in some segments of the civil service. A Republican Administration will make enforcement among its own employees a priority and, unlike the current Administration, will name to public office no one who has failed to meet their financial obligations to the government and fellow taxpayers.\nAmerica's Future in Space: Continuing this Quest\n\nThe exploration of space has been a key part of U.S. global leadership and has supported innovation and ownership of technology. Over the last halfcentury, in partnership with our aerospace industry, the work of NASA has helped define and strengthen our nation's technological prowess. From building the world's most powerful rockets to landing men on the Moon, sending robotic spacecraft throughout our solar system and beyond, building the International Space Station, and launching space-based telescopes that allow scientists to better understand our universe, NASA science and engineering have produced spectacular results. The technologies that emerged from those programs propelled our aerospace industrial base and directly benefit our national security, safety, economy, and quality of life. Through its achievements, NASA has inspired generations of Americans to study science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, leading to careers that drive our country's technological and economic engines.\nToday, America's leadership in space is challenged by countries eager to emulate—and surpass—NASA's accomplishments. To preserve our national security interests and foster innovation and competitiveness, we must sustain our preeminence in space, launching more science missions, guaranteeing unfettered access, and maintaining a source of high-value American jobs.\nHonoring and Supporting Americans in the Territories\n\nWe honor the extraordinary sacrifices of the men and women of the territories who protect our freedom through their service in the U.S. Armed Forces. We welcome their greater participation in all aspects of the political process and affirm their right to seek the full extension of the Constitution, with all the rights and responsibilities it entails.\nU.S. territories face serious economic challenges as they struggle to retain existing industries and develop new ones. Development of local energy options is crucial to reduce their dependence on imported fuel and promote economic stability. The Pacific territories should have flexibility to determine the minimum wage, which has seriously restricted progress in the private sector. A stronger private sector can raise wages, reduce dependence on public sector employment, and lead toward local self-sufficiency. All unreasonable economic impediments must be removed, including unreasonable U.S. customs practices.\nWe support the right of the United States citizens of Puerto Rico to be admitted to the Union as a fully sovereign state if they freely so determine. We recognize that Congress has the final authority to define the constitutionally valid options for Puerto Rico to achieve a permanent non-territorial status with government by consent and full enfranchisement. As long as Puerto Rico is not a State, however, the will of its people regarding their political status should be ascertained by means of a general right of referendum or specific referenda sponsored by the U.S. government.\nWe are the party of independent individuals and the institutions they create—families, schools, congregations, neighborhoods—to advance their ideals and make real their dreams. Foremost among those institutions is the American family. It is the foundation of our society and the first level of selfgovernment. Its daily lessons—cooperation, patience, mutual respect, responsibility, self-reliance — are fundamental to the order and progress of our Republic. Government can never replace the family. That is why we insist that public policy, from taxation to education, from healthcare to welfare, be formulated with attention to the needs and strengths of the family.\nPreserving and Protecting Traditional Marriage\nThe institution of marriage is the foundation of civil society. Its success as an institution will determine our success as a nation. It has been proven by both experience and endless social science studies that traditional marriage is best for children. Children raised in intact married families are more likely to attend college, are physically and emotionally healthier, are less likely to use drugs or alcohol, engage in crime, or get pregnant outside of marriage. The success of marriage directly impacts the economic well-being of individuals. Furthermore, the future of marriage affects freedom. The lack of family formation not only leads to more government costs, but also to more government control over the lives of its citizens in all aspects. We recognize and honor the courageous efforts of those who bear the many burdens of parenting alone, even as we believe that marriage, the union of one man and one woman must be upheld as the national standard, a goal to stand for, encourage, and promote through laws governing marriage. We embrace the principle that all Americans should be treated with respect and dignity.\nCreating a Culture of Hope: Raising Families Beyond Poverty\n\nThe Republican-led welfare reforms enacted in 1996 marked a revolution in government's approach to poverty. They changed the standard for policy success from the amount of income transferred to the poor to the number of poor who moved from welfare to economic independence. We took the belief of most Americans—that welfare should be a hand up, not a hand out—and made it law. Work requirements, though modest, were at the heart of this success. That is why so many are now outraged by the current Administration's recent decision to permit waivers for work requirements for welfare benefits, in other words, to administratively repeal the most successful anti-poverty policy in memory. Instead of undermining the expectation that low-income parents and individuals should strive to support themselves, benefit programs like food stamps must ensure that those benefits are better targeted to those who need help the most.\nFor the sake of low-income families as well as the taxpayers, the federal government's entire system of public assistance should be reformed to ensure that it promotes work. Each year, this system dispenses nearly $1 trillion in taxpayer funds across a maze of approximately 80 programs that are neither coordinated nor effective in solving poverty and lifting up families. For many individuals collecting benefits from multiple categorical programs, efforts to work or earn more actually result in less money in their pocket through the resulting loss of benefits. This poverty trap would ensnare even more Americans if Obamacare were implemented. Taking a part time job, working an extra shift, or even just marrying someone who works, would result in a loss of benefits, thereby discouraging the very acts necessary to achieve the American Dream.\nAdoption and Foster Care\n\nFamilies formed or enlarged by adoption strengthen our communities and ennoble our nation. We applaud the Republican legislative initiatives that led to a significant increase in adoptions in recent years, and we call upon the private sector to consider the needs of adoptive families on a par with others. Any restructuring of the federal tax code should recognize the financial impact of the adoption process and the commitment made by adoptive families.\nThe nation's foster care system remains a necessary fallback for youngsters from troubled families. Because of reforms initiated by many States, the number of foster children has declined to just over 400,000. A major problem of the system is its lack of support, financial and otherwise, for teens who age out of foster care and into a world in which many are not prepared to go it alone. We urge States to work with the faith-based and other community groups which reach out to these young people in need.\nMaking the Internet Family-Friendly\n\nMillions of Americans suffer from problem or pathological gambling that can destroy families. We support the prohibition of gambling over the Internet and call for reversal of the Justice Department's decision distorting the formerly accepted meaning of the Wire Act that could open the door to Internet betting.\nThe Internet must be made safe for children. We call on service providers to exercise due care to ensure that the Internet cannot become a safe haven for predators while respecting First Amendment rights. We congratulate the social networking sites that bar known sex offenders from participation. We urge active prosecution against child pornography, which is closely linked to the horrors of human trafficking. Current laws on all forms of pornography and obscenity need to be vigorously enforced.\nAdvancing Americans with Disabilities\n\nWe renew our commitment to the inclusion of Americans with disabilities in all aspects of our national life. In keeping with that commitment, we oppose the non-consensual withholding of care or treatment from people with disabilities, including newborns, as well as the elderly and infirm, just as we oppose euthanasia and assisted suicide, which endanger especially those on the margins of society. Because government should set a positive standard in hiring and contracting for the services of persons with disabilities, we need to update the statutory authority for the Ability One program, a major avenue by which those productive members of our society can offer high quality services.\nThe Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) has opened up unprecedented opportunities for many students, and we reaffirm our support for its goal of minimizing the separation of children with disabilities from their peers. We urge preventive efforts in early childhood, especially assistance in gaining pre-reading skills, to help many students move beyond the need for IDEA's protections. We endorse the program of Employment First, developed by major disability rights groups, to replace dependency with jobs in the mainstream of the American workforce.\nRepealing Obamacare\n\nThe Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act—Obamacare—was never really about healthcare, though its impact upon the nation's health is disastrous. From its start, it was about power, the expansion of government control over one sixth of our economy, and resulted in an attack on our Constitution, by requiring that U.S. citizens purchase health insurance. We agree with the four dissenting justices of the Supreme Court: \"In our view the entire Act before us is invalid in its entirety.\" It was the high-water mark of an outdated liberalism, the latest attempt to impose upon Americans a euro-style bureaucracy to manage all aspects of their lives. Obamacare has been struck down in the court of public opinion and is falling by the weight of its own confusing, unworkable, budget-busting, and conflicting provisions. It would tremendously expand Medicaid without significant reform, leaving the States to assume unsustainable financial burdens. If fully implemented, it could not function; and Republican victories in the November elections will guarantee that it is never implemented. Congressional Republicans are committed to its repeal; and a Republican President, on the first day in office, will use his legitimate waiver authority under that law to halt its progress and then will sign its repeal. Then the American people, through the free market, can advance affordable and responsible healthcare reform that meets the needs and concerns of patients and providers. Through Obamacare, the current Administration has promoted the notion of abortion as healthcare. We, however, affirm the dignity of women by protecting the sanctity of human life. Numerous studies have shown that abortion endangers the health and wellbeing of women, and we stand firmly against it.\nOur Prescription for American Healthcare: Improve Quality and Lower Costs\nWe believe that taking care of one's health is an individual responsibility. Chronic diseases, many of them related to lifestyle, drive healthcare costs, accounting for more than 75 percent of the nation's medical spending. To reduce demand, and thereby lower costs, we must foster personal responsibility while increasing preventive services to promote healthy lifestyles. We believe that all Americans should have improved access to affordable, coordinated, quality healthcare, including individuals struggling with mental illness.\nOur goal is to encourage the development of a healthcare system that provides higher quality care at a lower cost to all Americans while protecting the patientphysician relationship based on mutual trust, informed consent, and privileged patient confidentiality. We seek to increase healthcare choice and options, contain costs and reduce mandates, simplify the system for patients and providers, restore cuts made to Medicare, and equalize the tax treatment of group and individual health insurance plans. For most Americans, those who are insured now or who seek insurance in the future, our practical, non-intrusive reforms will promote flexibility in State leadership in healthcare reform, promote a free-market based system, and empower consumer choice. All of which will return direction of the nation's healthcare to the people and away from the federal government.\nTo return the States to their proper role of regulating local insurance markets and caring for the needy, we propose to block grant Medicaid and other payments to the States; limit federal requirements on both private insurance and Medicaid; assist all patients, including those with pre-existing conditions, through reinsurance and risk adjustment; and promote non-litigation alternatives for dispute resolution. We call on State officials to carefully consider the increased costs of medical mandates, imposed under their laws, which may price many low-income families out of the insurance market. We call on the government to permanently ban all federal funding and subsidies for abortion and healthcare plans that include abortion coverage.\nTo achieve a free market in healthcare and ensure competition, we will promote price transparency so that consumers will know the actual cost of treatments before they undergo them. When patients are aware of costs, they are less likely to over-utilize services. We support legislation to cap non-economic damages in medical malpractice lawsuits, thereby relieving conscientious providers of burdens that are not rightly theirs and addressing a serious cause of escalating medical bills. We will empower individuals and small businesses to form purchasing pools in order to expand coverage to the uninsured. Individuals with preexisting conditions who maintain continuous insurance coverage should be protected from discrimination. We support technology enhancements for medical health records and data systems while affirming patient privacy and ownership of health information.\nEnsuring Consumer Choice in Healthcare\n\nConsumer choice is the most powerful factor in healthcare reform. Today's highly mobile work force requires portability of insurance coverage that can go with them from job to job. The need to maintain coverage should not dictate where families have to live and work. Putting the patient at the center of policy decisions will increase choice and reduce costs while ensuring that services provide what Americans actually want. We must end tax discrimination against the individual purchase of insurance and allow consumers to purchase insurance across State lines. While promoting \"co-insurance\" products and alternatives to \"fee for service,\" government must promote Health Savings Accounts and Health Reimbursement Accounts to be used for insurance premiums and should encourage the private sector to rate competing insurance plans. We will ensure that America's aging population has access to safe and affordable care. Because seniors overwhelmingly desire to age at home, we will make home care a priority in public policy. We will champion the right of individual choice in senior care. We will aggressively implement programs to protect against elder abuse, and we will work to ensure that quality care is provided across the care continuum from home to nursing home to hospice.\nSupporting Federal Healthcare Research and Development\nWe support federal investment in healthcare delivery systems and solutions creating innovative means to provide greater, more cost-effective access to high quality healthcare. We also support federal investment in basic and applied biomedical research, especially the neuroscience research that may hold great potential for dealing with diseases and disorders such as Autism, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's. If we are to make significant headway against breast and prostate cancer, diabetes, and other killers, research must consider the special needs of formerly neglected groups. We call for expanded support for the stem-cell research that now offers the greatest hope for many afflictions—with adult stem cells, umbilical cord blood, and cells reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells—without the destruction of embryonic human life. We urge a ban on human cloning and on the creation of or experimentation on human embryos. We support restoring the Drug Enforcement Administration ban on the use of controlled substances for physicianassisted suicide. We oppose the FDA approval of Mifeprex, formerly known as RU-486, and similar drugs that terminate innocent human life after conception.\nProtecting Individual Conscience in Healthcare\nNo healthcare professional or organization should ever be required to perform, provide for, withhold, or refer for a medical service against their conscience. This is especially true of the religious organizations which deliver a major portion of America's healthcare, a service rooted in the charity of faith communities. We do not believe, however, that healthcare providers should be allowed to withhold services because the healthcare provider believes the patient's life is not worth living. We support the ability of all organizations to provide, purchase, or enroll in healthcare coverage consistent with their religious, moral or ethical convictions without discrimination or penalty. We likewise support the right of parents to consent to medical treatment for their children, including mental health treatment, drug treatment, and treatment involving pregnancy, contraceptives and abortion. We urge enactment of pending legislation that would require parental consent to transport girls across state lines for abortions.\nReforming the FDA\n\nAmerica's leadership in life sciences R&D and medical innovation is being threatened. As a country, we must work together now or lose our leadership position in medical innovation, U.S. job creation, and access to life-saving treatments for U.S. patients. The United States has led the global medical device and pharmaceutical industries for decades. This leadership has made the U.S. the medical innovation capital of the world, bringing millions of high-paying jobs to our country and life-saving devices and drugs to our nation's patients. But that leadership position is at risk; patients, innovators, and job creators point to the lack of predictability, consistency, transparency and efficiency at the Food and Drug Administration that is driving innovation overseas, benefiting foreign, not U.S., patients.\nWe pledge to reform the FDA so we can ensure that the U.S. remains the world leader in medical innovation, that device and drug jobs stay in the U.S., that U.S. patients benefit first from new devices and drugs, and that the FDA no longer wastes U.S. taxpayer and innovators' resources because of bureaucratic red tape and legal uncertainty.\nReducing Costs through Tort Reform\nFrivolous medical malpractice lawsuits have ballooned the cost of healthcare for the average American. Physicians are increasingly practicing defensive medicine because of the looming threat of malpractice liability. Moreover, some medical practitioners are avoiding patients with complex and high-risk medical problems because of the high costs of medical malpractice lawsuits. Rural America is hurt especially hard as obstetricians, surgeons, and other healthcare providers are moving to urban settings or retiring, causing a significant healthcare workforce shortage and subsequently decreasing access to care for all patients. We are committed to aggressively pursuing tort reform legislation to help avoid the practice of defensive medicine, to keep healthcare costs low, and improve healthcare quality.\nEducation: A Chance for Every Child\n\nParents are responsible for the education of their children. We do not believe in a one size fits all approach to education and support providing broad education choices to parents and children at the State and local level. Maintaining American preeminence requires a world-class system of education, with high standards, in which all students can reach their potential. Today's education reform movement calls for accountability at every stage of schooling. It affirms higher expectations for all students and rejects the crippling bigotry of low expectations. It recognizes the wisdom of State and local control of our schools, and it wisely sees consumer rights in education—choice—as the most important driving force for renewing our schools.\nEducation is much more than schooling. It is the whole range of activities by which families and communities transmit to a younger generation, not just knowledge and skills, but ethical and behavioral norms and traditions. It is the handing over of a personal and cultural identity. That is why education choice has expanded so vigorously. It is also why American education has, for the last several decades, been the focus of constant controversy, as centralizing forces outside the family and community have sought to remake education in order to remake America. They have not succeeded, but they have done immense damage.\nAttaining Academic Excellence for All\n\nSince 1965 the federal government has spent $2 trillion on elementary and secondary education with no substantial improvement in academic achievement or high school graduation rates (which currently are 59 percent for African-American students and 63 percent for Hispanics). The U.S. spends an average of more than $10,000 per pupil per year in public schools, for a total of more than $550 billion. That represents more than 4 percent of GDP devoted to K-12 education in 2010. Of that amount, federal spending was more than $47 billion. Clearly, if money were the solution, our schools would be problem-free.\nMore money alone does not necessarily equal better performance. After years of trial and error, we know what does work, what has actually made a difference in student advancement, and what is powering education reform at the local level all across America: accountability on the part of administrators, parents and teachers; higher academic standards; programs that support the development of character and financial literacy; periodic rigorous assessments on the fundamentals, especially math, science, reading, history, and geography; renewed focus on the Constitution and the writings of the Founding Fathers, and an accurate account of American history that celebrates the birth of this great nation; transparency, so parents and the public can discover which schools best serve their pupils; flexibility and freedom to innovate, so schools can adapt to the special needs of their students and hold teachers and administrators responsible for student performance. We support the innovations in education reform occurring at the State level based upon proven results. Republican Governors have led in the effort to reform our country's underperforming education system, and we applaud these advancements.\nWe advocate the policies and methods that have proven effective: building on the basics, especially STEM subjects (science, technology, engineering, and math) and phonics; ending social promotions; merit pay for good teachers; classroom discipline; parental involvement; and strong leadership by principals, superintendents, and locally elected school boards. Because technology has become an essential tool of learning, proper implementation of technology is a key factor in providing every child equal access and opportunity.\nConsumer Choice in Education\n\nThe Republican Party is the party of fresh and innovative ideas in education. We support options for learning, including home schooling and local innovations like single-sex classes, full-day school hours, and year-round schools. School choice—whether through charter schools, open enrollment requests, college lab schools, virtual schools, career and technical education programs, vouchers, or tax credits—is important for all children, especially for families with children trapped in failing schools. Getting those youngsters into decent learning environments and helping them to realize their full potential is the greatest civil rights challenge of our time. We support the promotion of local career and technical educational programs and entrepreneurial programs that have been supported by leaders in industry and will retrain and retool the American workforce, which is the best in the world. A young person's ability to achieve in school must be based on his or her God-given talent and motivation, not an address, zip code, or economic status.\nIn sum, on the one hand enormous amounts of money are being spent for K-12 public education with overall results that do not justify that spending. On the other hand, the common experience of families, teachers, and administrators forms the basis of what does work in education. We believe the gap between those two realities can be successfully bridged, and Congressional Republicans are pointing a new way forward with major reform legislation. We support its concept of block grants and the repeal of numerous federal regulations which interfere with State and local control of public schools.\nThe bulk of the federal money through Title I for low-income children and through IDEA for disabled youngsters should follow the students to whatever school they choose so that eligible pupils, through open enrollment, can bring their share of the funding with them. The Republican-founded D.C. Opportunity Scholarship Program should be expanded as a model for the rest of the country. We deplore the efforts by Congressional Democrats and the current President to kill this successful program for disadvantaged students in order to placate the leaders of the teachers' unions. We support putting the needs of students before the special interests of unions when approaching elementary and secondary education reform.\nBecause parents are a child's first teachers, we support family literacy programs, which improve the reading, language, and life skills of both parents and children from low-income families. To ensure that all students have access to the mainstream of American life, we support the English First approach and oppose divisive programs that limit students' ability to advance in American society. We renew our call for replacing \"family planning\" programs for teens with abstinence education which teaches abstinence until marriage as the responsible and respected standard of behavior. Abstinence from sexual activity is the only protection that is 100 percent effective against out-of-wedlock pregnancies and sexually-transmitted diseases including HIV/AIDS when transmitted sexually. It is effective, science-based, and empowers teens to achieve optimal health outcomes and avoid risks of sexual activity. We oppose school-based clinics that provide referrals, counseling, and related services for abortion and contraception. We support keeping federal funds from being used in mandatory or universal mental health, psychiatric, or socioemotional screening programs.\nWe applaud America's great teachers, who should be protected against frivolous litigation and should be able to take reasonable actions to maintain discipline and order in the classroom. We support legislation that will correct the current law provision which defines a \"Highly Qualified Teacher\" merely by his or her credentials, not results in the classroom. We urge school districts to make use of teaching talent in business, STEM fields, and in the military, especially among our returning veterans. Rigid tenure systems based on the \"last in, first out\" policy should be replaced with a merit-based approach that can attract fresh talent and dedication to the classroom. All personnel who interact with school children should pass background checks and be held to the highest standards of personal conduct.\nImproving Our Nation's Classrooms\n\nHigher education faces its own challenges, many of which stem from the poor preparation of students before they reach college. One consequence has been the multiplying number of remedial courses for freshmen. Even so, our universities, large and small, public or private, form the world's greatest assemblage of learning. They drive much of the research that keeps America competitive and, by admitting large numbers of foreign students, convey our values and culture to the world.\nIdeological bias is deeply entrenched within the current university system. Whatever the solution in private institutions may be, in State institutions the trustees have a responsibility to the public to ensure that their enormous investment is not abused for political indoctrination. We call on State officials to ensure that our public colleges and universities be places of learning and the exchange of ideas, not zones of intellectual intolerance favoring the Left.\nAddressing Rising College Costs\n\nCollege costs, however, are on an unsustainable trajectory, rising year by year far ahead of overall inflation. Nationwide, student loan debt now exceeds credit card debt, roughly $23,300 for each of the 35,000,000 debtors, taking years to pay off. Over 50 percent of recent college grads are unemployed or underemployed, working at jobs for which their expensive educations gave them no training. It is time to get back to basics and to higher education programs directly related to job opportunities.\nThe first step is to acknowledge the need for change when the status quo is not working. New systems of learning are needed to compete with traditional four-year colleges: expanded community colleges and technical institutions, private training schools, online universities, life-long learning, and work-based learning in the private sector. New models for acquiring advanced skills will be ever more important in the rapidly changing economy of the twenty-first century, especially in science, technology, engineering, and math. Public policy should advance the affordability, innovation, and transparency needed to address all these challenges and to make accessible to everyone the emerging alternatives, with their lower cost degrees, to traditional college attendance.\nFederal student aid is on an unsustainable path, and efforts should be taken to provide families with greater transparency and the information they need to make prudent choices about a student's future: completion rates, repayment rates, future earnings, and other factors that may affect their decisions. The federal government should not be in the business of originating student loans; however, it should serve as an insurance guarantor for the private sector as they offer loans to students. Private sector participation in student financing should be welcomed. Any regulation that drives tuition costs higher must be reevaluated to balance its worth against its negative impact on students and their parents.\nJustice for All: Safe Neighborhoods and Prison Reform\n\nThe most effective forces in reducing crime and other social ills are strong families and caring communities supported by excellent law enforcement. Both reinforce constructive conduct and ethical standards by setting examples and providing safe havens from dangerous and destructive behaviors. But even under the best social circumstances, strong, welltrained law enforcement is necessary to protect us all, and especially the weak and vulnerable, from predators. Our national experience over the last several decades has shown that citizen vigilance, tough but fair prosecutors, meaningful sentences, protection of victims' rights, and limits on judicial discretion can preserve public safety by keeping criminals off the streets.\nLiberals do not understand this simple axiom: criminals behind bars cannot harm the general public. To that end, we support mandatory prison sentencing for gang crimes, violent or sexual offenses against children, repeat drug dealers, rape, robbery and murder. We support a national registry for convicted child murderers. We oppose parole for dangerous or repeat felons. Courts should have the option of imposing the death penalty in capital murder cases.\nIn solidarity with those who protect us, we call for mandatory prison time for all assaults involving serious injury to law enforcement officers. Criminals injured in the course of their crimes should not be able to seek monetary damages from their intended victims or from the public.\nWhile getting criminals off the street is essential, more attention must be paid to the process of restoring those individuals to the community. Prisons should do more than punish; they should attempt to rehabilitate and institute proven prisoner reentry systems to reduce recidivism and future victimization. We endorse State and local initiatives that are trying new approaches, often called accountability courts.\nGovernment at all levels should work with faithbased institutions that have proven track records in diverting young and first time, non-violent offenders from criminal careers, for which we salute them. Their emphasis on restorative justice, to make the victim whole and put the offender on the right path, can give law enforcement the flexibility it needs in dealing with different levels of criminal behavior. We endorse State and local initiatives that are trying new approaches to curbing drug abuse and diverting firsttime offenders to rehabilitation.\nPublic authorities must regain control of their correctional institutions, for we cannot allow prisons to become ethnic or racial battlegrounds. Persons jailed for whatever cause should be protected against cruel or degrading treatment by other inmates. In some cases, the institution of family-friendly policies may curtail prison violence and reduce the rate of recidivism, thus reducing the enormous fiscal and social costs of incarceration. Breaking the cycle of crime begins with the children of those who are prisoners. Deprived of a parent through no fault of their own, these youngsters should be a special concern of our schools, social services, and religious institutions.\nThirty years ago, President Reagan's Task Force on Victims of Crime, calling the neglect of crime victims a \"national disgrace,\" proposed a Constitutional amendment to secure their formal rights. While some progress has been made to rectify that situation, the need for national action still persists in the unacceptable treatment of innocent victims. We call on the States to make it a bipartisan priority to protect the rights of crime victims, who should also be assured of access to social and legal services; and we call on the Congress to make the federal courts a model in this regard for the rest of the country.\nThe resources of the federal government's law enforcement and judicial systems have been strained by two unfortunate expansions: the overcriminalization of behavior and the over-federalization of offenses. The number of criminal offenses in the U.S. Code increased from 3,000 in the early 1980s to over 4,450 by 2008. Federal criminal law should focus on acts by federal employees or acts committed on federal property — and leave the rest to the States. Then Congress should withdraw from federal departments and agencies the power to criminalize behavior, a practice which, according to the Congressional Research Service, has created \"tens of thousands\" of criminal offenses. No one other than an elected representative should have the authority to define a criminal act and set criminal penalties. In the same way, Congress should reconsider the extent to which it has federalized offenses traditionally handled on the State or local level.\n\nWe are the party of peace through strength. Professing American exceptionalism—the conviction that our country holds a unique place and role in human history—we proudly associate ourselves with those Americans of all political stripes who, more than three decades ago in a world as dangerous as today's, came together to advance the cause of freedom. Repudiating the folly of an amateur foreign policy and defying a worldwide Marxist advance, they announced their strategy in the timeless slogan we repeat today: peace through strength—an enduring peace based on freedom and the will to defend it, and American democratic values and the will to promote them. While the twentieth century was undeniably an American century—with strong leadership, adherence to the principles of freedom and democracy our Founders' enshrined in our nation's Declaration of Independence and Constitution, and a continued reliance on Divine Providence—the twenty-first century will be one of American greatness as well.\nToday's adversaries are different, as are their weapons and their ideology, but this remains the same: the unity of Americans, beyond party, in gratitude to those who have defended our country, pursued its attackers to the ends of the earth, and today stand vigilant guard in our cities, on our coasts, and in alien lands. We pledge to our servicemen and women the authority and resources they need to protect the nation and defend America's freedom. Continued vigilance, especially in travel and commerce, is necessary to prevent bioterrorism, cyber terrorism, and other asymmetric or non-traditional warfare attacks and to ensure that the horror of September 11, 2001 is never repeated on our soil.\nOur country and its way of life have enemies both abroad and within our shores. We affirm the need for our military to protect the nation by finding and capturing our enemies and the necessity for the President to have the tools to deal with these threats. As history has sadly shown, even our fellow citizens may rarely become enemies of their country. Nevertheless, our government must continue to ensure the protections under our Constitution to all citizens, particularly the rights of habeas corpus and due process of law.\nHistory proves that the best way to promote peace and prevent costly wars is to ensure that we constantly renew America's economic strength. A healthy American economy is what underwrites and sustains American power. The current Administration is weakening America at home through anemic growth, high unemployment, and record-setting debt. We must therefore rebuild our economy and solve our fiscal crisis. In an American century, America will have the strongest economy and the strongest military in the world.\nThe Current Administration's Failure: Leading From Behind\n\nThe Republican Party is the advocate for a strong national defense as the pathway to peace, economic prosperity, and the protection of those yearning to be free. Since the end of World War II, American military superiority has been the cornerstone of a strategy that seeks to deter aggression or defeat those who threaten our national security interests. In 1981, President Reagan came to office with an agenda of strong American leadership, beginning with a restoration of our country's military strength. The rest is history, written in the rubble of the Berlin Wall and the Iron Curtain.\nWe face a similar challenge today. The current Administration has responded with weakness to some of the gravest threats to our national security this country has faced, including the proliferation of transnational terrorism, continued belligerence by a nuclear-armed North Korea, an Iran in pursuit of nuclear weapons, rising Chinese hegemony in the Asia Pacific region, Russian activism, and threats from cyber espionage and terrorism. In response to these growing threats, President Obama has reduced the defense budget by over $487 billion over the next decade and fought Republican efforts to avoid another $500 billion in automatic budget cuts through a sequestration in early 2013 that will take a meat ax to all major defense programs.\nThe Dangers of A Hollow Force: The Looming Sequestration\nSequestration—which is severe, automatic, across-the-board cuts in defense spending over the next decade—of the nation's military budget would be a disaster for national security, imperiling the safety of our servicemen and women, accelerating the decline of our nation's defense industrial base, and resulting in the layoff of more than 1 million skilled workers. Opposition to sequester is bipartisan; even the current Secretary of Defense has said the cuts will be \"devastating\" to America's military. Yet the current President supported sequestration, signed it into law, and has threatened to veto Republican efforts to prevent it. If he allows an additional half trillion dollars to be cut from the defense budget, America will be left with the smallest ground force since 1940, the smallest number of ships since 1915, and the smallest Air Force in its history—at a time when our Nation faces a growing range of threats to our national security and a struggling economy that can ill afford to lose 1.5 million defense-related jobs.\nLeaks for Political Purposes\nThe current Administration's leaks of classified information have imperiled intelligence assets which are vital to American security. This conduct is contemptible. It betrays our national interest. It compromises our men and women in the field. And it demands a full and prompt investigation by a special counsel. Equally threatening to the long-term strength and safety of our Armed Forces are the current Administration's efforts to sacrifice our national security for political gain and a partisan agenda. We give the current President credit for maintaining his predecessor's quiet determination and planning to bring to justice the man behind the 9/11 attack on America, but he has tolerated publicizing the details of the operation to kill the leader of Al Qaeda; those leaks exposed the tactics and techniques of our Special Operations forces and denied our nation an unprecedented intelligence opportunity. Subsequent leaks by senior Administration officials regarding cyber warfare, the use of drones against Al Qaeda and its operatives, and the targeting of our enemies—unprecedented leaks that compromised key sources and methods and damaged our national security—served the single purpose of propping up the image of a weak President.\nA Failed National Security Strategy\nThe current Administration's most recent National Security Strategy reflects the extreme elements in its liberal domestic coalition. It is a budget-constrained blueprint that, if fully implemented, will diminish the capabilities of our Armed Forces. The strategy significantly increases the risk of future conflict by declaring to our adversaries that we will no longer maintain the forces necessary to fight and win more than one conflict at a time. It relies on the good intentions and capabilities of international organizations to justify constraining American military readiness. Finally, the strategy subordinates our national security interests to environmental, energy, and international health issues, and elevates \"climate change\" to the level of a \"severe threat\" equivalent to foreign aggression. The word \"climate,\" in fact, appears in the current President's strategy more often than Al Qaeda, nuclear proliferation, radical Islam, or weapons of mass destruction. The phrase \"global war on terror\" does not appear at all, and has been purposely avoided and changed by his Administration to \"overseas contingency operations.\"\nConventional Forces in Decline\n\nMore than a century ago, Republican President Theodore Roosevelt predicted that America's future was in the Pacific. That future is here today, but it can develop peacefully only under the shield of American Naval and Air power. Yet the current Administration plans to significantly curtail production of our most advanced combat aircraft, decommission 6 of 60 Air Force tactical squadrons, and eliminate critical air mobility assets, including 27 giant C-5As and 65 C-130s, while divesting the nation of the brand new C-27.\nThe President plans to reduce our naval forces by retiring seven cruisers and slowing work on amphibious ships and attack submarines, further reducing the Navy that already has the smallest fleet since the early years of the twentieth century. And he will reduce ground forces by separating 100,000 soldiers and Marines—many of whom will be discharged after recently returning from combat—and another 100,000 under the sequester.\nThese plans limit our strategic flexibility in an increasingly dangerous world. The current President is repeating the disastrous cuts of the post-Vietnam war era, putting our nation in danger of returning to the \"hollow force\" of the Carter Administration, when the U.S. military was not respected in the world.\nNuclear Forces and Missile Defense Imperiled\n\nWe recognize that the gravest terror threat we face—a nuclear attack made possible by nuclear proliferation—requires a comprehensive strategy for reducing the world's nuclear stockpiles and preventing the spread of those armaments. But the U.S. can lead that effort only if it maintains an effective strategic arsenal at a level sufficient to fulfill its deterrent purposes, a notable failure of the current Administration.\nThe United States is the only nuclear power not modernizing its nuclear stockpile. It took the current Administration just one year to renege on the President's commitment to modernize the neglected infrastructure of the nuclear weapons complex—a commitment made in exchange for approval of the New START treaty. In tandem with this, the current Administration has systematically undermined America's missile defense, abandoning the missile defense bases in Poland and the Czech Republic, reducing the number of planned interceptors in Alaska, and cutting the budget for missile defense. In an embarrassing open microphone discussion with former Russian President Medvedev, the current President made clear that, if he wins a second term, he intends to exercise \"more flexibility\" to appease Russia, which means further undermining our missile defense capabilities. A Republican President will be honest and forthright with the American people about his policies and plans and not whisper promises to authoritarian leaders.\nA strong and effective strategic arsenal is still necessary as a deterrent against competitors like Russia or China. But the danger in this age of asymmetric or non-traditional warfare comes from other quarters as well. With unstable regimes in Iran and North Korea determined to develop nuclear-tipped missiles capable of reaching the United States, with the possibility that a terrorist group could gain control of a nuclear weapon, it is folly to abandon a missile shield for the country.\nA Twenty-First Century Threat: The Cybersecurity Danger\n\nThe frequency, sophistication, and intensity of cyber-related incidents within the United States have increased steadily over the past decade and will continue to do so until it is made clear that a cyber attack against the United States will not be tolerated. The current Administration's cyber security policies have failed to curb malicious actions by our adversaries, and no wonder, for there is no active deterrence protocol. The current deterrence framework is overly reliant on the development of defensive capabilities and has been unsuccessful in dissuading cyber-related aggression. The U.S. cannot afford to risk the cyberequivalent of Pearl Harbor.\nThe government and private sector must work together to address the cyberthreats posed to the United States, help the free flow of information between network managers, and encourage innovation and investment in cybersecurity. The government must do a better job of protecting its own systems, which contain some of the most sensitive data and control some of our most important facilities. As such, we encourage an immediate update of the law that was drafted a decade ago to improve the security of government information systems. Additionally, we must invest in continuing research to develop cutting-edge cybersecurity technologies to protect the U.S. However, we acknowledge that the most effective way of combating potential cybersecurity threats is sharing cyberthreat information between the government and industry, as well as protecting the free flow of information within the private sector.\nThe current Administration's laws and policies undermine what should be a collaborative relationship and put both the government and private entities at a severe disadvantage in proactively identifying potential cyberthreats. The costly and heavy-handed regulatory approach by the current Administration will increase the size and cost of the federal bureaucracy and harm innovation in cybersecurity. The government collects valuable information about potential threats that can and should be shared with private entities without compromising national security. We believe that companies should be free from legal and regulatory barriers that prevent or deter them from voluntarily sharing cyberthreat information with their government partners.\nAn America That Leads: The Republican National Security Strategy for the Future\n\nWe will honor President Reagan's legacy of peace through strength by advancing the most costeffective programs and policies crucial to our national security, including our economic security and fiscal solvency. To do that, we must honestly assess the threats facing this country, and we must be able to articulate candidly to the American people our priorities for the use of taxpayer dollars to address those threats.\nWe must deter any adversary who would attack us or use terror as a tool of government. Every potential enemy must have no doubt that our capabilities, our commitment, and our will to defeat them are clear, unwavering, and unequivocal. We must immediately employ a new blueprint for a National Military Strategy that is based on an informed and validated assessment of the potential threats we face, one that restores as a principal objective the deterrence using the full spectrum of our military capabilities. As Ronald Reagan proved by the victorious conclusion of the Cold War, only our capability to wield overwhelming military power can truly deter the enemies of the United States from threatening our people and our national interests.\nIn order to deter aggression from nation-states, we must maintain military and technical superiority through innovation while upgrading legacy systems including aircraft and armored vehicles. We must deter the threat posed by rogue aggressors with the assurance that justice will be served through state-ofthe-art surveillance, enhanced special operations capabilities, and unmanned aerial systems.\nWe will employ the full range of military and intelligence options to defeat Al Qaeda and its affiliates who threaten not just the West but the community of nations. We will have a comprehensive and just detainee policy that treats those who would attack our nation as enemy combatants. We will accept no arms control agreement that limits our right to self-defense; and we will fully deploy a missile defense shield for the people of the United States and for our allies.\nWe will pursue an effective cybersecurity strategy, supported by the necessary resources, that recognizes the importance of offensive capabilities. Whether it is a nation-state actively probing our national security networks, a terror organization seeking to obtain destructive cyber capabilities, or a criminal network's theft of intellectual property, more must be done to deter, defeat, and respond to cyberthreats.\nWe will restore the morale and advance the capabilities of our intelligence community to ensure that the President and our military leaders are fully informed in an uncertain and increasingly dangerous world. We will restore accountability to ensure that our nation's most sensitive information and activities are protected appropriately.\nThe Department of Defense, like all government agencies, needs to be careful to spend taxpayers' dollars wisely. We will implement sound management policies to ensure the timely, cost-effective delivery of the tools our troops need to fight. We reject Congressional earmarks that put personal and parochial interests ahead of military effectiveness and the best interests of the nation. We recognize the need for, and value of, competition within a robust industrial base to most effectively maximize quality and drive down costs in everything the Department buys.\nSupporting our Troops, Standing By Our Heroes\n\nThe foundation of our military lies in the men and women who wear our country's uniform, whether on active duty or in the Reserves and National Guard, and the families who support them. Under no circumstances will we reveal any secret or detail of a military operation that could put our people into additional harm's way. The members of our military should be treated with the utmost respect and dignity. We reject the use of the military as a platform for social experimentation and will not accept attempts to undermine military priorities and mission readiness.\nConsistent with this commitment, we believe compensation and conditions for our Armed Forces in place at the time military service is initiated should be sufficient to attract and retain quality men and women as we honor our promises and commitments to veterans, retirees, and their families. These shall continue and not be reduced or otherwise diminished while in service, or upon separation, or retirement. The combat readiness of our Armed Forces is the foundation of strength and deterrence. Readiness requires a consistent and sustained investment in the training and re-equipping of our military personnel. We will never assume the risk of reduced readiness, and we can never return to the \"hollow\" forces of the 1970s. Combat readiness also requires that we reserve troops for truly necessary operations by not overextending them around the world.\nWe recognize that drastic cuts to our military's end strength pose severe national security challenges. To avoid the overextension of our forces, we support a larger active force and oppose cuts to the National Guard and Reserves.\nThe all-volunteer force, begun on the watch of Republican Presidents, has carried America to victory from the Caribbean and Central America to the Balkans and Southwest Asia. We oppose the reinstatement of the draft whether directly or through compulsory national service. We support the advancement of women in the military, which has not only opened doors of opportunity for individuals but has also made possible the devoted, and often heroic, services of additional members of every branch of the Armed Forces. We support military women's exemption from direct ground combat units and infantry battalions. We affirm the cultural values that encourage selfless service and superiority in battle, and we oppose anything which might divide or weaken team cohesion, including intra-military special interest demonstrations. We will support an objective and open-minded review of the current Administration's management of military personnel policies and will correct problems with appropriate administrative, legal, or legislative action.\nThe National Guard and Reserves are a fully operational and battle-tested component of our Armed Forces. Many of them have heroically served for multiple deployments resulting in inadequate time between deployments, also known as dwell time. We pledge to maintain their manpower and equipment strength and to ensure their members receive the pay, benefits, and adequate training to continue their service and maintain mission readiness through Presidential leadership and Congressional budget support. Their historic and continuing role as citizensoldiers is a proud tradition linking every community across America to the cause of freedom. We affirm service members' legal right to return to their civilian jobs, whether in government or the private sector, and we urge greater transition assistance to and from employers as they return to the civilian world. Especially in light of the high unemployment rates faced by younger Reserve and Guard members, we salute those employers who have wisely decided that it is a smart and patriotic business decision to hire those who have served above and beyond the call of duty.\nThe spiritual welfare of our troops and retired service members should be a priority of our national leadership. With military suicides running at the rate of one a day, with post-service medical conditions, including addiction and mental illness, and with the financial stress and homelessness that is often related to these factors, there is an urgent need for the kind of counseling that faith-based institutions can best provide. We support rights of conscience and religious freedom for military chaplains and people of faith. A Republican Commander in Chief will protect religious independence of military chaplains and will not tolerate attempts to ban Bibles or religious symbols from military facilities. We will enforce and defend in court the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) in the Armed Forces as well as in the civilian world.\nWe call upon the entire chain of command—from the President and the Secretary of Defense, to base and unit commanders—to ensure that our troops and retired service members, wherever stationed, have the opportunity to vote in the November elections, and that their ballots will be returned in time to be properly counted. Those who fight for and defend freedom around the world must not be disenfranchised.\nRecognizing and Supporting Military Families\nThe families of our military personnel currently serving, retired service members, and veterans must also be assured of the pay, health care, housing, education, and overall support they have earned. We will ensure that the federal government keeps its commitments to those who signed on the dotted line of enlistment with the assurance that those promises would be kept. We must also do more to retain the services of those service members who have borne the fight since 2001.\nWe must acknowledge that as our troops have experienced repeated deployments, so have their families. We are committed to providing programs that offer readjustment information and counseling to our military families, and urge States to offer support for job programs, license reciprocity, one-stop service centers, and education programs to support these families. The nation must also recognize the ultimate sacrifice of survivors and protect their benefits. We will work to protect service members and their families by not overextending their deployments.\nHonoring and Supporting Our Veterans: A Sacred Obligation\nAmerica has a sacred trust with our veterans, and we are committed to providing them and their families with care and dignity. This is particularly true because our nation's warriors are volunteers, who served from a sense of duty. The work of the Department of Veterans Affairs—with a staff of 300,000—is essential to meet our obligations to them: providing health, education, disability, survivor, and home loan benefit services and arranging memorial services upon death. All its branches in those various fields must be made more responsive, moving from an adversarial to an advocacy relationship with veterans. To that end we will consider a fundamental change in structure to make the regional directors of the Department presidential appointees rather than careerists.\nOur wounded warriors, whether still in service or discharged, deserve the best medical care our country can provide. The nature of the fighting in Iraq and Afghanistan has resulted in an unprecedented incidence of traumatic brain injury, loss of limbs, and post-traumatic stress disorder which calls for a new commitment of resources and personnel for its treatment and care to promote recovery. We must make military and veterans' medicine the gold standard for mental health care, advances in prosthetics, and treatment of trauma and eye injuries. We must heed Abraham Lincoln's command \"to care for him who bore the battle.\" To care, as well, for the families of those who have made the ultimate sacrifice, who must be assured of meaningful financial assistance, remains our solemn duty.\nBecause the conditions of warfare have changed dramatically since the war on terror began, today's veterans face new challenges. Asymmetrical or non-traditional warfare results in a high incidence of severe conditions that must receive high priority and call for continued research into prevention and treatment.\nWe are committed to ending homelessness for our veterans. One key is to assist their reentry into the job market as soon as possible after military service ends. A job for a veteran is more than a source of income. It is a new mission, with a new status, and the transition can be difficult. It is a national scandal that veterans are one of the groups with the highest unemployment rates. We urge the private sector to make hiring vets a company policy and commend the many organizations that have specific programs to accomplish this. But the federal government must take the lead by simplifying the paper work required for a tax break for hiring a veteran and by giving vets their assured place at the head of the training and employment line.\nEvery State has an office dealing with veterans. The federal Department needs to consider these as partners in assisting vets, recognizing that those closest to the individual can best diagnose a problem and apply a remedy. This is especially important with regard to the determination of veterans' disability claims. If private insurance companies can deal with car wrecks and hurricanes within weeks or months, it is inexplicable that the federal government takes, on average, a year to process a veteran's claim. We urge immediate action to review the automatic denial of gun ownership to returning members of our Armed Forces who have had representatives appointed to manage their financial affairs.\nSovereign American Leadership in International Organizations\n\nSince the end of World War II, the United States, through the founding of the United Nations and NATO, has participated in a wide range of international organizations which can, but sometimes do not, serve the cause of peace and prosperity. While acting through them, our country must always reserve the right to go its own way. There can be no substitute for principled American leadership.\nThe United Nations remains in dire need of reform, starting with full transparency in the financial operations of its overpaid bureaucrats. As long as its scandal-ridden management continues, as long as some of the world's worst tyrants hold seats on its Human Rights Council, and as long as Israel is treated as a pariah state, the U.N. cannot expect the full support of the American people.\nThe United Nations Population Fund has a shameful record of collaboration with China's program of compulsory abortion. We affirm the Republican Party's long-held position known as the Mexico City Policy, first announced by President Reagan in 1984, which prohibits the granting of federal monies to non-governmental organization that provide or promote abortion.\nUnder our Constitution, treaties become the law of the land. So it is all the more important that the Congress—the Senate through its ratifying power and the House through its appropriating power—shall reject agreements whose long-range impact on the American family is ominous or unclear. These include the U.N. Convention on Women's Rights, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, and the U.N. Arms Trade Treaty as well as the various declarations from the U.N. Conference on Environment and Development. Because of our concern for American sovereignty, domestic management of our fisheries, and our country's long-term energy needs, we have deep reservations about the regulatory, legal, and tax regimes inherent in the Law of the Sea Treaty and congratulate Senate Republicans for blocking its ratification. We strongly reject the U.N. Agenda 21 as erosive of American sovereignty, and we oppose any form of U.N. Global Tax. We oppose any diplomatic efforts that could result in giving the United Nations unprecedented control over the Internet. International regulatory control over the open and free Internet would have disastrous consequences for the United States and the world.\nTo shield members of our Armed Forces and others in service to America from ideological prosecutions overseas, the Republican Party does not accept the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court. We support statutory protection for U.S. personnel and officials as they act abroad to meet our global security requirements.\nProtecting Human Rights\nTo those who stand in the darkness of tyranny, America has always been a beacon of hope, and so it must remain. That is why we strongly support the work of the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom, established by Congressional Republicans to advance the rights of persecuted peoples everywhere. It has been shunted aside by the current Administration at a time when its voice more than ever needs to be heard. Religious minorities across the Middle East are being driven from their ancient homelands, fanaticism leaves its bloody mark on both West and East Africa, and even among America's Western friends and allies, pastors and families are penalized for their religious convictions. A Republican Administration will return the advocacy of religious liberty to a central place in our diplomacy.\nAmerica's Generosity: International Assistance that Makes a Difference\n\nAmericans are the most generous people in the world. Apart from the taxpayer dollars our government donates abroad, our foundations, educational institutions, faith-based groups, and committed men and women of charity devote billions of dollars and volunteer hours every year to help the poor and needy around the world. This effort, along with commercial investment from the private sector, dwarfs the results from official development assistance, most of which is based on an outdated, statist, government-togovernment model, the proven breeding ground for corruption and mismanagement by foreign kleptocrats. Limiting foreign aid spending helps keep taxes lower, which frees more resources in the private and charitable sectors, whose giving tends to be more effective and efficient.\nForeign aid should serve our national interest, an essential part of which is the peaceful development of less advanced and vulnerable societies in critical parts of the world. Assistance should be seen as an alternative means of keeping the peace, far less costly in both dollars and human lives than military engagement. The economic success and political progress of former aid recipients, from Latin America to East Asia, has justified our investment in their future. U.S. aid should be based on the model of the Millennium Challenge Corporation, for which foreign governments must, in effect, compete for the dollars by showing respect for the rule of law, free enterprise, and measurable results. In short, aid money should follow positive outcomes, not pleas for more cash in the same corrupt official pockets.\nThe effectiveness of our foreign aid has been limited by the cultural agenda of the current Administration, attempting to impose on foreign countries, especially the peoples of Africa, legalized abortion and the homosexual rights agenda. At the same time, faith-based groups—the sector that has had the best track record in promoting lasting development—have been excluded from grants because they will not conform to the administration's social agenda. We will reverse this tragic course, encourage more involvement by the most effective aid organizations, and trust developing peoples to build their future from the ground up.\nCombating Human Trafficking\nAs we approach the 150th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation, issued by the first Republican President Abraham Lincoln, we are reminded to be vigilant against human bondage in whatever form it appears. We will use the full force of the law against those who engage in modern-day forms of slavery, including the commercial sexual exploitation of children and the forced labor of men, women, and children. Building on the accomplishments of the last Republican Administration in implementing the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, we call for increased diplomatic efforts with foreign governments to root out complicit public officials who facilitate or perpetrate this evil. We highlight the need for greater scrutiny of overseas labor contractors to prevent the imposition of usurious terms on temporary foreign workers brought to the United States. Our government must address the increasing role of vicious drug cartels and other gangs in controlling human smuggling across our southern border. The principle underlying our Megan's Law—publicizing the identities of known offenders—should be extended to international travel in order to protect innocent children everywhere.\nWe affirm our country's historic tradition of welcoming refugees from troubled lands. In some cases, they are people who stood with us during dangerous times, and they have first call on our hospitality.\nPromoting a Free Marketplace of Ideas: Public Diplomacy\n\nInternational broadcasting of free and impartial information during the Cold War kept truth and hope alive in the Captive Nations. Today, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty and Radio/TV Marti do the same in other lands where freedom is unknown or endangered. We support these essential extensions of American values and culture and urge their expansion in the Middle East. Recognizing the vital role of social media in recent efforts to promote democracy, we support unrestricted access to the Internet throughout the world to advance the free marketplace of ideas.\nStrengthening Ties in the Americas\n\nWe will resist foreign influence in our hemisphere. We thereby seek not only to provide for our own security, but also to create a climate for democracy and self-determination throughout the Americas.\nThe current Administration has turned its back on Latin America, with predictable results. Rather than supporting our democratic allies in the region, the President has prioritized engagement with our enemies in the region. Venezuela represents an increasing threat to U.S. security, a threat which has grown much worse on the current President's watch. In the last three years, Venezuela has become a narcoterrorist state, turning it into an Iranian outpost in the Western hemisphere. The current regime issues Venezuelan passports or visas to thousands of Middle Eastern terrorists offering safe haven to Hezbollah trainers, operatives, recruiters and fundraisers.\nAlternatively, we will stand with the true democracies of the region against both Marxist subversion and the drug lords, helping them to become prosperous alternatives to the collapsing model of Venezuela and Cuba.\nWe affirm our friendship with the People of Cuba and look toward their reunion with the rest of our hemispheric family. The anachronistic regime in Havana which rules them is a mummified relic of the age of totalitarianism, a state-sponsor of terrorism. We reject any dynastic succession of power within the Castro family and affirm the principles codified in U.S. law as conditions for the lifting of trade, travel, and financial sanctions: the legalization of political parties, an independent media, and free and fair internationally-supervised elections. We renew our commitment to Cuba's courageous pro-democracy movement as the protagonists of Cuba's inevitable liberation and democratic future. We call for a dedicated platform for the transmission of Radio and TV Marti and for the promotion of Internet access and circumvention technology as tools to strengthen the pro-democracy movement. We support the work of the Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba and affirm the principles of the Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966, recognizing the rights of Cubans fleeing Communism.\nThe war on drugs and the war on terror have become a single enterprise. We salute our allies in this fight, especially the people of Mexico and Colombia. We propose a unified effort on crime and terrorism to coordinate intelligence and enforcement among our regional allies, as well as military-to-military training and intelligence sharing with Mexico, whose people are bearing the brunt of the drug cartels' savage assault.\nOur Canadian neighbors can count on our close cooperation and respect. As soon as possible, we will reverse the current Administration's blocking of the Keystone XL Pipeline so that both our countries can profit from this vital venture and there will no need for hemispheric oil to be shipped to China.\nAdvancing Hope and Prosperity in Africa\n\nPEPFAR, President George W. Bush's Plan for AIDS Relief, is one of the most successful global health programs in history. It has saved literally millions of lives. Along with the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, another initiative of President Bush, it represents America's humanitarian commitment to the peoples of Africa, though these are only one aspect of our assistance to the nations of that continent. From Peace Corps volunteers teaching in one-room schools to U.S. Seabees building village projects, we will continue to strengthen the personal and commercial ties between our country and African nations.\nWe stand in solidarity with those African countries now under assault by the forces of radical Islam and urge other governments throughout the continent to recognize this threat to them as well. We support closer cooperation in both military and economic matters with those who are under attack by forces which seek our destruction.\nU.S. Leadership in the Asian-Pacific Community\n\nWe are a Pacific nation with economic, military, and cultural ties to all the countries of the oceanic rim, from Australia, the Philippines, and our Freely Associated States in the Pacific Islands to Japan and the Republic of Korea. With them, we look toward the restoration of human rights to the suffering people of North Korea and the fulfillment of their wish to be one in peace and freedom. The U.S. will continue to demand the complete, verifiable, and irreversible dismantlement of North Korea's nuclear weapons programs with a full accounting of its proliferation activities.\nWe celebrate the political and economic development of most of the nations of Southeast Asia. Their example of material progress through hard work and free enterprise, in tandem with greater democracy should encourage their less fortunate neighbors to set aside crippling ideologies and embrace a more humane future. While our relations with Vietnam have improved, and U.S. investment is welcomed, we need unceasing efforts to obtain an accounting for, and repatriation of the remains of, Americans who gave their lives in the cause of Vietnamese freedom. We cannot overlook the continued repression of human rights and religious freedom, as well as retribution against ethnic minorities and others who assisted U.S. forces during the conflict there.\nSouth Asia\n\nWe welcome a stronger relationship with the world's largest democracy, India, both economic and cultural, as well as in terms of national security. We hereby affirm and declare that India is our geopolitical ally and a strategic trading partner. We encourage India to permit greater foreign investment and trade. We urge protection for adherents of all India's religions. Both as Republicans and as Americans, we note with pride the contributions to this country that are being made by our fellow citizens of Indian ancestry.\nThe aftermath of the last decade's conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan has put enormous pressure on the political and military infrastructure of Pakistan, which faces both internal terrorism and external dangers. The working relationship between our two countries is a necessary, though sometimes difficult, benefit to both, and we look toward the renewal of historic ties that have frayed under the weight of international conflict.\nThe imminent withdrawal from Afghanistan of the 30,000 \"surge\" troops sent there two years ago comes weeks before this year's presidential election and against the advice of the current President's top military commanders. Future decisions by a Republican President will never subordinate military necessity to domestic politics or an artificial timetable. Afghans, Pakistanis, and Americans have a common interest in ridding the region of the Taliban and other insurgent groups, but we cannot expect others to remain resolute unless we show the same determination ourselves. We will expect the Afghan government to crackdown on corruption, respect free elections, and assist our fight against the narcotic trade that fuels the insurgency. We must likewise expect the Pakistan government to sever any connection between its security and intelligence forces and the insurgents. No Pakistani citizen should be punished for helping the United States against the terrorists.\nTaiwan\nWe salute the people of Taiwan, a sound democracy and economic model for mainland China. Our relations must continue to be based upon the provisions of the Taiwan Relations Act. America and Taiwan are united in our shared belief in fair elections, personal liberty, and free enterprise. We oppose any unilateral steps by either side to alter the status quo in the Taiwan Straits on the principle that all issues regarding the island's future must be resolved peacefully, through dialogue, and be agreeable to the people of Taiwan. If China were to violate those principles, the U.S., in accord with the Taiwan Relations Act, will help Taiwan defend itself. We praise steps taken by both sides of the Taiwan Strait to reduce tension and strengthen economic ties. As a loyal friend of America, Taiwan has merited our strong support, including free trade agreements status, as well as the timely sale of defensive arms and full participation in the World Health Organization, International Civil Aviation Organization, and other multilateral institutions.\nChina\n\nWe will welcome the emergence of a peaceful and prosperous China, and we will welcome even more the development of a democratic China. Its rulers have discovered that economic freedom leads to national wealth. The next lesson is that political and religious freedom leads to national greatness. The exposure of the Chinese people to our way of life can be the greatest force for change in their country. We should make it easier for the people of China to experience our vibrant democracy and to see for themselves how freedom works. We welcome the increase in trade and education alliances with the U.S. and the opening of Chinese markets to American companies.\nThe Chinese government has engaged in a number of activities that we condemn: China's pursuit of advanced military capabilities without any apparent need; suppression of human rights in Tibet, Xinjiang, and other areas; religious persecution; a barbaric one-child policy involving forced abortion; the erosion of democracy in Hong Kong; and its destabilizing claims in the South China Sea. Our serious trade disputes, especially China's failure to enforce international standards for the protection of intellectual property and copyrights, as well as its manipulation of its currency, call for a firm response from a new Republican Administration.\nEurope\nThe West has been the bulwark of democracy and freedom, providing hope and faith to the oppressed around the globe. Our historic ties to the peoples of Europe have been based on shared culture and values, common interests and goals. Their endurance cannot be taken for granted, especially in light of the continent's economic upheaval and demographic changes. Ensuring the continued vitality of our political alliance with Europe through NATO will require effort and understanding on both sides of the Atlantic. We honor our special relationship with the United Kingdom and appreciate its staunch support for our fight against terrorism worldwide. We thank the several other nations of Europe which have contributed to a united effort in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Libya. Their sacrifice will not soon be forgotten. We are heartened by the ongoing reconciliation in Northern Ireland and hopeful that its success might be replicated in Cyprus.\nRussia\n\nThe heroism—and the suffering—of the people of Russia over the last century demand the world's respect. As our allies in their Great Patriotic War, they lost 28 million fighting Nazism. As our allies in spirit, they ended the Soviet terror that had consumed so many millions more. They deserve our admiration and support as they now seek to reestablish their rich national identity. We do have common imperatives: ending terrorism, combating nuclear proliferation, promoting trade, and more. To advance those causes, we urge the leaders of their government to reconsider the path they have been following: suppression of opposition parties, the press, and institutions of civil society; unprovoked invasion of the Republic of Georgia, alignment with tyrants in the Middle East; and bullying their neighbors while protecting the last Stalinist regime in Belarus. The Russian people deserve better, as we look to their full participation in the ranks of modern democracies.\nRussia should be granted Permanent Normal Trade Relations, but not without sanctions on Russian officials who have used the government to violate human rights. We support enactment of the Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act as a condition of expanded trade relations with Russia.\nOur Unequivocal Support of Israel\nIsrael and the United States are part of the great fellowship of democracies who speak the same language of freedom and justice, and the right of every person to live in peace. The security of Israel is in the vital national security interest of the United States; our alliance is based not only on shared interests, but also shared values. We affirm our unequivocal commitment to Israel's security and will ensure that it maintains a qualitative edge in military technology over any potential adversaries. We support Israel's right to exist as a Jewish state with secure, defensible borders; and we envision two democratic states—Israel with Jerusalem as its capital and Palestine—living in peace and security. For that to happen, the Palestinian people must support leaders who reject terror, embrace the institutions and ethos of democracy, and respect the rule of law. We call on Arab governments throughout the region to help advance that goal. Israel should not be expected to negotiate with entities pledged to her destruction. We call on the new government in Egypt to fully uphold its peace treaty with Israel.\nThe U.S. seeks a comprehensive and lasting peace in the Middle East, negotiated between the parties themselves with the assistance of the U.S., without the imposition of an artificial timetable. Essential to that process will be a just, fair, and realistic framework for dealing with the issues that can be settled on the basis of mutually agreed changes reflecting today's realities as well as tomorrow's hopes.\nThe Challenges of a Changing Middle East\n\nWe recognize the historic nature of the events of the past two years—the Arab Spring—that have unleashed democratic movements leading to the overthrow of dictators who have been menaces to global security for decades. In a season of upheaval, it is necessary to be prepared for anything. That is true on the ground in the Middle East, and it will be equally true in the next Administration, particularly with a new President unbound by the failures of the past. We welcome the aspirations of the Arab peoples and others for greater freedom, and we hope that greater liberty—and with it, a greater chance for peace—will result from the recent turmoil. Many governments in the region have given substantial assistance to the U.S. over the last decade because they understood that our struggle against terror is not an ethnic or religious fight, and that violent extremists are abusers of their faith, not its champions.\nOn the other hand, radical elements like Hamas and Hezbollah must be isolated because they do not meet the standards of peace and diplomacy of the international community. We call for the restoration of Lebanon's independence, which those groups have virtually destroyed. We support the transition to a post-Assad Syrian government that is representative of its people, protects the rights of all minorities and religions, respects the territorial integrity of its neighbors, and contributes to peace and stability in the region. We offer a continuing partnership with the people of Iraq, who have endured extremist terror to now have a chance to build their own security and democracy. We urge special efforts to preserve and protect the ethnic and religious diversity of their nation.\nIran's pursuit of nuclear weapons capability threatens America, Israel, and the world. That threat has only become worse during the current Administration. A continuation of its failed engagement policy with Iran will lead to nuclear cascade. In solidarity with the international community, America must lead the effort to prevent Iran from building and possessing nuclear weapons capability. We express our respect for the people of Iran, who seek peace and aspire to freedom. Their current regime is unworthy of them. It exports terror and provided weapons that killed our troops in Iraq. We affirm the unanimous resolution of the U.S. Senate calling for \"elections that are free, fair, and meet international standards\" and \"a representative and responsive democratic government that respects human rights, civil liberties, and the rule of law.\" We urge the next Republican President to unequivocally assert his support for the Iranian people as they protest their despotic regime. We must retain all options in dealing with a situation that gravely threatens our security, our interests, and the safety of our friends.\nThe Platform Committee\nRepublican National Committee Chairman\nReince Priebus\nChairman\nGovernor Bob McDonnell\nCo-Chairmen\n\nSenator John Hoeven\nCongressman Marsha Blackburn\nSubcommittee Chairs\n\nRestoring the American Dream: Rebuilding the Economy and Creating Jobs\n\nCo-Chairman Jonathan Barnett\nCo-Chairman Lynn Fitch\nCo-Chairman Andy Puzder\nWe The People: A Restoration of Constitutional Government\nCo-Chairman Jim Bopp\nCo-Chairman Jane Timken\nAmerica's Natural Resources: Energy, Agriculture and the Environment\n\nCo-Chairman Mary Dye\nCo-Chairman Ed Whitfield\nReforming Government to Serve the People\nCo-Chairman Jim Cawley\nCo-Chairman Rachel Kemp\nRenewing American Values to Build Healthy Families, Great Schools and Safe Neighborhoods\nCo-Chairman Tom Luna\nCo-Chairman Carolyn McLarty\nCo-Chairman Sam Olens\nAmerican Exceptionalism\n\nCo-Chairman Donna Cain\nCo-Chairman Jim Talent\nCommittee Members\n\nPlatform Staff\nAdministrative Team:\nGregg Edgar, Brian O'Malley, Mallory Loring\nCourt Reporter:\nRaymond Heer III, Alderson Court Reporting\nPolicy Staff\nEconomy Subcommittee\nRestoring Constitutional Government\nSpecial thanks to the following for their valuable insights:\nSpecial thanks to:\nBetsy Ankney, Sara Armstrong, Julia Biebighauser, Tyler Brown, Britt Carter, Brittany Cohan, Cesar deGuzman, Sharon Day, Dirk Eyman, Mike Gilding, Wells Griffith, Bill Harris, Anne Hathaway, Rebecca Heilig, Aly Higgins, Colleen House, Mark Isaacson, Bettina Inclain, Jeff Larson, Jeremy Kenney, Tom Kise, Tory Maguire, James Min, Johanna Persing, Joe Pounder, Ryan Price, Matt Sauvage, Tim Schigel, Sean Spicer, Elizabeth Steil, Bill Steiner, Christine Samuelian, Matt Terrill, Jennifer Voldness, Rick Wiley, Larissa Ziemann and all our volunteers", "Words" -> 29435, "WordCounts" -> <|"the" -> 1801, "and" -> 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"taxpayer" -> 9, "since" -> 9, "school" -> 9, "responsible" -> 9, "relationship" -> 9, "reject" -> 9, "rather" -> 9, "propose" -> 9, "property" -> 9, "progress" -> 9, "prevent" -> 9, "pledge" -> 9, "personnel" -> 9, "pension" -> 9, "past" -> 9, "part" -> 9, "others" -> 9, "number" -> 9, "neighbors" -> 9, "lost" -> 9, "land" -> 9, "Indian" -> 9, "House" -> 9, "history" -> 9, "here" -> 9, "hard" -> 9, "greatest" -> 9, "Government" -> 9, "global" -> 9, "generations" -> 9, "fully" -> 9, "farmers" -> 9, "fair" -> 9, "face" -> 9, "enterprise" -> 9, "East" -> 9, "down" -> 9, "develop" -> 9, "Defense" -> 9, "decisions" -> 9, "critical" -> 9, "courts" -> 9, "consumers" -> 9, "conditions" -> 9, "competition" -> 9, "challenges" -> 9, "billions" -> 9, "beyond" -> 9, "benefit" -> 9, "before" -> 9, "attack" -> 9, "around" -> 9, "aid" -> 9, "workforce" -> 8, "were" -> 8, "welcome" -> 8, "weapons" -> 8, "vision" -> 8, "union" -> 8, "unemployment" -> 8, "twenty-first" -> 8, "true" -> 8, "troops" -> 8, "three" -> 8, "thousands" -> 8, "taxation" -> 8, "such" -> 8, "strengthen" -> 8, "spent" -> 8, "set" -> 8, "Senate" -> 8, "secure" -> 8, "rules" -> 8, "result" -> 8, "repeal" -> 8, "region" -> 8, "reforms" -> 8, "reducing" -> 8, "recent" -> 8, "providing" -> 8, "proven" -> 8, "production" -> 8, "producers" -> 8, "preserve" -> 8, "practice" -> 8, "participation" -> 8, "parents" -> 8, "ownership" -> 8, "Obamacare" -> 8, "nations" -> 8, "meet" -> 8, "may" -> 8, "markets" -> 8, "mandates" -> 8, "making" -> 8, "makes" -> 8, "lower" -> 8, "look" -> 8, "long-term" -> 8, "lives" -> 8, "limit" -> 8, "learning" -> 8, "leaders" -> 8, "labor" -> 8, "Israel" -> 8, "independence" -> 8, "increased" -> 8, "illegal" -> 8, "however" -> 8, "higher" -> 8, "government's" -> 8, "foster" -> 8, "First" -> 8, "entire" -> 8, "engineering" -> 8, "enforce" -> 8, "drug" -> 8, "does" -> 8, "determine" -> 8, "deter" -> 8, "dangerous" -> 8, "credit" -> 8, "created" -> 8, "costly" -> 8, "consent" -> 8, "common" -> 8, "change" -> 8, "cause" -> 8, "back" -> 8, "always" -> 8, "allow" -> 8, "allies" -> 8, "aliens" -> 8, "ago" -> 8, "advanced" -> 8, "additional" -> 8, "action" -> 8, "worldwide" -> 7, "With" -> 7, "When" -> 7, "vote" -> 7, "vital" -> 7, "unsustainable" -> 7, "transparent" -> 7, "too" -> 7, "today's" -> 7, "today" -> 7, "These" -> 7, "teachers" -> 7, "supported" -> 7, "student" -> 7, "strategy" -> 7, "state" -> 7, "standard" -> 7, "severe" -> 7, "several" -> 7, "Rights" -> 7, "Republic" -> 7, "regard" -> 7, "rate" -> 7, "providers" -> 7, "protecting" -> 7, "projects" -> 7, "problems" -> 7, "principle" -> 7, "President's" -> 7, "overseas" -> 7, "options" -> 7, "offer" -> 7, "needed" -> 7, "Middle" -> 7, "matters" -> 7, "mandatory" -> 7, "low-income" -> 7, "lands" -> 7, "judges" -> 7, "itself" -> 7, "intelligence" -> 7, "integrity" -> 7, "increasing" -> 7, "implemented" -> 7, "impact" -> 7, "hope" -> 7, "historic" -> 7, "he" -> 7, "ground" -> 7, "Great" -> 7, "funds" -> 7, "fraud" -> 7, "foundation" -> 7, "failed" -> 7, "EPA" -> 7, "Energy" -> 7, "employers" -> 7, "elected" -> 7, "due" -> 7, "drive" -> 7, "discrimination" -> 7, "democratic" -> 7, "demand" -> 7, "delivery" -> 7, "cuts" -> 7, "culture" -> 7, "crime" -> 7, "continued" -> 7, "condemn" -> 7, "code" -> 7, "clear" -> 7, "cases" -> 7, "By" -> 7, "But" -> 7, "base" -> 7, "ballots" -> 7, "balance" -> 7, "applaud" -> 7, "agenda" -> 7, "age" -> 7, "activist" -> 7, "actions" -> 7, "abroad" -> 7, "workplace" -> 6, "wisely" -> 6, "warfare" -> 6, "War" -> 6, "want" -> 6, "voting" -> 6, "value" -> 6, "unions" -> 6, "understand" -> 6, "U.N." -> 6, "trust" -> 6, "Trade" -> 6, "throughout" -> 6, "threaten" -> 6, "there" -> 6, "technological" -> 6, "taken" -> 6, "strongly" -> 6, "stem" -> 6, "sovereignty" -> 6, "size" -> 6, "shown" -> 6, "shared" -> 6, "serve" -> 6, "Russia" -> 6, "review" -> 6, "rest" -> 6, "requirement" -> 6, "representative" -> 6, "Reform" -> 6, "Reagan" -> 6, "readiness" -> 6, "pursuit" -> 6, "proper" -> 6, "problem" -> 6, "priority" -> 6, "presidential" -> 6, "ports" -> 6, "poor" -> 6, "platform" -> 6, "permanent" -> 6, "peoples" -> 6, "parties" -> 6, "office" -> 6, "North" -> 6, "nearly" -> 6, "natural" -> 6, "missile" -> 6, "mental" -> 6, "Members" -> 6, "massive" -> 6, "Marriage" -> 6, "Many" -> 6, "low" -> 6, "litigation" -> 6, "legislative" -> 6, "legacy" -> 6, "largest" -> 6, "known" -> 6, "Its" -> 6, "inflation" -> 6, "income" -> 6, "immigration" -> 6, "identity" -> 6, "honor" -> 6, "homes" -> 6, "hand" -> 6, "had" -> 6, "guarantee" -> 6, "growing" -> 6, "Governors" -> 6, "God-given" -> 6, "giving" -> 6, "given" -> 6, "give" -> 6, "get" -> 6, "fundamental" -> 6, "fund" -> 6, "forward" -> 6, "form" -> 6, "far" -> 6, "expanded" -> 6, "Every" -> 6, "ever" -> 6, "Europe" -> 6, "equal" -> 6, "endorse" -> 6, "early" -> 6, "Dream" -> 6, "determined" -> 6, "deny" -> 6, "dealing" -> 6, "data" -> 6, "cyber" -> 6, "cultural" -> 6, "Court" -> 6, "countries" -> 6, "companies" -> 6, "Commission" -> 6, "Chinese" -> 6, "changes" -> 6, "changed" -> 6, "chance" -> 6, "central" -> 6, "build" -> 6, "basis" -> 6, "ban" -> 6, "average" -> 6, "assist" -> 6, "approval" -> 6, "another" -> 6, "alternatives" -> 6, "alone" -> 6, "allowed" -> 6, "agreements" -> 6, "after" -> 6, "affordable" -> 6, "advances" -> 6, "accountability" -> 6, "abuse" -> 6, "able" -> 6, "ability" -> 6, "young" -> 5, "worst" -> 5, "worse" -> 5, "World" -> 5, "working" -> 5, "worker" -> 5, "whose" -> 5, "victims" -> 5, "valuable" -> 5, "using" -> 5, "unreasonable" -> 5, "Under" -> 5, "uncertainty" -> 5, "truly" -> 5, "total" -> 5, "together" -> 5, "Today's" -> 5, "ties" -> 5, "though" -> 5, "therefore" -> 5, "thereby" -> 5, "themselves" -> 5, "telecommunications" -> 5, "technologies" -> 5, "Tax" -> 5, "Supporting" -> 5, "strategic" -> 5, "spirit" -> 5, "situation" -> 5, "Since" -> 5, "significant" -> 5, "shall" -> 5, "serious" -> 5, "seniors" -> 5, "sacrifice" -> 5, "retirement" -> 5, "retain" -> 5, "requires" -> 5, "requirements" -> 5, "replace" -> 5, "renew" -> 5, "related" -> 5, "regime" -> 5, "regarding" -> 5, "receive" -> 5, "rapidly" -> 5, "range" -> 5, "ranchers" -> 5, "raise" -> 5, "purposes" -> 5, "protected" -> 5, "promoting" -> 5, "products" -> 5, "powers" -> 5, "positive" -> 5, "Policy" -> 5, "pending" -> 5, "path" -> 5, "partnerships" -> 5, "partnership" -> 5, "particularly" -> 5, "Pacific" -> 5, "oil" -> 5, "often" -> 5, "offenses" -> 5, "obligations" -> 5, "No" -> 5, "nature" -> 5, "Nations" -> 5, "mortgage" -> 5, "moral" -> 5, "medicine" -> 5, "math" -> 5, "manage" -> 5, "living" -> 5, "levels" -> 5, "lawsuits" -> 5, "lack" -> 5, "know" -> 5, "key" -> 5, "keeping" -> 5, "Iraq" -> 5, "Iran" -> 5, "intellectual" -> 5, "institution" -> 5, "initiatives" -> 5, "include" -> 5, "impose" -> 5, "Homeownership" -> 5, "hiring" -> 5, "her" -> 5, "half" -> 5, "Guard" -> 5, "good" -> 5, "go" -> 5, "Future" -> 5, "From" -> 5, "Freedom" -> 5, "follow" -> 5, "faith-based" -> 5, "failure" -> 5, "expensive" -> 5, "example" -> 5, "ethnic" -> 5, "ethical" -> 5, "established" -> 5, "entitlement" -> 5, "enemies" -> 5, "empower" -> 5, "employment" -> 5, "employees" -> 5, "employee" -> 5, "election" -> 5, "elderly" -> 5, "duty" -> 5, "drugs" -> 5, "done" -> 5, "disabilities" -> 5, "cybersecurity" -> 5, "crucial" -> 5, "cost-effective" -> 5, "corporate" -> 5, "consumer" -> 5, "congressional" -> 5, "comprehensive" -> 5, "competitive" -> 5, "college" -> 5, "closest" -> 5, "bureaucracy" -> 5, "building" -> 5, "Budget" -> 5, "bring" -> 5, "borrowers" -> 5, "block" -> 5, "being" -> 5, "behavior" -> 5, "attempts" -> 5, "assured" -> 5, "aspects" -> 5, "Asia" -> 5, "appropriate" -> 5, "apply" -> 5, "And" -> 5, "An" -> 5, "amount" -> 5, "amendment" -> 5, "advocate" -> 5, "active" -> 5, "80" -> 5, "$1" -> 4, "youngsters" -> 4, "younger" -> 4, "XL" -> 4, "written" -> 4, "whom" -> 4, "whole" -> 4, "wherever" -> 4, "whatever" -> 4, "West" -> 4, "wealth" -> 4, "ways" -> 4, "Wall" -> 4, "wages" -> 4, "violence" -> 4, "violate" -> 4, "very" -> 4, "various" -> 4, "universities" -> 4, "unborn" -> 4, "Twenty-First" -> 4, "turn" -> 4, "trying" -> 4, "travel" -> 4, "transmission" -> 4, "transition" -> 4, "tools" -> 4, "took" -> 4, "times" -> 4, "timely" -> 4, "threatens" -> 4, "threatening" -> 4, "threatened" -> 4, "things" -> 4, "There" -> 4, "terms" -> 4, "Tenth" -> 4, "temporary" -> 4, "technical" -> 4, "talent" -> 4, "taking" -> 4, "successful" -> 4, "subdivisions" -> 4, "strongest" -> 4, "Strategy" -> 4, "stop" -> 4, "step" -> 4, "South" -> 4, "sources" -> 4, "source" -> 4, "sometimes" -> 4, "Social" -> 4, "smallest" -> 4, "skills" -> 4, "shield" -> 4, "sexual" -> 4, "served" -> 4, "scope" -> 4, "same-sex" -> 4, "said" -> 4, "Russian" -> 4, "returning" -> 4, "restructure" -> 4, "restoration" -> 4, "Reserve" -> 4, "requiring" -> 4, "Religious" -> 4, "religion" -> 4, "Relations" -> 4, "relations" -> 4, "record" -> 4, "reach" -> 4, "Radio" -> 4, "quo" -> 4, "Qaeda" -> 4, "purchase" -> 4, "provision" -> 4, "provides" -> 4, "protections" -> 4, "Protection" -> 4, "prosperous" -> 4, "promises" -> 4, "proliferation" -> 4, "present" -> 4, "practices" -> 4, "poverty" -> 4, "position" -> 4, "planning" -> 4, "Pipeline" -> 4, "parts" -> 4, "particular" -> 4, "outdated" -> 4, "outcomes" -> 4, "operations" -> 4, "official" -> 4, "off" -> 4, "November" -> 4, "move" -> 4, "Moreover" -> 4, "More" -> 4, "mission" -> 4, "minorities" -> 4, "might" -> 4, "matter" -> 4, "malpractice" -> 4, "Mae" -> 4, "Mac" -> 4, "line" -> 4, "likely" -> 4, "light" -> 4, "Liberty" -> 4, "legitimate" -> 4, "left" -> 4, "led" -> 4, "leaks" -> 4, "leads" -> 4, "leader" -> 4, "Labor" -> 4, "Korea" -> 4, "Keystone" -> 4, "Justice" -> 4, "justice" -> 4, "Just" -> 4, "join" -> 4, "Jobs" -> 4, "issues" -> 4, "investments" -> 4, "intended" -> 4, "innocent" -> 4, "informed" -> 4, "industries" -> 4, "industrial" -> 4, "Independence" -> 4, "increasingly" -> 4, "imposing" -> 4, "immigrants" -> 4, "immediate" -> 4, "ideas" -> 4, "ideals" -> 4, "Human" -> 4, "honest" -> 4, "highest" -> 4, "helping" -> 4, "Healthcare" -> 4, "Health" -> 4, "harm" -> 4, "guard" -> 4, "guarantees" -> 4, "grown" -> 4, "grants" -> 4, "granting" -> 4, "governmental" -> 4, "goals" -> 4, "George" -> 4, "generation" -> 4, "gas" -> 4, "functions" -> 4, "fuel" -> 4, "Free" -> 4, "Freddie" -> 4, "four" -> 4, "forms" -> 4, "formerly" -> 4, "Forest" -> 4, "Force" -> 4, "following" -> 4, "fields" -> 4, "field" -> 4, "fellow" -> 4, "federalism" -> 4, "FDA" -> 4, "Fannie" -> 4, "Families" -> 4, "facing" -> 4, "faces" -> 4, "exports" -> 4, "experience" -> 4, "expect" -> 4, "expansion" -> 4, "everyone" -> 4, "EPA's" -> 4, "Ensuring" -> 4, "enforcing" -> 4, "encourages" -> 4, "enactment" -> 4, "embrace" -> 4, "eliminate" -> 4, "Education" -> 4, "Economy" -> 4, "earth" -> 4, "during" -> 4, "dreams" -> 4, "document" -> 4, "disability" -> 4, "directly" -> 4, "dire" -> 4, "dignity" -> 4, "different" -> 4, "Development" -> 4, "developing" -> 4, "deterrence" -> 4, "determination" -> 4, "destruction" -> 4, "designed" -> 4, "deserve" -> 4, "deployments" -> 4, "dependence" -> 4, "depend" -> 4, "Democratic" -> 4, "democracies" -> 4, "demands" -> 4, "defensive" -> 4, "defeat" -> 4, "decision" -> 4, "decade" -> 4, "deal" -> 4, "cut" -> 4, "currently" -> 4, "currency" -> 4, "creating" -> 4, "counseling" -> 4, "corruption" -> 4, "correct" -> 4, "cooperation" -> 4, "contrast" -> 4, "conservation" -> 4, "conscience" -> 4, "conflict" -> 4, "conduct" -> 4, "condition" -> 4, "competitiveness" -> 4, "Committee" -> 4, "commercial" -> 4, "commerce" -> 4, "come" -> 4, "College" -> 4, "collapse" -> 4, "classroom" -> 4, "citizen" -> 4, "choose" -> 4, "child" -> 4, "Century" -> 4, "caring" -> 4, "cap" -> 4, "burdens" -> 4, "brought" -> 4, "Both" -> 4, "big" -> 4, "ballot" -> 4, "away" -> 4, "assume" -> 4, "assert" -> 4, "assault" -> 4, "approximately" -> 4, "anything" -> 4, "already" -> 4, "allows" -> 4, "Al" -> 4, "agricultural" -> 4, "aggressively" -> 4, "aggression" -> 4, "again" -> 4, "Africa" -> 4, "Afghanistan" -> 4, "adversaries" -> 4, "advancement" -> 4, "adoption" -> 4, "adequate" -> 4, "actually" -> 4, "activity" -> 4, "act" -> 4, "acknowledge" -> 4, "accountable" -> 4, "2001" -> 4, "yet" -> 3, "works" -> 3, "Western" -> 3, "welcomed" -> 3, "weak" -> 3, "vulnerable" -> 3, "votes" -> 3, "volunteers" -> 3, "voice" -> 3, "visas" -> 3, "vigilance" -> 3, "view" -> 3, "vets" -> 3, "Venezuela" -> 3, "until" -> 3, "university" -> 3, "undermining" -> 3, "undermined" -> 3, "undermine" -> 3, "underfunded" -> 3, "ultimate" -> 3, "twentieth" -> 3, "truth" -> 3, "tribes" -> 3, "treaty" -> 3, "treaties" -> 3, "treated" -> 3, "transportation" -> 3, "tradition" -> 3, "track" -> 3, "tough" -> 3, "Today" -> 3, "Those" -> 3, "third" -> 3, "Then" -> 3, "terrorist" -> 3, "territories" -> 3, "tens" -> 3, "teens" -> 3, "task" -> 3, "supports" -> 3, "superiority" -> 3, "suicide" -> 3, "sufficiently" -> 3, "sufficient" -> 3, "substantial" -> 3, "subject" -> 3, "structural" -> 3, "stronger" -> 3, "streets" -> 3, "Street" -> 3, "stimulus" -> 3, "still" -> 3, "statutory" -> 3, "stands" -> 3, "stable" -> 3, "stability" -> 3, "spur" -> 3, "spectrum" -> 3, "specific" -> 3, "Special" -> 3, "space" -> 3, "soon" -> 3, "solutions" -> 3, "solution" -> 3, "solidarity" -> 3, "Small" -> 3, "skilled" -> 3, "single" -> 3, "similar" -> 3, "significantly" -> 3, "show" -> 3, "short" -> 3, "shift" -> 3, "sharing" -> 3, "share" -> 3, "serving" -> 3, "seriously" -> 3, "separation" -> 3, "Secretary" -> 3, "secondary" -> 3, "schooling" -> 3, "savings" -> 3, "sanctity" -> 3, "safeguard" -> 3, "run" -> 3, "Rule" -> 3, "roads" -> 3, "road" -> 3, "rising" -> 3, "Rico" -> 3, "reverse" -> 3, "retirees" -> 3, "retired" -> 3, "resulting" -> 3, "restructuring" -> 3, "restoring" -> 3, "responsive" -> 3, "responsibilities" -> 3, "response" -> 3, "resource" -> 3, "Reserves" -> 3, "represents" -> 3, "Representatives" -> 3, "representatives" -> 3, "repeat" -> 3, "renewed" -> 3, "reliance" -> 3, "reliable" -> 3, "regulate" -> 3, "Reforming" -> 3, "reforming" -> 3, "reformed" -> 3, "reduction" -> 3, "reduced" -> 3, "reconsider" -> 3, "realities" -> 3, "Reagan's" -> 3, "radical" -> 3, "putting" -> 3, "pursue" -> 3, "Puerto" -> 3, "publicly" -> 3, "Public" -> 3, "prudent" -> 3, "Prosperity" -> 3, "promotes" -> 3, "productivity" -> 3, "productive" -> 3, "product" -> 3, "procedures" -> 3, "prison" -> 3, "priorities" -> 3, "price" -> 3, "prevention" -> 3, "preventing" -> 3, "powerful" -> 3, "Postal" -> 3, "playing" -> 3, "Platform" -> 3, "perform" -> 3, "percentage" -> 3, "People" -> 3, "penalty" -> 3, "penalties" -> 3, "patient" -> 3, "passed" -> 3, "partisan" -> 3, "parental" -> 3, "overall" -> 3, "Over" -> 3, "outside" -> 3, "Organization" -> 3, "organization" -> 3, "option" -> 3, "opposition" -> 3, "Opportunity" -> 3, "opportunities" -> 3, "opinion" -> 3, "operate" -> 3, "One" -> 3, "old" -> 3, "offenders" -> 3, "non-traditional" -> 3, "non-partisan" -> 3, "New" -> 3, "neighborhoods" -> 3, "NASA" -> 3, "multiple" -> 3, "moving" -> 3, "movement" -> 3, "moved" -> 3, "monetary" -> 3, "modernizing" -> 3, "modernize" -> 3, "minimum" -> 3, "Military" -> 3, "Mexico" -> 3, "methods" -> 3, "marketplace" -> 3, "manner" -> 3, "man" -> 3, "maintaining" -> 3, "mainstream" -> 3, "loss" -> 3, "lose" -> 3, "long-range" -> 3, "longer" -> 3, "loans" -> 3, "live" -> 3, "lines" -> 3, "limits" -> 3, "likewise" -> 3, "lending" -> 3, "legislators" -> 3, "leave" -> 3, "least" -> 3, "leading" -> 3, "Law" -> 3, "large" -> 3, "language" -> 3, "laboratories" -> 3, "kept" -> 3, "keeps" -> 3, "justify" -> 3, "jurisdiction" -> 3, "judiciary" -> 3, "judicial" -> 3, "Jim" -> 3, "involving" -> 3, "invest" -> 3, "intervention" -> 3, "Interstate" -> 3, "Instead" -> 3, "insist" -> 3, "innovators" -> 3, "innovative" -> 3, "innovations" -> 3, "innovate" -> 3, "India" -> 3, "independent" -> 3, "includes" -> 3, "improvement" -> 3, "illness" -> 3, "II" -> 3, "However" -> 3, "Honoring" -> 3, "holds" -> 3, "hold" -> 3, "highway" -> 3, "Highly" -> 3, "highly" -> 3, "helped" -> 3, "healthy" -> 3, "healthier" -> 3, "growers" -> 3, "greatness" -> 3, "goods" -> 3, "God" -> 3, "Global" -> 3, "getting" -> 3, "generous" -> 3, "GDP" -> 3, "gave" -> 3, "gains" -> 3, "Fund" -> 3, "friends" -> 3, "Founders" -> 3, "formation" -> 3, "focus" -> 3, "few" -> 3, "feasible" -> 3, "factors" -> 3, "factor" -> 3, "facilities" -> 3, "extraordinary" -> 3, "exporters" -> 3, "exploration" -> 3, "exploitation" -> 3, "expedite" -> 3, "expected" -> 3, "existing" -> 3, "exchange" -> 3, "establish" -> 3, "era" -> 3, "Environment" -> 3, "entrepreneurship" -> 3, "entitlements" -> 3, "entities" -> 3, "enshrined" -> 3, "enough" -> 3, "engagement" -> 3, "engage" -> 3, "ends" -> 3, "ending" -> 3, "endanger" -> 3, "encouraged" -> 3, "enacting" -> 3, "enacted" -> 3, "enable" -> 3, "elites" -> 3, "elements" -> 3, "effectively" -> 3, "effect" -> 3, "educational" -> 3, "economically" -> 3, "earned" -> 3, "dues" -> 3, "dramatic" -> 3, "drafted" -> 3, "dollar" -> 3, "District" -> 3, "diseases" -> 3, "discouraging" -> 3, "discipline" -> 3, "disastrous" -> 3, "disadvantage" -> 3, "Disabilities" -> 3, "Depression" -> 3, "denied" -> 3, "Democrats" -> 3, "define" -> 3, "deficit" -> 3, "decline" -> 3, "death" -> 3, "day" -> 3, "cyberthreats" -> 3, "cutting" -> 3, "Current" -> 3, "Cuba" -> 3, "criminals" -> 3, "crimes" -> 3, "court" -> 3, "course" -> 3, "counted" -> 3, "Council" -> 3, "Costs" -> 3, "corporations" -> 3, "Corporation" -> 3, "coordinated" -> 3, "Convention" -> 3, "contribute" -> 3, "continuing" -> 3, "continues" -> 3, "Consumer" -> 3, "consultation" -> 3, "construction" -> 3, "constitutions" -> 3, "constant" -> 3, "concerns" -> 3, "concern" -> 3, "concept" -> 3, "compete" -> 3, "commitments" -> 3, "commission" -> 3, "comes" -> 3, "combating" -> 3, "combat" -> 3, "Columbia" -> 3, "colleges" -> 3, "coal" -> 3, "close" -> 3, "climate" -> 3, "class" -> 3, "claims" -> 3, "civilian" -> 3, "Civil" -> 3, "city's" -> 3, "cities" -> 3, "circumstances" -> 3, "chronic" -> 3, "choices" -> 3, "China's" -> 3, "checks" -> 3, "challenged" -> 3, "challenge" -> 3, "Chairman" -> 3, "chain" -> 3, "centers" -> 3, "cells" -> 3, "celebrate" -> 3, "Carter" -> 3, "cartels" -> 3, "carried" -> 3, "card" -> 3, "capability" -> 3, "Canadian" -> 3, "campaigns" -> 3, "came" -> 3, "calls" -> 3, "bureaucratic" -> 3, "burden" -> 3, "built" -> 3, "builds" -> 3, "borrowing" -> 3, "borders" -> 3, "border" -> 3, "blueprint" -> 3, "blocking" -> 3, "bloated" -> 3, "bills" -> 3, "bill" -> 3, "beliefs" -> 3, "belief" -> 3, "behind" -> 3, "begun" -> 3, "beginning" -> 3, "barriers" -> 3, "banks" -> 3, "bankruptcy" -> 3, "bailouts" -> 3, "available" -> 3, "automatic" -> 3, "audit" -> 3, "attract" -> 3, "attention" -> 3, "attempt" -> 3, "attacked" -> 3, "At" -> 3, "assurance" -> 3, "assisted" -> 3, "Assistance" -> 3, "assets" -> 3, "artificial" -> 3, "areas" -> 3, "Arab" -> 3, "appointing" -> 3, "Any" -> 3, "antiquated" -> 3, "annually" -> 3, "amnesty" -> 3, "alternative" -> 3, "along" -> 3, "almost" -> 3, "alike" -> 3, "Alaska" -> 3, "Air" -> 3, "AIDS" -> 3, "ahead" -> 3, "Agriculture" -> 3, "Agreements" -> 3, "aging" -> 3, "Against" -> 3, "afford" -> 3, "affects" -> 3, "affect" -> 3, "advantage" -> 3, "Advancing" -> 3, "adoptions" -> 3, "administrators" -> 3, "addition" -> 3, "acts" -> 3, "Accounts" -> 3, "accounting" -> 3, "account" -> 3, "accept" -> 3, "abundant" -> 3, "2012" -> 3, "you" -> 2, "Yet" -> 2, "year's" -> 2, "worth" -> 2, "worsen" -> 2, "Work" -> 2, "words" -> 2, "woman" -> 2, "withholding" -> 2, "withhold" -> 2, "withdrawal" -> 2, "wish" -> 2, "wise" -> 2, "winners" -> 2, "Whether" -> 2, "welcoming" -> 2, "weight" -> 2, "weeks" -> 2, "weaken" -> 2, "waterways" -> 2, "watch" -> 2, "waste" -> 2, "warriors" -> 2, "wants" -> 2, "walk" -> 2, "vouchers" -> 2, "Voter" -> 2, "voluntarily" -> 2, "vitality" -> 2, "virtually" -> 2, "virtual" -> 2, "violent" -> 2, "vigorously" -> 2, "vigor" -> 2, "vigilant" -> 2, "viewed" -> 2, "Victims" -> 2, "vibrant" -> 2, "Veterans" -> 2, "veteran" -> 2, "verify" -> 2, "verifies" -> 2, "verification" -> 2, "vast" -> 2, "Values" -> 2, "USDA" -> 2, "urban" -> 2, "upheaval" -> 2, "update" -> 2, "unwarranted" -> 2, "unnecessary" -> 2, "Unlike" -> 2, "unlike" -> 2, "Unless" -> 2, "unleashed" -> 2, "universal" -> 2, "unity" -> 2, "united" -> 2, "unit" -> 2, "unique" -> 2, "uniform" -> 2, "unfunded" -> 2, "unequivocal" -> 2, "understanding" -> 2, "undermines" -> 2, "uncertain" -> 2, "unacceptable" -> 2, "tyrants" -> 2, "tyranny" -> 2, "TV" -> 2, "turned" -> 2, "tuition" -> 2, "truths" -> 2, "Trust" -> 2, "troubled" -> 2, "tried" -> 2, "tribe" -> 2, "tremendous" -> 2, "Treaty" -> 2, "treatments" -> 2, "Transportation" -> 2, "trainees" -> 2, "tragic" -> 2, "Trafficking" -> 2, "trafficking" -> 2, "traffic" -> 2, "traditionally" -> 2, "top" -> 2, "tool" -> 2, "Tom" -> 2, "tolerated" -> 2, "timetable" -> 2, "thwart" -> 2, "thus" -> 2, "Through" -> 2, "Threat" -> 2, "theirs" -> 2, "theft" -> 2, "thanks" -> 2, "terrorists" -> 2, "territorial" -> 2, "terminate" -> 2, "term" -> 2, "tends" -> 2, "team" -> 2, "teaching" -> 2, "targeted" -> 2, "tape" -> 2, "tandem" -> 2, "symbols" -> 2, "sustained" -> 2, "sustainable" -> 2, "survival" -> 2, "surveillance" -> 2, "surplus" -> 2, "Supreme" -> 2, "suppression" -> 2, "supply" -> 2, "supplies" -> 2, "super-majority" -> 2, "suing" -> 2, "suffer" -> 2, "Such" -> 2, "succeed" -> 2, "substitute" -> 2, "subsidize" -> 2, "subsidies" -> 2, "subordinates" -> 2, "Subcommittee" -> 2, "studies" -> 2, "struggling" -> 2, "struggle" -> 2, "stress" -> 2, "Strengthening" -> 2, "street" -> 2, "stifling" -> 2, "steps" -> 2, "STEM" -> 2, "stationed" -> 2, "stark" -> 2, "Staff" -> 2, "square" -> 2, "Space" -> 2, "sooner" -> 2, "someone" -> 2, "solving" -> 2, "solve" -> 2, "solemn" -> 2, "sole" -> 2, "soil" -> 2, "societies" -> 2, "smaller" -> 2, "slogan" -> 2, "situations" -> 2, "simply" -> 2, "simple" -> 2, "signed" -> 2, "sides" -> 2, "shortage" -> 2, "ships" -> 2, "shelter" -> 2, "sex" -> 2, "setting" -> 2, "servicemen" -> 2, "sequestration" -> 2, "sequester" -> 2, "sensitive" -> 2, "sense" -> 2, "senior" -> 2, "senatorial" -> 2, "Senator" -> 2, "self-reliance" -> 2, "selfgovernment" -> 2, "self-determination" -> 2, "seeks" -> 2, "seeking" -> 2, "sectors" -> 2, "Section" -> 2, "secret" -> 2, "Second" -> 2, "second" -> 2, "Sea" -> 2, "screening" -> 2, "scientific" -> 2, "Scholarship" -> 2, "saving" -> 2, "saved" -> 2, "save" -> 2, "sanctions" -> 2, "sales" -> 2, "Safe" -> 2, "sacrifices" -> 2, "Sacred" -> 2, "sacred" -> 2, "Ryan" -> 2, "rural" -> 2, "roaring" -> 2, "risks" -> 2, "Right-to-Work" -> 2, "rich" -> 2, "rewards" -> 2, "reverence" -> 2, "revenues" -> 2, "returned" -> 2, "retiring" -> 2, "rethink" -> 2, "retained" -> 2, "resulted" -> 2, "restraint" -> 2, "Restoring" -> 2, "Restoration" -> 2, "responded" -> 2, "respects" -> 2, "respected" -> 2, "Respect" -> 2, "resolution" -> 2, "resist" -> 2, "residents" -> 2, "reserves" -> 2, "Reserve's" -> 2, "reserved" -> 2, "reserve" -> 2, "reservations" -> 2, "Research" -> 2, "required" -> 2, "replacing" -> 2, "repeatedly" -> 2, "repeated" -> 2, "renewing" -> 2, "renewal" -> 2, "removing" -> 2, "remove" -> 2, "remedy" -> 2, "remedial" -> 2, "remake" -> 2, "religions" -> 2, "Relief" -> 2, "relationships" -> 2, "Reining" -> 2, "rein" -> 2, "Regulatory" -> 2, "regulating" -> 2, "regulated" -> 2, "registration" -> 2, "regional" -> 2, "regimes" -> 2, "refusing" -> 2, "refuses" -> 2, "reflect" -> 2, "referendum" -> 2, "reentry" -> 2, "red" -> 2, "recreational" -> 2, "recovery" -> 2, "records" -> 2, "Recognizing" -> 2, "recognizing" -> 2, "recognizes" -> 2, "recidivism" -> 2, "recess" -> 2, "receives" -> 2, "Rebuilding" -> 2, "rebuild" -> 2, "reasonable" -> 2, "reason" -> 2, "realistic" -> 2, "real" -> 2, "reaffirm" -> 2, "ready" -> 2, "reading" -> 2, "ratification" -> 2, "ranks" -> 2, "raising" -> 2, "railroad" -> 2, "rail" -> 2, "quiet" -> 2, "quarter" -> 2, "purpose" -> 2, "purchasing" -> 2, "pupils" -> 2, "punitive" -> 2, "public-private" -> 2, "provisions" -> 2, "provided" -> 2, "prosecution" -> 2, "proposing" -> 2, "proposals" -> 2, "properly" -> 2, "promotion" -> 2, "projections" -> 2, "projected" -> 2, "Project" -> 2, "prohibit" -> 2, "program—an" -> 2, "Program" -> 2, "produced" -> 2, "pro-democracy" -> 2, "Private" -> 2, "Privacy" -> 2, "principal" -> 2, "primary" -> 2, "pride" -> 2, "preventive" -> 2, "pressures" -> 2, "Preserving" -> 2, "presence" -> 2, "prepared" -> 2, "pregnancy" -> 2, "preferences" -> 2, "preeminence" -> 2, "predictable" -> 2, "predictability" -> 2, "predators" -> 2, "practical" -> 2, "possess" -> 2, "posed" -> 2, "portion" -> 2, "portability" -> 2, "pornography" -> 2, "population" -> 2, "poorly" -> 2, "pollution" -> 2, "politicians" -> 2, "plan" -> 2, "plague" -> 2, "places" -> 2, "pick" -> 2, "Persons" -> 2, "persons" -> 2, "permitted" -> 2, "permits" -> 2, "permit" -> 2, "Perhaps" -> 2, "performance" -> 2, "per" -> 2, "Pension" -> 2, "peacefully" -> 2, "peaceful" -> 2, "patriotism" -> 2, "Patients" -> 2, "patents" -> 2, "passing" -> 2, "Party's" -> 2, "partners" -> 2, "partner" -> 2, "participating" -> 2, "participate" -> 2, "paper" -> 2, "Pakistan" -> 2, "package" -> 2, "oversight" -> 2, "overreaching" -> 2, "overly" -> 2, "overhead" -> 2, "overextending" -> 2, "ourselves" -> 2, "otherwise" -> 2, "originally" -> 2, "origin" -> 2, "organizing" -> 2, "oppression" -> 2, "operatives" -> 2, "operational" -> 2, "operation" -> 2, "opened" -> 2, "On" -> 2, "offers" -> 2, "offering" -> 2, "offender" -> 2, "Of" -> 2, "obtain" -> 2, "obligation" -> 2, "objectives" -> 2, "objective" -> 2, "numbers" -> 2, "nothing" -> 2, "Nor" -> 2, "newborns" -> 2, "networks" -> 2, "network" -> 2, "neither" -> 2, "Neighborhoods" -> 2, "negotiated" -> 2, "neglected" -> 2, "neglect" -> 2, "needy" -> 2, "necessity" -> 2, "NATO" -> 2, "Natives" -> 2, "Nation's" -> 2, "Nation" -> 2, "mutual" -> 2, "murder" -> 2, "multilateral" -> 2, "mortgages" -> 2, "months" -> 2, "modern" -> 2, "mobile" -> 2, "missions" -> 2, "minerals" -> 2, "middle" -> 2, "met" -> 2, "merit" -> 2, "merely" -> 2, "memory" -> 2, "member" -> 2, "media" -> 2, "meddling" -> 2, "measures" -> 2, "measure" -> 2, "meaningful" -> 2, "McDonnell" -> 2, "maximize" -> 2, "Matt" -> 2, "Marxist" -> 2, "Marti" -> 2, "Marsha" -> 2, "mark" -> 2, "manufacturing" -> 2, "managed" -> 2, "malfeasance" -> 2, "Making" -> 2, "majority" -> 2, "maintenance" -> 2, "maintains" -> 2, "mail" -> 2, "loyal" -> 2, "losers" -> 2, "longest" -> 2, "loan" -> 2, "Living" -> 2, "little" -> 2, "literacy" -> 2, "linked" -> 2, "limiting" -> 2, "limited" -> 2, "lifting" -> 2, "lift" -> 2, "life-saving" -> 2, "lifeblood" -> 2, "liberties" -> 2, "liberal" -> 2, "let" -> 2, "lenders" -> 2, "Leadership" -> 2, "launching" -> 2, "Latin" -> 2, "later" -> 2, "lasting" -> 2, "larger" -> 2, "landowners" -> 2, "kind" -> 2, "kill" -> 2, "K-12" -> 2, "Judiciary" -> 2, "Judicial" -> 2, "journey" -> 2, "John" -> 2, "job-killing" -> 2, "Job" -> 2, "Jefferson's" -> 2, "James" -> 2, "issued" -> 2, "Israel's" -> 2, "isolation" -> 2, "Islam" -> 2, "IRS" -> 2, "irresponsible" -> 2, "Iranian" -> 2, "involvement" -> 2, "investors" -> 2, "investigation" -> 2, "intolerance" -> 2, "internet-based" -> 2, "instrument" -> 2, "institutional" -> 2, "inspired" -> 2, "injury" -> 2, "initiated" -> 2, "inherent" -> 2, "Infrastructure" -> 2, "Inflation" -> 2, "infirm" -> 2, "infant" -> 2, "inevitable" -> 2, "ineffective" -> 2, "Individuals" -> 2, "indebtedness" -> 2, "inclusion" -> 2, "included" -> 2, "incidence" -> 2, "incentives" -> 2, "inaugural" -> 2, "inadequate" -> 2, "improvements" -> 2, "improved" -> 2, "imposition" -> 2, "imposed" -> 2, "imports" -> 2, "importance" -> 2, "implementing" -> 2, "implement" -> 2, "Immigration" -> 2, "immigrant" -> 2, "immediately" -> 2, "ignored" -> 2, "ideological" -> 2, "IDEA" -> 2, "I" -> 2, "hydraulic" -> 2, "hurts" -> 2, "hurt" -> 2, "hundreds" -> 2, "humane" -> 2, "Housing" -> 2, "hours" -> 2, "hopes" -> 2, "Hope" -> 2, "Honest" -> 2, "homelessness" -> 2, "homelands" -> 2, "homebuyers" -> 2, "hollow" -> 2, "Hoeven" -> 2, "historical" -> 2, "him" -> 2, "high-speed" -> 2, "Higher" -> 2, "Hezbollah" -> 2, "heritage" -> 2, "hemispheric" -> 2, "hemisphere" -> 2, "helps" -> 2, "held" -> 2, "heed" -> 2, "Heaven" -> 2, "heart" -> 2, "heard" -> 2, "headed" -> 2, "having" -> 2, "haven" -> 2, "harvesting" -> 2, "Guaranty" -> 2, "grow" -> 2, "group" -> 2, "gravest" -> 2, "grave" -> 2, "granted" -> 2, "grant" -> 2, "Governor" -> 2, "governing" -> 2, "governance" -> 2, "girls" -> 2, "Getting" -> 2, "generate" -> 2, "General" -> 2, "general" -> 2, "gangs" -> 2, "gang" -> 2, "gambling" -> 2, "gain" -> 2, "Furthermore" -> 2, "further" -> 2, "function" -> 2, "fulfill" -> 2, "frozen" -> 2, "friendly" -> 2, "fresh" -> 2, "fraudulent" -> 2, "framework" -> 2, "Framers" -> 2, "fracturing" -> 2, "Fourth" -> 2, "Founding" -> 2, "foundations" -> 2, "fought" -> 2, "fosters" -> 2, "former" -> 2, "forced" -> 2, "footing" -> 2, "folly" -> 2, "followed" -> 2, "flow" -> 2, "flexible" -> 2, "flag" -> 2, "fixed" -> 2, "firms" -> 2, "finding" -> 2, "financing" -> 2, "fighting" -> 2, "FHA" -> 2, "fertilizer" -> 2, "Fed's" -> 2, "Federalism" -> 2, "favored" -> 2, "Fathers" -> 2, "farms" -> 2, "farm" -> 2, "family-friendly" -> 2, "failures" -> 2, "Failure" -> 2, "fail" -> 2, "facilitate" -> 2, "faced" -> 2, "extremely" -> 2, "extent" -> 2, "extension" -> 2, "explosion" -> 2, "experimentation" -> 2, "experienced" -> 2, "expectations" -> 2, "exercise" -> 2, "exemption" -> 2, "Excessive" -> 2, "exceptions" -> 2, "everywhere" -> 2, "events" -> 2, "event" -> 2, "Even" -> 2, "euthanasia" -> 2, "essence" -> 2, "equivalent" -> 2, "envision" -> 2, "environment" -> 2, "entry" -> 2, "entrepreneurial" -> 2, "entrenched" -> 2, "entirety" -> 2, "enrollment" -> 2, "enrolled" -> 2, "English" -> 2, "enemy" -> 2, "enduring" -> 2, "endangers" -> 2, "endangered" -> 2, "enact" -> 2, "enabled" -> 2, "empowers" -> 2, "employ" -> 2, "emphasis" -> 2, "emergencies" -> 2, "embryos" -> 2, "embryonic" -> 2, "elsewhere" -> 2, "elementary" -> 2, "electronic" -> 2, "Electoral" -> 2, "effects" -> 2, "effectiveness" -> 2, "Economic" -> 2, "earnings" -> 2, "eager" -> 2, "each" -> 2, "duties" -> 2, "Drug" -> 2, "driving" -> 2, "drives" -> 2, "dramatically" -> 2, "downturn" -> 2, "downsizing" -> 2, "dominated" -> 2, "Domestic" -> 2, "DOMA" -> 2, "Dodd-Frank" -> 2, "dividends" -> 2, "divide" -> 2, "diverting" -> 2, "diverted" -> 2, "diversified" -> 2, "disenfranchised" -> 2, "discharged" -> 2, "disaster" -> 2, "disadvantaged" -> 2, "disabled" -> 2, "direct" -> 2, "diplomatic" -> 2, "diplomacy" -> 2, "difficult" -> 2, "difference" -> 2, "devoted" -> 2, "devices" -> 2, "device" -> 2, "deterrent" -> 2, "destructive" -> 2, "destroyed" -> 2, "Despite" -> 2, "design" -> 2, "dependency" -> 2, "Department's" -> 2, "denial" -> 2, "demographic" -> 2, "deliver" -> 2, "degrees" -> 2, "degradation" -> 2, "defines" -> 2, "deficits" -> 2, "defiance" -> 2, "defended" -> 2, "deduction" -> 2, "dedication" -> 2, "dedicated" -> 2, "declare" -> 2, "Declaration" -> 2, "decent" -> 2, "D.C." -> 2, "days" -> 2, "Davis-Bacon" -> 2, "danger" -> 2, "damages" -> 2, "cyberthreat" -> 2, "cyber-related" -> 2, "curtail" -> 2, "Cuba's" -> 2, "crisis" -> 2, "crippling" -> 2, "Criminal" -> 2, "Creation" -> 2, "Creating" -> 2, "creates" -> 2, "Courts" -> 2, "courses" -> 2, "courageous" -> 2, "corrupt" -> 2, "Corps" -> 2, "core" -> 2, "convictions" -> 2, "contributions" -> 2, "contributed" -> 2, "contracting" -> 2, "Continuing" -> 2, "continuation" -> 2, "continent" -> 2, "context" -> 2, "contain" -> 2, "consistent" -> 2, "conservative" -> 2, "Conservation" -> 2, "conscientious" -> 2, "conjunction" -> 2, "Congressman" -> 2, "Congresses" -> 2, "congratulate" -> 2, "conform" -> 2, "conducted" -> 2, "concerned" -> 2, "compulsory" -> 2, "complicated" -> 2, "complete" -> 2, "competing" -> 2, "commend" -> 2, "Commander" -> 2, "command" -> 2, "Cold" -> 2, "Co-Chair" -> 2, "Coast" -> 2, "closely" -> 2, "clean" -> 2, "City" -> 2, "citizenship" -> 2, "citizen's" -> 2, "Choice" -> 2, "Child" -> 2, "Chief" -> 2, "chief" -> 2, "check" -> 2, "charity" -> 2, "charged" -> 2, "character" -> 2, "chaplains" -> 2, "changing" -> 2, "certainty" -> 2, "certain" -> 2, "centralizing" -> 2, "cell" -> 2, "causes" -> 2, "catastrophic" -> 2, "carefully" -> 2, "careers" -> 2, "career" -> 2, "Care" -> 2, "car" -> 2, "capable" -> 2, "calling" -> 2, "called" -> 2, "Bush" -> 2, "bureaucrats" -> 2, "Building" -> 2, "budgetary" -> 2, "broad" -> 2, "bridges" -> 2, "branches" -> 2, "bounty" -> 2, "bottom" -> 2, "Born" -> 2, "boost" -> 2, "Bob" -> 2, "block-granting" -> 2, "Blackburn" -> 2, "birth" -> 2, "bipartisan" -> 2, "Bill" -> 2, "bigotry" -> 2, "Big" -> 2, "Beyond" -> 2, "Better" -> 2, "Benefit" -> 2, "believes" -> 2, "battle" -> 2, "basics" -> 2, "bases" -> 2, "barbaric" -> 2, "bar" -> 2, "bankrupt" -> 2, "Balancing" -> 2, "Balanced" -> 2, "bailout" -> 2, "bail" -> 2, "avoiding" -> 2, "authorized" -> 2, "authorization" -> 2, "attend" -> 2, "attacks" -> 2, "asymmetric" -> 2, "assure" -> 2, "assisting" -> 2, "asset" -> 2, "assaults" -> 2, "aspirations" -> 2, "aspect" -> 2, "aside" -> 2, "arsenal" -> 2, "Arms" -> 2, "arms" -> 2, "approaches" -> 2, "appointment" -> 2, "applied" -> 2, "appears" -> 2, "anyone" -> 2, "answer" -> 2, "annual" -> 2, "announced" -> 2, "analysis" -> 2, "Americas" -> 2, "ambition" -> 2, "allowing" -> 2, "alliances" -> 2, "alliance" -> 2, "airports" -> 2, "aircraft" -> 2, "air" -> 2, "agriculture" -> 2, "Agricultural" -> 2, "agreement" -> 2, "agree" -> 2, "aggressive" -> 2, "agency" -> 2, "aftermath" -> 2, "After" -> 2, "African" -> 2, "affirms" -> 2, "Affirming" -> 2, "affirming" -> 2, "affairs" -> 2, "aerospace" -> 2, "aerial" -> 2, "advocates" -> 2, "advocacy" -> 2, "adversely" -> 2, "advancing" -> 2, "adult" -> 2, "adoptive" -> 2, "administration's" -> 2, "adjustment" -> 2, "adherence" -> 2, "added" -> 2, "actual" -> 2, "activism" -> 2, "acting" -> 2, "across-the-board" -> 2, "achieved" -> 2, "accurate" -> 2, "accounts" -> 2, "according" -> 2, "accordance" -> 2, "accomplishments" -> 2, "academic" -> 2, "abstinence" -> 2, "absolutely" -> 2, "Abraham" -> 2, "above" -> 2, "8" -> 2, "47" -> 2, "33" -> 2, "30,000" -> 2, "21" -> 2, "2011" -> 2, "2010" -> 2, "2009" -> 2, "2008" -> 2, "20" -> 2, "1996" -> 2, "11" -> 2, "100,000" -> 2, "1" -> 2, "$7.2" -> 1, "$66" -> 1, "$550" -> 1, "$5.3" -> 1, "$520" -> 1, "$500" -> 1, "$50" -> 1, "$487" -> 1, "$47" -> 1, "$37" -> 1, "$3.6" -> 1, "$23,300" -> 1, "$200" -> 1, "$2" -> 1, "$18" -> 1, "$1.75" -> 1, "$16" -> 1, "$15.9" -> 1, "$150,000" -> 1, "$137" -> 1, "$10,000" -> 1, "$100" -> 1, "zones" -> 1, "Zone" -> 1, "zip" -> 1, "Ziemann" -> 1, "youth" -> 1, "Younger" -> 1, "years—the" -> 1, "years—disastrously" -> 1, "year-round" -> 1, "yearning" -> 1, "Xinjiang" -> 1, "WTO's" -> 1, "writings" -> 1, "write-downs" -> 1, "wrecks" -> 1, "wreckage" -> 1, "wounded" -> 1, "wound" -> 1, "Worst" -> 1, "world-class" -> 1, "work-site" -> 1, "Workplace" -> 1, "Workforce" -> 1, "work-based" -> 1, "word" -> 1, "wonder" -> 1, "Women's" -> 1, "women's" -> 1, "woefully" -> 1, "witnessed" -> 1, "Without" -> 1, "Within" -> 1, "withdrawn" -> 1, "withdraw" -> 1, "wishes" -> 1, "wisdom" -> 1, "Wire" -> 1, "wins" -> 1, "win" -> 1, "willing" -> 1, "Wiley" -> 1, "wildlife" -> 1, "wildfires" -> 1, "wields" -> 1, "wield" -> 1, "widening" -> 1, "wide" -> 1, "Who" -> 1, "Whitfield" -> 1, "whisper" -> 1, "whims" -> 1, "Whatever" -> 1, "What" -> 1, "went" -> 1, "welltrained" -> 1, "Wells" -> 1, "well-intentioned" -> 1, "well-earned" -> 1, "wellbeing" -> 1, "well-being" -> 1, "weigh" -> 1, "weather" -> 1, "wear" -> 1, "weapon" -> 1, "weakness" -> 1, "weakening" -> 1, "wastewater" -> 1, "wastes" -> 1, "wasteful" -> 1, "wasted" -> 1, "Washington—particularly" -> 1, "Washington's" -> 1, "wars" -> 1, "warring" -> 1, "warning" -> 1, "warned" -> 1, "wards" -> 1, "waning" -> 1, "waivers" -> 1, "waiver" -> 1, "waiting" -> 1, "Wages" -> 1, "wage" -> 1, "W." -> 1, "voters" -> 1, "voted" -> 1, "Vote" -> 1, "volunteer" -> 1, "Voldness" -> 1, "volatility" -> 1, "voices" -> 1, "visit" -> 1, "visionary" -> 1, "Vision" -> 1, "Virginia" -> 1, "violations" -> 1, "violation" -> 1, "violating" -> 1, "violated" -> 1, "vindicates" -> 1, "village" -> 1, "vigorous" -> 1, "views" -> 1, "Vietnamese" -> 1, "Vietnam" -> 1, "video" -> 1, "victory" -> 1, "victorious" -> 1, "victories" -> 1, "Victimized" -> 1, "victimization" -> 1, "victim" -> 1, "vicious" -> 1, "viable" -> 1, "veto" -> 1, "veterans—have" -> 1, "veteran's" -> 1, "vessels" -> 1, "version" -> 1, "verified" -> 1, "Verification" -> 1, "verifiable" -> 1, "verdict" -> 1, "ventures" 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1, "tenure" -> 1, "tension" -> 1, "Ten" -> 1, "ten" -> 1, "telescopes" -> 1, "Telecommunications" -> 1, "Telecom" -> 1, "telecom" -> 1, "technology—the" -> 1, "Technology" -> 1, "techniques" -> 1, "tear" -> 1, "Team" -> 1, "teaches" -> 1, "Teacher" -> 1, "taxpayers—and" -> 1, "Taxpayers" -> 1, "Taxpayer" -> 1, "Taxes" -> 1, "taxed" -> 1, "Task" -> 1, "targeting" -> 1, "tapped" -> 1, "talk" -> 1, "Taliban" -> 1, "talents" -> 1, "Talent" -> 1, "Taking" -> 1, "takes" -> 1, "tag" -> 1, "tactics" -> 1, "tactical" -> 1, "Table" -> 1, "systemic" -> 1, "systematically" -> 1, "Systematic" -> 1, "systematic" -> 1, "System" -> 1, "Syrian" -> 1, "Symbol" -> 1, "symbol" -> 1, "switch" -> 1, "sweetheart" -> 1, "sustenance" -> 1, "sustains" -> 1, "sustain" -> 1, "survivors" -> 1, "survivor" -> 1, "survives" -> 1, "survive" -> 1, "surveys" -> 1, "surrender" -> 1, "surpass—NASA's" -> 1, "surpass" -> 1, "surgeons" -> 1, "surge" -> 1, "surest" -> 1, "supporting" -> 1, "Support" -> 1, "supply—is" -> 1, 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"parochial" -> 1, "Parkinson's" -> 1, "parity" -> 1, "pariah" -> 1, "Parents" -> 1, "parenting" -> 1, "parent" -> 1, "par" -> 1, "paperwork" -> 1, "papers" -> 1, "panel" -> 1, "Panama" -> 1, "Palestinian" -> 1, "Palestine—living" -> 1, "Pakistanis" -> 1, "Pakistani" -> 1, "pain-capable" -> 1, "pain" -> 1, "paid" -> 1, "pact" -> 1, "packaging" -> 1, "packages—commonly" -> 1, "owners" -> 1, "owner's" -> 1, "overwhelmingly" -> 1, "overwhelming" -> 1, "overwhelmed" -> 1, "over-utilize" -> 1, "overthrow" -> 1, "overstay" -> 1, "overspent" -> 1, "overseen" -> 1, "overregulation" -> 1, "over-regulation" -> 1, "overreach" -> 1, "overpromised" -> 1, "overpaid" -> 1, "overlook" -> 1, "overhauled" -> 1, "over-federalization" -> 1, "overextension" -> 1, "overestimating" -> 1, "overdue" -> 1, "overcriminalization" -> 1, "overcome" -> 1, "out—and" -> 1, "outraged" -> 1, "outpost" -> 1, "out-of-wedlock" -> 1, "out-ofdate" -> 1, "Out-of-Control" -> 1, "outlook" -> 1, "outlays" -> 1, "ours" -> 1, "OSHA's" -> 1, "originating" -> 1, "originate" -> 1, "Organizations" -> 1, "orders" -> 1, "ordering" -> 1, "ordered" -> 1, "Order" -> 1, "ordained" -> 1, "optimize" -> 1, "optimistic" -> 1, "optimal" -> 1, "oppressed" -> 1, "Opposition" -> 1, "opposite" -> 1, "opposing" -> 1, "Opportunities" -> 1, "opportunistic" -> 1, "Operations" -> 1, "operates" -> 1, "open-minded" -> 1, "openly" -> 1, "opening" -> 1, "open-ended" -> 1, "Open" -> 1, "onto" -> 1, "on-thejob" -> 1, "online" -> 1, "ongoing" -> 1, "onevote" -> 1, "one-stop" -> 1, "one-size-fits-all" -> 1, "one-sixth" -> 1, "ones" -> 1, "one's" -> 1, "one-room" -> 1, "one-person" -> 1, "one-party" -> 1, "one-child" -> 1, "once" -> 1, "ominous" -> 1, "O'Malley" -> 1, "Olens" -> 1, "older" -> 1, "Old" -> 1, "of—not" -> 1, "offices" -> 1, "officers" -> 1, "offered" -> 1, "offensive" -> 1, "offense" -> 1, "offenders—should" -> 1, "oceanic" -> 1, "occurring" -> 1, "occurred" -> 1, "obtained" -> 1, "obstetricians" -> 1, "observing" -> 1, "obscenity" -> 1, "Obligation" -> 1, "obeyed" -> 1, "obesity" -> 1, "Obama" -> 1, "oath" -> 1, "nutrition" -> 1, "nursing" -> 1, "Numerous" -> 1, "numerous" -> 1, "nuclear-tipped" -> 1, "nuclear-armed" -> 1, "Nuclear" -> 1, "nowhere" -> 1, "Now" -> 1, "notoriously" -> 1, "notions" -> 1, "notion" -> 1, "notice" -> 1, "Nothing" -> 1, "note" -> 1, "notable" -> 1, "Northern" -> 1, "northeast" -> 1, "norms" -> 1, "Normal" -> 1, "nor" -> 1, "non-violent" -> 1, "non-territorial" -> 1, "nonpartisan" -> 1, "non-litigation" -> 1, "non-intrusive" -> 1, "non-governmental" -> 1, "non-economic" -> 1, "non-discrimination" -> 1, "non-disabled" -> 1, "nonconsensual" -> 1, "non-consensual" -> 1, "nominations" -> 1, "NLRB" -> 1, "Ninth" -> 1, "nineteenth" -> 1, "Nine" -> 1, "nightmare" -> 1, "newcomers" -> 1, "Nevertheless" -> 1, "neutrality" -> 1, "neuroscience" -> 1, "network's" -> 1, "networking" -> 1, "net" -> 1, "neighborhoods—to" -> 1, "negotiations" -> 1, "negotiation" -> 1, "negotiate" -> 1, "negative" -> 1, "Need" -> 1, "necessarily" -> 1, "near-retiree" -> 1, "nearing" -> 1, "Nazism" -> 1, "Navy" -> 1, "navigable" -> 1, "Naval" -> 1, "naval" -> 1, "Natural" -> 1, "Native" -> 1, "Nationwide" -> 1, "nationwide" -> 1, "nation-states" -> 1, "nation-state" -> 1, "nationally" -> 1, "Nationality" -> 1, "narcotic" -> 1, "narcoterrorist" -> 1, "name" -> 1, "mutually" -> 1, "murderers" -> 1, "mummified" -> 1, "multi-stakeholder" -> 1, "multiplying" -> 1, "multigenerational" -> 1, "multi-family" -> 1, "movements" -> 1, "motivation" -> 1, "mother" -> 1, "Most" -> 1, "mortal" -> 1, "moreover" -> 1, "moratorium" -> 1, "morality" -> 1, "morale" -> 1, "Moon" -> 1, "monthly" -> 1, "monitoring" -> 1, "monies" -> 1, "Monetary" -> 1, "moments" -> 1, "modest" -> 1, "Modernizing" -> 1, "Modernization" -> 1, "modern-day" -> 1, "moderateincome" -> 1, "models" -> 1, "modeling" -> 1, "mockery" -> 1, "mobility" -> 1, "Mitt" -> 1, "missiles" -> 1, "Missile" -> 1, "misrule" -> 1, "mismatched" -> 1, "mismanagement" -> 1, "misconduct" -> 1, "misappropriate" -> 1, "misalignment" -> 1, "minority" -> 1, "mining" -> 1, "Minimum" -> 1, "minimizing" -> 1, "miners" -> 1, "mind" -> 1, "Min" -> 1, "Millions" -> 1, "Millennium" -> 1, "military-to-military" -> 1, "military's" -> 1, "Mike" -> 1, "Mifeprex" -> 1, "middle-income" -> 1, "microphone" -> 1, "micromanage" -> 1, "micro" -> 1, "method" -> 1, "metals" -> 1, "metallic" -> 1, "merited" -> 1, "merit-based" -> 1, "Merit" -> 1, "mentality" -> 1, "menaces" -> 1, "memorial" -> 1, "membership" -> 1, "Megan's" -> 1, "meets" -> 1, "Medvedev" -> 1, "Medicaid's" -> 1, "mechanism" -> 1, "meat" -> 1, "measurements" -> 1, "measurable" -> 1, "Meanwhile" -> 1, "meant" -> 1, "Means" -> 1, "meaning" -> 1, "McLarty" -> 1, "maze" -> 1, "May" -> 1, "maximum" -> 1, "mathematics" -> 1, "material" -> 1, "match" -> 1, "mass" -> 1, "Mary" -> 1, "marrying" -> 1, "married" -> 1, "Marketplace" -> 1, "Market" -> 1, "marked" -> 1, "Mark" -> 1, "Maritime" -> 1, "Marines—many" -> 1, "margins" -> 1, "marginal" -> 1, "Marcellus" -> 1, "manufacturers" -> 1, "manual" -> 1, "manpower" -> 1, "man-made" -> 1, "manipulation" -> 1, "manipulates" -> 1, "managing" -> 1, "managers" -> 1, "Mallory" -> 1, "malicious" -> 1, "Malaria" -> 1, "Makes" -> 1, "Maintaining" -> 1, "mainland" -> 1, "Main" -> 1, "mail-processing" -> 1, "mailed" -> 1, "Maguire" -> 1, "Magnitsky" -> 1, "Madison" -> 1, "made-in-Washington" -> 1, "Lynn" -> 1, "Luna" -> 1, "lumped" -> 1, "lumbered" -> 1, "Luddite" -> 1, "loyalty" -> 1, "lowincome" -> 1, "lowest" -> 1, "lowers" -> 1, "Lowering" -> 1, "Lower" -> 1, "lowand" -> 1, "losses" -> 1, "Loring" -> 1, "lords" -> 1, "loose" -> 1, "Looming" -> 1, "looming" -> 1, "long-held" -> 1, "longevity" -> 1, "log-jam—the" -> 1, "locally" -> 1, "lived" -> 1, "literally" -> 1, "listening" -> 1, "linking" -> 1, "Lincoln's" -> 1, "Lincoln" -> 1, "Limiting" -> 1, "limitations" -> 1, "Limit" -> 1, "limbs" -> 1, "Like" -> 1, "lifestyle—smoking" -> 1, "lifestyles" -> 1, "lifestyle" -> 1, "lifesaving" -> 1, "life's" -> 1, "life-long" -> 1, "lifelines" -> 1, "life-and-death" -> 1, "Life" -> 1, "lies" -> 1, "licensed" -> 1, "license" -> 1, "Libya" -> 1, "liberty—and" -> 1, "liberation" -> 1, "Liberals" -> 1, "liberalism" -> 1, "liability—without" -> 1, "liability" -> 1, "liabilities" -> 1, "levees" -> 1, "letting" -> 1, "lethal" -> 1, "Let" -> 1, "lessons—cooperation" -> 1, "lesson" -> 1, "lessens" -> 1, "lessened" -> 1, "lens" -> 1, "lender" -> 1, "legislatures" -> 1, "Legislation" -> 1, "legally" -> 1, "legalized" -> 1, "legalization" -> 1, "Legal" -> 1, "leftist" -> 1, "Left" -> 1, "Lebanon's" -> 1, "leaving" -> 1, "leaves" -> 1, "Leaks" -> 1, "Leads" -> 1, "Leading" -> 1, "layoff" -> 1, "lay" -> 1, "Law—publicizing" -> 1, "lawfully" -> 1, "lawful" -> 1, "laundering" -> 1, "latter" -> 1, "latest" -> 1, "Lastly" -> 1, "Larson" -> 1, "Larissa" -> 1, "largely" -> 1, "languages" -> 1, "landing" -> 1, "landholdings" -> 1, "Lacey" -> 1, "labyrinth" -> 1, "labor-intensive" -> 1, "lab" -> 1, "Korea's" -> 1, "Kong" -> 1, "knows" -> 1, "knowledge" -> 1, "Knowing" -> 1, "know-how" -> 1, "kleptocrats" -> 1, "Kise" -> 1, "Kingdom" -> 1, "kilowatts" -> 1, "killing" -> 1, "killers" -> 1, "killed" -> 1, "kids" -> 1, "Key" -> 1, "Kenney" -> 1, "Kemp" -> 1, "Keep" -> 1, "justifies" -> 1, "justified" -> 1, "justices" -> 1, "jurists" -> 1, "jurisdictions" -> 1, "jumpstart" -> 1, "Julia" -> 1, "judicious" -> 1, "Judeo-Christian" -> 1, "Jonathan" -> 1, "Johanna" -> 1, "Joe" -> 1, "job-producing" -> 1, "jobcrippling" -> 1, "job-creating" -> 1, "Jewish" -> 1, "Jerusalem" -> 1, "Jeremy" -> 1, "Jennifer" -> 1, "Jeff" -> 1, "Japan" -> 1, "Jane" -> 1, "jailed" -> 1, "isolated" -> 1, "isn't" -> 1, "Islands" -> 1, "island's" -> 1, "Isaacson" -> 1, "irreversible" -> 1, "Iron" -> 1, "Ireland" -> 1, "Iran's" -> 1, "involve" -> 1, "invitation" -> 1, "Investment" -> 1, "investigate" -> 1, "invested" -> 1, "invents" -> 1, "inventory" -> 1, "inventors" -> 1, "invasion" -> 1, "invalid" -> 1, "intrusion" -> 1, "introduction" -> 1, "introduced" -> 1, "introduce" -> 1, "intra-military" -> 1, "intimately" -> 1, "interstate" -> 1, "interpreting" -> 1, "interpret" -> 1, "internet" -> 1, "internationally-supervised" -> 1, "internationally" -> 1, "internal" -> 1, "intergovernmental" -> 1, "interfering" -> 1, "interference" -> 1, "interfere" -> 1, "intercity" -> 1, "interceptors" -> 1, "interact" -> 1, "intentions" -> 1, "intentionally" -> 1, "intention" -> 1, "intensity" -> 1, "intends" -> 1, "Integrity" -> 1, "integrated" -> 1, "intact" -> 1, "insurgents" -> 1, "insurgent" -> 1, "insurgency" -> 1, "insured" -> 1, "insulated" -> 1, "instruments" -> 1, "institutions—most" -> 1, "institute" -> 1, "instead" -> 1, "instate" -> 1, "instances" -> 1, "inspire" -> 1, "insights" -> 1, "insidious" -> 1, "inquiry" -> 1, "inmates" -> 1, "inland" -> 1, "injuries" -> 1, "injured" -> 1, "injunctions" -> 1, "initiative" -> 1, "inimical" -> 1, "inherited" -> 1, "inherit" -> 1, "infringed" -> 1, "influence" -> 1, "inflexible" -> 1, "infantry" -> 1, "Infant" -> 1, "inexplicable" -> 1, "ineptitude" -> 1, "inept" -> 1, "inefficiencies" -> 1, "ineffectual" -> 1, "Ineffective" -> 1, "induction" -> 1, "indoctrination" -> 1, "Individual" -> 1, "indispensable" -> 1, "India's" -> 1, "Indeed" -> 1, "indeed" -> 1, "increases" -> 1, "incomes" -> 1, "incomeadjusted" -> 1, "Inclain" -> 1, "incidents" -> 1, "incentive" -> 1, "incarceration" -> 1, "inauguration" -> 1, "inappropriate" -> 1, "inalienable" -> 1, "Improving" -> 1, "Improve" -> 1, "impositions" -> 1, "imported" -> 1, "importantly" -> 1, "Importance" -> 1, "implicit" -> 1, "implications" -> 1, "implementation" -> 1, "imperiling" -> 1, "Imperiled" -> 1, "imperiled" -> 1, "imperatives" -> 1, "impediments" -> 1, "impedes" -> 1, "impede" -> 1, "impeachment" -> 1, "impartial" -> 1, "impacts" -> 1, "immoral" -> 1, "imminent" -> 1, "immense" -> 1, "image" -> 1, "ill-suited" -> 1, "ills" -> 1, "illegally" -> 1, "Illegal" -> 1, "ill" -> 1, "III" -> 1, "ignoring" -> 1, "ignite" -> 1, "ideology" -> 1, "ideologues" -> 1, "ideologies" -> 1, "Ideological" -> 1, "identities" -> 1, "identifying" -> 1, "identification" -> 1, "Ideas" -> 1, "IDEA's" -> 1, "ID" -> 1, "hypertaxation" -> 1, "hurricanes" -> 1, "hunting" -> 1, "hungry" -> 1, "humanitarian" -> 1, "huge" -> 1, "how" -> 1, "houses" -> 1, "host" -> 1, "hospitalization" -> 1, "hospitality" -> 1, "hospice" -> 1, "horrors" -> 1, "horror" -> 1, "hopeful" -> 1, "hook" -> 1, "honors" -> 1, "honored" -> 1, "Hong" -> 1, "honestly" -> 1, "homosexual" -> 1, "homeownership" -> 1, "homeowners" -> 1, "Homeland" -> 1, "homeland" -> 1, "Home" -> 1, "Hollow" -> 1, "hole" -> 1, "holding" -> 1, "holders" -> 1, "Hobbs" -> 1, "HIV" -> 1, "hit" -> 1, "history—we" -> 1, "history—at" -> 1, "History" -> 1, "historically" -> 1, "Hispanics" -> 1, "hire" -> 1, "Highway" -> 1, "high-water" -> 1, "high-value" -> 1, "high-risk" -> 1, "high-performing" -> 1, "high-paying" -> 1, "highlights" -> 1, "highlight" -> 1, "Higgins" -> 1, "hidden" -> 1, "heroism—and" -> 1, "heroically" -> 1, "heroic" -> 1, "Heroes" -> 1, "hereby" -> 1, "helpful" -> 1, "Heilig" -> 1, "hegemony" -> 1, "Heer" -> 1, "heavy-handed" -> 1, "heartened" -> 1, "hear" -> 1, "Healthy" -> 1, "health-protective" -> 1, "headway" -> 1, "heading" -> 1, "head" -> 1, "hazard" -> 1, "Hawaiians" -> 1, "havens" -> 1, "Havana" -> 1, "haunt" -> 1, "hatred" -> 1, "Hathaway" -> 1, "hate" -> 1, "Harris" -> 1, "harms" -> 1, "harm's" -> 1, "harming" -> 1, "harmed" -> 1, "hard-working" -> 1, "Harbor" -> 1, "harbor" -> 1, "happiness" -> 1, "happen" -> 1, "hangs" -> 1, "hands" -> 1, "handling" -> 1, "handles" -> 1, "handled" -> 1, "handing" -> 1, "handicapped" -> 1, "handful" -> 1, "Hamas" -> 1, "halted" -> 1, "halt" -> 1, "halfcentury" -> 1, "habits" -> 1, "habeas" -> 1, "gutting" -> 1, "gun" -> 1, "Gulf" -> 1, "guidelines" -> 1, "guide" -> 1, "guidance" -> 1, "guest" -> 1, "guarantor" -> 1, "guaranteeing" -> 1, "Guarantee" -> 1, "Growth" -> 1, "Grow" -> 1, "groups—the" -> 1, "grossly" -> 1, "gross" -> 1, "Griffith" -> 1, "Gregg" -> 1, "greenhouse" -> 1, "gravely" -> 1, "gratitude" -> 1, "grateful" -> 1, "grassroots" -> 1, "Granting" -> 1, "granted—the" -> 1, "grander" -> 1, "grand" -> 1, "graduation" -> 1, "graduate" -> 1, "grads" -> 1, "grace" -> 1, "governs" -> 1, "government—local" -> 1, "government-togovernment" -> 1, "government-to-government" -> 1, "Governments" -> 1, "government-imposed" -> 1, "governed" -> 1, "GOP" -> 1, "gold" -> 1, "going" -> 1, "goes" -> 1, "Glory" -> 1, "globe" -> 1, "Gilding" -> 1, "giants" -> 1, "giant" -> 1, "Georgia" -> 1, "geopolitical" -> 1, "geography" -> 1, "genuine" -> 1, "genius" -> 1, "Generosity" -> 1, "generosity" -> 1, "generator" -> 1, "generations—face" -> 1, "Generations" -> 1, "generating" -> 1, "generated" -> 1, "gap" -> 1, "gaining" -> 1, "Further" -> 1, "fundraisers" -> 1, "funded" -> 1, "fundamentals" -> 1, "Fundamental" -> 1, "functional" -> 1, "full-day" -> 1, "fulfillment" -> 1, "fulfilling" -> 1, "fuels" -> 1, "frugal" -> 1, "frontier" -> 1, "Frivolous" -> 1, "frivolous" -> 1, "frisking" -> 1, "friendship" -> 1, "friend" -> 1, "freshmen" -> 1, "frequency" -> 1, "freest" -> 1, "frees" -> 1, "freer" -> 1, "free-market" -> 1, "Freely" -> 1, "freely" -> 1, "freedoms" -> 1, "frayed" -> 1, "fraudulently" -> 1, "fraternal" -> 1, "fragmented" -> 1, "four-year" -> 1, "Fourteenth" -> 1, "founding" -> 1, "fostering" -> 1, "fostered" -> 1, "Foster" -> 1, "fortunate" -> 1, "forthright" -> 1, "forth" -> 1, "form—and" -> 1, "formulated" -> 1, "formed" -> 1, "formal" -> 1, "fork" -> 1, "forgotten" -> 1, "forestry" -> 1, "foresters" -> 1, "Foresight" -> 1, "Foremost" -> 1, "Foreign" -> 1, "forefront" -> 1, "Food" -> 1, "follows" -> 1, "flyovers" -> 1, "fleet" -> 1, "fleeing" -> 1, "flawed" -> 1, "flatter" -> 1, "Flag" -> 1, "fits" -> 1, "Fitch" -> 1, "fit" -> 1, "fishing" -> 1, "fisheries" -> 1, "fiscally" -> 1, "Fiscal" -> 1, "firsttime" -> 1, "first-time" -> 1, "firmly" -> 1, "firm" -> 1, "findings" -> 1, "find" -> 1, "financially" -> 1, "finances" -> 1, "finance" -> 1, "Finally" -> 1, "finally" -> 1, "final" -> 1, "Fifth" -> 1, "fidelity" -> 1, "fetuses" -> 1, "fencing" -> 1, "felt" -> 1, "felons" -> 1, "fellowship" -> 1, "feeling" -> 1, "feed" -> 1, "fee" -> 1, "federal—for" -> 1, "federal-tribal-State" -> 1, "federal-State-private" -> 1, "federal-State" -> 1, "federally" -> 1, "federalized" -> 1, "feature" -> 1, "feasibility" -> 1, "FDIC" -> 1, "FCC's" -> 1, "favors" -> 1, "favoring" -> 1, "favor" -> 1, "fault" -> 1, "faster" -> 1, "far-reaching" -> 1, "farmland" -> 1, "farming" -> 1, "Farewell" -> 1, "fare" -> 1, "Far" -> 1, "fanaticism" -> 1, "Family-Friendly" -> 1, "falling" -> 1, "fallback" -> 1, "Faithful" -> 1, "faithbased" -> 1, "fairness" -> 1, "fails" -> 1, "failing" -> 1, "Failed" -> 1, "Fail" -> 1, "fact" -> 1, "facilitated" -> 1, "face—a" -> 1, "FAA" -> 1, 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-> 1, "Accountability" -> 1, "accord" -> 1, "accomplish" -> 1, "accompanied" -> 1, "accommodate" -> 1, "acclaim" -> 1, "accessible" -> 1, "accepted" -> 1, "acceptable" -> 1, "accelerating" -> 1, "accelerate" -> 1, "Academic" -> 1, "abusing" -> 1, "abuse—far" -> 1, "abusers" -> 1, "abused" -> 1, "Abundance" -> 1, "Abstinence" -> 1, "absentee" -> 1, "Absent" -> 1, "Above" -> 1, "abortions—gender" -> 1, "abortions" -> 1, "aborted" -> 1, "abolish" -> 1, "Ability" -> 1, "abides" -> 1, "abandoning" -> 1, "abandon" -> 1, "95" -> 1, "9/11" -> 1, "9" -> 1, "75" -> 1, "65,000" -> 1, "65" -> 1, "63" -> 1, "60" -> 1, "6" -> 1, "59" -> 1, "55" -> 1, "54" -> 1, "5,000" -> 1, "50" -> 1, "4,450" -> 1, "42-year" -> 1, "42" -> 1, "400,000" -> 1, "40" -> 1, "4" -> 1, "39" -> 1, "35,000,000" -> 1, "31" -> 1, "300,000—is" -> 1, "3,000" -> 1, "30" -> 1, "287g" -> 1, "28" -> 1, "27" -> 1, "2030" -> 1, "2019" -> 1, "2013" -> 1, "2006" -> 1, "2003" -> 1, "2000" -> 1, "1990" -> 1, "1985" -> 1, "1984" -> 1, "1981" -> 1, "1980s" -> 1, "1970s" -> 1, "1970" -> 1, "1966" -> 1, "1965" -> 1, "195" -> 1, "1940" -> 1, "1934" -> 1, "193" -> 1, "1915" -> 1, "1900" -> 1, "1887" -> 1, "150th" -> 1, "15" -> 1, "1.5" -> 1, "140,000" -> 1, "130-year" -> 1, "100" -> 1, "10" -> 1|>|>, <|"SourceURL" -> "http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=78545", "Name" -> "2008 Republican Party Platform", "Party" -> "Republican", "Year" -> 2008, "Date" -> DateObject[{2008, 9, 1}], "Text" -> "This platform is respectfully dedicated to our\n\"…heroes proved\nIn liberating strife,\nWho more than self their country loved\nAnd mercy more than life.\"\n_______\nAmerica the Beautiful\nKatharine Lee Bates\n\nChairmen's Preamble\n\nThis is a platform of enduring principle, not passing convenience — the product of the most open and transparent process in American political history. We offer it to our fellow Americans in the assurance that our Republican ideals are those that unify our country: Courage in the face of foreign foes. An optimistic patriotism, driven by a passion for freedom. Devotion to the inherent dignity and rights of every person. Faith in the virtues of self-reliance, civic commitment, and concern for one another. Distrust of government's interference in people's lives. Dedication to a rule of law that both protects and preserves liberty.\nWe present this platform at an uncertain point in time. Our country remains at war and committed to victory, but reckless political forces would imperil that goal and endanger our nation. In the economy and in society at large, it is a time of transformation. But the American people will meet these challenges. Even with its uncertainties, they embrace the future, but they are also too wise to rush headlong into it. We are an adventurous, risk-taking people, but we are not gamblers. A sound democracy trusts new leadership but insists that it demonstrate the old virtues: the character and the command that, in times of conflict and crisis, have led the Republic through its trials.\nThis platform likewise rests on proven truths and tested wisdom as it looks ahead, both to deal with present challenges and to explore possibilities that may sometimes seem beyond our grasp. It shows what the American people can accomplish when government respects their rights, conserves their resources, and calls upon their love of country. It is not a tribute to bigger government.\nOur platform is presented with enthusiasm and confidence in a vision for the future, but also with genuine humility — humility before God and before a nation of free and independent thinkers. As the party of ideas, rather than a mere coalition of interests, we consider vigorous debate a strength, not a weakness. Indeed, we are a party — as we are a nation —of mavericks.\nYet we stand united today because we are the one party that speaks to all Americans — conservatives, moderates, libertarians, independents, and even liberals. We welcome all to our deliberations in the firm belief that the principles embodied in this platform will prove to be as compelling and persuasive as they are vital and enduring. We do not fear disagreement, and we do not demand conformity, but we do fight for our principles with confidence that the best ideas will prevail in the end.\nOur party embodies a uniquely American spirit. It is the spirit of independent minds, the conviction that open and honest debate is essential to the freedom we enjoy as Americans. This platform is a testament to that freedom and stands as our promise to future generations that we will do whatever it takes to preserve it. It is grounded on our heartfelt belief that our principles, our policies, and our vision will lead our American family, not just through present dangers, but to a horizon of prosperity and liberty mankind has only begun to explore.\nWith gratitude for eight years of honorable service from President George W. Bush and Dick Cheney, the Republican Party now stands united behind new leadership, an American patriot, John McCain. In support of his candidacy and those of our fellow Republicans across the nation — and ever grateful to Almighty God for the political, religious, and civil liberties we enjoy — we, the representatives of the Republican Party in the states and territories of the United States, offer this platform to the American people.\n\nDefending Our Nation, Supporting Our Heroes, Securing the Peace\n\nThree decades ago, in a world as dangerous as today's, Americans of all stripes came together to advance the cause of freedom. They had witnessed the wreckage of inexperienced good intentions at the highest levels of government, the folly of an amateur foreign policy. And so, in defiance of a world-wide Marxist advance, they announced a goal as enduring as the vision of Isaiah, to \"proclaim liberty to the captives,\" and summed up America's strategy for achieving that end in a timeless slogan: Peace through strength — an enduring peace, based on freedom and the will to defend it.\nThat goal still requires the unity of Americans beyond differences of party and conflicts of personality. The rancor of past years must now give way to a common goal of security for our country and safety for our people. For seven years, the horror of September 11, 2001 has not been repeated on our soil. For that, we are prayerfully grateful and salute all who have played a role in defending our homeland. We pledge to continue their vigilance and to assure they have the authority and resources they need to protect the nation.\nAll Americans should affirm that our first obligation is the security of our country. To all those who defend it, we owe our full support and gratitude.\nThe waging of war — and the achieving of peace — should never be micromanaged in a party platform, or on the floor of the Senate and House of Representatives for that matter. In dealing with present conflicts and future crises, our next president must preserve all options. It would be presumptuous to specify them in advance and foolhardy to rule out any action deemed necessary for our security.\nWe acknowledge and appreciate the significant contributions of all of America's First Responders, who keep us safe and secure and who are ever ready to come to our aid. The security of our country is now everyone's responsibility, from the Department of Homeland Security to state and local first responders, private businesses, and individual families. The fact that eighty percent of our critical infrastructure is in private hands highlights the need for public-private partnerships to safeguard it, especially in the energy industry.\nAlong with unrelenting vigilance to prevent bioterrorism and other WMD-related attacks, we must regularly exercise our ability to quickly respond if one were to occur. We must continue to remove barriers to cooperation and information sharing. Modernized 9-1-1 services must be made universally available and be adequately funded. We must be able to thwart cyber attacks that could cripple our economy, monitor terrorist activities while respecting Americans' civil liberties, and protect against military and industrial espionage and sabotage. All this requires experienced leadership.\nThe attacks of September 11, 2001 were a pivot point in our national experience. They highlighted the failure of national policy to recognize and respond to the growth of a global terror network. They should have put an end to the Democrats' naive thinking that international terrorists could be dealt with within the normal criminal justice system, but that misconception persists.\nThe gravest threat we face — nuclear terrorism — demands a comprehensive strategy for reducing the world's nuclear stockpiles and preventing proliferation. The U.S. should lead that effort by reducing the size of our nuclear arsenal to the lowest number consistent with our security requirements and working with other nuclear powers to do the same. In cooperation with other nations, we should end the production of weapons-grade fissile material, improve our collective ability to interdict the spread of weapons of mass destruction and related materials, and ensure the highest possible security standards for existing nuclear materials wherever they may be located.\nBut that is not enough. We must develop and deploy both national and theater missile defenses to protect the American homeland, our people, our Armed Forces abroad, and our allies. Effective, layered missile defenses are critical to guard against the unpredictable actions of rogue regimes and outlaw states, reduce the possibility of strategic blackmail, and avoid the disastrous consequences of an accidental or unauthorized launch by a foreign power.\nIntelligence is America's first line of defense. We must increase the ranks and resources of our human intelligence capabilities, integrate technical and human sources, and get that information more quickly to the warfighter and the policy maker. The multi-jurisdictional arrangements that now prevail on Capitol Hill should be replaced by a single Joint Committee on Intelligence.\nBioterrorism and cyberterrorism, once the stuff of science fiction films, are immediate threats to our nation's health and safety. Our food and water distribution systems require special vigilance. By the same token, a well-placed cyber-attack could cripple our economy, shut down our energy and transportation systems, wreck our health care delivery systems, and put millions of lives at risk. Although our country has thwarted new terrorist attacks since 2001, those threats do persist. That is why our reform of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act was so vital, and why the Democrats' opposition to it was so wrong.\nImmigration policy is a national security issue, for which we have one test: Does it serve the national interest? By that standard, Republicans know America can have a strong immigration system without sacrificing the rule of law.\nBorder security is essential to national security. In an age of terrorism, drug cartels, and criminal gangs, allowing millions of unidentified persons to enter and remain in this country poses grave risks to the sovereignty of the United States and the security of its people. We simply must be able to track who is entering and leaving our country.\nOur determination to uphold the rule of law begins with more effective enforcement, giving our agents the tools and resources they need to protect our sovereignty, completing the border fence quickly and securing the borders, and employing complementary strategies to secure our ports of entry. Experience shows that enforcement of existing laws is effective in reducing and reversing illegal immigration.\nOur commitment to the rule of law means smarter enforcement at the workplace, against illegal workers and lawbreaking employers alike, along with those who practice identity theft and traffic in fraudulent documents. As long as jobs are available in the United States, economic incentives to enter illegally will persist. But we must empower employers so they can know with confidence that those they hire are permitted to work. That means that the EVerify system—which is an internet-based system that verifies the employment authorization and identity of employees—must be reauthorized. A phased in requirement that employers use the E-Verify system must be enacted.\nThe rule of law means guaranteeing to law enforcement the tools and coordination to deport criminal aliens without delay — and correcting court decisions that have made deportation so difficult. It means enforcing the law against those who overstay their visas, rather than letting millions flout the generosity that gave them temporary entry. It means imposing maximum penalties on those who smuggle illegal aliens into the U.S., both for their lawbreaking and for their cruel exploitation. It means requiring cooperation among federal, state and local law enforcement and real consequences, including the denial of federal funds, for self-described sanctuary cities, which stand in open defiance of the federal and state statutes that expressly prohibit such sanctuary policies, and which endanger the lives of U.S. citizens. It does not mean driver's licenses for illegal aliens, nor does it mean that states should be allowed to flout the federal law barring them from giving in-state tuition rates to illegal aliens, nor does it mean that illegal aliens should receive social security benefits, or other public benefits, except as provided by federal law.\nWe oppose amnesty. The rule of law suffers if government policies encourage or reward illegal activity. The American people's rejection of en masse legalizations is especially appropriate given the federal government's past failures to enforce the law.\nToday's immigrants are walking in the steps of most other Americans' ancestors, seeking the American dream and contributing culturally and economically to our nation. We celebrate the industry and love of liberty of these fellow Americans.\nBoth government and the private sector must do more to foster legally present immigrants' integration into American life to advance respect for the rule of law and a common American identity. It is a national disgrace that the first experience most new Americans have is with a dysfunctional immigration bureaucracy defined by delay and confusion; we will no longer tolerate those failures.\nIn our multi-ethnic nation, everyone — immigrants and native-born alike — must embrace our core values of liberty, equality, meritocracy, and respect for human dignity and the rights of women.\nWe are grateful to the thousands of new immigrants, many of them not yet citizens, who are serving in the Armed Forces. Their patriotism is inspiring; it should remind the institutions of civil society of the need to embrace newcomers, assist their journey to full citizenship, and help their communities avoid patterns of isolation.\nOur country continues to accept refugees from troubled lands all over the world. In some cases, these are people who stood with America in dangerous times, and they have first call on our hospitality. We oppose, however, the granting of refugee status on the basis of lifestyle or other non-political factors\nRepublican leadership, from the presidency to the Congress, has given America the best-manned, best-trained, best-equipped, and best-led military in the world. That is a radical change from the late 1990's, when national defense was neglected and under-funded by the Clinton Administration. Our Armed Forces today are modern, agile, and adaptable to the unpredictable range of challenges in the years ahead. We pledge to keep them that way.\nThe men and women who wear our country's uniform — whether on active duty or in the Reserves or National Guard — are the most important assets in our military arsenal. They and their families must have the pay, health care, housing, education, and overall support they need. We must significantly increase the size of our Armed Forces; crucial to that goal will be retention of combat veterans.\nInjured military personnel deserve the best medical care our country has to offer. The special circumstances of the conflict in Iraq have resulted in an unprecedented incidence of traumatic brain injury, which calls for a new commitment of resources and personnel for its care and treatment. We must make military medicine the gold standard for advances in prosthetics and the treatment of trauma and eye injuries.\nWe must always remember those who have given the ultimate sacrifice; their families must be assured meaningful financial assistance. It is the solemn duty we owe and honor we give to those who bravely don the uniform of freedom.\nWe pledge to maintain the strength of the National Guard and Reserves and to ensure they receive pay, benefits, and resources befitting their service. Their historic role as citizen-soldiers is a proud tradition linking every community with the cause of national security. We affirm service members' legal right to return to their civilian jobs, whether in government or in the private sector, when their active duty is completed, and we call for greater transition assistance from employers across the nation to smooth their return to the work force.\nThe all-volunteer force has been a success. We oppose reinstituting the draft, whether directly or through compulsory national service. We support the advancement of women in the military and their exemption from ground combat units. Military priorities and mission must determine personnel policies. Esprit and cohesion are necessary for military effectiveness and success on the battlefield. To protect our servicemen and women and ensure that America's Armed Forces remain the best in the world, we affirm the timelessness of those values, the benefits of traditional military culture, and the incompatibility of homosexuality with military service.\nTo military personnel who have served honorably and then retire or leave active duty, we owe a smooth transition to civilian life. Funding for the programs that assist them should be sufficient, timely, and predictable and never be subject to political gamesmanship.\nReturning veterans must have access to education benefits, job training, and a wide variety of employment options. We want to build on the bipartisan expansion of the GI Bill by encouraging private colleges to bridge the gap between GI Bill education benefits and tuition costs. We will strongly enforce the Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act so that returning veterans can promptly return to their former jobs. Our existing \"veteran preference\" regulations must lead to real action, not hollow promises. We encourage private businesses to expand their outreach to the veterans community, especially disabled veterans.\nWe will hold the VA accountable for tangible results and steady improvement of its services. The VA must become more responsive and more efficient by eliminating its disability backlog and reducing waiting times for treatment. To ensure that the VA provides veterans with world class medical care, both at its own facilities and through partnerships with community providers, we must recruit the next generation of highly qualified medical professionals. Where distance or crowding is an obstacle to traditional VA facility-based care, our veterans should be provided access to qualified out-of-network providers. We call for greater attention by the VA to the special health care needs of women veterans, who will comprise an even larger percentage of VA patients in the future.\nThe VA's current disability compensation formulas need to be restructured and modernized. Those who have borne the burden of war must have access to training, rehabilitation, and education. Their families and caregivers deserve our concern and support.\nWe pledge special attention to combat stress injuries. There must be adequate counseling when veterans return home — for them and their families. They should have ongoing professional care, whether in a VA facility or closer to home, so that the natural and usually temporary responses to the horrors of war do not become permanent conditions. We recognize the need for more mental health professionals who can give the highest quality treatment to our veterans.\nWe applaud the non-profit organizations which assist veterans and their families materially and in other ways. They represent the best of the American spirit and merit our support.\nThe military's partners are the men and women who work in the defense industry and civilian sector, supplying the Armed Forces with weapons and equipment vital to the success of their mission. To ensure that our troops receive the best material at the best value, we must reform the defense budgeting and acquisition process to control costs and ensure vigorous and fair competition. We will not allow congressional pork to take the place of sound, sustained investment in the nation's security.\nThe Republican vision of peace through strength requires a sustained international effort, which complements our military activities, to develop and maintain alliances and relationships that will lead to greater peace and stability.\nThe international promotion of human rights reflects our heritage, our values, and our national interest. Societies that enjoy political and economic freedom and the rule of law are not given to aggression or fanaticism. They become our natural allies.\nRepublican leadership has made religious liberty a central element of U.S. foreign policy. Asserting religious freedom should be a priority in all America's international dealings. We salute the work of the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom and urge special training in religious liberty issues for all U.S. diplomatic personnel.\nTo be successful international leaders, we must uphold international law, including the laws of war, and update them when necessary. Our moral standing requires that we respect what are essentially American principles of justice. In any war of ideas, our values will triumph.\nAdvancing America's values should be the core mission of every part of the federal government, including the Department of State. America's diplomatic establishment must energetically represent our country's agenda to the world. We propose a thorough reform of its structure to ensure that promotions and appointments are based on performance in supporting the nation's agenda. Our diplomats must be the best our country has to offer, and America's diplomatic abilities must be an integral part of America's national security system.\nThroughout the Cold War, our international broadcasting of free and impartial information promoted American values to combat tyranny. It still does, through Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty and Radio/TV Marti, and it remains an important instrument in promoting a modernizing alternative to the culture of radical terror. Getting America's message out to the world is a critical element in the struggle against extremism, and our government must wage a much more effective battle in the war of ideas.\nGenerations after the end of slavery in America, new forms of bondage have emerged to exploit men, women and children. We salute those across the political spectrum who have come together to end the commerce in our fellow human beings. We advocate the establishment of an Inter- Agency Task Force on Human Trafficking, reporting directly to the President, and call for increased diplomatic efforts with foreign governments that have been negligent toward this evil. The principle underlying our Megan's Law — publicizing the identities of known offenders — should be extended to international travel in order to protect innocent children everywhere.\nThe United States participates in various international organizations which can, at times, serve the cause of peace and prosperity, but those organizations must never serve as a substitute for principled American leadership. Nor should our participation in them prevent our joining with other democracies to protect our vital national interests.\nAt the United Nations, our country will pay a fair, but not disproportionate, share of dues, but we will never support a UN-imposed tax. The UN must reform its scandal-ridden and corrupt management and become more accountable and transparent in its operations and expenses. As a matter of U.S. sovereignty, American forces must remain under American command.\nDiscrimination against Israel at the UN is unacceptable. We welcome Israel's membership in the Western European and Others Group at the UN headquarters and demand its full acceptance and participation at all UN venues. We likewise oppose the ideological campaign against Vatican participation in UN conferences and other activities.\nBecause the UN has no mandate to promote radical social engineering, any effort to address global social problems must respect the fundamental institutions of marriage and family. We assert the rights of families in all international programs and will not fund organizations involved in abortion. We strongly support the long-held policy of the Republican Party known as the \"Mexico City policy,\" which prohibits federal monies from being given to non-governmental organizations that provide abortions or actively promote abortion as a method of family planning in other countries. We reject any treaty or agreement that would violate those values. That includes the UN convention on women's rights, signed in the last months of the Carter Administration, and the UN convention on the rights of the child. For several reasons, particularly our concern for US sovereignty and America's long-term energy needs, we have deep reservations about the regulatory, legal, and tax regimes inherent in the Law of the Sea Treaty.\nTo shield the members of our Armed Forces and others in service to America from ideological prosecutions, the Republican Party does not accept the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court over Americans. We support the American Service members Protection Act, to shield U.S. personnel and officials as they act abroad to meet global security requirements.\nAmericans are the most generous people in the world. No nation spends more in combined public and private efforts to combat disease and poverty around the world, and no nation works harder to ensure the continued vitality of the global economy. Our reasons for doing so are both moral and practical, for a world where half of the human race lives on a few dollars a day is neither just nor stable.\nIncluding the world's poor in an expanding circle of development is part and parcel of the Republican approach to world trade through open markets and fair competition. It must also be a top priority of our foreign policy. Decades of massive aid have failed to spur economic growth in the poorest countries, where it has often propped up failed policies and corrupt rulers. We will target foreign assistance to high-impact goals: fostering the rule of law through democratic government; emphasizing literacy and learning; and, concentrating on the foundations for economic development — clean water, agricultural improvement, and microcredit funding for small enterprises. Maternal and child health, especially safer child-birthing and nutrition, must be priorities, especially in countries affected by epidemics of HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis.\nFurther, we call for the development of a strategy for foreign assistance that serves our national interest. Specifically we call for a review and improvement of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 oriented toward: alignment of foreign assistance policies, operations, budgets and statutory authorities; development of a consensus on what needs to be done to strengthen the non-military tools to further our national security goals; greater attention to core development programs — education, child survival, and agricultural development; and greater accountability by recipient countries so as to ensure against malfeasance, self-dealing, and corruption, and to ensure continued assistance is conditioned on performance.\nFaith and family, culture and commerce, are enduring bonds among all the peoples of the Americas. Republicans envision a western hemisphere of sovereign nations with secure borders, working together to advance liberty and mutually beneficial trade based on sound and proven free enterprise principles. Our relations with our immediate neighbors, Canada and Mexico, are grounded on our shared values and common purpose, as well as our steadily increasing trade. We pledge to continue this close association and to advance mutually beneficial trade agreements throughout Latin America, promoting economic development and social stability there while opening markets to our goods and services. Our strong ties with Canada and Mexico should not lead to a North American union or a unified currency.\nTwo factors distort this hemispheric progress. One is narco-terrorism, with its ability to destabilize societies and corrupt the political process. In an era of porous borders, the war on drugs and the war on terror have become a single enterprise. We salute our allies in the fight against this evil, especially the people of Mexico and Colombia, who have set an example for their neighbors. We support approval of the free trade agreement with Colombia, currently blocked by Capitol Hill Democrats and their union boss supporters, as an overdue gesture of solidarity for this courageous ally of the United States.\nThe other malignant element in hemispheric affairs is the anachronistic regime in Havana, a mummified relic from the age of totalitarianism, and its buffoonish imitators. We call on the nations of Latin America and the Caribbean to join us in laying the groundwork for a democratic Cuba. Looking to the inevitable day of liberation, we support restrictions on trade with, and travel to, Cuba as a measure of solidarity with the political prisoners and all the oppressed Cuban people. We call for a dedicated platform for transmission of Radio and Television Marti into Cuba and, to prepare for the day when Cuba is free, we support the work of the Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba. We affirm the principles of the Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966, recognizing the rights of Cubans fleeing Communist tyranny, and support efforts to admit more of them through a safe, legal, orderly process.\nThe great promise of Africa has been dimmed by disease, hunger, and violence. Republicans have faced up to each of those challenges because, in addition to humanitarian concerns, the U.S. has important security interests in the stability and progress of African nations. The devastating toll of HIV/AIDS threatens to destabilize entire societies through large numbers of orphaned youths. In response, the U.S. has become the unrivaled leader in fighting the diseases that are the scourge of much of the continent. Republican-sponsored legislation has brought jobs and investment to sub-Saharan Africa. To continue that progress, we advocate continued expansion of trade with African nations.\nGenocide must end. The horrendous suffering of the people in the Darfur region of Sudan, as well as less publicized human tragedies elsewhere, calls for a far more energetic and determined response from Africa's elected leaders. The United States stands ready to assist them with materiel, transportation, and humanitarian supplies. We will continue America's diplomatic efforts to secure a comprehensive and humane settlement for the people of the southern and western Sudan.\nThe promise of democracy and freedom in Africa is diminished by the government of Zimbabwe, which has seized lands without compensation, debased the currency, murdered and tortured its people, and so intimidated voters that free and fair elections are impossible. We support sanctions against this government, free elections, and the restoration of civil government in Zimbabwe.\nThe U.S. is a Pacific nation, and our historic ties to Asia will grow stronger in the years ahead. Australia has stood shoulder to shoulder with us in every major conflict. The ties between our peoples, our economies, and our governments are extraordinary. We cherish our bonds with our Freely Associated States in the Pacific Islands. Our longstanding alliance with Japan has been the foundation for peace and prosperity in Asia, and we look for Japan to forge a leadership role in regional and global affairs. Another valued ally, the Republic of Korea remains vigilant with us against the tyranny and international ambitions of the maniacal state on its border. The U.S. will not waver in its demand for the complete, verifiable, and irreversible dismantlement of North Korea's nuclear weapons programs, with a full accounting of its proliferation activities. We look toward the restoration of human rights to the suffering people of North Korea and the fulfillment of the wish of the Korean people to be one in peace and freedom.\nWe welcome America's new relationship with India, including the U.S.-India Civil Nuclear Accord. Our common security concerns and shared commitment to political freedom and representative government can be the foundation for an enduring partnership.\nWe must expand our ties with the government and the people of Pakistan. We support their efforts to improve democratic governance and strengthen civil society, and we appreciate the difficult but essential role Pakistan plays in the fight against terror.\nOur policy toward Taiwan, a sound democracy and economic model for mainland China, must continue to be based upon the provisions of the Taiwan Relations Act. We oppose any unilateral steps by either side to alter the status quo in the Taiwan straits on the principle that all issues regarding the island's future must be resolved peacefully, through dialogue, and be agreeable to the people of Taiwan. If China were to violate these principles, the U.S., in accord with the Taiwan Relations Act, will help Taiwan defend itself. As a loyal friend of America, the democracy of Taiwan has merited our strong support, including the timely sale of defensive arms and full participation in the World Health Organization and other multilateral institutions.\nWe will welcome the emergence of a peaceful and prosperous China, and we will welcome even more the development of a democratic China. Its rulers have already discovered that economic freedom leads to national wealth; the next lesson is that political and religious freedom leads to national greatness. That is not likely to be learned while the government in Beijing pursues advanced military capabilities without any apparent need, imposes a \"one-child\" policy on its people, suppresses basic human rights in Tibet and elsewhere, and erodes democracy in Hong Kong. China must honor its obligations regarding free speech and a free press as announced prior to the Olympics.\nOur bilateral trade with China has created export opportunities for American farmers and workers, while both the requirements of the World Trade Organization and the realities of the marketplace have increased openness and the rule of law in China. We must yet ensure that China fulfills its WTO obligations, especially those related to protecting intellectual property rights, elimination of subsidies, and repeal of import restrictions. China's full integration into the global economy requires that it adopt a flexible monetary exchange rate and allow free movement of capital. China's economic growth brings with it the responsibility for environmental improvement, both for its own people and for the world community.\nOur relations with Vietnam have improved, but two grave matters remain. The first is the need for unceasing efforts to obtain an accounting for, and repatriation of the remains of, Americans who gave their lives in the cause of freedom. The second is continued repression of human rights and religious freedom, and the retribution by the government of Vietnam against its ethnic minorities and others who assisted U.S. forces there. We owe them a debt of honor and will do all we can to relieve their suffering.\nWe urge all the nations of East Asia to join the worldwide effort to restore the suffering people of Burma to the democratic family of nations. The military dictatorship in Burma is among the worst on the planet. Its savagery demands a strong response from the world community, including economic and financial sanctions and isolation of the illegitimate regime.\nOur country's ties to the peoples of Europe are based on shared culture and values, common interests and goals. We particularly appreciate our close friendship with the United Kingdom, a relationship that has led the forces of freedom for generations. The enduring truth — that America's security is inseparable from Europe's — was reaffirmed by our European allies after September 11, 2001. NATO, the most successful military alliance in history, has been greatly strengthened by the addition of new members in Central and Eastern Europe. We believe the door to NATO membership should remain open to all democratic nations who share our values and meet the requirements for NATO membership. We strongly support NATO-endorsed efforts to deploy missile defenses to protect our European allies from the threat of Iranian missiles, and we appreciate the willingness of the governments of Poland and the Czech Republic to host these needed defensive systems. We condemn the Russian Federation's attempts to intimidate states, formerly under Soviet domination, in order to prevent their deploying missile defenses. The decision on this question is for each sovereign nation to decide.\nWe support the ongoing reconciliation efforts in Cyprus and Northern Ireland, including the appointment of a U.S. Special Envoy for Northern Ireland. We condemn the escalation of anti-Semitic violence, arson, and desecration in Europe and other areas of the world.\nAmericans and the Russian people have common imperatives: ending terrorism, combating nuclear proliferation, promoting bilateral trade, and more. But matters of serious concern remain, particularly the Russian government's treatment of the press, opposition parties, and institutions of civil society. It continues its aggressive confrontations with its neighbors, from economic intimidation to outright warfare, and has aligned with dangerous anti-democratic forces in the Middle East. As a condition for its continued acceptance in world organizations, Russia must respect the independence and territorial integrity of all the nations of the former Soviet Union, beginning with the republic of Georgia, and move toward a free and democratic society.\nThe momentum of change in the Middle East has been in the right direction. From Morocco to the Gulf States, the overall trend has been toward cooperation and social and economic development, especially with regard to the rights of women. We acknowledge the substantial assistance the U.S. has received from most governments in the region in the war on terror. Those countries that have made peace with Israel, whether officially or in fact, deserve our appreciation and assistance.\nWe urge the continued isolation of groups like Hamas and Hezbollah because they do not meet the standards of the international community. We call for the restoration of Lebanon's independence and sovereignty and the full implementation of all UN resolutions concerning that country.\nThe struggle in which we are engaged is ideological, not ethnic or religious. The extremists we face are abusers of faith, not its champions. We appreciate the loyalty of all Americans whose family roots lie in the Middle East, and we gratefully acknowledge the contributions of American Arabs and Muslims, especially those in the Armed Forces and the intelligence community.\nIsrael is a vigorous democracy, unique in the Middle East. We reaffirm America's commitment to Israel's security and will ensure that Israel maintains a qualitative edge in military technology over any potential adversaries. Israel must have secure, defensible borders and we support its right to exist as a Jewish state able to defend itself against homicide bombings, rocket and mortar fire, and other attacks against its people. We support the vision of two democratic states living in peace and security: Israel, with Jerusalem as its capital, and Palestine. For that to become a reality, the Palestinian people must support leaders who reject terror, embrace the institutions and ethos of democracy, and respect the rule of law. We call on Arab governments throughout the region to help advance that goal. We support Jerusalem as the undivided capital of Israel and moving the American embassy to that undivided capital of Israel.\nThe U.S. seeks a comprehensive and lasting peace in the Middle East, negotiated between the parties themselves, without the imposition of an artificial timetable, and without the demand that Israel deal with entities which continue to pledge her destruction. At the heart of any peace process must be a mutual commitment to resolve all issues through negotiation. Part of that process must be a just, fair, and realistic framework for dealing with the Palestinian refugee issue. Like all other elements in a meaningful agreement, this matter can be settled only on the basis of mutually agreed changes that reflect today's realities as well as tomorrow's hopes.\nA stable, unified, and democratic Iraqi nation is within reach. Our success in Iraq will deny al Qaeda a safe haven, limit Iranian influence in the Middle East, strengthen moderate forces there, and give us a strategic ally in the struggle against extremism. To those who have sacrificed so much, we owe the commitment that American forces will leave that country in victory and with honor. That outcome is too critical to our own national security to be jeopardized by artificial or politically inspired timetables that neither reflect conditions on the ground nor respect the essential advice of our military commanders. As the people of Iraq assume their rightful place in the ranks of free and open societies, we offer them a continuing partnership.\nIn the seven years since U.S. troops helped topple the Taliban, there has been great progress — but much remains to be done. We must prevail in Afghanistan to prevent the reemergence of the Taliban or an al Qaeda sanctuary in that country. A nationwide counterinsurgency strategy led by a unified commander is an essential prerequisite to success. Additional forces are also necessary, both from NATO countries and through a doubling in size of the Afghan army. The international community must work with the Afghan government to better address the problems of illegal drugs, governance, and corruption. We flatly reject the Democratic Party's idea that America can succeed in Afghanistan only by failure in Iraq.\nWe express our respect for the people of Iran who seek peace and aspire to freedom. Their current regime, aggressive and repressive, is unworthy of them. The Iranian people, many of whom risk persecution to speak out for democracy, have a right to choose their own government.\nAs a rogue state, Iran's leadership supports terror, threatens its neighbors, and provides weapons that are killing our troops in Iraq. We affirm, in the plainest words we can use, that the U.S. government, in solidarity with the international community, will not allow the current regime in Tehran to develop nuclear weapons.\nWe call for a significant increase in political, economic, and diplomatic pressure to persuade Iran's rulers to halt their drive for a nuclear weapons capability, and we support tighter sanctions against Iran and the companies with business operations in or with Iran. We oppose entering into a presidential- level, unconditional dialogue with the regime in Iran until it takes steps to improve its behavior, particularly with respect to support of terrorism and suspension of its efforts to enrich uranium. At the same time, the U.S. must retain all options in dealing with a situation that gravely threatens our security, our interests, and the safety of our friends.\n\nReforming Government to Serve the People\n\nThe American people believe Washington is broken … and for good reason. Short-term politics overshadow the long-term interests of the nation. Our national legislature uses a budget process devised long before the Internet and seems unable to deal in realistic ways with the most pressing problems of families, businesses, and communities. Members of Congress have been indicted for violating the public trust. Public disgust with Washington is entirely warranted.\nRepublicans will uphold and defend our party's core principles: Constrain the federal government to its legitimate constitutional functions. Let it empower people, while limiting its reach into their lives. Spend only what is necessary, and tax only to raise revenue for essential government functions. Unleash the power of enterprise, innovation, civic energy, and the American spirit — and never pretend that government is a substitute for family or community.\nThe other party wants more government control over people's lives and earnings; Republicans do not. The other party wants to continue pork barrel politics; we are disgusted by it, no matter who practices it. The other party wants to ignore fiscal problems while squandering billions on ineffective programs; we are determined to end that waste. The entrenched culture of official Washington — an intrusive tax-and-spend liberalism — remains a formidable foe, but we will confront and ultimately defeat it.\nThe federal government collects $2.7 trillion a year from American families and businesses. That's $7.4 billion a day. Even worse, it spends over $3 trillion a year: $8.2 billion a day. Why? Largely because those who created this bloated government will not admit a single mistake or abolish a single program. Here are some staggering examples of the overall problem:\n• Recent audits show that 22% of all federal programs are ineffective or incapable of demonstrating results.\n• 69 separate programs, administered by 10 different agencies, provide education or care to children under the age of 5.\n• Nine separate agencies administer 44 different programs for job training.\n• 23 separate programs, each with its own overhead, provide housing assistance to the elderly.\nWith so many redundant, inefficient, and ineffective federal programs, it is no wonder that the American people have so little confidence in Washington to act effectively when federal action is really needed.\nFor more than three decades — since enactment of the Budget Act of 1974 by a Democrat-controlled Congress — the federal government has operated within a rigged system notable for its lack of transparency. The earlier approach — annual passage of the appropriation bills, amended and voted up or down, with the numbers there for all to see — had its flaws and generated much red ink. But its replacement, the current budget process, only worsened the money flow and came to rely on monstrous omnibus spending bills. The results are adverse to all seeking to limit government's growth. For example:\n• The budget process assumes every spending project will be on the books forever, even if the law says the spending will expire — but it assumes tax relief will be temporary.\n• It treats well-deserved tax cuts as a kind of spending, so that letting Americans keep more of their earnings is considered the same as more spending on pork projects.\n• It fails to recognize the positive impact that lowering tax rates has on economic growth.\n• In its deceptive and irresponsible accounting, an increase in a program's funding is actually a decrease if it is less than the rate of inflation.\n• Once a budget is produced under that system, the budget law itself limits the time Congress can consider it before voting.\nMoreover, the budget's review process is a sham. Of the $3 trillion spent annually, only one third is reviewed each year during the budget and appropriations process. The remaining $2 trillion automatically goes to interest on the national debt or entitlements. And because the budget process assumes an automatic increase in spending, the debate on the remaining one-third is only over how much more spending to approve.\nFinally, while government requires corporations to budget for future pension and health care costs, our government ignores those requirements. No family or private sector business could keep its books the way Washington keeps ours.\nRepublicans will attack wasteful Washington spending immediately. Current procedures should be replaced with simplicity and transparency. For example:\n• We favor adoption of the Balanced Budget Amendment to require a balanced federal budget except in time of war.\n• Earmarking must stop. To eliminate wasteful projects and pay-offs to special interests, we will impose an immediate moratorium on the earmarking system and reform the appropriations process through full transparency. Tax dollars must be distributed on the basis of clear national priorities, not a politician's seniority or party position.\n• Government waste must be taken off autopilot. We call for a one-year pause in nondefense, non-veterans discretionary spending to force a critical, cost-benefit review of all current programs.\n• We call for a constitutionally sound presidential line-item veto.\n• If billions are worth spending, they should be spent in the light of day. We will insist that, before either the House or Senate considers a spending bill, every item in it should be presented in advance to the taxpayers on the Internet.\n• Because the problem is too much spending, not too few taxes, we support a supermajority requirement in both the House and Senate to guard against tax hikes.\n• New authorizations should be offset by reducing another program, and no appropriation should be permitted without a current authorization.\n• Congressional ethics rules governing special interests should apply across the board, without the special exemptions now granted to favored institutions.\n• We support the Government Shutdown Protection Act to ensure the continuance of essential federal functions when advocates of pork threaten to shut down the government unless their wasteful spending is accepted.\n• We will insist that the budget reasonably plan for the long-term costs of pension and health care programs and urge the conversion of such programs to defined contribution programs.\nThe long term solution for many of Washington's problems is structural. Congress must respect the limits imposed upon it by the Tenth Amendment: \"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.\"\nWe look to the model of Republican welfare reform, which, since its enactment in 1996, has accomplished a major transfer of resources and responsibility from the federal government back to the states — with an accompanying improvement in the program itself. Applying that approach to other programs will steer Congress back into line with the Constitution, reversing both its intrusion into state matters and its neglect of its central duties.\nTo aid in the fulfillment of those duties, we propose a National Sunset Commission to review all federal programs and recommend which of them should be terminated due to redundancy, waste, or intrusion into the American family. The Congress would then be required by law to schedule one yea or nay vote on the entire sunset list with no amendments.\nAdditionally, as important as returning power to the states is returning power to the people. As the Declaration of Independence states, our rights are endowed to us by our Creator and are inalienable: rights to life, liberty, and property. Government does not confer these rights but is instituted by men to protect the rights that man already possesses. The Republican Party strongly affirms these rights and demands that government respect them.\nCongress has a fundamental duty to conduct meaningful oversight on the effectiveness of government programs, not use every hearing as an opportunity for political grandstanding. To that end:\n• We urge every congressional committee to reserve at least one week every month to conduct oversight of the nearly 1,700 separate grant and loan programs of the federal government.\n• To prevent conflicts of interest, a Truth in Testimony mandate should require all committee witnesses to detail the amount of federal funding they and their employer currently receive and, in the case of associations, how much federal money their members would receive from the proposed legislation.\n• Because official Washington does not even know how much land it owns, we call for a national audit of all federally-owned properties as a first step toward returning unnecessary properties to the American people or to state and local government for public use.\nModern management of the federal government is long overdue. The expected retirement over the next ten years of more than 40 percent of the federal workforce, and 60 percent of its managers, presents a rare opportunity: a chance to gradually shrink the size of government while using technology to increase its effectiveness and reshape the way agencies do business.\nEach agency must be able to pass a financial audit and set annual targets for improving efficiency with fewer resources. Civil service managers should be given incentives for more effective leadership, including protection against the current guilty-until-proven-innocent grievance procedures which disgruntled employees use against them to thwart reform. Due process cannot excuse bad behavior.\nWe will provide Internet transparency in all federal contracting as a necessary step in combating cost overruns. We will draw on the expertise of today's successful managers and entrepreneurs in the private sector, like the \"dollar-a-year\" businesspeople who answered their country's call during the Second World War, to build real-world competence and accountability into government procurement and operations.\nAmericans hit by disaster must never again feel abandoned by their government. The Katrina disaster taught a painful lesson: The federal government's system for responding to a natural calamity needs a radical overhaul. We recognize the need for a natural disaster insurance policy.\nState and local cooperation is crucial, as are private relief efforts, but Washington must take the lead in forging a partnership with America's best run businesses to ensure that FEMA's Emergency Operations Centers run as well as any Fortune 500 Company. We must make it easier for both businesses and non-profits to act as force-multipliers in relief situations. We believe it is critical to support those impacted by natural disasters and to complete the rebuilding of devastated areas, including the Gulf Coast.\nThe American people can have safer roads and bridges, better airports and more efficient harbors, as long as we straighten out the government's spending priorities. The politics of pork distorts the allocation of resources for modernizing the nation's infrastructure. That can leave entire communities vulnerable to natural disasters and deprive others of the improvements necessary for economic growth and job creation. We pledge a business-like, cost-effective approach for infrastructure spending, always mindful of the special needs of both rural and urban communities.\nWe support a level of investment in the nation's transportation system that will promote a healthy economy, sustain jobs, and keep America globally competitive. We need to improve the system's performance and capacity to deal with congestion, move a massive amount of freight, reduce traffic fatalities, and ensure mobility across both rural and urban areas. We urgently need to preserve the highway, transit, and air facilities built over the last century so they can serve generations to come. At the same time, we are committed to minimizing transportation's impact on climate change, our local environments, and the nation's energy use. Careful reforms of environmental reviews and the permitting process should speed projects to completion.\nSafeguarding our transportation infrastructure is critical to our homeland security. An integrated, flexible system — developed and sustained in partnership between state and local governments and the federal government — must also share responsibilities with the private sector. We call for more prudent stewardship of the nation's Highway Trust Fund to restore the program's purchasing power and ensure that it will meet the changing needs of a mobile nation.\nThe job of modernizing Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid calls for bipartisanship, not political posturing. Through the last four presidential terms, we have sought that cooperation, but it has not been forthcoming. The public demands constructive action, and we will provide it.\nWe are committed to putting Social Security on a sound fiscal basis. Our society faces a profound demographic shift over the next twenty-five years, from today's ratio of 3.3 workers for every retiree to only 2.1 workers by 2034. Under the current system, younger workers will not be able to depend on Social Security as part of their retirement plan. We believe the solution should give workers control over, and a fair return on, their contributions. No changes in the system should adversely affect any current or near-retiree. Comprehensive reform should include the opportunity to freely choose to create your own personal investment accounts which are distinct from and supplemental to the overall Social Security system.\nAs discussed in the health care section of this document, we commit to revive Medicare by rewarding quality care, promoting competition, eliminating waste, fraud, and abuse, and giving patients and providers control over treatment options. We envision a new Medicaid partnership with the states, improving public health through flexibility and innovation.\nJudicial activism is a grave threat to the rule of law because unaccountable federal judges are usurping democracy, ignoring the Constitution and its separation of powers, and imposing their personal opinions upon the public. This must stop.\nWe condemn the Supreme Court's disregard of homeowners' property rights in its Kelo decision and deplore the Court's arbitrary extension of Americans' habeas corpus rights to enemy combatants held abroad. We object to the Court's unwarranted interference in the administration of the death penalty in this country for the benefit of savage criminals whose guilt is not at issue. We lament that judges have denied the people their right to set abortion policies in the states and are undermining traditional marriage laws from coast to coast. We are astounded that four justices of the Supreme Court believe that individual Americans have no individual right to bear arms to protect themselves and their families.\nRepublicans will insist on the appointment of constitutionalist judges, men and women who will not distort our founding documents to deny the people's right to self-government, sanction federal powers that violate our liberties, or inject foreign law into American jurisprudence.\nWe oppose stealth nominations to the federal bench, and especially to the Supreme Court, whose lack of a clear and distinguished record leaves doubt about their respect for the Constitution or their intellectual fortitude. Nominees must have a record of fidelity to the U.S. Constitution and the rule of law.\nWe reject the Democrats' view that judicial nominees should guarantee particular results even before the case is filed. Judges should not be politicians. Jurists nominated by a Republican president will be thoughtful and open-minded, always prepared to view past error in light of stare decisis, including judicial fiats that disenfranchised the American people.\nNo qualified person should be denied the opportunity to serve on the federal bench due to race, ethnicity, religion or sex. In affirming Article VI of the Constitution — that no religious test shall ever be required for any office — we insist that the Senate should never inquire into a nominee's religious convictions and we condemn the opposition, by some members of the Democratic Party, to recent judicial nominees because of their ethnicity or religion.\nMany members of the Armed Services will find it difficult to participate in this year's elections because of the government's reliance on outdated and inadequate voting, notification, and ballot delivery systems. The mishandling and delaying of registration forms and absentee ballots disenfranchises thousands of our servicemen and servicewomen. The Commander-in-Chief, the Department of Defense, and state and local election officials must do more to protect the voting rights of those on the front lines of freedom. That means using expedited mail delivery to bring ballots to and from our troops abroad, including those serving in areas of conflict, while completing work on an electronic ballot delivery system that will enable our military personnel to receive and cast their ballots in a secure and convenient manner.\nWe oppose attempts to distort the electoral process by wholesale restoration of the franchise to convicted felons, by makeshift or hurried naturalization procedures, or by discretionary ballot-reading by election boards.\nPreventing voting fraud is a civil rights issue. We support the right of states to require an official government-issued photo identification for voting and call upon the Department of Justice to deploy its resources to prevent ballot tampering in the November elections. We support efforts by state and local election officials to ensure integrity in the voting process and to prevent voter fraud and abuse, particularly as it relates to voter registration and absentee ballots.\nThe rights of citizenship do not stop at the ballot box. They include the free-speech right to devote one's resources to whatever cause or candidate one supports. We oppose any restrictions or conditions upon those activities that would discourage Americans from exercising their constitutional right to enter the political fray or limit their commitment to their ideals.\nThe integrity of the 2010 census, proportioning congressional representation among the states, must be preserved. The census should count every person legally abiding in the United States in an actual enumeration. We urge all who are legally eligible to participate in the census count to do so; at the same time, we urge Congress to specify — and to constitutionally justify — which census questions require a response.\nWe appreciate the extraordinary sacrifices the men and women of the territories are making to protect our freedom through their service in the U.S. Armed Forces. We welcome greater participation in all aspects of the political process by Americans residing in Guam, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, the Northern Marianas, and Puerto Rico. We affirm their right to seek the full extension of the Constitution, with all the political rights and responsibilities it entails.\nWe recognize the valuable contributions made by the people of the United States Virgin Islands to the common welfare of the nation, including national defense, and their contributions to the federal treasury in the form of federal excise taxes paid on products produced in the territory.\nWe support the Native American Samoans' efforts to protect their right to self-government and to preserve their culture and land-tenure system, which fosters self-reliance and strong extended-family values. We support increased local self-government for the United States citizens of the Virgin Islands, and closer cooperation between the local and federal governments to promote private sector-led development and self-sufficiency. We recognize that Guam is a strategically vital U.S. territory, an American fortress in the western Pacific. We affirm our support for the patriotic U.S. citizens of Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands to achieve greater self-government, an improved federal territorial relationship, new economic development strategies, a strong health care system that meets their needs, and continued political self-determination. We support a review to determine the appropriate eligibility of territories as well as states for Supplemental Security Income and other federal programs.\nWe support the right of the United States citizens of Puerto Rico to be admitted to the Union as a fully sovereign state after they freely so determine. We recognize that Congress has the final authority to define the constitutionally valid options for Puerto Rico to achieve a permanent non-territorial status with government by consent and full enfranchisement. As long as Puerto Rico is not a state, however, the will of its people regarding their political status should be ascertained by means of a general right of referendum or specific referenda sponsored by the U.S. government.\nThe nation's capital is a special responsibility of the federal government. Yet some of the worst performing schools in the country are mere blocks from the Department of Education, and some of the most crime-ridden neighborhoods in the country are blocks from the Department of Justice. Washington should be made a model city. Two major Republican initiatives — a first-time D.C. homebuyers credit and a landmark school choice initiative — have pointed the way toward a civic resurgence, and a third piece of GOP legislation now guarantees young D.C. residents significant assistance in affording higher education. Because Washington's buildings and monuments may be top targets of terrorist groups, the federal government must work closely with local officials to improve security without burdening local residents. We call on the District of Columbia city council to pass laws consistent with the Supreme Court's decision in the Heller case. We honor the contributions of the residents of the District of Columbia, especially those who are serving honorably, or have served, in our Armed Forces.\n\nExpanding Opportunity to Promote Prosperity\n\nAmerica's free economy has given our country the world's highest standard of living and allows us to share our prosperity with the rest of humanity. It is an engine of charity, empowering everything from Sabbath collection plate to great endowments. It creates opportunity, rewards self-reliance and hard work, and unleashes productive energies that other societies can only imagine.\nToday, our economy faces challenges due to high energy costs. Our task is to strengthen our economy and build a greater degree of security — in availability of jobs, in accessibility of health care, in portability of pensions, and in affordability of energy. That is an urgent task because economic freedom — and the prosperity it makes possible — are not ends in themselves. They are means by which families and individuals can maintain their independence from government, raise their children by their own values, and build communities of self-reliant neighbors.\nEconomic freedom expands the prosperity pie; government can only divide it up. That is why Republicans advocate lower taxes, reasonable regulation, and smaller, smarter government. That agenda translates to more opportunity for more people. It represents the economics of inclusion, the path by which hopes become achievements. It is the way we will reach our goal of enabling everyone to have a chance to own, invest, and build.\nThe most important distinction between Republicans and the leadership of today's Democratic Party concerning taxes is not just that we believe you should keep more of what you earn. That's true, but there is a more fundamental distinction. It concerns the purpose of taxation. We believe government should tax only to raise money for its essential functions.\nToday's Democratic Party views the tax code as a tool for social engineering. They use it to control our behavior, steer our choices, and change the way we live our lives. The Republican Party will put a stop to both social engineering and corporate handouts by simplifying tax policy, eliminating special deals, and putting those saved dollars back into the taxpayers' pockets.\nSound tax policy alone may not ensure economic success, but terrible tax policy does guarantee economic failure. Along with making the 2001 and 2003 tax cuts permanent so American families will not face a large tax hike, Republicans will advance tax policies to support American families, promote savings and innovation, and put us on a path to fundamental tax reform.\n• American families with children are the hardest hit during any economic downturn. Republicans will lower their tax burden by doubling the exemption for dependents.\n• New technology should not occasion more taxation. We will permanently ban internet access taxes and stop all new cell phone taxes.\n• For the sake of family farms and small businesses, we will continue our fight against the federal death tax.\n• The Alternative Minimum Tax, a stealth levy on the middle-class that unduly targets large families, must be repealed.\n• Republicans support tax credits for health care and medical expenses.\nAmerica's producers can compete successfully in the international arena — as long as they have a level playing field. Today's tax code is tilted against them, with one of the highest corporate tax rates of all developed countries. That not only hurts American investors, managers, and the U.S. balance of trade; it also sends American jobs overseas. We support a major reduction in the corporate tax rate so that American companies stay competitive with their foreign counterparts and American jobs can remain in this country.\nWe support a tax code that encourages personal savings. High tax rates discourage thrift by penalizing the return on savings and should be replaced with incentives to save. We support a plan to encourage employers to offer automatic enrollment in tax-deferred savings programs. The current limits on tax-free savings accounts should be removed.\nOver the long run, the mammoth IRS tax code must be replaced with a system that is simple, transparent, and fair while maximizing economic growth and job creation. As a transition, we support giving all taxpayers the option of filing under current rules or under a two-rate flat tax with generous deductions for families. This gradual approach is the taxpayers' best hope of overcoming the lobbyist legions that have thwarted past simplification efforts.\nAs a matter of principle, we oppose retroactive taxation, and we condemn attempts by judges, at any level of government, to seize the power of the purse by ordering higher taxes.\nBecause of the vital role of religious organizations, charities and fraternal benevolent societies in fostering charity and patriotism, they should not be subject to taxation.\nIn any fundamental restructuring of federal taxation, to guard against the possibility of hyper-taxation of the American people, any value added tax or national sales tax must be tied to simultaneous repeal of the Sixteenth Amendment, which established the federal income tax.\nThe last thing Americans need right now is tax hikes. On the federal level, Republicans lowered taxes in 2001 and 2003 in order to encourage economic growth, put more money in the pockets of every taxpayer, and make the system fairer. It worked. If Congress had then controlled its spending, we could have done even more.\nEver since those tax cuts were enacted, the Democratic Party has been clear about its goals: It wants to raise taxes by eliminating those Republican tax reductions. The impact on American families would be disastrous:\n• Marginal tax rates would rise. This is in addition to their proposal to target millions of taxpayers with even higher rates.\n• The \"marriage penalty\" would return for two-earner couples.\n• The child tax credit would fall to half its current value.\n• Small businesses would lose their tax relief.\n• The federal death tax would be enormously increased.\n• Investment income — the seed money for new jobs — would be eaten away by higher rates for dividend and capital gain income.\nAll that and more would amount to an annual tax hike upwards of $250 billion — almost $700 per taxpayer every year, for a total of $1.1 trillion in additional taxes over the next decade. That is what today's Democratic Party calls \"tax fairness.\" We call it an unconscionable assault on the paychecks and pocketbooks of every hard-working American household. Their promises to aim their tax hikes at families with high incomes is a smokescreen; history shows that when Democrats want more money, they raise taxes on everyone.\nWe proudly call ourselves the party of small business because small businesses are where national prosperity begins. Small businesses such as Main Street retailers, entrepreneurs, independent contractors, and direct sellers create most of the country's new jobs and have been the primary means of economic advancement by women and minorities.\nEight years ago, when Democrats controlled the Executive Branch, small business faced a hostile regulatory agenda, from OSHA's ergonomics standards and attempts to intrude into the homes of telecommuting employees to IRS discrimination against independent contractors. Republicans turned back those threats, along with much of the onerous taxation that limited the growth of small businesses. We reduced their marginal tax rates, quadrupled the limit on their expensing of investments, and phased out the death tax on family owned small businesses and family farms. We enacted Health Savings Accounts to help small business owners secure health insurance for themselves and their employees. All those gains are jeopardized if Democrats gain unfettered power once again.\nRepublicans will advance a multi-pronged plan to support small business and grow good-paying jobs:\n• Through the energy agenda laid out elsewhere in this platform, we will attack the rise in energy costs that is making it so difficult for entrepreneurs to compete.\n• Our tax reduction and tax simplification agenda will allow businesses to focus on producing and selling their products and services — not on paying taxes.\n• Our plan to return control of health care to patients and providers will benefit small business employers and employees alike.\n• Our determination to vigorously open foreign markets to American products is an opportunity for many small businesses to grow larger in the global economy.\n• Our approach to regulation — basing it on sound science to achieve goals that are technically feasible — will protect against job killing intrusions into small businesses.\n• Our commitment to legal reform means protecting small businesses from the effects of frivolous lawsuits.\nUsing history as our guide, we look to innovative entrepreneurs for the ingenuity and daring that can give us the next generation of technological progress. The advances our country needs, in everything from health care to energy to environmental protection, are most likely to come from the men and women of small business.\nAmerican innovation has twin engines: technology and small business, employing over half the private-sector work force. The synergy of our technology and small business drove a world-wide economic transformation of the last quarter-century. To maintain our global leadership, we need to encourage innovators by reforming and making permanent the Research and Development Tax Credit as part of the overall agenda outlined in this platform.\nInnovation is our future — in our approach to energy, to education, to health care, and especially to government. As a symbol of that commitment, we share the vision of returning Americans to the moon as a step toward a mission to Mars. In advancing our country's space and aeronautics program, NASA will remain one of the world's most important pioneers in technology, and from its explorations can come tremendous benefits for mankind.\nTo master the global economy, our work force must be creative, independent, and able to adapt to rapid change. That challenge calls for better education and training and new approaches to employer/employee relations. It means investing in people, not institutions.\nThe Democrats' approach to employment policy is a retreat to failed models of the past: new regulatory burdens on employers that make it more difficult for businesses, big and small, to hire and keep employees. That failed model empowers union bosses at the expense of their members, trial lawyers at the expense of small businesses, and government bureaucrats at the expense of employer-employee partnerships. Its goal is not to create jobs but to control the workplace and the work force.\nRepublicans believe that the employer-employee relationship of the future will be built upon employee empowerment and workplace flexibility.\n• The Industrial Revolution treated people like machines; today's economy must treat them as individuals. We recognize that work schedules should be more flexible when employers and employees are not negatively affected such as removing outdated distinctions between full time and part time, clock-punching and overtime. The federal government should set an example in that regard.\n• The workplace must catch up with the way Americans live now. For increasing numbers of workers, especially those with children, the choice of working from home will be good for families, profitable for business, and energy efficient.\n• All workers should have portability in their pension plans and their health insurance, giving them greater job mobility, financial independence, and security.\n• Global competitiveness will increasingly require an entrepreneurial culture of cooperation and team work. Making the best talent part of our team is the rationale for the H-1B visa program, which needs updating to reflect our need for more leaders in science and technology while we take the necessary steps to create more of them in our own school systems. By complementing the U.S. work force with needed specialists from abroad, we can make sure American companies and their jobs remain here at home.\nBusinesses and employees, working together, are best suited to addressing the challenges ahead. Empowering official Washington and the trial bar, as Democrats prefer, will only lead to more antagonistic relations.\nGovernment can play an important role in addressing economic dislocations by modernizing its re-training and unemployment assistance programs. We must make these programs actually anticipate dislocations so that affected workers can get new skills quickly and return to the workforce. We advocate a seamless approach to helping employees stay on the job and advance through education. Workers should be able to direct a portion of their unemployment insurance into a tax-free Lost Earnings Buffer Account that could be used for retraining or relocation. With financial incentives to return to work as soon as possible, this approach will also require strengthening community colleges and making them more accessible through Flexible Training Accounts.\nWe affirm both the right of individuals to voluntarily participate in labor organizations and bargain collectively and the right of states to enact Right-to- Work laws. But the nation's labor laws, to a large extent formed out of conflicts several generations ago, should be modernized to make it easier for employers and employees to plan, execute, and profit together. To protect workers from misuse of their funds, we will conscientiously enforce federal law requiring financial reporting and transparency by labor unions. We advocate paycheck protection laws to guard the integrity of the political process and the security of workers' earnings.\nThe recent attempt by congressional Democrats to deny workers a secret ballot in union referenda is an assault, not only against a fundamental principle of labor law, but even more against the dignity and honor of the American work force. We oppose \"card check\" legislation, which deprives workers of their privacy and their right to vote, because it exposes workers to intimidation by union organizers.\nHomeownership remains key to creating an opportunity society. We support timely and carefully targeted aid to those hurt by the housing crisis so that affected individuals can have a chance to trade a burdensome mortgage for a manageable loan that reflects their home's market value. At the same time, government action must not implicitly encourage anyone to borrow more than they can afford to repay. We support energetic federal investigation and, where appropriate, prosecution of criminal wrongdoing in the mortgage industry and investment sector. We do not support government bailouts of private institutions. Government interference in the markets exacerbates problems in the marketplace and causes the free market to take longer to correct itself. We believe in the free market as the best tool to sustained prosperity and opportunity for all. We encourage potential buyers to work in concert with the lending community to educate themselves about the responsibilities of purchasing a home, condo, or land.\nRepublican policy aims to make owning a home more accessible through enforcement of open housing laws, voucher programs, urban homesteading and — what is most important — a strong economy with low interest rates. Because affordable housing is in the national interest, any simplified tax system should continue to encourage homeownership, recognizing the tremendous social value that the home mortgage interest deduction has had for decades. In addition, sound housing policy should recognize the needs of renters so that apartments and multi-family homes remain important components of the housing stock.\nThe rule of law demands that injured parties have access to the forums to vindicate their rights, but the rule of law does not mean the rule of lawyers — especially trial lawyers who manipulate the system to enrich themselves rather than protecting consumers, workers, or taxpayers. While no one should be denied access to the courts, the rule of lawyers threatens our global competitiveness, denies Americans access to the quality of justice they deserve, and puts every small business one lawsuit away from bankruptcy.\nThe Republican approach to eliminate frivolous lawsuits has advanced in Congress through efforts like the Class Action Fairness Act and in many states through the adoption of medical liability reforms, which we will continue to pursue on the federal and state level. But because their Democratic donees currently control Congress, the trial lawyers are on the offensive. They are trying to undermine federal health and safety regulations by allowing trial lawyers at the state level to preempt the reasoned judgments of independent experts. They seek to weaken lower-cost dispute resolution alternatives such as mediation and arbitration in order to put more cases into court. In bill after bill, their congressional allies insert new private causes of action — trial lawyer ear-marks — designed to drag more Americans into court.\nOur repeated warnings about the corruption at the heart of the trial bar have been vindicated by high-profile criminal convictions and prison terms for some of the nation's leading class action and personal injury trial lawyers. All plaintiffs, especially those who must hire personal injury lawyers on a contingency basis, should be protected against abuse by their attorneys, and the attorney-client privilege should be defended as a bulwark in the defense of liberty.\nGreater international trade, aggressively advanced on a truly level playing field, will mean more American jobs, higher wages, and a better standard of living. It is also a matter of national security and an instrument to promote democracy and civil society in developing nations.\nWith 95 percent of the world's customers outside our borders, we need to be at the table when trade rules are written to make sure that free trade is indeed a two-way street. We encourage multilateral, regional, and bilateral agreements to reduce trade barriers that limit market access for U.S. products, commodities and services. To achieve that goal, Congress should reinstate the trade promotion authority every president should have in dealing with foreign governments. Trade agreements that have already been signed and are pending before Congress should be debated and voted on immediately.\nAn aggressive trade strategy is especially important with regard to agriculture. Our farm economy produces for the world; its prosperity depends, more than ever before, on open markets. U.S. agricultural exports will top $100 billion this year. We will contest any restrictions upon our farm products within the World Trade Organization and will work to make the WTO's decision-making process more receptive to the arguments of American producers.\nWe pledge stronger action to protect intellectual property rights against pirating and will aggressively oppose the direct and indirect subsidies by which some governments tilt the world playing field against American producers. To protect American consumers, we call for greater vigilance and more resources to guard against the importation of tainted food, poisonous products, and dangerous toys.\nAdditionally, we recognize the need to support our growth in trade through appropriate development and support of our ports in order to ensure safe, efficient and timely handling of all goods.\nFarming communities have been hard hit this year by flood and violent weather, as well as the escalation of fuel costs. Especially under those circumstances, federal agricultural aid should go to those who need it most as part of a sensible economic safety- net for farmers. We advocate the creation of Farm Savings Accounts to help growers manage risks brought on by turbulence in global markets and nature itself. Mindful that 98 percent of the 2 million farms in this country are owned by individuals or family farming partnerships, we affirm our fight against the death tax.\nThose who live on and work the land are our finest environmental stewards. They understand, better than most, the need for safe water, clean air, and conservation of open space. We oppose attempts to hamper agricultural production with heavy-handed mandates, including any expansion of the Clean Water Act to regulate ditches, culverts, converted cropland, and farm and stock ponds. We reaffirm traditional state supremacy over water allocations and will continue to make available renewable rangeland under sound environmental conditions. We support greater investment in conservation incentive programs to help rural communities improve and sustain environmental quality. Agricultural policy should be formulated by giving careful consideration to the expert opinions of those most knowledgeable on the topic — the farmers and ranchers.\nTo meet surging global demand for food and biofuel, farmers must have the technology to grow higher yields using fewer inputs. The USDA must remain the international leader in agricultural research to ensure that America and the world will never have to choose between food and fuel. The U.S. government should end mandates for ethanol and let the free market work.\n\nEnergy Independence and Security\n\nAll Americans are acutely aware of the energy crisis our nation faces. Energy costs are spiraling upward, food prices continue to rise, and as a result, our entire economy suffers. This winter, families will spend for heat what they could have saved for college, and small businesses will spend for fuel what could have covered employee health insurance.\nOur current dependence on foreign fossil fuels threatens both our national security and our economy and could also force drastic changes in the way we live. The ongoing transfer of Americans' wealth to OPEC — roughly $700 billion a year — helps underwrite terrorists' operations and creates little incentive for repressive regimes to accept democracy, whether in the Middle East or Latin America.\nIt didn't have to be this way, and it must not stay this way. Our nation must have a robust energy supply because energy drives prosperity and increases opportunity for every American. We reject the idea that America cannot overcome its energy challenges — or that high gasoline prices are okay, as long as they are phased in gradually. We reject half-measures and believe \"No, we can't\" is not a viable energy policy.\nTogether we can build a future around domestic energy sources that are diverse, reliable, and cleaner. We can strengthen our national security, create a pathway to growing prosperity, and preserve our environment. The American people will rise to this challenge.\nWe must aggressively increase our nation's energy supply, in an environmentally responsible way, and do so through a comprehensive strategy that meets both short and long term needs. No amount of wishing or hoping can suspend the laws of supply and demand. Leading economists agree that any actions that will increase future energy supplies will lead to lower energy prices today. Increasing our production of American made energy and reducing our excessive reliance on foreign oil will:\n• Bring down the high cost of gasoline and diesel fuel.\n• Create more jobs for American workers.\n• Enhance our national security.\nIn the long run, American production should move to zero-emission sources, and our nation's fossil fuel resources are the bridge to that emissions-free future.\nIf we are to have the resources we need to achieve energy independence, we simply must draw more American oil from American soil. We support accelerated exploration, drilling and development in America, from new oilfields off the nation's coasts to onshore fields such as those in Montana, North Dakota, and Alaska. The Green River Basin in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming offers recoverable shale oil that is ready for development, and most of it is on federal lands.\nTo deliver that energy to American consumers, we will expand our refining capacity. Because of environmental extremism and regulatory blockades in Washington, not a single new refinery has been built in this country in 30 years. We will encourage refinery construction and modernization and, with sensitivity to environmental concerns, an expedited permitting process.\nAny legislation to increase domestic exploration, drilling and production must minimize any protracted legal challenges that could unreasonably delay or even preclude actual production. We oppose any efforts that would permanently block access to the coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.\nNuclear energy is the most reliable zero-carbon emissions source of energy that we have. Unwarranted fear mongering with no relationship to current technologies and safeguards has prevented us from starting construction of a single nuclear power plant in 31 years. Meanwhile, the U.S. Navy has for decades relied upon nuclear-powered vessels, and other nations have harnessed nuclear power to provide a major portion of their energy consumption. There is no reason why the United States cannot catch up and do the same. Confident in the promise offered by science and technology, Republicans will pursue dramatic increases in the use of all forms of safe, affordable, reliable — and clean — nuclear power.\nAs new plants are constructed using the highest safety and operation standards, the nation's industrial and manufacturing base will be rejuvenated. The labor force will expand, with nearly 15,000 high quality jobs created for every new nuclear plant built — and those workers will lead the nation away from its dependence on foreign oil.\nAlternate power sources must enter the mainstream. The technology behind solar energy has improved significantly in recent years, and the commercial development of wind power promises major benefits both in costs and in environmental protection. Republicans support these and other alternative energy sources, including geothermal and hydropower, and anticipate technological developments that will increase their economic viability. We therefore advocate a long-term energy tax credit equally applicable to all renewable power sources.\nRepublicans support measures to modernize the nation's electricity grid to provide American consumers and businesses with more affordable, reliable power. We will work to unleash innovation so entrepreneurs can develop technologies for a more advanced and robust United States transmission system that meets our growing energy demands.\nAlthough alternate fuels will shape our energy future, coal — America's most affordable and abundant energy resource and the source of most of our electricity — remains a strategic national resource that must play a major role in energy independence. We look to innovative technology to transform America's coal supplies into clean fuels capable of powering motor vehicles and aircraft. We support coal-to-liquid and gasification initiatives, just as we support investment in the development and deployment of carbon capture and storage technologies, which can reduce emissions. We firmly oppose efforts by Democrats to block the construction of new coal-fired power plants. No strategy for reducing energy costs will be viable without a commitment to continued coal production and utilization.\nNatural gas is plentiful in North America, but we can extract more and do a better job of distributing it nationwide to cook our food, heat our homes, and serve as a growing option as a transportation fuel. Both independently and in cooperation with alternative fuels, natural gas will be an essential part of any long-term energy solution. We must ensure it gets to consumers safely and quickly.\nWe embrace the open energy cooperation and trading relationship with our neighbors Canada and Mexico, including proven oil reserves and vast, untapped Canadian hydroelectric generation.\nWhile we grow our supplies, we must also reduce our demand — not by changing our lifestyles but by putting the free market to work and taking advantage of technological breakthroughs.\nConservation does not mean deprivation; it means efficiency and achieving more with less. Most Americans today endeavor to conserve fossil fuels, whether in their cars or in their home heating, but we can do better. We can construct better and smarter buildings, use smarter thermostats and transmission grids, increase recycling, and make energy-efficient consumer purchases. Wireless communications, for example, can increase telecommuting options and cut back on business travel. The Republican goal is to ensure that Americans have more conservation options that will enable them to make the best choices for their families.\nWe must continue to develop alternative fuels, such as biofuels, especially cellulosic ethanol, and hasten their technological advances to next-generation production. As America develops energy technology for the 21st century, policy makers must consider the burden that rising food prices and energy costs create for the poor and developing nations around the world. Because alternative fuels are useless if vehicles cannot use them, we must move quickly to flexible fuel vehicles; we cannot expect necessary investments in alternative fuels if this flexibility does not become standard. We must also produce more vehicles that operate on electricity and natural gas, both to reduce demand for oil and to cut CO2 emissions.\nGiven that fully 97 percent of our current transportation vehicles rely on oil, we will aggressively support technological advances to reduce our petroleum dependence. For example, lightweight composites could halve the weight and double the gas mileage of cars and trucks, and together with flex-fuel and electric vehicles, could usher in a renaissance in the American auto industry.\n\nEnvironmental Protection\n\nBy increasing our American energy supply and decreasing the long term demand for oil, we will be well positioned to address the challenge of climate change and continue our longstanding responsibility for stewardship over the environment.\nThe same human economic activity that has brought freedom and opportunity to billions has also increased the amount of carbon in the atmosphere. While the scope and long-term consequences of this are the subject of ongoing scientific research, common sense dictates that the United States should take measured and reasonable steps today to reduce any impact on the environment. Those steps, if consistent with our global competitiveness will also be good for our national security, our energy independence, and our economy. Any policies should be global in nature, based on sound science and technology, and should not harm the economy.\nAs part of a global climate change strategy, Republicans support technology-driven, market-based solutions that will decrease emissions, reduce excess greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere, increase energy efficiency, mitigate the impact of climate change where it occurs, and maximize any ancillary benefits climate change might offer for the economy.\nTo reduce emissions in the short run, we will rely upon the power of new technologies, as discussed above, especially zero-emission energy sources such as nuclear and other alternate power sources. But innovation must not be hamstrung by Washington bickering, regulatory briar patches, or obstructionist lawsuits. Empowering Washington will only lead to unintended consequences and unimagined economic and environmental pain; instead, we must unleash the power of scientific know-how and competitive markets.\nBecause the issue of climate change is global, it must become a truly global concern as well. All developed and developing economies, particularly India and China, can make significant contributions in dealing with the matter. It would be unrealistic and counterproductive to expect the U.S. to carry burdens which are more appropriately shared by all.\nBecause Republicans believe that solutions to the risk of global climate change will be found in the ingenuity of the American people, we propose a Climate Prize for scientists who solve the challenges of climate change. Honoraria of many millions of dollars would be a small price for technological developments that eliminate our need for gas-powered cars or abate atmospheric carbon.\nRepublicans caution against the doomsday climate change scenarios peddled by the aficionados of centralized command-and-control government. We can — and should — address the risk of climate change based on sound science without succumbing to the no-growth radicalism that treats climate questions as dogma rather than as situations to be managed responsibly.\nA robust economy will be essential to dealing with the risk of climate change, and we will insist on reasonable policies that do not force Americans to sacrifice their way of life or trim their hopes and dreams for their children. This perspective serves not only the people of the United States but also the world's poorest peoples, who would suffer terribly if climate change is severe — just as they would if the world economy itself were to be crippled. We must not allow either outcome.\nThe Republican perspective on the environment is in keeping with our longstanding appreciation for nature and gratitude for the bounty the Almighty has bestowed upon the American people. It was Republican President Theodore Roosevelt who said, \"The conservation of natural resources is the fundamental problem. Unless we solve that problem, it will avail us little to solve all others.\" We agree. Whether through family vacations, hunting or fishing trips, backpacking excursions, or weekend hikes, Americans of all backgrounds share a commitment to protecting the environment and the opportunities it offers. In addition, the public should have access to public lands for recreational activities such as hunting, hiking, and fishing.\nIn caring for the land and water, private ownership has been the best guarantee of conscientious stewardship, while the world's worst instances of environmental degradation have occurred under governmental control. By the same token, it is no accident that the most economically advanced countries also have the strongest environmental protections.\nOur national progress toward cleaner air and water has been a major accomplishment of the American people. By balancing environmental goals with economic growth and job creation, our diverse economy has made possible the investment needed to safeguard natural resources, protect endangered species, and create healthier living conditions. State and local initiatives to clean up contaminated sites — brownfields — have exceeded efforts directed by Washington. That progress can continue if grounded in sound science, long-term planning, and a multiuse approach to resources.\nGovernment at all levels should protect private property rights by cooperating with landowners' efforts and providing incentives to protect fragile environments, endangered species, and maintain the natural beauty of America. Republican leadership has led to the rejuvenation and renewal of our National Park system. Future expansion of that system, as well as designation of National Wilderness areas or Historic Districts, should be undertaken only with the active participation and consent of relevant state and local governments and private property owners.\n\nHealth Care Reform: Putting Patients First\n\nAmericans have the best doctors, the best hospitals, the most innovative medical technology, and the best scientists in the world. Our challenge and opportunity is to build around them the best health care system. Republicans believe the key to real reform is to give control of the health care system to patients and their health care providers, not bureaucrats in government or business.\nThere are reasons why American families and businesses are dissatisfied with the current state of health care:\n• Most Americans work longer and harder to pay for health care.\n• Dedicated health care providers are changing careers to avoid litigation.\n• The need to hold onto health insurance is driving family decisions about where to live and work.\n• Many new parents worry about the loss of coverage if they choose to stay at home with their children.\n• The need — and the bills — for long-term care are challenging families and government alike.\n• American businesses are becoming less competitive in the global marketplace because of insurance costs.\n• Some federal programs with no benefit to patients have grown exponentially, adding layers of bureaucracy between patients and their care.\nIt is not enough to offer only increased access to a system that costs too much and does not work for millions of Americans. The Republican goal is more ambitious: Better health care for lower cost.\nHow do we ensure that all Americans have the peace of mind that comes from owning high-quality, comprehensive health coverage? The first rule of public policy is the same as with medicine: Do no harm.\nThe American people rejected Democrats' attempted government takeover of health care in 1993, and they remain skeptical of politicians who would send us down that road. Republicans support the private practice of medicine and oppose socialized medicine in the form of a government- run universal health care system. Republicans pledge that as we reform our health care system:\nRadical restructuring of health care would be unwise. We want all Americans to be able to choose the best health care provider, hospital, and health coverage for their needs. We believe that real reform is about improving your access to a health care provider, your control over care, and your ability to afford that care.\nWe will continue to advocate for simplification of the system and the empowerment of patients. This is in stark contrast to the other party's insistence on putting Washington in charge of patient care, which has blocked any progress on meeting these goals. We offer a detailed program that will improve the quality, cost, and coverage of health care throughout the nation, and we will turn that plan into reality.\nRepublicans believe all Americans should be able to obtain an affordable health care plan, including a health savings account, which meets their needs and the needs of their families.\nFamilies and health care providers are the key to real reform, not lawyers and bureaucrats. To empower families, we must make insurance more affordable and more secure, and give employees the option of owning coverage that is not tied to their job. Patients should not have to worry about losing their insurance. Insurance companies should have to worry about losing patients' business.\nThe current tax system discriminates against individuals who do not receive health care from their employers, gives more generous health tax benefits to upper income employees, and fails to provide every American with the ability to purchase an affordable health care plan. Republicans propose to correct inequities in the current tax code that drive up the number of uninsured and to level the playing field so that individuals who choose a health insurance plan in the individual market face no tax penalty. All Americans should receive the same tax benefit as those who are insured through work, whether through a tax credit or other means.\nIndividuals with pre-existing conditions must be protected; we will help these individuals by building on the experiences of innovative states rather than by creating a new unmanageable federal entitlement. We strongly urge that managed care organizations use the practice patterns and medical treatment guidelines from the state in which the patient lives when making medical coverage decisions.\nBecause the family is our basic unit of society, we fully support parental rights to consent to medical treatment for their children including mental health treatment, drug treatment, alcohol treatment, and treatment involving pregnancy, contraceptives and abortion.\nWhile delivering control of health coverage to families and individuals, Republicans will also advance a variety of targeted reforms to improve the quality of care, lower costs, and help Americans — men, women, and children — live longer and healthier lives.\nChronic diseases — in many cases, preventable conditions — are driving health care costs, consuming three of every four health care dollars. We can reduce demand for medical care by fostering personal responsibility within a culture of wellness, while increasing access to preventive services, including improved nutrition and breakthrough medications that keep people healthy and out of the hospital. To reduce the incidence of diabetes, cancer, heart disease, and stroke, we call for a national grassroots campaign against obesity, especially among children. We call for continuation of efforts to decrease use of tobacco, especially among the young.\nA culture of wellness needs to include the treatment of mental health conditions. We believe all Americans should have access to affordable, quality health care, including individuals struggling with mental illness. For this reason, we believe it is important that mental health care be treated equally with physical health care.\nClear information about health care empowers patients. It lets consumers make better decisions about where to spend their health care dollars, thereby fostering competition and lowering costs. Patients must have information to make sound decisions about their health care providers, hospitals, and insurance companies.\nAdvances in medical technology are revolutionizing medicine. Information technology is key to early detection and treatment of chronic disease as well as fetal care and health care in rural areas — especially where our growing wireless communications network is available. The simple step of modernizing record-keeping will mean faster, more accurate treatment, fewer medical errors, and lower costs. Closing the health care information gap can reduce both under-utilization (the diabetic who forgets to refill an insulin prescription) and over-utilization (the patient who endures repetitive tests because providers have not shared test results).\nEvery patient must have access to legal remedies for malpractice, but meritless lawsuits drive up insurance rates to outrageous levels and ultimately drive up the number of uninsured. Frivolous lawsuits also drive up the cost of health care as health care providers are forced to practice defensive medicine, such as ordering unnecessary tests. Many leave their practices rather than deal with the current system. This emergency demands medical liability reform.\nPatients deserve access to health care providers they trust who will personalize and coordinate their care to ensure they receive the right treatment with the right health care provider at the right time. Providers should be paid for keeping people well, not for the number of tests they run or procedures they perform. The current cookie-cutter system of reimbursement needs restructuring from the view of the patient, not the accountant or Washington bureaucrat.\nA state-regulated national market for health insurance means more competition, more choice, and lower costs. Families — as well as fraternal societies, churches and community groups, and small employers — should be able to purchase policies across state lines. The best practices and lowest prices should be available in every state. We call upon state legislators to carefully consider the cost of medical mandates, and we salute those Republican governors who are leading the way in demonstrating ways to provide affordable health care options.\nThe financial burdens and emotional challenges of ensuring adequate care for elderly family members affect every American, especially with today's aging population. We must develop new ways to support individuals, not just institutions, so that older Americans can have a real choice whether to stay in their homes. This is true not only with regard to Medicaid, where we spend $100 billion annually on long-term care, but also for those who do not qualify for that assistance.\nWe believe in the importance of primary care specialties and supporting the physician's role in the evaluation and management of disease. We also encourage practice in rural and under-served areas of America.\nWe support federal investment in basic and applied biomedical research. This commitment will maintain America's global competitiveness, advance innovative science that can lead to medical breakthroughs, and turn the tide against diseases affecting millions of Americans — diseases that account for the majority of our health care costs. The United States leads in this research, as evidenced by our growing biotechnology industry, but foreign competition is increasing. One way government can help preserve the promise of American innovation is to ensure that our intellectual property laws remain robust.\nFederal research dollars should be spent as though lives are at stake — because, in fact, they are. Research protocols must consider the special needs of formerly neglected groups if we are to make significant progress against breast and prostate cancer, diabetes, and other killers.\nTaxpayer-funded medical research must be based on sound science, with a focus on both prevention and treatment, and in accordance with the humane ethics of the Hippocratic Oath. In that regard, we call for a major expansion of support for the stem-cell research that now shows amazing promise and offers the greatest hope for scores of diseases — with adult stem cells, umbilical cord blood, and cells reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells — without the destruction of embryonic human life. We call for a ban on human cloning and a ban on the creation of or experimentation on human embryos for research purposes.\nWe believe medicines and treatments should be designed to prolong and enhance life, not destroy it. Therefore, federal funds should not be used for drugs that cause the destruction of human life. Furthermore, the Drug Enforcement Administration ban on use of controlled substances for physician-assisted suicide should be restored.\nThe health care profession can be both a profession and a calling. No health care professional — doctor, nurse, or pharmacist — or organization should ever be required to perform, provide for, or refer for a health care service against their conscience for any reason. This is especially true of the religious organizations which deliver a major portion of America's health care, a service rooted in the charity of faith communities.\nWe support the provision of quality and accessible health care options for our nation's seniors and disabled individuals and recognize that in order to meet this goal we must confront the special challenges posed by the growth of Medicare costs. Its projected growth is out of control and threatens to squeeze out other programs, while funding constraints lead to restricted access to treatment for many seniors. There are solutions. Medicare can be a leader for the rest of our health care system by encouraging treatment of the whole patient. Specifically, we should compensate doctors who coordinate care, especially for those with multiple chronic conditions, and eliminate waste and inefficiency. Medicare patients must have more control of their care and choice regarding their doctors, and the benefits of competition must be delivered to the patients themselves if Medicare is to provide quality health care. And Medicare patients must be free to add their own funds, if they choose, to any government benefits, to be assured of unrationed care.\nFinally, because it is isolated from the free market forces that encourage innovation, competition, affordability, and expansion of options, Medicare is especially susceptible to fraud and abuse. The program loses tens of billions of dollars annually in erroneous and fraudulent payments. We are determined to root out the fraud and eliminate this assault on the taxpayer.\nOur Medicaid obligations will consume $5 trillion over the next ten years. Medicaid now accounts for 20-25 percent of state budgets and threatens to overwhelm state governments for the indefinite future. We can do better while spending less. A first step is to give Medicaid recipients more health care options. Several states have allowed beneficiaries to buy regular health insurance with their Medicaid dollars. This removes the Medicaid \"stamp\" from people's foreheads, provides beneficiaries with better access to doctors, and saves taxpayers' money. We must ensure that taxpayer money is focused on caring for U.S. citizens and other individuals in our country legally.\nTo protect the American people from the threats we face in the century ahead, we must develop and stockpile medicines and vaccines so we can deliver them where urgently needed. Our health care infrastructure must have the surge capacity to handle large numbers of patients in times of crisis, whether it is a repeat of Hurricane Katrina, a flu pandemic, or a bioterror attack on multiple cities. Republicans will ensure that this infrastructure, including the needed communications capacity, is closely integrated into our homeland security needs.\n\nEducation Means a More Competitive America\n\nEducation is a parental right, a state and local responsibility, and a national strategic interest.\nMaintaining America's preeminence requires a world-class system of education, with high standards, in which all students can reach their potential. That requires considerable improvement over our current 70 percent high school graduation rate and six-year graduation rate of only 57 percent for colleges.\nEducation is essential to competitiveness, but it is more than just training for the work force of the future. It is through education that we ensure the transmission of a culture, a set of values we hold in common. It has prepared generations for responsible citizenship in a free society, and it must continue to do so. Our party is committed to restoring the civic mission of schools envisioned by the founders of the American public school system. Civic education, both in the classroom and through service learning, should be a cornerstone of American public education and should be central to future school reform efforts.\nAll children should have access to an excellent education that empowers them to secure their own freedom and contribute to the betterment of our society. We reaffirm the principles that have been the foundation of the nation's educational progress toward that goal: accountability for student academic achievement; periodic testing on the fundamentals of learning, especially math and reading, history and geography; transparency, so parents and the general public know which schools best serve their students; and flexibility and freedom to innovate so schools and districts can best meet the needs of their students.\nWe advocate policies and methods that are proven and effective: building on the basics, especially phonics; ending social promotion; merit pay for good teachers; classroom discipline; parental involvement; and strong leadership by principals. We reject a one-size-fits-all approach and support parental options, including home schooling, and local innovations such as schools or classes for boys only or for girls only and alternative and innovative school schedules. We recognize and appreciate the importance of innovative education environments, particularly homeschooling, for stimulating academic achievement. We oppose over-reaching judicial decisions which deny children access to such environments. We support state efforts to build coordination between elementary and secondary education and higher education such as K-16 councils and dual credit programs.\nTo ensure that all students will have access to the mainstream of American life, we support the English First approach and oppose divisive programs that limit students' future potential. All students must be literate in English, our common language, to participate in the promise of America.\nThe family is the most powerful influence on a child's ability to succeed. As such, parents are our children's first and foremost teachers. We support family literacy, which improves the literacy, language, and life skills of both parents and children along with the continued improvement of early childhood programs, such as Head Start, from low-income families. We reaffirm our support for the child care tax credit that helps parents choose the care best for their family.\nFor students to meet world class standards, they must have access to world class teachers, whether in person or through virtual public schools that can bring high-quality instruction into the classroom. School districts must have the authority to recruit, reward, and retain the best and brightest teachers, and principals must have the authority to select and assign teachers without regard to collective bargaining agreements. Because qualified teachers are often not available through traditional routes, we support local efforts to create an adjunct teacher corps of experts from higher education, business, and the military to fill in when needed.\nTeachers must be protected against frivolous litigation and should be able to take reasonable actions to maintain discipline and order in the classroom. We encourage the private-public partnerships and mentoring that can make classroom time more meaningful to students by integrating it with learning beyond school walls. These efforts are crucial to lowering the drop-out rate and helping at-risk students realize their potential.\nWe encourage state efforts to ensure that personnel who interact with children pass thorough background checks and are held to the highest standards of conduct.\nPartnerships between schools and businesses can be especially important in STEM subjects: science, technology, engineering and math. The need to improve secondary education in those fields can be measured by the number of remedial courses now offered at the college level. Our country's reliance upon foreign talent in those areas begins with insufficient emphasis upon them in the high school years. We applaud those who are changing that situation by giving young people real-world experience in the private sector and by providing students with rigorous technical and academic courses that give students the skills and knowledge necessary to be productive members in a competitive American workforce.\nParents should be able to decide the learning environment that is best for their child. We support choice in education for all families, especially those with children trapped in dangerous and failing schools, whether through charter schools, vouchers or tax credits for attending faith-based or other nonpublic schools, or the option of home schooling. We call for the vigilant enforcement of laws designed to protect family rights and privacy in education. We will energetically assert the right of students to engage in voluntary prayer in schools and to have equal access to school facilities for religious purposes. We renew our call for replacing \"family planning\" programs for teens with increased funding for abstinence education, which teaches abstinence until marriage as the responsible and expected standard of behavior. Abstinence from sexual activity is the only protection that is 100 percent effective against out-of-wedlock pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS when transmitted sexually. We oppose school-based clinics that provide referrals, counseling, and related services for abortion and contraception. Schools should not ask children to answer offensive or intrusive personal nonacademic questionnaires without parental consent. It is not the role of the teacher or school administration to recommend or require the use of psychotropic medications that must be prescribed by a physician.\nAlthough the Constitution assigns the federal government no role in local education, Washington's authority over the nation's schools has increased dramatically. In less than a decade, annual federal funding has shot up 41 percent to almost $25 billion, while the regulatory burden on state and local governments has risen by about 6.7 million hours — and added $141 million in costs — during that time. We call for a review of Department of Education programs and administration to identify and eliminate ineffective programs, to respect the role of states, and to better meet state needs.\nTo get our schools back to the basics of learning, we support initiatives to block-grant more Department of Education funding to the states, with requirements for state-level standards, assessments, and public reporting to ensure transparency. Local educators must be free to end ineffective programs and reallocate resources where they are most needed.\nBecause a federal mandate on the states must include the promised federal funding, we will fulfill the promise of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act to cover 40 percent of the costs incurred because of that legislation. We urge preventive efforts in early childhood, especially assistance in gaining pre-reading skills, to help many youngsters move beyond the need for IDEA's protections.\nOur country's system of higher education — public and private, secular and religious, large and small institutions — is unique for its excellence, its diversity, and its accessibility. Learning is a safeguard of liberty. Post-secondary education not only increases the earnings of individuals but advances economic development. Our colleges and universities drive much of the research that keeps America competitive. We must ensure that our higher education system meet the needs of the 21st century student and economy and remain innovative and accessible.\nStudents and their parents face formidable challenges in planning for college as costs continue to outpace inflation. Higher education seems immune from market controls and the law of supply and demand. We commend those institutions which are directing a greater proportion of their endowment revenues toward tuition relief.\nThe Republican vision for expanding access to higher education has led to two major advances, Education Savings Accounts and Section 529 accounts, by which millions of families now save for college. While federal student loans and grants have opened doors to learning for untold numbers of low- and middle-income students, the overall financial aid system, with its daunting forms and confused rationales, is nothing less than Byzantine. It must be simplified. We call for a presidential commission to undertake that task and to review the role of government regulations and policies in the tuition spiral. We affirm our support for the public-private partnership that now offers students and their families a vibrant marketplace in selecting their student loan provider.\nThe challenge to American higher education is to make sure students can access education in whatever forms they want. As mobility increases in all aspects of American life, student mobility, from school to school and from campus to campus, will require new approaches to admissions, evaluations, and credentialing. Distance learning propelled by an expanding telecommunications sector and especially broadband, is certain to grow in importance — whether through public or private institutions — and federal law should not discriminate against the latter. Lifelong learning will continue to transform the demographics of higher education, bringing older students and real-world experience to campus.\nCommunity colleges are central to the future of higher education, especially as they build bridges between the world of work and the classroom. Many of our returning veterans find community colleges to be welcoming environments where they can develop specific skills for use in the civilian workforce. As the first responders to economic development and retraining of workers, these schools fulfill our national commitment of an affordable and readily accessible education for all.\nFree speech on college campuses is to be celebrated, but there should be no place in academia for anti-Semitism or racism of any kind. We oppose the hiring, firing, tenure, and promotion practices at universities that discriminate on the basis of political or ideological belief. When federal taxes are used to support such practices, it is inexcusable. We affirm the right of students and faculty to express their views in the face of the leftist dogmatism that dominates many institutions. To preserve the integrity and independence of the nation's colleges, we will continue to ensure alternatives to ideological accrediting systems.\nBecause some of the nation's leading universities create or tolerate a hostile atmosphere toward the ROTC, we will rigorously enforce the provision of law, unanimously upheld by the Supreme Court, which denies those institutions federal research grants unless their military students have the full rights and privileges of other students. That must include the right to engage in ROTC activities on their own campus, rather than being segregated elsewhere.\n\nProtecting Our Families\n\nRepublicans remain the party of vigorous action against crime and the party that empowers the law-abiding by protecting their right to keep and bear arms for self-protection. Our national experience over the past twenty years has shown that vigilance, tough yet fair prosecutors, meaningful sentences, protection of victims' rights, and limits on judicial discretion protect the innocent by keeping criminals off the streets.\nThe Internet must be made safe for children. That's why Republicans have led efforts to increase the funding necessary to track down and jail online predators through the Adam Walsh Act. We commit to do whatever it takes, using all the tools of innovative technology, to thwart those who would prey upon our children. We call on service providers to exercise due care to ensure that the Internet cannot become a safe haven for criminals.\nChild pornography is a hideous form of child abuse. Those who produce it — and those who traffic in it — must be punished to the maximum extent of the law. Because it is an international problem, the Executive branch must carry the fight overseas to where the molesters perpetrate their evil. Congress should expand the range of companies required to report the existence of child pornography, and we congratulate the social networking sites that agree to bar known sex offenders from participation.\nMillions of Americans suffer from problem or pathological gambling that can destroy families. We support the law prohibiting gambling over the Internet.\nGang violence is a growing problem, not only in urban areas but in many suburbs and rural communities. It has escalated with the rise of gangs composed largely of illegal aliens, most of whose victims are law-abiding members of immigrant communities. We call for stronger enforcement and determined prosecution of gang conspiracies. Illegal alien gang members must be removed from the United States immediately upon arrest or after the completion of any sentence imposed. Aliens convicted of crimes that render them removable from the United States must be removed as soon as possible after the completion of their sentences through the immediate transfer of their custody to Immigration and Customs Enforcement.\nCriminals behind bars cannot harm the general public. To that end:\n• We support mandatory sentencing provisions for gang conspiracy crimes, violent or sexual offenses against children, rape, and assaults resulting in serious bodily injury.\n• Gang rape, child rape, and rape committed in the course of another felony deserve, at the least, mandatory life imprisonment.\n• We oppose the granting of parole to dangerous or repeat felons.\n• Courts must have the option of imposing the death penalty in capital murder cases and other instances of heinous crime, while federal review of those sentences should be streamlined to focus on claims of innocence and to prevent delaying tactics by defense attorneys.\n• We encourage the use of advanced technology to monitor nonviolent criminals.\nPublic authorities at all levels must cooperate to regain control of the nation's correctional institutions. It is unacceptable that prison officers should live in fear of the inmates they guard. Similarly, persons jailed for whatever cause should be protected against cruel or degrading treatment by other inmates. We cannot allow correctional facilities to become ethnic or racial battlegrounds.\nBreaking the cycle of crime begins with the children of those who are incarcerated. Deprived of a parent through no fault of their own, these youngsters should be a special concern of our schools, social services, and religious institutions. Government at all levels should work with faith-based institutions that have proven track records in diverting young and first offenders from criminal careers through Second Chance and similar programs. Individuals, including juveniles, who are repeat offenders or who commit serious crimes need to be prosecuted and punished.\nIn solidarity with those who protect us, we call for mandatory prison time for all assaults involving bodily injury to law enforcement officers. Reviews of death sentences imposed for murdering a police officer should be expedited, and a retrial of the penalty phase of the killer's trial should be allowed in the absence of a unanimous verdict. We support the right of off-duty and retired officers to carry firearms. Criminals should be barred from seeking monetary damages for injuries they incur while committing a crime.\nIn recent years, many federal resources for law enforcement have been shifted to the fight against terror. To compensate for that loss of manpower — and with the significant increase in cybercrime, identity theft, and human trafficking — several thousand new FBI agents, U.S. marshals, immigration officers, and Border Patrol agents are needed.\nThe human toll of drug addiction and abuse hits all segments of American society. It is an international problem as well, with most of the narcotics in this country coming from beyond our borders. We will continue the fight against producers, traffickers, and distributors of illegal substances through the collaboration of state, federal, and local law enforcement. We support the work of those who help individuals struggling with addiction, and we support strengthening drug education and prevention programs to avoid addiction. We endorse state and local initiatives, such as Drug Courts, that are trying new approaches to curbing drug abuse and diverting first-time offenders to rehabilitation.\nTwenty-six years ago, President Reagan's Task Force on Victims of Crime, calling the neglect of crime victims a \"national disgrace,\" proposed a constitutional amendment to secure their formal rights. Today, that disgrace persists in courtrooms across the nation. Innocent victims — battered women, abused children, the loved ones of the murdered — still may not be told when their case is being heard. They can be excluded from the courtroom even when the defendant and his friends may be present. They have no right to a speedy trial, and a judge or parole board has no obligation to consider their personal safety in making release decisions. In short, the innocent have far fewer rights than the accused. We call on Congress to correct this imbalance by sending to the states for ratification a constitutional amendment to protect the rights of crime victims. In addition, crime victims should be assured of access to legal and social services, and the Crime Victims Fund established under President Reagan should be used solely for that purpose.\nBecause our Constitution is based on the principles of individual liberty and limited government, we must always ensure that law enforcement respects the civil and constitutional rights of the people. While we wage war on terrorism in foreign lands, it is sometimes necessary for intelligence agencies and law enforcement officials to pursue terrorist threats at home. However, no expansion of governmental powers should occur at the expense of our constitutional liberties.\nThe two most effective forces in reducing crime and other social ills are strong families and caring communities. Both reinforce constructive conduct and ethical standards by setting examples and providing safe havens from dangerous and destructive behaviors. Given the weight of social science evidence concerning the crucial role played by the traditional family in setting a child's future course, we urge a thoughtful review of governmental policies and programs to ensure that they do not undermine that institution.\nDecentralized decision-making in the place of official controls empowers individuals and groups to tackle social problems in partnership with government. Bureaucracy is no longer a credible approach to helping those in need. This is especially true in light of alternatives such as faith-based organizations, which tend to have a greater degree of success than others in dealing with problems such as substance abuse and domestic violence. To accomplish their missions, those groups must be able to rely upon people who share their faith; their hiring must not be subjected to government regulation and mandates.\n\nPreserving Our Values\n\nFrom its founding, America has been an idea as much as a political or geographic entity. It has meant, for untold millions around the world, a set of ideals that speak to the highest aspirations of humanity. From its own beginning, the Republican Party has boldly asserted those ideals, as we now do again, to affirm the rights of the people under the rule of law.\nWe uphold the right of individual Americans to own firearms, a right which antedated the Constitution and was solemnly confirmed by the Second Amendment. We applaud the Supreme Court's decision in Heller affirming that right, and we assert the individual responsibility to safely use and store firearms. We call on the next president to appoint judges who will similarly respect the Constitution. Gun ownership is responsible citizenship, enabling Americans to defend themselves, their property, and communities.\nWe call for education in constitutional rights in schools, and we support the option of firearms training in federal programs serving senior citizens and women. We urge immediate action to review the automatic denial of gun ownership to returning members of the Armed Forces who have suffered trauma during service to their country. We condemn frivolous lawsuits against firearms manufacturers, which are transparent attempts to deprive citizens of their rights. We oppose federal licensing of law-abiding gun owners and national gun registration as violations of the Second Amendment. We recognize that gun control only affects and penalizes law-abiding citizens, and that such proposals are ineffective at reducing violent crime.\nIndividual rights — and the responsibilities that go with them — are the foundation of a free society. From the time of Lincoln, equality of individuals has been a cornerstone of the Republican Party. Our commitment to equal opportunity extends from landmark school-choice legislation for the students of Washington D.C. to historic appointments at the highest levels of government. We consider discrimination based on sex, race, age, religion, creed, disability, or national origin to be immoral, and we will strongly enforce anti-discrimination statutes. We ask all to join us in rejecting the forces of hatred and bigotry and in denouncing all who practice or promote racism, anti-Semitism, ethnic prejudice, or religious intolerance. As a matter of principle, Republicans oppose any attempts to create race-based governments within the United States, as well as any domestic governments not bound by the Constitution or the Bill of Rights.\nPrecisely because we oppose discrimination, we reject preferences, quotas, and set-asides, whether in education or in corporate boardrooms. The government should not make contracts on this basis, and neither should corporations. We support efforts to help low-income individuals get a fair shot based on their potential and merit, and we affirm the commonsense approach of the Chief Justice of the United States: that the way to stop discriminating on the basis of race is to stop discriminating.\nThe symbol of our unity, to which we all pledge allegiance, is the flag. By whatever legislative method is most feasible, Old Glory should be given legal protection against desecration. We condemn decisions by activist judges to deny children the opportunity to say the Pledge of Allegiance in public school.\nWe support freedom of speech and freedom of the press and oppose attempts to violate or weaken those rights, such as reinstatement of the so-called Fairness Doctrine.\nFaithful to the first guarantee of the Declaration of Independence, we assert the inherent dignity and sanctity of all human life and affirm that the unborn child has a fundamental individual right to life which cannot be infringed. We support a human life amendment to the Constitution, and we endorse legislation to make clear that the Fourteenth Amendment's protections apply to unborn children. We oppose using public revenues to promote or perform abortion and will not fund organizations which advocate it. We support the appointment of judges who respect traditional family values and the sanctity and dignity of innocent human life.\nWe have made progress. The Supreme Court has upheld prohibitions against the barbaric practice of partial-birth abortion. States are now permitted to extend health-care coverage to children before birth. And the Born Alive Infants Protection Act has become law; this law ensures that infants who are born alive during an abortion receive all treatment and care that is provided to all newborn infants and are not neglected and left to die. We must protect girls from exploitation and statutory rape through a parental notification requirement. We all have a moral obligation to assist, not to penalize, women struggling with the challenges of an unplanned pregnancy. At its core, abortion is a fundamental assault on the sanctity of innocent human life. Women deserve better than abortion. Every effort should be made to work with women considering abortion to enable and empower them to choose life. We salute those who provide them alternatives, including pregnancy care centers, and we take pride in the tremendous increase in adoptions that has followed Republican legislative initiatives.\nRespect for life requires efforts to include persons with disabilities in education, employment, the justice system, and civic participation. In keeping with that commitment, we oppose the nonconsensual withholding of care or treatment from people with disabilities, as well as the elderly and infirm, just as we oppose euthanasia and assisted suicide, which endanger especially those on the margins of society. Because government should set a positive standard in hiring and contracting for the services of persons with disabilities, we need to update the statutory authority for the AbilityOne program, the main avenue by which those productive members of our society can offer high quality services at the best possible value.\nBecause our children's future is best preserved within the traditional understanding of marriage, we call for a constitutional amendment that fully protects marriage as a union of a man and a woman, so that judges cannot make other arrangements equivalent to it. In the absence of a national amendment, we support the right of the people of the various states to affirm traditional marriage through state initiatives.\nRepublicans recognize the importance of having in the home a father and a mother who are married. The two-parent family still provides the best environment of stability, discipline, responsibility, and character. Children in homes without fathers are more likely to commit a crime, drop out of school, become violent, become teen parents, use illegal drugs, become mired in poverty, or have emotional or behavioral problems. We support the courageous efforts of single-parent families to provide a stable home for their children. Children are our nation's most precious resource. We also salute and support the efforts of foster and adoptive families.\nRepublicans have been at the forefront of protecting traditional marriage laws, both in the states and in Congress. A Republican Congress enacted the Defense of Marriage Act, affirming the right of states not to recognize same-sex \"marriages\" licensed in other states. Unbelievably, the Democratic Party has now pledged to repeal the Defense of Marriage Act, which would subject every state to the redefinition of marriage by a judge without ever allowing the people to vote on the matter. We also urge Congress to use its Article III, Section 2 power to prevent activist federal judges from imposing upon the rest of the nation the judicial activism in Massachusetts and California. We also encourage states to review their marriage and divorce laws in order to strengthen marriage.\nAs the family is our basic unit of society, we oppose initiatives to erode parental rights.\nOur Constitution guarantees the free exercise of religion and forbids any religious test for public office, and it likewise prohibits the establishment of a state-sponsored creed. The balance between those two ideals has been distorted by judicial rulings which attempt to drive faith out of the public arena. The public display of the Ten Commandments does not violate the U.S. Constitution and accurately reflects the Judeo-Christian heritage of our country. We support the right of students to engage in student-initiated, student-led prayer in public schools, athletic events, and graduation ceremonies, when done in conformity with constitutional standards.\nWe affirm every citizen's right to apply religious values to public policy and the right of faith-based organizations to participate fully in public programs without renouncing their beliefs, removing religious objects or symbols, or becoming subject to government-imposed hiring practices. Forcing religious groups to abandon their beliefs as applied to their hiring practices is religious discrimination. We support the First Amendment right of freedom of association of the Boy Scouts of America and other service organizations whose values are under assault, and we call upon the Commonwealth of Massachusetts to reverse its policy of blacklisting religious groups which decline to arrange adoptions by same-sex couples. Respectful of our nation's diversity in faith, we urge reasonable accommodation of religious beliefs in the private workplace. We deplore the increasing incidence of attacks against religious symbols, as well as incidents of anti-Semitism on college campuses.\nThe federal government has a special responsibility to the people in Indian country and a unique trust relationship with them, which has been insufficiently honored. The social and economic problems that plague Indian country have grown worse over the last several decades, and we must reverse that trend. Ineffective government programs deprive Indians of the services they need, and long-term failures threaten to undermine tribal sovereignty itself.\nRepublicans believe that economic self-sufficiency is the ultimate answer to the challenges in Indian country and that tribal communities, not Washington bureaucracies, are better situated to craft local solutions. Federal — and state — regulations that thwart job creation must be reconsidered so that tribal governments acting on Native Americans' behalf are not disadvantaged. The Democratic Party's repeated undermining of tribal sovereignty to advantage union bosses is especially egregious.\nRepublicans reject a one-size-fits-all approach to federal-state-tribal partnerships and will work to expand local autonomy where tribal governments seek it. Better partnerships will help us to expand opportunity, deliver top-flight education to future generations, modernize and improve the Indian Health Service to make it more responsive to local needs, and build essential infrastructure. Native Americans must be empowered to develop the rich natural resources on their lands without undue federal interference.\nCrime in Indian country, especially against women, is a special problem demanding immediate attention. Inadequate resources and neglect have made Native Americans less safe and allowed safe havens to develop in Indian country for criminal narcotics enterprises. The government must increase funding for tribal officers and investigators, FBI agents, prosecutors, and tribal jails. The legal system must provide stability and protect property rights. Everyone's civil rights must be safeguarded, including the right to due process and freedom of the press, with accountability for all government officials.\nWe support efforts to ensure equitable participation in federal programs by Native Americans, including Alaska Natives and Native Hawaiians, and to preserve their culture and languages. We honor the sacrifices of all Native Americans serving in the military today and in years past and will ensure that all veterans receive the care and respect they have earned through their service to America.", "Words" -> 22593, "WordCounts" -> <|"the" -> 1223, "and" -> 945, "of" -> 804, "to" -> 779, "in" -> 384, "a" -> 337, "for" -> 264, "that" -> 261, "We" -> 260, "our" -> 215, "is" -> 183, "with" -> 159, "be" -> 159, "we" -> 157, "their" -> 148, "on" -> 136, "must" -> 136, "will" -> 132, "The" -> 129, "are" -> 128, "as" -> 121, "by" -> 115, "should" -> 107, "or" -> 106, "have" -> 105, "not" -> 100, "support" -> 87, "care" -> 85, "American" -> 82, "it" -> 80, "health" -> 74, "government" -> 73, "more" -> 72, "federal" -> 70, "all" -> 70, "has" -> 69, "from" -> 69, "its" -> 68, "who" -> 67, "those" -> 64, "an" -> 61, "people" -> 59, "can" -> 59, "tax" -> 54, "Americans" -> 51, "against" -> 51, "which" -> 50, "Our" -> 48, "they" -> 45, "rights" -> 43, "energy" -> 43, "national" -> 42, 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"demands" -> 7, "defense" -> 7, "death" -> 7, "dealing" -> 7, "dangerous" -> 7, "critical" -> 7, "criminal" -> 7, "contributions" -> 7, "consider" -> 7, "condemn" -> 7, "colleges" -> 7, "cause" -> 7, "capital" -> 7, "By" -> 7, "billion" -> 7, "authority" -> 7, "appreciate" -> 7, "alternative" -> 7, "agenda" -> 7, "activities" -> 7, "across" -> 7, "why" -> 6, "While" -> 6, "whatever" -> 6, "welcome" -> 6, "weapons" -> 6, "water" -> 6, "was" -> 6, "voting" -> 6, "vital" -> 6, "victims" -> 6, "vehicles" -> 6, "value" -> 6, "using" -> 6, "trillion" -> 6, "transportation" -> 6, "together" -> 6, "today" -> 6, "technological" -> 6, "teachers" -> 6, "taxation" -> 6, "strongly" -> 6, "strengthen" -> 6, "steps" -> 6, "societies" -> 6, "single" -> 6, "significant" -> 6, "savings" -> 6, "rural" -> 6, "requirements" -> 6, "regulatory" -> 6, "regard" -> 6, "real" -> 6, "rate" -> 6, "quickly" -> 6, "put" -> 6, "protecting" -> 6, "products" -> 6, "principle" -> 6, "present" -> 6, "potential" -> 6, "possible" -> 6, "patient" -> 6, "overall" -> 6, "option" -> 6, "officials" -> 6, "neighbors" -> 6, "National" -> 6, "medicine" -> 6, "may" -> 6, "limit" -> 6, "levels" -> 6, "led" -> 6, "lawsuits" -> 6, "last" -> 6, "lands" -> 6, "Internet" -> 6, "information" -> 6, "ineffective" -> 6, "industry" -> 6, "Indian" -> 6, "independent" -> 6, "increasing" -> 6, "include" -> 6, "immediate" -> 6, "guard" -> 6, "growing" -> 6, "grow" -> 6, "generations" -> 6, "example" -> 6, "ever" -> 6, "eliminate" -> 6, "during" -> 6, "down" -> 6, "diseases" -> 6, "diplomatic" -> 6, "defend" -> 6, "day" -> 6, "credit" -> 6, "creation" -> 6, "cost" -> 6, "consumers" -> 6, "concern" -> 6, "competitive" -> 6, "companies" -> 6, "college" -> 6, "classroom" -> 6, "choice" -> 6, "calls" -> 6, "borders" -> 6, "back" -> 6, "available" -> 6, "attacks" -> 6, "At" -> 6, "among" -> 6, "Amendment" -> 6, "allow" -> 6, "allies" -> 6, "aliens" -> 6, "aid" -> 6, "agricultural" -> 6, "after" -> 6, "advances" -> 6, "advanced" -> 6, "addition" -> 6, "ability" -> 6, "2001" -> 6, "workplace" -> 5, "whose" -> 5, "were" -> 5, "waste" -> 5, "violate" -> 5, "vigilance" -> 5, "two" -> 5, "too" -> 5, "times" -> 5, "ties" -> 5, "threats" -> 5, "Those" -> 5, "Their" -> 5, "terrorism" -> 5, "supply" -> 5, "subject" -> 5, "student" -> 5, "step" -> 5, "stay" -> 5, "stability" -> 5, "skills" -> 5, "since" -> 5, "shared" -> 5, "serving" -> 5, "risk" -> 5, "rise" -> 5, "results" -> 5, "relief" -> 5, "regime" -> 5, "reasonable" -> 5, "rape" -> 5, "raise" -> 5, "proven" -> 5, "prices" -> 5, "President" -> 5, "powers" -> 5, "pork" -> 5, "people's" -> 5, "penalty" -> 5, "pay" -> 5, "participate" -> 5, "owe" -> 5, "others" -> 5, "operations" -> 5, "official" -> 5, "officers" -> 5, "offenders" -> 5, "numbers" -> 5, "number" -> 5, "North" -> 5, "nor" -> 5, "move" -> 5, "modernizing" -> 5, "mission" -> 5, "Mexico" -> 5, "mental" -> 5, "meaningful" -> 5, "look" -> 5, "longer" -> 5, "labor" -> 5, "issue" -> 5, "Islands" -> 5, "Iraq" -> 5, "integrity" -> 5, "insist" -> 5, "innocent" -> 5, "injury" -> 5, "incentives" -> 5, "impact" -> 5, "ideological" -> 5, "ideals" -> 5, "homes" -> 5, "history" -> 5, "hiring" -> 5, "good" -> 5, "fully" -> 5, "fraud" -> 5, "forms" -> 5, "firearms" -> 5, "faith" -> 5, "experience" -> 5, "environments" -> 5, "entrepreneurs" -> 5, "enforce" -> 5, "empowers" -> 5, "emissions" -> 5, "embrace" -> 5, "effort" -> 5, "duty" -> 5, "due" -> 5, "drug" -> 5, "disease" -> 5, "dignity" -> 5, "difficult" -> 5, "deny" -> 5, "decades" -> 5, "deal" -> 5, "Cuba" -> 5, "Court's" -> 5, "Court" -> 5, "core" -> 5, "congressional" -> 5, "comprehensive" -> 5, "competitiveness" -> 5, "committed" -> 5, "come" -> 5, "combat" -> 5, "code" -> 5, "clean" -> 5, "civic" -> 5, "challenge" -> 5, "beyond" -> 5, "ballot" -> 5, "assist" -> 5, "assault" -> 5, "around" -> 5, "And" -> 5, "amount" -> 5, "amendment" -> 5, "ahead" -> 5, "achieve" -> 5, "accessible" -> 5, "abroad" -> 5, "your" -> 4, "young" -> 4, "World" -> 4, "working" -> 4, "workforce" -> 4, "With" -> 4, "ways" -> 4, "wants" -> 4, "want" -> 4, "violent" -> 4, "violence" -> 4, "vigorous" -> 4, "used" -> 4, "urban" -> 4, "uphold" -> 4, "tuition" -> 4, "true" -> 4, "troops" -> 4, "transparent" -> 4, "transmission" -> 4, "tools" -> 4, "timely" -> 4, "thwart" -> 4, "There" -> 4, "test" -> 4, "terrorist" -> 4, "technologies" -> 4, "taxpayer" -> 4, "sustained" -> 4, "supplies" -> 4, "suffering" -> 4, "strength" -> 4, "strategic" -> 4, "still" -> 4, "status" -> 4, "spirit" -> 4, "spend" -> 4, "solutions" -> 4, "solidarity" -> 4, "Social" -> 4, "smarter" -> 4, "size" -> 4, "shows" -> 4, "several" -> 4, "separate" -> 4, "sentences" -> 4, "Senate" -> 4, "self-government" -> 4, "seek" -> 4, "Second" -> 4, "robust" -> 4, "Rico" -> 4, "restrictions" -> 4, "restoration" -> 4, "responsible" -> 4, "responsibilities" -> 4, "response" -> 4, "required" -> 4, "replaced" -> 4, "rely" -> 4, "religion" -> 4, "reliable" -> 4, "relations" -> 4, "regulations" -> 4, "regarding" -> 4, "recent" -> 4, "reason" -> 4, "reaffirm" -> 4, "reach" -> 4, "Radio" -> 4, "radical" -> 4, "race" -> 4, "qualified" -> 4, "putting" -> 4, "Puerto" -> 4, "provides" -> 4, "provider" -> 4, "Protection" -> 4, "protected" -> 4, "propose" -> 4, "promotion" -> 4, "promoting" -> 4, "producers" -> 4, "procedures" -> 4, "priorities" -> 4, "press" -> 4, "presidential" -> 4, "president" -> 4, "playing" -> 4, "planning" -> 4, "place" -> 4, "persons" -> 4, "person" -> 4, "permanent" -> 4, "peoples" -> 4, "Patients" -> 4, "ongoing" -> 4, "offers" -> 4, "Northern" -> 4, "NATO" -> 4, "model" -> 4, "mobility" -> 4, "missile" -> 4, "meets" -> 4, "marketplace" -> 4, "Many" -> 4, "mandates" -> 4, "managers" -> 4, "living" -> 4, "limits" -> 4, "like" -> 4, "liberties" -> 4, "legally" -> 4, "leave" -> 4, "leaders" -> 4, "law-abiding" -> 4, "land" -> 4, "know" -> 4, "key" -> 4, "keeping" -> 4, "justice" -> 4, "Its" -> 4, "Iran" -> 4, "interference" -> 4, "intellectual" -> 4, "increases" -> 4, "income" -> 4, "improved" -> 4, "imposing" -> 4, "importance" -> 4, "immigration" -> 4, "immigrants" -> 4, "If" -> 4, "identity" -> 4, "ideas" -> 4, "homeland" -> 4, "hikes" -> 4, "Health" -> 4, "had" -> 4, "gun" -> 4, "guarantee" -> 4, "get" -> 4, "gas" -> 4, "funds" -> 4, "functions" -> 4, "From" -> 4, "frivolous" -> 4, "foundation" -> 4, "fostering" -> 4, "flexible" -> 4, "flexibility" -> 4, "First" -> 4, "field" -> 4, "fewer" -> 4, "fellow" -> 4, "farmers" -> 4, "faith-based" -> 4, "failed" -> 4, "facilities" -> 4, "expense" -> 4, "Europe" -> 4, "ethnic" -> 4, "entire" -> 4, "enter" -> 4, "engineering" -> 4, "enacted" -> 4, "empower" -> 4, "employment" -> 4, "elsewhere" -> 4, "eliminating" -> 4, "elections" -> 4, "efficient" -> 4, "earnings" -> 4, "each" -> 4, "drugs" -> 4, "done" -> 4, "domestic" -> 4, "doctors" -> 4, "discrimination" -> 4, "determined" -> 4, "destruction" -> 4, "delivery" -> 4, "deliver" -> 4, "defenses" -> 4, "decision" -> 4, "crucial" -> 4, "crisis" -> 4, "criminals" -> 4, "corporate" -> 4, "conservation" -> 4, "consequences" -> 4, "consent" -> 4, "conflicts" -> 4, "conflict" -> 4, "confidence" -> 4, "conduct" -> 4, "concerns" -> 4, "commit" -> 4, "clear" -> 4, "class" -> 4, "civilian" -> 4, "citizenship" -> 4, "changing" -> 4, "century" -> 4, "central" -> 4, "census" -> 4, "cases" -> 4, "case" -> 4, "capacity" -> 4, "campus" -> 4, "burden" -> 4, "built" -> 4, "billions" -> 4, "benefit" -> 4, "behavior" -> 4, "begins" -> 4, "basic" -> 4, "ban" -> 4, "ballots" -> 4, "avoid" -> 4, "attention" -> 4, "assert" -> 4, "appropriate" -> 4, "annual" -> 4, "always" -> 4, "alternatives" -> 4, "allowed" -> 4, "alike" -> 4, "agreements" -> 4, "ago" -> 4, "aggressively" -> 4, "agents" -> 4, "agencies" -> 4, "age" -> 4, "affected" -> 4, "address" -> 4, "active" -> 4, "Accounts" -> 4, "accounts" -> 4, "accountability" -> 4, "yet" -> 3, "worst" -> 3, "worry" -> 3, "western" -> 3, "wasteful" -> 3, "Washington's" -> 3, "vote" -> 3, "Virgin" -> 3, "view" -> 3, "universities" -> 3, "unique" -> 3, "unified" -> 3, "undermine" -> 3, "tyranny" -> 3, "trust" -> 3, "tremendous" -> 3, "travel" -> 3, "transition" -> 3, "transfer" -> 3, "traffic" -> 3, "Trade" -> 3, "track" -> 3, "top" -> 3, "Today's" -> 3, "throughout" -> 3, "threat" -> 3, "then" -> 3, "That's" -> 3, "tests" -> 3, "territories" -> 3, "term" -> 3, "temporary" -> 3, "Tax" -> 3, "task" -> 3, "targets" -> 3, "takes" -> 3, "sure" -> 3, "successful" -> 3, "struggling" -> 3, "struggle" -> 3, "stronger" -> 3, "stewardship" -> 3, "statutory" -> 3, "State" -> 3, "stands" -> 3, "stable" -> 3, "spent" -> 3, "speech" -> 3, "sovereign" -> 3, "solve" -> 3, "solution" -> 3, "simplification" -> 3, "short" -> 3, "sex" -> 3, "serious" -> 3, "September" -> 3, "self-reliance" -> 3, "seeking" -> 3, "Savings" -> 3, "sanctuary" -> 3, "sanctity" -> 3, "sanctions" -> 3, "safeguard" -> 3, "Russian" -> 3, "rules" -> 3, "rulers" -> 3, "restructuring" -> 3, "rest" -> 3, "resource" -> 3, "residents" -> 3, "requirement" -> 3, "Republic" -> 3, "reporting" -> 3, "repeated" -> 3, "repeat" -> 3, "repeal" -> 3, "removed" -> 3, "reliance" -> 3, "related" -> 3, "regulation" -> 3, "registration" -> 3, "region" -> 3, "regimes" -> 3, "reforms" -> 3, "reflects" -> 3, "reflect" -> 3, "reasons" -> 3, "real-world" -> 3, "ready" -> 3, "pursue" -> 3, "purpose" -> 3, "providing" -> 3, "provided" -> 3, "protections" -> 3, "promises" -> 3, "proliferation" -> 3, "projects" -> 3, "productive" -> 3, "prison" -> 3, "prevail" -> 3, "pregnancy" -> 3, "portion" -> 3, "politics" -> 3, "phased" -> 3, "permitted" -> 3, "performance" -> 3, "perform" -> 3, "pension" -> 3, "patriotism" -> 3, "pass" -> 3, "parties" -> 3, "Pacific" -> 3, "owning" -> 3, "ownership" -> 3, "owners" -> 3, "Organization" -> 3, "opposition" -> 3, "off" -> 3, "obligations" -> 3, "obligation" -> 3, "neither" -> 3, "neglected" -> 3, "neglect" -> 3, "nature" -> 3, "mutually" -> 3, "mortgage" -> 3, "moral" -> 3, "million" -> 3, "merit" -> 3, "membership" -> 3, "matters" -> 3, "mandatory" -> 3, "mandate" -> 3, "management" -> 3, "lowering" -> 3, "longstanding" -> 3, "loan" -> 3, "little" -> 3, "literacy" -> 3, "likewise" -> 3, "likely" -> 3, "light" -> 3, "leads" -> 3, "leading" -> 3, "leader" -> 3, "Latin" -> 3, "known" -> 3, "Justice" -> 3, "join" -> 3, "issues" -> 3, "isolation" -> 3, "Iranian" -> 3, "Intelligence" -> 3, "intelligence" -> 3, "injuries" -> 3, "inherent" -> 3, "Individuals" -> 3, "Independence" -> 3, "incidence" -> 3, "improving" -> 3, "imposed" -> 3, "immediately" -> 3, "idea" -> 3, "how" -> 3, "House" -> 3, "hopes" -> 3, "hold" -> 3, "HIV" -> 3, "hit" -> 3, "historic" -> 3, "hire" -> 3, "helping" -> 3, "heart" -> 3, "harm" -> 3, "half" -> 3, "Guam" -> 3, "grounded" -> 3, "great" -> 3, "grave" -> 3, "gratitude" -> 3, "grateful" -> 3, "graduation" -> 3, "governmental" -> 3, "generous" -> 3, "generation" -> 3, "general" -> 3, "gang" -> 3, "Free" -> 3, "four" -> 3, "fossil" -> 3, "form" -> 3, "focus" -> 3, "fear" -> 3, "farms" -> 3, "farm" -> 3, "Families" -> 3, "failures" -> 3, "failure" -> 3, "fact" -> 3, "faces" -> 3, "extremism" -> 3, "expedited" -> 3, "expanding" -> 3, "existing" -> 3, "exercise" -> 3, "evil" -> 3, "everyone" -> 3, "European" -> 3, "establishment" -> 3, "enterprise" -> 3, "enjoy" -> 3, "engage" -> 3, "endanger" -> 3, "enable" -> 3, "employee" -> 3, "element" -> 3, "electricity" -> 3, "election" -> 3, "elderly" -> 3, "either" -> 3, "efficiency" -> 3, "effectiveness" -> 3, "early" -> 3, "distort" -> 3, "disgrace" -> 3, "discipline" -> 3, "disaster" -> 3, "disability" -> 3, "disabilities" -> 3, "direct" -> 3, "developing" -> 3, "developed" -> 3, "determine" -> 3, "designed" -> 3, "deprive" -> 3, "deploy" -> 3, "dependence" -> 3, "denied" -> 3, "delay" -> 3, "defensive" -> 3, "Defense" -> 3, "decrease" -> 3, "debate" -> 3, "D.C." -> 3, "cuts" -> 3, "currently" -> 3, "crimes" -> 3, "Crime" -> 3, "created" -> 3, "court" -> 3, "corruption" -> 3, "corrupt" -> 3, "correct" -> 3, "controlled" -> 3, "construction" -> 3, "constitutionally" -> 3, "consistent" -> 3, "concerning" -> 3, "completion" -> 3, "communications" -> 3, "Commission" -> 3, "coal" -> 3, "charity" -> 3, "changes" -> 3, "chance" -> 3, "cells" -> 3, "cars" -> 3, "carry" -> 3, "caring" -> 3, "carbon" -> 3, "Canada" -> 3, "bureaucrats" -> 3, "burdens" -> 3, "brought" -> 3, "Both" -> 3, "bills" -> 3, "Bill" -> 3, "bill" -> 3, "bilateral" -> 3, "beliefs" -> 3, "belief" -> 3, "being" -> 3, "behind" -> 3, "bar" -> 3, "away" -> 3, "automatic" -> 3, "attack" -> 3, "atmosphere" -> 3, "assured" -> 3, "assumes" -> 3, "Asia" -> 3, "arms" -> 3, "approaches" -> 3, "appointment" -> 3, "apply" -> 3, "applaud" -> 3, "anti-Semitism" -> 3, "another" -> 3, "annually" -> 3, "An" -> 3, "Although" -> 3, "already" -> 3, "along" -> 3, "ally" -> 3, "allowing" -> 3, "air" -> 3, "AIDS" -> 3, "agreement" -> 3, "agree" -> 3, "aggressive" -> 3, "again" -> 3, "Africa" -> 3, "affirming" -> 3, "Administration" -> 3, "administration" -> 3, "addiction" -> 3, "activity" -> 3, "actions" -> 3, "act" -> 3, "acknowledge" -> 3, "achieving" -> 3, "accounting" -> 3, "accept" -> 3, "academic" -> 3, "11" -> 3, "$700" -> 2, "$3" -> 2, "$100" -> 2, "Zimbabwe" -> 2, "zero-emission" -> 2, "youngsters" -> 2, "you" -> 2, "Yet" -> 2, "worse" -> 2, "world-wide" -> 2, "wellness" -> 2, "welfare" -> 2, "weight" -> 2, "wealth" -> 2, "weaken" -> 2, "War" -> 2, "wage" -> 2, "voter" -> 2, "voted" -> 2, "virtues" -> 2, "vigilant" -> 2, "views" -> 2, "Vietnam" -> 2, "victory" -> 2, "Victims" -> 2, "viable" -> 2, "various" -> 2, "variety" -> 2, "urgently" -> 2, "upheld" -> 2, "update" -> 2, "untold" -> 2, "until" -> 2, "unpredictable" -> 2, "unnecessary" -> 2, "unless" -> 2, "unleash" -> 2, "unity" -> 2, "united" -> 2, "unit" -> 2, "Union" -> 2, "uninsured" -> 2, "uniform" -> 2, "unemployment" -> 2, "undivided" -> 2, "undermining" -> 2, "unborn" -> 2, "unacceptable" -> 2, "ultimately" -> 2, "ultimate" -> 2, "Two" -> 2, "turn" -> 2, "trying" -> 2, "truly" -> 2, "trend" -> 2, "treats" -> 2, "treated" -> 2, "trauma" -> 2, "transmitted" -> 2, "transformation" -> 2, "transform" -> 2, "tool" -> 2, "toll" -> 2, "tolerate" -> 2, "token" -> 2, "Today" -> 2, "tied" -> 2, "thwarted" -> 2, "Through" -> 2, "three" -> 2, "threaten" -> 2, "thousands" -> 2, "thoughtful" -> 2, "thorough" -> 2, "third" -> 2, "theft" -> 2, "terrorists" -> 2, "territory" -> 2, "territorial" -> 2, "terms" -> 2, "ten" -> 2, "telecommuting" -> 2, "technical" -> 2, "team" -> 2, "teacher" -> 2, "tax-free" -> 2, "Task" -> 2, "targeted" -> 2, "target" -> 2, "Taliban" -> 2, "talent" -> 2, "symbols" -> 2, "symbol" -> 2, "sustain" -> 2, "supports" -> 2, "supporting" -> 2, "suicide" -> 2, "suffers" -> 2, "suffer" -> 2, "Sudan" -> 2, "succeed" -> 2, "substitute" -> 2, "substances" -> 2, "subsidies" -> 2, "strengthening" -> 2, "strategies" -> 2, "stood" -> 2, "stock" -> 2, "stem" -> 2, "steer" -> 2, "stealth" -> 2, "statutes" -> 2, "stand" -> 2, "spends" -> 2, "specify" -> 2, "Specifically" -> 2, "specific" -> 2, "species" -> 2, "speak" -> 2, "space" -> 2, "Soviet" -> 2, "source" -> 2, "soon" -> 2, "sometimes" -> 2, "soil" -> 2, "smooth" -> 2, "Small" -> 2, "situations" -> 2, "situation" -> 2, "sites" -> 2, "simply" -> 2, "simplified" -> 2, "simple" -> 2, "significantly" -> 2, "signed" -> 2, "shut" -> 2, "shoulder" -> 2, "shot" -> 2, "shield" -> 2, "sexually" -> 2, "sexual" -> 2, "seven" -> 2, "setting" -> 2, "Services" -> 2, "servicemen" -> 2, "Service" -> 2, "serves" -> 2, "served" -> 2, "seniors" -> 2, "self-sufficiency" -> 2, "seems" -> 2, "Section" -> 2, "secondary" -> 2, "scientists" -> 2, "scientific" -> 2, "schooling" -> 2, "schedules" -> 2, "saved" -> 2, "save" -> 2, "same-sex" -> 2, "safer" -> 2, "safely" -> 2, "sacrifices" -> 2, "sacrifice" -> 2, "ROTC" -> 2, "rogue" -> 2, "risks" -> 2, "Rights" -> 2, "reward" -> 2, "reversing" -> 2, "reverse" -> 2, "revenues" -> 2, "retraining" -> 2, "retirement" -> 2, "retain" -> 2, "restore" -> 2, "responsive" -> 2, "responders" -> 2, "respond" -> 2, "respects" -> 2, "Reserves" -> 2, "Research" -> 2, "requiring" -> 2, "repressive" -> 2, "represent" -> 2, "renewable" -> 2, "removing" -> 2, "remaining" -> 2, "Relations" -> 2, "rehabilitation" -> 2, "regional" -> 2, "refugee" -> 2, "refinery" -> 2, "referenda" -> 2, "reduction" -> 2, "recruit" -> 2, "record" -> 2, "recommend" -> 2, "recognizing" -> 2, "reality" -> 2, "realities" -> 2, "realistic" -> 2, "ranks" -> 2, "range" -> 2, "racism" -> 2, "questions" -> 2, "Qaeda" -> 2, "purposes" -> 2, "purchasing" -> 2, "purchase" -> 2, "punished" -> 2, "public-private" -> 2, "Public" -> 2, "provisions" -> 2, "provision" -> 2, "protects" -> 2, "prosecutors" -> 2, "prosecution" -> 2, "proposed" -> 2, "properties" -> 2, "prohibits" -> 2, "program's" -> 2, "professionals" -> 2, "professional" -> 2, "profession" -> 2, "produced" -> 2, "produce" -> 2, "privacy" -> 2, "priority" -> 2, "principals" -> 2, "primary" -> 2, "preventive" -> 2, "prevention" -> 2, "preserved" -> 2, "presented" -> 2, "prepared" -> 2, "prayer" -> 2, "poverty" -> 2, "possibility" -> 2, "positive" -> 2, "ports" -> 2, "portability" -> 2, "pornography" -> 2, "poorest" -> 2, "poor" -> 2, "politicians" -> 2, "point" -> 2, "pockets" -> 2, "played" -> 2, "play" -> 2, "plants" -> 2, "plant" -> 2, "perspective" -> 2, "persists" -> 2, "persist" -> 2, "permitting" -> 2, "permanently" -> 2, "Peace" -> 2, "patterns" -> 2, "path" -> 2, "Party's" -> 2, "party's" -> 2, "parole" -> 2, "Palestinian" -> 2, "Pakistan" -> 2, "paid" -> 2, "owned" -> 2, "oversight" -> 2, "overseas" -> 2, "overdue" -> 2, "outdated" -> 2, "outcome" -> 2, "ordering" -> 2, "opportunities" -> 2, "opinions" -> 2, "one-size-fits-all" -> 2, "One" -> 2, "once" -> 2, "older" -> 2, "often" -> 2, "office" -> 2, "offered" -> 2, "offensive" -> 2, "occur" -> 2, "obtain" -> 2, "nutrition" -> 2, "Nuclear" -> 2, "notification" -> 2, "nominees" -> 2, "New" -> 2, "network" -> 2, "nearly" -> 2, "nationwide" -> 2, "narcotics" -> 2, "murdered" -> 2, "multiple" -> 2, "multilateral" -> 2, "Most" -> 2, "monitor" -> 2, "monetary" -> 2, "modernized" -> 2, "modernize" -> 2, "minorities" -> 2, "method" -> 2, "mere" -> 2, "medicines" -> 2, "medications" -> 2, "measured" -> 2, "maximum" -> 2, "math" -> 2, "materials" -> 2, "material" -> 2, "massive" -> 2, "Massachusetts" -> 2, "Marti" -> 2, "Marriage" -> 2, "mankind" -> 2, "managed" -> 2, "man" -> 2, "mainstream" -> 2, "low-income" -> 2, "lowest" -> 2, "low" -> 2, "loved" -> 2, "love" -> 2, "loss" -> 2, "losing" -> 2, "litigation" -> 2, "lines" -> 2, "line" -> 2, "limited" -> 2, "liability" -> 2, "letting" -> 2, "lesson" -> 2, "legislative" -> 2, "least" -> 2, "lawbreaking" -> 2, "Law" -> 2, "larger" -> 2, "language" -> 2, "landmark" -> 2, "lack" -> 2, "Korea" -> 2, "kind" -> 2, "killing" -> 2, "keeps" -> 2, "Katrina" -> 2, "judge" -> 2, "Jerusalem" -> 2, "jeopardized" -> 2, "Japan" -> 2, "Israel's" -> 2, "IRS" -> 2, "Ireland" -> 2, "Iran's" -> 2, "involving" -> 2, "investments" -> 2, "intrusive" -> 2, "intrusion" -> 2, "intimidation" -> 2, "International" -> 2, "integration" -> 2, "integrated" -> 2, "instrument" -> 2, "instances" -> 2, "inmates" -> 2, "ingenuity" -> 2, "influence" -> 2, "inflation" -> 2, "infants" -> 2, "industrial" -> 2, "India" -> 2, "incentive" -> 2, "Immigration" -> 2, "hunting" -> 2, "humility" -> 2, "humanity" -> 2, "humanitarian" -> 2, "humane" -> 2, "however" -> 2, "hostile" -> 2, "hospitals" -> 2, "hospital" -> 2, "hope" -> 2, "honorably" -> 2, "his" -> 2, "Hill" -> 2, "hike" -> 2, "high-quality" -> 2, "heritage" -> 2, "hemispheric" -> 2, "helps" -> 2, "Heller" -> 2, "held" -> 2, "heat" -> 2, "healthy" -> 2, "healthier" -> 2, "havens" -> 2, "haven" -> 2, "harder" -> 2, "hard" -> 2, "Gulf" -> 2, "Guard" -> 2, "guarantees" -> 2, "grown" -> 2, "ground" -> 2, "grants" -> 2, "granting" -> 2, "gradually" -> 2, "governance" -> 2, "goods" -> 2, "God" -> 2, "go" -> 2, "Given" -> 2, "girls" -> 2, "GI" -> 2, "gave" -> 2, "gasoline" -> 2, "gap" -> 2, "gangs" -> 2, "Gang" -> 2, "gambling" -> 2, "gain" -> 2, "Fund" -> 2, "fund" -> 2, "fulfillment" -> 2, "fulfill" -> 2, "friends" -> 2, "freely" -> 2, "fraudulent" -> 2, "fraternal" -> 2, "founding" -> 2, "foster" -> 2, "formidable" -> 2, "formerly" -> 2, "former" -> 2, "Foreign" -> 2, "Force" -> 2, "flout" -> 2, "fishing" -> 2, "fiscal" -> 2, "first-time" -> 2, "find" -> 2, "Finally" -> 2, "fields" -> 2, "few" -> 2, "felons" -> 2, "Federal" -> 2, "feasible" -> 2, "FBI" -> 2, "far" -> 2, "Faith" -> 2, "Fairness" -> 2, "fails" -> 2, "factors" -> 2, "faced" -> 2, "extraordinary" -> 2, "extent" -> 2, "extension" -> 2, "express" -> 2, "explore" -> 2, "exploration" -> 2, "exploitation" -> 2, "experts" -> 2, "expenses" -> 2, "expected" -> 2, "expect" -> 2, "exemption" -> 2, "Executive" -> 2, "except" -> 2, "examples" -> 2, "everything" -> 2, "Every" -> 2, "Even" -> 2, "ethnicity" -> 2, "ethics" -> 2, "ethanol" -> 2, "established" -> 2, "escalation" -> 2, "equally" -> 2, "equality" -> 2, "equal" -> 2, "envision" -> 2, "entry" -> 2, "enterprises" -> 2, "entering" -> 2, "enrich" -> 2, "enough" -> 2, "English" -> 2, "Enforcement" -> 2, "Energy" -> 2, "energetically" -> 2, "energetic" -> 2, "endorse" -> 2, "ending" -> 2, "endangered" -> 2, "encouraging" -> 2, "enactment" -> 2, "enabling" -> 2, "empowerment" -> 2, "Empowering" -> 2, "employing" -> 2, "employer-employee" -> 2, "employer" -> 2, "emotional" -> 2, "economies" -> 2, "economically" -> 2, "easier" -> 2, "duties" -> 2, "Drug" -> 2, "driving" -> 2, "drilling" -> 2, "draw" -> 2, "doubling" -> 2, "documents" -> 2, "diverting" -> 2, "diversity" -> 2, "diverse" -> 2, "districts" -> 2, "District" -> 2, "distinction" -> 2, "dislocations" -> 2, "discussed" -> 2, "discriminating" -> 2, "discriminate" -> 2, "discretionary" -> 2, "discourage" -> 2, "disastrous" -> 2, "disasters" -> 2, "disabled" -> 2, "directly" -> 2, "different" -> 2, "dialogue" -> 2, "diabetes" -> 2, "developments" -> 2, "determination" -> 2, "destroy" -> 2, "destabilize" -> 2, "desecration" -> 2, "deplore" -> 2, "denies" -> 2, "denial" -> 2, "demonstrating" -> 2, "delaying" -> 2, "degree" -> 2, "defined" -> 2, "defiance" -> 2, "dedicated" -> 2, "Declaration" -> 2, "decision-making" -> 2, "decide" -> 2, "decade" -> 2, "debt" -> 2, "cut" -> 2, "currency" -> 2, "Cuban" -> 2, "cruel" -> 2, "cripple" -> 2, "Criminals" -> 2, "creed" -> 2, "credits" -> 2, "creating" -> 2, "creates" -> 2, "Courts" -> 2, "courses" -> 2, "course" -> 2, "courageous" -> 2, "couples" -> 2, "count" -> 2, "counseling" -> 2, "correctional" -> 2, "corporations" -> 2, "cornerstone" -> 2, "coordination" -> 2, "coordinate" -> 2, "convictions" -> 2, "convicted" -> 2, "convention" -> 2, "controls" -> 2, "contractors" -> 2, "contracting" -> 2, "continues" -> 2, "constructive" -> 2, "confront" -> 2, "conformity" -> 2, "completing" -> 2, "complete" -> 2, "compete" -> 2, "compensation" -> 2, "compensate" -> 2, "Commonwealth" -> 2, "committee" -> 2, "commerce" -> 2, "command" -> 2, "combating" -> 2, "Columbia" -> 2, "Colombia" -> 2, "collective" -> 2, "coast" -> 2, "closer" -> 2, "closely" -> 2, "close" -> 2, "cleaner" -> 2, "Civil" -> 2, "city" -> 2, "cities" -> 2, "circumstances" -> 2, "chronic" -> 2, "choices" -> 2, "China's" -> 2, "child's" -> 2, "children's" -> 2, "Children" -> 2, "childhood" -> 2, "character" -> 2, "causes" -> 2, "catch" -> 2, "carefully" -> 2, "careers" -> 2, "Capitol" -> 2, "capabilities" -> 2, "cancer" -> 2, "campuses" -> 2, "campaign" -> 2, "came" -> 2, "calling" -> 2, "Burma" -> 2, "bureaucracy" -> 2, "buildings" -> 2, "building" -> 2, "budgets" -> 2, "Budget" -> 2, "bring" -> 2, "bridges" -> 2, "bridge" -> 2, "breakthroughs" -> 2, "bosses" -> 2, "Border" -> 2, "border" -> 2, "books" -> 2, "bonds" -> 2, "bodily" -> 2, "board" -> 2, "blocks" -> 2, "blocked" -> 2, "block" -> 2, "Better" -> 2, "beneficiaries" -> 2, "beneficial" -> 2, "bench" -> 2, "beginning" -> 2, "becoming" -> 2, "bear" -> 2, "basics" -> 2, "barriers" -> 2, "balance" -> 2, "authorization" -> 2, "authorities" -> 2, "audit" -> 2, "attorneys" -> 2, "attempt" -> 2, "association" -> 2, "assisted" -> 2, "Assistance" -> 2, "assaults" -> 2, "aspects" -> 2, "ask" -> 2, "artificial" -> 2, "Article" -> 2, "arsenal" -> 2, "arrangements" -> 2, "arena" -> 2, "appropriations" -> 2, "appropriation" -> 2, "appreciation" -> 2, "appointments" -> 2, "applied" -> 2, "Any" -> 2, "anticipate" -> 2, "answer" -> 2, "announced" -> 2, "alternate" -> 2, "Along" -> 2, "almost" -> 2, "Almighty" -> 2, "alliance" -> 2, "Alaska" -> 2, "al" -> 2, "African" -> 2, "Afghanistan" -> 2, "Afghan" -> 2, "affordability" -> 2, "afford" -> 2, "affect" -> 2, "affairs" -> 2, "advantage" -> 2, "advancement" -> 2, "adoptions" -> 2, "adoption" -> 2, "admit" -> 2, "adequate" -> 2, "addressing" -> 2, "Additionally" -> 2, "added" -> 2, "actually" -> 2, "actual" -> 2, "activist" -> 2, "activism" -> 2, "achievement" -> 2, "accountable" -> 2, "account" -> 2, "accomplish" -> 2, "accessibility" -> 2, "acceptance" -> 2, "abstinence" -> 2, "absentee" -> 2, "absence" -> 2, "40" -> 2, "21st" -> 2, "2003" -> 2, "2" -> 2, "$8.2" -> 1, "$7.4" -> 1, "$5" -> 1, "$2.7" -> 1, "$250" -> 1, "$25" -> 1, "$2" -> 1, "$141" -> 1, "$1.1" -> 1, "zero-carbon" -> 1, "youths" -> 1, "younger" -> 1, "yields" -> 1, "year's" -> 1, "yea" -> 1, "Wyoming" -> 1, "WTO's" -> 1, "WTO" -> 1, "wrongdoing" -> 1, "wrong" -> 1, "written" -> 1, "wreckage" -> 1, "wreck" -> 1, "worth" -> 1, "worsened" -> 1, "worldwide" -> 1, "world-class" -> 1, "works" -> 1, "Workers" -> 1, "worked" -> 1, "Work" -> 1, "words" -> 1, "wonder" -> 1, "women's" -> 1, "Women" -> 1, "woman" -> 1, "WMD-related" -> 1, "witnesses" -> 1, "witnessed" -> 1, "withholding" -> 1, "wishing" -> 1, "wish" -> 1, "wise" -> 1, "wisdom" -> 1, "Wireless" -> 1, "wireless" -> 1, "winter" -> 1, "wind" -> 1, "willingness" -> 1, "Wildlife" -> 1, "Wilderness" -> 1, "wide" -> 1, "Why" -> 1, "whom" -> 1, "wholesale" -> 1, "whole" -> 1, "Who" -> 1, "Whether" -> 1, "wherever" -> 1, "Where" -> 1, "When" -> 1, "Western" -> 1, "well-placed" -> 1, "well-deserved" -> 1, "welcoming" -> 1, "weekend" -> 1, "week" -> 1, "weather" -> 1, "wear" -> 1, "weapons-grade" -> 1, "weakness" -> 1, "waver" -> 1, "Water" -> 1, "warranted" -> 1, "warnings" -> 1, "warfighter" -> 1, "warfare" -> 1, "Walsh" -> 1, "walls" -> 1, "walking" -> 1, "waiting" -> 1, "waging" -> 1, "wages" -> 1, "W." -> 1, "vulnerable" -> 1, "vouchers" -> 1, "voucher" -> 1, "voters" -> 1, "voluntary" -> 1, "voluntarily" -> 1, "vitality" -> 1, "visas" -> 1, "visa" -> 1, "virtual" -> 1, "violations" -> 1, "violating" -> 1, "vindicated" -> 1, "vindicate" -> 1, "vigorously" -> 1, "vibrant" -> 1, "viability" -> 1, "VI" -> 1, "veto" -> 1, "veteran" -> 1, "vessels" -> 1, "verifies" -> 1, "verifiable" -> 1, "verdict" -> 1, "venues" -> 1, "Vatican" -> 1, "vast" -> 1, "VA's" -> 1, "Values" -> 1, "valued" -> 1, "valuable" -> 1, "valid" -> 1, "vaccines" -> 1, "vacations" -> 1, "utilization" -> 1, "Utah" -> 1, "usurping" -> 1, "usually" -> 1, "Using" -> 1, "U.S.-India" -> 1, "usher" -> 1, "uses" -> 1, "useless" -> 1, "USDA" -> 1, "US" -> 1, "urgent" -> 1, "uranium" -> 1, "upwards" -> 1, "upward" -> 1, "upper" -> 1, "updating" -> 1, "unworthy" -> 1, "unwise" -> 1, "Unwarranted" -> 1, "unwarranted" -> 1, "untapped" -> 1, "unrivaled" -> 1, "unrelenting" -> 1, "unreasonably" -> 1, "unrealistic" -> 1, "unrationed" -> 1, "unprecedented" -> 1, "unplanned" -> 1, "unmanageable" -> 1, "Unless" -> 1, "unleashes" -> 1, "Unleash" -> 1, "universally" -> 1, "universal" -> 1, "units" -> 1, "uniquely" -> 1, "unions" -> 1, "unintended" -> 1, "UN-imposed" -> 1, "unimagined" -> 1, "unilateral" -> 1, "unify" -> 1, "Uniformed" -> 1, "unidentified" -> 1, "unfettered" -> 1, "unduly" -> 1, "undue" -> 1, "underwrite" -> 1, "under-utilization" -> 1, "undertaken" -> 1, "undertake" -> 1, "understanding" -> 1, "understand" -> 1, "under-served" -> 1, "underlying" -> 1, "under-funded" -> 1, "Under" -> 1, "unconscionable" -> 1, "unconditional" -> 1, "uncertainties" -> 1, "uncertain" -> 1, "unceasing" -> 1, "Unbelievably" -> 1, "unauthorized" -> 1, "unanimously" -> 1, "unanimous" -> 1, "unaccountable" -> 1, "unable" -> 1, "umbilical" -> 1, "two-way" -> 1, "two-rate" -> 1, "two-parent" -> 1, "two-earner" -> 1, "twin" -> 1, "Twenty-six" -> 1, "twenty-five" -> 1, "twenty" -> 1, "TV" -> 1, "turned" -> 1, "turbulence" -> 1, "tuberculosis" -> 1, "truths" -> 1, "Truth" -> 1, "truth" -> 1, "trusts" -> 1, "Trust" -> 1, "trucks" -> 1, "troubled" -> 1, "triumph" -> 1, "trips" -> 1, "trim" -> 1, "tribute" -> 1, "trials" -> 1, "Treaty" -> 1, "treaty" -> 1, "treatments" -> 1, "treat" -> 1, "treasury" -> 1, "traumatic" -> 1, "trapped" -> 1, "transportation's" -> 1, "translates" -> 1, "transit" -> 1, "Training" -> 1, "tragedies" -> 1, "Trafficking" -> 1, "trafficking" -> 1, "traffickers" -> 1, "tradition" -> 1, "trading" -> 1, "toys" -> 1, "tough" -> 1, "totalitarianism" -> 1, "total" -> 1, "tortured" -> 1, "topple" -> 1, "topic" -> 1, "top-flight" -> 1, "tomorrow's" -> 1, "told" -> 1, "Together" -> 1, "tobacco" -> 1, "timetables" -> 1, "timetable" -> 1, "timelessness" -> 1, "timeless" -> 1, "tilted" -> 1, "tilt" -> 1, "tighter" -> 1, "tide" -> 1, "Tibet" -> 1, "Throughout" -> 1, "thrift" -> 1, "Three" -> 1, "thousand" -> 1, "though" -> 1, "thinking" -> 1, "thinkers" -> 1, "thing" -> 1, "These" -> 1, "thermostats" -> 1, "Therefore" -> 1, "therefore" -> 1, "thereby" -> 1, "Theodore" -> 1, "theater" -> 1, "testing" -> 1, "Testimony" -> 1, "tested" -> 1, "testament" -> 1, "terribly" -> 1, "terrible" -> 1, "terminated" -> 1, "tenure" -> 1, "Tenth" -> 1, "tens" -> 1, "tend" -> 1, "Ten" -> 1, "Television" -> 1, "telecommunications" -> 1, "Tehran" -> 1, "teens" -> 1, "teen" -> 1, "technology-driven" -> 1, "technically" -> 1, "teaches" -> 1, "Teachers" -> 1, "Taxpayer-funded" -> 1, "tax-deferred" -> 1, "tax-and-spend" -> 1, "taught" -> 1, "tangible" -> 1, "tampering" -> 1, "taking" -> 1, "takeover" -> 1, "taken" -> 1, "tainted" -> 1, "tactics" -> 1, "tackle" -> 1, "table" -> 1, "system—which" -> 1, "system's" -> 1, "synergy" -> 1, "suspension" -> 1, "suspend" -> 1, "susceptible" -> 1, "survival" -> 1, "Surveillance" -> 1, "surging" -> 1, "surge" -> 1, "supremacy" -> 1, "suppresses" -> 1, "Supporting" -> 1, "supporters" -> 1, "supplying" -> 1, "Supplemental" -> 1, "supplemental" -> 1, "supermajority" -> 1, "Sunset" -> 1, "sunset" -> 1, "summed" -> 1, "suited" -> 1, "sufficient" -> 1, "suffered" -> 1, "succumbing" -> 1, "successfully" -> 1, "suburbs" -> 1, "substantial" -> 1, "substance" -> 1, "sub-Saharan" -> 1, "subjects" -> 1, "subjected" -> 1, "stuff" -> 1, "Students" -> 1, "student-led" -> 1, "student-initiated" -> 1, "structure" -> 1, "structural" -> 1, "strongest" -> 1, "stroke" -> 1, "stripes" -> 1, "strife" -> 1, "stress" -> 1, "strengthened" -> 1, "streets" -> 1, "Street" -> 1, "street" -> 1, "streamlined" -> 1, "strategically" -> 1, "straits" -> 1, "straighten" -> 1, "store" -> 1, "storage" -> 1, "stockpiles" -> 1, "stockpile" -> 1, "stimulating" -> 1, "stewards" -> 1, "stem-cell" -> 1, "STEM" -> 1, "steady" -> 1, "steadily" -> 1, "state-sponsored" -> 1, "state-regulated" -> 1, "state-level" -> 1, "starting" -> 1, "Start" -> 1, "stark" -> 1, "stare" -> 1, "standing" -> 1, "stamp" -> 1, "stake" -> 1, "staggering" -> 1, "squeeze" -> 1, "squandering" -> 1, "spur" -> 1, "spread" -> 1, "sponsored" -> 1, "spiraling" -> 1, "spiral" -> 1, "Spend" -> 1, "speedy" -> 1, "speed" -> 1, "spectrum" -> 1, "specialties" -> 1, "specialists" -> 1, "Special" -> 1, "speaks" -> 1, "southern" -> 1, "Sound" -> 1, "sought" -> 1, "Some" -> 1, "solemnly" -> 1, "solemn" -> 1, "solely" -> 1, "solar" -> 1, "Societies" -> 1, "socialized" -> 1, "so-called" -> 1, "smuggle" -> 1, "smokescreen" -> 1, "smaller" -> 1, "slogan" -> 1, "slavery" -> 1, "skeptical" -> 1, "six-year" -> 1, "Sixteenth" -> 1, "situated" -> 1, "single-parent" -> 1, "simultaneous" -> 1, "simplifying" -> 1, "simplicity" -> 1, "Similarly" -> 1, "similarly" -> 1, "similar" -> 1, "side" -> 1, "Shutdown" -> 1, "shrink" -> 1, "shown" -> 1, "show" -> 1, "Short-term" -> 1, "shifted" -> 1, "shift" -> 1, "sharing" -> 1, "shape" -> 1, "sham" -> 1, "shall" -> 1, "shale" -> 1, "severe" -> 1, "Several" -> 1, "settlement" -> 1, "settled" -> 1, "set-asides" -> 1, "servicewomen" -> 1, "Serve" -> 1, "separation" -> 1, "sentencing" -> 1, "sentence" -> 1, "sensitivity" -> 1, "sensible" -> 1, "sense" -> 1, "seniority" -> 1, "senior" -> 1, "sends" -> 1, "sending" -> 1, "send" -> 1, "selling" -> 1, "sellers" -> 1, "self-reliant" -> 1, "self-protection" -> 1, "self-determination" -> 1, "self-described" -> 1, "self-dealing" -> 1, "self" -> 1, "selecting" -> 1, "select" -> 1, "seized" -> 1, "seize" -> 1, "segregated" -> 1, "segments" -> 1, "seem" -> 1, "seeks" -> 1, "seed" -> 1, "see" -> 1, "Securing" -> 1, "securing" -> 1, "secular" -> 1, "sector-led" -> 1, "section" -> 1, "secret" -> 1, "second" -> 1, "seamless" -> 1, "Sea" -> 1, "Scouts" -> 1, "scourge" -> 1, "scores" -> 1, "scope" -> 1, "Schools" -> 1, "school-choice" -> 1, "school-based" -> 1, "School" -> 1, "schedule" -> 1, "scenarios" -> 1, "scandal-ridden" -> 1, "says" -> 1, "say" -> 1, "saves" -> 1, "savagery" -> 1, "savage" -> 1, "sanction" -> 1, "Samoans" -> 1, "Samoa" -> 1, "sales" -> 1, "sale" -> 1, "sake" -> 1, "said" -> 1, "safeguards" -> 1, "Safeguarding" -> 1, "safeguarded" -> 1, "sacrificing" -> 1, "sacrificed" -> 1, "sabotage" -> 1, "Sabbath" -> 1, "Russia" -> 1, "rush" -> 1, "rulings" -> 1, "routes" -> 1, "roughly" -> 1, "roots" -> 1, "rooted" -> 1, "root" -> 1, "Roosevelt" -> 1, "rocket" -> 1, "roads" -> 1, "road" -> 1, "River" -> 1, "risk-taking" -> 1, "rising" -> 1, "risen" -> 1, "rigorously" -> 1, "rigorous" -> 1, "Right-to" -> 1, "rightful" -> 1, "rigged" -> 1, "rich" -> 1, "rewards" -> 1, "rewarding" -> 1, "revolutionizing" -> 1, "Revolution" -> 1, "revive" -> 1, "Reviews" -> 1, "reviews" -> 1, "reviewed" -> 1, "revenue" -> 1, "Returning" -> 1, "retroactive" -> 1, "retribution" -> 1, "retrial" -> 1, "retreat" -> 1, "re-training" -> 1, "retiree" -> 1, "retired" -> 1, "retire" -> 1, "retention" -> 1, "retailers" -> 1, "resurgence" -> 1, "resulting" -> 1, "resulted" -> 1, "result" -> 1, "rests" -> 1, "restructured" -> 1, "restricted" -> 1, "restoring" -> 1, "restored" -> 1, "responsibly" -> 1, "responses" -> 1, "responding" -> 1, "Responders" -> 1, "respectively" -> 1, "respecting" -> 1, "respectfully" -> 1, "Respectful" -> 1, "Respect" -> 1, "resolved" -> 1, "resolve" -> 1, "resolutions" -> 1, "resolution" -> 1, "residing" -> 1, "reshape" -> 1, "reserves" -> 1, "reserved" -> 1, "reserve" -> 1, "reservations" -> 1, "Republican-sponsored" -> 1, "republic" -> 1, "reprogrammed" -> 1, "repression" -> 1, "represents" -> 1, "Representatives" -> 1, "representatives" -> 1, "representative" -> 1, "representation" -> 1, "report" -> 1, "replacing" -> 1, "replacement" -> 1, "repetitive" -> 1, "repealed" -> 1, "repay" -> 1, "repatriation" -> 1, "renters" -> 1, "renouncing" -> 1, "renewal" -> 1, "renew" -> 1, "render" -> 1, "renaissance" -> 1, "removes" -> 1, "remove" -> 1, "removable" -> 1, "remind" -> 1, "remember" -> 1, "remedies" -> 1, "remedial" -> 1, "relocation" -> 1, "Religious" -> 1, "relieve" -> 1, "relied" -> 1, "relic" -> 1, "relevant" -> 1, "release" -> 1, "relationships" -> 1, "relates" -> 1, "rejuvenation" -> 1, "rejuvenated" -> 1, "rejection" -> 1, "rejecting" -> 1, "rejected" -> 1, "reinstituting" -> 1, "reinstatement" -> 1, "reinstate" -> 1, "reinforce" -> 1, "reimbursement" -> 1, "regulate" -> 1, "regularly" -> 1, "regular" -> 1, "regain" -> 1, "refugees" -> 1, "Refuge" -> 1, "Reforming" -> 1, "reforming" -> 1, "Reform" -> 1, "refining" -> 1, "refill" -> 1, "referrals" -> 1, "referendum" -> 1, "refer" -> 1, "Reemployment" -> 1, "reemergence" -> 1, "redundant" -> 1, "redundancy" -> 1, "reductions" -> 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-> 1, "1993" -> 1, "1990's" -> 1, "1974" -> 1, "1966" -> 1, "1961" -> 1, "1,700" -> 1, "15,000" -> 1, "100" -> 1, "10" -> 1|>|>, <|"SourceURL" -> "http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=25850", "Name" -> "Republican Party Platform of 2004", "Party" -> "Republican", "Year" -> 2004, "Date" -> DateObject[{2004, 8, 30}], "Text" -> "2004 Republican Party Platform: A Safer World and a More Hopeful America\nRONALD REAGAN believed that people were basically good, and had the right to be free. He believed that bigotry and prejudice were the worst things a person could be guilty of. He believed in the Golden Rule and in the power of prayer. He believed that America was not just a place in the world, but the hope of the world. As Ronald Wilson Reagan goes his way, we are left with a joyful hope he shared.\nMay God bless Ronald Reagan and the country he loved.\nPresident George W. Bush Funeral Service for Former President Ronald Wilson Reagan Washington National Cathedral Washington, D.C. June 11, 2004\nINTRODUCTION AND PREAMBLE\nOne hundred and fifty years ago, Americans who had gathered to protest the expansion of slavery gave birth to a political Party that would save the Union – the Republican Party.\nIn 1860, Abraham Lincoln of Illinois carried the Republican banner in the Presidential election and was elected the Party's first President. He became our nation's greatest leader … and one of our Party's greatest heroes.\nEvery day, we strive to fulfill Lincoln's vision: a country united and free, in which all people are guaranteed equal rights and the opportunity to pursue their dreams. His legacy goes beyond the borders of America. It can be seen in free governments all over the world.\nLincoln's successors have been united by a common purpose – defending freedom at home and promoting it abroad. Today, the Republican Party gathers to renominate a man who carries on the best traditions of our Party by carrying the banner of freedom.\n***\nWhen America was struck by terrorists on September 11, 2001, President Bush immediately realized that it was an act of war, not just a crime. Working with Congress, the President drew up plans to take the fight to the enemy, vowing to bring the terrorists to justice, or bring justice to the terrorists. And together, the President and Congress took steps to help the wounded, honor the dead, and secure our homeland.\nThanks to President Bush's leadership, the skill of the American military, and the commitment of our allies, today there are more than 50 million newly free people in the nations of Afghanistan and Iraq – and America is safer.\nThe President's leadership has also been bold and visionary at home. When the President came to office, our economy was faltering, seniors were having trouble paying for their prescription drugs, and schools were stuck in a pattern of low expectations and poor results.\nPresident Bush worked with Congress to lower taxes, so Americans can keep more of their own hard-earned money to spend, save, or invest, thereby growing our economy and putting people back to work.\nHe worked with Congress to strengthen Medicare by adding a prescription drug benefit and giving seniors more choices to meet their individual health care needs.\nAnd the President worked with Congress to pass historic education reforms to ensure that every child can read. Today, higher standards and stronger accountability are getting results in classrooms across America.\n***\nWe are proud of the record we offer to the American people. We have helped America overcome extraordinary challenges. We are re-shaping our government to meet the demands of the modern world and better serve our citizens.\nWe are also proud of our agenda for America's future. President George W. Bush will lead this nation with courage, hope, and resolve over the next four years. Republicans have always been the Party of fresh ideas and new thinking. We encourage debate on the major issues of our day, and we will consistently act in accord with the greatest values of our country – freedom and opportunity for all.\nOur plans focus on ensuring that America remains safe, terrorists are defeated, and democracy flourishes in the world … on expanding opportunities for ownership and investment … on making tax relief permanent and ensuring greater energy independence … on increasing the affordability and accessibility of health care … on promoting works of compassion and strengthening our greatest values … on preparing students for success in life by bringing the benefits of education reform to high schools … and on helping workers adjust to a changing economy by offering flexible training options that meet their individual needs.\nOur Party's 2004 platform addresses the major issues facing America in the first decade of the 21st century:\nWinning the War on Terror … because our government's most solemn duty is to keep its citizens safe.\nUshering in an Ownership Era … because a vibrant entrepreneurial spirit will keep our economy strong and provide more opportunities for workers and families.\nBuilding an Innovative Economy to Compete in the World … because America can compete with anyone, anywhere, thanks to our entrepreneurs and risk-takers who keep us on the cutting edge of technology and commerce.\nStrengthening Our Communities … because our children deserve to grow up in an America in which all their hopes and dreams can come true.\nProtecting Our Families … because we respect the family's role as a touchstone of stability and strength in an ever- changing world.\nThis platform makes clear that the American people will have a choice on November 2nd.\nA choice between strength and uncertainty.\nA choice between results and rhetoric.\nA choice between optimism and pessimism.\nA choice between opportunity and dependence.\nA choice between freedom and fear.\nAnd a choice between moving forward and turning back.\nThe 2004 Republican Party Platform makes clear:\nWe choose strength.\nWe choose results.\nWe choose optimism.\nWe choose opportunity.\nWe choose freedom.\nAnd we choose moving forward with President Bush. A man of courage and compassion, of integrity and action.\nOne hundred and fifty years after our founding, we Republicans proudly carry forward our time-honored banner of freedom. And we endorse the bold and visionary leadership of President George W. Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney.\nTABLE OF CONTENTS\n\"Our nation's cause has always been larger than our nation's defense. We fight, as we always fight, for a just peace – a peace that favors liberty. We will defend the peace against the threats from terrorists and tyrants. We will preserve the peace by building good relations among the great powers. And we will extend the peace by encouraging free and open societies on every continent.\"\n— President George W. Bush\nPresident Bush has confronted unprecedented challenges, including a world scarred by terrorism. The President and the American people have risen to the occasion by acting on a bold new statement of America's place and purpose in the world. Today, we are filled with hope for the most dramatic advance of liberty in 60 years. President Bush's leadership is rooted in the timeless values that have made America a unique and exalted nation: respect for individual rights; a deep commitment to freedom; a desire to serve as a living example of the power of democracy. The President's leadership has achieved successes once deemed impossible to realize in so short a period of time. His forward-looking strategy for freedom and peace is making progress in every part of the world. The President and Republicans in Congress recognize that new threats demand new tools and new methods for defending America and promoting our goals in the world. They have responded swiftly to the challenges of a new era, rather than remaining wedded to outdated theories and fighting battles that ended long ago. Their accomplishments are the foundation upon which future progress will be built.\nThe world changed on September 11, 2001, and since that day, under the strong, steady, and visionary leadership of President George W. Bush, Americans have helped make the world not only safer, but better. The President continues to lead a steady, confident, systematic campaign to defend America against the dangers of our time. We are going after terrorists wherever they plot and plan and hide, changing the old course of pinprick strikes that did little to get at the root of terrorism. We eliminated many of al Qaeda's key leaders and put the world on notice that nations that train, harbor, or finance terrorists are just as guilty as the terrorists themselves.\nWe will not allow the world's most dangerous regimes to possess the world's most dangerous weapons. Our message is getting through, as indicated by Libya's leader, who decided to turn over his weapons of mass destruction and cooperate with the international community. Today, because America has acted, and because America has led, the forces of terror and tyranny have suffered defeat after defeat, and America and the world are safer.\nOn September 11, 2001, we saw the cruelty of the terrorists, and we glimpsed the future they intend for us. They intend to strike the United States to the limits of their power. They seek weapons of mass destruction to kill Americans on an even greater scale. This danger is increased when outlaw regimes build or acquire weapons of mass destruction and maintain ties to terrorist groups.\nOn September 11, 2001, we saw the spirit of courage and optimism of the American people – that greatest assurance of the ultimate triumph of our cause. Courage and optimism led colleagues to help each other in escaping from collapsing buildings. Courage and optimism led policemen, firefighters, emergency medical professionals, public works employees, our men and women in uniform, and selfless volunteers to run into burning buildings to save others and undertake a mammoth rescue and recovery effort. Courage and optimism led the passengers on Flight 93 to rush their murderers to save lives on the ground. Courage and optimism led America's parents and teachers to battle their own fears to keep children calm and safe. In those and countless other acts of heroism on that day, and many times since, terrorists have learned that Americans will not be intimidated. We will fight them with everything we have – and we will prevail.\nPresident Bush answered the challenge of September 11, 2001, not only with steadfast resolve, but also with vision, optimism, and unshakable confidence in the will and faith of the American people. That is what we all saw on September 14, 2001, when our President stood with the brave workers at Ground Zero and resolutely assured our nation amidst our shock, anger, and grief that while the terrorists had struck first, America would have the last word.\nThe President's most solemn duty is to protect our country. George W. Bush has kept that charge.\nTo protect our people, President Bush is leading America, staying on the offensive against threats within our own country. He worked with Congress to establish the Department of Homeland Security in the most significant reorganization of the federal government since 1947. The PATRIOT Act is being used to track terrorist activity and to break up terror cells. Now, the FBI can use tools that have been long available to fight organized crime and drug trafficking, but could not be used in the past to fight terrorism. Intelligence and law enforcement officials are sharing information as never before. The President transformed the mission of the FBI to focus first and foremost on preventing terrorism. Every element of America's homeland security plan is critical, because the terrorists are ruthless and resourceful – and we know they are preparing to attack us again. It is not possible to guarantee perfect security in our vast, free nation. But the President and Vice President, along with many fine professionals in intelligence, homeland security, law enforcement, and the military are working tirelessly to protect the country. We are grateful to them all.\nPresident Bush recognized that to overcome the dangers of our time, America would have to take a new approach in the world. That approach is marked by a determination to challenge new threats, not ignore them, or simply wait for future tragedy\n– and by a renewed commitment to building a hopeful future in hopeless places, instead of allowing troubled regions to remain in despair and explode in violence.\nBefore entering office, President Bush recognized that our age is a time of opportunity for America – opportunity to translate this moment of influence into decades of peace, prosperity, and liberty. That conviction is in the finest traditions of the Republican Party. As our platform said in 1984, during the height of Cold War confrontation: \"The supreme purpose of our foreign policy must be to maintain our freedom in a peaceful international environment in which the United States and our allies and friends are secure against military threats, and democratic governments are flourishing in a world of increasing prosperity.\"\nThe reality of 9/11 does not diminish our generation's opportunity to advance the cause of freedom but in fact makes it all the more important that we take up that challenge.\nPresident Bush has rallied America to its calling – to make the world safer and better. This calling is answered by a distinctly American internationalism that reflects the union of our values and our national interests. Americans everywhere are remaining faithful to that duty. By keeping our word and holding firm to our values, this generation is showing the world the power of liberty once again.\nRepublicans support President Bush's steadfast commitment to the goal of a lasting, democratic peace, in which all nations are free from the threat of sudden terror. We affirm the three commitments of the President's strategy for peace:\nTerrorists long ago declared war on America, and now America has declared war against terrorists. We are defending the peace by taking the fight to the enemy. We are confronting terrorists overseas so we do not have to confront them here at home. We are destroying the leadership of terrorist networks in sudden raids, disrupting their planning and financing, and keeping them on the run. Month by month, we are shrinking the space in which they can freely operate, by denying them territory and the support of governments.\nNations that support terrorism are just as dangerous, and just as guilty, as the perpetrators of terrorism. Every nation must make a choice to support terror or to support America and our coalition to defeat terror. We are preserving the peace by working with more than 80 allied nations, as well as international institutions, to isolate and confront terrorists and outlaw regimes. America is leading a broad coalition of nations to disrupt proliferation. We are working with the United Nations, the International Atomic Energy Agency, and other international organizations to take action in our common security. The global threat of terrorism requires a global response. To be effective, that global response requires leadership – and America is leading.\nThere is no negotiation with terrorists. No form of therapy or coercion will turn them from their murderous ways. Only total and complete destruction of terrorism will allow freedom to flourish. We will extend the peace by supporting the rise of democracy, and the hope and progress that democracy brings, as the alternative to hatred and terror in the broader Middle East. In democratic societies, men and women do not swear allegiance to malcontents and murderers; they turn their hearts and labor to building better lives. Democratic governments do not shelter terrorist camps or attack their neighbors. When justice and democracy advance, so does the hope of lasting peace.\nWe are proud of the President's steady leadership in executing this strategy. We are dealing with terrorist threats as they gather, rather than waiting for them to become imminent dangers. The results are clear to see.\nThree years ago, our nation was not on a war footing against al Qaeda – even though Osama bin Laden declared war on the United States in 1996 and again in 1998. The al Qaeda leadership believed itself to be impervious to any American response, continued to raise funds practically without restriction, and operated in a world in which there was no cohesive global approach to fighting terror.\nToday, al Qaeda has been wounded, having lost many of its known leaders and most of its important sanctuaries. America and its allies and friends have broken al Qaeda cells here in the United States and overseas. A global coalition, led by the United States, has dried up sources of terrorist financing. Thousands of very skilled and determined military personnel remain on the manhunt, going after the remaining killers who hide in cities and caves. Today, because of the solidarity of the international coalition in the War on Terror, we are bringing these terrorists to justice, and the American people are safer.\nThree years ago, al Qaeda's secure home base was in Afghanistan, a country ruled by the Taliban, one of the most backward and brutal regimes of modern history. Schooling was denied to girls. Women were whipped and executed in public. Millions\nlived in fear. With protection from the Taliban, al Qaeda and its associates trained, indoctrinated, and sent forth thousands of killers to set up terror cells in dozens of countries, including our own.\nToday, Afghanistan is a world away from the nightmare of the Taliban. Twenty-eight million people are free. That country has a good and just president. Boys and girls are being educated. Women are respected. Many refugees have returned home to rebuild their country, and a presidential election is scheduled for this fall. The terror camps are closed and the Afghan government is helping us to hunt the Taliban and terrorists in remote regions. Today, because we acted to liberate Afghanistan, a threat has been removed, and the American people are safer.\nThree years ago, Pakistan was one of the few countries in the world that recognized the Taliban regime. Al Qaeda was active and recruiting in Pakistan. Pakistan served as a transit point for al Qaeda terrorists leaving Afghanistan on missions of murder. The United States could not count on the support of Pakistan's military and civilian leaders – the very people we would need to help shut down al Qaeda operations in that part of the world.\nToday, the governments of the United States and Pakistan are working closely in the fight against terror. Pakistan has helped capture Khalid Sheik Mohammed, the operational planner behind the September 11 attacks, and other terrorists. Pakistani forces are rounding up terrorists along their nation's western border. Today, because we are working with Pakistani leaders, Pakistan is an ally in the War on Terror, and the American people are safer.\nThree years ago, terrorists were well-established in Saudi Arabia. Inside that country, fundraisers and other facilitators gave al Qaeda financial and logistical help with little scrutiny or opposition.\nToday, after the attacks in Riyadh and elsewhere, the Saudi government knows that al Qaeda is its enemy. Saudi Arabia is working hard to shut down the facilitators and financial supporters of terrorism. The government has captured or killed many first-tier leaders of the al Qaeda organization in Saudi Arabia. Today, because Saudi Arabia has seen the danger and has joined the War on Terror, the American people are safer.\nThree years ago, the ruler of Iraq was a sworn enemy of America who provided safe haven for terrorists, used weapons of mass destruction, and turned his nation into a prison. Saddam Hussein was not just a dictator; he was a proven mass murderer who refused to account for weapons of mass murder. He defied the international community and seventeen United Nations resolutions over the course of twelve years, giving no indication that Iraq would ever disarm and comply with the just demands of the world. In 2002 – in Resolution 1441 – the United Nations Security Council unanimously voted that Saddam Hussein had one final chance to comply with his obligations to the international community, or there would be serious consequences. As he had for over a decade, he refused to comply. Every responsible nation recognized this threat, and knew it could not go on forever.\nToday, the dictator who caused decades of death and turmoil, who twice invaded his neighbors, who harbored terrorist leaders, who used chemical weapons on innocent men, women, and children, finally stands before the bar of justice. Iraq, which once had the worst government in the Middle East, is now becoming an example of reform to the region. Iraqi security forces are fighting beside coalition troops to defeat the terrorists and foreign fighters who threaten their nation and the world. Today, because America and our coalition helped to end the violent regime of Saddam Hussein, and because we are helping to raise a peaceful democracy in its place, 25 million Iraqis are free and the American people are safer.\nThree years ago, the nation of Libya, a longtime supporter of terror, was spending millions to acquire chemical and nuclear weapons.\nToday, thousands of Libya's chemical munitions have been destroyed. Libya's nuclear equipment that could ultimately have threatened the lives of hundreds of thousands is stored away in the United States. Today, because the Libyan government saw the seriousness of the civilized world, and correctly judged its own interests, the American people are safer.\nThree years ago, a private weapons proliferation network was doing business around the world. This network, operated by the Pakistani nuclear scientist A.Q. Khan, was selling nuclear plans and equipment to the highest bidder, and found willing buyers in places like Libya, Iran, and North Korea.\nToday, the A.Q. Khan network is out of business. We have ended one of the most dangerous sources of proliferation in the world, and the American people are safer.\nRepublicans applaud President Bush, Vice President Cheney, and those who have supported them in the Congress for the steady leadership that led to these successes. America must stay the course.\nConsolidating Gains in the War on Terror\nIn Afghanistan and Iraq, our enemies have seen the results of what civilized nations can, and will, do against regimes that harbor, support, and use terrorism to achieve their political goals. Republicans believe that America and the world must keep our commitments to the people of those countries, who are building the world's newest democracies and counting on the world to help. Delivering these nations from tyranny has required sacrifice and loss. We must honor that sacrifice by finishing the great work we have begun.\nRepublicans appreciate the military, financial, and technical assistance provided by the dozens of nations contributing to the reconstruction of Afghanistan and Iraq. The success of free and stable governments in Afghanistan, Iraq, and elsewhere will further shrink the space in which terrorists can operate. As the entire region sees the promise of freedom in its midst, the terrorist ideology will become more and more irrelevant, until that day when it is viewed with contempt or ignored altogether.\nThe forces of many nations are working with Afghans to find and defeat Taliban remnants and eliminate al Qaeda terrorists. We applaud the work of American forces and coalition partners in helping to build the new Afghan national army and to train new Afghan police and border patrol. Together, Afghan and international forces will maintain the peace, secure Afghanistan's borders, and deny terrorists any foothold in that country.\nWe applaud President Bush's announcement of U.S. support for five new initiatives that will help the Afghan people achieve the peace, stability, and prosperity they deserve – through support for the development of democracy, educational assistance, cultural exchanges, enhanced bilateral economic ties, and increased economic opportunity for women.\nThe road ahead for Afghanistan is still long and difficult. Yet the Afghan people can know that their country will never be abandoned to terrorists and killers. The world and the United States look forward to elections this year in Afghanistan and stand with the Afghan people as partners in their quest for peace and prosperity, stability, and democracy.\nAs Republicans, we do not equivocate, as others have done, about whether America should have gone to war in Iraq. The best intelligence available at the time indicated that Saddam Hussein was a threat. On that point, President Bush, members of both parties in Congress, and the United Nations agreed. While the stockpiles of weapons of mass destruction we expected to find in Iraq have not yet materialized, we have confirmed that Saddam Hussein had the capability to reconstitute his weapons programs and the desire to do so. Our nation did the right thing, and the American people are now safer because we and our allies ended the brutal dictatorship of Saddam Hussein, halting his decades-long pursuit of chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons. President Bush had a choice to make: Trust a madman or defend America. He chose defending America.\nSupported by brave coalition allies such as the United Kingdom, Australia, Italy, Poland, and Denmark, and displaying courage, skill, and resourcefulness on the battlefield, the men and women of our Armed Forces removed the dictator of Iraq, a declared enemy of America who had the capability and intent to produce weapons of mass murder, and could have passed that capability to terrorists bent on killing Americans. That was a risk we could not take.\nAmerica's men and women in uniform have been unrelenting in the performance of their duty. Our nation has asked much of our military, and there is still much hard work ahead. We are proud of the sacrifice made by all who have served and are serving, and we are immensely grateful for the sacrifices made by their families and loved ones. Further, we honor the memories of those who have died in combat serving the cause of freedom. Defending our homeland with their ultimate sacrifice on behalf of all Americans merits our prayers and our thanksgiving. We also commit to continued honor and care for our wounded veterans, and support for all who return home from service. Together, we look forward to that day when the War on Terror is won and our military can return home, no longer at risk, our world and our country safer.\nWe also salute our coalition allies. Their efforts with us to shape a world where freedom is honored and liberty is cherished deserves respect and admiration; their sacrifice, too, does not go without notice and appreciation.\nWe are ever mindful that American troops remain on the ground in Iraq, working steadfastly to help the Iraqi people achieve stability and democracy. We therefore welcome declarations from responsible political leaders of both parties that our nation will persevere in our mission there, not cut and run. The American people need to hear this message. People in Baghdad and beyond need to hear it. The enemy needs to hear it. Most importantly, American soldiers, sailors, airmen, and Marines risking their lives in Iraq need to hear it.\nWe condemn inconsistent, ambiguous, and politically expedient statements on that point. To the extent such wavering encourages our adversaries to fight harder, our men and women in uniform suffer the consequences. Their mission is difficult enough. Uncertainty about America's commitment to that mission makes it immeasurably more difficult.\nIn Iraq, America is serving the cause of liberty, peace, and our own security. America accepted a difficult task in Iraq. We know that for all these reasons, we will finish that task.\nWe also know that Iraqi sovereignty is a tribute to the will of the Iraqi people and the courage of Iraqi leaders. It is a proud moral achievement for members of our coalition. We have full confidence in the plan for Iraqi self-government that is currently being implemented by Iraq's interim government. That government has gained broad international support, and has been endorsed by the United Nations Security Council. The United States and our coalition partners are helping prepare Iraqis for the defense of their own country, including through the work of the NATO mission to train Iraqi security forces. We are helping Iraqis rebuild their country's infrastructure, and Iraq is continuing to move toward free elections, with important assistance from the United Nations.\nWe applaud President Bush for establishing a visionary and resolute policy – a Forward Strategy of Freedom in the Middle East – to stand with the people of that region as they seek their future in freedom. Republicans support President Bush's policy of working with every government in the Middle East dedicated to destroying the terrorist networks, while in the longer term expecting a higher standard of reform and democracy from our friends in the region. We believe that democracy and reform will make those nations stronger and more stable, and make the world more secure by undermining terrorism at its source.\nAs a result of President Bush's leadership, G-8 members adopted the Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative at this year's Sea Island Summit. We applaud the commitment of the world's leading industrial nations to this historic initiative to support political, economic, and social reform throughout the region.\nRepublicans agree with the Bush Administration that there is no greater danger to our people than the nexus of terrorists and weapons of mass destruction (WMD). That judgment is shared by leading allies and friends. As President Bush and his fellow G-8 leaders declared in 2003, the spread of weapons of mass destruction and international terrorism constitute \"the pre-eminent threat to international security.\"\nThe risks posed by this dangerous relationship cannot be contained or deterred by traditional means. We applaud President Bush for pursuing from the beginning of his Administration a comprehensive strategy through which the United States works with its allies to:\nensure that international agreements against the proliferation of WMD are observed and enforced;\ndetect, disrupt, and block the spread of dangerous weapons and technology;\nconfront emerging threats from any person or state before those threats have fully materialized; and\nimprove our capabilities to respond to the use of WMD and minimize the consequences of an attack.\nOver the last two years, under President Bush's leadership and working with like-minded nations, America has:\nended Saddam Hussein's decades-long pursuit of chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons;\nachieved the elimination of Libya's WMD and ballistic missile programs;\nshut down the A.Q. Khan nuclear proliferation network;\nled the Proliferation Security Initiative to interdict dangerous WMD and their means of delivery;\nstrengthened efforts to secure weapons-usable materials and sensitive technologies in the former Soviet Union and elsewhere;\ninsisted on confronting the threat from North Korea through Six-Party Talks involving the Republic of Korea, Japan, China, and Russia;\nsupported the work of the International Atomic Energy Agency to hold the Iranian regime to its treaty obligations;\nstrengthened international non-proliferation export control and treaty regimes;\nsecured unanimous passage of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540, which requires states to enact legislation that criminalizes proliferation activities; and\nachieved agreement among the G-8 nations to refrain for one year from initiating new transfers of uranium enrichment and reprocessing technology to additional states.\nRepublicans applaud these achievements, as well as the successes of President Bush and Vice President Cheney, backed by the Republican Congress, here at home to make America safer from the threat of weapons of mass destruction – including:\ncreating Biodefense for the 21st Century, a national strategy for meeting the full range of biological threats;\nsigning into law Project BioShield, which provides new tools to improve medical countermeasures protecting Americans against a chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear attack;\nputting in place major new biodefense capabilities;\ncreating the Container Security Initiative to screen cargo destined for the United States; and\ndeploying missile defenses to defend the United States and its friends and allies.\nLibya's decision to disclose and dismantle its WMD programs is a product of the President's strategy that gives regimes a choice. They can choose to pursue WMD at great peril and cost, including international isolation. Or they can choose to renounce these weapons, take steps to rejoin the international community, and have its help in creating a better future for their citizens.\nThe Libya case also demonstrates the President's success in forging increased international cooperation to prevent the spread of WMD technology through his groundbreaking Proliferation Security Initiative, a broad international partnership to coordinate actions to interdict proliferation shipments of WMD and related materials and shut down proliferation networks and entities. Republicans applaud the support of more than 60 nations in this crucial multilateral effort to stop the trade in weapons of mass destruction and their related components.\nWe commend the President's leadership in expanding greatly the resources to prevent proliferation, including record-level U.S. and multilateral resources devoted to the Nunn-Lugar programs and other nonproliferation assistance, including that made available through the creation of the G-8 Global Partnership, which will provide $20 billion to this effort over 10 years. We hail the commitment of the other G-8 nations (the United Kingdom, Japan, Italy, Canada, Germany, France, and Russia) to this vital initiative, as well as commitments by other countries, including Poland, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and Australia.\nRepublicans share President Bush's understanding that in an age in which the enemies of civilization openly and actively seek the world's most destructive technologies, the United States cannot remain idle while dangers gather. We therefore believe that to forestall or prevent hostile acts by our adversaries, the United States must, if necessary, act preemptively.\nRepublicans recognize that our progress in the War on Terror has been achieved with the help of other responsible nations. We hail the strong and broad-based cooperation of America's allies in the War on Terror. We are grateful to the more than 30 nations with forces serving in Iraq, and the nearly 40 nations with forces serving in Afghanistan. In the fight against terror, America has asked our allies to do hard things. They have taken up these responsibilities in a spirit of solidarity that America should never forget.\nWe applaud President Bush for his success in mobilizing such international cooperation in the War on Terror, which the 9/11 Commission judges to be \"on a vastly enlarged scale\" and to have expanded dramatically since September 11, 2001.\nWe also question the credibility of our opponents, who claim to support global alliances while nominating a candidate who has insulted our allies by calling the nations fighting in Iraq \"window-dressing\" and referring to them as a \"coalition of the coerced and the bribed.\" Directing ugly rhetoric at America's allies in a time of war is irresponsible. It does not represent the gratitude and respect the vast majority of Americans have for the men and women from other nations who are risking their lives to make the world safer.\nRepublicans welcome the enlargement of NATO, which has strengthened history's most successful Alliance. The Atlantic Alliance has widened the circle of its friends, while also creating a new chapter in our relationship with Russia.\nUnder President Bush's leadership, the United States is working with responsible governments and international institutions to convince the leaders of North Korea and Iran that their nuclear weapons ambitions are deeply contrary to their own interests. With allies, America has launched the Broader Middle East Initiative, to encourage reform and democracy throughout the region, a project that will shape the history of our times for the better. Our nation is helping governments fight poverty and disease, so they do not become failed states and future havens for terror.\nStrengthening America's National Security Institutions\nThe major institutions of American national security were designed in a different era to meet different requirements. All of them are being transformed to meet the challenge of defending America in a new era. In this endeavor, America will rely – as always – on the character and skill of our citizens, especially the bravery, pride, and hard work of America's men and women in the military, our first responders, our diplomats, and our law enforcement and intelligence agents.\nThe freedom we enjoy also makes us vulnerable to attack. Since September 11, 2001, President Bush, Vice President Cheney, the Congress, and governors across the nation have taken significant steps to:\nstreamline the federal government to make it more effective at combating terrorism;\ntighten security at entry points like ports, airports, and borders;\nstrengthen protections at critical infrastructure landmarks such as power and water plants; and\nreduce the threats of bioterrorism and cyberterrorism.\nThrough all their actions, President Bush and Congress have been careful to protect the rights and liberties that make America a beacon of freedom and justice. The President and Congress have also provided unprecedented resources to support local first responders.\nThe men and women of the Department of Homeland Security, and the first responders at the state and local level with whom they have partnered, vigilantly safeguard the security of America each and every day. They have moved swiftly but thoughtfully to direct enhanced resources to counter the dangers of the new and shifting threats we face, and they have proved themselves equal to the task. The Republican Party salutes the work of the:\nCoast Guard in protecting our shores;\nCustoms and Border Patrol who police our borders;\nAir marshals and baggage screeners of the Transportation Security Administration in safeguarding our airports and our skies;\nImmigrations and Customs Enforcement in ensuring that the identity of foreign citizens who enter our borders is known;\nDirectorate of Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection and the Secret Service for partnering with private industry to protect millions of Americans by enhancing security at chemical plants and other critical infrastructure;\nFederal Bureau of Investigation in applying enhanced law enforcement tools provided by the PATRIOT Act to track down terrorists and thwart their plots before they can be executed to murderous effect;\nCenters for Disease Control and the National Institutes of Health for their work in safeguarding the nation from biological attacks; and\nLaw enforcement officers, firefighters, EMS personnel, and other first responders in state and local jurisdictions throughout the country who have diligently employed increased federal resources to train and prepare for the prevention and mitigation of future terrorist attacks.\nThese dedicated men and women, the nation's last line of defense and first hope in response, give their utmost every day to keep us safe.\nDepartment of Homeland Security\nJust as the Cold War prompted a massive reorganization of the federal government's foreign policy apparatus, the War on Terror demanded a thorough reorganization of America's domestic preparedness agencies. President Bush led this effort with a plan to merge 22 separate government entities into the new Department of Homeland Security, a cohesive department with the primary mission of keeping America safe. After the American people returned control of the Senate to Republicans in the 2002 mid-term elections, Congress passed legislation enacting the President's plan. Further, to ensure that America's law enforcement, intelligence, and first responders have the resources they need to protect America, President Bush and Congress have nearly tripled homeland security funding since 2001.\nWe endorse the efforts of President Bush and Republicans in Congress to keep our homeland safe by taking action on multiple fronts, all aimed at stopping terrorists before they strike.\nThe FBI has been refocused to track down terrorists before they attack.\nThe Treasury Department is now leading the effort to find and eliminate sources of terrorist financing around the world. Since September 11, 2001, the United States and our allies have designated 345 terrorist-related entities and frozen more than $139 million in terrorist assets in more than 1,400 accounts worldwide.\nThe President signed into law the PATRIOT Act, which gives law enforcement and intelligence agents the same tools to fight terror that have long been available to fight organized crime and drug trafficking. The PATRIOT Act also made it possible for law enforcement and intelligence agents to share information and coordinate efforts to prevent terrorism. The 9/11 Commission rightly praised the PATRIOT Act's role in improving information sharing.\nSince the PATRIOT Act was passed, four terrorist cells have been broken up inside the United States and more than 189 individuals have been convicted or pled guilty to terrorism-related offenses.\nPresident Bush knows that America's firefighters, local law enforcement, and other first responders play a critical role in protecting the homeland. Hundreds of firefighters and police officers gave their lives to help their fellow citizens on September 11, 2001, and should another attack ever come, they will be first at the scene again. They must have the tools they need to perform their jobs as safely and effectively as possible. To this end, the President and Congress have massively increased spending for our nation's first responders. They have worked with governors, mayors, and tribal and local leaders to implement an integrated and federally supported approach to protecting communities.\nStates and localities have received more than $13 billion since 2001.\nAssistance to Firefighter Grants are up 400 percent since 2001.\nState Domestic Preparedness funding is up more than 2,600 percent since 2001. President Bush has taken steps to send money to the areas that are most at risk of terrorist attack, and instituted measures to speed the money to the first responders on the ground.\nAirports\nPresident Bush has overhauled and greatly enhanced security at the nation's airports. Our infrastructure to protect airplanes, passengers, crews, and cargo from terrorist acts has never been stronger than it is today. Cockpit doors have been hardened, more than 5,000 air marshals and 45,000 federal screeners have been hired, new screening technology has been developed, and 100 percent of commercial air passengers and checked bags are now screened. As tagging and tracking citizens is inconsistent with American freedom, we oppose the creation of a national identification card or system.\nPorts\nProposed funding for port security in 2005 represents a 600 percent increase since President Bush came to office. In addition, the Container Security Initiative ensures that:\nall cargo is now screened by customs agents;\nscreening takes place in foreign ports, well before potentially dangerous cargo ever reaches our shores; and\nall high-risk cargo is physically inspected.\nBorder Security\nOur nation has been enriched by immigrants seeking a better life. In many cases, immigrants of the past fled violence and oppression searching for peace and freedom. All suffered and sacrificed but hoped for a better future for their children in America. Our nation has been enriched by their determination, energy, and diversity.\nEnsuring the integrity of our borders is vital to ensuring the safety of our citizens. We must know the identity of all visitors who enter the United States, and we must know when they leave. The US-VISIT system, which uses biometric data to better track the entry and exit of foreign travelers, has been implemented at more than 115 airports and is presently being implemented at land border crossings. Reconnaissance cameras, border patrol agents, and unmanned aerial flights have all been increased at our borders.\nWe must strengthen our Border Patrol to stop illegal crossings, and we will equip the Border Patrol with the tools, technologies, structures, and sufficient force necessary to secure the border. We will seek stiff penalties for those who smuggle illegal aliens into the country and for those who sell fraudulent documents. We urge continued support for state, local, and federal law enforcement to work in a cohesive manner in securing our borders to prevent illegal entry.\nCritical Infrastructure\n\nBioterrorism\n\nincrease the federal bioterrorism budget by more than 1,600 percent, from $294 million in 2001 to $5.2 billion in 2004;\nexpand bioterror research by an even greater margin, from $53 million in 2001 to $1.7 billion in 2005, an increase of more than 3,100 percent;\nincrease the size of the Strategic National Stockpile of vaccines and countermeasures by 50 percent since 2001; and\nfurther secure more than $5.5 billion to enhance the stockpile and to encourage the development of new vaccines and countermeasures.\nAlthough there is no such thing as perfect safety from biological attacks, President Bush's historic commitment to building up the biological defenses of the United States has made us far less vulnerable to the threat of bioterrorism than we were just three years ago. The President's continuing commitment to implement further biodefense projects holds the promise of an even more secure future.\nCoast Guard\n\n– a performance that demonstrated the Coast Guard's vital contribution to homeland security. We applaud the men and women of the Coast Guard for rising to meet new challenges, even as they continue to accomplish traditional missions such as search and rescue, navigation assistance, drug interdiction, fisheries enforcement, and environmental protection. We also applaud the Coast Guard men and women who serve and have served in the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean in Operation Iraqi Freedom.\nUnder the leadership of President Bush and the Republican Congress, our nation has significantly increased budget support for the Coast Guard to achieve its expanded mission. We affirm the importance of continued strong support, including for efforts to recapitalize and enlarge the Coast Guard's fleet, a critical component of our overall national fleet. This should not be done at the expense of or by in any way reducing the\nU.S. Navy's shipbuilding program. Our nation asks much of the men and women of the Coast Guard – uniformed warfighters who serve on the front line of the War on Terror. We applaud the President and the Republican Congress for ensuring that the service has the resources needed to accomplish its expanded mission.\nDiplomacy\n\nhelp establish stable and democratic governments in nations such as Afghanistan and Iraq that once supported terrorism;\nsupport front-line states and coalition partners;\ndeepen counterterrorism, intelligence, and law enforcement cooperation with allies and friends; and\nenergetically promote democracy, especially in the Broader Middle East.\nIn all of these areas and more, the professionals of America's foreign affairs agencies serve at the front line of advancing U.S. national interests and values. We salute their strong record of achievement during this consequential era of American foreign policy and support the efforts of President Bush and the Republican Congress to provide the Department of State funding sufficient to ensure the continued success of American diplomacy.\nIntelligence\n\nThe dedicated, hardworking men and women of our intelligence community are laboring every day to keep our country safe. Republicans are proud of their work and grateful for their service. America's intelligence professionals have been pivotal to the major successes in the War on Terror – disrupting multiple planned terrorist attacks around the world, continuing to expand our insight into terrorist organizations and plans, and greatly enhancing working relationships with foreign partners.\nWorking together, the President and the Republican Congress have steadfastly advanced toward the goal of an integrated, unified national intelligence effort. They have taken important steps to expand and strengthen America's intelligence system and capabilities, including reversing devastating cuts in the intelligence community budget and closing dangerous gaps between counterterrorism intelligence collected abroad and at home by creating the Terrorist Threat Integration Center and consolidating all U.S. government watchlist information on suspected terrorists in the new Terrorist Screening Center. They have also broken down the unnecessary \"wall\" between intelligence and law enforcement with the PATRIOT Act. Because it has proved to be instrumental in helping to break up terror cells and plots and seizing terrorist assets, Republicans believe that Congress needs to reauthorize this important law.\nWe applaud President Bush's continued strong leadership in intelligence reform. We share the guiding principles for reform that President Bush has laid out, including:\nincreasing both the quality and quantity of human intelligence collection to disrupt terrorist attacks;\ninvesting more in our technical intelligence capabilities so that we stay ahead of our enemies' changing communications technology and tactics; and\nensuring the most effective and coordinated use of these resources and personnel.\nIt is essential that the people in government responsible for defending America and countering terrorism have the best possible information to make the best decisions about the safety of our country. We therefore support President Bush's request to Congress to create the position of a National Intelligence Director to be appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. The National Intelligence Director will serve as the President's principal intelligence advisor and will oversee the foreign and domestic activities of the intelligence community.\nWe also support President Bush's plan to establish a National Counterterrorism Center that will build on the analytical work of the Terrorist Threat Integration Center and become our government's knowledge bank for information about known and suspected terrorists. The new center will coordinate and monitor counterterrorism plans and activities of all government agencies and departments to ensure effective joint action, and to ensure that our efforts are unified in priority and purpose. The center will also be responsible for preparing the daily terrorism threat report for the President and senior officials.\nWe also support President Bush's judgment that legislative oversight of intelligence and homeland security must be restructured and made more effective. Currently there are too many committees with overlapping jurisdiction, which wastes time and makes it difficult for meaningful oversight and reform.\nHonoring and Supporting Our Armed Forces\nAmerica's men and women in uniform are currently on the front lines of the War on Terror. In the midst of a global struggle, the armed services continue to meet their goals for new recruits and retentions, and every American is grateful for the patriotism and honor of these soldiers, sailors, airmen, and Marines. Republicans hail their historic achievements since September 11, 2001 – especially the removal of the repressive regimes of the Taliban and Saddam Hussein. Their victories on the battlefield have not only made America safer but are making way for new governments in Afghanistan and Iraq. They are paving the way for societies that are free.\nWith the support of the Republican Congress, President Bush has consistently built defense strength. Defense spending has only been higher twice since World War II – during the Korean War and at the peak of the Cold War buildup. These long-overdue budget increases help fulfill the President's commitments and ensure a fighting force that is second to none.\nIn 2000, the President promised to provide members of the Armed Forces \"better pay, better treatment, and better training.\" He has fulfilled that promise to our troops.\nSupported by the Republican Congress, President Bush has increased basic pay by nearly 21 percent. Many servicemembers have seen much more than that. The increase in basic salary and payments for food and housing has reached nearly 30 percent. We hail those much-deserved increases, as well as the action of the President and the Republican Congress in this year's Defense Appropriations Act to fund permanent increases for the Family Separation Allowance and Imminent Danger Pay.\nUntil the mid-1990s, servicemembers who lived off-base were expected to pay for 15 percent of their housing costs. In reality, this cost grew to almost 20 percent. Republicans applaud the leadership of the President and the Republican Congress for making sure that by the end of 2005, out-of-pocket expenses will be eliminated, meaning that the average servicemember who lives off-base will have all basic housing costs covered.\nPresident Bush and the Republican Congress have also increased funds for defense health programs, including improving medical services for Ready Reserve members and their families.\nThe men and women of the National Guard and Reserve are an important part of the nation's military readiness, and we will maintain their strength in the states. Their role as citizen soldiers must continue to be a proud tradition that links every community in the country with the cause of national security. We affirm traditional military culture, and we affirm that homosexuality is incompatible with military service. The Republican Party created the all-volunteer force and opposes reinstitution of the draft, whether directly or through compulsory national service. We support the advancement of women in the military, support their exemption from ground combat units, and support the implementation of the recommendations of the Kassebaum Commission, which unanimously recommended that co-ed basic training be ended. We support sound priorities in the making of personnel policies, and candid analysis of the consequences of unprecedented social changes in the military.\nAs the traditional advocate of America's veterans, the Republican Party has continued to fulfill America's obligations to them. When President Bush took office, many of the programs designed to assist veterans cried out for modernization and reform. President Bush and Congress have increased funding for VA health care by more than 40 percent since 2001. This additional funding has made it possible for the VA to improve health care access for veterans who need it most, including low-income veterans, those with service-related disabilities, and those who need VA's specialized services. President Bush signed into law authorization for the concurrent receipt of both military retired pay and VA disability compensation for combat-injured and highly-disabled veterans. We support these actions to keep faith with America's veterans and applaud President Bush and the Republican Congress for attending to the solemn duty of maintaining and expanding our national cemeteries.\nIn promising \"better training,\" the President committed to strengthen the military readiness of our soldiers, sailors, airmen, and Marines. Since taking office, the President has added billions to operations and maintenance accounts to make good on this promise. This investment is paying off as critical readiness indicators are improving. However, the real proof of military readiness is combat performance. Our combined military forces have demonstrated overwhelming combat effectiveness in Afghanistan, Iraq, and in other operations around the world. The readiness of U.S. Armed Forces to carry out combat operations anywhere in the world is now unparalleled.\nThe vast majority of Americans agree that when our troops are engaged in battle, we have a responsibility to provide everything they need to complete their mission. It is irresponsible for public officials to support sending Americans into battle and then reject the funding they need for such things as ammunition, body armor, and better health care for their dependents. We call to account the Democratic nominees for President and Vice President, both of whom voted to authorize war in Iraq then later rejected legislation to provide $87 billion in critical supplies and benefits for servicemembers and their families. Earlier this year, Senator Kerry claimed to have \"voted for the $87 billion before [he voted against it.\" Recently he said he was \"proud\" of his vote against supporting our troops. And in yet another attempt to explain his irresponsible vote, Senator Kerry claimed his decision was \"complicated.\" Republicans affirm that there is nothing complicated about supporting soldiers in battle. America's Commander in Chief must always support the men and women on the frontlines, and we applaud President Bush for his steadfast support of our military.\nPresident Bush also fulfilled his promise to begin transforming how our nation organizes and equips itself to fight 21st Century adversaries. Leveraging rapidly changing technology with flexible organizations and adaptable doctrine, the President and the Republican Congress have led the transformation of the U.S. military to become lighter, faster, and more lethal. To support the President's transformational goals, the Administration has worked with the Republican Congress to:\ndouble investment in missile defense systems to put America on track to field an operational system in 2004;\ndramatically increase R&D investments;\ncommit a significant amount of the procurement budget to transformation; and\npursue transformational programs across the services such as the Army's Future Combat System, the Navy's conversion of ballistic missile submarines to guided missile submarines, and the Air Force's unmanned combat aerial vehicles.\nIn December 2002, President Bush directed the deployment of a missile defense system to protect the United States from the threat of long-range missiles with the ability to deliver weapons of mass destruction. The 2005 Defense Appropriations Act provides $10 billion for systems to defend against the threat from ballistic missiles. Later this year, the first components of America's missile defense system will become operational. This will fulfill a pledge that President Bush made to the American people more than four years ago. America and our allies face a deadly threat from ballistic missiles armed with the world's most dangerous weapons. Republicans affirm that America must deploy the technologies necessary to protect our people.\nRepublicans applaud President Bush's announcement of the most comprehensive restructuring of U.S. military forces overseas since the end of the Korean War. By closing bases overseas that are no longer needed to meet Cold War threats that have ended, his new initiative will bring home many Cold War-era forces while deploying more flexible and rapidly deployable capabilities in strategic locations around the world. The plan will make America safer by better preparing our military to address the new dangers associated with rogue nations, global terrorism, and weapons of mass destruction. It will also give our servicemembers more time on the home front and fewer moves over a career. It will give military spouses fewer job changes and offer greater stability for their families. It will save the taxpayers money by closing hundreds of unneeded facilities around the world.\nRepublicans know that workers in the defense industry and broader civilian sector\n– including manufacturing workers, engineers, scientists, and farmers – who supply our Armed Forces with cutting-edge weapons, combat materiel, and sustenance are also vital to the success of our troops on the battlefield. We hail their indispensable contributions to victory in the War on Terror.\nBuilding a Better World Based on Democratic Governments, Free Markets, and International Compassion\n\nThe events of September 11, 2001, taught us that weak states, like Afghanistan, can pose as great a danger to our national interests as strong states. Poverty does not make poor people into terrorists and murderers. Yet poverty, weak institutions, and corruption can make weak states vulnerable to terrorist networks and drug cartels within their borders.\nRepublicans believe that a world where some live in comfort and plenty, while half of the human race lives on less than $2 a day, is neither just nor stable. We applaud President Bush and the Republican Congress for their leadership and moral clarity in making the inclusion of all of the world's poor in an expanding circle of development – and opportunity – one of the top priorities of U.S. international policy.\nDecades of massive development assistance have failed to spur economic growth in the poorest countries. Worse, development aid has often served to prop up failed policies, relieving the pressure for reform and perpetuating misery. Results of aid are typically measured in dollars spent by donors, not in the rates of growth and poverty reduction achieved by recipients. These are the indicators of a failed strategy.\nWorking with other nations, and under the leadership of President Bush and the Republican Congress, the United States has confronted this failure. President Bush helped to forge a new consensus at the United Nations Conference on Financing for Development in Monterrey that the objectives of assistance – and the strategies to achieve those objectives – must change.\nRepublicans support the President's goal to help unleash the productive potential of individuals in all nations. Sustained growth and poverty reduction are impossible without the right national policies. Where governments have implemented real policy changes, we will provide significant new levels of assistance. The United States and other developed countries should set an ambitious and specific target: to double the size of the world's poorest economies within a decade.\nWe endorse the strategies that the United States is pursuing to achieve this goal, including:\nproviding resources through the Millennium Challenge Account to aid countries that have met the challenge of reform;\nimproving the effectiveness of the World Bank and other development banks in raising living standards;\ninsisting upon measurable results to ensure that development assistance is actually making a difference in the lives of the world's poor;\nincreasing the amount of development assistance that is provided in the form of grants instead of loans; • opening societies to commerce and investment;\nenhancing public health in countries afflicted by epidemics and pandemics like HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis;\nemphasizing education, literacy, and learning as the foundation of democracy and development; and\ncontinuing to aid agricultural development.\nRepublicans know that a strong world economy enhances our national security by advancing prosperity and freedom in the rest of the world. Economic growth supported by free trade and free markets creates new jobs and higher incomes. It allows people to lift their lives out of poverty, spurs economic and legal reform, enhances the fight against corruption, and reinforces the habits of liberty.\nUnder Republican leadership, the United States has fostered an environment of economic openness to capitalize on our country's greatest asset in the information age: a vital, innovative society that welcomes creative ideas and adapts to them. American companies continue to show the world innovative ways to improve productivity and redraw traditional business models. Upon this extraordinary foundation, President Bush and the Republican Congress have rebuilt an effective American trade policy. Rooted in America's political and economic ideals, the Republican blueprint they have implemented promotes open markets and open societies, free trade and the free flow of information, and the development of new ideas and private sectors. This self-sustaining economic and commercial progress has nurtured the human spirit, the middle class, law, and liberty.\nRepublicans applaud the renewal of the executive-Congressional partnership on trade matters under Republican leadership. After a gap of eight years, the Administration reestablished majority support in the Congress for free and fair trade by passing Trade Promotion Authority and the other market-opening measures for developing countries in the Trade Act of 2002.\nWe commend the strong record of President Bush and the Republican Congress in using their authority to promote economic growth and economic freedom beyond America's shores, especially through free trade initiatives. We support the Administration's comprehensive strategy to promote free trade, exemplified by the launch of the Doha negotiation of the World Trade Organization (WTO), regional and sub-regional initiatives such as the Central American Free Trade Agreement, the Free Trade Area of the Americas, and the Middle East Free Trade Area, extension of the African Growth and Opportunity Act, and the conclusion of bilateral free trade agreements with nations such as Australia, Morocco, Chile, and Singapore.\nWe hail the strong record of President Bush and the Republican Congress in:\ncompleting agreements with 12 countries, and currently negotiating with 10 other nations, to reduce trade barriers – together, these 22 nations represent America's third largest export market, with economies totaling $2.5 trillion in purchasing power;\nenforcing trade agreements and laws against unfair practices, including staunch opposition to regulations that impede farm exports and improved agriculture; • opposing unfair manipulation of currency rates by U.S. trading partners; and\ntaking timely action to help domestic industries and workers adjust to foreign competition, including through safeguard actions in support of America's manufacturing sector and trade adjustment assistance for workers;\nincorporating appropriate labor and environmental concerns into U.S. trade negotiations, promoting mutually supportive trade and environmental policies and agreements; and\nusing the International Labor Organization, trade preference programs, and trade talks to improve working conditions in conjunction with freer trade.\nWe recognize that there is a fundamental connection between trade and development. Trade policies can help developing countries strengthen property rights, competition, the rule of law, investment, the spread of knowledge, open societies, the efficient allocation of resources, and regional integration – all leading to growth, opportunity, and confidence in developing countries. We therefore welcome the Republican-led reauthorization in the Trade Act of 2002 of preference programs with the nations of the Caribbean and Andean regions.\nSteady American Leadership in the World\n\nInternational Institutions\n\nThe United Nations can provide a valuable forum for nations to peacefully resolve their differences, and it can help monitor international agreements and organize international humanitarian assistance. Under Republican leadership, the United States will pay a fair, not disproportionate, share of dues to the United Nations, which must continue to reform its management and take steps to eliminate waste, fraud, and abuse. All funds that the U.S. contributes for operations, conferences, and peacekeeping should count against these dues.\nWe hail the actions of President Bush and the Republican Congress to ensure that our nation's efforts to meet our global security commitments and protect Americans are not impaired by the potential for investigations, inquiry, or prosecution by the International Criminal Court, whose jurisdiction we do not accept as extending to Americans. We support full implementation of the American Servicemembers Protection Act, whose provisions are intended to ensure and enhance the protection of U.S. personnel and officials.\nWe applaud President Bush and the Republican Congress for working to end the unacceptable discrimination against Israel at the United Nations, by that institution's denying committee assignments to Israel. We welcome Israel's membership in the Western European and Others Group at the United Nations headquarters and urge its full acceptance at other United Nations venues. We support adoption of bipartisan legislation to withhold the annual headquarters contribution made by the U.S. Department of State to the International Committee of the Red Cross if Magen David Adom is not given the opportunity to participate fully in the activities of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.\nRepublicans continue to oppose the ideological campaign against participation by the Vatican in United Nations conferences and other activities. The United Nations was created to benefit all peoples and nations, not to promote a radical agenda of social engineering. Any effort to address global social problems must be firmly placed within a context of respect for the fundamental social institutions of marriage and family. We reject any treaty or convention that would contradict these values. For that reason, we support protecting the rights of families in international programs and oppose funding organizations involved in abortion.\nRepublicans support the leadership of President Bush and Vice President Cheney in speaking out honestly about violations of the nonnegotiable demands of human dignity using our voice and vote in international institutions to advance freedom. Worldwide, at least 600,000 to 800,000 human beings are trafficked across international borders each year. Of those, it is believed that more than 80 percent are women and girls, and that 70 percent of them were forced into sexual servitude. We applaud the President for his efforts to rally the international community, including at the United Nations, in combating human trafficking, for his call to the nations of the world to pass laws criminalizing these abhorrent practices, and for working with Republicans in Congress to provide the funds necessary to combat trafficking on the international level. We also praise President Bush for his efforts at home, where he has tripled the number of traffickers criminally charged and doubled the number of convictions, while supporting the good work of organizations that are rescuing women and children from exploitation.\nNeighborhood of the Americas\n\nWe praise President Bush's strong record of serious and sustained attention to the American neighborhood and coalition-building with countries such as Mexico, Canada, Brazil, Chile, and Colombia that share our democratic priorities.\nUnder President Bush's leadership, the United States and Mexico have developed a historic level of trust and mutual respect. Strengthened by common values and purposes, this relationship has provided an unprecedented degree of bilateral cooperation. Republicans believe that it is a high national priority for America to continue building on that cooperation with Mexico over the coming years to ensure safe, orderly, and legal migration flows; further reduce the cost of remittances; expand access to credit for small business entrepreneurs; and further strengthen bilateral ties in education, civil society, housing, agriculture, infrastructure, communications, and information technologies. Republicans also recognize that as a respected voice in the region, Mexico will continue to be a vital partner in supporting democracy throughout the hemisphere, as demonstrated by Mexico's contributions to regional and multilateral approaches in Bolivia and Venezuela.\nSince the tragic events of September 11, 2001, the United States has received excellent cooperation from our hemispheric partners to combat terror in North America. In particular, our longstanding allies Canada and Mexico have been steadfast partners in joint efforts to enhance border security, while ensuring that the swift pace of legal movement of people and goods along our land borders is maintained.\nRepublicans applaud Canada's contributions to the War on Terror, not only as a partner in the Americas but as a steadfast transatlantic ally, including in deployments during Operation Enduring Freedom and in the current NATO-led operation in Afghanistan. We also appreciate the continuing participation of El Salvador in the multinational force in Iraq, as well as the past contributions of the Dominican Republic and Honduras in support of the goal of stability and democracy for the Iraqi people.\nRepublicans support the leadership of the President and the Republican Congress to advance prosperity throughout the Americas through free trade. We applaud the U.S.-Chile Free Trade Agreement implemented by the Bush Administration – the first such agreement with a South American nation in U.S. history. We also applaud President Bush's conclusion of a free trade agreement with six countries in our neighborhood – Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and the Dominican Republic. We support the President's goal of negotiating free trade agreements with Panama and the Andean nations. These initiatives complement the goal of achieving a genuine, comprehensive free trade area in the hemisphere. As Republicans, we believe that the Free Trade Area of the Americas is the best route to achieving that goal.\nOur Party believes that the United States must continue to support the democracies of South America with strong economic and security assistance. We therefore endorse the increased support that the President and the Republican Congress have provided to Colombia in the fight against narco-terrorists, in the eradication of coca and poppy crops, and in the interdiction of illicit drugs and the extradition of criminals. We also support the Bush Administration's active strategy to help the Andean nations adjust their economies, enforce their laws, defeat terrorist organizations, and cut off the supply of illegal drugs.\nWe share President Bush's commitment to strengthening the region's democratic institutions by working with leaders in the region to promote good governance and combat corruption. We applaud the Administration's work with regional institutions, such as the Summit of the Americas process, the Organization of American States, and the Defense Ministerial of the Americas. Republicans support the Bush Administration's efforts to achieve a peaceful, democratic, constitutional, and electoral solution to Venezuela's political crisis.\nThe Castro regime is an anachronism in a region where democracy and open markets prevail. The current political and economic crisis in Cuba reflects four decades of Castro's failed policies. The Cuban government rightfully remains on the State Department's Terrorist List due to its continued support for terrorism, including the harboring of fugitives from justice wanted in the United States for terrorism-related offenses. The Castro regime continues to pursue policies of Marxist-Leninist dictatorship, police state tactics, and total economic control. Because of these policies, the Castro regime remains hostile to America's interests and values.\nAs Republicans, we support President Bush's principled position that the current embargo on trade with, and restrictions on travel to, Cuba must remain in place as along as the Cuban government refuses to hold free and fair elections, ease its stranglehold on private enterprise, and allow the Cuban people to organize, assemble, and speak freely.\nRepublicans understand that the Castro regime will not change by its own choice. But Cuba must change. That is why we support President Bush's decision to provide additional resources for:\ndemocracy-building activities in Cuba, support for the family members of the political opposition, and support for efforts to help youth, women, and Afro-Cubans take their rightful place in the pro-democracy movement;\nregular airborne broadcasts to Cuba and the purchase of a dedicated airborne platform for the transmission of Radio and Television Martí into Cuba; and\npublic diplomacy efforts to disseminate information abroad about Castro's record of abusing human rights, harboring terrorists, committing espionage against other countries, and fomenting subversion of democratically elected governments in Latin America.\nRepublicans applaud the work of the President's Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba, which identified measures to help the Cuban people bring to an end the Castro dictatorship and provided a plan for agile, effective, and decisive assistance to the people of Cuba when they have finally achieved freedom and democracy. We support the Commission's recommendations, which include:\ndenying resources and legitimacy to the Castro regime by eliminating abuses of educational travel programs;\ncountering the regime's manipulation of our humanitarian policies by limiting recipients of remittances and gift parcels to immediate family members; and\nlimiting family visits to Cuba to immediate family.\nRepublicans also support efforts to increase the number of new migrants admitted from Cuba through a safe, legal, and orderly process and believe that the United States should adhere to the principles established by the 1966 Cuban Adjustment Act, which recognizes the rights of Cuban refugees fleeing communist tyranny.\nRepublicans applaud the strong support President Bush has demonstrated for the people of Haiti and agree that it is essential that Haiti have a hopeful future. We support the President's leadership of multilateral efforts to bring order and stability to Haiti and assist the Haitian people in achieving a democratic and constitutional government. American troops and their partners in the initial stabilization force from France, Canada, and Chile responded swiftly and humanely to the needs of the Haitian people. We applaud the contributions of Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Canada, Spain, and other nations to the current peacekeeping force, as well as financial pledges from the international community to provide economic and humanitarian assistance to the Haitian people.\nAfrica\n\nWe applaud the President's leadership in establishing an unprecedented level of engagement with Africa, exemplified by the high priority placed on dialogue between the President and his African counterparts and supported by historic initiatives such as the Millennium Challenge Account (MCA), the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, and the African Education Initiative. We further commend President Bush for visiting South Africa, Nigeria, Senegal, Botswana, and Uganda last year – the first Republican President to do so.\nRepublicans believe that South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya, and Ethiopia are leaders for regional engagement and require focused attention. We applaud the President and the Republican Congress for deepening American engagement with those nations. Republicans also applaud increased support for African nations that have chosen the path of economic, political, and social reform and are therefore eligible for funding from the MCA: Senegal, Ghana, Benin, Cape Verde, Mali, Mozambique, Madagascar, and Lesotho. We believe that to be effective, development aid requires pro-growth policies and strong reforms in the nations that receive aid. We endorse the MCA's direction of resources to countries with governments that rule justly, root out corruption, encourage entrepreneurship, and invest in the health and education of their people.\nRepublicans also applaud the strong record of President Bush and the Republican Congress in promoting development and economic growth in Africa as a means to eradicating poverty and encouraging the habits of freedom and enterprise. The African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) is bringing hundreds of thousands of jobs and investment opportunity to sub-Saharan Africa. Under President Bush's leadership, Congress has extended AGOA beyond 2008 – an achievement that will help give businesses the confidence to make long-term investments in Africa. Republicans believe that the United States must continue to work to complete a free trade agreement with the nations of the Southern African Customs Union to create new opportunities for farmers and workers and entrepreneurs all across Africa. We also applaud the efforts of the Bush Administration to strengthen and broaden capital markets on the continent. With the ability to borrow money to buy homes and to start businesses, more Africans will have the tools to achieve their dreams.\nRepublicans also commend President Bush and the Republican Congress for helping to provide Africa's children with the advantages of literacy and basic education through the Africa Education Initiative. This important initiative will provide teacher training, textbooks, and scholarships for girls to improve primary education on the continent.\nMany of Africa's leaders are committed to the spread of democratic institutions and democratic values throughout their continent. Yet those institutions and values are threatened in some parts of Africa by terrorism, chaos, and civil war. To extend liberty in Africa, we must help African leaders who seek to achieve security and peace on the continent.\nRepublicans believe that together with our allies and friends, America must help strengthen Africa's fragile states, help build indigenous capability to secure porous borders, and help build up the law enforcement and intelligence infrastructures to deny havens for terrorists. An ever more lethal environment exists in Africa as local civil wars spread beyond borders to create regional war zones. Forming coalitions and cooperative security arrangements is key to confronting these emerging transnational threats.\nWe welcome President Bush's leadership in the establishment of a consensus among the G-8 nations to support peacekeeping capabilities among the nations of Africa, so that they may more effectively prevent and resolve violent conflict on the continent.\nRepublicans applaud President Bush's strong record of promoting regional peace and stability and helping to end conflict and war on the continent. Working in concert with allies, friends, and international institutions, the Bush Administration has helped achieve progress toward resolving conflicts in Liberia, Angola, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Sierra Leone, and Sudan.\nWe applaud the efforts of the Bush Administration in working closely with the Government of Sudan and the Sudanese People's Liberation Movement to bring peace to Sudan. Sudan's civil war is one of the worst humanitarian tragedies of our time, responsible for the deaths of two million people over two decades. Achieving peace, and concluding a just and comprehensive agreement, must be an urgent priority for both sides in Sudan. President Bush has made peace in Sudan a top priority of his foreign policy, including the appointment of a Special Envoy to facilitate discussions and the signing of the Sudan Peace Act. The President's commitment has paved the way for significant progress and we welcome continued movement this year toward a comprehensive peace agreement that will put an end to 20 years of conflict in southern Sudan.\nWe commend the efforts of the President and the Republican Congress to help the people of Darfur, in western Sudan. Brutal militias there are causing human suffering on an immense scale. American assistance has been provided for famine relief, assistance for refugees, and other humanitarian aid. Yet no amount of aid can substitute for true and lasting peace. The Government of Sudan must stop the violence of Janjaweed militias, and all parties must respect the cease-fire and allow the free movement of humanitarian workers and supplies. We continue to hope for peace for the people of Sudan and for normalization of relations between Sudan and the United States. However, the Government of Sudan must not remain complicit in the brutalization of Darfur.\nRepublicans deplore the Government of Zimbabwe's refusal to adhere to the rule of law. The Bush Administration has rightly condemned the Government of Zimbabwe's assaults against human rights. We support the President's decision to suspend non-humanitarian aid and impose targeted sanctions on the Zimbabwean regime and its supporters.\nRepublicans recognize that several African governments face particular dangers from terrorists, including in East Africa. The Bush Administration is working closely with those nations to fight terror, and the Republican Congress has expanded efforts to help governments in East Africa protect their people and to fight terrorist networks. We will not allow terrorists to threaten African peoples, or to use Africa as a base to threaten the world. We hail the continuing cooperation of Kenya, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Uganda, Tanzania, and other African nations in the War on Terror.\nRepublicans are proud of President Bush's historic leadership that has placed America at the forefront of helping the people of Africa, their governments, and private groups combat the catastrophic HIV/AIDS pandemic. We hail the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, a five-year, $15 billion initiative, strongly backed by the Congress, to turn the tide against HIV/AIDS in the most afflicted nations of Africa and the Caribbean. By undertaking a comprehensive approach to the pandemic that involves education, abstinence, prevention, testing, treatment, and care – including advanced antiretroviral drugs – the President's groundbreaking initiative follows in the finest American tradition of harnessing the power of human technology in the service of human compassion. We also applaud other major steps by President Bush and the Republican Congress to make fighting the HIV/AIDS pandemic a priority of U.S. foreign policy, including America's contribution to the Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria, and other initiatives.\nThe United States is leading the world by example and the global community can\n– and must – do more to halt the advance of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. We applaud the numerous African, American, and other international private organizations – including faith-based groups, hospitals, medical schools, corporations, and philanthropies – that are helping the people of Africa as they fight HIV/AIDS with courage. The progress we are already seeing in parts of Africa is proof that HIV/AIDS can be defeated.\nAcross the Pacific\n\nPresident Bush has demonstrated a clear commitment to the region, and Republicans recognize that under his leadership, alliance relations in Asia have never been better. In every major security issue of our time – including counterterrorism, nonproliferation, Iraq, and North Korea – our allies in Asia are providing unprecedented cooperation. The Republican Party hails the brave and energetic response of America's allies in the Asia-Pacific region in the wake of the September 11th attacks.\nAustralia invoked the ANZUS Treaty to declare that the September 11th attacks were attacks on Australia itself, following that historic decision with the dispatch of some of the world's finest combat forces for Operation Enduring Freedom.\nJapan and the Republic of Korea provided unprecedented levels of military logistical support within weeks of the terrorist attacks.\nAmerica has deepened cooperation on counterterrorism with our alliance partners in Thailand and the Philippines and received invaluable assistance from close friends like Singapore and New Zealand.\nRepublicans also applaud Australia, Japan, the Republic of Korea, and other nations in the Asia-Pacific region for their contributions to the multinational effort to achieve security and democracy for the Iraqi people.\nJapan is a key partner of the United States and the U.S.-Japan alliance is an important foundation of peace, stability, security, and prosperity in Asia. America supports an economically vibrant and open Japan that serves as an engine of expanding prosperity and trade in the Asia-Pacific region. Republicans support an American policy in the Asia-Pacific region that looks to Japan to continue forging a leading role in regional and global affairs based on our common interests, our common values, and our close defense and diplomatic cooperation.\nThe Republic of Korea is a valued democratic ally of the United States. Our two nations are maintaining vigilance toward North Korea while preparing our alliance to make contributions to the broader stability of the region over the longer term. In concert with America's allies South Korea and Japan, and supported by China and Russia, our nation is leading the international community to speak with one voice to demand the complete, verifiable, and irreversible dismantlement of North Korea's nuclear programs. Republicans support the Bush Administration's efforts to protect the peace on the Korean peninsula. North Korea lies outside of the international system. Americans have shed their blood to stop North Korean aggression before and remain prepared to resist aggression today.\nAfter fighting together in both world wars, the United States forged a formal alliance with Australia. Australians have stood shoulder to shoulder with Americans in every major conflict since – Korea, Vietnam, the Persian Gulf War, and now Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. Republicans hail the signing into law of the U.S.-Australia Free Trade Agreement and look forward to building on more than 50 years of alliance cooperation to resolve regional and global problems.\nAmerican ties to the Philippines have been close for more than a hundred years. We Republicans have supported the victory of Filipino democracy and cherish our continuing friendship with this great nation and its people who have been by our side in war and in peace.\nUnder President Bush's leadership, the United States has undertaken an historic transformation in its bilateral relationship with India, based upon his conviction that U.S. interests require a strong relationship between the world's largest democracies. Since 2001, the United States has started with a view of India as a growing world power with which we have common security interests and a shared, fundamental commitment to political freedom and representative government. Through a strong partnership with India, we can best address any differences and shape a dynamic future. The prospects for that partnership were further enhanced by the announcement this January of the \"Next Steps in Strategic Partnership\" between the United States and India, a new effort to further deepen and accelerate cooperation between our two nations.\nRepublicans applaud India's move toward greater economic freedom. We hold a common interest in the free flow of commerce, including through the vital sea lanes of the Indian Ocean. Bilateral trade between the U.S. and India increased from $15.9 billion in 2002 to nearly $18 billion in 2003, with U.S. exports to India increasing by 22 percent, the largest increase ever. Finally, we share the commitment to fighting terrorism and creating a strategically stable Asia.\nRepublicans support President Bush's view that America must maintain forces in the Asia-Pacific region that reflect our commitments to our allies, our security requirements, our technological advances, and the strategic environment. America will also build on stability provided by our Asian alliances, as well as with institutions such as ASEAN and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, to develop a mix of regional and bilateral strategies to advance progress and deepen our ties to the peoples of this region.\nRepublicans applaud President Bush for his leadership in dramatically refashioning America's relationship with Pakistan. The United States and Pakistan are working closely in the fight against terror. We endorse continued American support for Pakistan's security, economic, and social programs.\nRepublicans believe that America's relationship with China is an important part of our strategy to promote a stable, peaceful, and prosperous Asia-Pacific region. We welcome the emergence of a strong, peaceful, and prosperous China. The democratic development of China is crucial to that future. Yet, a quarter-century after beginning the process of shedding the worst features of the Communist legacy, China's leaders have not yet made the next series of fundamental choices about the character of their state. In pursuing advanced military capabilities that can threaten its neighbors in the Asia-Pacific region, China is following an outdated path that, in the end, will hamper its own pursuit of national greatness. In time, China will find that social and political freedoms are the only source of that greatness.\nUnder President Bush's leadership, the United States has sought a constructive relationship with a changing China. Our two nations have cooperated well where our interests overlap, including the current War on Terror and in promoting stability on the Korean peninsula. Likewise, we have coordinated on the future of Afghanistan and have initiated a comprehensive dialogue on counterterrorism. Shared health and environmental threats, such as the threat of HIV/AIDS, SARS, and other infectious diseases, challenge us to promote jointly the welfare of our citizens.\nAddressing these transnational threats will challenge China to become more open with information, promote the development of civil society, enhance individual human rights, and end suppression of the media. To make that nation accountable to its citizens' needs and aspirations, much work remains to be done. Only by allowing the Chinese people to think, speak, assemble, and worship freely can China reach its full potential. China has discovered that economic freedom leads to national wealth. China's leaders will also discover that freedom is indivisible – that social and religious freedoms are also essential to national greatness and national dignity. Eventually, men and women who are allowed to control their own wealth will insist on controlling their own lives and their own country.\nOur important bilateral trade relationship has benefited from China's entry into the World Trade Organization, creating export opportunities and jobs for American farmers, workers, and companies. The power of market principles and the WTO's requirements for transparency and accountability have bolstered openness and the rule of law in China. Republicans support the commitment of President Bush and Republicans in Congress to ensure that China fulfills its WTO obligations.\nThere are, however, other areas in which we have profound disagreements, including human rights, China's observance of its nonproliferation commitments, and America's commitment to the self-defense of Taiwan under the Taiwan Relations Act.\nWe support President Bush's efforts to narrow differences where they exist but not to allow them to preclude cooperation where there is agreement.\nThe United States government's policy is that there is one China, as reflected in the three communiqués and the Taiwan Relations Act. America opposes any unilateral decision by either China or Taiwan to change the status quo. Republicans recognize that America's policy is based on the principle that there must be no use of force by China against Taiwan. We deny the right of Beijing to impose its rule on the free Taiwanese people. All issues regarding Taiwan's future must be resolved peacefully and must be agreeable to the people of Taiwan. If China violates these principles and attacks Taiwan, then the United States will respond appropriately in accordance with the Taiwan Relations Act. America will help Taiwan defend itself.\nRepublicans applaud President Bush and the Republican Congress for honoring our nation's promises to the people of Taiwan, a longstanding friend of the United States and a genuine democracy. Taiwan deserves America's strong support, including the timely sale of defensive arms to enhance Taiwan's security. In recognition of its growing importance in the global economy, Republicans applaud Taiwan's membership in the World Trade Organization and support its participation in the World Health Organization and other multilateral institutions.\nAmerica's relations with Vietnam are still overshadowed by two grave concerns. The first is uncertainty concerning the Americans who became prisoners of war or were missing in action. Republicans commend President Bush for enhancing efforts to obtain the fullest possible accounting for those still missing and for the repatriation of the remains of those who died in the cause of freedom. The second is continued retribution by the government of Vietnam against its ethnic minorities and others who fought alongside our forces there. The United States owes those individuals a debt of honor and will not be blind to their suffering.\nThe Republican Party is committed to democracy in Burma, and to Nobel Laureate Aung San Suu Kyi and other democratic leaders whose election in 1990 was brutally suppressed and who have been arrested and imprisoned for their belief in freedom and democracy. Republicans share with her the view that the basic principles of human freedom and dignity are universal. We are committed to working with our allies in Europe and Asia to maintain a firm and resolute opposition to the military junta in Rangoon.\nBecause of the strategic location and historical ties of the Pacific island nations to the United States, Republicans will continue to work closely with the countries of this region on a wide variety of issues of common concern.\nEurope\n\nWe hail the President's success in achieving unprecedented cooperation with Europe – at NATO, through the European Union, and with individual nations – in combating terrorism and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, building peace and democracy in Afghanistan and Iraq, and advancing the cause of freedom, democracy, and opportunity throughout the broader Middle East and North Africa. In particular, we are grateful for the close friendship and strong partnership with the United Kingdom, upholding the tradition of a special relationship between our two nations. Together and with strong U.S. leadership, America and Europe are decisively confronting the greatest challenges and boldly seizing the historic opportunities of our time.\nWe believe that the security of the United States is inseparable from the security of Europe. This enduring truth was reaffirmed by our European allies after the attacks of September 11, 2001, when NATO invoked its Article V self-defense clause for the first time in the history of the Alliance, recognizing that the attack on America was also an attack on the Alliance as a whole.\nRepublicans know that a strong NATO is the foundation of peace in Europe and beyond. We commend NATO's leadership of the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan – a mission that has been led in the past by the United Kingdom, Turkey, Germany, and the Netherlands and is being supported by European partners such as Ireland, Albania, and Croatia. We applaud the establishment of a NATO operation to train Iraqi security forces. We hail those NATO nations and NATO partners that are contributing forces to Iraq, including the Polish-led division for which the Alliance has provided technical support.\nRepublicans remain steadfast supporters of NATO enlargement. We recall that the leadership of a Republican Senate helped Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary return to the Euro-Atlantic Community through membership in the Alliance. We hail the President's leadership in NATO's decision to welcome seven new democracies into the Alliance this year – Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia. Republicans support the continued enlargement of NATO to include other democratic nations willing and able to share the burden of defending and advancing our common interests.\nRepublicans recognize and applaud the fact that especially since September 11, 2001, some of America's strongest allies and friends have been the democracies of Central and Eastern Europe – many of whom inspired the world during the Cold War by assaulting the Iron Curtain again and again until it finally crashed down forever. Republicans hail the participation in the multinational coalition in Iraq of NATO members that joined the Alliance in 1999 and 2004 – Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, and Slovakia – as well as the contributions of Ukraine, Georgia, Moldova, Albania, and Macedonia. Through their dedication to the cause of security and freedom in Iraq, these nations – together with the United Kingdom, Italy, the Netherlands, Denmark, Portugal, and Norway – are demonstrating their commitment to the values shared by members of the transatlantic community. We also applaud the contribution of forces in Iraq by Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan and support strengthening NATO's partnerships with these nations and their neighbors in the Caucasus and Central Asia.\nPresident Bush is forging a new relationship with Russia based on the central reality that the United States and Russia are no longer strategic adversaries. We hail the President's visionary leadership in reassessing the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, which was a relic of the Cold War and treated Russia as an enemy. The President has strengthened this new relationship by concluding the historic Moscow Treaty on Strategic Reductions, which will reduce the nuclear arsenals of our two nations to their lowest levels in decades. President Bush is rightly refocusing the relationship on emerging and potential common interests and challenges, especially broadening our already extensive cooperation in the War on Terror and promoting beneficial bilateral trade and investment relations. At the same time, Republicans believe that Russia's uneven commitment to the basic values of democracy remains a matter of great concern. We continue to support the independence and stability of the states of the former Soviet Union in the belief that a prosperous and stable neighborhood will reinforce Russia's integration into the Euro-Atlantic community.\nRepublicans recognize and hail President Bush's use of the prestige and influence of the United States to support the efforts of leaders in Ireland and the United Kingdom and the many other people of goodwill who are working to achieve a lasting and peaceful settlement in Northern Ireland. We endorse President Bush's personal reaffirmation of America's commitment to the Good Friday Agreement and to its full and complete implementation, as expressed during his visit to Northern Ireland in April 2003. We applaud the President's appointment of a Special Envoy for Northern Ireland, who is participating in the peace process and supporting efforts of Ireland and the United Kingdom to restore the democratic process in Northern Ireland. We share the President's commitment that America's support for this vital work will continue.\nRepublicans support America's commitment to Northern Ireland's economic development, including our nation's contributions to the International Fund for Ireland and private U.S. investment in the North, with care to ensure fair employment and better opportunities for all. Though the burdens of history weigh heavily upon that land, we cheer its people for taking the lead in building for themselves and for their children a future of peace and understanding.\nOur Party continues to support a peaceful settlement for Cyprus and respect by all parties for the wishes of the Cypriot people. A fair and lasting Cyprus settlement will benefit the people of Cyprus, as well as serve the interests of America and our allies, Greece and Turkey.\nThe Broader Middle East and North Africa\n\nIt is important to reaffirm that the war we wage against terrorists is not a battle of faiths. As the home to millions of Muslim believers, America welcomes the valuable role of Muslim leaders in promoting peace. We recognize that acts of violence against innocents violate the fundamental tenets of the Islamic faith. We know that in this struggle against terrorism free nations have strong allies, of every faith, including millions of people in the Middle East who want to live in freedom. As Republicans, we share the President's conviction that if that region grows in democracy, prosperity, and hope, the terrorist movement will lose its sponsors, lose its recruits, and lose the festering grievances that keep terrorists in business.\nWe affirm our support for President Bush's Forward Strategy of Freedom in the Middle East, as well as the Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative adopted at the G-8 Summit this year.\nRepublicans support efforts by the President, Vice President, and Republican Congress to ensure that America takes the side of reformers who are committed to democratic change. We support doubling the budget for the National Endowment for Democracy and focusing its new work on bringing free elections, free markets, free speech, and free labor unions to the Middle East. We support the President's expansion of America's public diplomacy efforts, including the use of radio and television to broadcast uncensored information and a message of tolerance in Arabic and Persian to tens of millions of people.\nWe applaud the commitment represented by the President's Middle East Partnership Initiative, which funds economic, political, and educational reform efforts in the Middle East and champions opportunity for all people of the region, especially women and youth.\nWe are pleased that the momentum of freedom in the Middle East is beginning to benefit women. In Afghanistan, women are preparing to vote in free elections, having participated in the drafting of a new constitution and taken on key responsibilities in a liberated nation. Under the ruthless grip of the Taliban regime, Afghan girls were barred from getting an education, and women were banned from holding jobs and were publicly whipped when they did not follow the Taliban's rules. Afghanistan's new constitution affords equal rights to all Afghan citizens, and Afghan women are now being integrated into the economic, social, and political life of their liberated country. In Iraq, the systematic use of rape by Saddam Hussein's regime to dishonor families has ended, and the country's interim constitution guarantees all Iraqis the right to vote and makes it illegal to discriminate on the basis of gender, ethnicity, or religion.\nAs a fundamental element of the President's strategy, Republicans support the expansion of economic opportunities for the peoples of the Middle East, including through free trade. We applaud the enactment of free trade agreements with Jordan and Morocco, and the completion of negotiations toward such an agreement with Bahrain. We support the President's goal of a Middle East Free Trade Area by 2013 and highlight the conclusion of Trade and Investment Framework Agreements with Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, and Tunisia, among others. Republicans endorse continued assistance and support for countries that have made peace with Israel – led by Egypt and Jordan. We applaud the actions of President Bush and the Republican Congress to provide both nations with new grants and loan guarantees to promote economic reform measures.\nThe Republican Party shares President Bush's commitment to the security of America's democratic ally Israel and the safety of the Israeli people. We remain committed to ensuring that Israel maintains a qualitative edge in defensive technology over any potential adversaries.\nWe believe that terror attacks against Israelis are part of the same evil as the September 11, 2001, attacks against America. We recognize Israel's right to defend itself in the face of homicide bombings and other attacks against the people of Israel.\nWe are very concerned about the escalation of anti-Semitic violence worldwide, including in Europe. This violence has included physical assaults, use of weapons, arson of synagogues, and desecration of Jewish cemeteries and statues. We are proud of President Bush's outspoken condemnation of anti-Semitism. We share his conviction that anti-Semitism poisons public debates within democratic nations and that mankind must come together to fight such dark impulses.\nWe support President Bush's vision of two states, Israel and Palestine, living side by side in peace and security. However, as he observed in his remarks of June 24, 2002, for such a vision to become a reality, Palestinians need a new leadership, not compromised by terror. Like all other people, Palestinians deserve a government that serves their interests and listens to their voices. If Palestinians embrace democracy and the rule of law, confront corruption, and firmly reject terror, they can count on American support for the creation of a Palestinian state. The Bush Administration has been clear about the obligations of Arab nations in achieving peace in the Middle East.\nRepublicans agree with President Bush that Israel's plan to remove all settlements from Gaza and several settlements from the West Bank is a courageous step toward peace in the face of continuing terrorist violence. This initiative can stimulate progress toward peace as laid out in the Road Map launched by President Bush.\nRepublicans commend the government of Israel for its desire to pursue peace, even in the face of continuing terrorist attacks. This is demonstrated by steps Israel has taken, such as removing unauthorized outposts and improving the humanitarian situation by easing restrictions on the movement of Palestinians not engaged in terrorist activities.\nRepublicans agree with President Bush's assessment that an agreed, just, fair, and realistic framework for a solution to the Palestinian refugee issue, as part of any final status agreement, will need to be found through the establishment of a Palestinian state and the settling of Palestinian refugees there, rather than in Israel. We also share the President's view that as part of a final peace settlement, it is unrealistic to expect that the outcome of final status negotiations will be a full and complete return to the armistice lines of 1949. All previous efforts to negotiate a two-state solution have reached the same conclusion. It is realistic to expect that any final status agreement will only be achieved on the basis of mutually agreed changes that reflect these realities. Republicans continue to support moving the U.S. Embassy from Tel Aviv to Israel's capital, Jerusalem.\nIn Iran, we continue to see a government that represses its people, pursues weapons of mass destruction, and supports terror. We also see Iranian citizens risking intimidation and death as they speak out for liberty, human rights, and democracy. The Iranian people have a right to choose their own government and determine their own destiny. We applaud President Bush's leadership in ensuring them that the United States supports their aspirations to live in freedom, including by broadcasting uncensored information to the Iranian people nearly 24 hours a day. We also support the President's practice of forming policy toward Iran based on Iranian actions, not words, and applaud his Administration's progress in convincing America's friends and allies, most importantly in Europe, to join us in a firm, common approach to ending Iran's nuclear weapons programs. Under President Bush's leadership, the United States and our European allies are speaking as plainly as possible to the Iranians, making it absolutely clear that the development of a nuclear weapon in Iran is intolerable to the international community.\n\"The role of government is not to control or dominate the lives of our citizens. The role of government is to help our citizens gain the time and the tools to make their own choices and improve their own lives. That's why I will continue to work to usher in a new era of ownership and opportunity in America.\"\n— President George W. Bush\nOwnership gives citizens a vital stake in their communities and their country. By expanding ownership, we will help turn economic growth into lasting prosperity. As Republicans, we trust people to make decisions about how to spend, save, and invest their own money. We want individuals to own and control their income. We want people to have a tangible asset that they can build and rely on, making their own choices and directing their own future. Ownership should not be the preserve of the wealthy or the privileged. As Republicans who believe in the power of ownership to create better lives, we want more people to own a home. We want more people to own and build small businesses. We want more people to own and control their health care. We want more people to own personal retirement accounts. With President Bush's leadership we have taken great strides in making the dream of ownership available to millions of Americans, and in the next four years the President and Republicans in Congress will unlock the door to ownership for many more.\nTax Relief: Making it Happen, Making it Permanent\n\nCreated a new, low 10 percent income tax bracket;\nLowered individual income tax rates for all Americans who pay income taxes;\nDoubled the child tax credit to $1,000;\nReduced the marriage penalty for 33 million married couples;\nExpanded education IRAs, made pre-paid tuition plans tax-free, and created a deduction for higher education expenses;\nPhased-out the death tax that penalizes family-owned small businesses and farms;\nSimplified and expanded IRAs and 401(k)s so workers can save more for their retirement; and\nIncreased the adoption tax credit and the child care tax credit.\nPresident Bush and the Republican Congress built on the reforms of 2001 by passing the Jobs and Growth Act of 2003. This legislation assisted our economic recovery by accelerating the 2001 tax relief and encouraging investment. The tax rates on capital gains and dividend income were reduced to the same, lower rate of 15 percent to encourage saving and investment. Seven million senior citizens who rely on dividend income are benefiting from this tax relief. The law also quadrupled small business expensing so entrepreneurs can deduct from their taxes the first $100,000 of investment. Because of the 2001 and 2003 tax cuts, 111 million families are receiving an average tax cut of over $1,500 and the overall tax burden on working Americans is the lowest it has been in 37 years.\nWe believe that good government is based on a system of limited taxes and spending. Furthermore, we believe that the federal government should be limited and restricted to the functions mandated by the United States Constitution. The taxation system should not be used to redistribute wealth or fund ever-increasing entitlements and social programs.\nMany Democrats, however, believe the government has a right to claim the money earned by working Americans. They fight any attempt to return the balance of power from Washington to individual families and businesses. Furthermore, the slim majority held by Republicans in the Senate and the rules of the Senate make it difficult to pass permanent tax relief. All of the tax relief provided over the last four years will be eliminated in the next six years if Congress does not take action to make the relief permanent. Our Party endorses the President's proposals to make tax relief permanent, so that families and businesses can plan for the future with confidence. Anything less will result in a significant tax increase on Americans. Making the tax cuts permanent is a crucial first step toward expanding ownership and ensuring that America turns economic growth into lasting prosperity. The only way to accomplish this goal is to elect a solid Republican majority to both houses of Congress. We look forward to a new Congress with larger Republican majorities working with President Bush to ensure that taxes do not go back up on American families.\nIncreasing Saving\nIncreased the amount you can save each year tax-free.\nMade it easier to take your retirement plan from one job to the next.\nAllowed women who take time off from work to start a family to catch up on their missed retirement plan contributions.\nRequired more disclosure for employer sponsored retirement plans and required that rules apply to both executives and rank-and-file employees.\nRepublicans will not rest on this success. We will build upon it by promoting policies that encourage workers to save. We support the President's proposal to create a new Lifetime Savings Account (LSA) so workers can save for a variety of needs, to consolidate the three types of current law IRAs into a single Retirement Savings Account (RSA), and to consolidate numerous employer-based retirement plans into a single Employer Retirement Savings Account (ERSA). These account options will promote personal saving, which opens up more opportunities for the saver and increases private capital that is available to entrepreneurs for investing, growing the economy, and creating jobs.\nStrengthening Social Security with Ownership\n\nAnyone now receiving Social Security, or close to being eligible for it, is guaranteed that their benefits will not be cut and their taxes will not be raised. Social Security is a promise made by this country to its citizens and Republicans will keep that promise.\nKey changes to Social Security should merit bipartisan agreement so all improvements are a win for the American people rather than a political victory for any one party.\nPersonal retirement accounts must be the cornerstone of strengthening and enhancing Social Security. Each of today's workers should be free to direct a portion of their payroll taxes to personal investments for their retirement. It is crucial that individuals be offered a variety of investment alternatives and that detailed information be provided to each participant to help them judge the risks and benefits of each plan. Today's financial markets offer a variety of investment options, including some that guarantee a rate of return higher than the current Social Security system with no risk to the investor.\nYoung people deserve to know their Social Security will in fact be there when they retire, just as we have guaranteed it to their grandparents and parents today. This new generation of American workers deserves to have ownership of their future. They must have choices.\nAssets in personal accounts should belong to each individual. Every American should have the opportunity to build a nest egg for the future and pass along that money to their children or grandchildren, who could use the funds to pay for college, buy a home, start a small business, or begin saving for their own retirement.\nChoice is the key. Any new options for retirement security should be voluntary, so workers can choose to remain in the current system or opt for something different.\nThis is a challenge that demands leadership. President Bush has shown this leadership by proposing a bold alternative to the collapse of Social Security. Along with Americans everywhere, we pledge to join him in this endeavor of a lifetime.\nIndividual ownership of voluntary personal retirement accounts for today's workers will make Social Security more equitable, but, just as importantly, will put the system on sure financial footing. Fifty years ago there were 16 workers to support every one beneficiary of Social Security. Today there are just 3.3 workers for each beneficiary. By the time young men and women who are entering the workforce today turn 65, there will be only two workers for each beneficiary. Doing nothing is not an option. We must keep faith with both the past and the future by strengthening and enhancing Social Security. We believe that everyone who participates in the Social Security program should use legal and accurate identification.\nPresident Bush formed a bipartisan commission that recommended three models for reform and many Republicans in Congress have exhibited leadership in sponsoring six different bills. Non-partisan analysis of these proposals shows that each strengthens Social Security and that each shares a common characteristic: giving workers the option of supplementing Social Security with personal retirement accounts that they own. Our Party supports the efforts of President Bush and Congressional Republicans to enact legislation during the next term.\nHomeownership\n\nWe support the President's goal of increasing the number of minority homeowners by at least 5.5 million families by the end of the decade. Since President Bush announced his initiative in 2002, an additional 1.6 million minorities have become homeowners. The Self-Help Homeownership Opportunities Program helps low-income families purchase a home. The most significant barrier to homeownership is the down payment. We support efforts to reduce that barrier, like the American Dream Downpayment Act and Zero Downpayment Mortgages. The President and Congress have taken action to provide counseling and education to help first-time homebuyers navigate the process of buying a home. The Administration has also taken steps to alert people to the dangers of predatory lending, in an effort to help Americans maintain a positive credit history.\nAffordable housing is in the national interest. That is why the mortgage interest deduction for primary residences was put into the federal tax code and why tax reform of any kind should continue to encourage homeownership. We support efforts to enact the Single-Family Affordable Housing Tax Credit. At the same time, a balanced national housing policy must recognize that decent housing includes apartments, and addresses the needs of all citizens, including renters.\nIn many areas, housing prices are higher than they need to be because of regulations that drive up building costs. Some regulation is of course necessary, and so is sensible zoning. We urge states and localities to work with local builders and lenders to eliminate unnecessary burdens that price many families out of the market. We see no role for any federal regulation of homebuilding. We do foresee a larger role for state and local governments in controlling the federally assisted housing that has been so poorly managed from Washington. We also encourage the modification of restrictions that inhibit the rehabilitation of existing distressed properties.\nSmall Business\n\nRepublicans pledged in 2000 to lower tax rates for small business owners and entrepreneurs, end the death tax, cut red tape, reform our liability system, and aggressively expand overseas markets for our goods and services. Though more work remains to be done, including reauthorizing the Small Business Administration, President Bush and Congressional Republicans have made good on each of those commitments. They have:\nReduced taxes on 25 million small business owners and entrepreneurs. Much of the tax relief came from reductions in individual income tax rates. Ninety percent of businesses pay income taxes at individual rates, not corporate rates. This includes hundreds of thousands of successful small business owners and entrepreneurs who pay taxes in the top tax rates and whose taxes would increase considerably under John Kerry's economic plan.\nLowered the tax burden on investment in new equipment by quadrupling the limit on small business expensing from $25,000 to $100,000 and allowing additional first-year depreciation of that equipment.\nPhased-out the death tax that punishes family-owned small businesses and family farms.\nIncreased federal contracts to small businesses. In 2003, small businesses received the largest percentage ever of all federal contracts. In addition, President Bush developed a strategy to reverse the trend toward bundling of contracts, a practice that has denied small businesses the ability to compete for billions of procurement dollars.\nReduced paperwork. For example, 22.4 million small business taxpayers now have fewer lines to fill out on tax forms, freeing up an estimated 9.5 million hours previously used for paperwork every year.\nEnacted Health Savings Accounts, which allow individuals to save and pay for their health care tax-free. Combined with a catastrophic health plan, they are an easier and less costly way for small businesses to provide health insurance for their employees.\nEnacted common sense liability protections in the Terrorism Risk Insurance and SAFETY Acts.\nNegotiated agreements to reduce trade barriers and expand access to foreign markets.\nAn area in special need of more work is liability reform. Frivolous lawsuits put more money in the pockets of trial lawyers and leave businesses with less money to create jobs. They raise health care costs on small businesses, often preventing them from offering health insurance to their employees. We support efforts by President Bush, Congressional Republicans, and Republican governors to curb the burden of frivolous lawsuits. We recognize that the Democrats' nominees, one of whom made his fortune as a trial lawyer, are beholden to the interests of the trial lawyer lobby and offer no hope for reform of this badly broken system.\nHealth Savings Accounts (HSAs)\n\nPrivate Property Rights\n\n\"By leading the world when it comes to innovation and change, we'll make America a hopeful place for those who want to work, and those who want to dream, and those who want to start their own business.\"\n— President George W. Bush\nAmerica's economy is the strongest in the world, and it is getting stronger thanks to lower taxes, fewer burdensome regulations, and a focus on encouraging investment. Our goal is to make sure America remains the strongest economy in a dynamic world and to make it possible for every American who wants a job to find one. We must ensure that workers are equipped with the education and training to succeed in the best jobs of the 21st century, and we must encourage the strong spirit of innovation that has put America at the forefront of new technology industries. Future prosperity demands that we have affordable, cleaner, more independent energy supplies and affordable, high-quality health care. We must maintain our commitment to free and fair trade, lower taxes, limited regulation, and a limited, efficient government that keeps up with the new realities of a changing world. By keeping the costs of running a business low and ensuring that our workers have the skills to compete in a dynamic global economy, President Bush and the Republican Congress will continue to ensure that America is the best nation in the world in which to create jobs.\nLower Taxes and Economic Growth\n\nThe proof is in the numbers, and the numbers prove our economy is strong and growing stronger.\nOver the past year, gross domestic product (GDP) grew at one of the fastest rates in two decades.\nWithout the President's tax relief, real GDP would have been more than 3 percent lower and 2 million fewer Americans would have been working at the end of last year.\nSince last August, 1.5 million new jobs have been created.\nThe unemployment rate has fallen from 6.3 to 5.5 percent, which is below the average of the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s.\nEmployment over the last year is up in 46 of the 50 states, and the unemployment rate is down in 49 of the 50 states. In addition to the official figures, household surveys show that hundreds of thousands of new jobs have been created, unreported, through self-employment and by small businesses.\nReal after-tax incomes are up by 9.6 percent since December 2000.\nHomeownership rates are at record levels – seven out of ten American families own their own home today.\nConsumer confidence is up from the levels seen at this time last year.\nInflation remains low by historical standards, as do mortgage rates.\nWe know what brought us this success – the hard work of the American people and the Republican commitment to low taxes. Now we must keep our economy on the right path by preventing taxes on families from going up next year, making the tax relief of the last four years permanent, and reforming the tax code to make it simpler, fairer, and more growth-oriented.\nTax Reform\n\nIn particular, we must:\nMake the tax relief of 2001 and 2003 permanent. The various expiring tax relief provisions, ranging from 2005 to 2011, make the tax code confusing for everybody and limits the ability of workers, families, and businesses to plan for the future with confidence. Nowhere is this more apparent than with the death tax, which is reduced now, disappears in 2010, and then comes fully back to life in 2011.\nBuild on efforts to develop a tax code that does not punish taxpayers for saving.\nReplace the tax code with a system that is simpler, provides more freedom to our citizens, is pro-growth, boosts the economy, and encourages savings and investment. A code that provides several definitions of a child is a code that needs to be reformed.\nWe support legislation requiring a super-majority vote in both houses of Congress to raise taxes. We will prohibit retroactive taxation and will not tolerate attempts by federal judges to impose taxes. We oppose all attempts by the United Nations to impose a global tax and reject any claims of authority by United Nations to do so. Because of the vital role of religious and fraternal benevolent societies in fostering charity and patriotism, they should not be subject to taxation.\nAlternative Minimum Tax\n\nFiscal Discipline and Government Reform\n\nIt is important to view the size of the deficit in relation to the size of the nation's economy. By that measure, today's deficit, although unwelcome, is well within historical ranges. A deficit that is 3.8 percent of GDP, as is now projected for this year, would be smaller than the deficits in nine of the last 25 years, and far below the peak deficit figure of 6 percent of GDP reached in 1983. This deficit is also in line with what other industrialized nations are facing today. The U.S. deficit matches the average deficit within the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, and is below the levels of France, Germany, and Japan.\nMuch more importantly, because the President and Congress enacted pro-growth economic policies, the deficit is headed strongly in the right direction. Next year's projected deficit, at 2.7 percent of GDP, would be smaller than those in 14 of the last 25 years. As Republicans in Congress work with the President to restrain spending and strengthen economic growth, the federal deficit will fall to 1.5 percent of the nation's economic output in 2009 – well below the 2.2 percent average of the last 40 years.\nThe events that brought us into deficit are not completely behind us. The War on Terror goes on. The recession has passed, but some industries and workers are still feeling its effects. Republicans are committed to winning the War on Terror and will continue to implement policies that promote jobs, investment, and growth in every region of the country and every sector of our economy.\nLet us be clear: If government is to meet the most pressing needs of our time and still maintain fiscal discipline, government leaders must set priorities and stick with them. President Bush has shown genuine leadership in doing just that. Time and again, he has made difficult decisions and followed through with clear determination. He has made it plain that his top budgetary priority is to protect America and win the War on Terror. He also remains committed to the education reforms he spearheaded in 2001. All discretionary spending must be kept in check and taxes must remain low to stimulate economic growth.\nWe endorse the President's pro-growth economic policies and his disciplined approach to spending taxpayers' dollars. And we applaud the efforts of President Bush and Republicans in Congress to meet our nation's priorities and cut the deficit by more than half within five years.\nPAYGO\n\nLimiting Spending Growth\n\nLine-Item Veto\n\nSunset Commission\n\nManagement Agenda\n\nCorporate Accountability\n\nAfter fraudulent corporate practices rooted in the irrational exuberance of the late 1990s began to surface in the closing months of 2001, President Bush worked with the Congress to take decisive action to restore honesty and integrity to America's corporate boardrooms. In July 2002, President Bush signed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the most far-reaching reform of American business practices since the 1940s. Under this new law, CEOs and Chief Financial Officers are required to personally vouch for the truth and fairness of their companies' disclosures; for the first time, an independent board has been established to oversee the accounting profession; investigators have been given new tools to root out corporate fraud; and enhanced penalties are ensuring that dishonest corporate officials do hard time.\nWe applaud President Bush for vigorously enforcing the law to deter and punish further corporate abuses. He established an interagency Corporate Fraud Task Force to investigate and prosecute financial crimes; to recover the proceeds of those crimes; and to hold corporate criminals to account. Since the Task Force was established two years ago, over 700 violators have been charged and over 300 convictions or guilty pleas secured, including more than 25 former CEOs. More than $1 billion in forfeited funds has also been recovered from corporate wrongdoers for return to defrauded creditors and investors. Separately, the enforcement budget of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has more than doubled, and the SEC has issued new rules to ban late-trading and other fraudulent practices engaged in by certain mutual funds.\nThanks to swift and decisive action by President Bush and the Congress, Americans can trust that corporate executives who operate outside the law will be prosecuted.\nEnforcing Trade Agreements and Opening New Markets\n\nFree trade must be fair trade that advances America's economic goals and protects American jobs. To achieve this goal, we must act globally, regionally, and bilaterally to negotiate new trade agreements and enforce existing trade commitments. We must be at the table when trade agreements are negotiated, make the interests of American workers and farmers paramount, and ensure that the drive to open new markets is successful. We reject moves toward economic isolationism. America is the best place in the world to do business, and our workers and products are the best in the world. On a level playing field we can outmatch any other nation. We applaud the President's actions to open foreign markets to American manufacturing products, agricultural goods, services, and intellectual property, while ensuring enforcement of trade agreements so that other nations live up to their promises.\nIn 2000 we resolved to renew Trade Promotion Authority so the President could more easily negotiate trade agreements. In 2002 President Bush and Republicans in Congress did exactly that. After lapsing for eight years, the law now allows President Bush to work with other countries to reduce barriers to our products and services. And he is using the new authority:\nThe Bush Administration has negotiated trade agreements with 12 countries.\nThey have made progress on agreements with another 10 countries.\nThese free trade partners represent $2.5 trillion in purchasing power – the equivalent of America's third-largest export market.\nThe agreements include high levels of protection and strong enforcement measures for intellectual property.\nThe Administration has also made significant progress in negotiating multi-lateral trade agreements, having just last month revived World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations for the final phase of the Doha round.\nThe revival of these negotiations opens the door to lower tariffs on consumer and industrial goods, reductions in tariffs and trade-distorting export subsidies on agricultural products, and market access and lower regulatory barriers for services.\nThe vitality of the U.S. trade agenda depends upon the vigorous enforcement of\nU.S.\ntrade laws against unfair competition. We will not tolerate foreign practices, rules, and subsidization that put our exports and manufacturers on an unequal footing. It is not enough to secure signatures on a piece of paper; our trading partners must follow through on the promises they make.\nAs part of its trade enforcement efforts, the Bush Administration has imposed more anti-dumping orders on average each year than the previous Administration. The United States was the first country in the world to impose a safeguard action against Chinese textile and apparel imports and to file a case against China in the WTO. China settled that case, agreeing to repeal its subsidy of semiconductors that was penalizing\nU.S.\nmanufacturers. Also this year, through bilateral consultations with China, the United States resolved seven other potential trade disputes over high technology products, agriculture, and intellectual property protection.\nWe strongly endorse the Bush Administration's unprecedented effort to persuade and encourage China to desist in its policy of manipulating its currency to give Chinese manufacturers an artificial advantage in global markets.\nReforming the Litigation System\n\nWe praise President Bush and Republicans in Congress for their efforts to reform the legal system by passing meaningful class action reform, asbestos reform, and medical liability reform. And we call to account Senate Democrats and the powerful trial lawyer lobby, who have shown no shame in utilizing obstructionist tactics to thwart the efforts of majorities in Congress to provide meaningful relief to all Americans. The Republican Party reaffirms its support for meaningful reform of the legal system, and will continue its fight to guarantee the rights of all plaintiffs to swift and speedy justice.\nTransportation\n\nOur national railroad network is a crucial component of our public transportation system. Railroads helped build our country, and our national passenger railroad network plays a key role in transportation and economic growth. Republicans support, where economically viable, the development of a high-speed passenger railroad system as an instrument of economic development and enhanced mobility.\nRepublicans support a healthy intercity passenger rail system. Amtrak provides a valuable service to passengers, especially in the Northeast corridor. But we recognize that the goal of establishing a national passenger rail system with modest federal support has failed to materialize. Clearly the financial problems plaguing Amtrak cannot be solved simply by continued infusions of taxpayer dollars. Fundamental reforms should be enacted to transition Amtrak into operational self-sufficiency.\nEnsuring an Affordable, Reliable, More Independent Energy Supply\n\nAs one of his first acts in office, President Bush released the National Energy Policy (NEP) report, a comprehensive plan to reduce America's dependence on foreign sources of energy by increasing domestic energy production and supporting conservation and alternative and renewable energy. The President's proposal would make America more energy independent while creating jobs and promoting economic growth. It includes over 100 recommendations, nearly half of which addressed renewable energy, energy efficiency, and conservation. President Bush has implemented nearly every non-legislative recommendation outlined in the NEP report. Republicans in the House and Senate have stood solidly with the President. We endorse the President's policy, appreciate the hard work of Congressional Republicans in the face of intractable partisan opposition, and urge final passage of a bill to secure America's energy future.\nRepublicans support developing new technologies for more efficient generation and use of power. New technologies will allow us to create new job-producing industries and save jobs in industries that have long been staples of America's economy. For instance, working with Congressional Republicans, the President has already committed $2 billion over 10 years for clean coal research and development – which helps keep America's coal industry strong and reduces the emissions associated with coal use. As part of that commitment, we support FutureGen, an international, public-private initiative to build the world's first integrated sequestration and hydrogen research power plant that would burn coal more cleanly. President Bush's Clear Skies Initiative would create a $50 billion private market to deploy these clean coal technologies.\nThe Republican Party supports research and investment designed to realize the enormous benefits of a hydrogen economy and put the United States on the cutting edge of energy technology. The FreedomCar Partnership and Hydrogen Fuel Initiative include $1.7 billion over five years to begin building hydrogen cars and the infrastructure to support them.\nUsing the most sophisticated technologies, we can explore and develop oil resources here at home with minimal environmental impact. Our Party continues to support energy development in the coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR), which, according to the U.S. Geological Survey, holds as much as 16 billion barrels of oil – enough to replace oil imports from Saudi Arabia for nearly 20 years. The drilling footprint can be confined to just 2,000 acres (the entire refuge contains 19 million acres), about the size of Washington's Dulles Airport, on ice roads that melt away in the summer, leaving little trace of human intervention. We have already wasted precious time. If the previous Administration had not vetoed the ANWR proposal passed by the Republican Congress in 1995, at this moment ANWR would be producing up to one million barrels of oil a day.\nRepublicans strongly support removing unnecessary barriers to domestic natural gas production and expanding environmentally sound production in new areas, such as Alaska and the Rocky Mountains. Increasing supply, including the construction of a new natural gas pipeline from Alaska to the lower 48, will bring needed relief to consumers and make America's businesses more competitive in the global marketplace.\nLast summer, the largest blackout in North American history affected 8 states, leaving more than 50 million Americans without power. Republicans support measures to modernize the nation's electricity grid to prevent future blackouts and provide American consumers and businesses with more affordable, reliable power. We will work to unleash innovation so entrepreneurs can develop technologies for a more advanced and robust transmission system that meets our growing energy demands. We also support the establishment of mandatory, enforceable reliability rules for electric utilities to reduce the likelihood of future blackouts.\nRepublicans will continue to support renewable energy through extension of the production tax credit for wind and biomass, as well as efforts to expand the use of biodiesel and ethanol, which can reduce America's dependence on foreign oil while increasing revenues to farmers.\nNuclear power provides America with affordable, emissions-free energy. We believe nuclear power can help reduce our dependence on foreign energy and play an invaluable role in addressing global climate change. President Bush supports construction of new nuclear power plants through the Nuclear Power 2010 initiative, and continues to move forward on creating an environmentally sound nuclear waste repository.\nEducation: No Child Left Behind\n\nWe believe there is an inseparable link between a vibrant economy and a high-quality education system. It takes a vibrant economy to provide the tax base necessary to fund a high-quality education system. Equally, it takes a quality education system to provide the highly skilled labor force necessary to meet the demands of a growing, vibrant economy.\nStrong schools will also produce a workforce with the skills to compete in the 21st century economy. We must have citizens capable of conceiving the next generation of new technologies and innovations, mastering the art of analyzing problems and crafting their solutions. Education is the key to prosperity and fulfillment – the foundation on which all other success is built.\nOn just his fourth day in office, President Bush presented the No Child Left Behind initiative to Congress. Less than a year later, he secured an overwhelming bipartisan majority to pass the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. It was the most significant overhaul of federal education policy since 1965. And it became a promise kept to parents, students, teachers, and every American.\nThe law is based on four fundamental pillars:\nEnsuring stronger accountability for student achievement, for all children\nEncouraging education methods that work\nProviding flexibility and control to states and local communities\nGiving parents more information about the quality of their children's schools and offering them choices and resources for their children's education\nResults are now measured on the basis of student achievement rather than simply dollars spent. Students are benefiting from education reforms that set high academic standards, encourage strong parental involvement, recognize the role of excellent teachers, foster safe and orderly classrooms, and establish a commitment to teaching the basics of reading and math.\nWith this success, Republicans have transformed the debate on education. We are the Party parents can trust to improve schools and provide opportunity for all children, in every neighborhood, regardless of background or income. We are the party willing to embrace new ideas and put them to the test. Americans agree that the status quo in education is no longer acceptable. We have challenged low expectations and poor achievement, and we are seeing results.\nNow is the time to extend the progress we've made. The No Child Left Behind Act is already showing gains in elementary school, as student achievement scores for fourth- and eighth-graders have increased in classrooms across America. Our next mission is to take the reforms that we know are working in elementary schools and apply them up and down the education ladder – starting in early childhood education, so that children enter school ready to learn, and finishing in high school, so that every young adult who graduates has the skills he or she needs to succeed in the 21st century economy. For too long, the value of a high school diploma has declined as students leave school without even basic skills like reading and math, let alone the advanced math and science skills the modern workforce demands. We pledge to bring real reform to high schools. Thanks to President Bush's vision and the success of the No Child Left Behind Act, we have a track record worthy of Americans' trust.\nLocal Control\n\nHistoric Levels of Funding\n\nHigh Standards and Accountability\n\nReading\n\nOptions for Parents\n\nUnder NCLB, states and school districts publish report cards showing how well students are achieving so communities and parents can know how well their schools are doing. Parents of children in schools identified as needing improvement can choose another public school or get tutoring or other help for their child. President Bush and the Republican Congress enacted the D.C. School Choice initiative – the first federally funded school choice demonstration program. We commend the President and Congress for making DC's schoolchildren the most important special interest in education improvement. And we support state efforts to expand school choice, as well as the President's call to provide funding for new and existing charter schools, including assistance for school facilities. We believe that competition between schools is an effective option to improve the educational benefits for our children. The Republican Party supports the efforts of parents who choose faith-based and other nonpublic school options for their children.\nHigh School Education\n\nSupporting Teachers\nWe must also work to reduce the barriers that are keeping qualified professionals from entering the classroom by expanding alternative pathways to teacher certification – programs like Troops to Teachers, which helps former military personnel become classroom teachers; and Transition to Teaching, which provides training for people who want to become teachers and encourages states to develop and expand alternative routes to teacher licensure and certification.\nEvery teacher and every student deserves a safe classroom in which to work and learn. The No Child Left Behind Act ensures that teachers and other school professionals can undertake reasonable actions to maintain order and discipline in the classroom without the fear of litigation. The law provides civil immunity in any state court and limits the financial liability of teachers, instructors, principals, administrators, and other education professionals for actions taken to maintain discipline, order, or control in the school or classroom.\nHead Start and Early Childhood Education\n\nCommunity colleges play a vital role in not only cultivating citizens for the 21st century, but also equipping them with the essential skills and training needed for jobs in the new economy. Because they are so adaptable and accessible, community colleges are increasingly critical providers of job training, both for degree-seekers and for workers seeking to retool, refine, and broaden their skills. We support the President's High-Growth Job Training Initiative, which has provided seed money to fund job training partnerships between community colleges and local high-growth industries.\nHigher Education Affordability\n\nThe President has requested record levels of Pell Grant funding. These grants will help an estimated 5.3 million low-income students pay for higher education – one million more students than when President Bush and Vice President Cheney came to office. Under a new Enhanced Pell Grant proposal, low-income students who take a rigorous high school curriculum – the kind of curriculum that will best prepare them for success in college – will be eligible to receive an additional $1,000 per year.\nTo ensure that America remains the world leader in the innovation economy – and to ensure that America's graduates have the training they need to compete for the best jobs of the 21st century – President Bush proposes to expand opportunities for math and science education in colleges and universities. Needy students studying math and science will be eligible to receive additional college aid.\nRepublicans have made Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) and Hispanic Serving Institutions (HSIs) a priority. For more than a century, HBCUs and HSIs have played a vital role in providing opportunities for excellence in higher education to millions of African American and Hispanic students. Today, their mission continues, and it deserves our support. We applaud President Bush for fulfilling his pledge to increase funding for HBCUs and HSIs by 30 percent since 2001.\nMillions of Americans suffer from problem or pathological gambling that can destroy families. We support legislation prohibiting gambling over the Internet or in student athletics by student athletes who are participating in competitive sports. Training Our 21st Century Workforce\nAs the dynamic global economy forces many workers to consider changing fields or adding new skills, the President and Republican Congress want to make training for new jobs easier to come by and more flexible in providing individualized assistance. Ensuring that workers have the tools they need to succeed in the 21st Century Economy is a critical step in helping Americans be self-sufficient and successful. It is also critical to maintaining our position as the most productive and strongest economy in the world.\nWe support effective and enhanced job training programs that offer states additional flexibility and individuals more choice to design their own workforce training programs. The President's Personal Reemployment Accounts would provide unemployed workers flexible support and incentives in finding a job. And President Bush and Congressional Republicans are also providing unprecedented assistance for workers adversely affected by foreign trade – including additional training, income support, and health care assistance.\nWith English as our nation's common language, people from every corner of the world have come together to build this great nation. English empowers. For newcomers, it is the fastest route to mainstream American life, better paying jobs, and owning a piece of the American Dream. Furthermore, fluency in English should be the goal of bilingual education. At the same time, mastery of other languages is important for America's competitiveness in the world market. We advocate foreign language training in our schools and fostering respect for other languages and cultures throughout society.\nProtecting the Rights of Workers\n\nRepublicans respect the enormous sacrifices and commitment of the workers, including building tradesmen, who responded to the attacks of September 11th. Thanks to their skill, courage, and patriotism, the very dangerous work at the World Trade Center and Pentagon was done remarkably quickly and without a single fatality. We will always remember and honor the efforts of the rescue and recovery workers who dedicated countless hours to helping America recover.\nAll American workers deserve workplaces that are safe, healthy, and fair. The President and Republican Congress have supported efforts to improve workplace safety without burdening businesses with costly and unnecessary regulations. And these efforts are showing results – overall workplace fatalities and injuries are at record low levels.\nAmerican workers deserve fair wages for hours spent working overtime. We are proud of the fact that 1.3 million additional workers now have guaranteed overtime protections as a result of Republican efforts to modernize labor laws left untouched since 1949. For the first time ever, the regulations explicitly guarantee overtime protection to blue collar workers, police, firefighters, EMTs, factory workers, construction workers, and licensed practical nurses, among others. With clearly defined overtime rules that recognize the realities of the modern workforce, employees and employers will have a greater understanding of their rights and responsibilities.\nWorkers who pay dues through their workplace deserve to know how their dues are being used – especially when the money is being used to support political activity. Republicans have enhanced financial disclosure requirements for political campaigns, corporations, and pension funds in order to bring about more transparency and accountability in the political system. And the Bush Administration improved union financial disclosure forms to offer union members more information about how their dues money is spent. We encourage management and unions to find common ground thereby ensuring economic viability for both.\nMen and women who retire after decades spent in the workforce are entitled to the pensions they and their employers have contributed to throughout their careers. As part of the 2001 economic growth and tax relief bill, workers' pension payments are now calculated on the basis of their best three years of earnings rather than their last three. This protects workers whose earnings decline with their age. In addition, criminal prosecutions against employers and plan trustees who abuse pension and health plans have increased by more than 50 percent since 2001. More than $3 billion has been secured through court judgments, settlements, and fines covering 150 million workers and their dependents by holding those who manage benefit plans accountable for their legal obligations to protect plan participants. Thanks to Republican efforts to enforce the law, the word is getting out that benefits managers should invest and manage employees' retirement funds as carefully as they would handle their own.\nRepublicans recognize the historical federal health care promise made to coal industry retirees. The Party will seek to ensure that health care needs of \"orphan retirees\" in the coal industry will be covered and will seek to ensure the continuation of those benefits.\nTrue Solutions for Affordable, High-Quality Health Care\n\nAssociation Health Plans (AHPs)\n\nMedical Liability Reform\n\nThe President has proposed, and the Republican House of Representatives has passed, reforms that would speed compensation to injured patients, reduce health care costs, and improve Americans' access to quality health care. Shamefully driven by the powerful trial lawyer lobby, Democrat Senators have repeatedly thwarted the efforts of the Republican majority to deliver meaningful medical liability reform. They have employed their obstructionist tactics three times in the current Congress alone. The Republican Party reaffirms its commitment to putting patients and doctors ahead of trial lawyers. We will continue to battle for litigation reforms that help keep doctors in practice, adopt reasonable caps on non-economic awards in medical malpractice suits, and ensure that Americans have access to quality affordable health care. Health Information Technology\nEstimates indicate that between 44,000 and 98,000 Americans die each year from medical errors, while as much as $300 billion is spent each year on health care that does not help patients – unnecessary, inappropriate, inefficient, or ineffective treatments. This is absolutely unacceptable. High costs, medical errors, administrative inefficiencies, and poor coordination are all closely connected to our failure to use health information technology as an integral part of medical care.\nRepublicans support President Bush's goal of ensuring that most Americans have electronic health records within the next 10 years. He has requested funding for demonstration projects for broader adoption of health IT systems in communities and states. Already, the use of health IT in the Veterans Administration has shown improvements in the quality of care and reductions in the cost. The Administration is working with private sector innovators to develop reliable, secure methods of storing personal medical information that will broaden the benefits of health IT. Privacy is paramount, and participation by patients will be voluntary. These electronic health records will be designed to share information among and between health care providers only when authorized by a patient.\nAdvances at the nexus of science and technology raise serious moral and legal questions. For example, although medical conditions have been linked to certain genetic markers, there is no certainty that many of these diseases will actually develop. There is growing concern that employers and insurance companies will use genetic information to discriminate by denying jobs or insurance coverage to individuals who have predictive genetic markers for certain diseases. We support efforts to enact genetic discrimination legislation that is fair, reasonable, and consistent with existing laws to prevent discrimination.\nIn addition, we must take action to allow doctors and hospitals to review best practices without fear of litigation. By sharing information, health professionals can determine ways to avoid errors and complications. These efforts are blocked, however, because good-faith efforts to improve quality and safety are targets for lawsuits based on new information that is made public in the review process. We support the work of the President and Republicans in Congress on legislation to make it possible for health professionals to work together more effectively to provide the best possible care for all patients.\nInvesting in Science, Technology, and Telecommunications\n\nManufacturing\n\nU.S. manufacturing. The continued primacy of U.S. manufacturing is due in large part to the Administration's manufacturing initiative, which represents the first time in modern history that an Administration has made U.S. manufacturing a top priority. We support the Administration's efforts in this regard as a recognition of the critical role of manufacturing to job creation, national security, and the economy.\nResearch and Development\n\nIn order to maintain America's global leadership, Republicans have provided unprecedented support for federal research and development to help spur innovation. Federal R&D funding is up 44 percent from 2001 to $132 billion in 2005, which includes a 26 percent increase in support for basic research. The President has doubled the budget for the National Institutes of Health and increased the National Science Foundation budget by 30 percent. President Bush and the Republican Party also support making the R&D tax credit permanent.\nThe rapid pace of technological development demands that we remain on the leading edge of innovation and science. Republicans are committed to providing the investment and incentives needed to foster next generation technologies. The 21st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act, passed by a Republican Congress and signed by President Bush, increased funding for nanotechnology research. In addition, the President has dedicated $1.7 billion over five years to develop hydrogen fuel cells and related next-generation energy technologies. The President's support for NASA and vision for space exploration will also enhance scientific development and technological breakthroughs.\nTelecommunications\n\nPresident Bush established the goal of providing every American with access to affordable broadband by 2007. We recognize that taxing broadband access would increase its cost to consumers and stifle the extension of broadband service. The President has signed into law a two-year extension of the Internet Access Tax moratorium and is working with Congressional Republicans to pass legislation that would explicitly extend the moratorium to broadband and make it permanent.\nRepublicans are working to reduce burdensome regulations that discourage broadband investment. High-speed Internet access should not be governed by regulations established decades ago for the telephone. Consumers should have more options for affordable broadband access. The promise of broadband over power lines and wireless Internet access provide new opportunities to connect households, schools, and businesses to the Internet. Under the President's leadership, the Administration has nearly doubled the amount of spectrum available for innovative wireless broadband applications such as Wi-Fi and Wi-Max.\nRepublican policies are working:\nBroadband adoption has grown 300 percent from December 2000 to December 2003 – from 7 million to 28 million lines.\nOver 93 percent of zip codes have broadband access.\nNinety-four percent of public schools have broadband access to the Internet.\nBy applying 21st century policy to 21st century technology, we will encourage new investment that will bring broadband to even more homes in more areas of America.\n\"The measure of compassion is more than good intentions, it is good results. By being involved and by taking responsibility upon ourselves, we gain something…. We contribute to the life of our country. We become more than taxpayers and occasional voters, we become citizens. Citizens, not spectators. Citizens who hear the call of duty, who stand up for their beliefs, who care for their families, who control their lives, and who treat their neighbors with respect and compassion.\"\n— President George W. Bush\nCommunity is more than just a set of streets and sidewalks and homes. The strength of communities is the people who inhabit them, the American citizens who spend their days working, striving, and caring for their families, and advancing toward the realization of their dreams. To ensure that all Americans have an opportunity to build better lives, we must provide the framework in which communities can flourish. That requires access to affordable and accessible health care, protection of America's environment and natural resources, the maintenance of public safety and prosecution of people who violate the peace of communities, guaranteed rights and equal opportunities for all members of society, and compassionate help for our fellow citizens who are trapped in unhealthy or harmful situations. Republicans know that the heart and soul of America are found in communities across the nation. We honor the individual character and diversity of communities throughout America, and we seek to help citizens strengthen the places they call home.\nPromoting Affordable, Accessible Health Care\n\nStrengthening Medicare\n\nUnder the new drug benefit, seniors who like the coverage they have today can keep it. The new law will encourage employers to continue their retiree health benefits by offering them subsidies for their current plans and giving them the option to supplement the new Medicare drug benefit in the same way they supplement current Medicare doctor and hospital benefits.\nThe Medicare Prescription Drug and Modernization Act improves many facets of the Medicare program. It increases funding for doctors, hospitals, and other health care providers, especially in rural areas where reimbursement levels are far below what is paid in other regions of the country. The new law will also transform Medicare into a program that not only enables the treatment of disease, but helps people stay healthy. In addition to a new \"Welcome to Medicare\" physical, the program will contain new services and screenings to help detect and prevent heart disease, diabetes, and other major illnesses.\nWe also applaud the addition of income relation for the Medicare Part B premium to further protect the Medicare program for the future and to protect low income seniors from increased costs.\nWe applaud the President and Republicans in Congress for their determination to follow through on this promise to America's seniors. While others spent many years talking about adding a prescription drug benefit to Medicare, this President and this Congress got it done.\nCommunity Health Centers\n\nThe President and Congress have already made it possible for community health centers to serve an additional 3 million Americans – a total of 13 million – as part of the President's five-year plan to fund 1,200 new or expanded sites to serve an additional 6.1 million people. Today, there are more than 600 new or expanded health centers delivering preventive and primary care to patients in medically underserved communities across America. We endorse plans to continue increasing access to community health centers, so that uninsured and low-income Americans have reliable options for receiving high-quality medical care.\nMedicaid and the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP)\n\nHealth Insurance Tax Relief\n\nThe Trade Promotion Authority bill, supported by the Republican Congress and signed by President Bush, provides a tax credit to help workers obtain health insurance coverage if they have lost their jobs due to international trade. The tax credit has helped thousands of displaced workers get insurance coverage.\nWomen's Health\n\nThe enormous increases in the budget of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) brought about by the Republican Congress and President Bush are making possible groundbreaking clinical trials and new research into diseases and health issues that disproportionately affect women. This new research also has yielded important discoveries pertaining to conditions that affect the elderly, the majority of whom are women, and should promote future benefit.\nThe increasing focus upon health care for the elderly holds promise for advances in the treatment of osteoporosis, heart disease, and other ailments that should no longer be considered the inevitable price of old age. We also are leading efforts to reach out to underserved and minority female populations, where disparities persist in life expectancy, infant mortality, and death rates from cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and other illnesses. Moreover, we favor increased efforts – both through expanded research and expanded care – to improve maternal and child health care, as well as health care services for women before, during, and after pregnancy.\nRepublicans are dedicated to pursuing women's health care initiatives that include access to state-of-the-art medical advances and technology; equality for women in the delivery of health care services; medical research that focuses specifically on women; appropriate representation of women in clinical trials; expanded access to prevention, screening, health promotion, chronic care, and disease management services; and direct access to women's health providers.\nEliminating Health Care Disparities\n\nProgress has been made in recent years in a number of areas, including enhancement of federal research on health disparities, identification of barriers to care for our increasingly diverse population, expansion of the number of health professionals who are committed to serving minority and underserved patients and their communities, and improvement in the quality of care for uninsured and underserved populations. Republicans believe we must build on this success and increase these efforts.\nWe strongly support initiatives to improve the quality of care delivered to all Americans. We applaud President Bush for supporting treatment of mental illness. Mental and physical illness should be treated equitably and fairly. In addition, we support improved training for health providers, including efforts to improve communication, collaboration, and understanding between patients and doctors. We are funding research to find cures and treatments for illnesses that disproportionately affect minority populations, as well as targeted, well-coordinated programs to prevent, manage, and treat these diseases. We support efforts to encourage qualified minorities to enter the fields of science and medicine.\nInvesting in Cutting Edge Medical Research\n\nStem Cell Research\n\nRepublicans have supported, and will continue to support, important scientific research without undermining the fundamental ethical principles that have guided medical research in this country for decades. We especially welcome and encourage a stronger emphasis on adult stem cell and cord blood stem cell research, which has already provided benefits to hundreds of patients and provides real promise for treatments to help millions of Americans.\nWe recognize that President Bush made a carefully considered decision to allow federal funding for stem cell research for the first time, and did not affect stem cell research in the private sector. We strongly support the President's policy that prevents taxpayer dollars from being used to encourage the future destruction of human embryos. In addition, we applaud the President's call for a comprehensive ban on human cloning and on the creation of human embryos solely for experimentation.\nIn August 2001, President Bush stated: \"[The hope [it offers is amazing…. Yet the ethics of medicine are not infinitely adaptable. There is at least one bright line: We do not end some lives for the medical benefit of others.\" We wholeheartedly agree.\nLong-Term Care Insurance\n\nHonoring America's Veterans\n\nOur veterans have fought and defended this country in many wars and proudly raised the American flag on such far-away places as San Juan Hill, Iwo Jima, and Pork Chop Hill, and it has become a symbol of our American spirit and unity. We, as well as they, deplore the deliberate desecration of our flag and state that its deliberate desecration is not \"free speech,\" but rather an assault against both our proud history and our greatest hopes. We therefore support a Constitutional amendment that will restore to the people, through their elected representatives, their right to safeguard Old Glory.\nRespecting and Protecting the Environment\n\nOur Party's environmental policies are geared towards results. Thanks to President Bush's strong leadership and the commitment of Congressional Republicans to reform and innovation, air pollution has been reduced, water quality has improved, wetlands have been restored, and more than a thousand brownfields sites are being revitalized. Republicans also acknowledge the progress made by states and local communities in environmental stewardship efforts. As the laboratories of innovation, they should be given flexibility and authority to address many environmental concerns.\nFinally, we link the security of private property to our environmental agenda because environmental stewardship has been best advanced where property is privately held. After all, people who live on the land, work the land, and own the land also love the land and protect it. President Bush and the Republican Congress will safeguard private property rights by enforcing the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment and by providing just compensation whenever private property is needed to achieve a compelling public purpose.\nClear Skies\n\nRevitalizing Urban Communities\n\nNational Parks\n\nLand Conservation and Stewardship\n\nProtecting America's Water Resources\n\nChronic water shortages in the West are one of the greatest environmental challenges facing the nation in the coming decades. We support efforts by the Administration to work with states and local communities in the West to expand the use of proven tools like market-based voluntary transfers through water banks and other water-marketing tools. We also endorse the President's efforts to work with the state of Florida to implement the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan. Our Party reaffirms the traditional primacy of states over water allocation. We steadfastly oppose diverting water away from the Great Lakes region.\nProtecting Oceans\n\nGlobal Climate Change\n\nModernizing the Endangered Species Act\n\nRepublicans believe we can achieve greater progress in protecting species for future generations through results-based cooperative conservation programs and voluntary agreements that encourage private stewardship. The ESA must be updated to reflect new approaches that focus resources on species in need of recovery, not lawsuits. As with other major federal environmental laws, ESA should require peer-reviewed science, so resources can be focused on the most pressing recovery efforts. Just as importantly, the Act should encourage expansion of voluntary agreements with private property owners while ensuring that ESA enforcement respects and upholds private property rights.\nAgriculture and Rural America\n\nRepublican policies are working, such as the recently revitalized WTO Doha round negotiations that will create new opportunities for U.S. farmers and ranchers by cutting foreign tariffs, expanding quotas for American products, and eliminating agricultural export subsidies. Since 2001, the U.S. farm economy has enjoyed tremendous improvement and is today in a position of historic strength. Farmers' net cash income for 2003 was $63 billion, an 11.5 percent increase from 2000. And farmers' equity reached a record $1.16 trillion last year, putting American agriculture in its best financial health ever.\nThere is much more to rural America than agriculture, ranching, and forestry. The kind of economic development that generates family-sustaining jobs is critical to small towns and rural communities. President Bush and the Republican Congress are promoting good schools, accessible health care, decent housing, safe drinking water and waste disposal, and efficient transportation. They also are expanding the availability of the Internet and broadband service to allow people in rural America to access world-class technology.\nRevitalizing America's Cities\n\nLower taxes, passed by the Republican Congress, are stimulating development and investment in cities around the country. New homeownership opportunities are giving residents a stake in urban neighborhoods. Violent crime rates, including robberies and rapes, were down in 2003. The President's commitment to cleaning up brownfields and making them ready for productive purposes is transforming once-crumbling communities. His Faith-Based Initiative is extending the work of religious and charitable groups that operate in cities – serving meals, helping the homeless, and providing mentors for children. And the No Child Left Behind law is bringing new hope to parents and students in inner city schools.\nPresident Bush is building on the successes of Republican mayors who bring opportunity to inner cities. At the same time, the President is working with mayors and local leaders across America to ensure that the unprecedented homeland security funding provided by the Republican Congress is spent on shoring up the security of major cities and preparing first responders for any potential future attack. By making America's cities places of opportunity and safety, attractive to citizens of all backgrounds, we ensure that urban centers remain vital and vibrant communities.\nThe District of Columbia\n\nLocal government reform is an issue of importance to both Congress and residents of the District. Recent city administrations have made great strides in improving the operations of city government and, as these efforts continue, we support yielding more budgetary and legal autonomy to local elected officials.\nAs the seat of our federal government and a likely target of the September 11th attacks, Washington, D.C. also plays a critical role in homeland security. The federal government should continue to work closely with city officials to ensure maximum public safety for both residents of and visitors to the District, and respect the unique budgetary constraints under which the city operates.\nWe respect the design of the Framers of the Constitution that our nation's capital has a unique status and should remain independent of any individual state.\nCombating Chronic Homelessness\n\nProtecting Our Rights, Fighting Criminals, and Supporting Victims\n\nWe believe the Second Amendment and all of the rights guaranteed by it should enable law-abiding citizens throughout the country to own firearms in their homes for self-defense. To protect the rights and safety of law-abiding citizens, the Congress passed and President Bush signed the Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act, which allows active and retired law enforcement officers to carry concealed guns in public while off-duty. We support efforts by the Administration and Congress to enhance the instant background check system for gun purchases and to ensure that records of lawful transactions are destroyed in a timely manner. We applaud Congressional Republicans for seeking to stop frivolous lawsuits against firearms manufacturers, which is a transparent attempt to deprive citizens of their Second Amendment rights. We oppose federal licensing of law-abiding gun owners and national gun registration as a violation of the Second Amendment and an invasion of privacy of honest citizens.\nWe agree that the best way to deter crime is to enforce existing laws and hand down tough penalties against anyone who commits a crime with a gun. This approach is working. Since Project Safe Neighborhoods was instituted in 2001, hundreds of new federal, state, and local prosecutors have been hired to target criminals who use guns. Prosecutions are up 68 percent, and the violent crime victimization rate is down 21 percent. The Republican Party and President Bush support a federal Constitutional amendment for victims of violent crime that would provide specific rights for victims protected under the U.S. Constitution. We support courts having the option to impose the death penalty in capital murder cases. We praise President Bush and Republicans in Congress for the measures they have taken to protect pregnant women from violent crime by passing Laci and Conner's law, which recognizes the common-sense proposition that when a crime of violence against a pregnant woman kills or injures her unborn child, there are two victims and two offenses that should be punished.\nHelping Ex-Offenders Contribute to Society\nPromoting Drug-Free Communities\n\nTo continue this progress, we must ensure that jail time is used as an effective deterrent to drug use and support the continued funding of grants to assist schools in drug testing. At the same time, we should make drug treatment available to people willing to take the courageous step of admitting they have a problem and working hard to overcome it. The President's Access to Recovery (ATR) program is giving individuals seeking drug treatment expanded access to effective providers through a new voucher program.\nFaith-Based and Community Initiatives\n\nWe applaud President Bush's efforts to promote the generous and compassionate work of America's faith-based and neighborhood charities. The President established the Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives in the White House to coordinate federal, state, and local efforts to tear down barriers that have prevented religiously affiliated groups from applying for government grants on an equal footing with secular organizations. While the federal government must not promote religious activity, advocate on behalf of any religion, or fund any organization that discriminates on the basis of religion when providing taxpayer-funded services, no organization should be disqualified from receiving federal funds simply because it displays religious symbols, has a statement of faith in its mission statement, or has a religious leader on its board.\nAs a result of the President's leadership, the federal government is ending discrimination against faith-based organizations and now welcomes these groups as partners and allies in the effort to deliver social services to people in need. Faith-based groups must show that their programs are effective at providing help – whether it be serving the needs of the homeless, mentoring children, or helping Americans who battle addiction. Faith can often be a crucial element in the struggle to overcome personal challenges – and now Americans have the option of receiving treatment that meets their physical as well as spiritual needs. We commend the President for his steadfast support of people and institutions of faith, and we urge the Congress to act on legislative proposals to enhance private-sector works of charity and compassion. We also affirm that the hiring rights of religious organizations must be maintained so that religious charities do not have to abandon their religious character in order to provide publicly funded services.\nCalling Americans to Service\n\nEnsuring Equal Opportunities\n\nVoting Rights\n\nRemoving Barriers for Americans with Disabilities\n\nWe applaud the President and Congress for increasing funding for the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), which requires that eligible students with disabilities be provided a free, appropriate public education. We also endorse efforts to protect children and their parents from being coerced into administering a controlled substance in order to attend school.\nNative Americans\n\nTribal governments are best situated to gauge the needs of their communities and members.\nPolitical self-determination and economic self-sufficiency are twin pillars of an effective Indian policy.\nPrivate sector initiatives, rather than public assistance, can best improve material conditions in Indian communities.\nHigh taxes and unreasonable regulations stifle new and expanded businesses and thwart the creation of job opportunities and prosperity.\nWe will continue to work with the Bureau of Indian Affairs to make the tribal recognition process more transparent. We will strengthen Native American self-determination by respecting tribal sovereignty, encouraging economic development on Native lands, and working with them to reorganize the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Indian Health Service. We applaud President Bush for keeping his promise to eliminate within five years the maintenance and repairs backlog afflicting Indian schools. This promise will be achieved in only four years with funding in the 2005 budget. We support efforts to provide higher quality health care through the Indian Health Service. We uphold the unique government-to-government relationship between the tribes and the United States and honor our nation's trust obligations to them. We support efforts to ensure equitable participation in federal programs by Native Americans, Native Alaskans, and Native Hawaiians and to preserve their cultures and languages.\nIn an age of new threats, we recognize the critical role tribes play in securing our homeland and contributing to our national defense. We honor the sacrifices made by Native Americans serving in the military today. They are upholding the high ideal of service on behalf of liberty. We will ensure that Indian veterans receive the care and respect they have earned through their service to America.\nSupporting Judges Who Uphold the Law\n\nThe sound principle of judicial review has turned into an intolerable presumption of judicial supremacy. A Republican Congress, working with a Republican president, will restore the separation of powers and re-establish a government of law. There are different ways to achieve that goal, such as using Article III of the Constitution to limit federal court jurisdiction; for example, in instances where judges are abusing their power by banning the use of \"under God\" in the Pledge of Allegiance or prohibiting depictions of the Ten Commandments, and potential actions invalidating the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA). Additionally, we condemn judicial activists and their unwarranted and unconstitutional restrictions on the free exercise of religion in the public square.\nLeading the Fight against HIV/AIDS – At Home and Abroad\n\nWe fully support the President's leadership in dramatically expanding resources to find an HIV/AIDS vaccine and in devoting at least $15 billion over five years towards global prevention, care, and treatment programs. Since taking office, President Bush has virtually tripled the United States' annual financial commitment to the global war on HIV/AIDS.\nWe support the emphasis on prevention in the President's Emergency Plan for HIV/AIDS relief and endorse its embrace of the successful Ugandan model promoting the \"ABC\" approach to prevention that encourages abstinence and being faithful to one lifetime partner, along with other behavioral changes intended to eliminate or reduce exposure risk. We support the President's Advancing HIV Prevention Initiative that emphasizes routine testing, early diagnosis, ongoing monitoring, and elimination of HIV/AIDS in newborn babies and infants. We also support the President's efforts to double the amount spent on abstinence-only education and to promote healthy relationships.\nWe recognize the unique and special vulnerability of women and girls to HIV infection from abusive and coercive behavior beyond their control and encourage expanded efforts to address this problem through legal and cultural reform. We also support more efforts to eradicate sex trafficking and prostitution and their underlying causes.\nWe support the expansion of programs providing support for those orphaned by HIV/AIDS. We fully support the use of faith-based organizations as partners on the ground in HIV/AIDS relief efforts because they often have the most capability, credibility, and conviction for performing this important work in different communities, regions, and countries. We also believe treatment and prevention of drug abuse are essential components of HIV protection.\nWe commend the President for his support of the Ryan White CARE Act and call for its reauthorization. We believe that ensuring access to treatment must be the priority of HIV/AIDS care programs. The President's policy is to provide safe, effective, high quality HIV/AIDS drugs at the lowest possible cost. He has accelerated the FDA review process for HIV/AIDS drugs and therapies for use under the Emergency Plan for HIV/AIDS Relief.\nPresident Bush led the G-8 in endorsing the establishment of a Global HIV Vaccine Enterprise, a virtual consortium to accelerate HIV vaccine development. The President also announced plans to establish a second HIV Vaccine Research and Development Center in the U.S., in addition to the one at the National Institutes of Health. The new center will become a key component of the Global HIV Vaccine Enterprise.\nAmericans In The Territories\n\nWe support the Native American Samoans' efforts to preserve their culture and land-tenure system, which fosters self-reliance and strong extended-family values.\nWe support increased local self-government for the United States citizens of the Virgin Islands, and closer cooperation between the local and federal governments to promote private sector-led development and self-sufficiency. We recognize that Guam is a strategically vital U.S. territory in the far western Pacific, an American fortress in the Asian region. We affirm our support for the patriotic U.S. citizens of Guam to achieve greater local self-government, an improved federal-territorial relationship, new economic development strategies, and continued self-determination as desired with respect to political status.\nWe support the right of the United States citizens of Puerto Rico to be admitted to the Union as a fully sovereign state after they freely so determine. We recognize that Congress has the final authority to define the Constitutionally valid options for Puerto Rico to achieve a permanent non-territorial status with government by consent and full enfranchisement. As long as Puerto Rico is not a state, however, the will of its people regarding their political status should be ascertained by means of a general right of referendum or specific referenda sponsored by the United States government.\nSupporting Humane and Legal Immigration\n\nTo better ensure that immigrants enter the United States only through legal means that allow for verification of their identity, reconnaissance cameras, border patrol agents, and unmanned aerial flights have all been increased at the border. In addition, Border Patrol agents now have sweeping new powers to deport illegal aliens without having first to go through the cumbersome process of allowing the illegal alien to have a hearing before an immigration judge. We support these efforts to enforce the law while welcoming immigrants who enter America through legal avenues.\n\"We are living in a time of great change – in our world, in our economy, in science and medicine. Yet some things endure – courage and compassion, reverence and integrity, respect for differences of faith and race. The values we try to live by never change. And they are instilled in us by fundamental institutions, such as families and schools and religious congregations. These institutions, these unseen pillars of civilization, must remain strong in America, and we will defend them. We must stand with our families to help them raise healthy, responsible children.\"\n— President George W. Bush\nFamilies are the cornerstone of our culture — the building blocks of a strong society. In families, children learn values and ideals, as well as the basic lessons that get them started on a lifelong path of education. We believe that every child deserves the chance to be born and grow up in a loving family. We also believe that while families exist in many different forms, there are ideals to strive for. Evidence shows us that children have the best chance at success when raised by a mother and a father who love and respect each other as well as their children. We also know that family breakdown makes America less stable. To create a sturdy foundation for the strength and success of our citizens and our nation, Republicans support policies that promote strong families. We also support a government that makes it easier for parents to raise their children in a world that offers unprecedented opportunities and new challenges. We offer an approach based on our common values and our common hopes. It will lead to a better America, one family at a time.\nThe Next Steps in Welfare Reform\nBut there is more work to do. We need to build on the results of the 1996 reforms and continue to move welfare recipients into jobs and off the welfare rolls. This is especially important for single women and mothers, who continue to rely on welfare and fear that they cannot find a job or enter a training program because they need to care for their children.\nWe endorse President Bush's plan to extend the benefits of welfare reform by strengthening work requirements and promoting healthy marriages, and offering training, transportation, and child care services to help people become self-sufficient. Every American deserves a chance to know the pride of earning a paycheck and providing for his or her family.\nPromoting Healthy Marriages and Responsible Fatherhood\n\nSupporting Adoption and Foster Children\n\nPromoting Healthy Choices, Including Abstinence\n\nExtensive research, much of it conducted or funded by the federal government, has shown that improving overall health, and thus preventing disease and premature death, is as easy as making small adjustments and improvements in the activities of daily life. We applaud the President's effort to increase public awareness about the benefits of physical fitness through programs like \"HealthierUS,\" which focuses on physical activity; a nutritious diet; medical screenings; and healthy choices – and \"VERB,\" which encourages young people to be physically active every day.\nEach year more than three million American teenagers contract sexually transmitted diseases, causing emotional harm and serious health consequences, even death. We support efforts to educate teens and parents about the health risks associated with early sexual activity and provide the tools needed to help teens make healthy choices. Abstinence from sexual activity is the only protection that is 100 percent effective against out-of-wedlock pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases, including sexually transmitted HIV/AIDS. Therefore, we support doubling abstinence education funding. We oppose school-based clinics that provide referrals, counseling, and related services for contraception and abortion. We oppose school-based mental health programs that include recommendations for the use of psychotropic drugs.\nImproving Work Schedule Flexibility\n\nProtecting Family Privacy\n\nUnauthorized and unwelcome email, commonly known as spam, interferes with efficient and effective business and family communications. We support efforts to address this growing problem.\nIdentity theft is one of the fastest growing financial crimes in our nation. Last year alone, nearly 10 million Americans had their identities stolen by criminals who robbed them and the nation's businesses of nearly $50 billion through fraudulent transactions. The crime of identity theft undermines the basic trust on which our economy depends. And like other forms of stealing, identity theft leaves the victim poorer and feeling terribly violated.\nWe praise President Bush and Republicans in Congress for passing the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act, which established a national system of fraud detection so that identity thieves can be stopped before they run up tens of thousands of dollars in illegal purchases. Thanks to this law, victims can make one phone call to report the crime to alert all three major credit rating agencies and to protect their credit ratings. We further praise President Bush and Republicans in Congress for passing the Identity Theft Penalty Enhancement Act, which provides a real deterrent by toughening the prison sentences for those who use identity theft to commit other crimes, including terrorism. It reflects our government's resolve to answer serious offenses with serious penalties. And we praise President Bush for the broader effort he has waged to prevent identity theft. The U.S. Postal Inspection Service, the FBI, and Secret Service are working with local and state officials to crack down on the criminal networks that are responsible for much of the identity theft that occurs in America. The Federal Trade Commission is training local law enforcement in the detection of identity theft and has set up the ID Theft Data Clearinghouse, which keeps track of complaints across the country and provides those records to prosecutors seeking to take down organized identity theft rings.\nProtecting the Educational Rights of Parents and Students\n\nProtecting Children from Obscenity and Exploitation\n\nWe applaud the Congress for passing, and the President for signing, the Protect Act. As the President said, this law \"will greatly assist law enforcement in tracking criminals who would harm our children, and will greatly help in rescuing the youngest victims of crime.\" The law formally established a national Amber Alert coordinator in the Department of Justice to help facilitate efforts to find missing children. It also added important tools to fight child exploitation by making obscene images of children, even those created with computer technology, illegal. We agree that strengthening the laws against child abuse will protect our children, help preserve the family structure, and promote a healthy environment in which our children can grow.\nWith ever more children accessing material over the Internet, we support efforts to bolster online protections that prevent children from being exposed to pornographic images and solicitations. And we applaud public and private efforts to create online safe areas for children. We praise President Bush and Congressional Republicans for their leadership in passing the Dot Kids Implementation and Efficiency Act, which created a secure domain on the Internet where parents know that it is safe for their children to learn and play and explore.\nProtecting Marriage\n\nAfter more than two centuries of American jurisprudence, and millennia of human experience, a few judges and local authorities are presuming to change the most fundamental institution of civilization, the union of a man and a woman in marriage. Attempts to redefine marriage in a single state or city could have serious consequences throughout the country, and anything less than a Constitutional amendment, passed by the Congress and ratified by the states, is vulnerable to being overturned by activist judges. On a matter of such importance, the voice of the people must be heard. The Constitutional amendment process guarantees that the final decision will rest with the American people and their elected representatives. President Bush will also vigorously defend the Defense of Marriage Act, which was supported by both parties and passed by 85 votes in the Senate. This common sense law reaffirms the right of states not to recognize same-sex marriages licensed in other states.\nPresident Bush said, \"We will not stand for judges who undermine democracy by legislating from the bench and try to remake America by court order.\" The Republican House of Representatives has responded to this challenge by passing H.R. 3313, a bill to withdraw jurisdiction from the federal courts over the Defense of Marriage Act. We urge Congress to use its Article III power to enact this into law, so that activist federal judges cannot force 49 other states to approve and recognize Massachusetts' attempt to redefine marriage.\nPromoting a Culture of Life\n\nOur goal is to ensure that women with problem pregnancies have the kind of support, material and otherwise, they need for themselves and for their babies, not to be punitive towards those for whose difficult situation we have only compassion. We oppose abortion, but our pro-life agenda does not include punitive action against women who have an abortion. We salute those who provide alternatives to abortion and offer adoption services, and we commend Congressional Republicans for expanding assistance to adopting families and for removing racial barriers to adoption. We join the President in supporting crisis pregnancy programs and parental notification laws. And we applaud President Bush for allowing states to extend health care coverage to unborn children.\nWe praise the President for his bold leadership in defense of life. We praise him for signing the Born Alive Infants Protection Act. This important legislation ensures that every infant born alive – including an infant who survives an abortion procedure – is considered a person under federal law.\nWe praise Republicans in Congress for passing, with strong bipartisan support, a ban on the inhumane procedure known as partial birth abortion. And we applaud President Bush for signing legislation outlawing partial birth abortion and for vigorously defending it in the courts.\nIn signing the partial birth abortion ban, President Bush reminded us that \"the most basic duty of government is to defend the life of the innocent. Every person, however frail or vulnerable, has a place and a purpose in this world.\" We affirm the inherent dignity and worth of all people. We oppose the non-consensual withholding of care or treatment because of disability, age, or infirmity, just as we oppose euthanasia and assisted suicide, which especially endanger the poor and those on the margins of society. We support President Bush's decision to restore the Drug Enforcement Administration's policy that controlled substances shall not be used for assisted suicide. We applaud Congressional Republicans for their leadership against those abuses and their pioneering legislation to focus research and treatment resources on the alleviation of pain and the care of terminally ill patients.\nFor 150 years, our Party has found its purpose in its principles. We confront big challenges instead of passing them on to future generations. We move forward with needed reforms to make the government work better for citizens. We fight important battles and champion freedom because by expanding liberty, we make our nation more secure.\nThis is the choice the American people face – moving forward or looking back, reforming government or settling for the status quo, producing results or playing politics. As Republicans, we know who we are and what we believe. As the Party of the open door, while steadfast in our commitment to our ideals, we respect and accept that members of our Party can have deeply held and sometimes differing views. This diversity is a source of strength, not a sign of weakness, and so we welcome into our ranks all who may hold differing positions. We commit to resolve our differences with civility, trust, and mutual respect, and to affirm the common goals and beliefs that unite us.\nAs the Party of Lincoln, we stand for freedom.\nWe stand for the freedom of families and individuals to have good schools, good health care, and affordable housing and services.\nWe stand for the freedom that comes with a good paying job in a growing economy.\nWe stand for the freedom and dignity of every human life, in every stage of life.\nWe know that freedom is not America's gift to the world; freedom is the Almighty's gift to every man, woman, and child in the world. And we stand for a hopeful tomorrow that will come from total and complete victory in the War on Terror.\nThese are values worthy of a great nation. And they are values worth fighting for. That is exactly what President George W. Bush continues to do. He is protecting us from danger by being prepared, strong, and steadfast. Vigilance is never easy. But it is always essential, now more than ever.\nGeorge W. Bush has done the hard work and made the hard choices required of an American President in challenging times. Because of his leadership, we are strong. Because of his vision, we will be even stronger. That is the pledge of this platform … and the promise of this convention.\nREPORTED BY FULL COMMITTEE August 26, 2004 Jacob K. Javits Convention Center New York, New York\nTHE PLATFORM COMMITTEE\nRepublican National Committee Chairman Ed Gillespie\nChairman Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist, M.D.\nCo-Chairs Governor Bill Owens Representative Melissa Hart\nSUBCOMMITTEE CHAIRS\nWinning the War on Terror\nBill Owens Joe Acinapura\nUshering in an Ownership Era\nJanet Creighton Paul Harris\nBuilding an Innovative, Globally Competitive Economy\nPhil English\nBeth Harwell\nStrengthening our Communities\nMelissa Hart Eric Tanenblatt\nProtecting our Families\nHaley Barbour Ann Wagner\nCOMMITTEE MEMBERS\nALABAMA Linda Maynor\nJ.T. Jabo Waggoner\nALASKA Jonathon Lack Gloria Shriver\nAMERICAN SAMOA Tautai Fa'alevao Sa'eu Scanlan\nARIZONA Michael Andrews Shiree Verdone\nARKANSAS Jonathan Barnett Anne Britton\nCALIFORNIA Araceli Gonzalez Timothy LeFever\nCOLORADO Lilly Nunez Bill Owens\nCONNECTICUT John Frey Patricia Longo\nDELAWARE Elizabeth Field Patrick Murray\nDISTRICT OF COLUMBIA William Evans Betsy Werronen\nFLORIDA Sharon Day\nJ. Allison DeFoor GEORGIA Linda Herren Eric Tanenblatt\nGUAM Joanne Brown Fred Castro\nHAWAII Willes Lee Janice Pechauer IDAHO Thomas Luna Karen McGee\nILLINOIS Maureen Murphy Harold Smith\nINDIANA James Bopp Judith Singleton\nIOWA Paula Dierenfeld Morris Hurd\nKANSAS Stephen Cloud June Cooper\nKENTUCKY Karen Engle\nG. Hunter Bates\nLOUISIANA Russell Pavich Peggy Wilson\nMAINE Mark Ellis Janet Staples\nMARYLAND Katja Bullock Louis Pope\nMASSACHUSETTS William McKinney Amy Speer\nMICHIGAN Glenn Clark Cynthia Pine\nMINNESOTA Christopher Georgacas Annette Meeks\nMISSISSIPPI Haley Barbour Virginia Carlton\nMISSOURI Mark \"Thor\" Hearne Ann Wagner\nMONTANA Erik Iverson Shirley Warehime\nNEBRASKA Patricia Dorwart Adrian Smith\nNEVADA Rew Goodenow Bonnie Weber\nNEW HAMPSHIRE Richard Ashooh Ruth Griffin\nNEW JERSEY Alex DeCroce Barbara Sobel\nNEW MEXICO Joseph Carraro Cecilia Levatino\nNEW YORK Mary Donohue Raymond Meier\nNORTH CAROLINA Linda Daves Woody White\nNORTH DAKOTA Curly Haugland Karen Karls\nOHIO Michael Allen Janet Creighton\nOKLAHOMA Baren Healey Joy Pittman\nOREGON Jeff Grossman June Hartley\nPENNSYLVANIA Philip English Melissa Hart\nPUERTO RICO Carlos Chardon Miriam Ramirez\nRHODE ISLAND Bernard Jackvony Patricia Morgan\nSOUTH CAROLINA Mike Fair Kristin Maguire\nSOUTH DAKOTA Mary Jean Jensen Ron Schmidt TENNESSEE Bill Frist Beth Harwell\nTEXAS Cathie Adams Kelly Shackelford\nUTAH Dannie McConkie Gayle Ruzicka\nVERMONT Joseph Acinapura Darcie Johnston\nVIRGIN ISLANDS Samuel Baptiste April Newland\nVIRGINIA Kate Griffin Paul Harris\nWASHINGTON Betty Hanes Michael Young\nWEST VIRGINIA Cindy Frich\nWISCONSIN Crystal Berg Don Taylor\nWYOMING William Cubin Diana Vaughan\nRebekah Krimmel, Platform Assistant Anne Marie Falk, Platform Assistant Kate Kobiashvili, Platform Assistant\nSubcommittee Staff\nWinning the War on Terror Steve Biegun, Clerk\nUshering in an Ownership Era Rohit Kumar, Clerk\nBuilding an Innovative, Globally Competitive Economy Libby Jarvis, Clerk\nStrengthening Our Communities Dean Rosen, Clerk\nProtecting Our Families\nBill Wichterman, Clerk\nGraphic Designer Karen Portik\nA special thanks to all our volunteers\nPaid for by the Committee on Arrangements for the 2004 Republican National Convention. 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"democracies" -> 5, "declared" -> 5, "danger" -> 5, "criminals" -> 5, "coverage" -> 5, "corruption" -> 5, "conviction" -> 5, "confront" -> 5, "compete" -> 5, "Communities" -> 5, "close" -> 5, "Clerk" -> 5, "classroom" -> 5, "Century" -> 5, "cargo" -> 5, "capability" -> 5, "cannot" -> 5, "Canada" -> 5, "But" -> 5, "Broader" -> 5, "bringing" -> 5, "Border" -> 5, "bold" -> 5, "bipartisan" -> 5, "below" -> 5, "basis" -> 5, "back" -> 5, "authority" -> 5, "Armed" -> 5, "alternative" -> 5, "allowing" -> 5, "agriculture" -> 5, "agenda" -> 5, "Affordable" -> 5, "adversaries" -> 5, "advancing" -> 5, "acts" -> 5, "act" -> 5, "Account" -> 5, "account" -> 5, "25" -> 5, "worst" -> 4, "works" -> 4, "Working" -> 4, "willing" -> 4, "why" -> 4, "When" -> 4, "ways" -> 4, "voted" -> 4, "voice" -> 4, "victory" -> 4, "very" -> 4, "variety" -> 4, "union" -> 4, "uniform" -> 4, "understanding" -> 4, "underserved" -> 4, "transportation" -> 4, "total" -> 4, "times" -> 4, "threaten" -> 4, "things" -> 4, "then" -> 4, "themselves" -> 4, "Terrorist" -> 4, "teacher" -> 4, "takes" -> 4, "tactics" -> 4, "strongest" -> 4, "strengthened" -> 4, "strategies" -> 4, "strategic" -> 4, "step" -> 4, "stem" -> 4, "steady" -> 4, "start" -> 4, "standards" -> 4, "speak" -> 4, "sources" -> 4, "sound" -> 4, "skill" -> 4, "simply" -> 4, "side" -> 4, "shut" -> 4, "showing" -> 4, "shared" -> 4, "settlement" -> 4, "servicemembers" -> 4, "served" -> 4, "see" -> 4, "secured" -> 4, "saw" -> 4, "saving" -> 4, "said" -> 4, "rural" -> 4, "run" -> 4, "review" -> 4, "result" -> 4, "restrictions" -> 4, "responded" -> 4, "required" -> 4, "rely" -> 4, "religion" -> 4, "related" -> 4, "refugees" -> 4, "Reform" -> 4, "records" -> 4, "recommendations" -> 4, "recognized" -> 4, "received" -> 4, "receive" -> 4, "reality" -> 4, "reaffirms" -> 4, "reached" -> 4, "putting" -> 4, "pursuing" -> 4, "protections" -> 4, "proposal" -> 4, "pro-growth" -> 4, "production" -> 4, "problems" -> 4, "primary" -> 4, "preventing" -> 4, "position" -> 4, "Poland" -> 4, "person" -> 4, "peoples" -> 4, "penalties" -> 4, "paying" -> 4, "Patrol" -> 4, "path" -> 4, "passengers" -> 4, "passenger" -> 4, "Party's" -> 4, "Partnership" -> 4, "partner" -> 4, "particular" -> 4, "pandemic" -> 4, "Palestinians" -> 4, "Palestinian" -> 4, "overtime" -> 4, "overcome" -> 4, "overall" -> 4, "operational" -> 4, "operate" -> 4, "once" -> 4, "often" -> 4, "offenses" -> 4, "off" -> 4, "NEW" -> 4, "murder" -> 4, "moving" -> 4, "More" -> 4, "minority" -> 4, "Marriage" -> 4, "Many" -> 4, "manufacturers" -> 4, "man" -> 4, "look" -> 4, "living" -> 4, "limited" -> 4, "least" -> 4, "learn" -> 4, "leader" -> 4, "lead" -> 4, "lawyer" -> 4, "kind" -> 4, "Karen" -> 4, "jurisdiction" -> 4, "June" -> 4, "Israel's" -> 4, "Iraqis" -> 4, "invest" -> 4, "interest" -> 4, "Intelligence" -> 4, "integrity" -> 4, "integrated" -> 4, "Insurance" -> 4, "Institutes" -> 4, "independent" -> 4, "includes" -> 4, "improvement" -> 4, "importance" -> 4, "implement" -> 4, "immigrants" -> 4, "If" -> 4, "ideas" -> 4, "ideals" -> 4, "hydrogen" -> 4, "House" -> 4, "hours" -> 4, "hopeful" -> 4, "homes" -> 4, "Homeland" -> 4, "historical" -> 4, "high-quality" -> 4, "High" -> 4, "here" -> 4, "helps" -> 4, "heart" -> 4, "gun" -> 4, "guarantee" -> 4, "goods" -> 4, "go" -> 4, "get" -> 4, "genetic" -> 4, "fulfill" -> 4, "front" -> 4, "freely" -> 4, "fraudulent" -> 4, "found" -> 4, "forms" -> 4, "former" -> 4, "footing" -> 4, "FBI" -> 4, "far" -> 4, "Families" -> 4, "fact" -> 4, "extension" -> 4, "equipment" -> 4, "entry" -> 4, "Energy" -> 4, "Emergency" -> 4, "educational" -> 4, "edge" -> 4, "Economy" -> 4, "Economic" -> 4, "easier" -> 4, "dynamic" -> 4, "dreams" -> 4, "dramatically" -> 4, "doubled" -> 4, "discrimination" -> 4, "developing" -> 4, "developed" -> 4, "determination" -> 4, "designed" -> 4, "dependence" -> 4, "denying" -> 4, "Democratic" -> 4, "December" -> 4, "decade" -> 4, "crimes" -> 4, "court" -> 4, "course" -> 4, "Courage" -> 4, "coordinate" -> 4, "contribution" -> 4, "Constitutional" -> 4, "Constitution" -> 4, "confronting" -> 4, "conflict" -> 4, "conditions" -> 4, "conclusion" -> 4, "competition" -> 4, "companies" -> 4, "commit" -> 4, "colleges" -> 4, "closing" -> 4, "China's" -> 4, "Chile" -> 4, "character" -> 4, "chance" -> 4, "centers" -> 4, "cell" -> 4, "Care" -> 4, "came" -> 4, "burden" -> 4, "built" -> 4, "Building" -> 4, "broken" -> 4, "birth" -> 4, "bill" -> 4, "ban" -> 4, "ballistic" -> 4, "away" -> 4, "attempt" -> 4, "assisted" -> 4, "assist" -> 4, "Area" -> 4, "another" -> 4, "Amendment" -> 4, "amendment" -> 4, "ally" -> 4, "airports" -> 4, "ahead" -> 4, "agricultural" -> 4, "Agreement" -> 4, "agencies" -> 4, "affect" -> 4, "advances" -> 4, "active" -> 4, "accountability" -> 4, "abuse" -> 4, "ability" -> 4, "30" -> 4, "11th" -> 4, "$1.7" -> 3, "young" -> 3, "yet" -> 3, "year's" -> 3, "wounded" -> 3, "workplace" -> 3, "word" -> 3, "woman" -> 3, "Winning" -> 3, "Wilson" -> 3, "William" -> 3, "White" -> 3, "While" -> 3, "whether" -> 3, "western" -> 3, "West" -> 3, "welcomes" -> 3, "wealth" -> 3, "weak" -> 3, "waste" -> 3, "wars" -> 3, "vigorously" -> 3, "Vietnam" -> 3, "vast" -> 3, "valuable" -> 3, "Vaccine" -> 3, "VA" -> 3, "Ushering" -> 3, "unmanned" -> 3, "unfair" -> 3, "tyranny" -> 3, "tripled" -> 3, "trillion" -> 3, "tribal" -> 3, "Treaty" -> 3, "treaty" -> 3, "treatments" -> 3, "transmitted" -> 3, "transformed" -> 3, "transformation" -> 3, "tradition" -> 3, "towards" -> 3, "too" -> 3, "Together" -> 3, "today's" -> 3, "timely" -> 3, "thwart" -> 3, "Through" -> 3, "thanks" -> 3, "testing" -> 3, "term" -> 3, "technological" -> 3, "technical" -> 3, "tax-free" -> 3, "taxation" -> 3, "task" -> 3, "tariffs" -> 3, "target" -> 3, "Taiwan's" -> 3, "systems" -> 3, "swiftly" -> 3, "swift" -> 3, "sure" -> 3, "supporters" -> 3, "supply" -> 3, "supplies" -> 3, "Summit" -> 3, "succeed" -> 3, "subsidies" -> 3, "struggle" -> 3, "Strategic" -> 3, "stood" -> 3, "stewardship" -> 3, "steadfastly" -> 3, "stay" -> 3, "statement" -> 3, "spend" -> 3, "specific" -> 3, "space" -> 3, "source" -> 3, "solution" -> 3, "solemn" -> 3, "six" -> 3, "show" -> 3, "shores" -> 3, "sharing" -> 3, "shape" -> 3, "sexually" -> 3, "sexual" -> 3, "several" -> 3, "seven" -> 3, "settlements" -> 3, "self-sufficiency" -> 3, "self-government" -> 3, "self-determination" -> 3, "self-defense" -> 3, "Second" -> 3, "second" -> 3, "screening" -> 3, "scale" -> 3, "salute" -> 3, "sailors" -> 3, "sacrifices" -> 3, "root" -> 3, "Ronald" -> 3, "risks" -> 3, "risking" -> 3, "rightly" -> 3, "Rico" -> 3, "rest" -> 3, "responsibilities" -> 3, "resolved" -> 3, "residents" -> 3, "rescue" -> 3, "require" -> 3, "represent" -> 3, "reorganization" -> 3, "renewable" -> 3, "removing" -> 3, "remaining" -> 3, "reliable" -> 3, "Relations" -> 3, "regulation" -> 3, "reflects" -> 3, "reflect" -> 3, "reductions" -> 3, "Reduced" -> 3, "reduced" -> 3, "Red" -> 3, "recognition" -> 3, "recipients" -> 3, "reasonable" -> 3, "realities" -> 3, "Reagan" -> 3, "R&D" -> 3, "raised" -> 3, "railroad" -> 3, "quo" -> 3, "pursuit" -> 3, "Puerto" -> 3, "Protection" -> 3, "prosperous" -> 3, "proposals" -> 3, "proof" -> 3, "Promotion" -> 3, "promises" -> 3, "productive" -> 3, "previous" -> 3, "prescription" -> 3, "prepare" -> 3, "practice" -> 3, "powers" -> 3, "populations" -> 3, "point" -> 3, "plants" -> 3, "placed" -> 3, "pillars" -> 3, "Persian" -> 3, "performance" -> 3, "pension" -> 3, "peacekeeping" -> 3, "patrol" -> 3, "patriotism" -> 3, "Patricia" -> 3, "partial" -> 3, "Parents" -> 3, "Pakistani" -> 3, "Pacific" -> 3, "Owens" -> 3, "Over" -> 3, "organized" -> 3, "organization" -> 3, "orderly" -> 3, "Operation" -> 3, "officers" -> 3, "Now" -> 3, "nonproliferation" -> 3, "Next" -> 3, "negotiating" -> 3, "negotiate" -> 3, "natural" -> 3, "NATO's" -> 3, "mutual" -> 3, "murderers" -> 3, "multinational" -> 3, "moral" -> 3, "missing" -> 3, "missiles" -> 3, "minorities" -> 3, "Michael" -> 3, "methods" -> 3, "message" -> 3, "membership" -> 3, "Melissa" -> 3, "medicine" -> 3, "mayors" -> 3, "material" -> 3, "Marines" -> 3, "management" -> 3, "manage" -> 3, "Making" -> 3, "maintenance" -> 3, "maintaining" -> 3, "lowest" -> 3, "lose" -> 3, "lobby" -> 3, "little" -> 3, "litigation" -> 3, "Linda" -> 3, "limits" -> 3, "Libya" -> 3, "leaving" -> 3, "leave" -> 3, "law-abiding" -> 3, "Law" -> 3, "larger" -> 3, "languages" -> 3, "killers" -> 3, "Khan" -> 3, "kept" -> 3, "judicial" -> 3, "join" -> 3, "Janet" -> 3, "Italy" -> 3, "IT" -> 3, "issue" -> 3, "irresponsible" -> 3, "IRAs" -> 3, "investments" -> 3, "intellectual" -> 3, "Institutions" -> 3, "instead" -> 3, "Innovative" -> 3, "innovative" -> 3, "infant" -> 3, "Increased" -> 3, "improvements" -> 3, "implementation" -> 3, "illnesses" -> 3, "identification" -> 3, "hundred" -> 3, "HSIs" -> 3, "However" -> 3, "hospitals" -> 3, "hopes" -> 3, "Homeownership" -> 3, "homeownership" -> 3, "holds" -> 3, "holding" -> 3, "His" -> 3, "her" -> 3, "held" -> 3, "HBCUs" -> 3, "Hart" -> 3, "half" -> 3, "Haitian" -> 3, "Haiti" -> 3, "guarantees" -> 3, "grow" -> 3, "groundbreaking" -> 3, "greatness" -> 3, "governors" -> 3, "going" -> 3, "goes" -> 3, "gives" -> 3, "given" -> 3, "gift" -> 3, "Germany" -> 3, "genuine" -> 3, "gave" -> 3, "Furthermore" -> 3, "funded" -> 3, "fraud" -> 3, "France" -> 3, "forging" -> 3, "Force" -> 3, "follow" -> 3, "flexibility" -> 3, "firm" -> 3, "finest" -> 3, "financing" -> 3, "finally" -> 3, "fellow" -> 3, "federally" -> 3, "Federal" -> 3, "fastest" -> 3, "Faith-Based" -> 3, "facing" -> 3, "exports" -> 3, "events" -> 3, "establishing" -> 3, "ESA" -> 3, "errors" -> 3, "Era" -> 3, "entities" -> 3, "entering" -> 3, "ensures" -> 3, "enough" -> 3, "enormous" -> 3, "enlargement" -> 3, "engagement" -> 3, "engaged" -> 3, "enforcing" -> 3, "Enforcement" -> 3, "enemies" -> 3, "Enduring" -> 3, "enacted" -> 3, "emerging" -> 3, "embrace" -> 3, "elsewhere" -> 3, "eliminated" -> 3, "element" -> 3, "election" -> 3, "effectively" -> 3, "economies" -> 3, "early" -> 3, "due" -> 3, "double" -> 3, "door" -> 3, "doing" -> 3, "Doha" -> 3, "diversity" -> 3, "District" -> 3, "disrupt" -> 3, "disclosure" -> 3, "discipline" -> 3, "direct" -> 3, "diplomacy" -> 3, "dictatorship" -> 3, "dictator" -> 3, "determine" -> 3, "desire" -> 3, "desecration" -> 3, "deny" -> 3, "Democrats" -> 3, "deliver" -> 3, "deepen" -> 3, "decisive" -> 3, "decisions" -> 3, "D.C." -> 3, "Cyprus" -> 3, "cutting" -> 3, "cuts" -> 3, "Customs" -> 3, "currently" -> 3, "culture" -> 3, "crisis" -> 3, "courts" -> 3, "country's" -> 3, "countermeasures" -> 3, "count" -> 3, "Council" -> 3, "contributing" -> 3, "contracts" -> 3, "consumers" -> 3, "construction" -> 3, "constitution" -> 3, "considered" -> 3, "conservation" -> 3, "concerns" -> 3, "concern" -> 3, "components" -> 3, "component" -> 3, "comply" -> 3, "compensation" -> 3, "communications" -> 3, "COMMITTEE" -> 3, "Committee" -> 3, "commerce" -> 3, "comes" -> 3, "combating" -> 3, "college" -> 3, "cohesive" -> 3, "classrooms" -> 3, "civilization" -> 3, "Chinese" -> 3, "certain" -> 3, "Central" -> 3, "center" -> 3, "case" -> 3, "carry" -> 3, "candidate" -> 3, "calling" -> 3, "Bureau" -> 3, "budgetary" -> 3, "brought" -> 3, "broaden" -> 3, "broad" -> 3, "brave" -> 3, "bioterrorism" -> 3, "beneficiary" -> 3, "behalf" -> 3, "beginning" -> 3, "begin" -> 3, "became" -> 3, "battlefield" -> 3, "base" -> 3, "banner" -> 3, "Authority" -> 3, "August" -> 3, "associated" -> 3, "Assistant" -> 3, "Assistance" -> 3, "Article" -> 3, "A.Q." -> 3, "appropriate" -> 3, "appreciate" -> 3, "applying" -> 3, "ANWR" -> 3, "announcement" -> 3, "Andean" -> 3, "Amtrak" -> 3, "alone" -> 3, "allows" -> 3, "airmen" -> 3, "air" -> 3, "agreed" -> 3, "Africa's" -> 3, "aerial" -> 3, "advocate" -> 3, "adjust" -> 3, "adding" -> 3, "adaptable" -> 3, "Accounts" -> 3, "accomplish" -> 3, "accessible" -> 3, "abuses" -> 3, "abstinence" -> 3, "abroad" -> 3, "9/11" -> 3, "40" -> 3, "22" -> 3, "20" -> 3, "100" -> 3, "$87" -> 2, "$50" -> 2, "$2.5" -> 2, "$2" -> 2, "$15" -> 2, "$100,000" -> 2, "$1,000" -> 2, "Zimbabwe's" -> 2, "Zero" -> 2, "youth" -> 2, "Young" -> 2, "York" -> 2, "worthy" -> 2, "worth" -> 2, "worldwide" -> 2, "Workers" -> 2, "women's" -> 2, "Women" -> 2, "wireless" -> 2, "win" -> 2, "whipped" -> 2, "Wagner" -> 2, "volunteers" -> 2, "visitors" -> 2, "VIRGINIA" -> 2, "violate" -> 2, "Veterans" -> 2, "vaccines" -> 2, "vaccine" -> 2, "urban" -> 2, "upholding" -> 2, "unwelcome" -> 2, "until" -> 2, "unleash" -> 2, "united" -> 2, "unions" -> 2, "uninsured" -> 2, "unified" -> 2, "unemployment" -> 2, "undertake" -> 2, "undermining" -> 2, "uncertainty" -> 2, "uncensored" -> 2, "unborn" -> 2, "unanimously" -> 2, "unacceptable" -> 2, "ultimate" -> 2, "Uganda" -> 2, "twice" -> 2, "turned" -> 2, "Turkey" -> 2, "try" -> 2, "truth" -> 2, "true" -> 2, "tribes" -> 2, "trials" -> 2, "treated" -> 2, "treat" -> 2, "travel" -> 2, "Transportation" -> 2, "transparent" -> 2, "transparency" -> 2, "transnational" -> 2, "transmission" -> 2, "transforming" -> 2, "transformational" -> 2, "transfers" -> 2, "transatlantic" -> 2, "transactions" -> 2, "Training" -> 2, "traditions" -> 2, "trading" -> 2, "tracking" -> 2, "took" -> 2, "tolerate" -> 2, "threatened" -> 2, "Threat" -> 2, "Though" -> 2, "thing" -> 2, "thereby" -> 2, "Theft" -> 2, "terrorism-related" -> 2, "territory" -> 2, "tens" -> 2, "Telecommunications" -> 2, "teens" -> 2, "Technology" -> 2, "Teachers" -> 2, "taxpayer" -> 2, "Task" -> 2, "targeted" -> 2, "Tanenblatt" -> 2, "systematic" -> 2, "System" -> 2, "suspected" -> 2, "Supported" -> 2, "supplement" -> 2, "summer" -> 2, "suicide" -> 2, "sufficient" -> 2, "suffering" -> 2, "suffered" -> 2, "suffer" -> 2, "sudden" -> 2, "submarines" -> 2, "Students" -> 2, "struck" -> 2, "strive" -> 2, "strike" -> 2, "strides" -> 2, "Strategy" -> 2, "strategically" -> 2, "stimulate" -> 2, "stifle" -> 2, "Steps" -> 2, "started" -> 2, "stake" -> 2, "spur" -> 2, "sponsored" -> 2, "speed" -> 2, "speech" -> 2, "species" -> 2, "Special" -> 2, "speaking" -> 2, "Soviet" -> 2, "sovereignty" -> 2, "SOUTH" -> 2, "something" -> 2, "solidarity" -> 2, "Smith" -> 2, "smaller" -> 2, "Small" -> 2, "Slovakia" -> 2, "skilled" -> 2, "Skies" -> 2, "situation" -> 2, "sites" -> 2, "Singapore" -> 2, "simpler" -> 2, "shows" -> 2, "shoulder" -> 2, "shares" -> 2, "settling" -> 2, "serves" -> 2, "sense" -> 2, "senior" -> 2, "Senegal" -> 2, "Senator" -> 2, "self-sufficient" -> 2, "seizing" -> 2, "seeing" -> 2, "securing" -> 2, "Secret" -> 2, "SEC" -> 2, "screenings" -> 2, "screeners" -> 2, "screened" -> 2, "scientific" -> 2, "Science" -> 2, "school-based" -> 2, "School" -> 2, "San" -> 2, "Salvador" -> 2, "safeguarding" -> 2, "ruthless" -> 2, "Russia's" -> 2, "route" -> 2, "round" -> 2, "rooted" -> 2, "Romania" -> 2, "rhetoric" -> 2, "Revitalizing" -> 2, "revitalized" -> 2, "returned" -> 2, "Retirement" -> 2, "retirees" -> 2, "retired" -> 2, "retire" -> 2, "Results" -> 2, "responsibility" -> 2, "respond" -> 2, "respected" -> 2, "Resolution" -> 2, "resolute" -> 2, "Reserve" -> 2, "rescuing" -> 2, "requested" -> 2, "represents" -> 2, "Representatives" -> 2, "representatives" -> 2, "removed" -> 2, "remittances" -> 2, "relationships" -> 2, "relation" -> 2, "regarding" -> 2, "refused" -> 2, "reforming" -> 2, "reduction" -> 2, "redefine" -> 2, "recruits" -> 2, "recover" -> 2, "recommended" -> 2, "recognizes" -> 2, "rebuild" -> 2, "reauthorization" -> 2, "realize" -> 2, "realistic" -> 2, "ready" -> 2, "reading" -> 2, "reach" -> 2, "rapidly" -> 2, "rail" -> 2, "race" -> 2, "qualified" -> 2, "Qaeda's" -> 2, "purposes" -> 2, "purchasing" -> 2, "purchases" -> 2, "purchase" -> 2, "punitive" -> 2, "punish" -> 2, "publicly" -> 2, "provisions" -> 2, "proven" -> 2, "proved" -> 2, "proudly" -> 2, "protects" -> 2, "prosecutors" -> 2, "prosecution" -> 2, "Proliferation" -> 2, "projects" -> 2, "projected" -> 2, "Project" -> 2, "prohibiting" -> 2, "Program" -> 2, "product" -> 2, "producing" -> 2, "produce" -> 2, "procurement" -> 2, "procedure" -> 2, "Private" -> 2, "Privacy" -> 2, "prison" -> 2, "principle" -> 2, "primacy" -> 2, "pride" -> 2, "price" -> 2, "prevail" -> 2, "pressing" -> 2, "president" -> 2, "prepared" -> 2, "pregnant" -> 2, "pregnancy" -> 2, "pregnancies" -> 2, "preference" -> 2, "powerful" -> 2, "ports" -> 2, "poorest" -> 2, "plots" -> 2, "plays" -> 2, "playing" -> 2, "plain" -> 2, "piece" -> 2, "physically" -> 2, "Philippines" -> 2, "Phased-out" -> 2, "Personal" -> 2, "perfect" -> 2, "peninsula" -> 2, "penalty" -> 2, "Pell" -> 2, "peak" -> 2, "peacefully" -> 2, "payments" -> 2, "Paul" -> 2, "passage" -> 2, "party" -> 2, "parts" -> 2, "partnerships" -> 2, "participating" -> 2, "parental" -> 2, "paramount" -> 2, "paperwork" -> 2, "Pakistan's" -> 2, "pace" -> 2, "overwhelming" -> 2, "oversight" -> 2, "oversee" -> 2, "outside" -> 2, "outlaw" -> 2, "outdated" -> 2, "organize" -> 2, "opposes" -> 2, "Opportunity" -> 2, "Opportunities" -> 2, "operation" -> 2, "operated" -> 2, "opens" -> 2, "openness" -> 2, "Only" -> 2, "online" -> 2, "One" -> 2, "old" -> 2, "Officers" -> 2, "offers" -> 2, "off-base" -> 2, "OF" -> 2, "obtain" -> 2, "obstructionist" -> 2, "observed" -> 2, "objectives" -> 2, "numerous" -> 2, "numbers" -> 2, "Nuclear" -> 2, "notice" -> 2, "nothing" -> 2, "Norway" -> 2, "NORTH" -> 2, "nominees" -> 2, "Nigeria" -> 2, "nexus" -> 2, "Netherlands" -> 2, "NEP" -> 2, "negotiation" -> 2, "negotiated" -> 2, "Navy's" -> 2, "mutually" -> 2, "Muslim" -> 2, "murderous" -> 2, "multiple" -> 2, "Much" -> 2, "moves" -> 2, "Movement" -> 2, "mortgage" -> 2, "Morocco" -> 2, "moratorium" -> 2, "month" -> 2, "monitor" -> 2, "moment" -> 2, "modernize" -> 2, "models" -> 2, "missions" -> 2, "Millions" -> 2, "Millennium" -> 2, "militias" -> 2, "midst" -> 2, "mental" -> 2, "meets" -> 2, "Medical" -> 2, "measured" -> 2, "measure" -> 2, "MCA" -> 2, "may" -> 2, "matter" -> 2, "materials" -> 2, "materialized" -> 2, "massive" -> 2, "Mary" -> 2, "marshals" -> 2, "marriages" -> 2, "Markets" -> 2, "markers" -> 2, "Mark" -> 2, "manner" -> 2, "manipulation" -> 2, "majorities" -> 2, "maintained" -> 2, "Lowered" -> 2, "Lower" -> 2, "loved" -> 2, "love" -> 2, "lost" -> 2, "longstanding" -> 2, "logistical" -> 2, "localities" -> 2, "Local" -> 2, "lived" -> 2, "Lithuania" -> 2, "literacy" -> 2, "link" -> 2, "Lincoln's" -> 2, "Lincoln" -> 2, "limiting" -> 2, "limit" -> 2, "lifetime" -> 2, "licensed" -> 2, "liberated" -> 2, "lethal" -> 2, "legislative" -> 2, "legacy" -> 2, "left" -> 2, "lawyers" -> 2, "launched" -> 2, "Latvia" -> 2, "later" -> 2, "Last" -> 2, "language" -> 2, "laid" -> 2, "knows" -> 2, "knowledge" -> 2, "Kerry" -> 2, "Kenya" -> 2, "keeps" -> 2, "Kate" -> 2, "Just" -> 2, "judgment" -> 2, "judge" -> 2, "Joseph" -> 2, "Jordan" -> 2, "joint" -> 2, "joined" -> 2, "John" -> 2, "involved" -> 2, "invoked" -> 2, "Investing" -> 2, "investing" -> 2, "invaluable" -> 2, "intolerable" -> 2, "interim" -> 2, "interdiction" -> 2, "interdict" -> 2, "intended" -> 2, "intend" -> 2, "Integration" -> 2, "integration" -> 2, "instituted" -> 2, "inseparable" -> 2, "innocent" -> 2, "inner" -> 2, "Initiatives" -> 2, "Infrastructure" -> 2, "Information" -> 2, "influence" -> 2, "industrial" -> 2, "indicators" -> 2, "indicated" -> 2, "independence" -> 2, "increasingly" -> 2, "Increasing" -> 2, "inconsistent" -> 2, "incomes" -> 2, "incentives" -> 2, "impossible" -> 2, "imports" -> 2, "immediate" -> 2, "images" -> 2, "illness" -> 2, "III" -> 2, "Identity" -> 2, "identified" -> 2, "Hussein's" -> 2, "Hungary" -> 2, "houses" -> 2, "hostile" -> 2, "Honoring" -> 2, "Honduras" -> 2, "homeowners" -> 2, "homeless" -> 2, "Hispanic" -> 2, "hired" -> 2, "him" -> 2, "Hill" -> 2, "hide" -> 2, "hemisphere" -> 2, "Healthy" -> 2, "headquarters" -> 2, "havens" -> 2, "Harwell" -> 2, "Harris" -> 2, "harm" -> 2, "harboring" -> 2, "harbor" -> 2, "Haley" -> 2, "habits" -> 2, "guns" -> 2, "Gulf" -> 2, "guided" -> 2, "Guard's" -> 2, "Guam" -> 2, "Griffin" -> 2, "grew" -> 2, "Grant" -> 2, "graduates" -> 2, "God" -> 2, "Globally" -> 2, "generations" -> 2, "gather" -> 2, "gas" -> 2, "gambling" -> 2, "gains" -> 2, "gain" -> 2, "Future" -> 2, "Further" -> 2, "Fund" -> 2, "fulfilled" -> 2, "frivolous" -> 2, "Frist" -> 2, "friendship" -> 2, "freedoms" -> 2, "framework" -> 2, "fourth" -> 2, "fought" -> 2, "fostering" -> 2, "foster" -> 2, "Forward" -> 2, "forum" -> 2, "form" -> 2, "forever" -> 2, "forefront" -> 2, "following" -> 2, "focuses" -> 2, "focused" -> 2, "flow" -> 2, "flourish" -> 2, "flights" -> 2, "fleet" -> 2, "flag" -> 2, "five-year" -> 2, "firmly" -> 2, "firearms" -> 2, "finishing" -> 2, "Finally" -> 2, "Fight" -> 2, "fifty" -> 2, "fields" -> 2, "field" -> 2, "few" -> 2, "feeling" -> 2, "farms" -> 2, "farm" -> 2, "family-owned" -> 2, "Family" -> 2, "fall" -> 2, "faithful" -> 2, "Fair" -> 2, "failure" -> 2, "facilities" -> 2, "facilitators" -> 2, "facilitate" -> 2, "extraordinary" -> 2, "extending" -> 2, "explore" -> 2, "exploitation" -> 2, "explicitly" -> 2, "expensing" -> 2, "expenses" -> 2, "expected" -> 2, "expectations" -> 2, "expect" -> 2, "exist" -> 2, "exemplified" -> 2, "executives" -> 2, "executed" -> 2, "excellent" -> 2, "exactly" -> 2, "everywhere" -> 2, "everything" -> 2, "Euro-Atlantic" -> 2, "Ethiopia" -> 2, "Estonia" -> 2, "estimated" -> 2, "Eric" -> 2, "equitable" -> 2, "Envoy" -> 2, "environmentally" -> 2, "entire" -> 2, "Enterprise" -> 2, "enterprise" -> 2, "enriched" -> 2, "enhances" -> 2, "ending" -> 2, "endeavor" -> 2, "Enacted" -> 2, "employed" -> 2, "emphasis" -> 2, "embryos" -> 2, "elimination" -> 2, "eliminating" -> 2, "elementary" -> 2, "electronic" -> 2, "elderly" -> 2, "El" -> 2, "eight" -> 2, "effectiveness" -> 2, "economically" -> 2, "easy" -> 2, "earnings" -> 2, "earned" -> 2, "Each" -> 2, "Drug" -> 2, "drive" -> 2, "Dream" -> 2, "dream" -> 2, "dozens" -> 2, "Downpayment" -> 2, "doubling" -> 2, "Dominican" -> 2, "dividend" -> 2, "disrupting" -> 2, "disproportionately" -> 2, "disparities" -> 2, "discriminate" -> 2, "disability" -> 2, "Disabilities" -> 2, "disabilities" -> 2, "Director" -> 2, "direction" -> 2, "differing" -> 2, "died" -> 2, "dialogue" -> 2, "diabetes" -> 2, "deterrent" -> 2, "deter" -> 2, "detection" -> 2, "detect" -> 2, "destroying" -> 2, "destroyed" -> 2, "design" -> 2, "deploying" -> 2, "deploy" -> 2, "deplore" -> 2, "depends" -> 2, "dependents" -> 2, "Denmark" -> 2, "denied" -> 2, "demonstration" -> 2, "demand" -> 2, "delivery" -> 2, "deliberate" -> 2, "defensive" -> 2, "defenses" -> 2, "defeated" -> 2, "deeply" -> 2, "deduction" -> 2, "decent" -> 2, "decades-long" -> 2, "debate" -> 2, "Darfur" -> 2, "DAKOTA" -> 2, "daily" -> 2, "Czech" -> 2, "curriculum" -> 2, "currency" -> 2, "cultures" -> 2, "cultural" -> 2, "crossings" -> 2, "Cross" -> 2, "criminal" -> 2, "Creighton" -> 2, "Credit" -> 2, "credibility" -> 2, "covered" -> 2, "courageous" -> 2, "countless" -> 2, "countering" -> 2, "counseling" -> 2, "costly" -> 2, "corporations" -> 2, "Corporate" -> 2, "cornerstone" -> 2, "coordinated" -> 2, "cooperative" -> 2, "Cooperation" -> 2, "convictions" -> 2, "Convention" -> 2, "convention" -> 2, "controlling" -> 2, "controlled" -> 2, "Control" -> 2, "Container" -> 2, "constitutional" -> 2, "consolidate" -> 2, "consistently" -> 2, "consent" -> 2, "consensus" -> 2, "confronted" -> 2, "conferences" -> 2, "condemn" -> 2, "concluding" -> 2, "concert" -> 2, "complicated" -> 2, "Competitive" -> 2, "competitive" -> 2, "compassionate" -> 2, "committee" -> 2, "commercial" -> 2, "coming" -> 2, "Colombia" -> 2, "coerced" -> 2, "clinical" -> 2, "Clear" -> 2, "clean" -> 2, "class" -> 2, "claimed" -> 2, "claim" -> 2, "civilized" -> 2, "civilian" -> 2, "Citizens" -> 2, "circle" -> 2, "Chronic" -> 2, "Choice" -> 2, "children's" -> 2, "Children" -> 2, "Chief" -> 2, "check" -> 2, "charity" -> 2, "charities" -> 2, "charged" -> 2, "Challenge" -> 2, "Chairman" -> 2, "certification" -> 2, "CEOs" -> 2, "Centers" -> 2, "cemeteries" -> 2, "causing" -> 2, "catastrophic" -> 2, "Castro's" -> 2, "cases" -> 2, "CAROLINA" -> 2, "Caribbean" -> 2, "carefully" -> 2, "camps" -> 2, "campaign" -> 2, "cameras" -> 2, "buy" -> 2, "Business" -> 2, "burdensome" -> 2, "burdens" -> 2, "Bulgaria" -> 2, "buildings" -> 2, "brutal" -> 2, "brownfields" -> 2, "break" -> 2, "Brazil" -> 2, "born" -> 2, "board" -> 2, "blood" -> 2, "blackouts" -> 2, "biodefense" -> 2, "billions" -> 2, "Beth" -> 2, "benefiting" -> 2, "beliefs" -> 2, "belief" -> 2, "behind" -> 2, "battles" -> 2, "barrier" -> 2, "barrels" -> 2, "Barbour" -> 2, "banks" -> 2, "Bank" -> 2, "background" -> 2, "backed" -> 2, "babies" -> 2, "authorized" -> 2, "attention" -> 2, "attempts" -> 2, "Atomic" -> 2, "assets" -> 2, "asset" -> 2, "assemble" -> 2, "assaults" -> 2, "aspirations" -> 2, "asked" -> 2, "Asian" -> 2, "armed" -> 2, "area" -> 2, "Arab" -> 2, "April" -> 2, "Appropriations" -> 2, "approaches" -> 2, "appointment" -> 2, "apply" -> 2, "anywhere" -> 2, "anyone" -> 2, "Any" -> 2, "anti-Semitism" -> 2, "answered" -> 2, "annual" -> 2, "announced" -> 2, "Anne" -> 2, "Ann" -> 2, "analysis" -> 2, "An" -> 2, "although" -> 2, "alternatives" -> 2, "allocation" -> 2, "alliances" -> 2, "aliens" -> 2, "alert" -> 2, "Albania" -> 2, "Alaska" -> 2, "airborne" -> 2, "Air" -> 2, "Agreements" -> 2, "AGOA" -> 2, "aggression" -> 2, "Agency" -> 2, "Afghanistan's" -> 2, "afflicted" -> 2, "affected" -> 2, "Affairs" -> 2, "affairs" -> 2, "adult" -> 2, "adopted" -> 2, "admitted" -> 2, "adhere" -> 2, "addresses" -> 2, "added" -> 2, "actually" -> 2, "activist" -> 2, "acted" -> 2, "acres" -> 2, "acquire" -> 2, "Acinapura" -> 2, "achievements" -> 2, "accounting" -> 2, "accountable" -> 2, "Accountability" -> 2, "Access" -> 2, "accept" -> 2, "accelerate" -> 2, "abusing" -> 2, "Abstinence" -> 2, "absolutely" -> 2, "93" -> 2, "80" -> 2, "600" -> 2, "60" -> 2, "5.5" -> 2, "49" -> 2, "300" -> 2, "3" -> 2, "26" -> 2, "24" -> 2, "21" -> 2, "2011" -> 2, "2010" -> 2, "1996" -> 2, "1990s" -> 2, "1949" -> 2, "16" -> 2, "150" -> 2, "15" -> 2, "1.5" -> 2, "14" -> 2, "12" -> 2, "$63" -> 1, "$5.5" -> 1, "$53" -> 1, "$5.2" -> 1, "$300" -> 1, "$3" -> 1, "$294" -> 1, "$25,000" -> 1, "$20" -> 1, "$18" -> 1, "$15.9" -> 1, "$1,500" -> 1, "$139" -> 1, "$132" -> 1, "$13" -> 1, "$1.16" -> 1, "$10" -> 1, "$1" -> 1, "zoning" -> 1, "zones" -> 1, "zip" -> 1, "Zimbabwean" -> 1, "Zealand" -> 1, "your" -> 1, "youngest" -> 1, "you" -> 1, "YORK" -> 1, "yielding" -> 1, "yielded" -> 1, "WYOMING" -> 1, "www.gopconvention.com" -> 1, "WTO's" -> 1, "wrongdoers" -> 1, "worship" -> 1, "Worse" -> 1, "Worldwide" -> 1, "world-class" -> 1, "workplaces" -> 1, "Workforce" -> 1, "Work" -> 1, "words" -> 1, "Woody" -> 1, "won" -> 1, "Women's" -> 1, "Without" -> 1, "withholding" -> 1, "withhold" -> 1, "withdraw" -> 1, "wishes" -> 1, "WISCONSIN" -> 1, "winning" -> 1, "window-dressing" -> 1, "wind" -> 1, "Wi-Max" -> 1, "Willes" -> 1, "Wildlife" -> 1, "Wi-Fi" -> 1, "widened" -> 1, "wide" -> 1, "Wichterman" -> 1, "wholeheartedly" -> 1, "whole" -> 1, "Who" -> 1, "wherever" -> 1, "Where" -> 1, "whenever" -> 1, "we've" -> 1, "wetlands" -> 1, "Western" -> 1, "WEST" -> 1, "Werronen" -> 1, "well-established" -> 1, "well-coordinated" -> 1, "we'll" -> 1, "Welfare" -> 1, "welcoming" -> 1, "Welcome" -> 1, "weigh" -> 1, "weeks" -> 1, "wedded" -> 1, "Weber" -> 1, "weapons-usable" -> 1, "weapon" -> 1, "wealthy" -> 1, "weakness" -> 1, "wavering" -> 1, "water-marketing" -> 1, "Water" -> 1, "watchlist" -> 1, "wastes" -> 1, "wasted" -> 1, "Washington's" -> 1, "WASHINGTON" -> 1, "warfighters" -> 1, "War-era" -> 1, "Warehime" -> 1, "wants" -> 1, "wanted" -> 1, "wall" -> 1, "wake" -> 1, "waiting" -> 1, "wait" -> 1, "Waggoner" -> 1, "wages" -> 1, "waged" -> 1, "wage" -> 1, "vulnerability" -> 1, "vowing" -> 1, "voucher" -> 1, "vouch" -> 1, "Voting" -> 1, "votes" -> 1, "voters" -> 1, "voices" -> 1, "vitality" -> 1, "visits" -> 1, "visiting" -> 1, "visit" -> 1, "virtually" -> 1, "virtual" -> 1, "Virginia" -> 1, "VIRGIN" -> 1, "Virgin" -> 1, "Violent" -> 1, "violators" -> 1, "violations" -> 1, "violation" -> 1, "violates" -> 1, "violated" -> 1, "vigorous" -> 1, "vigilantly" -> 1, "Vigilance" -> 1, "vigilance" -> 1, "views" -> 1, "viewed" -> 1, "victories" -> 1, "Victims" -> 1, "victimization" -> 1, "victim" -> 1, "viable" -> 1, "viability" -> 1, "vetoed" -> 1, "Veto" -> 1, "VERMONT" -> 1, "verification" -> 1, "verifiable" -> 1, "Verdone" -> 1, "Verde" -> 1, "VERB" -> 1, "venues" -> 1, "Venezuela's" -> 1, "Venezuela" -> 1, "vehicles" -> 1, "Vaughan" -> 1, "Vatican" -> 1, "vastly" -> 1, "VA's" -> 1, "various" -> 1, "valued" -> 1, "value" -> 1, "valid" -> 1, "V" -> 1, "utmost" -> 1, "utilizing" -> 1, "utilities" -> 1, "UTAH" -> 1, "US-VISIT" -> 1, "U.S.-Japan" -> 1, "Using" -> 1, "usher" -> 1, "uses" -> 1, "U.S.-Chile" -> 1, "U.S.-Australia" -> 1, "Uruguay" -> 1, "urgent" -> 1, "Urban" -> 1, "uranium" -> 1, "Upon" -> 1, "upholds" -> 1, "Uphold" -> 1, "uphold" -> 1, "updated" -> 1, "unwarranted" -> 1, "untouched" -> 1, "Until" -> 1, "unshakable" -> 1, "unseen" -> 1, "unreported" -> 1, "unrelenting" -> 1, "unreasonable" -> 1, "unrealistic" -> 1, "unparalleled" -> 1, "unneeded" -> 1, "unlock" -> 1, "Universities" -> 1, "universities" -> 1, "universal" -> 1, "unity" -> 1, "units" -> 1, "unite" -> 1, "unilateral" -> 1, "uniformed" -> 1, "unhealthy" -> 1, "uneven" -> 1, "unequal" -> 1, "unemployed" -> 1, "undertaking" -> 1, "undertaken" -> 1, "understand" -> 1, "undermines" -> 1, "undermine" -> 1, "underlying" -> 1, "unconstitutional" -> 1, "Uncertainty" -> 1, "Unauthorized" -> 1, "unauthorized" -> 1, "unanimous" -> 1, "ultimately" -> 1, "Ukraine" -> 1, "ugly" -> 1, "Ugandan" -> 1, "tyrants" -> 1, "typically" -> 1, "types" -> 1, "two-year" -> 1, "two-state" -> 1, "twin" -> 1, "Twenty-eight" -> 1, "twelve" -> 1, "tutoring" -> 1, "turns" -> 1, "turning" -> 1, "turmoil" -> 1, "Tunisia" -> 1, "tuition" -> 1, "Tuberculosis" -> 1, "tuberculosis" -> 1, "trustees" -> 1, "Trust" -> 1, "True" -> 1, "troubled" -> 1, "trouble" -> 1, "Troops" -> 1, "triumph" -> 1, "tribute" -> 1, "Tribal" -> 1, "trend" -> 1, "tremendous" -> 1, "Treasury" -> 1, "travelers" -> 1, "trapped" -> 1, "translate" -> 1, "Transition" -> 1, "transition" -> 1, "transit" -> 1, "transform" -> 1, "Transactions" -> 1, "trained" -> 1, "tragic" -> 1, "tragedy" -> 1, "tragedies" -> 1, "traffickers" -> 1, "trafficked" -> 1, "tradesmen" -> 1, "trade-distorting" -> 1, "trace" -> 1, "towns" -> 1, "toughening" -> 1, "tough" -> 1, "touchstone" -> 1, "totaling" -> 1, "tomorrow" -> 1, "tolerance" -> 1, "Today's" -> 1, "tirelessly" -> 1, "Timothy" -> 1, "timeless" -> 1, "time-honored" -> 1, "Time" -> 1, "tighten" -> 1, "tide" -> 1, "thwarted" -> 1, "thus" -> 1, "Thousands" -> 1, "thousand" -> 1, "thoughtfully" -> 1, "though" -> 1, "thorough" -> 1, "Thor" -> 1, "Thomas" -> 1, "third-largest" -> 1, "third" -> 1, "thinking" -> 1, "think" -> 1, "thieves" -> 1, "Therefore" -> 1, "therapy" -> 1, "therapies" -> 1, "theories" -> 1, "THE" -> 1, "That's" -> 1, "thanksgiving" -> 1, "Thailand" -> 1, "textile" -> 1, "textbooks" -> 1, "TEXAS" -> 1, "test" -> 1, "Terrorists" -> 1, "terrorist-related" -> 1, "Terrorism" -> 1, "Territories" -> 1, "terribly" -> 1, "terminally" -> 1, "TENNESSEE" -> 1, "tenets" -> 1, "Ten" -> 1, "ten" -> 1, "Television" -> 1, "television" -> 1, "telephone" -> 1, "Tel" -> 1, "teenagers" -> 1, "tear" -> 1, "Teaching" -> 1, "teaching" -> 1, "Taylor" -> 1, "taxpayer-funded" -> 1, "taxing" -> 1, "Taxes" -> 1, "Tautai" -> 1, "taught" -> 1, "targets" -> 1, "tape" -> 1, "Tanzania" -> 1, "tangible" -> 1, "Talks" -> 1, "talks" -> 1, "talking" -> 1, "Taliban's" -> 1, "Takings" -> 1, "Taiwanese" -> 1, "tagging" -> 1, "TABLE" -> 1, "table" -> 1, "synagogues" -> 1, "symbols" -> 1, "symbol" -> 1, "sworn" -> 1, "Switzerland" -> 1, "sweeping" -> 1, "Sweden" -> 1, "swear" -> 1, "Suu" -> 1, "sustenance" -> 1, "Sustained" -> 1, "sustained" -> 1, "suspend" -> 1, "survives" -> 1, "surveys" -> 1, "Survey" -> 1, "surface" -> 1, "supreme" -> 1, "supremacy" -> 1, "suppression" -> 1, "suppressed" -> 1, "supportive" -> 1, "supporter" -> 1, "Supply" -> 1, "supplementing" -> 1, "super-majority" -> 1, "Sunset" -> 1, "suits" -> 1, "Sudan's" -> 1, "Sudanese" -> 1, "successors" -> 1, "subversion" -> 1, "substitute" -> 1, "substances" -> 1, "substance" -> 1, "subsidy" -> 1, "subsidization" -> 1, "sub-Saharan" -> 1, "sub-regional" -> 1, "subject" -> 1, "SUBCOMMITTEE" -> 1, "Subcommittee" -> 1, "sturdy" -> 1, "studying" -> 1, "stuck" -> 1, "structures" -> 1, "structure" -> 1, "Strong" -> 1, "striving" -> 1, "strikes" -> 1, "strengthens" -> 1, "Strengthened" -> 1, "streets" -> 1, "streamline" -> 1, "stranglehold" -> 1, "storing" -> 1, "stored" -> 1, "stopping" -> 1, "stopped" -> 1, "stolen" -> 1, "stockpiles" -> 1, "Stockpile" -> 1, "stockpile" -> 1, "stimulating" -> 1, "stiff" -> 1, "stick" -> 1, "Stewardship" -> 1, "Steve" -> 1, "Stephen" -> 1, "Stem" -> 1, "stealing" -> 1, "Steady" -> 1, "staying" -> 1, "staunch" -> 1, "statues" -> 1, "state-of-the-art" -> 1, "statements" -> 1, "stated" -> 1, "starting" -> 1, "Start" -> 1, "Staples" -> 1, "staples" -> 1, "stands" -> 1, "Standards" -> 1, "standard" -> 1, "stage" -> 1, "Staff" -> 1, "stabilization" -> 1, "square" -> 1, "spurs" -> 1, "spouses" -> 1, "sports" -> 1, "sponsors" -> 1, "sponsoring" -> 1, "spiritual" -> 1, "Spending" -> 1, "Speer" -> 1, "speedy" -> 1, "spectrum" -> 1, "spectators" -> 1, "specifically" -> 1, "Species" -> 1, "specialized" -> 1, "spearheaded" -> 1, "spam" -> 1, "Spain" -> 1, "sovereign" -> 1, "Southern" -> 1, "southern" -> 1, "soul" -> 1, "sought" -> 1, "sophisticated" -> 1, "sometimes" -> 1, "Some" -> 1, "solved" -> 1, "Solutions" -> 1, "solutions" -> 1, "solidly" -> 1, "solid" -> 1, "solicitations" -> 1, "solely" -> 1, "Society" -> 1, "Sobel" -> 1, "smuggle" -> 1, "Slovenia" -> 1, "slim" -> 1, "slavery" -> 1, "skies" -> 1, "Six-Party" -> 1, "situations" -> 1, "situated" -> 1, "Singleton" -> 1, "Single-Family" -> 1, "Simplified" -> 1, "significantly" -> 1, "signatures" -> 1, "sign" -> 1, "Sierra" -> 1, "sidewalks" -> 1, "sides" -> 1, "Shriver" -> 1, "shrinking" -> 1, "shrink" -> 1, "shortages" -> 1, "short" -> 1, "shoring" -> 1, "shock" -> 1, "Shirley" -> 1, "Shiree" -> 1, "shipments" -> 1, "shipbuilding" -> 1, "shifting" -> 1, "shelter" -> 1, "Sheik" -> 1, "shedding" -> 1, "shed" -> 1, "she" -> 1, "Sharon" -> 1, "Shared" -> 1, "Shamefully" -> 1, "shame" -> 1, "shall" -> 1, "Shackelford" -> 1, "sex" -> 1, "seventeen" -> 1, "Seven" -> 1, "settled" -> 1, "servitude" -> 1, "Serving" -> 1, "service-related" -> 1, "Servicemembers" -> 1, "servicemember" -> 1, "seriousness" -> 1, "series" -> 1, "sequestration" -> 1, "Separation" -> 1, "separation" -> 1, "Separately" -> 1, "separate" -> 1, "sentences" -> 1, "sent" -> 1, "sensitive" -> 1, "sensible" -> 1, "sending" -> 1, "send" -> 1, "Senators" -> 1, "semiconductors" -> 1, "selling" -> 1, "sell" -> 1, "self-sustaining" -> 1, "self-reliance" -> 1, "selfless" -> 1, "Self-Help" -> 1, "self-employment" -> 1, "sees" -> 1, "seed" -> 1, "Securities" -> 1, "secular" -> 1, "sectors" -> 1, "sector-led" -> 1, "seat" -> 1, "searching" -> 1, "search" -> 1, "Sea" -> 1, "sea" -> 1, "scrutiny" -> 1, "Screening" -> 1, "screen" -> 1, "scores" -> 1, "scientists" -> 1, "scientist" -> 1, "Schooling" -> 1, "schoolchildren" -> 1, "scholarships" -> 1, "Schmidt" -> 1, "SCHIP" -> 1, "scheduled" -> 1, "Schedule" -> 1, "scene" -> 1, "scarred" -> 1, "Scanlan" -> 1, "savings" -> 1, "Saving" -> 1, "saver" -> 1, "SARS" -> 1, "Sarbanes-Oxley" -> 1, "sanctuaries" -> 1, "sanctions" -> 1, "Samuel" -> 1, "Samoans" -> 1, "SAMOA" -> 1, "same-sex" -> 1, "salutes" -> 1, "sale" -> 1, "salary" -> 1, "SAFETY" -> 1, "Safety" -> 1, "Safer" -> 1, "safely" -> 1, "Safe" -> 1, "Sa'eu" -> 1, "sacrificed" -> 1, "Ryan" -> 1, "Ruzicka" -> 1, "Ruth" -> 1, "Russell" -> 1, "rush" -> 1, "Rural" -> 1, "running" -> 1, "ruler" -> 1, "ruled" -> 1, "Rule" -> 1, "RSA" -> 1, "routine" -> 1, "routes" -> 1, "rounding" -> 1, "Rosen" -> 1, "Rooted" -> 1, "RONALD" -> 1, "Ron" -> 1, "rolls" -> 1, "Rohit" -> 1, "rogue" -> 1, "Rocky" -> 1, "robust" -> 1, "robberies" -> 1, "robbed" -> 1, "roads" -> 1, "Road" -> 1, "road" -> 1, "Riyadh" -> 1, "risk-takers" -> 1, "Risk" -> 1, "rising" -> 1, "risen" -> 1, "rise" -> 1, "rings" -> 1, "rigorous" -> 1, "rightfully" -> 1, "rightful" -> 1, "RICO" -> 1, "Richard" -> 1, "Rica" -> 1, "RHODE" -> 1, "Rew" -> 1, "revived" -> 1, "revival" -> 1, "reversing" -> 1, "reverse" -> 1, "reverence" -> 1, "revenues" -> 1, "retroactive" -> 1, "retribution" -> 1, "retool" -> 1, "retiree" -> 1, "retentions" -> 1, "results-based" -> 1, "restructuring" -> 1, "restructured" -> 1, "restriction" -> 1, "restricted" -> 1, "restrain" -> 1, "restored" -> 1, "Restoration" -> 1, "Responsible" -> 1, "respects" -> 1, "Respecting" -> 1, "respecting" -> 1, "Resources" -> 1, "resourcefulness" -> 1, "resourceful" -> 1, "resolving" -> 1, "resolutions" -> 1, "resolutely" -> 1, "resist" -> 1, "residences" -> 1, "re-shaping" -> 1, "requiring" -> 1, "Required" -> 1, "request" 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"refusal" -> 1, "refugee" -> 1, "Refuge" -> 1, "refuge" -> 1, "refrain" -> 1, "Reforming" -> 1, "reformers" -> 1, "reformed" -> 1, "refocusing" -> 1, "refocused" -> 1, "reflected" -> 1, "refine" -> 1, "referring" -> 1, "referrals" -> 1, "referendum" -> 1, "referenda" -> 1, "refashioning" -> 1, "reestablished" -> 1, "re-establish" -> 1, "Reemployment" -> 1, "Reductions" -> 1, "reducing" -> 1, "reduces" -> 1, "redraw" -> 1, "redistribute" -> 1, "red" -> 1, "recruiting" -> 1, "Recovery" -> 1, "recovered" -> 1, "record-level" -> 1, "reconstruction" -> 1, "reconstitute" -> 1, "Reconnaissance" -> 1, "reconnaissance" -> 1, "recommendation" -> 1, "recognizing" -> 1, "recession" -> 1, "Recently" -> 1, "recently" -> 1, "Recent" -> 1, "recent" -> 1, "receipt" -> 1, "recapitalize" -> 1, "recall" -> 1, "rebuilt" -> 1, "Rebekah" -> 1, "reauthorizing" -> 1, "reauthorize" -> 1, "reassessing" -> 1, "reasons" -> 1, "reason" -> 1, "realized" -> 1, "realization" -> 1, "Real" -> 1, "REAGAN" -> 1, "reaffirmed" -> 1, "reaffirmation" -> 1, "reaffirm" -> 1, "Ready" -> 1, "Reading" -> 1, "read" -> 1, "reaches" -> 1, "Raymond" -> 1, "ratings" -> 1, "rating" -> 1, "ratified" -> 1, "rapid" -> 1, "rapes" -> 1, "rape" -> 1, "ranks" -> 1, "rank-and-file" -> 1, "Rangoon" -> 1, "ranging" -> 1, "ranges" -> 1, "range" -> 1, "ranching" -> 1, "ranchers" -> 1, "Ramirez" -> 1, "rally" -> 1, "rallied" -> 1, "raising" -> 1, "Railroads" -> 1, "raids" -> 1, "radiological" -> 1, "Radio" -> 1, "radio" -> 1, "radical" -> 1, "racial" -> 1, "quotas" -> 1, "quickly" -> 1, "questions" -> 1, "question" -> 1, "quest" -> 1, "quarter-century" -> 1, "quantity" -> 1, "qualitative" -> 1, "quadrupling" -> 1, "quadrupled" -> 1, "Qatar" -> 1, "pursues" -> 1, "punishes" -> 1, "punished" -> 1, "PUERTO" -> 1, "publish" -> 1, "public-private" -> 1, "psychotropic" -> 1, "Providing" -> 1, "prove" -> 1, "protest" -> 1, "protected" -> 1, "Protect" -> 1, "prostitution" -> 1, "prospects" -> 1, "Prosecutions" -> 1, 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1, "preemptively" -> 1, "pre-eminent" -> 1, "predictive" -> 1, "predatory" -> 1, "preclude" -> 1, "precious" -> 1, "PREAMBLE" -> 1, "prayers" -> 1, "prayer" -> 1, "praised" -> 1, "practically" -> 1, "practical" -> 1, "Power" -> 1, "Poverty" -> 1, "potentially" -> 1, "Postal" -> 1, "possess" -> 1, "positive" -> 1, "positions" -> 1, "posed" -> 1, "pose" -> 1, "Portugal" -> 1, "Ports" -> 1, "portion" -> 1, "Portik" -> 1, "port" -> 1, "porous" -> 1, "pornographic" -> 1, "Pork" -> 1, "population" -> 1, "poppy" -> 1, "Pope" -> 1, "poorly" -> 1, "poorer" -> 1, "pollution" -> 1, "politics" -> 1, "politically" -> 1, "Political" -> 1, "Polish-led" -> 1, "Policy" -> 1, "policemen" -> 1, "poisons" -> 1, "points" -> 1, "pockets" -> 1, "plot" -> 1, "plenty" -> 1, "pledges" -> 1, "pledged" -> 1, "Pledge" -> 1, "pled" -> 1, "pleased" -> 1, "pleas" -> 1, "played" -> 1, "PLATFORM" -> 1, "plant" -> 1, "Plans" -> 1, "planning" -> 1, "planner" -> 1, "planned" -> 1, "plaintiffs" -> 1, "plainly" -> 1, "plaguing" -> 1, "pivotal" -> 1, "Pittman" -> 1, "pipeline" -> 1, "pioneering" -> 1, "pinprick" -> 1, "Pine" -> 1, "phone" -> 1, "Philip" -> 1, "philanthropies" -> 1, "Phil" -> 1, "phase" -> 1, "pessimism" -> 1, "pertaining" -> 1, "persuade" -> 1, "personally" -> 1, "persist" -> 1, "persevere" -> 1, "perpetuating" -> 1, "perpetrators" -> 1, "Permanent" -> 1, "period" -> 1, "peril" -> 1, "performing" -> 1, "perform" -> 1, "percentage" -> 1, "per" -> 1, "People's" -> 1, "People" -> 1, "Pentagon" -> 1, "pensions" -> 1, "PENNSYLVANIA" -> 1, "Penalty" -> 1, "penalizing" -> 1, "penalizes" -> 1, "Peggy" -> 1, "peer-reviewed" -> 1, "Pechauer" -> 1, "Peace" -> 1, "payroll" -> 1, "payment" -> 1, "PAYGO" -> 1, "paycheck" -> 1, "Pay" -> 1, "paving" -> 1, "Pavich" -> 1, "paved" -> 1, "Paula" -> 1, "pattern" -> 1, "patriotic" -> 1, "Patrick" -> 1, "patient" -> 1, "pathways" -> 1, "pathological" -> 1, "partnering" -> 1, "partnered" -> 1, "partisan" -> 1, "participates" -> 1, "participated" -> 1, "participate" -> 1, "participants" -> 1, "participant" -> 1, "Part" -> 1, "Parks" -> 1, "parcels" -> 1, "paper" -> 1, "pandemics" -> 1, "Panama" -> 1, "Palestine" -> 1, "pain" -> 1, "Paid" -> 1, "paid" -> 1, "owning" -> 1, "owes" -> 1, "overturned" -> 1, "overshadowed" -> 1, "overlapping" -> 1, "overlap" -> 1, "overhauled" -> 1, "overhaul" -> 1, "outspoken" -> 1, "output" -> 1, "outposts" -> 1, "out-of-wedlock" -> 1, "out-of-pocket" -> 1, "outmatch" -> 1, "outlined" -> 1, "outlawing" -> 1, "outcome" -> 1, "ourselves" -> 1, "otherwise" -> 1, "Others" -> 1, "osteoporosis" -> 1, "Osama" -> 1, "orphaned" -> 1, "orphan" -> 1, "organizes" -> 1, "OREGON" -> 1, "orders" -> 1, "Or" -> 1, "Options" -> 1, "opt" -> 1, "oppression" -> 1, "opposing" -> 1, "opponents" -> 1, "Operations" -> 1, "operates" -> 1, "openly" -> 1, "Opening" -> 1, "opening" -> 1, "ongoing" -> 1, "ones" -> 1, "once-crumbling" -> 1, "Oman" -> 1, "Old" -> 1, "OKLAHOMA" -> 1, "OHIO" -> 1, "official" -> 1, "Office" -> 1, "offered" -> 1, "offensive" -> 1, "off-duty" -> 1, "Of" -> 1, "Oceans" -> 1, "Ocean" -> 1, "occurs" -> 1, "occasional" -> 1, "occasion" -> 1, "observance" -> 1, "Obscenity" -> 1, "obscene" -> 1, "nutritious" -> 1, "nurtured" -> 1, "nurses" -> 1, "Nunn-Lugar" -> 1, "Nunez" -> 1, "Nowhere" -> 1, "November" -> 1, "notification" -> 1, "Not" -> 1, "Northeast" -> 1, "normalization" -> 1, "nor" -> 1, "non-territorial" -> 1, "nonpublic" -> 1, "non-proliferation" -> 1, "Non-partisan" -> 1, "nonnegotiable" -> 1, "non-legislative" -> 1, "non-humanitarian" -> 1, "non-economic" -> 1, "none" -> 1, "non-consensual" -> 1, "nominating" -> 1, "Nobel" -> 1, "Ninety-four" -> 1, "Ninety" -> 1, "nine" -> 1, "NIH" -> 1, "nightmare" -> 1, "Nicaragua" -> 1, "next-generation" -> 1, "newly" -> 1, "Newland" -> 1, "newest" -> 1, "newcomers" -> 1, "newborn" -> 1, "NEVADA" -> 1, "net" -> 1, "nest" -> 1, "neither" -> 1, "Neighborhoods" -> 1, "neighborhoods" -> 1, "Neighborhood" -> 1, "Negotiated" -> 1, "Needy" -> 1, "needing" -> 1, "NEBRASKA" -> 1, "NCLB" -> 1, "navigation" -> 1, "navigate" -> 1, "NATO-led" -> 1, "NASA" -> 1, "narrow" -> 1, "narco-terrorists" -> 1, "Nanotechnology" -> 1, "nanotechnology" -> 1, "Murray" -> 1, "Murphy" -> 1, "murderer" -> 1, "munitions" -> 1, "multi-lateral" -> 1, "much-deserved" -> 1, "Mozambique" -> 1, "moved" -> 1, "Mountains" -> 1, "mothers" -> 1, "mother" -> 1, "Most" -> 1, "Moscow" -> 1, "Mortgages" -> 1, "mortality" -> 1, "Morris" -> 1, "Morgan" -> 1, "Moreover" -> 1, "months" -> 1, "Month" -> 1, "Monterrey" -> 1, "MONTANA" -> 1, "monitoring" -> 1, "momentum" -> 1, "Moldova" -> 1, "Mohammed" -> 1, "modification" -> 1, "modest" -> 1, "Modernizing" -> 1, "Modernization" -> 1, "modernization" -> 1, "model" -> 1, "mobilizing" -> 1, "mobility" -> 1, "mix" -> 1, "mitigation" -> 1, "MISSOURI" -> 1, "MISSISSIPPI" -> 1, "Missile" -> 1, "missed" -> 1, "misery" -> 1, "Miriam" -> 1, "MINNESOTA" -> 1, "Ministerial" -> 1, "Minimum" -> 1, "minimize" -> 1, "minimal" -> 1, "mindful" -> 1, "millennia" -> 1, "Mike" -> 1, "migration" -> 1, "migrants" -> 1, "mid-term" -> 1, "middle" -> 1, "mid-1990s" -> 1, "MICHIGAN" -> 1, "Mexico's" -> 1, "MEXICO" -> 1, "met" -> 1, "merits" -> 1, "merit" -> 1, "merge" -> 1, "mentors" -> 1, "mentoring" -> 1, "Mental" -> 1, "Men" -> 1, "memories" -> 1, "MEMBERS" -> 1, "melt" -> 1, "Meier" -> 1, "meeting" -> 1, "Meeks" -> 1, "Mediterranean" -> 1, "medically" -> 1, "Medicaid" -> 1, "media" -> 1, "measurable" -> 1, "meaning" -> 1, "meals" -> 1, "M.D." -> 1, "McKinney" -> 1, "McGee" -> 1, "McConkie" -> 1, "MCA's" -> 1, "Maynor" -> 1, "May" -> 1, "maximum" -> 1, "Maureen" -> 1, "matters" -> 1, "maternal" -> 1, "materiel" -> 1, "materialize" -> 1, "matches" -> 1, "mastery" -> 1, "mastering" -> 1, "massively" -> 1, "MASSACHUSETTS" -> 1, "Massachusetts" -> 1, "MARYLAND" -> 1, "Marxist-Leninist" -> 1, "Martí" -> 1, "married" -> 1, "Marriages" -> 1, "marketplace" -> 1, "market-opening" -> 1, "market-based" -> 1, "marked" -> 1, "Marie" -> 1, "margins" -> 1, "margin" -> 1, "Map" -> 1, "Manufacturing" -> 1, "mankind" -> 1, "manipulating" -> 1, "manhunt" -> 1, "mandatory" -> 1, "mandated" -> 1, "managers" -> 1, "Management" -> 1, "managed" -> 1, "mammoth" -> 1, "malpractice" -> 1, "Mali" -> 1, "malcontents" -> 1, "Malaria" -> 1, "malaria" -> 1, "Make" -> 1, "Majority" -> 1, "maintains" -> 1, "mainstream" -> 1, "MAINE" -> 1, "Maguire" -> 1, "Magen" -> 1, "madman" -> 1, "Made" -> 1, "Madagascar" -> 1, "Macedonia" -> 1, "Luna" -> 1, "LSA" -> 1, "loving" -> 1, "LOUISIANA" -> 1, "Louis" -> 1, "loss" -> 1, "looks" -> 1, "looking" -> 1, "longtime" -> 1, "Long-Term" -> 1, "long-term" -> 1, "long-range" -> 1, "long-overdue" -> 1, "Longo" -> 1, "locations" -> 1, "location" -> 1, "loans" -> 1, "loan" -> 1, "Litigation" -> 1, "listens" -> 1, "List" -> 1, "links" -> 1, "linked" -> 1, "Line-Item" -> 1, "Limiting" -> 1, "Lilly" -> 1, "Likewise" -> 1, "like-minded" -> 1, "likely" -> 1, "likelihood" -> 1, "Like" -> 1, "lighter" -> 1, "lift" -> 1, "Lifetime" -> 1, "lifelong" -> 1, "Life" -> 1, "lies" -> 1, "licensure" -> 1, "licensing" -> 1, "Libyan" -> 1, "liberties" -> 1, "Liberia" -> 1, "Liberation" -> 1, "liberate" -> 1, "Libby" -> 1, "Liability" -> 1, "Leveraging" -> 1, "Levels" -> 1, "Levatino" -> 1, "Let" -> 1, "let" -> 1, "lessons" -> 1, "Less" -> 1, "Lesotho" -> 1, "Leone" -> 1, "lending" -> 1, "lenders" -> 1, "legitimacy" -> 1, "legislating" -> 1, "Legal" -> 1, "LeFever" -> 1, "Lee" -> 1, "leaves" -> 1, "learning" -> 1, "learned" -> 1, "leads" -> 1, "Leading" -> 1, "Leadership" -> 1, "Leader" -> 1, "lawful" -> 1, "Laureate" -> 1, "launch" -> 1, "Latin" -> 1, "late-trading" -> 1, "Later" -> 1, "late" -> 1, "large" -> 1, "lapsing" -> 1, "lanes" -> 1, "land-tenure" -> 1, "lands" -> 1, "landmarks" -> 1, "Land" -> 1, "Lakes" -> 1, "Laden" -> 1, "ladder" -> 1, "Lack" -> 1, "Laci" -> 1, "laboring" -> 1, "laboratories" -> 1, "Labor" -> 1, "Kyi" -> 1, "Kuwait" -> 1, "Kumar" -> 1, "Kristin" -> 1, "Krimmel" -> 1, "Korea's" -> 1, "Kobiashvili" -> 1, "knew" -> 1, "kills" -> 1, "killing" -> 1, "killed" -> 1, "kill" -> 1, "Kids" -> 1, "Khalid" -> 1, "Key" -> 1, "Kerry's" -> 1, "KENTUCKY" -> 1, "Kelly" -> 1, "Kazakhstan" -> 1, "Katja" -> 1, "Kassebaum" -> 1, "Karls" -> 1, "KANSAS" -> 1, "K" -> 1, "justly" -> 1, "Justice" -> 1, "jurisprudence" -> 1, "jurisdictions" -> 1, "junta" -> 1, "July" -> 1, "Judith" -> 1, "judgments" -> 1, "Judges" -> 1, "judged" -> 1, "Juan" -> 1, "J.T." -> 1, "joyful" -> 1, "Joy" -> 1, "Jonathon" -> 1, "Jonathan" -> 1, "jointly" -> 1, "Johnston" -> 1, "Joe" -> 1, "Jobs" -> 1, "job-producing" -> 1, "Job" -> 1, "Joanne" -> 1, "Jima" -> 1, "Jewish" -> 1, "Jerusalem" -> 1, "JERSEY" -> 1, "Jensen" -> 1, "Jeff" -> 1, "Jean" -> 1, "Javits" -> 1, "Jarvis" -> 1, "January" -> 1, "Janjaweed" -> 1, "Janice" -> 1, "James" -> 1, "jail" -> 1, "Jacob" -> 1, "Jackvony" -> 1, "Jabo" -> 1, "J" -> 1, "Iwo" -> 1, "Iverson" -> 1, "issued" -> 1, "Israelis" -> 1, "Israeli" -> 1, "isolationism" -> 1, "isolation" -> 1, "isolate" -> 1, "ISLANDS" -> 1, "Islands" -> 1, "ISLAND" -> 1, "Island" -> 1, "island" -> 1, "Islamic" -> 1, "irreversible" -> 1, "irrelevant" -> 1, "irrational" -> 1, "Iron" -> 1, "Ireland's" -> 1, "Iraq's" -> 1, "Iran's" -> 1, "Iranians" -> 1, "IOWA" -> 1, "involving" -> 1, "involves" -> 1, "involvement" -> 1, "investors" -> 1, "investor" -> 1, "Investment" -> 1, "investigators" -> 1, "investigations" -> 1, "Investigation" -> 1, "investigate" -> 1, "invasion" -> 1, "invalidating" -> 1, "invaded" -> 1, "INTRODUCTION" -> 1, "intractable" -> 1, "intimidation" -> 1, "intimidated" -> 1, "intervention" -> 1, "internationalism" -> 1, "interferes" -> 1, "intercity" -> 1, "interagency" -> 1, "intentions" -> 1, "intent" -> 1, "integral" -> 1, "insulted" -> 1, "instrumental" -> 1, "instrument" -> 1, "instructors" -> 1, "institution's" -> 1, "institution" -> 1, "instilled" -> 1, "instant" -> 1, "instances" -> 1, "instance" -> 1, "inspired" -> 1, "Inspection" -> 1, 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"focusing" -> 1, "fluency" -> 1, "flows" -> 1, "flourishing" -> 1, "flourishes" -> 1, "FLORIDA" -> 1, "Florida" -> 1, "Flight" -> 1, "Flexibility" -> 1, "fleeing" -> 1, "fled" -> 1, "fitness" -> 1, "fisheries" -> 1, "Fiscal" -> 1, "fiscal" -> 1, "first-year" -> 1, "first-time" -> 1, "first-tier" -> 1, "Firefighter" -> 1, "Finland" -> 1, "finish" -> 1, "fines" -> 1, "fine" -> 1, "finding" -> 1, "Financing" -> 1, "Financial" -> 1, "finance" -> 1, "filled" -> 1, "fill" -> 1, "Filipino" -> 1, "file" -> 1, "figures" -> 1, "figure" -> 1, "Fighting" -> 1, "fighters" -> 1, "Fifty" -> 1, "Fifth" -> 1, "Field" -> 1, "festering" -> 1, "female" -> 1, "federal-territorial" -> 1, "features" -> 1, "fears" -> 1, "FDA" -> 1, "favors" -> 1, "favor" -> 1, "Fatherhood" -> 1, "father" -> 1, "fatality" -> 1, "fatalities" -> 1, "faster" -> 1, "far-reaching" -> 1, "Farmers" -> 1, "far-away" -> 1, "famine" -> 1, "family-sustaining" -> 1, "family's" -> 1, "faltering" -> 1, "fallen" -> 1, "Falk" -> 1, "faiths" -> 1, "Faith-based" -> 1, "Faith" -> 1, "fairness" -> 1, "fairly" -> 1, "fairer" -> 1, "factory" -> 1, "facets" -> 1, "Fa'alevao" -> 1, "exuberance" -> 1, "extradition" -> 1, "extent" -> 1, "Extensive" -> 1, "extensive" -> 1, "extended-family" -> 1, "extended" -> 1, "expressed" -> 1, "exposure" -> 1, "exposed" -> 1, "exploration" -> 1, "Exploitation" -> 1, "explode" -> 1, "explain" -> 1, "expiring" -> 1, "experimentation" -> 1, "experience" -> 1, "expense" -> 1, "expedient" -> 1, "expecting" -> 1, "expectancy" -> 1, "Expanded" -> 1, "Ex-Offenders" -> 1, "exit" -> 1, "exists" -> 1, "exhibited" -> 1, "exercise" -> 1, "exemption" -> 1, "executive-Congressional" -> 1, "executing" -> 1, "exchanges" -> 1, "Exchange" -> 1, "excellence" -> 1, "exalted" -> 1, "evil" -> 1, "Evidence" -> 1, "everyone" -> 1, "everybody" -> 1, "ever-increasing" -> 1, "Everglades" -> 1, "Eventually" -> 1, "Evans" -> 1, "euthanasia" -> 1, "ethnicity" -> 1, "ethnic" -> 1, "ethics" -> 1, "ethical" -> 1, "ethanol" -> 1, "Estimates" -> 1, "espionage" -> 1, "escaping" -> 1, "escalation" -> 1, "ERSA" -> 1, "Erik" -> 1, "eradication" -> 1, "eradicating" -> 1, "eradicate" -> 1, "equivocate" -> 1, "equivalent" -> 1, "equity" -> 1, "equitably" -> 1, "equips" -> 1, "equipping" -> 1, "equipped" -> 1, "equip" -> 1, "Equally" -> 1, "equality" -> 1, "Equal" -> 1, "epidemics" -> 1, "Environment" -> 1, "entrepreneurship" -> 1, "entrepreneurial" -> 1, "entitlements" -> 1, "entitled" -> 1, "enrichment" -> 1, "enlarged" -> 1, "enlarge" -> 1, "enjoyed" -> 1, "enjoy" -> 1, "Enhancement" -> 1, "enhancement" -> 1, "Enhanced" -> 1, "Engle" -> 1, "engineers" -> 1, "engineering" -> 1, "engine" -> 1, "enfranchisement" -> 1, "Enforcing" -> 1, "enforced" -> 1, "enforceable" -> 1, "energetically" -> 1, "energetic" -> 1, "enduring" -> 1, "endure" -> 1, "Endowment" -> 1, "endorsing" -> 1, "endorses" -> 1, "endorsed" -> 1, "Endangered" -> 1, "endanger" -> 1, "Encouraging" -> 1, "enactment" -> 1, "enacting" -> 1, "enables" -> 1, "enable" -> 1, "EMTs" -> 1, "EMS" -> 1, "empowers" -> 1, "Employment" -> 1, "employment" -> 1, "employer-based" -> 1, "Employer" -> 1, "employer" -> 1, "emphasizing" -> 1, "emphasizes" -> 1, "emotional" -> 1, "emissions-free" -> 1, "emissions" -> 1, "Emirates" -> 1, "emergency" -> 1, "emergence" -> 1, "Embassy" -> 1, "embargo" -> 1, "email" -> 1, "Ellis" -> 1, "Elizabeth" -> 1, "Eliminating" -> 1, "electricity" -> 1, "electric" -> 1, "electoral" -> 1, "elect" -> 1, "either" -> 1, "eighth-graders" -> 1, "Egypt" -> 1, "egg" -> 1, "Efficiency" -> 1, "efficiency" -> 1, "effects" -> 1, "effect" -> 1, "Educational" -> 1, "educated" -> 1, "educate" -> 1, "Edge" -> 1, "Ed" -> 1, "Eastern" -> 1, "easing" -> 1, "easily" -> 1, "ease" -> 1, "earning" -> 1, "Early" -> 1, "Earlier" -> 1, "Dulles" -> 1, "Drug-Free" -> 1, "driven" -> 1, "drinking" -> 1, "drilling" -> 1, "dried" -> 1, "drew" -> 1, "dramatic" -> 1, "drafting" -> 1, "draft" -> 1, "Doubled" -> 1, "Dot" -> 1, "Dorwart" -> 1, "doors" -> 1, "donors" -> 1, "Donohue" -> 1, "Don" -> 1, "dominate" -> 1, "Domestic" -> 1, "domain" -> 1, "DOMA" -> 1, "Doing" -> 1, "documents" -> 1, "doctrine" -> 1, "doctor" -> 1, "Djibouti" -> 1, "division" -> 1, "diverting" -> 1, "diverse" -> 1, "districts" -> 1, "DISTRICT" -> 1, "distressed" -> 1, "distinctly" -> 1, "disseminate" -> 1, "disqualified" -> 1, "disputes" -> 1, "disproportionate" -> 1, "disposal" -> 1, "displays" -> 1, "displaying" -> 1, "displaced" -> 1, "dispatch" -> 1, "Disparities" -> 1, "dismantlement" -> 1, "dismantle" -> 1, "dishonor" -> 1, "dishonest" -> 1, "Disease" -> 1, "discussions" -> 1, "discriminates" -> 1, "discretionary" -> 1, "discoveries" -> 1, "discovered" -> 1, "discover" -> 1, "discourage" -> 1, "disclosures" -> 1, "disclose" -> 1, "disciplined" -> 1, "Discipline" -> 1, "disarm" -> 1, "disappears" -> 1, "disagreements" -> 1, "Directorate" -> 1, "directly" -> 1, "Directing" -> 1, "directing" -> 1, "directed" -> 1, "diplomats" -> 1, "diplomatic" -> 1, "Diplomacy" -> 1, "diploma" -> 1, "diminish" -> 1, "diligently" -> 1, "difference" -> 1, "diet" -> 1, "Dierenfeld" -> 1, "die" -> 1, "Dick" -> 1, "Diana" -> 1, "diagnosis" -> 1, "devoting" -> 1, "devoted" -> 1, "devastating" -> 1, "deterred" -> 1, "determined" -> 1, "detailed" -> 1, "destructive" -> 1, "destroy" -> 1, "destiny" -> 1, "destined" -> 1, "despair" -> 1, "desist" -> 1, "desired" -> 1, "Designer" -> 1, "designated" -> 1, "deprive" -> 1, "depreciation" -> 1, "deport" -> 1, "deployments" -> 1, "deployment" -> 1, "deployable" -> 1, "depictions" -> 1, "departments" -> 1, "Department's" -> 1, "department" -> 1, "demonstrating" -> 1, "demonstrates" -> 1, "democratically" -> 1, "Democrat" -> 1, "democracy-building" -> 1, "Democracy" -> 1, "demanded" -> 1, "Delivering" -> 1, "delivering" -> 1, "delivered" -> 1, "DELAWARE" -> 1, "degree-seekers" -> 1, "degree" -> 1, "defrauded" -> 1, "DeFoor" -> 1, "definitions" -> 1, "defined" -> 1, "define" -> 1, "defied" -> 1, "deficits" -> 1, "Defending" -> 1, "defended" -> 1, "deepening" -> 1, "deepened" -> 1, "deep" -> 1, "deemed" -> 1, "deduct" -> 1, "dedication" -> 1, "DeCroce" -> 1, "declined" -> 1, "decline" -> 1, "declare" -> 1, "declarations" -> 1, "decisively" -> 1, "decided" -> 1, "Decades" -> 1, "debt" -> 1, "debates" -> 1, "deaths" -> 1, "Dean" -> 1, "dealing" -> 1, "deadly" -> 1, "dead" -> 1, "DC's" -> 1, "days" -> 1, "Day" -> 1, "David" -> 1, "Daves" -> 1, "Data" -> 1, "data" -> 1, "dark" -> 1, "Darcie" -> 1, "Dannie" -> 1, "Danger" -> 1, "Cypriot" -> 1, "Cynthia" -> 1, "cyberterrorism" -> 1, "cutting-edge" -> 1, "Cutting" -> 1, "customs" -> 1, "Curtain" -> 1, "Currently" -> 1, "Curly" -> 1, "cures" -> 1, "curb" -> 1, "cumbersome" -> 1, "Culture" -> 1, "cultivating" -> 1, "Cubin" -> 1, "Crystal" -> 1, "cruelty" -> 1, "crops" -> 1, "Croatia" -> 1, "Critical" -> 1, "Criminals" -> 1, "criminally" -> 1, "criminalizing" -> 1, "criminalizes" -> 1, "Criminal" -> 1, "cried" -> 1, "crews" -> 1, "Crescent" -> 1, "creditors" -> 1, "creative" -> 1, "creates" -> 1, "Created" -> 1, "crashed" -> 1, "crafting" -> 1, "crack" -> 1, "covering" -> 1, "Court" -> 1, "couples" -> 1, "counting" -> 1, "Counterterrorism" -> 1, "counterparts" -> 1, "counter" -> 1, "Costa" -> 1, "corridor" -> 1, "correctly" -> 1, "corner" -> 1, "cord" -> 1, "coordinator" -> 1, "coordination" -> 1, "cooperated" -> 1, "cooperate" -> 1, "Cooper" -> 1, "convincing" -> 1, "convince" -> 1, "convicted" -> 1, "conversion" -> 1, "contributes" -> 1, "contributed" -> 1, "Contribute" -> 1, "contribute" -> 1, "contrary" -> 1, "contradict" -> 1, "contract" -> 1, "contraception" -> 1, "continuation" -> 1, "context" -> 1, "CONTENTS" -> 1, "contempt" -> 1, "contains" -> 1, "contained" -> 1, "contain" -> 1, "Consumers" -> 1, "Consumer" -> 1, "consumer" -> 1, "consultations" -> 1, "constructive" -> 1, "constraints" -> 1, "Constitutionally" -> 1, "constitute" -> 1, "consortium" -> 1, "Consolidating" -> 1, "consolidating" -> 1, "consistent" -> 1, "considerably" -> 1, "consider" -> 1, "Conservation" -> 1, "consequential" -> 1, "Conner's" -> 1, "connection" -> 1, "CONNECTICUT" -> 1, "connected" -> 1, "connect" -> 1, "conjunction" -> 1, "congregations" -> 1, "Congo" -> 1, "confusing" -> 1, "confrontation" -> 1, "conflicts" -> 1, "confirmed" -> 1, "confined" -> 1, "confident" -> 1, "Conference" -> 1, "conducted" -> 1, "condemned" -> 1, "condemnation" -> 1, "concurrent" -> 1, "concerning" -> 1, "concerned" -> 1, "conceiving" -> 1, "concealed" -> 1, "computer" -> 1, "compulsory" -> 1, "compromised" -> 1, "Comprehensive" -> 1, "complicit" -> 1, "complications" -> 1, "completion" -> 1, "completing" -> 1, "completely" -> 1, "complement" -> 1, "complaints" -> 1, "competitiveness" -> 1, "Compete" -> 1, "compelling" -> 1, "Compassion" -> 1, "Communist" -> 1, "communist" -> 1, "communiqués" -> 1, "communication" -> 1, "common-sense" -> 1, "commonly" -> 1, "committing" -> 1, "committees" -> 1, "commits" -> 1, "Commission's" -> 1, "commission" -> 1, "Commandments" -> 1, "Commander" -> 1, "comfort" -> 1, "Combined" -> 1, "combined" -> 1, "combat-injured" -> 1, "Combating" -> 1, "Combat" -> 1, "COLUMBIA" -> 1, "Columbia" -> 1, "COLORADO" -> 1, "Colleges" -> 1, "collection" -> 1, "collected" -> 1, "colleagues" -> 1, "collar" -> 1, "collapsing" -> 1, "collapse" -> 1, "collaboration" -> 1, "coercive" -> 1, "coercion" -> 1, "co-ed" -> 1, "codes" -> 1, "Cockpit" -> 1, "Co-Chairs" -> 1, "coca" -> 1, "coastal" -> 1, "coalitions" -> 1, "coalition-building" -> 1, "Cloud" -> 1, "closer" -> 1, "closed" -> 1, "cloning" -> 1, "clinics" -> 1, "Climate" -> 1, "climate" -> 1, "Clearly" -> 1, "clearly" -> 1, "Clearinghouse" -> 1, "cleanly" -> 1, "cleaning" -> 1, "cleaner" -> 1, "Clause" -> 1, "clause" -> 1, "Clark" -> 1, "clarity" -> 1, "claims" -> 1, "civility" -> 1, "citizen" -> 1, "Cities" -> 1, "Cindy" -> 1, "chronic" -> 1, "Christopher" -> 1, "chosen" -> 1, "chose" -> 1, "Chop" -> 1, "Choices" -> 1, "Children's" -> 1, "Childhood" -> 1, "childhood" -> 1, "cherished" -> 1, "cherish" -> 1, "cheer" -> 1, "checked" -> 1, "charter" -> 1, "charitable" -> 1, "charge" -> 1, "Chardon" -> 1, "characteristic" -> 1, "chapter" -> 1, "chaos" -> 1, "changed" -> 1, "Change" -> 1, "champions" -> 1, "champion" -> 1, "challenging" -> 1, "challenged" -> 1, "CHAIRS" -> 1, "certainty" -> 1, "centuries" -> 1, "central" -> 1, "Cell" -> 1, "Cecilia" -> 1, "cease-fire" -> 1, "caves" -> 1, "causes" -> 1, "caused" -> 1, "Caucasus" -> 1, "Cathie" -> 1, "Cathedral" -> 1, "catch" -> 1, "cash" -> 1, "cartels" -> 1, "cars" -> 1, "carrying" -> 1, "carries" -> 1, "carried" -> 1, "Carraro" -> 1, "Carlton" -> 1, "Carlos" -> 1, "caring" -> 1, "careful" -> 1, "careers" -> 1, "career" -> 1, "CARE" -> 1, "cards" -> 1, "card" -> 1, "captured" -> 1, "capture" -> 1, "caps" -> 1, "capitalize" -> 1, "Cape" -> 1, "capable" -> 1, "candid" -> 1, "cancer" -> 1, "Canada's" -> 1, "campaigns" -> 1, "calm" -> 1, "Calling" -> 1, "CALIFORNIA" -> 1, "calculated" -> 1, "BY" -> 1, "buying" -> 1, "buyers" -> 1, "burning" -> 1, "burn" -> 1, "Burma" -> 1, "burdening" -> 1, "bundling" -> 1, "Bullock" -> 1, "buildup" -> 1, "builders" -> 1, "Build" -> 1, "brutally" -> 1, "brutalization" -> 1, "Brutal" -> 1, "Brown" -> 1, "broadening" -> 1, "broadcasts" -> 1, "broadcasting" -> 1, "broadcast" -> 1, "broad-based" -> 1, "Broadband" -> 1, "Britton" -> 1, "brings" -> 1, "bright" -> 1, "bribed" -> 1, "breakthroughs" -> 1, "breakdown" -> 1, "bravery" -> 1, "bracket" -> 1, "Boys" -> 1, "Botswana" -> 1, "borrow" -> 1, "Born" -> 1, "Bopp" -> 1, "boosts" -> 1, "Bonnie" -> 1, "bombings" -> 1, "bolstered" -> 1, "bolster" -> 1, "Bolivia" -> 1, "boldly" -> 1, "body" -> 1, "boardrooms" -> 1, "blueprint" -> 1, "blue" -> 1, "blocks" -> 1, "blocked" -> 1, "block" -> 1, "blind" -> 1, "bless" -> 1, "blackout" -> 1, "Black" -> 1, "Bioterrorism" -> 1, "bioterror" -> 1, "BioShield" -> 1, "biometric" -> 1, "biomass" -> 1, "biodiesel" -> 1, "Biodefense" -> 1, "bin" -> 1, "bills" -> 1, "bilingual" -> 1, "bilaterally" -> 1, "Bilateral" -> 1, "bigotry" -> 1, "big" -> 1, "Biegun" -> 1, "bidder" -> 1, "Betty" -> 1, "Better" -> 1, "Betsy" -> 1, "beside" -> 1, "Bernard" -> 1, "Berg" -> 1, "bent" -> 1, "Benin" -> 1, "benevolent" -> 1, "benefited" -> 1, "beneficial" -> 1, "bench" -> 1, "belong" -> 1, "believes" -> 1, "believers" -> 1, "beings" -> 1, "Beijing" -> 1, "beholden" -> 1, "behavioral" -> 1, "behavior" -> 1, "begun" -> 1, "began" -> 1, "Before" -> 1, "becoming" -> 1, "beacon" -> 1, "Bates" -> 1, "basics" -> 1, "basically" -> 1, "bases" -> 1, "Based" -> 1, "Barriers" -> 1, "barred" -> 1, "Barnett" -> 1, "Baren" -> 1, "Barbara" -> 1, "bar" -> 1, "Baptiste" -> 1, "banning" -> 1, "banned" -> 1, "bank" -> 1, "balanced" -> 1, "balance" -> 1, "Bahrain" -> 1, "bags" -> 1, "Baghdad" -> 1, "baggage" -> 1, "badly" -> 1, "backward" -> 1, "backlog" -> 1, "backgrounds" -> 1, "B" -> 1, "Azerbaijan" -> 1, "awareness" -> 1, "awards" -> 1, "avoid" -> 1, "Aviv" -> 1, "avenues" -> 1, "availability" -> 1, "autonomy" -> 1, "authorize" -> 1, "authorization" -> 1, "authorities" -> 1, "Australians" -> 1, "Aung" -> 1, "attractive" -> 1, "attending" -> 1, "attend" -> 1, "Attempts" -> 1, "ATR" -> 1, "Atlantic" -> 1, "athletics" -> 1, "athletes" -> 1, "assured" -> 1, "assurance" -> 1, "Association" -> 1, "associates" -> 1, "assignments" -> 1, "Assets" -> 1, "assessment" -> 1, "assaulting" -> 1, "assault" -> 1, "asks" -> 1, "Ashooh" -> 1, "ASEAN" -> 1, "ascertained" -> 1, "asbestos" -> 1, "artificial" -> 1, "art" -> 1, "arson" -> 1, "arsenals" -> 1, "arrested" -> 1, "Arrangements" -> 1, "arrangements" -> 1, "Army's" -> 1, "army" -> 1, "arms" -> 1, "armor" -> 1, "armistice" -> 1, "ARKANSAS" -> 1, "ARIZONA" -> 1, "Argentina" -> 1, "Arctic" -> 1, "Araceli" -> 1, "Arabic" -> 1, "approve" -> 1, "appropriately" -> 1, "appreciation" -> 1, "appointed" -> 1, "applications" -> 1, "apparent" -> 1, "apparel" -> 1, "apparatus" -> 1, "apartments" -> 1, "ANZUS" -> 1, 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1, "accord" -> 1, "accomplishments" -> 1, "accessing" -> 1, "Accessible" -> 1, "accessibility" -> 1, "accepted" -> 1, "acceptance" -> 1, "acceptable" -> 1, "accelerating" -> 1, "accelerated" -> 1, "academic" -> 1, "abusive" -> 1, "abstinence-only" -> 1, "Abroad" -> 1, "Abraham" -> 1, "able" -> 1, "abhorrent" -> 1, "ABC" -> 1, "abandoned" -> 1, "abandon" -> 1, "98,000" -> 1, "9.6" -> 1, "9.5" -> 1, "85" -> 1, "800,000" -> 1, "8" -> 1, "700" -> 1, "70" -> 1, "7" -> 1, "68" -> 1, "65" -> 1, "6.3" -> 1, "6.1" -> 1, "600,000" -> 1, "6" -> 1, "5.3" -> 1, "5,000" -> 1, "48" -> 1, "46" -> 1, "45,000" -> 1, "44,000" -> 1, "44" -> 1, "401(k)s" -> 1, "400" -> 1, "3.8" -> 1, "37" -> 1, "345" -> 1, "3313" -> 1, "33" -> 1, "3.3" -> 1, "3,100" -> 1, "2nd" -> 1, "28" -> 1, "2.7" -> 1, "2,600" -> 1, "22.4" -> 1, "2.2" -> 1, "2013" -> 1, "2009" -> 1, "2008" -> 1, "2007" -> 1, "2,000" -> 1, "2" -> 1, "1999" -> 1, "1998" -> 1, "1995" -> 1, "1990" -> 1, "1984" -> 1, "1983" -> 1, "1980s" -> 1, "1970s" -> 1, "1966" -> 1, "1965" -> 1, "1947" -> 1, "1940s" -> 1, "19" -> 1, "189" -> 1, "1860" -> 1, "1,600" -> 1, "1.6" -> 1, "1540" -> 1, "1441" -> 1, "1,400" -> 1, "13" -> 1, "1.3" -> 1, "1,200" -> 1, "115" -> 1, "11.5" -> 1, "111" -> 1|>|>, <|"SourceURL" -> "http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=25849", "Name" -> "Republican Party Platform of 2000", "Party" -> "Republican", "Year" -> 2000, "Date" -> DateObject[{2000, 7, 31}], "Text" -> "Preamble\n\nWe meet at a remarkable time in the life of our country. Our powerful economy gives America a unique chance to confront persistent challenges. Our country, after an era of drift, must now set itself to important tasks and higher goals. The Republican Party has the vision and leadership to address these issues.\nOur platform is uplifting and visionary. It reflects the views of countless Americans all across this country who believe in prosperity with a purpose — who believe in Renewing America's Purpose. Together.\nThis platform makes clear that we are the party of ideas. We are the party that follows its bold words with bold deeds.\nSince the election of 1860, the Republican Party has had a special calling — to advance the founding principles of freedom and limited government and the dignity and worth of every individual.\nThese principles form the foundation of both an agenda for America in the year 2000 and this platform for our party. They point us toward reforms in government, a restoration of timeless values, and a renewal of our national purpose.\nThe twenty-fifth man to receive our party's nomination is equal to the challenges facing our country. After a period of bitter division in national politics, our nominee is a leader who brings people together. In a time of fierce partisanship, he calls all citizens to common goals. To longstanding problems, he brings a fresh outlook and innovative ideas and a record of results.\nUnder his leadership, the Republican Party commits itself to bold reforms in education — to make every school a place of learning and achievement for every child. We will preserve local control of public schools, while demanding high standards and accountability for results.\nWe commit ourselves to saving and strengthening Social Security. After years of neglect and delay, we will keep this fundamental commitment to the senior citizens of today and tomorrow.\nWe commit ourselves to rebuilding the American military and returning to a foreign policy of strength and purpose and a renewed commitment to our allies. We will deploy defenses against ballistic missiles and develop the weapons and strategies needed to win battles in this new technological era.\nWe commit ourselves to tax reforms that will sustain our nation's prosperity and reflect its decency. We will reduce the burden on all Americans, especially those who struggle most.\nWe commit ourselves to aiding and encouraging the work of charitable and faith-based organizations, which today are making great strides in overcoming poverty and other social problems, bringing new hope into millions of lives. For every American there must be a ladder of opportunity, and for those most in need, a safety net of care.\nWe recommit ourselves to the values that strengthen our culture and sustain our nation: family, faith, personal responsibility, and a belief in the dignity of every human life.\nWe offer not only a new agenda, but also a new approach — a vision of a welcoming society in which all have a place. To all Americans, particularly immigrants and minorities, we send a clear message: this is the party of freedom and progress, and it is your home.\nThe diversity of our nation is reflected in this platform. We ask for the support and participation of all who substantially share our agenda. In one way or another, every Republican is a dissenter. At the same time, we are not morally indifferent. In this, as in many things, Lincoln is our model. He spoke words of healing and words of conviction. We do likewise, for we are bound together in a great enterprise for our children's future.\nWe seek to be faithful to the best traditions of our party. We are the party that ended slavery, granted homesteads, built land grant colleges, and moved control of government out of Washington, back into the hands of the people. We believe in service to the common good — and that good is not common until it is shared.\nWe believe that from freedom comes opportunity; from opportunity comes growth; and from growth comes progress and prosperity.\nOur vision is one of clear direction, new ideas, civility in public life, and leadership with honor and distinction.\nThis is an election with clear alternatives. The Republican Party offers America a chance to begin anew: To give purpose to our plenty. To apply enduring principles to new challenges. To extend to all citizens the full promise of American life.\nWith confidence in our fellow Americans and great hopes for the future of our country, we respectfully submit this platform to the people of the United States.\n\nThe American Dream: Prosperity with a Purpose\n\nOld Truths For The New Economy\n\nThe highest hopes of the American people — a world at peace, scientific progress, a just and caring society — cannot be achieved by prosperity alone, but neither can they be fulfilled without it. Yet prosperity is not an end in itself. Rather, it is the means by which great things can be achieved for the common good. Our commitment to the nation's economic growth is an affirmation of the real riches of our country: the works of compassion that link home to home, community to community, and hand to helping hand. This is the foundation of America, and that foundation is sound. Even though our economy, and that of the world to which we are now so closely tied, has been utterly transformed over the last two decades, Americans remain true to the faith of our founding fathers.\nYesterday's wildest dreams are today's realities, and there is no limit on the promise of tomorrow. The headiness of technological progress has made our society more future-oriented than ever before. But the fascination with the future means that, more than ever, we need to preserve the foundation that has served us so well. We must not overlook the practical experience of the past. To successfully chart where we should go in the years ahead, we must first look back to see how we got where we are today.\nTwenty years ago, the economy was in shambles. Unemployment was at 7.1 percent, inflation at 13.5 percent, and interest rates at 15.3 percent. The Democratic Party accepted that malaise as the price the nation had to pay for Big Government, and in so doing lost the confidence of the American people. Inspired by Presidents Reagan and Bush, Republicans hammered into place the framework for today's prosperity and surpluses. We cut tax rates, simplified the tax code, deregulated industries, and opened world markets to American enterprise. The result was the tremendous growth in the 1980s that created the venture capital to launch the technology revolution of the 1990s.\nThat's the origin of what is now called the New Economy: the longest economic boom in the Twentieth Century, 40 million new jobs, the lowest inflation and unemployment in memory. The stock market, once a preserve of the well to do, now drives forward with the modest investments of tens of millions of households as ownership in America's economy becomes the norm rather than the exception.\nThe Republican Congress\n\nWe could have lost it all after the Democratic Congress passed the largest tax hike in history in 1993 that threatened to bring back the tax-and-spend follies of the bad old days. But the voters wouldn't have it and, in the next election, for the first time in forty years, they put Republican majorities in charge of both Houses of Congress. The difference that made can be put into numbers. In the four decades from 1954 to 1994, government spending increased at an average annual rate of 7.9 percent, and the public's debt increased from $224 billion to $3.4 trillion. Since 1994, with Republicans leading the House and Senate, spending has been held to an annual 3.1 percent rate of growth, and the nation's debt will be nearly $400 billion lower by the end of this year. The federal government has operated in the black for the last two years and is now projected to run a surplus of nearly $5 trillion over ten years.\nThat wasn't magic. It took honesty and guts from a Congress that manages the nation's purse strings. Over a five year period, as surpluses continue to grow, we will return half a trillion dollars to the taxpayers who really own it, without touching the Social Security surplus. That's what we mean by our Lock-Box: The Social Security surplus is off-limits, off budget, and will not be touched. We will not stop there, for we are also determined to protect Medicare and to pay down the national debt. Reducing that debt is both a sound policy goal and a moral imperative. Our families and most states are required to balance their budgets; it is reasonable to assume the federal government should do the same. Therefore, we reaffirm our support for a constitutional amendment to require a balanced budget.\nTaxes And Budget: Render to Caesar, But Let The People Keep Their Own\n\nIt takes both candor and courage to say, as George W. Bush has said, that, even in times of large surpluses, the economy is far from perfect and we should not be satisfied with the status quo. Budget surpluses are the result of over-taxation of the American people. The weak link in the chain of prosperity is the tax system. It not only burdens the American people; it threatens to slow, and perhaps to reverse, the economic expansion:\nThe federal tax code is dysfunctional. It penalizes hard work, marriage, thrift, and success - the very factors that are the foundations for lasting prosperity.\nFederal taxes are the highest they have ever been in peacetime.\nTaxes at all levels of government absorb 36 percent of the net national product.\n\nWhen the average American family has to work more than four months out of every year to fund all levels of government, it's time to change the tax system, to make it simpler, flatter, and fairer for everyone. It's time for an economics of inclusion that will let people keep more of what they earn and accelerate movement up the opportunity ladder.\nWe therefore enthusiastically endorse the principles of Governor Bush's Tax Cut with a Purpose:\nReplace the five current tax brackets with four lower ones, ensuring all taxpayers significant tax relief while targeting it especially toward low-income workers.\nHelp families by doubling the child tax credit to $1,000, making it available to more families, and eliminating the marriage penalty.\nEncourage entrepreneurship and growth by capping the top marginal rate, ending the death tax, and making permanent the Research and Development credit.\nPromote charitable giving and education.\nFoster capital investment and savings to boost today's dangerously low personal savings rate.\n\nThis is more than just an economic program to promote growth and job creation. It is our blueprint for the kind of society we want for our children and grandchildren. It is a call to conscience, a reminder that, even in times of great prosperity, there are those who bear great burdens. That is why, with the tax cuts we propose, while every taxpayer benefits, six million families — one in five taxpaying families with children — will no longer pay any federal income tax.\nIt took a Republican Congress to stand up to the Internal Revenue Service by publicly exposing its abuses and enacting a Taxpayer's Bill of Rights. Within the simpler and fairer tax system proposed by Governor Bush, the IRS will be downsized and made less intrusive. IRS rules should be understandable by all, enforced by few, with low-cost compliance. We applaud the efforts of the Republican Congress to expand the use and availability of Individual Retirement Accounts.\nIn 1997 the Republican Congress cut the capital gains tax from 28 percent to 20 percent. As a result capital gains for Americans doubled and federal government tax receipts from capital gains jumped from $50 billion in 1996 to $75 billion in 1997. These tax cuts produce more economic growth and often more tax revenues. We cheer their lowering of the capital gains tax rate and look forward to further reductions that will stimulate property sales and development to bring jobs and renewal to our urban neighborhoods.\nTo guard against future tax hikes, we support legislation requiring a super-majority vote in both houses of Congress to raise taxes. We will prohibit retroactive taxation and will not tolerate attempts by federal judges to impose taxes. Because of the vital role of religious and fraternal benevolent societies in fostering charity and patriotism, they should not be subject to taxation.\nIncome taxes and payroll taxes are the most obvious parts of the public's tax burden but consumers foot the bills in higher prices for most of the user fees that are nothing but under-radar taxes. Excise taxes of all kinds have snowballed, because they shift public resentment from government to the businesses that are forced to collect them. One example is the gas tax of 1993. Another is the phone tax imposed to finance the Spanish-American War — and still in place a century later. We call for the immediate repeal of the phone tax.\nHomeownership\n\nHomeownership is central to the American dream, and Republicans want to make it more accessible for everyone. That starts with access to capital for entrepreneurs and access to credit for consumers. Our proposals for helping millions of low-income families move from renting to owning are detailed elsewhere in this platform as major elements in Governor Bush's program for a New Prosperity. For those families, and for all other potential homebuyers, low interest rates make mortgages affordable and open up more housing opportunities than any government program.\nAffordable housing is in the national interest. That is why the mortgage interest deduction for primary residences was put into the federal tax code, and why tax reform of any kind should continue to encourage homeownership. At the same time, a balanced national housing policy must recognize that decent housing includes apartments, and addresses the needs of all citizens, including renters.\nWe will turn over to local communities foreclosed and abandoned HUD properties for urban homesteading, a citizen renovation effort that has been remarkably successful in revitalizing neighborhoods. We affirm our commitment to open housing, without quotas or controls, and we applaud the proactive efforts by the realty and housing industries to assure access for everyone.\nIn many areas, housing prices are higher than they need to be because of regulations that drive up building costs. Some regulation is of course necessary, and so is sensible zoning. But we urge states and localities to work with local builders and lenders to eliminate unnecessary burdens that price many families out of the market. We see no role for any federal regulation of homebuilding, but we do foresee a larger role for State and local governments in controlling the federally assisted housing that has been so poorly managed from Washington. We also encourage the modification of restrictions that inhibit the rehabilitation of existing distressed properties.\nSmall Business: Where Prosperity Starts\n\nSmall businesses are the underlying essence of our economy. Small businesses create most of the new jobs and keep this country a land of opportunity. They have been the primary engines of economic advance by American women, whose dynamic entry into small business in recent years has accounted for much of the nation's growth. Small businesses generate more than half the gross domestic product. Their willingness to give people a chance, and their ability to train individuals new to the work force, made welfare reform the success that it is. They deserve far better treatment from government than they have received. We will provide it through many of the initiatives explained elsewhere in this platform: lower tax rates, ending the death tax, cutting through red tape, legal and product liability reform, and the aggressive expansion of overseas markets for their goods and services.\nWe will end the harassment of small businesses by federal agencies. In the case of OSHA, we will withdraw its proposed ergonomics standard, ban its bureaucracy from the homes of telecommuting workers, and change the agency from an adversary to a partner for safer productivity. We will halt the IRS discrimination against independent contractors and, in order to guard against unwise regulation, will include the agency in the current procedures of the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act.\nProviding health insurance is a major challenge for small business owners. Almost 60 percent of uninsured workers are either employed by small business or are self-employed. That is compelling reason to immediately allow 100 percent deductibility of health insurance premiums and let small businesses to band together, across State lines, to purchase insurance through association health plans.\nWork Place of the Future\n\nIndividual Americans, on their own initiative, are already creating the work place of the future. Employees and employers alike need to act as a team, not as adversaries, to be competitive in the world market. Republicans want to empower them to do all of that, because we believe they know what is best for their families, their earnings, and their advancement in an opportunity economy. To help them reach their goals, government must replace antiquated laws that restrict opportunity, increase costs, and inhibit innovation.\n\nTrade: The Force Of Economic Freedom\n\nInternational trade has become the world's most powerful economic force. International trade is not the creation of the world's rulers, but of the world's peoples, who strive for a better future and break down any barriers governments may erect to it. The result is today's global economy of open markets in democratic nations. That system is poised to sweep away both the counterproductive vestiges of protectionism and the backwater remnants of Marxism. We launched this revolution during the Reagan and Bush Administrations. Now we will bring it to completion: U.S. leadership of a global economy without limits to growth.\nFor our country, that outcome will be critical. Exports account for almost one-third of U.S. economic growth, while average wages in export-related industries are significantly higher. As for agriculture, expanding exports is key to saving the family farm. We must secure America's competitive advantage in the New Economy by preventing other countries from erecting barriers to innovation. For American producers and consumers alike, the benefits of free trade are already enormous. In the near future, they will be incalculable.\nBut free trade must be fair trade, within an open, rules-based international trading system. That will depend on American leadership, which has been lacking for the last eight years. The administration's failure to renew fast track (expedited legislative procedures to approve free trade legislation) has undermined its ability to open new markets abroad for American goods and services. As a result, America's trade deficit with the rest of the world has surged to record highs. We must be at the table when trade agreements are negotiated, make the interests of American workers and farmers paramount, and ensure that the drive to open new markets is successful.\nThe vitality of that agenda depends upon the vigorous enforcement of U.S. trade laws against unfair competition. We will not tolerate the foreign practices, rules, and subsidization that put our exports on an unequal footing. It is not enough to secure signatures on a piece of paper; our trading partners must follow through on the promises they make. First and foremost, we must restore the credibility of U.S. trade leadership. We therefore propose to:\nLaunch a new and ambitious round of multilateral negotiations focused solely on opening markets.\nRevitalize the World Trade Organization negotiations on agriculture and services.\nGive the next president fast-track negotiating authority.\nNegotiate reductions in tariffs on U.S. industrial goods and the elimination of other trade barriers so that our autos, heavy machinery, textiles, and other products will no longer be shut out of foreign markets.\nTake action against any trading partner that uses pseudo-science to block importation of U.S.\nbioengineered crops.\nAdvance a Free Trade Area of the Americas to take advantage of burgeoning new markets at our doorstep.\n\nTechnology And The New Economy: The Force For Change\n\nThe innovation at the heart of our New Economy has become the greatest force for change all over the world. With information technology, people in bondage can taste freedom, and people in freedom can bond more securely with each other. People who used to work for others are now independent entrepreneurs. And citizens are drilling through layers of entrenched bureaucracy to directly access information and transact business.\nRepublicans have embraced this change, for it advances the central values of our party and our country: a reduced role for government, greater personal liberty, economic freedom, reliance on the market and decentralized decision-making. This revolution also suits our national character — rewarding creativity, hard work, tenacity, and a willingness to take risks. It empowers. This is America's moment.\nRepublicans recognize that the role of government in the New Economy is to foster an environment where innovation can flourish. The Information Revolution is the product of the creative efforts and hard work of men and women in the private sector, and not of government bureaucrats. At the same time, we recognize the magnitude and pace of change require vigilance to make the most of its opportunities and to mitigate its possible difficulties. For what we have experienced thus far is surely only the beginning of almost unimaginable growth, change, and more change. Let others be timid in the face of it, but let this country seize the opportunity.\nThe Republican Congress deserves great credit for what it has already done to fulfill its historic E-Contract with the American people:\nThe Internet Tax Freedom Act put a three-year moratorium on new Internet taxes to ensure that electronic commerce would not be smothered in its infancy.\nAn expanded visa program (H1-B) provided much of the highly skilled labor that makes rapid technological progress possible.\nThe Securities Litigation Reform Act, enacted by overriding a veto, is preventing trial lawyers from preying on new cutting-edge companies. The threat of abusive lawsuits must not be allowed to cripple the capital formation that will drive the Information Revolution.\nA codified World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) agreement ensured that content providers are protected from foreign criminals.\nOur extended research and development tax credit allows companies to innovate, when innovation is the name of the high tech game.\nDeregulation of telecommunications, still in its early stages, shattered monopolies and opened the door to worldwide communication.\n\nThese initiatives are grounded in a steadfast commitment to open markets, to minimal regulations, and to reducing taxes that snuff out innovation — principles at the heart of the new economy and our party.\nOur latest breakthrough, enacted only weeks ago, is a landmark commercial law granting electronic signatures used in the formation of contracts online the same legal validity as pen and ink signatures on paper. With this single stroke, business-to-business e-commerce will explode, paperwork costs will decline, convenience will increase, and consumers rack up another major victory.\nThe impact of the Internet on the daily workings of government to make it more responsive and citizen-centered is considered elsewhere in this platform. But Republicans welcome the Information Revolution to the political arena too. Democracy thrives on well-informed citizens, and now the public will have unprecedented access to the workings of government, including the voting records of their Members of Congress and the written opinions of judges, whose decisions will now be reviewable in the court of public opinion.\nWhere do we go from here?\nFirst, commit to global markets and free trade. Internet curtains must not take the place of the Iron Curtain through tariffs, duties, or taxes on Internet access. We call for a permanent ban on access taxes and an extension of the current moratorium on new and discriminatory taxes, which shall not prohibit a state from collecting taxes that are currently authorized by law.\nSecond, maintain a highly educated work force so that continued progress need not depend on imported personnel. Like Governor Bush, we have made this a vital part of our education program that is detailed elsewhere in this platform. Instead of burdening schools with red tape and narrow government programs, we will give them maximum flexibility in using federal education technology dollars to meet their specific needs — whether it be for computers, teacher training, software development, or systems integration.\nThird, speed up the research and innovation that drive technological progress, along the lines of our proposed tax reforms, National Institute of Health (NIH) funding, and a $20 billion increase in the research and development budget of the Defense Department.\nFourth, protect the technology industry from modern day pirates at home and abroad: both those who violate copyrights and those who loot by litigation.\nRestrain the hand of government so that it cannot smother or slow the growth of worldwide commerce and communication through the Internet.\n\nIn addition, we must encourage government at all levels to work with the private sector to ensure that the Internet must be a medium for everyone. The old liberal approach — using the threat of stifling regulations to redistribute wealth and opportunity — will work no better than it ever has, and perhaps much worse, in the new economy. The Republican Party embraces a creative, incentive-based, public/private approach and a Republican president will use the influence of his office to urge high-tech philanthropy, with such initiatives as Governor Bush's plan to create and strengthen more than 2,000 community technology centers every year — centers which provide such services as free Internet access and technology skills training. The prosperity of our New Economy provides unprecedented opportunities for philanthropic giving.\nWhat holds true for the Internet applies as well to other areas of scientific advance, from biotechnology to chemistry. These fields require enormous infusions of capital, as well as regulatory flexibility by government. The federal government must refocus and reinvigorate its role in promoting cutting-edge, basic research, and the tax code must foster research and development. These policies will increase the pace of technological developments by de-emphasizing the direct role of government while strengthening private-public partnerships and the role of the private sector. In addition, the Republican Party will remain committed to America's leadership in space research and exploration. We will ensure that this Nation can expand our knowledge of the universe, and with the support of the American people, continue the exploration of Mars and the rest of the solar system. We consider space travel and space science a national priority with virtually unlimited benefits, in areas ranging from medicine to micro-machinery, for those on earth. Development of space will give us a growing economic resource and a source of new scientific discoveries. The potential benefits of new science and technology to the American people, indeed to all humanity, are incalculable and can only be hastened by the international free market in ideas that the Information Revolution has created.\nPrivacy and Secure Technologies\n\nGovernment also has a responsibility to protect personal privacy, which is the single greatest concern Americans now have about the Information Revolution. Citizens must have the confidence that their personal privacy will be respected in the use of technology by both business and government. That privacy is an essential part of our personal freedom and our family life, and it must not be sacrificed in the name of progress. At the same time, consumers should have the benefit of new products, services, and treatments that result from the legitimate use of data with appropriate safeguards. We applaud the leadership already demonstrated in this regard by many outstanding businesses, which are ensuring individuals' privacy in various ways and promoting public education about the consumer's right to privacy.\n\nEducation and Opportunity: Leave No American Behind\n\nA Responsibility Era\n\nSometimes it's important to state the obvious. This is one of those times. America is a great country. There are many reasons for this, foremost among them our long tradition of personal responsibility, the demand for high standards and clear values, and the central importance of family in social and economic progress.\nIn recent years, America seemed to move away from some of the qualities that make her great, but we are now relearning some important lessons. The key is to acknowledge the mistakes, fix them, learn from them, and move on.\nWe're coming to understand that a good and civil society cannot be packaged into government programs but must originate in our homes, in our neighborhoods, and in the private institutions that bring us together, in all our diversity, for the works of mercy and labors of love.\nThis section of our platform deals with some of America's most enduring, and seemingly intractable, challenges. We approach these challenges with compassionate conservatism, a concept that is as old as the pioneers heading West in wagon trains, in which everyone had responsibility to follow the rules, but no one would be left behind.\nReal Education Reform: Strengthening Accountability and Empowering Parents\n\nThe question is \"Are our schools better off now than they were eight years ago?\" At a time of remarkable economic growth, when a world of opportunity awaits students who are prepared for it, American colleges and universities are offering remedial courses and American businesses are unable to find enough qualified or trainable workers to meet the demand. Worst of all, so many of our children, America's most precious asset, are headed toward failure in school, and that will hold them back throughout their lives. Republicans desire a better result. We believe that every child in this land should have access to a high quality, indeed, a world-class education, and we're determined to meet that goal.\nIt's long past time to debate what works in education. The verdict is in, and our Republican governors provided the key testimony: strong parental involvement, excellent teachers, safe and orderly classrooms, high academic standards, and a commitment to teaching the basics — from an early start in phonics to mastery of computer technology. Federal programs that fail to support these fundamental principles are sadly out of date and, under the next president, out of time. For dramatic and swift improvement, we endorse the principles of Governor Bush's education reforms, which will:\nRaise academic standards through increased local control and accountability to parents, shrinking a multitude of federal programs into five flexible grants in exchange for real, measured progress in student achievement\nAssist states in closing the achievement gap and empower needy families to escape persistently failing schools by allowing federal dollars to follow their children to the school of their choice.\nExpand parental choice and encourage competition by providing parents with information on their child's school, increasing the number of charter schools, and expanding education savings accounts for use from kindergarten through college.\nHelp states ensure school safety by letting children in dangerous schools transfer to schools that are safe for learning and by forcefully prosecuting youths who carry or use guns and the adults who provide them.\nEnsure that all children learn to read by reforming Head Start and by facilitating state reading initiatives that focus on scientifically based reading research, including phonics.\n\nNothing is more important than literacy, and yet many children have trouble reading. This problem must be addressed at all grade levels. And as is so often the case in education, the solution is parent and child working together with teachers to help break a cycle of illiteracy that may have extended from generation to generation. We want to replace that pattern with the rich legacy of reading.\nWe recognize that under the American constitutional system, education is a state, local, and family responsibility, not a federal obligation. Since over 90 percent of public school funding is state and local, not federal, it is obvious that state and local governments must assume most of the responsibility to improve the schools, and the role of the federal government must be progressively limited as we return control to parents, teachers, and local school boards. Programs beginning the process by congressional Republicans to return power to the people, such as \"Straight As\" legislation and \"Dollars to the Classroom\" are a good step to reach this goal. The Republican Congress rightly opposed attempts by the Department of Education to establish federal testing that would set the stage for a national curriculum. We believe it's time to test the Department, and each of its programs, instead.\nOver thirty years ago, the federal government assumed a special financial responsibility to advance the education of disadvantaged children through the Title I program. Today, $120 billion later, the achievement gap between those youngsters and their peers has only widened. The fiscal loss is not a good thing, but the human loss is tragic. We cannot allow another generation of kids to be written off. For dramatic and swift improvement, we endorse Governor Bush's principles of local control, with accountability, parental choice, and meaningful student achievement as essential to education reform.\nQualified teachers are the vanguard of education reform. With mastery of their subjects, a contagious enthusiasm for learning, and a heartfelt commitment to their students, they can make any school great. That is why we advocate merit pay for them and expanded opportunities for professional development. Today, however, many teachers face danger and disrespect in the classroom, and their efforts to maintain order are hampered by the threat of litigation. We propose special legal protection for teachers to shield them from meritless lawsuits. We advocate a zero-tolerance policy toward all students who disrupt the classroom and we reaffirm that school officials must have the right and responsibility to appropriately discipline all students, including students with disabilities, who are disruptive or violent. Toward the same end, we will encourage faith-based and community organizations to take leading roles in after-school programs that build character and improve behavior. We propose to improve teacher training and recruiting by expanding the Troops-to-Teachers program, which places retired military personnel in the classroom, and by rewarding states that enact a system for teacher accountability. We will expand teacher loan-forgiveness to encourage qualified candidates to serve in high-need schools. As a matter of fairness, we will establish a teacher tax deduction to help defray the out-of-pocket teaching expenses so many good home, private, and public school teachers make to benefit their students.\nLocal responsibility for neighborhood schools has been the key to successful education since the days of the little red schoolhouse. We salute congressional Republicans for their continuing efforts, through Ed-Flex and other initiatives, to shift decision-making away from the federal bureaucracy and back to localities. We strongly endorse Governor Bush's proposal to consolidate cumbersome categorical programs into flexible performance grants, targeting resources to the classroom and tying them directly to student achievement. That is real reform.\nIn the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), the Congress required that every community in the country provide a free and appropriate education for all students with special needs and fund their schooling at higher levels. In return, the federal government promised to pay 40 percent of the average per pupil expenditure to cover the excess costs. During all the years the Democrats controlled Congress that was not done. It was congressional Republicans who took the first real strides toward fulfillment of the IDEA promise. We applaud them for recognizing that federal mandates must include federal funding. We will strive to promote the early diagnosis of learning deficiencies. Preventive efforts in early childhood should reduce the demand for special education and help many youngsters move beyond the need for IDEA's protections.\nIn the final analysis, education remains a parental right and responsibility. We advocate choice in education, not as an abstract theory, but as the surest way for families, especially low-income families, to free their youngsters from failing or dangerous schools and put them onto the road to opportunity and success. By the same token, we defend the option for home schooling and call for vigilant enforcement of laws designed to protect family rights and privacy in education. Children should not be compelled to answer offensive or intrusive questionnaires. We will continue to work for the return of voluntary school prayer to our schools and will strongly enforce the Republican legislation that guarantees equal access to school facilities by student religious groups. We strongly support voluntary student-initiated prayer in school without governmental interference. We strongly disagree with the Supreme Court's recent ruling, backed by the current administration, against student-initiated prayer.\nHigher Education: Increased Access For All\n\nOne of the most profound changes in American society in the last half-century was the opening of post-secondary education to virtually everyone. Competition among institutions has been the key to that success. What began with the GI Bill in the 1940s has now, through student loans and grants, become the best higher education system in the world. Ours is a system in which achievement can count for more than money or social status. Americans are rightly proud of that. Now the challenges we face in the technological revolution and in the global economy require us to continue to expand the extent and excellence of higher education.\nThat is why both Governor Bush and congressional Republicans have given priority to programs that increase access to higher education for qualified students. The centerpiece of this effort has been education savings accounts — the ideal combination of minimal red tape and maximum consumer choice. Along with that innovation, congressional Republicans passed legislation to allow tax-free distributions from state pre-paid tuition plans, enhance the tax deduction for student loans, and make it more practicable for employers to provide educational assistance to train workers. Unfortunately, that legislation was vetoed. Next year, a Republican president will sign it into law.\nMeanwhile, under Republican fiscal discipline, interest rates on federally guaranteed student loans are lower than ever before so student aspirations can reach higher than ever before. Pell Grants, the doorway to learning for millions of low-income families, are greater than ever — and will become a dynamic force in math, science, and technology when a Republican Congress enacts Governor Bush's proposal to:\nTarget increased benefits to students taking challenging course in those fields.\nForm partnerships with colleges and universities to improve science and math education.\nAttract science, math, and engineering grads to low-income schools and areas with shortages of those teachers.\n\nOverall college costs, however, continue to climb, usually far ahead of inflation. Whatever the reasons, these costs squeeze the budgets of the middle class. Many families feel they're on a treadmill, working harder to pay tuition bills that never stop rising. We call upon campus administrators to search for ways to hold down that price spiral; and, in fairness to them, we propose a presidentially directed study on the effect of government regulation and paperwork demands.\nAt many institutions of higher learning, the ideal of academic freedom is threatened by intolerance. Students should not be compelled to support, through mandatory student fees, anyone's political agenda. The Republican party stands in solidarity with the dedicated faculty who are penalized for their conservatism and also with the courageous students who run independent campus newspapers to confront the powerful with the power of truth. To protect the nation's colleges and universities against intolerance, we will work with independent educators to maintain alternatives to ideological accrediting bodies. We also support a reasonable approach to Title IX that seeks to expand opportunities for women without adversely affecting men's teams.\nA New Prosperity: Seats for All at the Welcome Table\n\nWe want to expand opportunity instead of government. Governor Bush calls this \"the Duty of Hope.\" We see it as our duty to act. But whatever we name it, the goal is the same — to give hope and real upward mobility to those who have never known either. It's clear that the old left-liberal order of social policy has collapsed in failure; and its failure was the most egregious among whom it most professed to serve: the poor and those on the margins of society.\nThe time is here to act, to bring hope, to expand opportunity. Republican governors throughout the country sparked a revolution that brought about the greatest social policy change in nearly 60 years — welfare reform. Inspired by the innovative reforms of Republican governors that successfully moved families from welfare dependence to the independence of work, congressional Republicans passed landmark welfare reform legislation in 1996 that has helped millions of Americans break the cycle of welfare and gain independence for their families. Because of that legislation — turning welfare resources and decision-making back to the states, with the understanding that recipients must meet a work requirement and such assistance would be only temporary — about six million Americans are now gainfully employed, many for the first time. We salute them.\nAnd now it's time to take more steps in the right direction by helping these families climb the opportunity ladder. It won't be easy, but welfare reform wasn't easy either, though the results were surely worth the fight. Here are our next steps:\nReward work with tax reform that takes 6 million families off the tax rolls, cuts the rate for those who remain on the rolls, and doubles the child tax credit to $1,000.\nImplement the \"American Dream Down Payment\" program, which will allow a half million families who currently draw federal rental assistance to become homeowners, and allow families receiving federal rental payments to apply one year's worth of their existing assistance money toward the purchase of their own first home, thus becoming independent of any further government housing assistance. This approach builds upon our long standing commitment to resident management of public housing and other initiatives.\nIncrease the supply of affordable housing for low-income working families and rehabilitate abandoned housing that blights neighborhoods by establishing the Renewing the Dream tax credit. This investor-based tax credit will create or renovate more than 100,000 single-family housing units in distressed communities.\nBuild savings and personal wealth through Individual Development Accounts, in partnership with banks, to accelerate the savings of low-income earners.\n\nFor many individuals, poverty signals more than the lack of money. It often represents obstacles that cannot be overcome with just a paycheck. These are the challenging cases, where government aid is least effective. These, too, are the situations where neighborhood and faith-based intervention has its greatest power. For this reason, the Republican Congress mandated charitable choice in the welfare reform law of 1996, allowing states to contract with faith-based providers for welfare services on the same basis as any other providers. The current administration has done its utmost to block the implementation of that provision, insisting that all symbols of religion must be removed or covered over — precisely what the 1996 provisions set out to prevent. The result is that many of the most successful service programs are essentially blacklisted because they will neither conceal nor compromise the faith that makes them so effective in changing lives. While this is unfair to faith-based organizations, it is unjust to those whom they could help conquer abuse, addiction, and hopelessness.\nTexas was the first state to implement charitable choice in welfare, and its governor intends to expand it to all federally-funded human services programs. We support his plans to unbar the gates of the government ghetto, inviting into the American dream those who are now in its shadows and using the dedication and expertise of faith communities to make it happen.\nThis is what we propose:\nApply charitable Choice to all federal social service programs.\nEncourage an outpouring of giving by extending the current federal charity tax deduction to the 70 percent of all tax filers who do not itemize their deductions and by allowing people to make donations tax-free from their IRAs.\nPromote corporate giving by raising the cap on their charitable deductions and assuring them liability protection for their in-kind donations.\n\nThe renewal of entire communities is an awesome task and involves one human face, one human heart at a time. But the American people have a long and seasoned history of working wonders. Government does have a role to play, but as a partner, not a rival, to the armies of compassion. These forces have roots in the areas they serve, and their leaders are people to whom the disadvantaged are not statistics, but neighbors, friends, and moral individuals created in the image of God. With these approaches government becomes a partner with community and faith-based providers in supporting families and children and helping them improve their opportunities for a better life.\nChildren At Risk\n\nRepublicans recognize the importance of having a father and a mother in the home. The two-parent family still provides the best environment of stability, discipline, responsibility, and character. Documentation shows that where the father has deserted his family, children are more likely to commit a crime, drop out of school, become violent, become teen parents, take illegal drugs, become mired in poverty, or have emotional or behavioral problems. We support the courageous efforts of single-parent families to have a stable home.\nThe participation of faith-based and community groups will be especially important in dealing with the twin problems of non-marital pregnancy and substance abuse. Reducing those behaviors is the surest way to end the cycle of child poverty. After-school programs should be fully open to the community and faith-based groups that know best how to reach out to our children and help them reach their true potential.\nWe renew our call for replacing \"family planning\" programs for teens with increased funding for abstinence education, which teaches abstinence until marriage as the responsible and expected standard of behavior. Abstinence from sexual activity is the only protection that is 100 percent effective against out-of-wedlock pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS, when transmitted sexually. We oppose school-based clinics that provide referrals, counseling, and related services for contraception and abortion. We urge the states to enforce laws against statutory rape, which accounts for an enormous portion of teen pregnancy. We support the establishment of Second Chance Maternity Homes, like the ones Governor Bush has proposed, to give young unwed mothers the opportunity to develop parenting skills, finish school, and enter the workforce. Because many youngsters fall into poverty as a result of divorce, we also encourage states to review their divorce laws and to support projects that strengthen marriage, promote successful parenting, bolster the stability of the home, and protect the economic rights of the innocent spouse and children. Finally, because so many social ills plaguing America are fueled by the absence of fathers, we support initiatives that strengthen marriage rates and promote committed fatherhood.\nThe entire nation has suffered from the administration's virtual surrender in the war against drugs, but children in poor communities have paid the highest price in the threat of addiction and the daily reality of violence. Drug kingpins have turned entire neighborhoods into wastelands and ruined uncounted lives with their poison. The statistics are shocking. Since 1992, among 10th graders, overall drug use has increased 55 percent, marijuana and hashish use has risen 91 percent, heroin use has gone up 92 percent, and cocaine use has soared 133 percent. Not surprisingly, teen attitudes toward drug abuse have veered sharply away from disapproval. With abundant supplies in their deadly arsenal, drug traffickers are targeting younger children, as well as rural kids.\nStill, there is no substitute for presidential leadership, whether internationally or here at home, where America's families cry out for safe, drug-free schools. A Republican president will hear those cries and work with parents to protect children. We will bring accountability to anti-drug programs, promote those that work, and cease funding for those that waste resources. Equally important, in a Republican administration the Department of Justice will require all federal prosecutors to aggressively pursue drug dealers, from the kingpins to the lackeys. We renew our support for capital punishment for drug traffickers who take innocent life.\nIllegal drugs and alcohol abuse are closely related to the incidence of child abuse. Government at all levels spends about $20 billion annually on a confusing array of programs to help either the children or adults in abusive or neglectful families. While the largest federal effort is the open-ended entitlements aimed at foster care and adoption, very little is allotted to preventive and family support services. We must decrease abuse caseloads and increase accountability throughout the child protection system. We propose to restructure that system along the lines of our welfare reform success, by combining the separate and competing funding sources into a Child Protection Block Grant with guaranteed levels of funding. This will empower the states to respond more quickly, more flexibly, and with greater compassion to children in peril. We call for the stringent and effective enforcement of laws against the abuse of children.\nFor many of those children, adoption may be the only route to a stable and loving home. Government at all levels should work with the charitable and faith-based groups that provide adoption services to remove the obstacles they sometimes encounter in their efforts to unite children in need with families who need them.\nRenewing Family and Community\n\nIndividual rights — and the responsibilities that go with them — are the foundation of a free society. In protecting those rights, and in asserting those responsibilities, we affirm the common good, and common goals, that should unite all Americans.\nWe are the party of the open door, determined to strengthen the social, cultural, and political ties that bind us together and make our country the greatest force for good in the world. Steadfast in our commitment to our ideals, we recognize that members of our party can have deeply held and sometimes differing views. This diversity is a source of strength, not a sign of weakness, and so we welcome into our ranks all who may hold differing positions. We commit to resolve our differences with civility, trust, and mutual respect.\nFamily Matters\n\nThe family is society's central core of energy. That is why efforts to strengthen family life are the surest way to improve life for everyone. For this reason, congressional Republicans made adoption easier and enacted the child tax credit — and that is why Governor Bush wants to double that credit to $1,000 per child and increase the adoption credit. It's why we advocate a family-friendly tax code; why we promote comp-time and flex-time to accommodate family needs; and why we advocate choice in childcare. We support the traditional definition of \"marriage\" as the legal union of one man and one woman, and we believe that federal judges and bureaucrats should not force states to recognize other living arrangements as marriages. We rely on the home, as did the founders of the American Republic, to instill the virtues that sustain democracy itself. That belief led Congress to enact the Defense of Marriage Act, which a Republican Department of Justice will energetically defend in the courts. For the same reason, we do not believe sexual preference should be given special legal protection or standing in law.\nJust as environmental pollution affects our physical health, so too does the pollution of our culture affect the health of our communities. There is much to celebrate in contemporary culture, but also much to deplore: The glorification of violence, the glamorizing of drugs, the abuse of women and children, whether in music or videos, advertising, or tabloid journalism. Still, there are individuals and organizations using their power as citizens and consumers to advance a cultural renewal in all aspects of American life. We support and applaud them.\nTheir efforts will be critically important in the Information Age, which, with all its tremendous benefits, brings a major challenge to families. When the FBI reports that porn sites are the most frequently accessed on the Internet, it's time for parents at home — and communities through their public institutions — to take action. We endorse Republican legislation pending in the Congress to require schools and libraries to secure their computers against on-line porn and predators if they accept federal subsides to connect to the Internet. This is not a question of free speech. Kids in a public library should not be victims of filth, and porn addicts should not use library facilities for their addiction. Therefore, public libraries and schools should secure their computers against on-line pornography.\nUpholding the Rights of All\n\nEquality of individuals before the law has always been a cornerstone of our party. We therefore oppose discrimination based on sex, race, age, religion, creed, disability, or national origin and will vigorously enforce anti-discrimination statutes. As we strive to forge a national consensus on the crucial issues of our time, we call on all Americans to reject the forces of hatred and bigotry. Accordingly, we denounce all who practice or promote racism, anti-Semitism, ethnic prejudice, and religious intolerance. Our country was founded in faith and upon the truth that self-government is rooted in religious conviction. While the Constitution guards against the establishment of state-sponsored religion, it also honors the free exercise of religion. We believe the federal courts must respect this freedom and the original intent of the Framers. We assert the right of religious leaders to speak out on public issues and will not allow the EEOC or any other arm of government to regulate or ban religious symbols from the workplace. We condemn the desecration of places of worship and objects of religious devotion, and call upon the media to reconsider their role in fostering bias through negative stereotyping of religious citizens. We support the First Amendment right of freedom of association and stand united with private organizations, such as the Boy Scouts of America, and support their positions.\nBecause we treasure freedom of conscience, we oppose attempts to compel individuals or institutions to violate their moral standards in providing health-related services. We believe religious institutions and schools should not be taxed. When government funds privately-operated social, welfare, or educational programs, it must not discriminate against faith-based organizations, whose record in providing services to those in need far exceeds that of the public sector. Their participation should be actively encouraged, and never conditioned upon the covering or removing of religious objects or symbols.\nWe believe rights inhere in individuals, not in groups. We will attain our nation's goal of equal opportunity without quotas or other forms of preferential treatment. It is as simple as this: No one should be denied a job, promotion, contract, or chance at higher education because of their race or gender. Equal access, energetically offered, should guarantee every person a fair shot based on their potential and merit.\nThe Supreme Court's recent decision, prohibiting states from banning partial-birth abortions — a procedure denounced by a committee of the American Medical Association and rightly branded as four-fifths infanticide — shocks the conscience of the nation. As a country, we must keep our pledge to the first guarantee of the Declaration of Independence. That is why we say the unborn child has a fundamental individual right to life which cannot be infringed. We support a human life amendment to the Constitution and we endorse legislation to make clear that the Fourteenth Amendment's protections apply to unborn children. Our purpose is to have legislative and judicial protection of that right against those who perform abortions. We oppose using public revenues for abortion and will not fund organizations which advocate it. We support the appointment of judges who respect traditional family values and the sanctity of innocent human life.\nOur goal is to ensure that women with problem pregnancies have the kind of support, material and otherwise, they need for themselves and for their babies, not to be punitive towards those for whose difficult situation we have only compassion. We oppose abortion, but our pro-life agenda does not include punitive action against women who have an abortion. We salute those who provide alternatives to abortion and offer adoption services, and we commend congressional Republicans for expanding assistance to adopting families and for removing racial barriers to adoption. The impact of those measures and of our Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997 has been spectacular. Adoptions out of foster care have jumped forty percent and the incidence of child abuse and neglect has actually declined. We second Governor Bush's call to make permanent the adoption tax credit and expand it to $7,500.\nAn essential part of a culture that respects life is integration and inclusion of persons with disabilities. That is the goal of Governor Bush's New Freedom Initiative, a comprehensive agenda for the breakthrough research and practical assistance that can help individuals with disabilities live independently, hold jobs, and take part in the daily life of their communities. We applaud his proposal, and we salute congressional Republicans for the way they have protected access to health care for individuals with disabilities against the administration's attempts to ration it. We pledge continued vigilance in that regard, especially in Medicare and Medicaid.\nWe oppose the non-consensual withholding of care or treatment because of disability, age, or infirmity, just as we oppose euthanasia and assisted suicide, which endanger especially the poor and those on the margins of society. We applaud congressional Republicans for their leadership against those abuses and their pioneering legislation to focus research and treatment resources on the alleviation of pain and the care of terminally ill patients.\nSeeking the counsel of those who would be most affected by it, the Republican Congress enacted the new Ticket-to-Work law, empowering persons with disabilities to choose their own support services by voucher. Equally important, and with the inspiration of initiatives by some Republican governors, we have made it possible for millions of individuals with disabilities to rejoin the work force without losing their health benefits. We pledge full enforcement of these and prior enactments that have helped bring individuals with disabilities into the mainstream of a society that needs their skills and their industry.\nWe support their full access to the polls and to the entire political process. The promise of assistive technology, so costly but offering hope to so many, makes it all the more crucial that we maintain the expanding economy that sustains the investment necessary to make miracles happen.\nWe defend the constitutional right to keep and bear arms, and we affirm the individual responsibility to safely use and store firearms. Because self-defense is a basic human right, we will promote training in their safe usage, especially in federal programs for women and the elderly. A Republican administration will vigorously enforce current gun laws, neglected by the Democrats, especially by prosecuting dangerous offenders identified as felons in instant background checks. Although we support background checks to ensure that guns do not fall into the hands of criminals, we oppose federal licensing of law-abiding gun owners and national gun registration as a violation of the Second Amendment and an invasion of privacy of honest citizens. Through programs like Project Exile, we will hold criminals individually accountable for their actions by strong enforcement of federal and state firearm laws, especially when guns are used in violent or drug-related crimes. With a special emphasis upon school safety, we propose the crackdown on youth violence explained elsewhere in this platform.\nWe affirm the right of individuals to voluntarily participate in labor organizations and to bargain collectively. We therefore support the right of states to enact Right-to-Work laws. No one should be forced to contribute to a campaign or a candidate, so we will vigorously implement the Supreme Court's Beck decision to stop the involuntary use of union dues for political purposes. We will revoke the illegal executive order excluding millions of workers from federal contracts, and safeguard the unemployment compensation system against the diversion of its funds for political purposes.\nFrom Many, One\n\nOur country's ethnic diversity within a shared national culture is unique in all the world. We benefit from our differences, but we must also strengthen the ties that bind us to one another. Foremost among those is the flag. Its deliberate desecration is not \"free speech\" but an assault against both our proud history and our greatest hopes. We therefore support a constitutional amendment that will restore to the people, through their elected representatives, their right to safeguard Old Glory.\nAnother sign of our unity is the role of English as our common language. It has enabled people from every corner of the world to come together to build this nation. For newcomers, it has always been the fastest route to the mainstream of American life. English empowers. That is why fluency in English must be the goal of bilingual education programs. We support the recognition of English as the nation's common language. At the same time, mastery of other languages is important for America's competitiveness in the world market. We advocate foreign language training in our schools and the fostering of respect for other languages and cultures throughout our society.\nWe have reaped enormous human capital in the genius and talent and industry of those who have escaped nations captive to totalitarianism. Our country still attracts the best and brightest to invent here, create wealth here, improve the quality of life here. As a nation of immigrants, we welcome all new Americans who have entered lawfully and are prepared to follow our laws and provide for themselves and their families. In their search for a better life, they strengthen our economy, enrich our culture, and defend the nation in war and in peace. To ensure fairness for those wishing to reside in this country, and to meet the manpower needs of our expanding economy, a total overhaul of the immigration system is sorely needed.\nThe administration's lax enforcement of our borders has led to tragic exploitation of smuggled immigrants, and untold suffering, at the hands of law-breakers. We call for harsh penalties against smugglers and those who provide fake documents. We oppose the creation of any national ID card.\nBecause free trade is the most powerful force for the kind of development that creates a middle class and offers opportunity at home, the long-term solution for illegal immigration is economic growth in Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. In the short run, however, decisive action is needed. We therefore endorse the recommendations of the U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform:\nRestore credibility to enforcement by devoting more resources both to border control and to internal operations.\nReorganize family unification preferences to give priority to spouses and children, rather than extended family members.\nEmphasize needed skills in determining eligibility for admission.\nOverhaul the failed Labor Certification Program to end the huge delays in matching qualified workers with urgent work.\nReform the Immigration and Naturalization Service by splitting its functions into two agencies, one focusing on enforcement and one exclusively devoted to service.\n\nThe education reforms we propose elsewhere in this platform will, over time, greatly increase the number of highly qualified workers in all sectors of the American economy. To meet immediate needs, however, we support increasing the number of H-1B visas to ensure high-tech workers in specialized positions, provided such workers do not pose a national security risk; and we will expand the H-2A program for the temporary agricultural workers so important to the nation's farms.\nJustice And Safety\n\nMost Americans over the age of fifty remember a time when streets and schoolyards were safe, doors unlocked, windows unbarred. The elderly did not live in fear and the young did not die in gunfire. That world is gone, swept away in the social upheaval provoked by the welfare, drug, and crime policies of the 1960s and later.\nWe cannot go back to that time of innocence, but we can go forward, step by difficult step, to recreate respect for law — and law that is worthy of respect. Most of that effort must come on the state and local levels, which have the primary responsibility for law enforcement. While we support community policing and other proven initiatives against crime, we strongly oppose any erosion of that responsibility by the federal government. Our Republican governors, legislators, and local leaders have taken a zero tolerance approach to crime that has led to the lowest crime and murder rates in a generation.\nAt the same time, we recognize the crucial leadership role the president and the Congress should play in restoring public safety. The congressional half of that team, in cooperation with governors and local officials who are the front line against crime, has been hard at work. Within proper federal jurisdiction, the Republican Congress has enacted legislation for an effective deterrent death penalty, restitution to victims, removal of criminal aliens, and vigilance against terrorism. They stopped federal judges from releasing criminals because of prison overcrowding, made it harder to file lawsuits about prison conditions, and, with a truth-in-sentencing law, pushed states to make sure violent felons actually do time. They have also provided billions of dollars, in the form of block grants, for law enforcement agencies to hire police and acquire new equipment and technology.\nThe other part of the team — a president engaged in the fight against crime — has been ineffective for the last eight years. To the contrary, sixteen hard-core terrorists were granted clemency, sending the wrong signal to others who would use terror against the American people. The administration started out by slashing the nation's funding for drug interdiction and overseas operations against the narcotics cartel. It finishes by presiding over the near collapse of drug policy. The only bright spot has been the determination of the Republican Congress. Its Western Hemisphere Drug Elimination Act of 1998 has just begun to restore the nation's ability to strike at the source of illegal drugs. Now the Congress is taking the lead to assist Colombia against the narco-insurgents who control large parts of that country, a stone's throw from the Panama Canal.\nA Republican president will advance an agenda to restore the public's safety:\nNo-frills prisons, with productive work requirements, that make the threat of jail a powerful deterrent to crime.\nIncreased penalties and resources to combat the dramatic rise in production and use of methamphetamine and new drugs such as ecstasy.\nAn effective program of rehabilitation, where appropriate.\nSupport of community-based diversion programs for first time, non-violent offenders.\nReforming the Supreme Court's invented Exclusionary Rule, which has allowed countless criminals to get off on technicalities.\nA constitutional amendment to protect victims' rights at every stage of the criminal justice system.\nReservation of two seats on the U.S. Sentencing Commission for victims of violent crimes.\n\nWe will reopen Pennsylvania Avenue in front of the White House as a symbolic expression of our confidence in the restoration of the rule of law.\nCrimes against women and children demand an emphatic response. That is why the Republican Congress enacted Megan's Law, requiring local notification when sex offenders are released, and why we advocate special penalties against thugs who, in assaults against pregnant women, harm them or their unborn children. Federal obscenity and child pornography laws, especially crimes involving the Internet, must be vigorously enforced — in contrast to the current administration's failure in this area. We urge States to follow the lead of congressional Republicans by making admissible in court the prior similar criminal acts of defendants in sexual assault cases.\nMillions of Americans suffer from problem or pathological gambling that can destroy families. We support legislation prohibiting gambling over the Internet or in student athletics by student athletes who are participating in competitive sports.\nOn both the federal and state levels, juvenile crime demands special attention, as the age of young offenders has fallen and their brutality has increased. We renew our call for a complete overhaul of the juvenile justice system that will punish juvenile offenders, open criminal proceedings to victims and the public, make conviction records more available, and enforce accountability for offenders, parents, and judges.\nWith regard to school safety, we encourage local school systems to develop a single system of discipline for all students who commit offenses involving drugs or violence in school, not the federally imposed dual system which leaves today's teachers and students at risk from the behavior of others.\nAny juvenile who commits any crime while carrying a gun should automatically be detained, not released to someone's custody. We urge localities to consider zero-tolerance for juvenile drinking and driving and early intervention to keep delinquency from escalating to crime. While recognizing the important role of both parents to the well-being of their children, we must acknowledge the critical need for positive role models to put a generation of fatherless boys on the right road to manhood. We affirm the right of public schools, courthouses, and other public buildings to post copies of the Ten Commandments.\nFinally, continued assistance to state and local law enforcement is critical. Through research, grants, and joint task forces, the federal government should encourage smarter, more effective anti-crime efforts. In particular, we advocate assistance to police for their personal protection, continuing education and training, and family care.\nWhat Is At Stake\n\nThe rule of law, the very foundation for a free society, has been under assault, not only by criminals from the ground up, but also from the top down. An administration that lives by evasion, coverup, stonewalling, and duplicity has given us a totally discredited Department of Justice. The credibility of those who now manage the nation's top law enforcement agency is tragically eroded. We are fortunate to have its dedicated career workforce, especially its criminal prosecutors, who have faced the unprecedented politicization of decisions regarding both personnel and investigations.\nRetirement Security and Quality Health Care: Our Pledge to America\n\nThere are those who say Americans must choose between security and freedom. They are wrong. Security and liberty are not enemies. When properly balanced, they are kindred means for advancing individual achievement. In the century past, that balance was not always maintained. There were times when the exercise of independence left too many Americans insecure, especially in their old age. And there were more times when the governmental imposition of security smothered the freedoms that should be at the center of American life.\nThe Republican vision for a good society restores the balance most Americans seek, by maintaining the structures that guard against unforeseen misfortune and, at the same time, encouraging individual decision-making and personal control.\nSaving Social Security: Helping Individuals Build Wealth\n\n\"A defining American promise\" — a strong phrase from a strong leader, with which we strongly agree. The Social Security program is the touchstone by which the American people now gauge the reliability, competence, and integrity of government. Unfortunately, the gauge is registering real problems. This is not breaking news to most Americans. They have known for years of the deterioration of Social Security's fiscal health but fully expected their leaders to address it. But with each passing year leading to an ever grimmer prognosis, the gauge has dropped, notch by notch, into the red zone.\nSince 1992, Social Security's unfunded liability has increased from $7.4 trillion to $8.8 trillion. Its trustees project that, by the year 2015, there will not be enough cash coming in from payroll taxes to pay currently promised Social Security benefits.\nThe current administration has treated Social Security as a slogan rather than a priority, demanding billions for new government programs instead of attending to the stability of our most important domestic program. Even worse, their proposal to let the government buy stocks on behalf of the Social Security trust fund was an unprecedented power grab over the entire American economy. Doing nothing is no longer an option, for it leads to three bitter choices in the near future: crippling levels of payroll taxation, significantly reduced benefits for Social Security recipients, or a crushing burden of public debt for generations to come.\nWe reject each of those outcomes and accept the mandate which others have abandoned: To keep faith with both the past and the future by saving Social Security. For starters, congressional Republicans stopped the annual raids on the Social Security trust funds by balancing the federal budget without that program's surplus. In addition, government agencies have and should continue efforts to improve the accuracy of economic indicators. Now a Republican president will forge a national consensus on these principles to protect this national priority:\nAnyone currently receiving Social Security, or close to being eligible for it, will not be impacted by any changes.\nKey changes should merit bipartisan agreement so any reforms will be a win for the American people rather than a political victory for any one party.\nReal reform does not require, and will not include, tax increases.\nPersonal savings accounts must be the cornerstone of restructuring. Each of today's workers should be free to direct a portion of their payroll taxes to personal investments for their retirement future. It is crucial that individuals be offered a variety of investment alternatives and that detailed information be provided to each participant to help them judge the risks and benefits of each plan. Today's financial markets offer a variety of investment options, including some that guarantee a rate of return higher than the current Social Security system with no risk to the investor.\nChoice is the key. Any new options for retirement security should be voluntary, so workers can choose to remain in the current system or opt for something different.\nThis is a challenge that demands the kind of presidential leadership the country has not seen in almost a decade. Governor Bush has shown his commitment by proposing a bold alternative to the collapse of Social Security. Along with Americans everywhere, we pledge to join him in this endeavor of a lifetime.\n\nSecurity for Older Americans\n\nFor most of us, retirement holds both promise and problems. Today's elderly have far more economic security than earlier generations; and opportunities for learning, teaching, and leading are greater than ever. Public policy must encourage, not inhibit, this. To that end, for half a century, the Republican Party fought to repeal the Democrats' earnings limitation on Social Security recipients, which took away a dollar for every three they earned. That fight has finally been won, and we salute congressional Republicans for leading it. We likewise note with pride the Republican legislation that has simplified pension law and made it easier for more businesses, especially small ones, to offer pension plans.\nWe call for full repeal of the death tax, as proposed in Governor Bush's program, Prosperity with a Purpose, and as recently passed by congressional Republicans. Hard-working Americans should not live with the fear that the fruits of their lifetime of labor will fall into the hands of government instead of their children.\nThe growing need for long-term care calls for long-term planning both by individuals and by government. We encourage, at all levels of government, regulatory flexibility and sensitivity to human needs in nursing homes and related facilities. In this area, as in so many other unheralded corners of American lives, heroic sacrifices are being made by millions of families to care for their mothers and fathers as their parents cared for them. We support Governor Bush's call for a 100 percent above-the-line tax deduction for premiums for long-term care insurance, recognizing and rewarding individual responsibility, and we welcome his proposal to allow an additional exemption for each elderly spouse, parent, or relative a family tends to in their own residence.\nPreserving and Improving Medicare\n\nMedicare, at age 35, needs a new lease on life. It's time to bring this program, so critical for 39 million seniors and individuals with disabilities, into the Twenty-First Century. It's time to modernize the benefit package to match current medical science, improve the program's financial stability, and cut back the bureaucratic jungle that is smothering it. It's time to give older Americans access to the same health insurance plan the Congress has created for itself, so that seniors will have the same choices and security as Members of Congress, including elimination of all current limitations and restrictions that prevent the establishment of medical savings accounts. To do that, we need to build on the strengths of the free market system, offer seniors real choices in coverage, give participants flexibility, and make sure there are incentives for the private sector to develop new and inexpensive drugs.\nNo one in their right mind would choose a physician who limited her practice to the treatments and procedures of the 1960s. By the same token, no one should be content with a Medicare program based on benefit packages and delivery models of that same era. For example, it denies coverage for necessary preventive services, like cholesterol screenings, and limits access to new life-saving technologies. This must change. Every Medicare beneficiary should have a choice of health care options. We want them to have access to the health plan that best fits their medical needs. In short: no more governmental one-size-fits-all.\nMedicare also needs new measures of solvency that look at total program expenses and provide an honest reading of how we can guarantee benefits for decades to come. At the same time, we must dramatically reduce the program's administrative complexities symbolized both by its 130,000 pages of regulations and by its $13.5 billion in improper payments in 1999 alone. Some of that is due to fraud, waste, and abuse, but most of it comes from the sad fact that Medicare is a creaking, bureaucratic, and oppressive dinosaur in the age of MRIs. This frustrates health care providers, hospitals, and patients alike. Let us be clear: We support vigorous enforcement of anti-fraud laws in cases where there is intent to commit fraud, but it is unfair to blame honest health care providers who must seek reimbursement within a minefield of confusing Medicare regulations.\nFor Medicare to survive — and more important, to succeed — it must become a common enterprise of government, health professionals, and hospitals alike. Rather than continue the practice of recurrent and unpredictable cuts in provider payments, a reformed Medicare program will allow health care providers, particularly those helping rural and underserved populations, to adapt to changing conditions in health care by providing reimbursement at levels that will permit health care providers to continue to care for these patients. Republican leadership will reopen and broaden the door to health care by fulfilling the promise of medical research and innovation, by offering choice and protecting consumer rights, and by modernizing antiquated systems to deliver affordable care for all its beneficiaries.\nQuality Health Care: A Commitment to All Americans\n\nAmericans enjoy the best health care in the world. Their system, the envy of all mankind, is the center of debate and controversy. This contradiction arises from the dynamism that is changing every aspect of American medicine. Change is seldom easy, and when it relates to the health of those we love, it can be downright scary. Still, the outcome of all this change is a world of unimagined promise in health. We must embrace that change, and master it as well.\nThe mapping of the human genome, identifying every gene in the human body, may, over time, translate into new treatments and cures for scourges like cancer, Alzheimer's, heart disease, and HIV/AIDS, as well as diseases that affect the very young, such as muscular dystrophy and juvenile diabetes. A century ago, the average American life span was 55. Today, it is 78, and children born in this decade have the realistic prospect of living into the Twenty-Second Century. A simple blood test can now screen for prostate cancer at its earliest appearance. Biochemistry is revolutionizing the field of mental health. Millions of operations have been replaced with CAT scans. We want that progress to continue. But translating the promise of medical research into readily available treatments requires more than just money; it needs a whole new prescription for health care. That prescription is what the Republican party offers in the elections of 2000.\nLet's start with the diagnosis. After eight years of pressure from the current administration, the foundations of our health care system are cracking. We can spot the fissures everywhere:\nThere are currently 44 million uninsured Americans, an increase of one million for each of the past eight years.\nThe institutions and the people who provide health care are at risk. Hospitals in our poorest urban and rural areas are being callously closed, by the same administration that budgets far less than was originally projected, while calling for greater coverage.\nThe quality of health care is in jeopardy. Recent reports estimate that almost 100,000 patients die each year from medical errors. This is more than from auto accidents, murders, or AIDS.\nMedicare, the bedrock of care for our elderly, is suffocating under more than 130,000 pages of federal rules, three times the size of the entire IRS code. It pays for only 53 percent of seniors' care, provides no outpatient prescription drugs, and does not cover real long-term care, and it is still headed for bankruptcy in the near future.\nThe doctor-patient relationship has been eroded, and in some instances replaced, by external decision-making and managed care bureaucracy.\n\nWe intend to save this beleaguered system with a vision of health care adapted to the changing demands of a new century. It is as simple, and yet as profound, as this: All Americans should have access to high-quality and affordable health care. They should have a range of options and be able to select what is the best care for their individual and family needs. The integration of access, affordability, quality, and choice into the nation's health care system is the goal that brings together all of the following proposals. In achieving that goal, we will promote a health care system that supports, not supplants, the private sector; that promotes personal responsibility in health care decision-making; and that ensures the least intrusive role for the federal government.\nAffordable, Quality Health Insurance\n\nLet's give credit where due: More than 100 million American workers and their families have sound health insurance through their places of employment. The job-creating dynamism of our free economy has thus done more to advance health care than any government program possibly could. The tie between good jobs and good insurance coverage is the single most important factor in advancing health care for those who need it.\nThat's why the Republican party remains determined to change federal law to give small employers the liberty to band together to purchase group insurance for their employees at reduced rates, thus providing them that important security. The tragedy is that this urgent expansion of coverage has this far been blocked by veto threats. With a Republican president, that will change.\nUninsured Americans do not have a single face. Their situations vary tremendously, with changes in family status, age, and income. It makes sense to let them decide what kind of coverage best suits their needs. To give them that power of choice, we propose an unprecedented tax credit that will enable 27 million individuals and families to purchase the private health insurance that's right for them. We also support full deductibility of health insurance premiums for the self-employed.\nTruly positive market forces occur when individuals have the ability to make individual marketplace decisions. We therefore strongly encourage support of the emerging concepts of defined contribution plans and medical savings accounts. Individuals should be free to manage their own health care needs through Flexible Savings Accounts (FSAs) and Medical Savings Accounts (MSAs). These initiatives make a government takeover of health care as anachronistic as surgery without anesthesia. We will make these accounts the vanguard of a new consumer rights movement in health care. Individuals should be able to roll over excess FSA dollars from one year to the next, instead of losing their unspent money at the end of each year. MSAs should be a permanent part of tax law, offered to all workers without restriction, with both employers and employees allowed to contribute.\nStill, more needs to be done. A major reason why health insurance is so expensive is that many state legislatures now require all insurance policies to provide benefits and treatments which many families do not want and do not need. It is as if automakers were required by law to sell only fully equipped cars, even to buyers who didn't want or need all the extras. These mandates, extending far beyond minimum standards, increase costs for everyone, price low-income families out of the insurance market, and advance the interests of specific providers. They have no place in a health care system based on consumer rights and patient choice.\nOne area of health care that is sadly ignored is the role of primary and preventive care. This is particularly important in our inner cities and rural communities, where the emergency room may be the only avenue for assistance. People in rural and underserved areas need access to critical primary care. We will boost funding for community health centers and establish stronger public-private partnerships for safety net providers and hospitals in rural and underserved communities.\nWhen Congressional Republicans established the State Children's Health Insurance Program (S-CHIP) program in 1997, they enabled us to secure health insurance coverage for approximately 8 million youngsters. Republicans want to ensure that children have access to quality health care, and that states have the flexibility to innovate, expand family coverage without interference from the Health Care Financing Administration, and reach out to eligible households that are currently not enrolled in a health insurance program or in Medicaid. In a Republican administration, the first order of business at the Department of Health and Human Services will be to eliminate regulations that are stymieing the effectiveness of S-CHIP program and to stop imposing unwarranted mandates, so states can make sure children who need health care can get it. A streamlined enrollment process and energetic outreach efforts will finally fulfill the promise of S-CHIP. All it takes is caring.\nImproving the Quality of Health Care\n\nProtecting Patients' Rights. The tremendous growth of managed health care was driven by a market response to the fractured system of health care delivery that preceded it. One result of that growth has been a welcomed slowing of the rapid increases in health costs that were a regular occurrence of the 1970s and 1980s. However, this has come at the cost of patient dissatisfaction with the at times impersonal or insufficient health care delivery mechanism. Simply put, patients deserve more protections if we are to achieve a patient-centered system that offers high-quality, affordable care. The parents of a sick child should have access to the nearest emergency care. A patient in need of a heart specialist's expertise should be allowed to seek that opinion. A woman with breast cancer should be able to participate in a potentially life-saving clinical trial, and patients should have prompt access to independent physicians, or when appropriate, other health care professionals, to override any wrongful denial of treatment.\nThe traditional patient-doctor relationship must be preserved. Medical decision-making should be in the hands of physicians and their patients. In cases when a health plan denies treatment, a rapid appeals process geared toward ensuring that patients receive the right treatment without delays that might threaten a patient's health — as opposed to a lengthy trial — must be readily accessible to everyone in all health plans. We believe a quick and fair resolution to treatment disputes without going to court is the best result. However, as a last resort, we also support a patient's right to adjudicate claims in court to receive necessary medical care. In the interest of fairness to the thousands of businesses that purchase health benefits for their employees and for physicians who care for patients, employers and physicians should not be liable for the actions of the health plan and should be shielded from frivolous and unnecessary lawsuits.\nOur overall philosophy is to trust state and local government to know what best suits the needs of their people. We believe the federal government should respect the states' traditional authority to regulate health insurance, health care professionals, and health practice guidelines through their medical boards.\nMedical Errors and Malpractice Reform. Our goal is to reduce the rate of medical errors, especially those that result in a patient's death. We will support scientific research to provide the public and health care providers with information about why these errors occur and what can be done to prevent them. We should not displace the current, very effective hospital peer review system.\nAnother key step will be reform of malpractice law. In its current form, it encourages health care providers to conceal even innocent mistakes, lest they be subject to vilifying publicity through the trial lawyers' system of jackpot justice. That is why a cloak of secrecy envelops operating rooms. We must open up the free flow of information concerning medical errors, both to protect patients and to reduce the cost of modern medicine. Patients who are genuinely injured should be rightly compensated, but the punitive and random aspects of today's litigation lottery cry out for reform. Just as we hold all health care personnel to the highest standards, so too must public policy respect their ethical conscience. No individual or institution should be compelled to assist in providing any medical service that violates their moral or religious convictions.\nWomen's Health. As Republicans, we hold dear the health and vitality of our families. Our efforts to build healthier families must begin with women — our mothers, daughters, grandmothers and grand-daughters. This nation needs far greater focus on the needs of women who have historically been underrepresented in medical research and access to the proper level of medical attention. We are reversing this historic trend.\nAcross this country, and at all levels of government, Republicans are at the forefront in aggressively developing health care initiatives targeted specifically at the needs of women. The enormous increases in the NIH budget brought about by the Republican Congress will make possible aggressive new research and clinical trials into diseases and health issues that disproportionately affect women as well as into conditions that affect the elderly, the majority of whom are women. And we are leading efforts to reach out to underserved and minority female populations, where disparities persist in life expectancy, infant mortality and death rates from cancer, heart disease, and diabetes.\nRepublicans are dedicated to pursuing comprehensive women's health care initiatives that include access to state-of-the-art medical advances and technology; equality for women in the delivery of health care services; medical research that focuses specifically on women; appropriate representation of women in clinical trials; and direct access to women's health providers.\nThe increasing focus upon health problems of the very elderly, the great majority of whom are women, holds the promise of advances concerning osteoporosis and other ailments which should no longer be considered the inevitable price of old age. Because nutrition is intimately related to health, we advocate state flexibility in managing the various federal nutrition programs for low-income families, especially those receiving TANF assistance, most of whom are female-headed households. Their transition to jobs and independence should include nutritional improvement both for mothers and for their children.\nThe united efforts of Republican leaders at all levels of government and within our communities will make sure that women gain greater access to relevant care, research, and education on health care issues important to them.\nChildren's Health. The huge strides we have already made in improving children's health must be balanced against sobering statistics. Asthma affects nearly five million children, and the incidence is dramatically increasing. Childhood obesity has jumped 100 percent in the last 15 years and can be a forerunner of the most serious illnesses later in life. Diabetes is now the second most common chronic disease in children. Youth drug abuse has more than doubled in the past eight years. Smoking rates for youth have risen alarmingly. Every year, 2,500 babies are born with fetal alcohol syndrome. So much of the suffering caused by childhood diseases can be prevented — by increasing immunization rates; by increasing resources for biomedical research, not by crippling pharmaceutical progress; by sensible strategies against teen smoking rather than the folly of prohibition; by a real war on drugs in place of the white flag policies of recent years. Our commitment is to address the emotional, behavioral, and mental illnesses affecting children. With parental involvement as the critical component, we can help our youth make the healthy and the right choice in avoiding risk behaviors involving alcohol, drugs, premarital sex, tobacco, and violence.\nBiomedical Research. Recognizing the critical importance of research, the Republican Congress, rejecting the administration's lower figures, has already begun to fulfill its pledge to double funding for the National Institutes of Health (NIH). This is one of the few areas in which government investment yields tangible results; and those benefits can be greatest for currently underserved and minority populations, in which disparities persist in life expectancy, infant mortality, as well as death rates from heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. With one out of four Americans contracting cancer, we need to increase not only research but also early detection and prevention efforts. Since Republicans took control of Congress in January 1995, our party has led in setting sound HIV/AIDS policy, including increased research funding and access to health services. We remain committed to, and place a high priority on, finding a cure for HIV/AIDS. With the enormous increase in resources for biomedical research comes accountability for its use, as well as responsibility to maintain the highest ethical standards. We applaud congressional Republicans for the steps they have taken for protection of human embryos and against human cloning, the trafficking in fetal tissue organs, and related abuses.\nAcademic Medical Centers. Adequate government reimbursement for medical services is critical to our nation's comprehensive academic medical centers, which serve as the primary health care resource for our poorest citizens, provide cutting-edge medical discovery, and teach and train our next generation of physicians.\nMedical Privacy. The revolution in information and medical technology has created concerns about who has access to personal data — and how it might be used. Patients and their families should feel free to share all medical information with their doctor, but they will feel safe in doing so only if that information is protected. A related concern is genetic discrimination, now that genetic testing will become a routine part of medical health care. Well-conceived, thoughtful action is clearly needed, action that will protect and not harm patients. In both Congress and the Executive Branch, Republicans will work with patients, health care providers, researchers, and insurers to establish new rules for dealing with these new challenges.\nSafe Clinical Trials. Ensuring the safety of patients who participate in investigational clinical trials is fundamental to the future of medical innovation. The lack of oversight by the current administration in gene therapy trials put patients at risk and undermined critical research. A Republican administration will require the Food and Drug Administration and NIH to make patient protection a priority in clinical trial research.\nEmerging Threats and Bioterrorism. The current administration has left our public health system inadequate to respond to the threats of emerging infectious diseases and the possibility of bioterrorism. We pledge to ensure the ability of the public health service to detect, track, and prevent infectious outbreaks, whether natural or provoked by those who hate America.\nWellness. We repeat our statement that America has the finest health care delivery system that is still the envy of the world. We also recognize that an individual's health is often a reflection of the everyday choices made.\nAmerican Partners in Conservation and Preservation: Stewardship of Our Natural Resources\n\nToday's Republican party stands in the proud tradition of Teddy Roosevelt, the first president to stress the importance of environmental conservation. We approach both the national and individual stewardship of natural resources in the spirit of his maxim: \"The nation behaves well if it treats the natural resources as assets which it must turn over to the next generation increased, and not impaired, in value.\" Over the past three decades, we have made progress. Air and water are cleaner. Some endangered species have made comebacks. Wetlands are being preserved. Recycling is commonplace in our homes. That progress itself has brought us to the threshold of a new era in environmental policy. The lessons we have learned over the last three decades, along with the steady advance of environmental technology, gives us the opportunity to explore better ways to achieve even higher goals.\nOur way is to trust the innate good sense and decency of the American people. We will make them partners with government, rather than adversaries of it. The way current laws have been implemented has often fostered costly litigation and discouraged personal innovation in environmental conservation. We need to get back on a common track, so that both the people and their government can jointly focus on the real problems at hand. As a basis for that cooperation, we propose these principles:\nEconomic prosperity and environmental protection must advance together. Prosperity gives our society the wherewithal to advance environmental protection, and a thriving natural environment enhances the quality of life that makes prosperity worthwhile.\nScare tactics and scapegoating of legitimate economic interests undermine support for environmental causes and, what is worse, can discredit actual threats to health and safety.\nEnvironmental regulations should be based upon the best science, peer-reviewed, and available for public consideration.\nWe support the federal, local, state, and tribal responsibilities for environmental protection. We believe the government's main role should be to provide market-based incentives to innovate and develop the new technologies for Americans to meet — and exceed — environmental standards.\nWe condemn the current administration's policy of resorting to confrontation first. Instead we should work cooperatively to ensure that our environmental policy meets the particular needs of geographic regions and localities.\nEnvironmental policy should focus on achieving results — cleaner air, water, and lands — not crafting bureaucratic processes. Where environmental standards are violated, the government should take consistent enforcement.\n\nWhile the very nature of environmental concerns at times requires federal intervention, the heartening progress made by many of the states and localities demonstrates their unique ability to solve problems at the local level. As the laboratories of innovation, they should be given flexibility, authority, and finality by the federal government. Many states have enacted environmental education and voluntary self-audit laws to encourage people to find and correct pollution; the Congress should remove disincentives for states to achieve these goals. Strong leadership by governors, legislators, and local officials is the key to solving the emerging environmental issues of this new century. For example, the reauthorization of the Safe Drinking Water Act by the Republican Congress enabled states and communities to take stronger action to ensure reliable and safe water supplies. Another example is the way states are handling the problem of brownfields. In 35 states, voluntary programs are cleaning up thousands of brownfield sites faster and more effectively, and with less litigation, than under the federal Superfund program. A case in point is Texas, where, under Governor Bush, the number of brownfield sites restored to productive use climbed from zero to 451, not only improving the environment but restoring more than $200 million in property value to local tax rolls, most of it in poor communities.\nWe will replicate Governor Bush's success on the national level. We will use Superfund resources to actually clean up places where people live and labor, rather than waste it on costly litigation. The old approach of mandate, regulate, and litigate has sent potential developers away from brownfield neighborhoods. The result: no new businesses, no new jobs — only dirty and dangerous sites. Governor Bush has pledged to transform this failure into an environmental win for those communities, just as he did in Texas, and we heartily endorse his agenda for doing so.\nWherever it is environmentally responsible to do so, we will promote market-based programs that are voluntary, flexible, comprehensive, and cost-effective. The Endangered Species Act (ESA), for example, is sometimes counter-productive toward its truly important goal of protecting rare species, 75 percent of which are located on private land. Its punitive approach actually encourages landowners to remove habitat to avoid federal intervention. This serves as a disincentive for private landowners to do more to restore habitat and become private stewards of wildlife. The legislation needs incentive-based cooperation among federal, state, local, and tribal governments, and private citizens. The result will be a more effective ESA that better protects wildlife diversity.\nAs environmental issues become increasingly international, progress will increasingly depend on strong and credible presidential leadership. Complex and contentious issues like global warming call for a far more realistic approach than that of the Kyoto Conference. Its deliberations were not based on the best science; its proposed agreements would be ineffective and unfair inasmuch as they do not apply to the developing world; and the current administration is still trying to implement it, without authority of law. More research is needed to understand both the cause and the impact of global warming. That is why the Kyoto treaty was repudiated in a lopsided, bipartisan Senate vote. A Republican president will work with businesses and with other nations to reduce harmful emissions through new technologies without compromising America's sovereignty or competitiveness — and without forcing Americans to walk to work.\nProtecting Property Rights\n\nWe link the security of private property to our environmental agenda for the best of reasons: Environmental stewardship has best advanced where property is privately held. After all, people who live on the land, work the land, and own the land also love the land and protect it. As Governor Bush has said, \"For the American farmer, every day is Earth Day.\" Conversely, the world's worst cases of environmental degradation have occurred in places where most property is under government control. For reasons both constitutional and environmental, therefore, we will safeguard private property rights by enforcing the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment and by providing just compensation whenever private property is needed to achieve a compelling public purpose.\nPublic Lands for the Public Good\n\nCollaborative conservation represents the future for the 657 million acres of America we call the \"Public Lands.\" Working from the grass roots up, local groups are finding solutions for the problems of the public lands in their areas. Republicans want to encourage that approach, for it holds the greatest promise of sound environmental stewardship and productive use of the nation's natural resources. We will change the operating culture of the federal agencies that manage public lands, giving a greater role to states and to their political subdivisions in order to foster a creative partnership with the American people. As a sign of that partnership, we applaud Governor Bush's intention to make all federal facilities comply with the environmental laws by which the American people live.\nIf there had been any doubt that major reform is needed in the management of public lands, it was burnt away in the catastrophic wildfires of recent months. This avoidable devastation was the price innocent people and helpless communities paid for the extreme policies — and environmental arrogance — of the current administration. Greater tragedies await the people of our Western States if those policies are not changed. Republicans will employ the best techniques of forestry science to implement a national management strategy for public lands that minimizes the risk to local communities while preserving our natural heritage.\nOur national parks are the crown jewels of the country's environmental heritage. They belong to all Americans and should be accessible to all. Congressional Republicans have taken the lead in reversing years of neglect and abuse of these treasures, and we will continue that proactive agenda to keep the park system healthy and accessible to all. We should make it a priority to alleviate the maintenance and operations backlog at our national parks. Rather than adding to this magnificent legacy by unilateral executive branch action, such as the administration's recent National Monument designations, we will seek to actively involve Congress, as well as affected states and local communities, in land acquisition decisions.\nWe support multiple use of public lands conducted in an environmentally and economically sustainable manner. We are committed to preserving high priority wilderness and wetlands. The Everglades are a crucial example of a special federal responsibility. We call for a review of lands owned by the national government — half the total territory of our Western States — to develop a comprehensive plan to better manage existing holdings. In some cases, that may mean transferring or sharing responsibility for managing those lands with state or local governments, while all levels of government should recognize existing rights to water, minerals, and grazing. We reaffirm the traditional state primacy over water allocations and will continue the availability of renewable rangeland under conditions that ensure both expanded production of livestock and protection of the range environment. We also reaffirm our commitment to preserve access to public lands for multiple use.\nWe recognize the vital role the timber industry plays in our economy, particularly in homebuilding, and we support its efforts to improve the health of the country's forests. Because so many people in rural America rely on public forests for their livelihood, a Republican administration will promote sustainable forest management, using the best science in place of the no-growth policies that have devastated communities in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska.\nAmerican Agriculture and Rural America in the Global Economy\n\nAgriculture is at the heart of the U.S. economy. The food and fiber sector accounts for 13 percent of the nation's economic output and employs, directly or indirectly, more than 22 million people. When agriculture is hurting, the entire country aches. In all our policies and programs, the Republican party is guided by two principles. First, to farmers and ranchers, nothing beats production and sales at a good price. As long as they have truly fair and open domestic and foreign markets, they can do for themselves far better than anything government can do for them. Second, they want to produce what makes sense on their own private property, not what official Washington thinks should be grown there. Under Republican leadership, government will never again run our family farms.\nWhile these are not the best of times for farmers and ranchers, the hopeful promise of our Freedom to Farm Act, which finally replaced decades of controls by a federal bureaucracy, has been limited by events at home and abroad. Farmers were promised that, along with the end of governmental protection for commodities markets, there would be reforms in tax, trade, and regulatory policy. Opposition from the current administration minimized progress in all three areas. As a result, American farmers were hard pressed to deal with the challenge of increased global production and slack demand in Asia. The ineptitude of current U.S. trade policy only made it worse.\nFor American agriculture, prosperity depends in large measure on expansion of global markets. Our farmers already export some $54 billion in products and commodities every year. For them, for the aspirations of their families and the dreams of their children, the opening of foreign markets is essential. Governor Bush understands that. That's why he has asked for restoration of presidential fast-track negotiating authority, the key to forceful trade negotiations abroad. And it's why he's determined to open the China market for America's farmers and ranchers. It's why he's called for the U.S. to demand, in the next round of global trade talks, the complete elimination of agricultural export subsidies and tariffs. It's why he will fight the European Community's outrageous restrictions against imports of U.S. crops and livestock. And it's why he has pledged to exempt food exports from any new trade sanctions.\nResults will take time, and so, looking toward the Farm Bill of the year 2002, we call for immediate action on a safety net that will give farmers the means to manage cyclical downturns. This year's reform of the Federal Crop Insurance Act by the Republican Congress was a good start. In its wake, we propose: Emergency assistance to facilitate the transition to a market-driven regime.\n\nA farm income savings plan: tax-deferred accounts to soften fluctuations in farm earnings.\nTotal repeal of the death tax.\nImmediate 100 percent deductibility for health insurance costs.\nA one-time exemption from capital gains tax on the sale of farms.\nRegulatory relief.\n\nWe reaffirm our strong support for agricultural research, including biotech and biomass research, and for a permanent research and development tax credit. We likewise support the ethanol tax credit, which is good for both the environment and for farmers. Our program of regulatory reform has special relevance to farming, which bears an annual regulatory burden of $20 billion. Every farm family has better uses for that money. Apart from costs, there are grave questions about the impact of the 1996 Food Quality Protection Act. Its implementation must not disrupt farmers' access to safe crop protection products. We reaffirm our support for cooperative partnerships between federal, state, and local governments and private landowners for the conservation of our soil, water and biological resources on private land. The federal government should work with the states to adopt water quality standards that rely on the best science and implementation of best management practices, including addressing hypoxia and runoff issues.\nWe call for the elimination of outdated laws that hamper the adaptation of agriculture to the demands and opportunities of a new century. Futures trading should be deregulated. Regional restrictions on dairy products that drive up consumer prices and penalize productive farmers should be ended. We commend the livestock industry for its efforts to ensure accurate and open price reporting to ensure a competitive market.\nThere is much more to rural America than agriculture, ranching, and forestry. The kind of economic development that generates family-sustaining jobs is critical to small towns and rural communities. We recognize the special challenges they face in working for good schools, accessible health care, decent housing, safe drinking water and waste disposal, and serviceable transportation. The federal government should be an active partner with state and local entities in that process, especially in advancing the availability of the Internet and modern telecommunications technology in rural America.\nEnergy\n\nWhat happened? Eight years ago, the nation was energy confident. Our standing in the Middle East was at its zenith. The oil cartel was in retreat; gasoline was affordable, even as automotive progress reduced emissions from cars. Today, gas prices have skyrocketed, and oil imports are at all-time highs. Foreign oil now accounts for one-third of our total trade deficit. Meanwhile, domestic oil production has fallen 17 percent over the last eight years, as vast areas of the continental U.S. have been put off limits to energy leasing — though we depend on oil and natural gas for 65 percent of our energy supply. Additional oil reserves and deposits of low-sulfur coal may be out of reach because of unilateral designation of new national monuments.\nBy any reasonable standard, the Department of Energy has utterly failed in its mission to safeguard America's energy security. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission has been no better, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been shutting off America's energy pipeline with a regulatory blitz that has only just begun. In fact, 36 oil refineries have closed in just the last eight years, while not a single new refinery has been built in this country in the last quarter-century. EPA's patchwork of regulations has driven fuel prices higher in some areas than in others and has made energy supplies no longer fungible. What meets EPA's standards in one city may not be legally sold in another. The result has been localized shortages and sharp price spikes, as suppliers scramble to get acceptable fuels to the markets where they are needed.\nEnvironmental concerns are not at the heart of the matter. In fact, the current administration has turned its back on the two sources that produce virtually all of the nation's emission-free power: nuclear and hydro, the sources for 30 percent of the country's electricity. Because of cumbersome federal relicensing of hydro and nuclear operations, we face the prospect of increasing emissions and dirtier air. Meanwhile, nuclear plants are choking on waste because the current administration breached its contract to remove it — and then vetoed bipartisan legislation to store it at a safe, permanent repository for which the taxpayers have already paid $7 billion. At the same time, power-producing dams are being torn down, by federal edict, in energy-short areas, and the Pacific Northwest is their next target. Breaching dams would not only raise electric rates but would deny western farmers irreplaceable water for irrigation and a cost-effective means of moving their crops to West Coast ports. We should develop and use technologies that will help entrance salmon runs while keeping the dams in place.\nIt's a man-made nightmare, but at last the public is waking up and demanding change. What is at stake, after all, is not just the price we pay to heat and cool our homes. What is at stake is the nation's New Economy, which relies heavily on electricity for its infrastructure and on petroleum for its trade. Affordable energy, the result of Republican policies in the 1980s, helped create the New Economy. If we do not carefully plan for our energy needs, the entire economy could be significantly weakened. The Republican Congress has moved to deregulate the electricity industry and empower consumers through a competitive market — but congressional Democrats are holding up the process, and the administration has provided no leadership. America needs a national energy strategy — and a Republican president will work with congressional Republicans to enact their National Energy Security Act. That strategy will:\nIncrease domestic supplies of coal, oil, and natural gas. Our country does have ample energy resources waiting to be developed, and there is simply no substitute for an increase in their domestic production.\nImprove federal oil and gas lease permit processing and management, including coalbed methane.\nProvide tax incentives for production.\nPromote environmentally responsible exploration and development of oil and gas reserves on federally-owned land, including the Coastal Plain of Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.\nOffer a degree of price certainty to keep small domestic stripper producers in operation.\nAdvance clean coal technology.\nExpand the tax credit for renewable energy sources to include wind and open-loop biomass facilities, and electricity produced from steel cogeneration.\nMaintain the ethanol tax credit.\nProvide a tax incentive for residential use of solar power.\n\nThis agenda will reduce America's dependence on foreign oil, help consumers by lowering energy prices, and result in lower carbon emissions than would result from the current administration's policies. To protect consumers against seasonal price spikes, that legislation also authorizes a home heating oil reserve for the Northeastern States and allows expensing of costs for its storage. It will also make low-income housing more energy-efficient. All in all, it is a dramatic reversal of the nation's present course, and that's just what America needs: a balanced portfolio of energy options that is stable, secure, and affordable, with minimal impact on the environment.\nA Nation On The Move\n\nCommerce is the lifeblood of our economy, and the transportation infrastructure is its circulatory system. Without safe and efficient transport, the economy withers away. Maintaining that vital infrastructure has always been, in part, a federal responsibility, and Republicans have historically been the party of builders. From the era of the transcontinental railroad and the Panama Canal to President Eisenhower's establishment of the Interstate Highway System, we have championed investment in transportation assets as a cornerstone of the economy and, indeed, our national way of life.\nMore recently, the Republican-led Congress has enacted two historic pieces of legislation: the 1998 Transportation Equity Act for the Twenty-First Century and this year's Aviation Investment and Reform Act. These landmark laws represent an unprecedented federal investment in roads, bridges, transit systems, airports and air traffic control systems — without additional taxes. They simply unlock the transportation trust funds to invest the dollars motorists and the traveling public have already paid. Those funds had been subject to years of abuse under Democrat-controlled Congresses but are now statutorily dedicated to building and maintaining the transportation system for which our citizens pay. The same budgetary protections should be extended to other transportation trust funds.\nOur national railroad network is a crucial component of our public transportation system. Railroads helped build our country, and our national passenger railroad network remains a precious resource that can play a key role in transportation and economic growth. Republicans support a healthy intercity passenger rail system, and where economically viable, the development of a national high-speed passenger railroad system as an instrument of economic development, and enhanced mobility. We also support a multi-modal approach to our transportation needs.\nBy reducing mandates, cutting red tape, and promoting regulatory common sense, congressional Republicans have given state and local officials unprecedented flexibility to set their own transportation priorities, from highways to bike trails. That will improve communities throughout the nation, and will also strengthen travel and tourism, a vital force for job creation with a positive annual trade balance to boot. But transportation policy remains inseparable from energy policy. The trucking industry, for example, is hard hit by current gas prices and would be crippled by the administration's new \"hours of service\" regulation. Consumers everywhere are literally paying the price both for what the administration has done and for what it has failed to do.\nGovernment for the People\n\nTrust, pride, and respect: we pledge to restore these qualities to the way Americans view their government. It is the most important of tasks and reflects the overwhelming desire of our citizens for fundamental change in official Washington.\nThe templates to make this happen are readily available in the 30 states led by Republican governors. These visionary leaders have opened a new era of creative federalism, making government citizen-centered, results-oriented, and, where possible, market-based. Their sound management of public dollars has led to unprecedented surpluses. Services have improved. Waste has been reduced. Taxes have been cut.\nState and local governments are also far ahead of official Washington in the creation of e-government: providing information and services to the public via the Internet. Citizens can conduct business with government by going on-line instead of wasting hours in-line. We will e-power citizens at all levels of government. And we will require federal agencies to use savvy, on-line practices to buy smart — and save enormous amounts of money in procurement.\nThe leadership our governors have shown in these matters only strengthens our commitment to restore the force of the Tenth Amendment, the best protection the American people have against federal intrusion and bullying. We have limited the ability of Congress to impose unfunded mandates on states and on local and tribal governments. The next logical step is to address the unfunded mandates of the past in areas like education and social services. The dramatic success of welfare reform — once the States were allowed to manage their programs — is a stellar example of what happens when we give power back to the people.\nTherefore, in our effort to shift power from Washington back to the states, we must acknowledge as a general matter of course that the federal government's role should be to set high standards and expectations in policies, then get out of the way and let the states implement and operate those policies as they best know how. Washington must respect that one size does not fit all states and must not overburden states with unnecessary strings and red tape attached to its policies.\nIn the Congress, a Republican majority has modernized our national legislature. They have set term limits for committee chairs and leadership positions, and they have, by law, required Congress to live by the same rules it imposes on others. And, at a time when the nation felt betrayed by misconduct in high office, the Republican Congress responded with gravity and high purpose. We applaud those Members who did their duty to conscience and the Constitution.\nThere is much to be done, but it can be done only when a Republican president works in tandem with a Republican Congress. We will work to pass legislation to make it clear that public officials who commit crimes will subsequently forfeit their pension rights. We will ensure that IRS audits are never used as a political weapon, so innocent Americans will never again fear the snooping, harassment, and intimidation of recent years. And because an accurate census is essential for representative government, we will respect the Supreme Court's judgment that an actual headcount of persons is the proper way to determine the apportionment of congressional districts.\nA Republican president will take the lead in proposing, and fighting for, the structural changes that are long overdue in the federal government. For starters, the twenty-five year old congressional budget process, though it has helped to make possible today's budget surpluses, has become almost unintelligible to legislators, let alone the average citizen. It has been inadequate to enforce legislated spending caps and cannot stop the phony \"emergency\" bills that cause the spending caps to be exceeded. It cannot control runaway spending on entitlements and \"mandatory\" spending; it does not even prevent our government spending $120 billion on programs whose statutory authority has expired.\nOur goal is to replace the status quo with clarity, simplicity, and accountability to the budget process. We will have a biennial budget that has the force of law. To end pork barrel abuses on Capitol Hill, we will:\nEliminate the \"baseline budgeting\" that artificially boosts spending.\nCreate a constitutionally sound line item veto for the president, and direct the savings from items vetoed to paying down the national debt.\nPrevent government shutdowns by enacting a \"Permanent Continuing Resolution\" so the spending lobbies can never again extort billions from the taxpayers by blocking the regular order of appropriation bills.\nDefine legislatively the conditions for \"emergency\" spending.\n\nLike Congress, the Executive Branch must adapt to the challenges of the new century. There are too many departments and agencies with competing programs that waste resources and fail to deliver the goods: 342 economic development programs, 788 education programs in 40 different agencies at a cost of over $100 billion a year, 163 job training programs in 15 different agencies. Twelve agencies administer over 35 food safety laws. One agency regulates pizzas with meat; another regulates vegetarian pizzas. (Still another regulates the people who deliver them. Enough said.)\nWe intend to downsize this mess and make government actually do what it is supposed to, simply by ensuring that all agencies adhere to the Government Performance and Results Act, which has been neglected or ignored by the current administration. By applying its procedures to all federal programs, we can stop the loss of millions of Medicare dollars for services rendered after patients have died. We can put the brakes on an Education Department that pays out $3.3 billion on defaulted student loans, and an Energy Department that spends $10 billion on projects that are never completed. Because of its history of needless partisan litigation, we call for the Legal Services Corporation to return to its original purpose of providing legal aid to the indigent, rather than pursuing political causes and agendas. We will, as an urgent priority, restore the integrity of the nation's space program by imposing sound management and strong oversight on NASA.\nA Republican president will run the federal government much as the Republican governors run state agencies. Bureaucracy will be reduced and trimmed in size at its upper echelons. If public services can be delivered more efficiently and less expensively through the private sector, they will be privatized. A Republican president will establish accountability, reward performance, put civility back into the civil service, and restore dignity and ethics to the White House.\nPolitical Reform\n\nThe First Amendment enshrines in our Constitution and guarantees indispensable democratic freedoms of speech, press, and association, and, the right to petition our government. The Republican party affirms that any regulation of the political process must not infringe upon the rights of the people to full participation in the political process. The principal cure for the ills of democracy is greater participation in the political process by more citizens. To that end, we have one guiding principle in the development of laws to regulate campaigns: Will any particular proposal encourage or restrict the energetic engagement of Americans in elections? Governor Bush's agenda for more honest and more open politics meets that standard. It will:\nStop the abuses of corporate and labor \"soft\" money contributions to political parties.\nEnact \"Paycheck Protection,\" ensuring that no union member is forced to contribute to anybody's campaign — and stopping an annual rip-off of $300 million from union families by Washington-based politicos.\nPreserve the right of every individual and all groups — whether for us or against us — to express their opinions and advocate their issues. We will not allow any arm of government to restrict this constitutionally guaranteed right.\nLevel the playing field by forbidding incumbents to roll over their leftover campaign funds into a campaign for a different office.\nRequire full and timely disclosure on the Internet of all campaign contributions — so the media and the public can immediately know who is giving how much to whom.\nEncourage all citizens to donate their time and resources to the campaigns of their choice by updating for inflation the quarter-century-old limits on individual contributions.\nPreserve access to the Internet for political speech and debate.\n\nGerrymandered congressional districts are an affront to democracy and an insult to the voters. We oppose that and any other attempt to rig the electoral process.\nCommon Sense In Regulation\n\nEffective government requires regulation for health, safety, and other concerns. By the same token, regulation requires regular review — for efficiency, economy, and plain common sense. That Republican model of regulatory reform is a good fit for an Information Age economy. It will replace a bureaucratic mentality clicking along at a Morse Code pace. We will use the advance of science and information technology to:\nTarget the most serious risks to health, safety, and the environment, then put regulatory resources where they best serve the public, not politics.\nMake sound science, not ideological whim, the basis for regulation, with peer-reviewed risk assessments and full disclosure.\nRequire periodic review of existing regulations, to strengthen where necessary and change where obsolete.\nRequire agencies to disclose the cost to consumers and small businesses of any proposed regulations.\nLet the American people know the full price they pay for government regulations, through a new regulatory budget that explains the likely cost for meeting regulatory requirements.\nUse cost-benefit analyses of regulations to develop alternatives to the outdated command-and-control attitude of recent years.\nRetrain civil servants to work with those affected by regulation rather than dictating to them.\n\nThe current administration has repeatedly evaded the normal regulatory process through executive orders, some of dubious legality. Withdrawing these orders should be a priority of a new administration dedicated to the rule of law.\nWe oppose and will work to end taxpayer supported grants for projects and programs that promote religious bigotry in America.\nJudicial Reform: Courts That Work, Laws That Make Sense\n\nAmericans have the right to a judicial system they can trust. There is no question that the need for reform extends to the judicial branch of government. Many judges disregard the safety, values, and freedom of law-abiding citizens. At the expense of our children and families, they make up laws, invent new rights, free vicious criminals, and pamper felons in prison. They have arbitrarily overturned state laws enacted by citizen referenda, utterly disregarding the right of the people and the democratic process.\nThe sound principle of judicial review has turned into an intolerable presumption of judicial supremacy. A Republican Congress, working with a Republican president, will restore the separation of powers and reestablish a government of law. There are different ways to achieve that goal — setting terms for federal judges, for example, or using Article III of the Constitution to limit their appellate jurisdiction — but the most important factor is the appointing power of the presidency. We applaud Governor Bush's pledge to name only judges who have demonstrated that they share his conservative beliefs and respect the Constitution.\nReform of the legal profession is an essential part of court reform. Today's litigation practices make a mockery of justice, hinder our country's competitiveness in the world market and, far worse, erode the public's trust in the entire judicial process.\nAvarice among many plaintiffs' lawyers has clogged our civil courts, drastically changed the practice of medicine, and costs American companies and consumers more than $150 billion a year. Who profits? On average, more than fifty cents of every dollar paid out in tort cases goes to lawyers' fees, not to an injured party. This amounts to a tax on consumers to fatten the wallets of trial lawyers.\nLet's be blunt about the effects of all that cash: Our civil justice reforms have been blocked in the Capitol and vetoed in the Oval Office. It's why federal agencies have colluded with the trial lawyer lobby in sweetheart litigation, to advance through the courts what they could not accomplish through the political process. We fully support the role of the courts in vindicating the rights of individuals and organizations, but we want to require higher standards for trial lawyers within federal jurisdiction, much as Governor Bush has already done in Texas — and as we encourage other States to do within their own legal codes. To achieve that goal, we will strengthen the federal rules of civil procedure to increase penalties for frivolous suits and impose a \"Three Strikes, You're Out\" rule on attorneys who repeatedly file such suits. We will limit \"fishing expeditions\" by amending federal discovery rules, curb the use of junk science in testimony, and end the abusive use of the RICO statute. We encourage all states to consider placing caps on non-economic and punitive damages in civil cases. We also support such caps in federal causes of action. We also encourage states to examine the effects on the democratic process of advancing policies through litigation that could not be accomplished through the political process.\nWe will enact a Teacher Protection Act to protect educators from meritless federal lawsuits against their efforts to maintain discipline in the classroom. We will extend similar protections to non-profit organizations — churches, civic and community groups, and the volunteers who sustain them.\nTo reduce health care costs and keep doctors practicing in critical areas like obstetrics, we will reform medical malpractice law on the federal level and urge decisive action on the state level as well.\nTo encourage settlements and to discourage prolonged litigation, a Fair Settlements Rule should be enacted requiring either party in federal court who rejects a timely, reasonable, and good faith pre-trial settlement offer, and who ultimately loses their case, to pay the other party's costs, including legal fees. We also encourage states to consider enacting such rules. To improve access to justice, we will make it easier for cases of national import to be heard in federal courts.\nTo protect clients against unscrupulous lawyers, we will enact a Clients' Bill of Rights for all federal courts, requiring attorneys to disclose both the range of their fees and their ethical obligation to charge reasonable fees and allowing those fees to be challenged in federal courts. Because private lawyers should not unreasonably profit at public expense, we will prohibit federal agencies from paying contingency fees and encourage states to do so as well. Even more important, we will require attorneys to return to the people any excessive fees they gain under contract to States or municipalities.\nAn integral part of legal reform is a federal product liability law. Without it, consumers face higher costs, needed products don't make it to the market, and American jobs are lost to foreign competitors. That, too, will change when the American people break the grip of the trial lawyers on our legal system.\nNative Americans\n\nThe federal government has a special responsibility, ethical and legal, to make the American dream accessible to Native Americans. Unfortunately, the resources that the United States holds in trust for them, financial and otherwise, have been misused and abused. While many tribes have become energetic participants in the mainstream of American life, the serious social ills afflicting some reservations have been worsened by decades of mismanagement from Washington. In its place, we offer these guiding principles:\nTribal governments are best situated to gauge the needs of their communities and members.\nPolitical self-determination and economic self-sufficiency are twin pillars of an effective Indian policy.\nPrivate sector initiatives, rather than public assistance, can best improve material conditions in Indian communities.\nHigh taxes and unreasonable regulations stifle new and expanded businesses and thwart the creation of job opportunities and prosperity.\n\nWe will strengthen Native American self-determination by respecting tribal sovereignty, encouraging economic development on reservations, and working with them to reorganize the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Indian Health Service. We uphold the unique government-to-government relationship between the tribes and the United States and honor our nation's trust obligations to them.\nWe support efforts to ensure equitable participation in federal programs by Native Americans, Native Alaskans, and Native Hawaiians and to preserve their cultures and languages.\nThe Nation's Capital\n\nThe District of Columbia is a special responsibility of the federal government and should be a model for urban areas throughout the country. Its downhill slide has at least been arrested, both through its internal efforts and the active intervention of congressional Republicans, who have taken unprecedented steps to help the city recover. Their D.C. homebuyers' tax credit is helping to revitalize marginal neighborhoods; their landmark tuition assistance act has opened the doors of the nation's colleges to D.C. students.\nNow, to enhance the city's economic security, reverse the movement out of the city, and ensure a safe and healthy environment for families, we advocate deep reductions in the District's taxes, currently among the highest in the nation, and encourage user-friendly development policies.\nWe call once again for structural reform of the city's schools so that none of its children will be left behind. We strongly support both charter schools and the opportunity scholarships for poor kids that have been repeatedly blocked by the administration.\nWe respect the design of the Framers of the Constitution that our nation's capital has a unique status and should remain independent of any individual state.\nAmericans In The Territories\n\nWe welcome greater participation in all aspects of the political process by Americans residing in Guam, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, the Northern Marianas, and Puerto Rico. Since no single approach can meet the needs of those diverse communities, we emphasize respect for their wishes regarding their relationship to the rest of the Union. We affirm their right to seek the full extension of the Constitution, with all the rights and responsibilities it entails.\nWe support the Native American Samoans' efforts to preserve their culture and land-tenure system, which fosters self-reliance and strong extended-family values.\nWe support increased local self-government for the United States citizens of the Virgin Islands, and closer cooperation between the local and federal governments to promote private sector-led development and self-sufficiency.\nWe recognize that Guam is a strategically vital U.S. territory in the far western Pacific, an American fortress in the Asian region. We affirm our support for the patriotic U.S. citizens of Guam to achieve greater local self-government, an improved federal-territorial relationship, new economic development strategies, and continued self-determination as desired with respect to political status.\nPrincipled American Leadership\n\nAmericans have good reason to be optimistic about our role in world. Few nations in history have been afforded the range of possibilities to shape the future that has been presented to this generation of Americans. After the wavering and ambivalence of the current administration, Americans have a fresh chance to build on the enormous opportunities of this new era and new century. Earlier generations defended America through great trials. This generation can adapt America to thrive amid great change — change in economies, societies, technologies, and weapons.\nThe Emerging Fellowship of Freedom\n\nThe Twenty-First Century opens with unique promise for the United States. Democratic values are celebrated on every continent. The productivity and ingenuity of American business are the envy of the world. American innovation is leading the way in the information age. New technology speeds an exchange of ideas that often bear the mark of American inspiration. No other great power challenges American international preeminence. There is every reason for Americans to be extraordinarily optimistic about their future.\nFew nations in history have been granted such a singular opportunity to shape the future. Even after World War II the United States had to reckon with a divided world and terrible dangers. Now America can help mold international ideals and institutions for decades to come. Handed the torch by generations that won great battles, our generation of Americans with its allies and friends can build a different and better world, promoting U.S. interests and principles, avoiding the economic convulsions and perilous conflicts that so scarred the century just past. Through a distinctly American internationalism, a new Republican president will build public support for a new strategy that can lead the United States of America toward a more peaceful and prosperous world for us, our children, and future generations.\nAlmost all Americans know they cannot prosper alone in the world. They know that America is safest when more and more countries share a profound belief in political and economic liberty, human dignity, and the rule of law, when more and more nations join the United States in an emerging fellowship of freedom.\nThat is what happened during the twelve years of Republican presidential leadership from 1981 to 1992. The Cold War ended with the triumph of freedom. The Soviet Empire collapsed, and the USSR followed it into history. The proud Atlantic community welcomed a united Germany and new friends in Central and Eastern Europe. Iraq tried the law of the jungle and was routed, its aggressive power broken. The Arab-Israeli peace process was revived. Alliances and friendships in Asia were robust and successful. Mexico joined with the United States in an unprecedented new economic partnership as peace and democracy spread through Latin America. Around the globe, the word, the ideals and the power of the United States commanded respect. The American presidency showed bright and purposeful.\nIn the last eight years the administration has squandered the opportunity granted to the United States by the courage and sacrifice of previous generations:\nThe administration has run America's defenses down over the decade through inadequate resources, promiscuous commitments, and the absence of a forward-looking military strategy.\nThe ballistic missile threat to the United States has been persistently dismissed, delaying for years the day when America will have the capability to defend itself against this growing danger.\nThe arrogance, inconsistency, and unreliability of the administration's diplomacy have undermined American alliances, alienated friends, and emboldened our adversaries.\nWorld trade talks in Seattle that the current administration had sponsored collapsed in spectacular failure. Authority to negotiate new fast-track trade agreements was slapped down by the administration's own party in the Congress. An initiative to establish free trade throughout the Americas has stalled because of this lack of Presidential leadership.\nThe problems of Mexico have been ignored, as our indispensable neighbor to the south struggled with too little American help to deal with its formidable challenges.\nThe tide of democracy in Latin America has begun to ebb with a sharp rise in corruption and narco-trafficking.\nA misguided policy toward China was exemplified by President Clinton's trip to Beijing that produced an embarrassing presidential kowtow and a public insult to our longstanding ally, Japan.\nWith weak and wavering policies toward Russia, the administration has diverted its gaze from corruption at the top of the Russian government, the slaughter of thousands of innocent civilians in Chechnya, and the export of dangerous Russian technologies to Iran and elsewhere.\nA chorus of empty threats destroyed America's credibility in the Balkans, so that promised safe havens became killing fields.\nThe administration prolonged the war in Kosovo by publicly limiting America's military options — something no Commander-in-Chief should ever do.\nA generation of American efforts to slow proliferation of weapons of mass destruction has unraveled as first India and Pakistan set off their nuclear bombs, then Iraq defied the international community. Token air strikes against Iraq could not long mask the collapse of an inspection regime that had — until then — at least kept an ambitious, murderous tyrant from acquiring additional nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons.\nA humanitarian intervention in Somalia was escalated thoughtlessly into nation-building at the cost of the lives of courageous Americans.\nA military intervention in Haiti displayed administration indecision and incoherence and, after billions of dollars had been spent, accomplished nothing of lasting value\n\nReacting belatedly to inevitable crises, the administration constantly enlarges the reach of its rhetoric — most recently in Vice President Gore's \"new security agenda\" that adds disease, climate, and all the world's ethnic or religious conflicts to an undiminished set of existing American responsibilities. If there is some limit to candidate Gore's new agenda for America as global social worker, he has yet to define it.\nIt is time for America to regain its focus. Winston Churchill, after he had lived through other years that the \"locust hath eaten,\" declared: \"The era of procrastination, of half-measures, of soothing and\nbaffling expedients, of delays, is coming to a close. In its place we are entering a period of consequences.\" As idle indulgence gives way to a new Republican president in the coming new \"period of consequences,\" the United States can again regain the hope it lost eight years ago. We can restore our country's sense of international purpose and national honor.\nA Republican president will identify and pursue vital American national interests. He will set priorities and he will stick to them. Under his leadership, the United States will build and secure the peace. Republicans know what it takes to accomplish this: robust military forces, strong alliances, expanding trade, and resolute diplomacy.\nYet this new realism must be inspired by what we stand for as a nation. Republicans know that the American commitment to freedom is the true source of our nation's strength. That is why, for one example, Congressional Republicans have made political and religious liberty a cornerstone of their approach to international affairs. That commitment is the glue that binds our great alliances. It is strong precisely because it is not just an American ideal. We propose our principles; we must not impose our culture. Yet the basic values of human freedom and dignity are universal.\nA Military for the Twenty-First Century\n\nRepublicans are the party of peace through strength. A strong and well-trained American military is the world's best guarantee of peace. It is the shield of this republic's liberty, security, and prosperity. Only a President, as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, can ensure that our military stands ready to defend America and triumph against new challenges.\nA Republican president and a Republican Congress will transform America's defense capabilities for the information age, ensuring that U.S. armed forces remain paramount against emerging dangers.\nThey will restore the health of a defense industry weakened by a combination of neglect and misguided policies. To do all this, the United States must align its military power with the strengths of American society: our skilled people, our advanced technology, and our proficiency at integrating fast-paced systems into potent networks. While we are on the crest of a new age in military technology, we will not forget that the strength of our military lies with the combat soldier, sailor, airman, and Marine.\nAmericans are justly proud of their armed forces. But today, only nine years after the tremendous victory in the Persian Gulf War, the U.S. military faces growing problems in readiness, morale, and its ability to prepare for the threats of the future. The administration has cut defense spending to its lowest percentage of gross domestic product since before Pearl Harbor. At the same time, the current administration has casually sent American armed forces on dozens of missions without clear goals, realizable objectives, favorable rules of engagement, or defined exit strategies.\nOver the past seven years, a shrunken American military has been run ragged by a deployment tempo that has eroded its military readiness. Many units have seen their operational requirements increased four-fold, wearing out both people and equipment. Only last fall the Army certified two of its premier combat divisions as unready for war because of underfunding, mismanagement, and over-commitment to peacekeeping missions around the globe. More Army units and the other armed services report similar problems. It is a national scandal that almost one quarter of our Army's active combat strength is unfit for wartime duty.\nWhen presidents fail to make hard choices, those who serve must make them instead. Soldiers must choose whether to stay with their families or to stay in the armed forces at all. Sending our military on vague, aimless, and endless missions rapidly saps morale. Even the highest morale is eventually undermined by back-to-back deployments, poor pay, shortages of spare parts and equipment, inadequate training, and rapidly declining readiness. When it comes to military health, the administration is not providing an adequate military health care system for active-duty service members and their families and for retired service members and their dependents. The nation is failing to fulfill its ethical, and legal health care obligations to those that are serving or have honorably served in the Armed Forces of the United States.\nIt is no surprise that the all-volunteer force — the pride of America — is struggling to recruit and retain soldiers, sailors, airmen, and Marines. As recruiting lags, well-trained personnel are leaving in record numbers. Those dedicated military personnel that stay in the force face a pay gap of some, 13 percent relative to their civilian counterparts. Thousands of military families are forced to rely on food stamps. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff has said that two-thirds of the nation's military housing is substandard. The calculated indifference of the administration to national defense has forced thousands of our most experienced and patriotic warriors to leave the military. We will once again make wearing the uniform the object of national pride.\nThe new Republican government will renew the bond of trust between the Commander-in-Chief, the American military, and the American people. The military is not a civilian police force or a political referee. We believe the military must no longer be the object of social experiments. We affirm traditional military culture. We affirm that homosexuality is incompatible with military service.\nThe U.S. military under the leadership of a Republican President and a Republican Congress will focus on its most demanding task — fighting and winning in combat. Readiness prevents wars. Also, by being prepared for this most exacting mission with an uncommon sense of urgency, our military will know, unlike today, that its loyalty and self-sacrifice have meaning and purpose.\nIn a time of fluid change and uncertainty, intelligence is truly America's first line of defense. The current administration has weakened that defense by allowing a series of shocking security breaches, from blatant espionage and its virtual abandonment of national security-related export controls, to sheer sloppiness at the highest levels of government. This must stop, immediately. Nor should the intelligence community be made the scapegoat for political misjudgments. A Republican administration working with the Congress will respect the needs and quiet sacrifices of these public servants as it strengthens America's intelligence and counter-intelligence capabilities and reorients them toward the dangers of the future.\nA Republican president will challenge America's military leaders to envision a new architecture of American defense for decades to come. Our next president will balance the need to prepare for information age battles while keeping our conventional fighting skills second to none. To pay for profligate deployments, the administration's defense budgets have been eating their seed corn — slashing spending on modernization to levels not seen since before the Korean War, undermining the health of our defense industry and producing what one administration official admitted was a \"death spiral\" for the U.S. defense capability of the future. Even our elite combat units are scraping the bottom of the barrel to find funds for basic training.\nA Republican president, working in partnership with a Republican Congress, will push beyond marginal improvements and incorporate new technologies and new strategies — spending more and investing wisely to transform our military into a true twenty-first century force. A Republican government will use this time of relative American strength in the world to prepare for a different kind of future. In the twenty-first century U.S. forces must be agile, lethal, readily deployable, and require a minimum of logistical support. They must also be fully prepared for possible enemy use of weapons of mass destruction.\nTo build such U.S. military forces will require foresight and steadfast commitment. We must be willing to act now to give the next generation of Americans what they will need to protect our country. This will also require a new spirit of innovation. Republicans believe that our military leaders will welcome and meet these challenges. Moments of national opportunity are either seized or lost. America's opportunity beckons: to demonstrate that a new approach to U.S. defense can shape the future with new concepts, new strategies, and new resolve.\nThe men and women of the National Guard and Reserve are an important part of the nation's military readiness, and we will maintain their strength in the States. Their role as citizen soldiers must continue to be a proud tradition that links every community in the country with the cause of national security. The Republican party created the all-volunteer force and opposes reinstitution of the draft, whether directly or through compulsory national service. We support the advancement of women in the military, support their exemption from ground combat units, and call for implementation of the recommendations of the Kassebaum Commission, which unanimously recommended that co-ed basic training be ended. We support restoration of sound priorities in the making of personnel policies, and candid analysis of the consequences of unprecedented social changes in the military. We will put renewed emphasis on encouraging the best and brightest of our young people to join our armed forces.\nAs the traditional advocate of America's veterans, the Republican Party remains committed to fulfilling America's obligations to them. That is why we defeated the administration's attempt to replace veterans' health care with a national system for everybody. It is why Congressional Republicans enacted the Veterans Employment Opportunities Act of 1998, to thwart attempts to water down veterans' preference in federal civil service hiring and retention, and why they created the National Veterans Business Development Corporation to assist vets in becoming entrepreneurs. The same holds true for their Veterans Millennium Health Care and Benefits Act, a first step toward correcting the deficiencies in medical care for vets and ensuring a medical infrastructure that will better honor the nation's commitment to those who served. In a Republican administration, a true advocate for veterans will become Secretary of Veteran Affairs.\nThe maintenance and expansion of our national cemeteries is a solemn duty; a Republican administration will attend to it. Many of the programs designed to assist veterans cry out for modernization and reform. The American people cannot be content with the current unemployment rate of recently separated veterans, or with the significant number of veterans among the homeless. With a backlog of almost a half million cases, the Veterans Benefit Administration needs to be brought into the Information Age. The work of the Veterans Employment and Training Service needs a stronger focus on vocational education, and the nation as a whole must reconsider the ways restrictive licensing and certification rules prevent fully qualified vets from moving up the opportunity ladder.\nProtecting the Fellowship of Freedom from Weapons of Mass Destruction\n\nThe new century will bring new threats, but America — properly led — can master them. Just as the generations of World War II and the Cold War were quick to seize the high frontier of science and craft the national defense America needed, so our country can build on its strengths and defend against unprecedented perils once again.\nBallistic missiles and weapons of mass destruction threaten the world's future. America is currently without defense against these threats. The administration's failure to guard America's nuclear secrets is allowing China to modernize its ballistic missile force, thereby increasing the threat to our country and to our allies. The theft of vital nuclear secrets by China represents one of the greatest security defeats in the history of the United States. The next Republican president will protect our nuclear secrets and aggressively implement a sweeping reorganization of our nuclear weapons program.\nOver two dozen countries have ballistic missiles today. A number of them, including North Korea, will be capable of striking the United States within a few years, and with little warning. America is now unable to counter the rampant proliferation of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons and their missile delivery systems around the world.\nThe response of the current administration has been anachronistic and politicized. Stuck in the mindset and agreements of the Cold War and immune to fresh ideas, the administration has not developed a sensible strategy that responds to the emerging missile threat. They have no adequate plan for how they will defend America and its allies. Visionary leadership, not the present delay and prevarication, is urgently needed for America to be ready for the future. The new Republican president will deploy a national missile defense for reasons of national security; but he will also do so because there is a moral imperative involved: The American people deserve to be protected. It is the president's constitutional obligation.\nAmerica must deploy effective missile defenses, based on an evaluation of the best available options, including sea-based, at the earliest possible date. These defenses must be designed to protect all 50 states, America's deployed forces overseas, and our friends and allies in the fellowship of freedom against missile attacks by outlaw states or accidental launches.\nThe current administration at first denied the need for a national missile defense system. Then it endlessly delayed, despite constant concern expressed by the Republican Congress. Now the administration has become hopelessly entangled in its commitment to an obsolete treaty signed in 1972 with a Soviet Union that no longer exists while it is constrained by its failure to explore vigorously the technological possibilities. In order to avoid the need for any significant revisions to the ABM Treaty, the administration supports an inadequate national missile defense design based on a single site, instead of a system based on the most effective means available. Their approach does not defend America's allies, who must be consulted as U.S. plans are developed. Their concept is a symbolic political solution designed on a cynical political timetable. It will not protect America.\nWe will seek a negotiated change in the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty that will allow the United States to use all technologies and experiments required to deploy robust missile defenses. Republicans believe that the administration should not negotiate inadequate modifications to the ABM Treaty that would leave us with a flawed agreement that ties the hands of the next president and prevents America from defending itself. The United States must be able to select the systems that will work best, not those that answer political expediency, and we must aggressively reinvigorate the ballistic missile defense technology base necessary to ensure that these systems succeed. There are today more positive, practical ways to reassure Russia that missile defenses are a search for common security, not for unilateral advantage. If Russia refuses to make the necessary changes, a Republican president will give prompt notice that the United States will exercise the right guaranteed to us in the treaty to withdraw after six months. The president has a solemn obligation to protect the American people and our allies, not to protect arms control agreements signed almost 30 years ago.\nClear thinking about defensive systems must be accompanied by a fresh strategy for offensive ones too. The Cold War logic that led to the creation of massive stockpiles of nuclear weapons on both sides is now outdated and actually enhances the danger of weapons or nuclear material falling into the hands of America's adversaries. Russia is not the great enemy. The age of vast hostile armies in the heart of Europe deterred by the threat of U.S. nuclear response is also past. American security need no longer depend on the old nuclear balance of terror. It is time to defend against the threats of today and tomorrow, not yesterday.\nIt is past time that the United States should reexamine the requirements of nuclear deterrence. Working with U.S. military leaders and with the Congress, a Republican president will reevaluate America's nuclear force posture and pursue the lowest possible number consistent with our national security. We can safely eliminate thousands more of these horrific weapons. We should do so. In the Cold War the United States rightfully worried about the danger of a conventional war in Europe and needed the nuclear counterweight. That made sense then. It does not make sense now. The premises\nof Cold War targeting should no longer dictate the size of the U.S. nuclear arsenal. The current administration seems not to realize that this notion, too, is old-think of the worst order. In addition, the United States should work with other nuclear nations to remove as many weapons as possible from high-alert, hair-trigger status — another unnecessary vestige of Cold War confrontation — to reduce the risks of accidental or unauthorized launch.\nIn 1991, the United States invited the Soviet Union to join it in removing tactical nuclear weapons from their arsenals. Huge reductions were achieved in a matter of months, quickly making the world much safer. Under a Republican president, Russia will again be invited to do the same with respect to strategic nuclear weapons. America should be prepared to lead by example, because it is in our best interest and the best interest of the world. These measures can begin a new global era of nuclear security and safety.\nRepublicans recognize new threats but also new opportunities. With Republican leadership, the United States has an opportunity to create a safer world, both to defend against nuclear threats and to reduce nuclear arsenals and tensions. America can build a robust missile defense, make dramatic reductions in its nuclear weapons, and defuse confrontation with Russia. A Republican President will do all these things.\nA comprehensive strategy for combating the new dangers posed by weapons of mass destruction must include a variety of other measures to contain and prevent the spread of such weapons. We need the cooperation of friends and allies — and should seek the cooperation of Russia and China — in developing realistic strategies using political, economic, and military instruments to deter and defeat the proliferation efforts of others. We need to address threats from both rogue states and terrorist group — whether delivered by missile, aircraft, shipping container, or suitcase.\nIn this context, the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty is another anachronism of obsolete strategic thinking. This treaty is not verifiable, not enforceable, and would not enable the United States to ensure the reliability of the U.S. nuclear deterrent. It also does not deal with the real dangers of nuclear proliferation, which are rogue regimes — such as Iran, Iraq, and North Korea — that seek to hide their dangerous weapons programs behind weak international treaties. We can fight the spread of nuclear weapons, but we cannot wish them away with unwise agreements. Republicans in the Senate reacted accordingly and responsibly in rejecting the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.\nA new Republican president will renew America's faltering fight against the contagious spread of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons, as well as their means of delivery. The weak leadership and neglect of the administration have allowed America's intelligence capabilities, including space based systems, to atrophy, resulting in repeated proliferation surprises such as Iraq's renewed chemical and biological weapons programs, India's nuclear weapon test, and North Korea's test of a three-stage ballistic missile. Again in a partnership with the Congress, a new Republican administration will give the intelligence community the leadership, resources, and operational latitude it requires.\nSeeking Enduring Prosperity\n\nUnder Republican leadership, the United States will foster an environment of economic openness to capitalize on our country's greatest asset in the information age: a vital, innovative society that welcomes creative ideas and adapts to them. American companies are once more showing the world breathtaking ways to improve productivity and redraw traditional business models. This is an extraordinary foundation on which to rebuild an effective American trade policy.\nUnder the policies of the present administration, many markets remain closed and U.S. trade deficits keep rising. New economic structures are needed to combine regional agreements with the development of global rules for opening the world economy. Collaborating with the Congress, a Republican administration will engage the Latin American and the Asia-Pacific nations, including a new dialogue with India, about political economy and free trade. As impoverished countries in Eurasia, the Middle East, and Africa accept freer economies, they will need the incentives of more open world markets. In addition, the United States can encourage the European Union and our Asian friends and allies to open more sectors to cross-investment and competition with the aim of freer trans-oceanic trade.\nRepublicans are confident that the worldwide trade agenda is full of promise. From the traditional goods of agriculture to the virtual links of e-commerce, gates can swing open. Tariffs should be cut further. The United States can back private sector efforts to streamline common standards and deregulate services, from finance to filmmaking. As the one economy with truly global reach, America can set the standards and be at the center of a worldwide web of trade, finance, and openness. If some nations choose to opt out, they will see how other countries accepting economic freedom will advance on their own, working together.\nThis is the Republican approach, and a critical dimension of a distinctly American internationalism. It goes beyond the old choice of private sector laissez-faire versus government regulation. Instead it is a vision of private initiative encouraged, not stifled, by governments. Private parties are already fashioning new ways to exchange goods and settle disputes but national governments still struggle to define many of the underlying rules. Republicans will also go beyond the old arguments that pitted bilateral deals against global trade rules. Instead they envision a comprehensive approach to the more interdependent global economy, one that uses bilateral, regional, and global arrangements to spur reluctant states to become more open or to be left behind. At the same time, innovative and flexible global rules and structures can facilitate regional progress.\nRooted in America's political and economic ideals, this Republican blueprint promotes open markets and open societies, free trade and the free flow of information, and the development of new ideas and private sectors. These nurture the human spirit, the middle class, law, and liberty.\nAs the Cold War ended, Republican presidents fought off protectionist pressure, eased the debt crisis then facing developing countries, signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and started to enlarge free trade arrangements throughout the Western Hemisphere. They promoted the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) group that could bind economic interests across the Pacific. They then used these regional initiatives to bring the global trade talks of the Uruguay Round to the edge of conclusion. Thus America began to build on victory in the Cold War to build new structures for economic liberty as well.\nFor nearly eight years this promising construction project has languished half-built, the old blueprint shelved and no new ones drawn.\nThe administration returned to the old rhetoric of managed trade — demanding government intervention from a Japanese government that needed less regulation in its sputtering economy, not more. On the verge of a foolish trade war, the administration backed down and dropped its quota demands.\nAfter failing for years to make the case for free trade, the administration finally got around to seeking fast-track trade negotiating authority, but could persuade only one-fifth of Democratic members of Congress to follow its lead.\nWith China, the administration sought to link normal trade relations to human rights performance. Then it flip-flopped and dropped the linkage. They tried to bring China into the World Trade Organization as the Prime Minister of China visited the United States in 1999, but the political waters got choppy. So the administration reversed course again. Finally the administration turned to Republican leadership in the Congress to enact permanent normal trade relations with China.\nThe administration refused to fight for passage of the Caribbean Basin Initiative that was designed to extend the benefits of free trade to some of America's poorest neighbors. Congressional Republicans did the job on their own. They also enacted the Africa Growth and Opportunity Act as a companion to CBI.\nThe failed leadership of the administration in international economics is exemplified by the humiliating debacle of the WTO meeting in Seattle — a conference the current administration first sponsored and then wrecked through its own indecision and inconsistency.\n\nRepublicans know that prosperous democracies depend upon the promise of shared economic opportunity across national borders. If the new globalized information economy provokes a fearful drift into national or regional isolation, hopes for a better world will vanish. Institutions founded in the Second World War and its aftermath built the basis for America's position today, but those institutions, like the Bretton Woods monetary system and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, were partly sustained by the Cold War. In this new century, the United States should devise new mechanisms to enable the private sector to unleash productivity, innovation, and a free flow of ideas.\nCommunities of private groups can achieve results far beyond the reach of governments and international bureaucracies. Given America's strong and diverse private sector, the United States, with close cooperation between a Republican president and a Republican Congress, can gain from the widening global influence of American citizens, businesses, associations, and norms. A Republican administration will have the opportunity to fashion, with like-minded nations, the international structures of sustainable prosperity for the next several decades.\nThe older international financial institutions should be overhauled but not scrapped. The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank should no longer stand for unelected elites imposing their often flawed solutions to tough problems by offering bailouts of corrupt officials and risk-taking investors. The IMF should concentrate on its original mission of promoting sound fiscal and monetary policies, advancing sound central banking practices, and easing global exchange rate adjustments. It should improve transparency and accountability, tackling corruption rather than contributing to it. The World Bank should continue to move away from counterproductive development schemes of the past to an agenda that promotes the provision of basic needs. This agenda will include support for structural reforms that will encourage self-help through efficient markets.\nThe United States should aggressively pursue its national interest. Unlike the current administration, Republicans do not believe multilateral agreements and international institutions are ends in themselves. The Kyoto treaty to address momentous energy and environmental issues was a case in point. Whatever the theories on global warming, a treaty that does not include China and exempts \"developing\" countries from necessary standards while penalizing American industry is not in the national interest. We reject the extremist call for the United Nations to create a \"Stewardship Council,\" modeled on the Security Council, to oversee the global environment. Republicans understand that workable agreements will build on the free democratic processes of national governments, not try to bypass them with international bureaucrats.\nUnlike the Democratic minority in Congress, Republicans do not believe that economic growth is always the enemy of protecting the world's common environmental heritage. Rather, the Republican vision seeks more creative international solutions. These solutions should use market mechanisms to allocate the costs of adjustment, help governments competently manage the resources they do control, and encourage application of the new technologies that offer the greatest promise to protect the global environment.\nNeighborhood of the Americas\n\nLatin America and Canada have helped shape the United States and its people. The countries of the Western Hemisphere are our neighbors. For tens of millions of Americans these neighbors are also our relatives. Latin America buys more than one-fifth of U.S. exports while Canada is America's largest trading partner. These purchases by our Latin American neighbors are rising at a rate almost twice as fast as the rate for the rest of the world. In the next decade, U.S. trade and investment in the Western Hemisphere are projected to exceed our trade and investment with either Europe or Japan. Future prospects for America's neighborhood are extraordinarily bright.\nSecure in its strength and its principles, the United States wants strong, healthy neighbors. The next American century should include all of the Americas. Democracy and free markets are again under siege from narcotics traffickers, guerrillas, economic uncertainty, and demographic upheaval. Poverty, inadequate education, rampant crime and corruption all tear at the fabric of several of these societies. In Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, and other countries, democracy is faltering or under serious attack.\nThe next Republican president will pay serious and sustained attention to the American neighborhood. In concert with the Congress, he will work with key democracies like Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and — above all — Mexico. His administration will be guided by the principles of respect for sovereignty, private initiative, multilateral action, free politics and markets, the rule of law, and regard for the variety of peoples and cultures that make up the Western Hemisphere.\nWith Mexico, whose historic recent election we salute, the United States should continue to reduce barriers to trade and investment, including the implementation of existing commitments where the current administration has backtracked. Yet a true North American community should have a wider agenda that also includes the development of civil society. Our two countries can share ideas for improving education and public services on both sides of the border and using the federal system in both countries to promote governmental cooperation between honest officials who are close to their people.\nA new Republican government committed to NAFTA can enlarge it into a vision for hemispheric free trade, drawing nations closer in business, common commercial standards, dispute resolution, and education. Republicans do not want to create new trading blocs to battle rivals. They mean to encourage general political and economic reform, starting with the American neighborhood.\nIn Cuba, Fidel Castro continues to impose communist economic controls and absolute political repression of 11 million Cubans. His regime harasses and jails dissidents, restricts economic activity, and forces Cubans into the sea in a desperate bid for freedom. He gives refuge to fugitives from American justice, hosts a sophisticated Russian espionage facility that intercepts U.S. government and private communications, and has ordered his air force to shoot down two unarmed U.S. civilian airplanes thereby killing American citizens.\nU.S. policy toward Cuba should be based upon sound, clear principles. Our economic and political relations will change when the Cuban regime frees all prisoners of conscience, legalizes peaceful protest, allows opposition political activity, permits free expression, and commits to democratic elections. This policy will be strengthened by active American support for Cuban dissidents. Under no circumstances should Republicans support any subsidy of Castro's Cuba or any other terrorist state.\nRepublicans also support a continued effort to promote freedom and democracy by communicating objective and uncensored news and information to the Cuban people via U.S. broadcasts to the captive island. Finally, Republicans believe that the United States should adhere to the principles established by the 1966 Cuban Adjustment Act, which recognizes the rights of Cuban refugees fleeing communist tyranny.\nAcross the Pacific\n\nAs in every region of the world, America's foreign policy in Asia starts with its allies: Japan, the Republic of Korea, Australia, Thailand, and the Philippines. Our allies are critical in building and expanding peace, security, democracy, and prosperity in East Asia joined by long-standing American friends like Singapore, Indonesia, Taiwan, and New Zealand.\nRepublican priorities in the next administration will be clear. We will strengthen our alliance with Japan. We will help to deter aggression on the Korean peninsula. We will counter the regional proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their delivery systems and deploy, in cooperation with our allies, effective theater missile defenses. We will promote peace in the Taiwan Strait. We will reconstitute our relations with the nations of Southeast Asia. We will obtain the fullest possible accounting for our POW/MIAs from the Pacific wars. And we will promote democracy, open markets, and human rights for the betterment of the people of Asia and the United States.\nJapan is a key partner of the United States' and the U.S.-Japan alliance is an important foundation of peace, stability, security, and prosperity in Asia. America supports an economically vibrant and open Japan that can serve as engine of expanding prosperity and trade in the Asia-Pacific region.\nThe Republic of Korea is a valued democratic ally of the United States. North Korea, on the other hand, lies outside of the international system. Americans have shed their blood to stop North Korean aggression before. Fifty years after the outbreak of the Korean War, Republicans remember this \"forgotten war.\" Americans should honor the sacrifices of the past and remain prepared to resist aggression today. Policies to protect the peace on the Korean peninsula will be developed in concert with America's allies, starting with South Korea and Japan. What must be clear is an American policy of decisive resolve. The United States will stand by its commitments and will take all necessary measures to thwart, deter, and defend itself and its allies against attack, including enemy use of weapons of mass destruction.\nAfter fighting together in both world wars, the United States forged a formal alliance with Australia that has stood the test of fire in the Korean, Vietnam, and Persian Gulf conflicts. American partnership with Australia is just as relevant to the challenges of Asia's future, as exemplified by Australia's leadership in the East Timor crisis.\nAmerican ties to the Philippines have been close for more than a hundred years. We Republicans have supported the victory of Filipino democracy and cherish our continuing friendship with this great nation and its people who have been by our side in war as in peace.\nAmerica's key challenge in Asia is the People's Republic of China. China is not a free society. The Chinese government represses political expression at home and unsettles neighbors abroad. It stifles freedom of religion and proliferates weapons of mass destruction.\nYet China is a country in transition, all the more reason for the policies of the United States to be firm and steady. America will welcome the advent of a free and prosperous China. Conflict is not inevitable, and the United States offers no threat to China. Republicans support China's accession into the World Trade Organization, but this will not be a substitute for, or lessen the resolve of, our pursuit of improved human rights and an end to proliferation of dangerous technologies by China.\nChina is a strategic competitor of the United States, not a strategic partner. We will deal with China without ill will — but also without illusions. A new Republican government will understand the importance of China but not place China at the center of its Asia policy.\nA Republican president will honor our promises to the people of Taiwan, a longstanding friend of the United States and a genuine democracy. Only months ago the people of Taiwan chose a new president in free and fair elections. Taiwan deserves America's strong support, including the timely sale of defensive arms to enhance Taiwan's security.\nIn recognition of its growing importance in the global economy, we support Taiwan's accession to the World Trade Organization, as well as its participation in the World Health Organization and other multilateral institutions.\nAmerica has acknowledged the view that there is one China. Our policy is based on the principle that there must be no use of force by China against Taiwan. We deny the right of Beijing to impose its rule on the free Taiwanese people. All issues regarding Taiwan's future must be resolved peacefully and must be agreeable to the people of Taiwan. If China violates these principles and attacks Taiwan, then the United States will respond appropriately in accordance with the Taiwan Relations Act. America will help Taiwan defend itself.\nThis country's relations with Vietnam are still overshadowed by two grave concerns. The first is uncertainty concerning the Americans who became prisoners of war or were missing in action. A Republican president will accelerate efforts in every honorable way to obtain the fullest possible accounting for those still missing and for the repatriation of the remains of those who died in the cause of freedom. The second is continued retribution by the government of Vietnam against its ethnic minorities and others who fought alongside our forces there. The United States owes those individuals a debt of honor and will not be blind to their suffering.\nAttention to the fate of East Asia should not obscure American attention to the future of South Asia. India is emerging as one of the great democracies of the twenty-first century. Soon it will be the world's most populous state. India is now redefining its identity and future strategy. The United States should engage India, respecting its great multicultural achievements and encouraging Indian choices for a more open world. Mindful of its longstanding relationship with Pakistan, the United States will place a priority on the secure, stable development of this volatile region where adversaries now face each other with nuclear arsenals.\nThe Republican party is committed to democracy in Burma, and to Nobel Laureate Aung San Suu Kyi and other democratic leaders whose election in 1990 was brutally suppressed and who have been arrested and imprisoned for their belief in freedom and democracy. We share with her the view that the basic principles of human freedom and dignity are universal. We are committed to working with our allies in Europe and Asia to maintain a firm and resolute opposition to the military junta in Rangoon.\nBecause of the strategic location and historical ties of the Pacific island nations to the United States, the next Republican administration will work closely with the countries of this region on a wide variety of issues of common concern.\nEurope\n\nAs a result of the courageous and resolute leadership of Presidents Reagan and Bush, the Cold War has been won, Germany unified and, with the leadership of a Republican Senate, Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary returned to the Euro-Atlantic Community. The security of the United States is inseparable from the security of Europe. Now in its second half-century, a strong NATO is the foundation of peace. Sustained American commitment to the security of Europe has paid off. Our allies across the Atlantic face no conventional external threats. American military deployments are a fraction of their Cold War size. But alliances are not just for crises. They are sustained by the kind of joint planning, political and economic as well as military, that defines and reinforces common interests and mutual trust.\nStanding alongside our allies, we seek a NATO that is strong, cohesive, and active. The next Republican president will give consistent direction on the alliance's purpose, on Europe's need to invest more in defense capabilities, and, when necessary, on acting jointly with the United States in military conflict. The United States needs its European allies to help with key regional security problems as they arise, since America also has global responsibilities. Our goal for NATO is a strong political and security fellowship of independent nations in which consultations are mutually respected and defense burdens mutually shared.\nFor our allies, sharing the enormous opportunities of Eurasia also means sharing the burdens and risks of sustaining the peace. We seek greater cooperation within NATO to deal with the geopolitical problems of the Middle East and Eurasia. We will work with our European partners as we develop our plans to build effective missile defenses that can protect all of America's allies.\nRepublicans believe that the political objectives of Europe and America are mutually reinforcing and complementary. The next Republican president will ensure that the relationship between NATO and the European Union, particularly in the division of military responsibilities, is clear and constructive. The leaders of the European Union must resist the temptation of protectionism as we work together to build a Europe whole and free.\nWe are proud that America's longstanding commitment to the forward defense of democracy is being rewarded as Europe becomes whole and free. In the new era that resulted, some of America's strongest allies and friends have been the democracies of Central and Eastern Europe. In their recent histories, these nations have shown their commitment to the values shared by members of the Trans-Atlantic community. Poles, Czechs, and Hungarians inspired the world, assaulting the Iron Curtain again and again until finally it crashed down forever.\nAs the new democracies of Central Europe chose freedom, America was ready to respond. Republicans made the enlargement of NATO part of our Contract with America. Their firm stand before the American people and in the Congress finally succeeded in bringing Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary into the North Atlantic Alliance. Republicans recognize and applaud the tremendous achievements of the people of Albania, Bulgaria, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Macedonia, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia in reclaiming their freedom and rejoining the Trans-Atlantic community of democracies.\nIt is in America's interest that the new European democracies become fully integrated into the economic, political, and security institutions of the Trans-Atlantic community. These countries are today making great progress toward developing the market economies and democratic political systems that are the best way to ensure both their long-term stability and their security. The enlargement of NATO to include other nations with democratic values, pluralist political systems, and free market economies should continue. Neither geographical nor historical circumstances shall dictate the future of a Europe whole and free. Russia must never be given a veto over enlargement.\nThe Republican party has long been the advocate of independence for the people of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, even when others despaired of their emergence from foreign rule. We reaffirm our traditional ties with and strong support for the courageous Ukrainian and Armenian people, who like the people of the Baltic States, have endured both persecution and tyranny to reassert their ancient nationhood. The United States should promote reconciliation and friendship not only between the United States and Russia, but also between Russia and its neighbors.\nThe current administration has damaged the NATO alliance with years of insensitivity and episodic attention. In the Yugoslav war the administration bungled the diplomacy, misjudged the adversary, and ignored the advice of our military commanders. Even after NATO's operations in Bosnia and Kosovo laid bare Europe's lagging military capabilities, the administration failed to persuade the allies to enhance these capabilities. The next Republican administration will work to repair this damage.\nAfter the many trials and errors of the current administration, the United States is contributing to NATO's peacekeeping efforts in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo. Those troops cannot stay indefinitely without jeopardizing the American ability to defend other important U.S. and allied interests. Over time European troops should take the place of American forces under the NATO umbrella as the United States and its allies work together to bring peace and democracy to the Balkans. The next Republican president will not negotiate with indicted war criminals such as Slobodan Milosevic but will seek their arrest, trial, and imprisonment.\nRussia stands as another reminder that a world increasingly at peace is also a world in transition. If Russia can realize the enormous potential of its people and abundant resources, it can achieve the greatness that is currently defined solely by the reach of its weapons. Russia has the potential to be a great power and should be treated as such. With Russia, the United States needs patience, consistency, and a principled reliance on democratic forces.\nAmerica's own national security is the first order of business with Russia. The United States and Russia share critical common interests. Both Russia and the United States confront the legacy of a dead ideological rivalry — thousands of nuclear weapons, which, in the case of Russia, may not be entirely secure. And together we also face an emerging threat - from rogue nations, nuclear theft, and accidental launch. For its own sake and ours, Russia must stop encouraging the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.\nThe development of a democratic and stable Russia is in the interest of the United States and all of Europe. But the battle for democracy is a fight that must be won by Russians. We must avoid misguided attempts to remake Russia from the outside. The current administration's quixotic efforts have only propped up corrupt elites, identified America with discredited factions and failed policies, and encouraged anti-Americanism.\nThe United States should show its concern about Russia's future by focusing on the structures, spirit, and reality of democracy in Russia, embodied by the rule of law. We will do this by directing our aid and attention to help the Russian people, not enriching the bank accounts of corrupt officials.\nThe rule of law is not consistent with state-sponsored brutality. When the Russian government attacks civilians in Chechnya — killing innocents without discrimination or accountability, neglecting orphans and refugees — it can no longer expect aid from international lending institutions. Moscow needs to operate with civilized self-restraint.\nRussia should also display such self-restraint in its shipments of sensitive nuclear and military technology to Iran. As long as Iran remains an international outlaw, preventing such transfers must be a priority for U.S. policy. Americans stand ready to cooperate with Russia in sharing technology for missile defense that can promote a more stable world, but Russia must also choose lasting stability over transitory profit and support the effort against proliferation.\nRepublicans welcome the historic reconciliation in Northern Ireland that is slowly bringing peace and a representative local assembly to this beautiful land that means so much to Americans. We congratulate the people of Northern Ireland for their approval of the Good Friday Agreement, and we call for the full and fastest possible implementation of its terms. In the spirit of that healing document, we call for a review of issues of deportation and extradition arising prior to the accord. We applaud the work of the Patten Commission to reform the police authorities in Northern Ireland and urge complete implementation of the Commission's recommendations. The sufferings of the people on the island of Ireland have been our sorrow too, and the new hope for peace and reconciliation is the answer to America's prayers. We continue to support this progress toward peace with justice and, accordingly, we encourage private U.S. investment in the North, with care to ensure fair employment and better opportunities for all. Though the burdens of history weigh heavily upon this land, we cheer its people for taking the lead in building for themselves and for their children a future of peace and understanding. The next president will use the prestige and influence of the United States to help the parties achieve a lasting peace. If necessary, he will appoint a special envoy to help facilitate the search for lasting peace, justice, and reconciliation.\nWe likewise encourage a peaceful settlement for Cyprus and respect by all parties for the wishes of the Cypriot people. A fair and lasting Cyprus settlement will benefit the people of Cyprus, as well as serve the interests of America and our allies, Greece and Turkey.\nThe Middle East and Persian Gulf\n\nIn the Middle East, the advancement of U.S. national interests requires clear and consistent priorities as well as close cooperation with America's friends and allies. We have four priorities for the Middle East. First, we seek to promote and maintain peace throughout the region. Second, we must ensure that Israel remains safe and secure. Third, we must protect our economic interests and ensure the reliable flow of oil from the Persian Gulf. And fourth, we must reduce the threat of weapons of mass destruction in the region. Because America cannot achieve these objectives by acting alone, U.S. policy must rest on leadership that can build strong coalitions of like-minded states and hold them together to achieve common aims.\nAs American influence declined during the current administration, the OPEC cartel drove up the price of oil. Anti-Americanism among the Arab people redoubled. Iran continued to sponsor international terrorism, oppose the Arab-Israeli peace process, and pursue nuclear, biological, chemical, and missile capabilities with extensive foreign assistance. America's closest allies expanded their political and economic relations with Iran. A Republican president will work to reverse these damaging trends.\nIt is important for the United States to support and honor Israel, the only true democracy in the Middle East. We will ensure that Israel maintains a qualitative edge in defensive technology over any potential adversaries. We will not pick sides in Israeli elections. The United States has a moral and legal obligation to maintain its Embassy and Ambassador in Jerusalem. Immediately upon taking office, the next Republican president will begin the process of moving the U.S. Embassy from Tel Aviv to Israel's capital, Jerusalem.\nThe United States seeks a comprehensive and lasting peace in the Middle East. America can use its prestige to encourage discussions and negotiations. But peace must be negotiated between the parties themselves. We will not impose our view or an artificial timetable. At the heart of the peace process is the commitment to resolve all issues through negotiation. A unilateral declaration of independence by the Palestinians would be a violation of that commitment. A new Republican administration would oppose any such declaration. It will also do everything possible to promote the conclusion of a genuine peace in the Middle East. While we have hopes for the peace process, our commitment to the security of Israel is an overriding moral and strategic concern.\nPerhaps nowhere has the inheritance of Republican governance been squandered so fatefully as with respect to Iraq. The anti-Iraq coalition assembled to oppose Saddam Hussein has disintegrated. The administration has pretended to support the removal of Saddam Hussein from power, but did nothing when Saddam Hussein's army smashed the democratic opposition in northern Iraq in August 1996. The administration also surrendered the diplomatic initiative to Iraq and Iraq's friends, and failed to champion the international inspectors charged with erasing Iraq's nuclear, biological, chemical, and ballistic missile programs. When, in late 1998, the administration decided to take military action, it did too little, too late. Because of the administration's failures there is no coalition, no peace, and no effective inspection regime to prevent Saddam's development of weapons of mass destruction.\nA new Republican administration will patiently rebuild an international coalition opposed to Saddam Hussein and committed to joint action. We will insist that Iraq comply fully with its disarmament commitments. We will maintain the sanctions on the Iraqi regime while seeking to alleviate the suffering of innocent Iraqi people. We will react forcefully and unequivocally to any evidence of reconstituted Iraqi capabilities for producing weapons of mass destruction. In 1998, Congress passed and the president signed the Iraq Liberation Act, the clear purpose of which is to assist the opposition to Saddam Hussein. The administration has used an arsenal of dilatory tactics to block any serious support to the Iraqi National Congress, an umbrella organization reflecting a broad and representative group of Iraqis who wish to free their country from the scourge of Saddam Hussein's regime. We support the full implementation of the Iraq Liberation Act, which should be regarded as a starting point in a comprehensive plan for the removal of Saddam Hussein and the restoration of international inspections in collaboration with his successor. Republicans recognize that peace and stability in the Persian Gulf is impossible as long as Saddam Hussein rules Iraq.\nAll Americans hope that a new generation of Iranian leaders will rise to power seeking friendlier relations with the United States and a less threatening posture in the region. But Iran's record of supporting terrorism, opposing the Middle East peace process, developing weapons of mass destruction and long-range missiles, and its denial of human rights, most recently demonstrated in the trial and conviction of Iranian Jews on unfounded espionage charges, demonstrates that Tehran remains a dangerous threat to the United States and our interests in the region. The next Republican administration will form its policy toward Iran based on Iranian actions, not words. It will stop making unilateral gestures toward the Iranian government which, to date, have failed to result in a change in Iranian behavior. We will work to convince our friends and allies, most importantly the Europeans, to join us in a firm, common approach toward Iran.\nRepublicans endorse continued assistance and support for countries that have made peace with Israel — led by Egypt and Jordan. We appreciate the significant contributions by Jordan to our common struggle against terrorism, and will take steps to bolster relations with Amman including negotiating a U.S.-Jordan Free Trade Agreement.\nThe United States and its allies depend on oil from the Middle East. Republicans prefer an America that is far less dependent on foreign crude oil. A Republican president will not be so tolerant if OPEC colludes to drive up the world price of oil, as it has done this past year. Yet influence also comes from friendship. The United States should restore its underlying good and cooperative relations with the oil-exporting nations, most importantly Saudi Arabia, as well as with other moderate Arab governments.\nAfrica\n\nThe nations of Africa have endured tremendous burdens of war, poverty, disease, and bad government. But freedom is gaining ground in South Africa, Nigeria, Niger, Mozambique, and Mauritius. Democracy can help ensure that the interests of the people are elevated above the preoccupations and self-enrichment of corrupt elites.\nSome of Africa's developing countries are turning to private markets, building middle classes, and evolving toward more representative forms of government that respect individual liberties. But such transformation is not simple. A Republican president and Congress will work to encourage these efforts through closer economic integration, security assistance, and support for freedom. Republicans will replace process with outcome and rhetoric with substance.\nAmericans are troubled by the humanitarian catastrophes that have plagued the people of Africa including conflicts in Sierra Leone, the Great Lakes region, the Horn of Africa, and elsewhere. The risk of famine is never far away. Millions live in poverty and suffer from disease, especially AIDS and the vaccine-preventable diseases that prey on innocent children. The situation in the Sudan demands special attention, due to its employment of the slave trade and its persecution of Sudanese Christians, and we deplore the government of Zimbabwe's refusal to adhere to the rule of law. The conflict in Angola should be resolved through dialogue leading to the release of political prisoners and democratic government.\nThe people of Africa need economic opportunity, foreign investment, and access to markets, food, and medicine. The United States will support international organizations and non-governmental organizations that can improve the daily lives of Africans. The United States must also work to promote democracy and sound governance in Africa, and the prevention and resolution of conflict. We will help the continent achieve its economic potential by implementing measures to reduce trade barriers. Republicans will not ignore the challenges of Africa.\nInternational Assistance\n\nThe promotion of freedom and democracy is a critical national interest. President Reagan was a champion of this idea, establishing the National Endowment for Democracy in 1983 as an instrument of U.S. public diplomacy. The National Endowment for Democracy, and other American public diplomacy institutions, continues today to advance and protect American ideals and interests abroad.\nThe United States must commit itself to doing more to assist refugees and displaced persons. A Republican administration will improve America's longstanding practice of aiding the innocent victims of political repression, conflict, famine, and natural disasters, and we will lead other countries in responding similarly.\nRepublicans fully recognize that the spread of AIDS is a terrible humanitarian disaster and will continue to emphasize action over rhetoric. In particular, we commend the Republican Congress for recently approving legislation to assist the victims of this disease in Africa.\nThe United Nations\n\nInternational organizations can serve the cause of peace, but they can never serve as a substitute for, or exercise a veto over, principled American leadership. The United Nations was not designed to summon or lead armies in the field and, as a matter of U.S. sovereignty, American troops must never serve under United Nations command. Nor will they be subject to the jurisdiction of an International Criminal Court. The United Nations can provide a valuable forum for nations to peacefully resolve their differences, and it can help monitor international agreements and organize international humanitarian assistance. The United States will pay a fair, not disproportionate, share of dues to the United Nations once it has reformed its management and taken steps to eliminate waste, fraud, and abuse. All funds that the U.S. contributes for operations, conferences, and peacekeeping should count against these dues.\nThe next Republican administration will use its diplomatic influence to put an end to a pattern of discrimination that persists at the United Nations in denying committee assignments to Israel. It will do the likewise at the International Red Cross which refuses to accredit the symbol of Magen David Adom, Israel's equivalent of the Red Cross. Moreover, Republicans oppose the ideological campaign against participation by the Vatican in U.N. conferences and other activities. The United Nations was created to benefit all peoples and nations, not to promote a radical agenda of social engineering. Any effort to address global social problems must be firmly placed into a context of respect for the fundamental social institutions of marriage and family. We reject any treaty or convention that would contradict these values. For that reason, we will protect the rights of families in international programs and will not fund organizations involved in abortion. This approach to foreign assistance will unify people, respect their diverse beliefs, and uphold basic human rights. It will enable us, in cooperation with other free societies around the world, to more effectively oppose religious persecution and the sex trafficking that ruins the lives of women and children.\nTerrorism, International Crime, and Cyber Threats\n\nAmerica faces a new and rapidly evolving threat from terrorism and international crime. Meeting this threat requires not just new measures, but also consistent policies and determination from America's leaders.\nMany established terrorist groups faded away in the 1990s after the Cold War ended. But the decade also witnessed a series of enormously destructive attacks against America. Increasingly, terrorists seem to be motivated by amorphous religious causes or simple hatred of America rather than by specific political aims. Terrorism crosses borders easily and frequently, including U.S. borders, and cannot easily be categorized as either domestic or international.\nRepublicans support a response to terrorism that is resolute but not impulsive. The most likely highly destructive terrorist attack remains a large bomb hidden in a car or truck. Yet, as with the rest of our defense posture, we must prepare for the most dangerous threats as well as the most likely ones. Therefore the United States must be extremely vigilant about the possibility that future terrorists might use weapons of mass destruction, which are increasingly available and present an unprecedented threat to America. In many instances the military will have to rethink it traditional doctrine and begin to focus on counterterrorism, human intelligence gathering, and unconventional warfare.\nRepublicans endorse the four principles of U.S. counterterrorism policy that were laid down originally by Vice President George Bush's Commission on Combating Terrorism in 1985. First, we will make no concessions to terrorists. Giving in simply encourages future terrorist actions and debases America's power and moral authority. Second, we will isolate, pressure, and punish the state sponsors of terrorism. Third, we will bring individual terrorists to justice. Past and potential terrorists will know that America will never stop hunting them. Fourth, we will provide assistance to other governments combating terrorism. Fighting international terrorism requires international collaboration. Once again, allies matter.\nRepublicans in Congress have led the way in building the domestic preparedness programs to train and equip local, state, and federal response personnel to deal with terrorist dangers in America. The administration has not offered clear leadership over these programs. They remain scattered across many agencies, uncoordinated and poorly managed. We will streamline and improve the federal coordination of the domestic emergency preparedness programs.\nWe will ensure that federal law enforcement agencies have every lawful resource and authority they require to combat international organized crime. A Republican administration will work to improve international cooperation against all forms of cross-border criminality, especially the burgeoning threat of cyber-crime that threatens the vitality of American industries as diverse as aerospace and entertainment.\nNowhere has the administration been more timid in protecting America's national interests than in cyberspace. Americans have recently glimpsed the full vulnerability of their information systems to penetration and massive disruption by amateurs. A sophisticated terrorist or adversary government could potentially cripple a critical U.S. infrastructure, such as the electrical grid or a military logistics system, in time of crisis. A new Republican government will work closely with our international partners and the private sector to conceive and implement a viable strategy for reducing America's vulnerability to the spectrum of cyber threats, from the adolescent hacker launching a contagious computer virus to the most advanced threat of strategic information warfare.\n\nPrincipled American Leadership\n\nRepublicans have a strategy. It is a strategy that recalls traditional truths about power and ideals and applies them to networked marketplaces, modern diplomacy and the high-tech battlefield. A Republican administration will use power wisely, set priorities, craft needed institutions of openness and freedom, and invest in the future. A Republican president and a Republican Congress can achieve the unity of national governance that has so long been absent. We see a confident America united in the fellowship of freedom with friends and allies throughout the world. We envision the restoration of a respected American leadership firmly grounded in a distinctly American internationalism.", "Words" -> 33713, "WordCounts" -> <|"the" -> 1972, "and" -> 1312, "of" -> 1268, "to" -> 1080, "in" -> 559, "a" -> 526, "for" -> 429, "that" -> 389, "is" -> 328, "will" -> 299, "We" -> 261, "The" -> 232, "with" -> 224, "our" -> 220, "by" -> 192, "we" -> 183, "be" -> 178, "are" -> 175, "their" -> 172, "has" -> 162, "not" -> 158, "as" -> 158, "on" -> 156, "have" -> 146, "Republican" -> 140, "American" -> 121, "it" -> 119, "its" -> 118, "from" -> 118, "should" -> 114, "new" -> 111, "government" -> 105, "all" -> 102, "must" -> 99, "health" -> 94, "federal" -> 93, "an" -> 92, "or" -> 91, "this" -> 87, "administration" -> 87, "States" -> 86, "United" -> 85, "at" -> 84, "who" -> 80, "more" -> 80, "can" -> 80, "people" -> 78, "Republicans" -> 77, "support" -> 76, "care" -> 73, "America" -> 67, "In" -> 63, "Congress" -> 63, "against" -> 63, "been" -> 62, "those" -> 61, "A" 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13, "propose" -> 13, "priority" -> 13, "opportunities" -> 13, "old" -> 13, "never" -> 13, "much" -> 13, "Medicare" -> 13, "mass" -> 13, "leaders" -> 13, "land" -> 13, "know" -> 13, "interest" -> 13, "increased" -> 13, "his" -> 13, "generation" -> 13, "friends" -> 13, "down" -> 13, "destruction" -> 13, "cooperation" -> 13, "consumers" -> 13, "Cold" -> 13, "bring" -> 13, "between" -> 13, "away" -> 13, "applaud" -> 13, "again" -> 13, "World" -> 12, "values" -> 12, "two" -> 12, "traditional" -> 12, "today" -> 12, "There" -> 12, "student" -> 12, "strategy" -> 12, "regulatory" -> 12, "regulation" -> 12, "reach" -> 12, "rather" -> 12, "rate" -> 12, "purpose" -> 12, "platform" -> 12, "part" -> 12, "investment" -> 12, "include" -> 12, "he" -> 12, "greater" -> 12, "face" -> 12, "environment" -> 12, "enacted" -> 12, "does" -> 12, "Asia" -> 12, "after" -> 12, "accountability" -> 12, "working" -> 11, "trial" -> 11, "transportation" -> 11, "stop" -> 11, "set" -> 11, "serve" -> 11, "savings" -> 11, "rule" -> 11, "reforms" -> 11, "recent" -> 11, "real" -> 11, "plan" -> 11, "necessary" -> 11, "Middle" -> 11, "maintain" -> 11, "longer" -> 11, "long" -> 11, "litigation" -> 11, "like" -> 11, "keep" -> 11, "itself" -> 11, "It's" -> 11, "Iraq" -> 11, "high" -> 11, "heart" -> 11, "greatest" -> 11, "funding" -> 11, "farmers" -> 11, "expand" -> 11, "example" -> 11, "eight" -> 11, "each" -> 11, "drugs" -> 11, "done" -> 11, "domestic" -> 11, "commit" -> 11, "business" -> 11, "already" -> 11, "Africa" -> 11, "accounts" -> 11, "While" -> 10, "When" -> 10, "water" -> 10, "training" -> 10, "throughout" -> 10, "then" -> 10, "technologies" -> 10, "Taiwan" -> 10, "still" -> 10, "small" -> 10, "secure" -> 10, "rural" -> 10, "remains" -> 10, "remain" -> 10, "region" -> 10, "providing" -> 10, "potential" -> 10, "parents" -> 10, "others" -> 10, "order" -> 10, "off" -> 10, "National" -> 10, "millions" -> 10, "meet" -> 10, "may" -> 10, "low-income" -> 10, "led" -> 10, "lead" -> 10, "justice" -> 10, "innocent" -> 10, "industry" -> 10, "If" -> 10, "ideas" -> 10, "had" -> 10, "groups" -> 10, "governors" -> 10, "focus" -> 10, "faith-based" -> 10, "ever" -> 10, "era" -> 10, "enormous" -> 10, "endorse" -> 10, "Economy" -> 10, "Department" -> 10, "decades" -> 10, "currently" -> 10, "culture" -> 10, "could" -> 10, "cases" -> 10, "budget" -> 10, "another" -> 10, "among" -> 10, "allow" -> 10, "All" -> 10, "agreements" -> 10, "world's" -> 9, "vital" -> 9, "using" -> 9, "true" -> 9, "Trade" -> 9, "times" -> 9, "terrorism" -> 9, "teachers" -> 9, "strength" -> 9, "sense" -> 9, "risk" -> 9, "relations" -> 9, "Reform" -> 9, "reason" -> 9, "proliferation" -> 9, "Party" -> 9, "participation" -> 9, "North" -> 9, "natural" -> 9, "NATO" -> 9, "means" -> 9, "management" -> 9, "making" -> 9, "lives" -> 9, "lawyers" -> 9, "lands" -> 9, "kind" -> 9, "judges" -> 9, "jobs" -> 9, "history" -> 9, "funds" -> 9, "fully" -> 9, "foundation" -> 9, "fees" -> 9, "failure" -> 9, "expanding" -> 9, "everyone" -> 9, "entire" -> 9, "drug" -> 9, "dollars" -> 9, "develop" -> 9, "death" -> 9, "dangerous" -> 9, "comprehensive" -> 9, "committed" -> 9, "civil" -> 9, "authority" -> 9, "almost" -> 9, "ago" -> 9, "affirm" -> 9, "ability" -> 9, "within" -> 8, "whether" -> 8, "What" -> 8, "welcome" -> 8, "ways" -> 8, "Washington" -> 8, "vision" -> 8, "treatment" -> 8, "today's" -> 8, "therefore" -> 8, "strongly" -> 8, "stability" -> 8, "single" -> 8, "share" -> 8, "Saddam" -> 8, "run" -> 8, "return" -> 8, "requires" -> 8, "property" -> 8, "prevent" -> 8, "President" -> 8, "pledge" -> 8, "plans" -> 8, "personnel" -> 8, "partner" -> 8, "officials" -> 8, "offer" -> 8, "Now" -> 8, "neighbors" -> 8, "Nations" -> 8, "moral" -> 8, "money" -> 8, "live" -> 8, "liberty" -> 8, "leading" -> 8, "Iran" -> 8, "intervention" -> 8, "International" -> 8, "instead" -> 8, "Information" -> 8, "independent" -> 8, "increasing" -> 8, "implementation" -> 8, "how" -> 8, "honor" -> 8, "hold" -> 8, "highest" -> 8, "flexibility" -> 8, "fight" -> 8, "fair" -> 8, "failed" -> 8, "even" -> 8, "European" -> 8, "emerging" -> 8, "elsewhere" -> 8, "either" -> 8, "effort" -> 8, "disease" -> 8, "disabilities" -> 8, "did" -> 8, "developing" -> 8, "delivery" -> 8, "defenses" -> 8, "debt" -> 8, "criminals" -> 8, "created" -> 8, "create" -> 8, "coverage" -> 8, "courts" -> 8, "country's" -> 8, "continued" -> 8, "Constitution" -> 8, "combat" -> 8, "capabilities" -> 8, "before" -> 8, "basic" -> 8, "available" -> 8, "After" -> 8, "adoption" -> 8, "achievement" -> 8, "Yet" -> 7, "whose" -> 7, "whom" -> 7, "Western" -> 7, "waste" -> 7, "victims" -> 7, "veterans" -> 7, "very" -> 7, "used" -> 7, "urge" -> 7, "Under" -> 7, "treaty" -> 7, "terrorist" -> 7, "technological" -> 7, "success" -> 7, "strategies" -> 7, "strategic" -> 7, "status" -> 7, "stand" -> 7, "Since" -> 7, "Second" -> 7, "review" -> 7, "responsibilities" -> 7, "relationship" -> 7, "regional" -> 7, "regime" -> 7, "red" -> 7, "recently" -> 7, "reaffirm" -> 7, "quality" -> 7, "proud" -> 7, "Prosperity" -> 7, "proposed" -> 7, "production" -> 7, "privacy" -> 7, "priorities" -> 7, "prices" -> 7, "poverty" -> 7, "permanent" -> 7, "partnership" -> 7, "Pacific" -> 7, "options" -> 7, "operations" -> 7, "once" -> 7, "often" -> 7, "number" -> 7, "neighborhoods" -> 7, "Native" -> 7, "members" -> 7, "measures" -> 7, "marriage" -> 7, "Many" -> 7, "manage" -> 7, "makes" -> 7, "let" -> 7, "less" -> 7, "learning" -> 7, "lasting" -> 7, "Japan" -> 7, "Its" -> 7, "it's" -> 7, "inadequate" -> 7, "impose" -> 7, "implement" -> 7, "if" -> 7, "hope" -> 7, "hard" -> 7, "hands" -> 7, "half" -> 7, "Government" -> 7, "goals" -> 7, "generations" -> 7, "gas" -> 7, "First" -> 7, "faith" -> 7, "existing" -> 7, "Even" -> 7, "ensuring" -> 7, "enact" -> 7, "elderly" -> 7, "different" -> 7, "depend" -> 7, "democracies" -> 7, "demands" -> 7, "decision-making" -> 7, "creation" -> 7, "constitutional" -> 7, "comes" -> 7, "come" -> 7, "choose" -> 7, "charitable" -> 7, "changes" -> 7, "case" -> 7, "burdens" -> 7, "biological" -> 7, "benefit" -> 7, "being" -> 7, "ballistic" -> 7, "average" -> 7, "attention" -> 7, "assist" -> 7, "AIDS" -> 7, "agriculture" -> 7, "affordable" -> 7, "address" -> 7, "voluntary" -> 6, "unique" -> 6, "Union" -> 6, "trials" -> 6, "tremendous" -> 6, "trading" -> 6, "ties" -> 6, "three" -> 6, "thousands" -> 6, "themselves" -> 6, "terrorists" -> 6, "surpluses" -> 6, "successful" -> 6, "structures" -> 6, "steps" -> 6, "step" -> 6, "stable" -> 6, "space" -> 6, "serious" -> 6, "salute" -> 6, "revolution" -> 6, "results" -> 6, "restoration" -> 6, "rest" -> 6, "response" -> 6, "resolve" -> 6, "Republic" -> 6, "replace" -> 6, "renew" -> 6, "related" -> 6, "reduced" -> 6, "qualified" -> 6, "provided" -> 6, "proposal" -> 6, "products" -> 6, "product" -> 6, "primary" -> 6, "presidential" -> 6, "preserve" -> 6, "prepared" -> 6, "practice" -> 6, "poor" -> 6, "paid" -> 6, "Over" -> 6, "Organization" -> 6, "ones" -> 6, "One" -> 6, "offenders" -> 6, "No" -> 6, "Medical" -> 6, "matter" -> 6, "mandates" -> 6, "major" -> 6, "lower" -> 6, "long-term" -> 6, "longstanding" -> 6, "Latin" -> 6, "Korean" -> 6, "Korea" -> 6, "juvenile" -> 6, "judicial" -> 6, "job" -> 6, "Israel" -> 6, "intelligence" -> 6, "influence" -> 6, "independence" -> 6, "importance" -> 6, "ideals" -> 6, "Hussein" -> 6, "holds" -> 6, "here" -> 6, "helping" -> 6, "helped" -> 6, "grants" -> 6, "goods" -> 6, "go" -> 6, "giving" -> 6, "given" -> 6, "fundamental" -> 6, "Freedom" -> 6, "four" -> 6, "foster" -> 6, "follow" -> 6, "finally" -> 6, "establish" -> 6, "essential" -> 6, "enforce" -> 6, "ended" -> 6, "encouraging" -> 6, "Education" -> 6, "early" -> 6, "drive" -> 6, "dramatic" -> 6, "diseases" -> 6, "diplomacy" -> 6, "dignity" -> 6, "designed" -> 6, "demand" -> 6, "dedicated" -> 6, "deal" -> 6, "dangers" -> 6, "cut" -> 6, "crucial" -> 6, "creative" -> 6, "court" -> 6, "cost" -> 6, "consistent" -> 6, "conscience" -> 6, "conditions" -> 6, "concern" -> 6, "Commission" -> 6, "code" -> 6, "close" -> 6, "choices" -> 6, "chemical" -> 6, "challenge" -> 6, "Century" -> 6, "cancer" -> 6, "campaign" -> 6, "By" -> 6, "building" -> 6, "beyond" -> 6, "barriers" -> 6, "balance" -> 6, "attempts" -> 6, "armed" -> 6, "annual" -> 6, "An" -> 6, "allowing" -> 6, "allowed" -> 6, "adversaries" -> 6, "actually" -> 6, "across" -> 6, "accessible" -> 6, "abroad" -> 6, "abortion" -> 6, "1996" -> 6, "100" -> 6, "youngsters" -> 5, "young" -> 5, "worse" -> 5, "whole" -> 5, "violent" -> 5, "violence" -> 5, "vigorously" -> 5, "victory" -> 5, "veto" -> 5, "Veterans" -> 5, "variety" -> 5, "units" -> 5, "unilateral" -> 5, "underserved" -> 5, "trillion" -> 5, "Treaty" -> 5, "treatments" -> 5, "took" -> 5, "test" -> 5, "teacher" -> 5, "tape" -> 5, "taken" -> 5, "Supreme" -> 5, "suits" -> 5, "Still" -> 5, "spread" -> 5, "spirit" -> 5, "societies" -> 5, "Small" -> 5, "skills" -> 5, "size" -> 5, "simple" -> 5, "shared" -> 5, "see" -> 5, "second" -> 5, "Russian" -> 5, "risks" -> 5, "Rights" -> 5, "Revolution" -> 5, "required" -> 5, "remove" -> 5, "religion" -> 5, "reductions" -> 5, "record" -> 5, "reasons" -> 5, "reasonable" -> 5, "reading" -> 5, "Quality" -> 5, "pursue" -> 5, "purchase" -> 5, "punitive" -> 5, "protections" -> 5, "Protection" -> 5, "protecting" -> 5, "promoting" -> 5, "practices" -> 5, "powerful" -> 5, "places" -> 5, "physicians" -> 5, "Persian" -> 5, "passed" -> 5, "parties" -> 5, "particularly" -> 5, "parental" -> 5, "ourselves" -> 5, "offers" -> 5, "obligation" -> 5, "nothing" -> 5, "neighborhood" -> 5, "neglect" -> 5, "nearly" -> 5, "move" -> 5, "months" -> 5, "Mexico" -> 5, "medicine" -> 5, "managed" -> 5, "lost" -> 5, "localities" -> 5, "little" -> 5, "limits" -> 5, "limited" -> 5, "likewise" -> 5, "level" -> 5, "left" -> 5, "lawsuits" -> 5, "labor" -> 5, "join" -> 5, "IRS" -> 5, "Iranian" -> 5, "initiative" -> 5, "infrastructure" -> 5, "Indian" -> 5, "India" -> 5, "impact" -> 5, "hopes" -> 5, "honest" -> 5, "homes" -> 5, "historic" -> 5, "Hemisphere" -> 5, "healthy" -> 5, "hand" -> 5, "Gulf" -> 5, "guarantee" -> 5, "growing" -> 5, "governmental" -> 5, "gives" -> 5, "get" -> 5, "gains" -> 5, "fund" -> 5, "forced" -> 5, "food" -> 5, "five" -> 5, "financial" -> 5, "Federal" -> 5, "facilities" -> 5, "expansion" -> 5, "expanded" -> 5, "ethical" -> 5, "errors" -> 5, "Environmental" -> 5, "Energy" -> 5, "employers" -> 5, "emergency" -> 5, "elections" -> 5, "election" -> 5, "diversity" -> 5, "discrimination" -> 5, "discipline" -> 5, "determined" -> 5, "deploy" -> 5, "Democratic" -> 5, "Democracy" -> 5, "demanding" -> 5, "deduction" -> 5, "decade" -> 5, "Cuban" -> 5, "criminal" -> 5, "Court's" -> 5, "course" -> 5, "courageous" -> 5, "consumer" -> 5, "Congressional" -> 5, "concerns" -> 5, "competitive" -> 5, "colleges" -> 5, "clinical" -> 5, "classroom" -> 5, "chance" -> 5, "central" -> 5, "cause" -> 5, "Care" -> 5, "bureaucracy" -> 5, "begin" -> 5, "balanced" -> 5, "appropriate" -> 5, "Amendment" -> 5, "always" -> 5, "alternatives" -> 5, "along" -> 5, "alone" -> 5, "air" -> 5, "aggressively" -> 5, "advancing" -> 5, "addition" -> 5, "active" -> 5, "act" -> 5, "abuses" -> 5, "1998" -> 5, "worldwide" -> 4, "works" -> 4, "words" -> 4, "won" -> 4, "weak" -> 4, "view" -> 4, "vetoed" -> 4, "urban" -> 4, "until" -> 4, "unnecessary" -> 4, "united" -> 4, "union" -> 4, "unfair" -> 4, "understand" -> 4, "undermined" -> 4, "Twenty-First" -> 4, "turned" -> 4, "truly" -> 4, "tribal" -> 4, "transition" -> 4, "train" -> 4, "total" -> 4, "top" -> 4, "Today's" -> 4, "Today" -> 4, "thus" -> 4, "though" -> 4, "Therefore" -> 4, "That's" -> 4, "Texas" -> 4, "teen" -> 4, "taxpayers" -> 4, "targeting" -> 4, "taking" -> 4, "takes" -> 4, "sustain" -> 4, "surplus" -> 4, "sure" -> 4, "supplies" -> 4, "suffering" -> 4, "substitute" -> 4, "subject" -> 4, "stay" -> 4, "State" -> 4, "stands" -> 4, "standard" -> 4, "speech" -> 4, "sovereignty" -> 4, "sources" -> 4, "source" -> 4, "Some" -> 4, "solutions" -> 4, "sites" -> 4, "since" -> 4, "simply" -> 4, "significant" -> 4, "signed" -> 4, "sign" -> 4, "sharing" -> 4, "shape" -> 4, "sex" -> 4, "Service" -> 4, "seniors" -> 4, "Senate" -> 4, "search" -> 4, "scientific" -> 4, "said" -> 4, "safeguard" -> 4, "robust" -> 4, "rightly" -> 4, "rhetoric" -> 4, "restrictions" -> 4, "respond" -> 4, "resource" -> 4, "resolute" -> 4, "requiring" -> 4, "requirements" -> 4, "representative" -> 4, "repeal" -> 4, "renewal" -> 4, "rely" -> 4, "reject" -> 4, "regulate" -> 4, "regard" -> 4, "reconciliation" -> 4, "Reagan" -> 4, "ready" -> 4, "readiness" -> 4, "readily" -> 4, "Rather" -> 4, "range" -> 4, "railroad" -> 4, "Purpose" -> 4, "public's" -> 4, "Public" -> 4, "protected" -> 4, "promised" -> 4, "productivity" -> 4, "productive" -> 4, "procedures" -> 4, "problem" -> 4, "pride" -> 4, "present" -> 4, "prepare" -> 4, "positive" -> 4, "positions" -> 4, "politics" -> 4, "police" -> 4, "point" -> 4, "persons" -> 4, "period" -> 4, "People" -> 4, "penalties" -> 4, "payroll" -> 4, "patient" -> 4, "partnerships" -> 4, "partners" -> 4, "particular" -> 4, "opposition" -> 4, "opening" -> 4, "opened" -> 4, "on-line" -> 4, "On" -> 4, "official" -> 4, "office" -> 4, "offering" -> 4, "offered" -> 4, "Northern" -> 4, "NIH" -> 4, "net" -> 4, "negotiations" -> 4, "negotiating" -> 4, "near" -> 4, "name" -> 4, "multilateral" -> 4, "mothers" -> 4, "More" -> 4, "modern" -> 4, "missiles" -> 4, "middle" -> 4, "lowest" -> 4, "loans" -> 4, "link" -> 4, "limit" -> 4, "likely" -> 4, "liability" -> 4, "Let" -> 4, "least" -> 4, "later" -> 4, "large" -> 4, "landmark" -> 4, "ladder" -> 4, "Justice" -> 4, "jurisdiction" -> 4, "Ireland" -> 4, "Iraqi" -> 4, "integration" -> 4, "Instead" -> 4, "innovative" -> 4, "inflation" -> 4, "industries" -> 4, "Individuals" -> 4, "Individual" -> 4, "increasingly" -> 4, "incentives" -> 4, "illegal" -> 4, "ignored" -> 4, "ideological" -> 4, "humanitarian" -> 4, "however" -> 4, "HIV" -> 4, "highly" -> 4, "gun" -> 4, "guard" -> 4, "guaranteed" -> 4, "group" -> 4, "granted" -> 4, "gauge" -> 4, "gain" -> 4, "fulfill" -> 4, "fresh" -> 4, "forward" -> 4, "form" -> 4, "flow" -> 4, "flexible" -> 4, "fiscal" -> 4, "firm" -> 4, "Finally" -> 4, "fighting" -> 4, "fellowship" -> 4, "fast-track" -> 4, "farm" -> 4, "fall" -> 4, "fairness" -> 4, "failing" -> 4, "extended" -> 4, "exports" -> 4, "export" -> 4, "exercise" -> 4, "exchange" -> 4, "ethnic" -> 4, "establishment" -> 4, "enhance" -> 4, "English" -> 4, "enemy" -> 4, "enable" -> 4, "empower" -> 4, "emissions" -> 4, "elimination" -> 4, "eliminate" -> 4, "electricity" -> 4, "economies" -> 4, "duty" -> 4, "doing" -> 4, "diverse" -> 4, "directly" -> 4, "direct" -> 4, "Development" -> 4, "developed" -> 4, "Democrats" -> 4, "decisions" -> 4, "danger" -> 4, "daily" -> 4, "cuts" -> 4, "crimes" -> 4, "credibility" -> 4, "corruption" -> 4, "corrupt" -> 4, "cornerstone" -> 4, "conviction" -> 4, "controls" -> 4, "contributions" -> 4, "contract" -> 4, "consider" -> 4, "conservation" -> 4, "conflicts" -> 4, "conflict" -> 4, "confidence" -> 4, "compassion" -> 4, "companies" -> 4, "commitments" -> 4, "coming" -> 4, "closely" -> 4, "citizen" -> 4, "changing" -> 4, "Central" -> 4, "centers" -> 4, "center" -> 4, "causes" -> 4, "caps" -> 4, "bureaucratic" -> 4, "burden" -> 4, "budgets" -> 4, "brought" -> 4, "brings" -> 4, "break" -> 4, "borders" -> 4, "bold" -> 4, "block" -> 4, "bills" -> 4, "billions" -> 4, "Bill" -> 4, "belief" -> 4, "behind" -> 4, "behavior" -> 4, "begun" -> 4, "basis" -> 4, "attacks" -> 4, "around" -> 4, "apply" -> 4, "Another" -> 4, "Americas" -> 4, "amendment" -> 4, "alliances" -> 4, "alliance" -> 4, "alike" -> 4, "aid" -> 4, "Agreement" -> 4, "agency" -> 4, "affect" -> 4, "actions" -> 4, "Accounts" -> 4, "academic" -> 4, "able" -> 4, "1997" -> 4, "$20" -> 3, "$1,000" -> 3, "youth" -> 3, "yet" -> 3, "year's" -> 3, "worth" -> 3, "win" -> 3, "Where" -> 3, "wealth" -> 3, "weakened" -> 3, "wars" -> 3, "warming" -> 3, "vitality" -> 3, "virtually" -> 3, "virtual" -> 3, "vigilance" -> 3, "Vietnam" -> 3, "vets" -> 3, "value" -> 3, "utterly" -> 3, "uses" -> 3, "urgent" -> 3, "universities" -> 3, "unfunded" -> 3, "Unfortunately" -> 3, "unemployment" -> 3, "underlying" -> 3, "uncertainty" -> 3, "unborn" -> 3, "twenty-first" -> 3, "tuition" -> 3, "troops" -> 3, "transform" -> 3, "Trans-Atlantic" -> 3, "traffickers" -> 3, "tradition" -> 3, "track" -> 3, "tomorrow" -> 3, "token" -> 3, "timely" -> 3, "thwart" -> 3, "Through" -> 3, "Those" -> 3, "Third" -> 3, "things" -> 3, "Terrorism" -> 3, "team" -> 3, "teaching" -> 3, "Taxes" -> 3, "taxation" -> 3, "task" -> 3, "tariffs" -> 3, "talks" -> 3, "Taiwan's" -> 3, "symbols" -> 3, "sustained" -> 3, "sustainable" -> 3, "surest" -> 3, "supports" -> 3, "struggle" -> 3, "structural" -> 3, "stronger" -> 3, "strive" -> 3, "strides" -> 3, "strengths" -> 3, "stewardship" -> 3, "statistics" -> 3, "starting" -> 3, "start" -> 3, "standing" -> 3, "specific" -> 3, "Soviet" -> 3, "South" -> 3, "sometimes" -> 3, "solution" -> 3, "slow" -> 3, "six" -> 3, "similar" -> 3, "significantly" -> 3, "signatures" -> 3, "sides" -> 3, "shown" -> 3, "shortages" -> 3, "shift" -> 3, "sexual" -> 3, "settlement" -> 3, "Services" -> 3, "served" -> 3, "sensible" -> 3, "self-government" -> 3, "self-determination" -> 3, "seen" -> 3, "seeks" -> 3, "seeking" -> 3, "sectors" -> 3, "secrets" -> 3, "S-CHIP" -> 3, "say" -> 3, "saving" -> 3, "safer" -> 3, "Safe" -> 3, "sacrifices" -> 3, "rolls" -> 3, "rogue" -> 3, "rising" -> 3, "rise" -> 3, "rewarding" -> 3, "reverse" -> 3, "retirement" -> 3, "restrict" -> 3, "responsible" -> 3, "respected" -> 3, "resolution" -> 3, "Require" -> 3, "represents" -> 3, "replaced" -> 3, "repeatedly" -> 3, "Renewing" -> 3, "renewed" -> 3, "removing" -> 3, "removal" -> 3, "relative" -> 3, "reimbursement" -> 3, "Regulatory" -> 3, "regulates" -> 3, "regular" -> 3, "regarding" -> 3, "refugees" -> 3, "reducing" -> 3, "recommendations" -> 3, "recognizing" -> 3, "recipients" -> 3, "receiving" -> 3, "receive" -> 3, "realistic" -> 3, "rapidly" -> 3, "rapid" -> 3, "ranchers" -> 3, "question" -> 3, "provides" -> 3, "Protecting" -> 3, "prosperous" -> 3, "proper" -> 3, "promotes" -> 3, "Promote" -> 3, "projects" -> 3, "projected" -> 3, "prohibit" -> 3, "program's" -> 3, "profound" -> 3, "professionals" -> 3, "produce" -> 3, "prisoners" -> 3, "prison" -> 3, "prior" -> 3, "principle" -> 3, "preventive" -> 3, "preventing" -> 3, "pressure" -> 3, "prescription" -> 3, "premiums" -> 3, "prayer" -> 3, "practical" -> 3, "posture" -> 3, "porn" -> 3, "populations" -> 3, "poorest" -> 3, "pollution" -> 3, "play" -> 3, "planning" -> 3, "persecution" -> 3, "performance" -> 3, "peoples" -> 3, "pension" -> 3, "peacekeeping" -> 3, "peaceful" -> 3, "payments" -> 3, "paying" -> 3, "Patients" -> 3, "patient's" -> 3, "passenger" -> 3, "parts" -> 3, "participate" -> 3, "pace" -> 3, "overseas" -> 3, "outdated" -> 3, "outcome" -> 3, "original" -> 3, "opposed" -> 3, "openness" -> 3, "Only" -> 3, "obvious" -> 3, "obsolete" -> 3, "obligations" -> 3, "objectives" -> 3, "normal" -> 3, "negotiated" -> 3, "negotiate" -> 3, "mutually" -> 3, "moving" -> 3, "movement" -> 3, "moved" -> 3, "morale" -> 3, "models" -> 3, "model" -> 3, "missions" -> 3, "mission" -> 3, "misguided" -> 3, "minority" -> 3, "minimal" -> 3, "Millions" -> 3, "might" -> 3, "merit" -> 3, "Members" -> 3, "meets" -> 3, "Meanwhile" -> 3, "mean" -> 3, "math" -> 3, "material" -> 3, "mastery" -> 3, "market-based" -> 3, "marginal" -> 3, "majority" -> 3, "mainstream" -> 3, "love" -> 3, "loss" -> 3, "look" -> 3, "livestock" -> 3, "lines" -> 3, "line" -> 3, "Let's" -> 3, "legislators" -> 3, "legacy" -> 3, "launch" -> 3, "largest" -> 3, "languages" -> 3, "language" -> 3, "landowners" -> 3, "lack" -> 3, "Kyoto" -> 3, "Kosovo" -> 3, "killing" -> 3, "kids" -> 3, "Just" -> 3, "jumped" -> 3, "joint" -> 3, "island" -> 3, "Iraq's" -> 3, "involving" -> 3, "invest" -> 3, "intrusive" -> 3, "intolerance" -> 3, "internationalism" -> 3, "Insurance" -> 3, "innovate" -> 3, "inhibit" -> 3, "inevitable" -> 3, "indeed" -> 3, "increases" -> 3, "income" -> 3, "incidence" -> 3, "improving" -> 3, "improvement" -> 3, "improved" -> 3, "imposing" -> 3, "immigrants" -> 3, "immediately" -> 3, "immediate" -> 3, "ills" -> 3, "ideal" -> 3, "households" -> 3, "House" -> 3, "hospitals" -> 3, "high-tech" -> 3, "heritage" -> 3, "her" -> 3, "held" -> 3, "He" -> 3, "happen" -> 3, "guns" -> 3, "Guam" -> 3, "ground" -> 3, "governance" -> 3, "got" -> 3, "gap" -> 3, "further" -> 3, "From" -> 3, "friendship" -> 3, "Free" -> 3, "fraud" -> 3, "fought" -> 3, "fostering" -> 3, "forms" -> 3, "find" -> 3, "finance" -> 3, "fields" -> 3, "field" -> 3, "few" -> 3, "felons" -> 3, "feel" -> 3, "federally" -> 3, "fear" -> 3, "fathers" -> 3, "farms" -> 3, "fail" -> 3, "fact" -> 3, "facilitate" -> 3, "extend" -> 3, "expression" -> 3, "exploration" -> 3, "exemption" -> 3, "exemplified" -> 3, "executive" -> 3, "everywhere" -> 3, "Every" -> 3, "Eurasia" -> 3, "established" -> 3, "espionage" -> 3, "eroded" -> 3, "equipment" -> 3, "equal" -> 3, "envy" -> 3, "envision" -> 3, "environmentally" -> 3, "entrepreneurs" -> 3, "enterprise" -> 3, "enough" -> 3, "enlargement" -> 3, "energetic" -> 3, "encourages" -> 3, "encouraged" -> 3, "Encourage" -> 3, "enacting" -> 3, "enabled" -> 3, "employment" -> 3, "employees" -> 3, "elites" -> 3, "economically" -> 3, "Economic" -> 3, "easy" -> 3, "easier" -> 3, "earnings" -> 3, "during" -> 3, "dues" -> 3, "due" -> 3, "Drug" -> 3, "dropped" -> 3, "Dream" -> 3, "dream" -> 3, "door" -> 3, "distinctly" -> 3, "direction" -> 3, "differences" -> 3, "diabetes" -> 3, "deterrent" -> 3, "deter" -> 3, "detailed" -> 3, "deserve" -> 3, "deployments" -> 3, "demonstrated" -> 3, "deliver" -> 3, "delays" -> 3, "defined" -> 3, "defensive" -> 3, "deductibility" -> 3, "decisive" -> 3, "debate" -> 3, "day" -> 3, "date" -> 3, "dams" -> 3, "Cyprus" -> 3, "cycle" -> 3, "cutting-edge" -> 3, "cultures" -> 3, "Cuba" -> 3, "cry" -> 3, "crops" -> 3, "crisis" -> 3, "costly" -> 3, "conventional" -> 3, "contribute" -> 3, "continuing" -> 3, "content" -> 3, "contagious" -> 3, "consequences" -> 3, "confrontation" -> 3, "confront" -> 3, "confident" -> 3, "concerning" -> 3, "computers" -> 3, "complete" -> 3, "competitiveness" -> 3, "competition" -> 3, "compelled" -> 3, "committee" -> 3, "commits" -> 3, "commend" -> 3, "Commander-in-Chief" -> 3, "collapsed" -> 3, "collapse" -> 3, "coalition" -> 3, "coal" -> 3, "closer" -> 3, "closed" -> 3, "class" -> 3, "civility" -> 3, "civilian" -> 3, "city" -> 3, "character" -> 3, "cartel" -> 3, "calls" -> 3, "Business" -> 3, "bureaucrats" -> 3, "built" -> 3, "brownfield" -> 3, "bringing" -> 3, "bright" -> 3, "blueprint" -> 3, "blocked" -> 3, "bipartisan" -> 3, "bind" -> 3, "becomes" -> 3, "bear" -> 3, "battles" -> 3, "ban" -> 3, "avoid" -> 3, "availability" -> 3, "Australia" -> 3, "attorneys" -> 3, "attack" -> 3, "Atlantic" -> 3, "association" -> 3, "assault" -> 3, "aspects" -> 3, "Asia-Pacific" -> 3, "arsenals" -> 3, "arsenal" -> 3, "arrangements" -> 3, "arms" -> 3, "armies" -> 3, "area" -> 3, "Any" -> 3, "answer" -> 3, "allows" -> 3, "alcohol" -> 3, "ahead" -> 3, "agricultural" -> 3, "agreement" -> 3, "aggressive" -> 3, "aggression" -> 3, "Age" -> 3, "Affordable" -> 3, "affected" -> 3, "adversary" -> 3, "advantage" -> 3, "advances" -> 3, "advancement" -> 3, "advanced" -> 3, "Administration" -> 3, "adhere" -> 3, "additional" -> 3, "addiction" -> 3, "adapt" -> 3, "activity" -> 3, "acknowledge" -> 3, "achieved" -> 3, "accidental" -> 3, "accept" -> 3, "accelerate" -> 3, "abusive" -> 3, "ABM" -> 3, "abandoned" -> 3, "40" -> 3, "35" -> 3, "30" -> 3, "1992" -> 3, "1980s" -> 3, "$120" -> 2, "zero-tolerance" -> 2, "zero" -> 2, "wrong" -> 2, "written" -> 2, "worst" -> 2, "workings" -> 2, "Working" -> 2, "workforce" -> 2, "Work" -> 2, "women's" -> 2, "woman" -> 2, "Without" -> 2, "Within" -> 2, "withdraw" -> 2, "wishes" -> 2, "wish" -> 2, "wisely" -> 2, "willingness" -> 2, "wildlife" -> 2, "White" -> 2, "Whatever" -> 2, "western" -> 2, "West" -> 2, "well-trained" -> 2, "welcomed" -> 2, "wearing" -> 2, "weapon" -> 2, "wavering" -> 2, "wasn't" -> 2, "warfare" -> 2, "wants" -> 2, "vulnerability" -> 2, "voters" -> 2, "vote" -> 2, "visionary" -> 2, "Virgin" -> 2, "violation" -> 2, "violates" -> 2, "violate" -> 2, "vigorous" -> 2, "vigilant" -> 2, "views" -> 2, "Vice" -> 2, "viable" -> 2, "via" -> 2, "vast" -> 2, "various" -> 2, "vanguard" -> 2, "uphold" -> 2, "upheaval" -> 2, "unwise" -> 2, "Unlike" -> 2, "universal" -> 2, "unity" -> 2, "unite" -> 2, "uninsured" -> 2, "understanding" -> 2, "unable" -> 2, "umbrella" -> 2, "tyranny" -> 2, "twin" -> 2, "turning" -> 2, "turn" -> 2, "truth" -> 2, "triumph" -> 2, "tried" -> 2, "tribes" -> 2, "treated" -> 2, "travel" -> 2, "transmitted" -> 2, "tragic" -> 2, "trafficking" -> 2, "tolerate" -> 2, "Title" -> 2, "timid" -> 2, "timetable" -> 2, "Threats" -> 2, "threatens" -> 2, "threatened" -> 2, "threaten" -> 2, "thinking" -> 2, "thereby" -> 2, "Then" -> 2, "theft" -> 2, "that's" -> 2, "testing" -> 2, "testimony" -> 2, "Test" -> 2, "terror" -> 2, "territory" -> 2, "terrible" -> 2, "terms" -> 2, "tens" -> 2, "temporary" -> 2, "telecommunications" -> 2, "taxpayer" -> 2, "tax-free" -> 2, "Tax" -> 2, "tasks" -> 2, "Tariffs" -> 2, "Target" -> 2, "tactics" -> 2, "symbolic" -> 2, "swift" -> 2, "surely" -> 2, "supporting" -> 2, "supported" -> 2, "supply" -> 2, "Superfund" -> 2, "suffer" -> 2, "successfully" -> 2, "succeed" -> 2, "substance" -> 2, "student-initiated" -> 2, "strings" -> 2, "strengthens" -> 2, "strengthening" -> 2, "streamline" -> 2, "store" -> 2, "stopped" -> 2, "Stewardship" -> 2, "steady" -> 2, "steadfast" -> 2, "statutory" -> 2, "state-sponsored" -> 2, "starts" -> 2, "starters" -> 2, "started" -> 2, "stake" -> 2, "stage" -> 2, "squandered" -> 2, "spouse" -> 2, "spot" -> 2, "sponsored" -> 2, "spiral" -> 2, "spikes" -> 2, "spends" -> 2, "spectacular" -> 2, "specifically" -> 2, "species" -> 2, "sophisticated" -> 2, "something" -> 2, "solemn" -> 2, "solely" -> 2, "soldiers" -> 2, "solar" -> 2, "So" -> 2, "smothered" -> 2, "slashing" -> 2, "skilled" -> 2, "situations" -> 2, "situation" -> 2, "simplified" -> 2, "simpler" -> 2, "short" -> 2, "shocking" -> 2, "shield" -> 2, "sharp" -> 2, "shall" -> 2, "sexually" -> 2, "several" -> 2, "setting" -> 2, "servants" -> 2, "series" -> 2, "sent" -> 2, "Sense" -> 2, "self-sufficiency" -> 2, "self-restraint" -> 2, "self-employed" -> 2, "select" -> 2, "seize" -> 2, "Seeking" -> 2, "Security's" -> 2, "Secure" -> 2, "Seattle" -> 2, "schooling" -> 2, "Savings" -> 2, "save" -> 2, "sanctions" -> 2, "sales" -> 2, "sale" -> 2, "safely" -> 2, "sadly" -> 2, "Rule" -> 2, "route" -> 2, "round" -> 2, "roots" -> 2, "roll" -> 2, "road" -> 2, "risen" -> 2, "reversing" -> 2, "revenues" -> 2, "returned" -> 2, "Retirement" -> 2, "retired" -> 2, "Results" -> 2, "restoring" -> 2, "respecting" -> 2, "resolved" -> 2, "resist" -> 2, "reserves" -> 2, "reservations" -> 2, "Research" -> 2, "repression" -> 2, "reports" -> 2, "reopen" -> 2, "rental" -> 2, "renewable" -> 2, "reminder" -> 2, "remember" -> 2, "remarkable" -> 2, "relief" -> 2, "reliance" -> 2, "reliable" -> 2, "reliability" -> 2, "relevant" -> 2, "released" -> 2, "rejecting" -> 2, "reinvigorate" -> 2, "rehabilitation" -> 2, "regain" -> 2, "refuses" -> 2, "reformed" -> 2, "reflects" -> 2, "Reducing" -> 2, "Red" -> 2, "recruiting" -> 2, "records" -> 2, "reconsider" -> 2, "recognition" -> 2, "rebuild" -> 2, "realize" -> 2, "reality" -> 2, "Real" -> 2, "rampant" -> 2, "raise" -> 2, "race" -> 2, "quotas" -> 2, "quo" -> 2, "quickly" -> 2, "quick" -> 2, "qualities" -> 2, "pursuing" -> 2, "purposes" -> 2, "punish" -> 2, "publicly" -> 2, "provoked" -> 2, "provision" -> 2, "Provide" -> 2, "protectionism" -> 2, "prospect" -> 2, "prosecutors" -> 2, "prosecuting" -> 2, "proposing" -> 2, "proposals" -> 2, "Property" -> 2, "properties" -> 2, "properly" -> 2, "prompt" -> 2, "promotion" -> 2, "promises" -> 2, "prolonged" -> 2, "project" -> 2, "prohibiting" -> 2, "Program" -> 2, "profit" -> 2, "producing" -> 2, "producers" -> 2, "produced" -> 2, "processes" -> 2, "procedure" -> 2, "proactive" -> 2, "Private" -> 2, "Privacy" -> 2, "Principled" -> 2, "principled" -> 2, "prevents" -> 2, "prevention" -> 2, "prestige" -> 2, "Presidents" -> 2, "presidents" -> 2, "presidency" -> 2, "preserving" -> 2, "preserved" -> 2, "Preserve" -> 2, "preparedness" -> 2, "pregnancy" -> 2, "pregnancies" -> 2, "preference" -> 2, "precisely" -> 2, "precious" -> 2, "potentially" -> 2, "possibility" -> 2, "possibilities" -> 2, "portion" -> 2, "pornography" -> 2, "poorly" -> 2, "Political" -> 2, "Poland" -> 2, "pledged" -> 2, "pizzas" -> 2, "phonics" -> 2, "phone" -> 2, "Philippines" -> 2, "persuade" -> 2, "persistently" -> 2, "persist" -> 2, "permit" -> 2, "perhaps" -> 2, "per" -> 2, "peninsula" -> 2, "penalty" -> 2, "peer-reviewed" -> 2, "peacefully" -> 2, "pays" -> 2, "pattern" -> 2, "patriotic" -> 2, "party's" -> 2, "participants" -> 2, "parks" -> 2, "parenting" -> 2, "parent" -> 2, "paramount" -> 2, "paperwork" -> 2, "paper" -> 2, "Panama" -> 2, "Pakistan" -> 2, "pages" -> 2, "owners" -> 2, "oversight" -> 2, "overriding" -> 2, "overhaul" -> 2, "overall" -> 2, "outside" -> 2, "outlaw" -> 2, "otherwise" -> 2, "originally" -> 2, "origin" -> 2, "orders" -> 2, "option" -> 2, "optimistic" -> 2, "opt" -> 2, "Opportunity" -> 2, "opinions" -> 2, "opinion" -> 2, "operational" -> 2, "operating" -> 2, "operate" -> 2, "OPEC" -> 2, "one-third" -> 2, "one-fifth" -> 2, "older" -> 2, "Old" -> 2, "offensive" -> 2, "occur" -> 2, "obtain" -> 2, "obstacles" -> 2, "objects" -> 2, "object" -> 2, "nutrition" -> 2, "numbers" -> 2, "notch" -> 2, "Northwest" -> 2, "Nor" -> 2, "nor" -> 2, "none" -> 2, "news" -> 2, "network" -> 2, "neither" -> 2, "neglected" -> 2, "NATO's" -> 2, "Nation" -> 2, "narcotics" -> 2, "NAFTA" -> 2, "mutual" -> 2, "multiple" -> 2, "MSAs" -> 2, "Most" -> 2, "mortality" -> 2, "moratorium" -> 2, "monetary" -> 2, "modernize" -> 2, "modernization" -> 2, "mobility" -> 2, "mistakes" -> 2, "missing" -> 2, "mismanagement" -> 2, "minorities" -> 2, "minimum" -> 2, "meritless" -> 2, "mental" -> 2, "men" -> 2, "meeting" -> 2, "Medicaid" -> 2, "media" -> 2, "mechanisms" -> 2, "maximum" -> 2, "master" -> 2, "massive" -> 2, "margins" -> 2, "mandatory" -> 2, "mandate" -> 2, "managing" -> 2, "man" -> 2, "malpractice" -> 2, "Make" -> 2, "maintenance" -> 2, "maintaining" -> 2, "lowering" -> 2, "low" -> 2, "losing" -> 2, "living" -> 2, "Lithuania" -> 2, "links" -> 2, "like-minded" -> 2, "Like" -> 2, "lifetime" -> 2, "life-saving" -> 2, "lies" -> 2, "licensing" -> 2, "library" -> 2, "libraries" -> 2, "Liberation" -> 2, "lessons" -> 2, "legitimate" -> 2, "legislative" -> 2, "leave" -> 2, "lease" -> 2, "learn" -> 2, "Leadership" -> 2, "leader" -> 2, "law-abiding" -> 2, "Latvia" -> 2, "late" -> 2, "Lands" -> 2, "laid" -> 2, "known" -> 2, "kingpins" -> 2, "keeping" -> 2, "jungle" -> 2, "Jordan" -> 2, "jointly" -> 2, "joined" -> 2, "Jerusalem" -> 2, "Israel's" -> 2, "Islands" -> 2, "Iron" -> 2, "involvement" -> 2, "involved" -> 2, "invited" -> 2, "investments" -> 2, "invent" -> 2, "internal" -> 2, "interference" -> 2, "intent" -> 2, "intend" -> 2, "integrity" -> 2, "insult" -> 2, "instrument" -> 2, "instances" -> 2, "Inspired" -> 2, "inspired" -> 2, "inspiration" -> 2, "inspection" -> 2, "inseparable" -> 2, "injured" -> 2, "Initiative" -> 2, "infectious" -> 2, "infant" -> 2, "ineffective" -> 2, "indispensable" -> 2, "indecision" -> 2, "Increased" -> 2, "Increase" -> 2, "inconsistency" -> 2, "inclusion" -> 2, "includes" -> 2, "incentive-based" -> 2, "incalculable" -> 2, "Improving" -> 2, "imposed" -> 2, "imports" -> 2, "importantly" -> 2, "imperative" -> 2, "Immigration" -> 2, "immigration" -> 2, "illnesses" -> 2, "ill" -> 2, "II" -> 2, "identified" -> 2, "IDEA" -> 2, "hydro" -> 2, "Hussein's" -> 2, "Hungary" -> 2, "huge" -> 2, "However" -> 2, "hours" -> 2, "Homeownership" -> 2, "homebuyers" -> 2, "homebuilding" -> 2, "historically" -> 2, "historical" -> 2, "His" -> 2, "highs" -> 2, "high-quality" -> 2, "he's" -> 2, "Help" -> 2, "heavily" -> 2, "healing" -> 2, "headed" -> 2, "hatred" -> 2, "harm" -> 2, "harder" -> 2, "harassment" -> 2, "happened" -> 2, "half-century" -> 2, "habitat" -> 2, "guiding" -> 2, "guided" -> 2, "guarantees" -> 2, "grounded" -> 2, "gross" -> 2, "grave" -> 2, "government's" -> 2, "Gore's" -> 2, "Good" -> 2, "gone" -> 2, "going" -> 2, "goes" -> 2, "globe" -> 2, "Germany" -> 2, "George" -> 2, "genuine" -> 2, "genetic" -> 2, "general" -> 2, "gene" -> 2, "gates" -> 2, "gambling" -> 2, "Future" -> 2, "fullest" -> 2, "fulfilling" -> 2, "front" -> 2, "frivolous" -> 2, "frequently" -> 2, "freer" -> 2, "freedoms" -> 2, "Framers" -> 2, "Fourth" -> 2, "founding" -> 2, "founded" -> 2, "foundations" -> 2, "forty" -> 2, "formation" -> 2, "forge" -> 2, "forests" -> 2, "forestry" -> 2, "foremost" -> 2, "Forces" -> 2, "forcefully" -> 2, "Force" -> 2, "Food" -> 2, "focusing" -> 2, "flawed" -> 2, "flag" -> 2, "fit" -> 2, "firmly" -> 2, "finding" -> 2, "file" -> 2, "fifty" -> 2, "Few" -> 2, "fetal" -> 2, "Fellowship" -> 2, "father" -> 2, "fastest" -> 2, "fast" -> 2, "Farm" -> 2, "famine" -> 2, "Family" -> 2, "faltering" -> 2, "fallen" -> 2, "fairer" -> 2, "factor" -> 2, "facing" -> 2, "faces" -> 2, "extraordinarily" -> 2, "external" -> 2, "extension" -> 2, "extending" -> 2, "explore" -> 2, "explained" -> 2, "expertise" -> 2, "experiments" -> 2, "experienced" -> 2, "expenses" -> 2, "expense" -> 2, "expected" -> 2, "expectancy" -> 2, "Expand" -> 2, "Executive" -> 2, "excess" -> 2, "exceed" -> 2, "evolving" -> 2, "Europe's" -> 2, "ethanol" -> 2, "Estonia" -> 2, "establishing" -> 2, "ESA" -> 2, "Equally" -> 2, "EPA's" -> 2, "entitlements" -> 2, "enlarge" -> 2, "enhances" -> 2, "engineering" -> 2, "engagement" -> 2, "engage" -> 2, "enforced" -> 2, "energetically" -> 2, "enduring" -> 2, "endured" -> 2, "Endowment" -> 2, "ending" -> 2, "empowers" -> 2, "Employment" -> 2, "employed" -> 2, "emphasize" -> 2, "emphasis" -> 2, "emotional" -> 2, "Emerging" -> 2, "Embassy" -> 2, "eligible" -> 2, "electronic" -> 2, "efficient" -> 2, "effects" -> 2, "effectively" -> 2, "educators" -> 2, "educational" -> 2, "edge" -> 2, "economics" -> 2, "e-commerce" -> 2, "Eastern" -> 2, "easily" -> 2, "earliest" -> 2, "dynamism" -> 2, "dynamic" -> 2, "driven" -> 2, "drinking" -> 2, "drift" -> 2, "dreams" -> 2, "dramatically" -> 2, "doubled" -> 2, "double" -> 2, "doors" -> 2, "donations" -> 2, "dollar" -> 2, "divorce" -> 2, "division" -> 2, "diversion" -> 2, "districts" -> 2, "distressed" -> 2, "dissidents" -> 2, "disrupt" -> 2, "disputes" -> 2, "disparities" -> 2, "discredited" -> 2, "discovery" -> 2, "disclosure" -> 2, "disclose" -> 2, "disadvantaged" -> 2, "disability" -> 2, "diplomatic" -> 2, "difficult" -> 2, "differing" -> 2, "died" -> 2, "die" -> 2, "dictate" -> 2, "dialogue" -> 2, "diagnosis" -> 2, "determination" -> 2, "destructive" -> 2, "desire" -> 2, "design" -> 2, "deserves" -> 2, "desecration" -> 2, "deregulated" -> 2, "deregulate" -> 2, "deplore" -> 2, "depends" -> 2, "dependence" -> 2, "deny" -> 2, "denies" -> 2, "denied" -> 2, "denial" -> 2, "demonstrates" -> 2, "delivered" -> 2, "delay" -> 2, "define" -> 2, "deficit" -> 2, "deficiencies" -> 2, "Defense" -> 2, "deductions" -> 2, "declined" -> 2, "declaration" -> 2, "decision" -> 2, "decent" -> 2, "decency" -> 2, "deals" -> 2, "dealing" -> 2, "D.C." -> 2, "days" -> 2, "data" -> 2, "Czech" -> 2, "cutting" -> 2, "Curtain" -> 2, "cure" -> 2, "cumbersome" -> 2, "cultural" -> 2, "Cubans" -> 2, "Cross" -> 2, "crises" -> 2, "crippling" -> 2, "cripple" -> 2, "craft" -> 2, "cover" -> 2, "courage" -> 2, "countless" -> 2, "counterterrorism" -> 2, "counterproductive" -> 2, "counter" -> 2, "count" -> 2, "Council" -> 2, "cost-effective" -> 2, "Corporation" -> 2, "corporate" -> 2, "cooperative" -> 2, "contributing" -> 2, "contracts" -> 2, "continues" -> 2, "continent" -> 2, "context" -> 2, "constitutionally" -> 2, "considered" -> 2, "conservatism" -> 2, "consensus" -> 2, "confusing" -> 2, "conferences" -> 2, "condemn" -> 2, "conclusion" -> 2, "concert" -> 2, "concepts" -> 2, "concept" -> 2, "conceal" -> 2, "computer" -> 2, "Comprehensive" -> 2, "component" -> 2, "comply" -> 2, "competing" -> 2, "compensation" -> 2, "compelling" -> 2, "Community" -> 2, "communist" -> 2, "communication" -> 2, "commodities" -> 2, "commercial" -> 2, "commerce" -> 2, "combination" -> 2, "combating" -> 2, "Colombia" -> 2, "college" -> 2, "collaboration" -> 2, "climb" -> 2, "cleaner" -> 2, "clean" -> 2, "civilians" -> 2, "city's" -> 2, "Citizens" -> 2, "citizen-centered" -> 2, "circumstances" -> 2, "chose" -> 2, "Choice" -> 2, "Children's" -> 2, "children's" -> 2, "Children" -> 2, "childhood" -> 2, "cheer" -> 2, "checks" -> 2, "Chechnya" -> 2, "charter" -> 2, "charity" -> 2, "charge" -> 2, "changed" -> 2, "Change" -> 2, "champion" -> 2, "challenging" -> 2, "cash" -> 2, "cars" -> 2, "caring" -> 2, "Caribbean" -> 2, "captive" -> 2, "Capitol" -> 2, "capability" -> 2, "candidate" -> 2, "Canal" -> 2, "Canada" -> 2, "campus" -> 2, "campaigns" -> 2, "calling" -> 2, "called" -> 2, "buy" -> 2, "burgeoning" -> 2, "builders" -> 2, "Build" -> 2, "Budget" -> 2, "brutality" -> 2, "brightest" -> 2, "breakthrough" -> 2, "Branch" -> 2, "branch" -> 2, "born" -> 2, "border" -> 2, "boost" -> 2, "bond" -> 2, "bolster" -> 2, "boards" -> 2, "blood" -> 2, "bitter" -> 2, "biomedical" -> 2, "biomass" -> 2, "bilateral" -> 2, "bigotry" -> 2, "beliefs" -> 2, "Beijing" -> 2, "behaviors" -> 2, "behavioral" -> 2, "beginning" -> 2, "began" -> 2, "becoming" -> 2, "became" -> 2, "battle" -> 2, "barrel" -> 2, "Bank" -> 2, "band" -> 2, "Ban" -> 2, "Balkans" -> 2, "bad" -> 2, "backlog" -> 2, "background" -> 2, "backed" -> 2, "babies" -> 2, "avoiding" -> 2, "attempt" -> 2, "assume" -> 2, "assisted" -> 2, "assets" -> 2, "asset" -> 2, "aspirations" -> 2, "Asian" -> 2, "arrogance" -> 2, "arrested" -> 2, "Army" -> 2, "Armed" -> 2, "arm" -> 2, "Arab-Israeli" -> 2, "Arab" -> 2, "appropriately" -> 2, "applies" -> 2, "antiquated" -> 2, "analysis" -> 2, "anachronistic" -> 2, "amounts" -> 2, "ambitious" -> 2, "alongside" -> 2, "Along" -> 2, "Almost" -> 2, "ally" -> 2, "all-volunteer" -> 2, "alleviate" -> 2, "aims" -> 2, "aiding" -> 2, "Agriculture" -> 2, "affects" -> 2, "affecting" -> 2, "Affairs" -> 2, "Advance" -> 2, "adults" -> 2, "adequate" -> 2, "actual" -> 2, "actively" -> 2, "acting" -> 2, "Across" -> 2, "achieving" -> 2, "achievements" -> 2, "accurate" -> 2, "accounting" -> 2, "accordingly" -> 2, "accomplished" -> 2, "accomplish" -> 2, "accession" -> 2, "abundant" -> 2, "abstinence" -> 2, "absence" -> 2, "above" -> 2, "abortions" -> 2, "60" -> 2, "55" -> 2, "36" -> 2, "2000" -> 2, "1999" -> 2, "1994" -> 2, "1993" -> 2, "1990s" -> 2, "1960s" -> 2, "15" -> 2, "130,000" -> 2, "13" -> 2, "100,000" -> 2, "$8.8" -> 1, "$7,500" -> 1, "$75" -> 1, "$7.4" -> 1, "$7" -> 1, "$54" -> 1, "$50" -> 1, "$5" -> 1, "$400" -> 1, "$3.4" -> 1, "$3.3" -> 1, "$300" -> 1, "$224" -> 1, "$200" -> 1, "$150" -> 1, "$13.5" -> 1, "$100" -> 1, "$10" -> 1, "zoning" -> 1, "zone" -> 1, "Zimbabwe's" -> 1, "zenith" -> 1, "Zealand" -> 1, "Yugoslav" -> 1, "youths" -> 1, "Youth" -> 1, "You're" -> 1, "your" -> 1, "younger" -> 1, "yields" -> 1, "Yesterday's" -> 1, "yesterday" -> 1, "WTO" -> 1, "wrongful" -> 1, "wrecked" -> 1, "wouldn't" -> 1, "worthy" -> 1, "worthwhile" -> 1, "Worst" -> 1, "worship" -> 1, "worsened" -> 1, "worried" -> 1, "world-class" -> 1, "workplace" -> 1, "worker" -> 1, "workable" -> 1, "word" -> 1, "Woods" -> 1, "won't" -> 1, "wonders" -> 1, "Women's" -> 1, "witnessed" -> 1, "withholding" -> 1, "withers" -> 1, "Withdrawing" -> 1, "wishing" -> 1, "WIPO" -> 1, "Winston" -> 1, "winning" -> 1, "windows" -> 1, "wind" -> 1, "willing" -> 1, "Will" -> 1, "Wildlife" -> 1, "wildfires" -> 1, "wildest" -> 1, "wilderness" -> 1, "wider" -> 1, "widening" -> 1, "widened" -> 1, "wide" -> 1, "Who" -> 1, "white" -> 1, "whim" -> 1, "wherewithal" -> 1, "Wherever" -> 1, "whenever" -> 1, "whatever" -> 1, "Wetlands" -> 1, "wetlands" -> 1, "We're" -> 1, "we're" -> 1, "Wellness" -> 1, "well-informed" -> 1, "Well-conceived" -> 1, "well-being" -> 1, "welcoming" -> 1, "welcomes" -> 1, "Welcome" -> 1, "weigh" -> 1, "weeks" -> 1, "web" -> 1, "Weapons" -> 1, "Wealth" -> 1, "weakness" -> 1, "waters" -> 1, "Water" -> 1, "wasting" -> 1, "wastelands" -> 1, "Waste" -> 1, "Washington-based" -> 1, "wartime" -> 1, "warriors" -> 1, "warning" -> 1, "wallets" -> 1, "walk" -> 1, "waking" -> 1, "wake" -> 1, "waiting" -> 1, "wagon" -> 1, "wages" -> 1, "W." -> 1, "voucher" -> 1, "voting" -> 1, "volunteers" -> 1, "voluntarily" -> 1, "volatile" -> 1, "vocational" -> 1, "visited" -> 1, "Visionary" -> 1, "visas" -> 1, "visa" -> 1, "virus" -> 1, "virtues" -> 1, "violated" -> 1, "vindicating" -> 1, "vilifying" -> 1, "videos" -> 1, "vicious" -> 1, "vibrant" -> 1, "Veteran" -> 1, "vestiges" -> 1, "vestige" -> 1, "versus" -> 1, "verifiable" -> 1, "verge" -> 1, "verdict" -> 1, "venture" -> 1, "Venezuela" -> 1, "vegetarian" -> 1, "veered" -> 1, "Vatican" -> 1, "vary" -> 1, "vanish" -> 1, "valued" -> 1, "valuable" -> 1, "validity" -> 1, "vague" -> 1, "vaccine-preventable" -> 1, "utmost" -> 1, "usually" -> 1, "USSR" -> 1, "U.S.-Jordan" -> 1, "U.S.-Japan" -> 1, "user-friendly" -> 1, "user" -> 1, "Use" -> 1, "usage" -> 1, "Uruguay" -> 1, "urgently" -> 1, "urgency" -> 1, "upward" -> 1, "upper" -> 1, "uplifting" -> 1, "Upholding" -> 1, "updating" -> 1, "unwed" -> 1, "unwarranted" -> 1, "untold" -> 1, "unspent" -> 1, "unsettles" -> 1, "unscrupulous" -> 1, "unreliability" -> 1, "unreasonably" -> 1, "unreasonable" -> 1, "unready" -> 1, "unraveled" -> 1, "unpredictable" -> 1, "unlocked" -> 1, "unlock" -> 1, "unlimited" -> 1, "unlike" -> 1, "unleash" -> 1, "unjust" -> 1, "universe" -> 1, "unintelligible" -> 1, "Uninsured" -> 1, "unimagined" -> 1, "unimaginable" -> 1, "unify" -> 1, "uniform" -> 1, "unified" -> 1, "unification" -> 1, "unheralded" -> 1, "unfounded" -> 1, "unforeseen" -> 1, "unfit" -> 1, "unequivocally" -> 1, "unequal" -> 1, "Unemployment" -> 1, "unelected" -> 1, "undiminished" -> 1, "understands" -> 1, "understandable" -> 1, "underrepresented" -> 1, "under-radar" -> 1, "undermining" -> 1, "undermine" -> 1, "underfunding" -> 1, "uncounted" -> 1, "uncoordinated" -> 1, "unconventional" -> 1, "uncommon" -> 1, "uncensored" -> 1, "unbarred" -> 1, "unbar" -> 1, "unauthorized" -> 1, "unarmed" -> 1, "unanimously" -> 1, "U.N." -> 1, "ultimately" -> 1, "Ukrainian" -> 1, "tyrant" -> 1, "tying" -> 1, "two-thirds" -> 1, "two-parent" -> 1, "twice" -> 1, "Twenty-Second" -> 1, "twenty-five" -> 1, "twenty-fifth" -> 1, "Twenty" -> 1, "Twentieth" -> 1, "Twelve" -> 1, "twelve" -> 1, "Turkey" -> 1, "trying" -> 1, "try" -> 1, "Truths" -> 1, "truths" -> 1, "truth-in-sentencing" -> 1, "trustees" -> 1, "Trust" -> 1, "Truly" -> 1, "trucking" -> 1, "truck" -> 1, "troubled" -> 1, "trouble" -> 1, "Troops-to-Teachers" -> 1, "trip" -> 1, "trimmed" -> 1, "Tribal" -> 1, "Trials" -> 1, "trends" -> 1, "trend" -> 1, "tremendously" -> 1, "treats" -> 1, "treaties" -> 1, "treasures" -> 1, "treasure" -> 1, "treadmill" -> 1, "traveling" -> 1, "Transportation" -> 1, "transport" -> 1, "transparency" -> 1, "trans-oceanic" -> 1, "translating" -> 1, "translate" -> 1, "transitory" -> 1, "transit" -> 1, "transformed" -> 1, "transformation" -> 1, "transfers" -> 1, "transferring" -> 1, "transfer" -> 1, "transcontinental" -> 1, "transact" -> 1, "trains" -> 1, "Training" -> 1, "trainable" -> 1, "trails" -> 1, "tragically" -> 1, "tragedy" -> 1, "tragedies" -> 1, "traffic" -> 1, "traditions" -> 1, "towns" -> 1, "towards" -> 1, "Toward" -> 1, "tourism" -> 1, "tough" -> 1, "touchstone" -> 1, "touching" -> 1, "touched" -> 1, "totally" -> 1, "totalitarianism" -> 1, "Total" -> 1, "tort" -> 1, "torn" -> 1, "torch" -> 1, "tolerant" -> 1, "tolerance" -> 1, "Token" -> 1, "Together" -> 1, "tobacco" -> 1, "tissue" -> 1, "Timor" -> 1, "timeless" -> 1, "timber" -> 1, "tied" -> 1, "tie" -> 1, "tide" -> 1, "Ticket-to-Work" -> 1, "Thus" -> 1, "thugs" -> 1, "throw" -> 1, "thriving" -> 1, "thrives" -> 1, "thrive" -> 1, "thrift" -> 1, "threshold" -> 1, "three-year" -> 1, "three-stage" -> 1, "Three" -> 1, "threatening" -> 1, "Thousands" -> 1, "thoughtlessly" -> 1, "thoughtful" -> 1, "Though" -> 1, "thirty" -> 1, "thinks" -> 1, "thing" -> 1, "they're" -> 1, "therapy" -> 1, "theory" -> 1, "theories" -> 1, "theater" -> 1, "Thailand" -> 1, "textiles" -> 1, "Territories" -> 1, "terminally" -> 1, "term" -> 1, "Tenth" -> 1, "tensions" -> 1, "tends" -> 1, "tenacity" -> 1, "Ten" -> 1, "ten" -> 1, "temptation" -> 1, "tempo" -> 1, "templates" -> 1, "telecommuting" -> 1, "Tel" -> 1, "Tehran" -> 1, "teens" -> 1, "Teddy" -> 1, "Technology" -> 1, "Technologies" -> 1, "techniques" -> 1, "technicalities" -> 1, "tech" -> 1, "tear" -> 1, "teams" -> 1, "teaches" -> 1, "Teacher" -> 1, "teach" -> 1, "taxpaying" -> 1, "Taxpayer's" -> 1, "taxed" -> 1, "tax-deferred" -> 1, "tax-and-spend" -> 1, "taste" -> 1, "targeted" -> 1, "target" -> 1, "tangible" -> 1, "TANF" -> 1, "tandem" -> 1, "talent" -> 1, "Takings" -> 1, "takeover" -> 1, "Take" -> 1, "Taiwanese" -> 1, "tactical" -> 1, "tackling" -> 1, "tabloid" -> 1, "Table" -> 1, "table" -> 1, "System" -> 1, "syndrome" -> 1, "symbolized" -> 1, "symbol" -> 1, "swing" -> 1, "swept" -> 1, "sweetheart" -> 1, "sweeping" -> 1, "sweep" -> 1, "Suu" -> 1, "sustains" -> 1, "sustaining" -> 1, "Sustained" -> 1, "survive" -> 1, "surrendered" -> 1, "surrender" -> 1, "surprisingly" -> 1, "surprises" -> 1, "surprise" -> 1, "surgery" -> 1, "surged" -> 1, "supremacy" -> 1, "suppressed" -> 1, "supposed" -> 1, "Support" -> 1, "suppliers" -> 1, "supplants" -> 1, "super-majority" -> 1, "summon" -> 1, "suitcase" -> 1, "suicide" -> 1, "suffocating" -> 1, "sufferings" -> 1, "suffered" -> 1, "Sudanese" -> 1, "Sudan" -> 1, "successor" -> 1, "succeeded" -> 1, "substantially" -> 1, "substandard" -> 1, "subsidy" -> 1, "subsidization" -> 1, "subsidies" -> 1, "subsides" -> 1, "subsequently" -> 1, "submit" -> 1, "subjects" -> 1, "subdivisions" -> 1, "stymieing" -> 1, "study" -> 1, "Students" -> 1, "Stuck" -> 1, "struggling" -> 1, "struggled" -> 1, "strongest" -> 1, "Strong" -> 1, "stroke" -> 1, "stripper" -> 1, "stringent" -> 1, "striking" -> 1, "Strikes" -> 1, "strikes" -> 1, "strike" -> 1, "stress" -> 1, "Strengthening" -> 1, "strengthened" -> 1, "streets" -> 1, "streamlined" -> 1, "strategically" -> 1, "Strait" -> 1, "Straight" -> 1, "storage" -> 1, "stopping" -> 1, "Stop" -> 1, "stood" -> 1, "stonewalling" -> 1, "stone's" -> 1, "stocks" -> 1, "stockpiles" -> 1, "stock" -> 1, "stimulate" -> 1, "stifling" -> 1, "stifles" -> 1, "stifled" -> 1, "stifle" -> 1, "stick" -> 1, "stewards" -> 1, "stereotyping" -> 1, "stellar" -> 1, "steel" -> 1, "Steadfast" -> 1, "statutorily" -> 1, "statutes" -> 1, "statute" -> 1, "state-of-the-art" -> 1, "statement" -> 1, "Starts" -> 1, "Start" -> 1, "Standing" -> 1, "stamps" -> 1, "stalled" -> 1, "Stake" -> 1, "stages" -> 1, "Staff" -> 1, "squeeze" -> 1, "sputtering" -> 1, "spur" -> 1, "spouses" -> 1, "sports" -> 1, "sponsors" -> 1, "sponsor" -> 1, "spoke" -> 1, "splitting" -> 1, "spent" -> 1, "speeds" -> 1, "speed" -> 1, "spectrum" -> 1, "Species" -> 1, "specialized" -> 1, "specialist's" -> 1, "speak" -> 1, "sparked" -> 1, "spare" -> 1, "Spanish-American" -> 1, "span" -> 1, "Southeast" -> 1, "south" -> 1, "sought" -> 1, "sorrow" -> 1, "sorely" -> 1, "soothing" -> 1, "Soon" -> 1, "Sometimes" -> 1, "someone's" -> 1, "Somalia" -> 1, "solving" -> 1, "solvency" -> 1, "solve" -> 1, "solidarity" -> 1, "Soldiers" -> 1, "soldier" -> 1, "sold" -> 1, "soil" -> 1, "software" -> 1, "soften" -> 1, "soft" -> 1, "society's" -> 1, "sobering" -> 1, "soared" -> 1, "snuff" -> 1, "snowballed" -> 1, "snooping" -> 1, "smugglers" -> 1, "smuggled" -> 1, "smothering" -> 1, "smother" -> 1, "Smoking" -> 1, "smoking" -> 1, "smashed" -> 1, "smarter" -> 1, "smart" -> 1, "slowly" -> 1, "slowing" -> 1, "Slovenia" -> 1, "Slovakia" -> 1, "sloppiness" -> 1, "slogan" -> 1, "Slobodan" -> 1, "slide" -> 1, "slavery" -> 1, "slave" -> 1, "slaughter" -> 1, "slapped" -> 1, "slack" -> 1, "skyrocketed" -> 1, "sixteen" -> 1, "situated" -> 1, "site" -> 1, "singular" -> 1, "single-parent" -> 1, "single-family" -> 1, "Singapore" -> 1, "Simply" -> 1, "simplicity" -> 1, "similarly" -> 1, "signals" -> 1, "signal" -> 1, "Sierra" -> 1, "siege" -> 1, "side" -> 1, "sick" -> 1, "shutting" -> 1, "shutdowns" -> 1, "shut" -> 1, "shrunken" -> 1, "shrinking" -> 1, "shows" -> 1, "showing" -> 1, "showed" -> 1, "show" -> 1, "shot" -> 1, "shoot" -> 1, "shocks" -> 1, "shipping" -> 1, "shipments" -> 1, "shielded" -> 1, "shelved" -> 1, "sheer" -> 1, "shed" -> 1, "shattered" -> 1, "sharply" -> 1, "shambles" -> 1, "shadows" -> 1, "seven" -> 1, "Settlements" -> 1, "settlements" -> 1, "settle" -> 1, "serving" -> 1, "serviceable" -> 1, "serves" -> 1, "separation" -> 1, "separated" -> 1, "separate" -> 1, "Sentencing" -> 1, "sensitivity" -> 1, "sensitive" -> 1, "senior" -> 1, "Sending" -> 1, "sending" -> 1, "send" -> 1, "sell" -> 1, "self-sacrifice" -> 1, "self-reliance" -> 1, "self-help" -> 1, "self-enrichment" -> 1, "self-defense" -> 1, "self-audit" -> 1, "seldom" -> 1, "seized" -> 1, "seems" -> 1, "seemingly" -> 1, "seemed" -> 1, "seem" -> 1, "seed" -> 1, "security-related" -> 1, "Securities" -> 1, "securely" -> 1, "sector-led" -> 1, "section" -> 1, "Secretary" -> 1, "secrecy" -> 1, "Seats" -> 1, "seats" -> 1, "seasoned" -> 1, "seasonal" -> 1, "sea-based" -> 1, "sea" -> 1, "screenings" -> 1, "screen" -> 1, "scrapped" -> 1, "scraping" -> 1, "scramble" -> 1, "Scouts" -> 1, "scourges" -> 1, "scourge" -> 1, "scientifically" -> 1, "schoolyards" -> 1, "schoolhouse" -> 1, "school-based" -> 1, "scholarships" -> 1, "schemes" -> 1, "scattered" -> 1, "scary" -> 1, "scarred" -> 1, "Scare" -> 1, "scapegoating" -> 1, "scapegoat" -> 1, "scans" -> 1, "scandal" -> 1, "savvy" -> 1, "Saving" -> 1, "Saudi" -> 1, "satisfied" -> 1, "saps" -> 1, "sanctity" -> 1, "San" -> 1, "Samoans" -> 1, "Samoa" -> 1, "salmon" -> 1, "sake" -> 1, "sailors" -> 1, "sailor" -> 1, "Safety" -> 1, "safest" -> 1, "safeguards" -> 1, "Saddam's" -> 1, "sad" -> 1, "sacrificed" -> 1, "sacrifice" -> 1, "Russia's" -> 1, "Russians" -> 1, "Rural" -> 1, "runs" -> 1, "runoff" -> 1, "runaway" -> 1, "ruling" -> 1, "rules-based" -> 1, "rulers" -> 1, "ruins" -> 1, "ruined" -> 1, "routine" -> 1, "routed" -> 1, "Round" -> 1, "Rooted" -> 1, "rooted" -> 1, "Roosevelt" -> 1, "rooms" -> 1, "room" -> 1, "Romania" -> 1, "roles" -> 1, "roads" -> 1, "rivals" -> 1, "rivalry" -> 1, "rival" -> 1, "risk-taking" -> 1, "Risk" -> 1, "rip-off" -> 1, "Right-to-Work" -> 1, "rightfully" -> 1, "rig" -> 1, "RICO" -> 1, "Rico" -> 1, "riches" -> 1, "rich" -> 1, "rewarded" -> 1, "Reward" -> 1, "reward" -> 1, "revolutionizing" -> 1, "revoke" -> 1, "revived" -> 1, "revitalizing" -> 1, "Revitalize" -> 1, "revitalize" -> 1, "revisions" -> 1, "reviewable" -> 1, "reversed" -> 1, "reversal" -> 1, "Revenue" -> 1, "returning" -> 1, "retroactive" -> 1, "retribution" -> 1, "retreat" -> 1, "Retrain" -> 1, "rethink" -> 1, "retention" -> 1, "retain" -> 1, "results-oriented" -> 1, "resulting" -> 1, "resulted" -> 1, "restructuring" -> 1, "restructure" -> 1, "restricts" -> 1, "restrictive" -> 1, "restriction" -> 1, "Restrain" -> 1, "restores" -> 1, "restored" -> 1, "Restore" -> 1, "restitution" -> 1, "responsive" -> 1, "responsibly" -> 1, "Responsibility" -> 1, "responds" -> 1, "responding" -> 1, "responded" -> 1, "respects" -> 1, "respectfully" -> 1, "Resources" -> 1, "resorting" -> 1, "resort" -> 1, "Resolution" -> 1, "residing" -> 1, "residential" -> 1, "resident" -> 1, "residences" -> 1, "residence" -> 1, "reside" -> 1, "Reserve" -> 1, "reserve" -> 1, "Reservation" -> 1, "resentment" -> 1, "researchers" -> 1, "requirement" -> 1, "repudiated" -> 1, "republic's" -> 1, "Republican-led" -> 1, 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"extort" -> 1, "extent" -> 1, "extensive" -> 1, "extends" -> 1, "extended-family" -> 1, "expressed" -> 1, "express" -> 1, "exposing" -> 1, "Exports" -> 1, "export-related" -> 1, "exploitation" -> 1, "explode" -> 1, "explains" -> 1, "expired" -> 1, "experience" -> 1, "expensively" -> 1, "expensive" -> 1, "expensing" -> 1, "expenditure" -> 1, "expeditions" -> 1, "expedited" -> 1, "expedients" -> 1, "expediency" -> 1, "expectations" -> 1, "expect" -> 1, "exit" -> 1, "exists" -> 1, "Exile" -> 1, "exempts" -> 1, "exempt" -> 1, "exclusively" -> 1, "Exclusionary" -> 1, "excluding" -> 1, "Excise" -> 1, "excessive" -> 1, "exception" -> 1, "excellent" -> 1, "excellence" -> 1, "exceeds" -> 1, "exceeded" -> 1, "examine" -> 1, "exacting" -> 1, "evidence" -> 1, "everything" -> 1, "everyday" -> 1, "everybody" -> 1, "Everglades" -> 1, "eventually" -> 1, "events" -> 1, "evasion" -> 1, "evaluation" -> 1, "evaded" -> 1, "euthanasia" -> 1, "Europeans" -> 1, "Euro-Atlantic" -> 1, "ethics" -> 1, "estimate" -> 1, "essentially" -> 1, "essence" -> 1, "escaped" -> 1, "escape" -> 1, "escalating" -> 1, "escalated" -> 1, "Errors" -> 1, "erosion" -> 1, "erode" -> 1, "ergonomics" -> 1, "erecting" -> 1, "erect" -> 1, "erasing" -> 1, "Era" -> 1, "equivalent" -> 1, "Equity" -> 1, "equitable" -> 1, "equipped" -> 1, "equip" -> 1, "Equality" -> 1, "equality" -> 1, "Equal" -> 1, "e-power" -> 1, "episodic" -> 1, "EPA" -> 1, "envoy" -> 1, "envelops" -> 1, "entry" -> 1, "entrepreneurship" -> 1, "entrenched" -> 1, "entrance" -> 1, "entities" -> 1, "entirely" -> 1, "enthusiastically" -> 1, "enthusiasm" -> 1, "entertainment" -> 1, "entering" -> 1, "entered" -> 1, "enter" -> 1, "entangled" -> 1, "entails" -> 1, "Ensuring" -> 1, "ensures" -> 1, "ensured" -> 1, "Ensure" -> 1, "enshrines" -> 1, "enrollment" -> 1, "enrolled" -> 1, "enriching" -> 1, "enrich" -> 1, "Enough" -> 1, "enormously" -> 1, "enlarges" -> 1, "enjoy" -> 1, "enhanced" -> 1, "engines" -> 1, "engine" -> 1, "engaged" -> 1, "enforcing" -> 1, "Enforcement" -> 1, "enforceable" -> 1, "energy-short" -> 1, "energy-efficient" -> 1, "enemies" -> 1, "Enduring" -> 1, "ends" -> 1, "endlessly" -> 1, "endless" -> 1, "endeavor" -> 1, "Endangered" -> 1, "endangered" -> 1, "endanger" -> 1, "encounter" -> 1, "enacts" -> 1, "enactments" -> 1, "Enact" -> 1, "empty" -> 1, "Empowering" -> 1, "empowering" -> 1, "employs" -> 1, "Employees" -> 1, "employ" -> 1, "Empire" -> 1, "emphatic" -> 1, "Emphasize" -> 1, "emission-free" -> 1, "Emergency" -> 1, "emergence" -> 1, "embryos" -> 1, "embraces" -> 1, "embraced" -> 1, "embrace" -> 1, "emboldened" -> 1, "embodied" -> 1, "embarrassing" -> 1, "elite" -> 1, "Elimination" -> 1, "eliminating" -> 1, "Eliminate" -> 1, "eligibility" -> 1, "elevated" -> 1, "elements" -> 1, "electrical" -> 1, "electric" -> 1, "electoral" -> 1, "elected" -> 1, "Eisenhower's" -> 1, "Eight" -> 1, "Egypt" -> 1, "egregious" -> 1, "e-government" -> 1, "efficiently" -> 1, "efficiency" -> 1, "effectiveness" -> 1, "Effective" -> 1, "effect" -> 1, "EEOC" -> 1, "educated" -> 1, "edict" -> 1, "Ed-Flex" -> 1, "Ecuador" -> 1, "ecstasy" -> 1, "E-Contract" -> 1, "echelons" -> 1, "ebb" -> 1, "eating" -> 1, "eaten" -> 1, "easing" -> 1, "eased" -> 1, "Earth" -> 1, "earth" -> 1, "earners" -> 1, "earned" -> 1, "earn" -> 1, "Earlier" -> 1, "earlier" -> 1, "Each" -> 1, "dystrophy" -> 1, "dysfunctional" -> 1, "Duty" -> 1, "duties" -> 1, "During" -> 1, "duplicity" -> 1, "dubious" -> 1, "dual" -> 1, "drug-related" -> 1, "drug-free" -> 1, "drove" -> 1, "drop" -> 1, "driving" -> 1, "drives" -> 1, "Drinking" -> 1, "drilling" -> 1, "drawn" -> 1, "drawing" -> 1, "draw" -> 1, "drastically" -> 1, "draft" -> 1, "dozens" -> 1, "dozen" -> 1, "downturns" -> 1, "downsized" -> 1, "downsize" -> 1, "downright" -> 1, "downhill" -> 1, "Down" -> 1, "doubt" -> 1, "doubling" -> 1, "doubles" -> 1, "doorway" -> 1, "doorstep" -> 1, "don't" -> 1, "donate" -> 1, "Dollars" -> 1, "Doing" -> 1, "documents" -> 1, "Documentation" -> 1, "document" -> 1, "doctrine" -> 1, "doctors" -> 1, "doctor-patient" -> 1, "doctor" -> 1, "divisions" -> 1, "divided" -> 1, "diverted" -> 1, "District's" -> 1, "District" -> 1, "distributions" -> 1, "distinction" -> 1, "dissenter" -> 1, "dissatisfaction" -> 1, "disruptive" -> 1, "disruption" -> 1, "disrespect" -> 1, "disregarding" -> 1, "disregard" -> 1, "dispute" -> 1, "disproportionately" -> 1, "disproportionate" -> 1, "disposal" -> 1, "displayed" -> 1, "display" -> 1, "displaced" -> 1, "displace" -> 1, "dismissed" -> 1, "disintegrated" -> 1, "disincentives" -> 1, "disincentive" -> 1, "discussions" -> 1, "discriminatory" -> 1, "discriminate" -> 1, "discredit" -> 1, "discoveries" -> 1, "discouraged" -> 1, "discourage" -> 1, "disasters" -> 1, "disaster" -> 1, "disarmament" -> 1, "disapproval" -> 1, "disagree" -> 1, "Disabilities" -> 1, "dirty" -> 1, "dirtier" -> 1, "directing" -> 1, "directed" -> 1, "dinosaur" -> 1, "dimension" -> 1, "dilatory" -> 1, "difficulties" -> 1, "difference" -> 1, "didn't" -> 1, "dictating" -> 1, "Diabetes" -> 1, "devotion" -> 1, "devoting" -> 1, "devoted" -> 1, "devise" -> 1, "developments" -> 1, "developers" -> 1, "devastation" -> 1, "devastated" -> 1, "deterrence" -> 1, "deterred" -> 1, "determining" -> 1, "determine" -> 1, "deterioration" -> 1, "detection" -> 1, "detect" -> 1, "detained" -> 1, "Destruction" -> 1, "destroyed" -> 1, "destroy" -> 1, "despite" -> 1, "desperate" -> 1, "despaired" -> 1, "desired" -> 1, "designations" -> 1, "designation" -> 1, "deserted" -> 1, "Deregulation" -> 1, "deposits" -> 1, "deportation" -> 1, "deployment" -> 1, "deployed" -> 1, "deployable" -> 1, "dependents" -> 1, "dependent" -> 1, "departments" -> 1, "denying" -> 1, "denounced" -> 1, "denounce" -> 1, "demonstrate" -> 1, "demographic" -> 1, "Democrat-controlled" -> 1, "delinquency" -> 1, "deliberations" -> 1, "deliberate" -> 1, "delaying" -> 1, "delayed" -> 1, "degree" -> 1, "degradation" -> 1, "defuse" -> 1, "defray" -> 1, "definition" -> 1, "defining" -> 1, "defines" -> 1, "Define" -> 1, "defied" -> 1, "deficits" -> 1, "defending" -> 1, "defended" -> 1, "defendants" -> 1, "defeats" -> 1, "defeated" -> 1, "defeat" -> 1, "defaulted" -> 1, "deeply" -> 1, "deep" -> 1, "de-emphasizing" -> 1, "deeds" -> 1, "dedication" -> 1, "decrease" -> 1, "declining" -> 1, "decline" -> 1, "declared" -> 1, "Declaration" -> 1, "decided" -> 1, "decide" -> 1, "decentralized" -> 1, "debases" -> 1, "debacle" -> 1, "dear" -> 1, "dealers" -> 1, "deadly" -> 1, "dead" -> 1, "Day" -> 1, "David" -> 1, "daughters" -> 1, "dangerously" -> 1, "damaging" -> 1, "damages" -> 1, "damaged" -> 1, "damage" -> 1, "dairy" -> 1, "Czechs" -> 1, "Cypriot" -> 1, "cynical" -> 1, "cyclical" -> 1, "cyberspace" -> 1, "cyber-crime" -> 1, "Cyber" -> 1, "cyber" -> 1, "Cut" -> 1, "custody" -> 1, "curtains" -> 1, "curriculum" -> 1, "cures" -> 1, "curb" -> 1, "crushing" -> 1, "crude" -> 1, "crown" -> 1, "cross-investment" -> 1, "crosses" -> 1, "cross-border" -> 1, "Crop" -> 1, "crop" -> 1, "critically" -> 1, "crippled" -> 1, "criminality" -> 1, "Criminal" -> 1, "Crimes" -> 1, "Crime" -> 1, "cries" -> 1, "crest" -> 1, "creed" -> 1, "credible" -> 1, "creativity" -> 1, "creating" -> 1, "creates" -> 1, "Create" -> 1, "creaking" -> 1, "crashed" -> 1, "crafting" -> 1, "cracking" -> 1, "crackdown" -> 1, "coverup" -> 1, "covering" -> 1, "covered" -> 1, "Courts" -> 1, "courthouses" -> 1, "Court" -> 1, "courses" -> 1, "counterweight" -> 1, "counter-productive" -> 1, "counterparts" -> 1, "counter-intelligence" -> 1, "counseling" -> 1, "counsel" -> 1, "cost-benefit" -> 1, "correcting" -> 1, "correct" -> 1, "corners" -> 1, "corner" -> 1, "corn" -> 1, "core" -> 1, "copyrights" -> 1, "copies" -> 1, "coordination" -> 1, "cooperatively" -> 1, "Cooperation" -> 1, "cooperate" -> 1, "cool" -> 1, "convulsions" -> 1, "convince" -> 1, "convictions" -> 1, "Conversely" -> 1, "convention" -> 1, "convenience" -> 1, "controversy" -> 1, "controlling" -> 1, "controlled" -> 1, "contribution" -> 1, "contributes" -> 1, "contrast" -> 1, "contrary" -> 1, "contradiction" -> 1, "contradict" -> 1, "contractors" -> 1, "contracting" -> 1, "Contract" -> 1, "contraception" -> 1, "Continuing" -> 1, "contingency" -> 1, "continental" -> 1, "contentious" -> 1, "contemporary" -> 1, "container" -> 1, "contain" -> 1, "Consumers" -> 1, "consumer's" -> 1, "consulted" -> 1, "consultations" -> 1, "constructive" -> 1, "construction" -> 1, "constrained" -> 1, "constantly" -> 1, "constant" -> 1, "consolidate" -> 1, "consistency" -> 1, "consideration" -> 1, "conservative" -> 1, "Conservation" -> 1, "conquer" -> 1, "connect" -> 1, "Congresses" -> 1, "congratulate" -> 1, "Conflict" -> 1, "Conference" -> 1, "conference" -> 1, "conducted" -> 1, "conduct" -> 1, "conditioned" -> 1, "concessions" -> 1, "concentrate" -> 1, "conceive" -> 1, "compulsory" -> 1, "comp-time" -> 1, "compromising" -> 1, "compromise" -> 1, "compliance" -> 1, "complexities" -> 1, "Complex" -> 1, "completion" -> 1, "completed" -> 1, "complementary" -> 1, "competitors" -> 1, "competitor" -> 1, "Competition" -> 1, "competently" -> 1, "competence" -> 1, "compensated" -> 1, "compel" -> 1, "compassionate" -> 1, "companion" -> 1, "Community's" -> 1, "community-based" -> 1, "Communities" -> 1, "communications" -> 1, "communicating" -> 1, "commonplace" -> 1, "Common" -> 1, "Commitment" -> 1, "Commission's" -> 1, "Commerce" -> 1, "Commandments" -> 1, "commanders" -> 1, "commanded" -> 1, "command-and-control" -> 1, "command" -> 1, "comebacks" -> 1, "combining" -> 1, "combine" -> 1, "Combating" -> 1, "Columbia" -> 1, "colludes" -> 1, "colluded" -> 1, "collectively" -> 1, "collecting" -> 1, "collect" -> 1, "Collaborative" -> 1, "Collaborating" -> 1, "cohesive" -> 1, "cogeneration" -> 1, "co-ed" -> 1, "codified" -> 1, "codes" -> 1, "Code" -> 1, "cocaine" -> 1, "Coastal" -> 1, "Coast" -> 1, "coalitions" -> 1, "coalbed" -> 1, "closing" -> 1, "closest" -> 1, "cloning" -> 1, "clogged" -> 1, "cloak" -> 1, "Clinton's" -> 1, "clinics" -> 1, "Clinical" -> 1, "climbed" -> 1, "climate" -> 1, "Clients" -> 1, "clients" -> 1, "clicking" -> 1, "clemency" -> 1, "clearly" -> 1, "Clear" -> 1, "cleaning" -> 1, "Clause" -> 1, "classrooms" -> 1, "Classroom" -> 1, "classes" -> 1, "clarity" -> 1, "claims" -> 1, "civilized" -> 1, "civic" -> 1, "cities" -> 1, "circulatory" -> 1, "Churchill" -> 1, "churches" -> 1, "chronic" -> 1, "Christians" -> 1, "chorus" -> 1, "choppy" -> 1, "cholesterol" -> 1, "choking" -> 1, "Chinese" -> 1, "China's" -> 1, "Chile" -> 1, "child's" -> 1, "Childhood" -> 1, "childcare" -> 1, "Child" -> 1, "Chiefs" -> 1, "cherish" -> 1, "chemistry" -> 1, "chart" -> 1, "charges" -> 1, "charged" -> 1, "Chance" -> 1, "championed" -> 1, "challenged" -> 1, "chairs" -> 1, "Chairman" -> 1, "chain" -> 1, "certified" -> 1, "Certification" -> 1, "certification" -> 1, "certainty" -> 1, "cents" -> 1, "Centers" -> 1, "centerpiece" -> 1, "census" -> 1, "cemeteries" -> 1, "celebrated" -> 1, "celebrate" -> 1, "cease" -> 1, "CBI" -> 1, "caused" -> 1, "categorized" -> 1, "categorical" -> 1, "catastrophic" -> 1, "catastrophes" -> 1, "CAT" -> 1, "casually" -> 1, "Castro's" -> 1, "Castro" -> 1, "caseloads" -> 1, "carrying" -> 1, "carry" -> 1, "carefully" -> 1, "career" -> 1, "cared" -> 1, "card" -> 1, "carbon" -> 1, "car" -> 1, "capping" -> 1, "capitalize" -> 1, "Capital" -> 1, "capable" -> 1, "cap" -> 1, "candor" -> 1, "candidates" -> 1, "candid" -> 1, "callously" -> 1, "calculated" -> 1, "Caesar" -> 1, "bypass" -> 1, "buys" -> 1, "buyers" -> 1, "business-to-business" -> 1, "burnt" -> 1, "Burma" -> 1, "Bureaucracy" -> 1, "bureaucracies" -> 1, "Bureau" -> 1, "burdening" -> 1, "bungled" -> 1, "bullying" -> 1, "Bulgaria" -> 1, "builds" -> 1, "buildings" -> 1, "budgeting" -> 1, "budgetary" -> 1, "brutally" -> 1, "brownfields" -> 1, "broken" -> 1, "broaden" -> 1, "broadcasts" -> 1, "broad" -> 1, "bridges" -> 1, "Bretton" -> 1, "breathtaking" -> 1, "breast" -> 1, "breaking" -> 1, "Breaching" -> 1, "breaches" -> 1, "breached" -> 1, "Brazil" -> 1, "branded" -> 1, "brakes" -> 1, "brackets" -> 1, "boys" -> 1, "Boy" -> 1, "bound" -> 1, "bottom" -> 1, "Both" -> 1, "Bosnia-Herzegovina" -> 1, "Bosnia" -> 1, "boot" -> 1, "boosts" -> 1, "boom" -> 1, "bondage" -> 1, "bombs" -> 1, "bomb" -> 1, "body" -> 1, "bodies" -> 1, "blunt" -> 1, "blocs" -> 1, "blocking" -> 1, "Block" -> 1, "blitz" -> 1, "blind" -> 1, "blights" -> 1, "blatant" -> 1, "blame" -> 1, "blacklisted" -> 1, "black" -> 1, "Bioterrorism" -> 1, "bioterrorism" -> 1, "biotechnology" -> 1, "biotech" -> 1, "Biomedical" -> 1, "bioengineered" -> 1, "Biochemistry" -> 1, "binds" -> 1, "bilingual" -> 1, "bike" -> 1, "Big" -> 1, "biennial" -> 1, "bid" -> 1, "bias" -> 1, "betterment" -> 1, "betrayed" -> 1, "benevolent" -> 1, "Benefits" -> 1, "Benefit" -> 1, "beneficiary" -> 1, "beneficiaries" -> 1, "belong" -> 1, "beleaguered" -> 1, "belatedly" -> 1, "Behind" -> 1, "behaves" -> 1, "behalf" -> 1, "bedrock" -> 1, "beckons" -> 1, "Beck" -> 1, "beautiful" -> 1, "beats" -> 1, "bears" -> 1, "battlefield" -> 1, "Basin" -> 1, "basics" -> 1, "baseline" -> 1, "base" -> 1, "bargain" -> 1, "bare" -> 1, "banning" -> 1, "banks" -> 1, "bankruptcy" -> 1, "banking" -> 1, "bank" -> 1, "Baltic" -> 1, "Ballistic" -> 1, "balancing" -> 1, "bailouts" -> 1, "baffling" -> 1, "backwater" -> 1, "backtracked" -> 1, "back-to-back" -> 1, "awesome" -> 1, "awaits" -> 1, "await" -> 1, "avoidable" -> 1, "Aviv" -> 1, "Aviation" -> 1, "Avenue" -> 1, "avenue" -> 1, "Avarice" -> 1, "autos" -> 1, "automotive" -> 1, "automatically" -> 1, "automakers" -> 1, "auto" -> 1, "authorizes" -> 1, "authorized" -> 1, "Authority" -> 1, "authorities" -> 1, "Australia's" -> 1, "Aung" -> 1, "August" -> 1, "audits" -> 1, "attracts" -> 1, "Attract" -> 1, "attitudes" -> 1, "attitude" -> 1, "Attention" -> 1, "attending" -> 1, "attend" -> 1, "attain" -> 1, "attached" -> 1, "atrophy" -> 1, "athletics" -> 1, "athletes" -> 1, "Asthma" -> 1, "assuring" -> 1, "assure" -> 1, "assumed" -> 1, "associations" -> 1, "Association" -> 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"1940s" -> 1, "1860" -> 1, "17" -> 1, "163" -> 1, "15.3" -> 1, "13.5" -> 1, "133" -> 1, "11" -> 1, "10th" -> 1|>|>, <|"SourceURL" -> "http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=25848", "Name" -> "Republican Party Platform of 1996", "Party" -> "Republican", "Year" -> 1996, "Date" -> DateObject[{1996, 8, 12}], "Text" -> "Preamble\n\nWe meet to nominate a candidate and pass a platform at a moment of measureless national opportunity. A new century beckons, and Americans are more than equal to its challenges. But there is a problem. The Clinton administration has proven unequal to the heritage of our past, the promise of our times, and the character of the American people. They require more and demand better. With them, we raise our voices and raise our sights.\nWe are the heirs of world leadership that was earned by bravery and sacrifice on half a thousand battlefields. We will soon nominate for the presidency a man who knew battle and so loves peace, a man who lives bravely and so walks humbly with his God and his fellow citizens. We walk with him now as he joins one more battle, every bit as crucial for our country's future as was the crusade in which he served.\nJust when America should be leading the world, we have an administration squandering the international respect it did not earn and does not value. Just when America should be demonstrating anew the dynamic power of economic freedom, we have an administration working against both history and public opinion to expand the reach and burden of government. Just when Americans are reasserting their deepest values, we have an administration locked into the counterculture battles of its youth.\nAmericans are right to say we are on the wrong track. Our prestige in the world is declining. Economic growth here at home is anemic. Our society grows more violent and less decent. The only way the Clinton administration can magnify its questionable accomplishments is to lower our expectations. Those who lead the Democrat party call America to smaller tasks and downsized dreams.\nThat is not the calling of an American president.\nToday's Democrat leaders do not understand leadership. They reduce principles to tactics. They talk endlessly and confront nothing. They offer, not convictions, but alibis. They are paralyzed by indecision, weakened by scandal and guided only by the perpetuation of their own power.\nWe asked for change. We worked for reform. We offered cooperation and consensus. Now, the asking is over. The Clinton administration cannot be reinvented, it must be replaced.\nRepublicans do not duplicate or fabricate or counterfeit a vision for the land we love. With our fellow citizens, we assert the present power of timeless truths.\nThis is what we want for America: real prosperity that reaches beyond the stock market to every family, small business and worker. An economy expanding as fast as American enterprise and creativity will carry it, free from unnecessary taxes, regulation and litigation.\nThis is what we want for America: the restoration of self-government by breaking Washington's monopoly on power. The American people want their country back. We will help them to regain it.\nThis too we want for America: moral clarity in our culture and ethical leadership in the White House. We offer America, not a harsh moralism, but our sincere conviction that the values we hold in our hearts determine the success of our lives and the shape of our society. It matters greatly that our leaders reflect and communicate those values, not undermine or mock them.\nThe diversity of our nation is reflected in this platform. We ask for the support and participation of all who substantially share our agenda. In one way or another, every Republican is a dissenter. At the same time, we are not morally indifferent. In this, as in many things, Lincoln is our model. At a time of great crisis, he spoke both words of healing and words of conviction. We do likewise, not for the peace of a political party, but because we citizens are bound together in a great enterprise for our children's future.\nThe platform that follows marshals these principles and sends them into action. We aim at nothing less than an economy of dynamic growth; a renewal of community, self-government and citizenship; and a national reaffirmation of the enduring principles on which America's greatness depends. We will count our victories, not in elections won or in economic numbers on a chart, but in the everyday achievements of the American dream: when a man or woman discovers the dignity and confidence of a job; when a child rejects drugs and embraces life; when an entrepreneur turns an idea into an industry; when a family once again feels the security of its savings and has control over the education of its children.\nNone of the extraordinary things about our country are gifts of government. They are the accomplishments of free people in a free society. They are achievements, not entitlements - and are sweeter for that fact. They result when men and women live in obedience to their conscience, not to the state. All our efforts as Republicans are guided by the fixed star of this single principle: that freedom always exceeds our highest expectations.\nThis is the greatest task before the Republican Party: to raise the bar of American expectations. Of the potential of our economy. Of the order and civility of our culture. Of what a president can be, and what the presidency must be again.\nThere is a continuing revolution in the yellowed parchment and faded ink of the American creed...a revolution that will long outlive us. It can carry the weight of all our hopes. It can reward every dreamer. It is the reason that America's finest hour is never a memory and always a goal.\nWith trust in God and in fidelity to generations past and generations to come, we respectfully submit this platform to the American people.\nPrinciples of the 1996 Republican Platform\n\nBecause Americans are a diverse and tolerant people, they have differences of opinion on many issues. But as a people, we share a common dream and common goals:\nA strong America that protects its citizens and champions their democratic ideals throughout the world,\nAn America with a vibrant and growing economy that improves the standard of living for all,\nAn America with a smaller, more effective and less intrusive government that trusts its people to decide what is best for them,\nAn America whose people feel safe and secure in their homes, on their streets, and in their communities,\nAn America where our children receive the best education in the world and learn the values like decency and responsibility that made this country great,\nAnd an America with the compassion to care for those who cannot care for themselves.\nPrinciples\n\nBecause the American Dream fulfills the promise of liberty, we believe it should be attainable by all through more and secure jobs, home ownership, personal security, and education that meets the challenges of the century ahead.\nBecause a dynamic and growing economy is the best way to create more and better paying jobs, with greater security in the work place, we believe in lower taxes within a simpler tax system, in tandem with fair and open trade and a balanced federal budget.\nBecause wasteful government spending and over-regulation, fueled by higher taxes, are the greatest obstacles to job creation and economic growth, we believe in a Balanced Budget Amendment to the Constitution and a common-sense approach to government rules and red tape.\nBecause we recognize our obligation to foster hope and opportunity for those unable to care for themselves, we believe in welfare reform that eliminates waste, fraud and abuse; requires work from those who are capable; limits time on public assistance; discourages illegitimacy; and reduces the burden on the taxpayers.\nBecause all Americans have the right to be safe in their homes, on their streets, and in their communities, we believe in tough law enforcement, especially against juvenile crime and the drug traffic, with stiff penalties, no loopholes, and judges who respect the rights of law-abiding Americans.\nBecause institutions like the family are the backbone of a healthy society, we believe government must support the rights of the family; and recognizing within our own ranks different approaches toward our common goal, we reaffirm respect for the sanctity of human life.\nBecause our children need and are entitled to the best education in the world, we believe in parental involvement and family choice in schooling, teacher authority and accountability, more control to local school boards, and emphasis upon the basics of learning in safe classrooms.\nBecause older Americans have built our past and direct us, in wisdom and experience, toward the future, we believe we must meet our nation's commitments to them by preserving and protecting Medicare and Social Security.\nBecause a good society rests on an ethical foundation, we believe families, communities, and religious institutions can best teach the American values of honesty, responsibility, hard work, compassion, and mutual respect.\nBecause our country's greatest strength is its people, not its government, we believe today's government is too large and intrusive and does too many things the people could do better for themselves.\nBecause we trust our fellow Americans, rather than centralized government, we believe the people, acting through their State and local elected officials, should have control over programs like education and welfare - thereby pushing power away from official Washington and returning it to the people in their communities and states.\nBecause we view the careful development of our country's natural resources as stewardship of creation, we believe property rights must be honored in our efforts to restore, protect, and enhance the environment for the generations to come.\nBecause we are all one America, we oppose discrimination. We believe in the equality of all people before the law and that individuals should be judged by their ability rather than their race, creed, or disability.\nBecause this is a difficult and dangerous world, we believe that peace can be assured only through strength, that a strong national defense is necessary to protect America at home and secure its interests abroad, and that we must restore leadership and character to the presidency as the best way to restore America's leadership and credibility throughout the world.\nBuilding a Better America\n\nImproving the Standard of Living\nTax Relief for Economic Growth\nBalancing the Budget and Reducing Spending\nCreating Jobs for Americans\nHomeownership\nPromoting Trade and International Prosperity\n\"This is no time for diminished expectations. This is no time to sell America's potential short. This is a time to let go of the 20th Century and embrace the 21st - to seize the promise of the new era by liberating the genius of the American people.\" Bob Dole, September 5, 1995 in Chicago, Illinois\nImproving the Standard of Living\n\nWe are the party of America's earners, savers, and taxpayers - the people who work hard, take risks and build a better future for our families and our communities. Our party believes that we can best improve the standard of living in America by empowering the American people to act in their own behalf by: cutting the near-record tax burden on Americans; reducing government spending and its size, while balancing the budget. creating jobs; using the benefits of science, technology and innovations to improve both our lives and our competitiveness in the global economy; dramatically increasing the number of families who can own their own home; and unleashing the competitiveness and will to win of individual Americans on the world trade scene with free but fair trade.\nThat's not wishful thinking; it's what we, the American people, used to take for granted before the growth of big government began to shadow our days and smother our hopes. In the 1980s - when we cut taxes, restrained regulation, and reduced government spending as a share of the nation's economy - prosperity made a comeback. Jobs were created, incomes rose and poverty fell for seven straight years. Then the Democrat-controlled Congress forced the tax hikes of 1990 and jammed through Bill Clinton's tax bill of 1993.\nSince then, Clintonomics has produced an economy that is squeezing the middle class between high taxes and low growth. The astounding fact is that we were growing 50% faster in 1992, when Bill Clinton described the economy as the worst in five decades. We've managed to avoid a recession only because the Republican Congress put the brakes on Bill Clinton's rush to ruin by substantially reducing government spending over the last two years. But we cannot go on like this. For millions of families, the American Dream is fading. Our goal is to revive it, renew it, and extend it to all who reach for it.\nOur formula for growth, opportunity, and a better family life is simple: Trust the people, cut their taxes, scale back the size and scope of government, foster job creation, and get out of the way. We've done it before, we can do it again.\nTax Relief for Economic Growth\n\nAmerican families are suffering from the twin burdens of stagnant incomes and near-record taxes. This is the key cause of middle-class anxiety. It is why people feel they are working harder, but falling further behind; why they fear the current generation will not be as successful as the last generation; why they believe their children will be worse off; and why they feel so anxious about their own economic future.\nAfter averaging 1.7 percent growth annually during the expansion following the 1981 tax cut, family incomes have failed to grow at all under Bill Clinton. Since 1990, families have actually lost much of the ground they gained during the low-tax, high-growth 1980s.\nAnemic economic growth under Bill Clinton is largely responsible for this lost ground. The current economic expansion has not only failed to compare to the growth seen in the decade preceding his administration, it is the slowest recovery in the last 100 years. Since 1992, the economy has grown by only 2.4 percent per year, compared to 3.2 percent in the previous 10 years and 3.9 percent between 1983 and 1989.\nBill Clinton has demonstrated that he fails to understand the role excessive tax burdens play on the economy and family incomes. In the first year of his administration, he pushed through the largest tax increase in history, raising taxes on families, senior citizens, and small businesses. Confronted with Republican attempts to cut family and business taxes, he vetoed the 1995 Balanced Budget Act which included the $500 per child tax credit as well as incentives to increase savings, economic growth and job creation.\nThe Clinton tax increase has produced the second-highest tax burden in American history. Federal tax collections now consume more than one-fifth of our total economic output. Federal, state, and local taxes take more than 38 cents out of every dollar the American family earns. The federal tax burden alone is now approaching a record 25 percent of family income.\nAmerican families deserve better. They should be allowed to keep more of their hard-earned money so they can spend on their priorities, as opposed to sending ever-increasing amounts to Washington to be spent on the priorities of federal bureaucrats.\nIn response to this unprecedented burden confronting America, we support an across-the-board, 15-percent tax cut to marginal tax rates. Fifteen percent represents the total increase in the federal tax burden since Bill Clinton took office, and we believe such a cut should be the first step towards reducing overall tax burdens while promoting the economic growth that will raise family incomes and our overall standard of living.\nAnother drag on family finances has been government's failure to maintain the personal and dependent exemption at historic levels. If the personal and dependent exemption that was $600 in 1950 had kept pace with inflation, it would be $3,800 rather than the current $2,500. That is why Republicans have made the $500-per-child family tax credit one of the primary features of our tax cut package.\nJob creation and increasing family incomes depend on economic growth, and a precondition for economic growth is a healthy rate of saving and investment. Nevertheless, Bill Clinton vetoed Republican bills to provide these incentives, including expanded and more generous IRAs - and new spousal IRAs - which could be used for health care, education, and home-buying. As a result, today's personal savings rate is less than half what it was two decades ago. Republicans support expansion of IRAs and the establishment of spousal IRAs to encourage savings and investment.\nBill Clinton also vetoed provisions to reduce the capital gains tax rate. Excessive taxes on investment cripple the American economy and kill American jobs by increasing the cost of capital, locking in resources, and stifling small business growth and entrepreneurial activity. Largely because of these excessive taxes, American businesses face a competitive disadvantage with respect to our major trading partners, hurting their ability to export products abroad and create jobs. To remove impediments to job creation and economic growth, we support reducing the top tax rate on capital gains by 50 percent.\nIn 1993, Bill Clinton raised taxes on millions of middle-class retirees by dramatically increasing the income tax on Social Security benefits. This targeted attack on the economic security of our elderly was unfair and misguided. Republicans believe that this Clinton initiative must be repealed.\nThese proposals making the current tax code fairer and less burdensome should be viewed as an interim step towards comprehensive tax reform. The current tax code is ridiculously complex and unfair. It is also an unnecessary drag on the economy. At a time when business investment plans are greatly diminished and savings rates are unacceptably low, we must reform our tax system to remove existing artificial, government-induced bias against saving and investment.\nTo that end, we firmly commit to a tax code for the 21st century that will raise revenue sufficient for a smaller, more effective and less wasteful government without increasing the national debt. That new tax system must be flatter, fairer, and simpler, with a minimum of exclusions from its coverage, and one set of rules applying to all. It must be simple enough to be understood by all and enforced by few, with a low-cost of compliance which replaces the current stack of endless forms with a calculation which can be performed on the back of a postcard.\nIt must expand the economy and increase opportunity by rewarding initiative and hard work. It must foster job creation and end bias against saving. It must promote personal freedom and innovation. It must do all this in order to boost wages and raise living standards for all of America's working families.\nA simple, fair tax system that is pro-growth and pro-family will not need today's burdensome IRS. That agency has become a nightmare for law-abiding taxpayers. It must be dramatically downsized - with resources going to more important efforts like drug enforcement - and made less intrusive.\nTo protect the American people from those who would undo their forthcoming victory over big government, we support legislation requiring a super-majority vote in both houses of Congress to raise taxes.\nWe also support a government that keeps its word. Retroactive taxation, like Bill Clinton's infamous 1993 tax hike, breaks that word. We pledge a legislative or constitutional remedy to prohibit its repetition. Because of their vital role in fostering charity and patriotism, we oppose taxing religious and fraternal benefit societies. We will not tolerate attempts to impose taxes by federal judges.\nBalancing the Budget and Reducing Spending\n\n\"We didn't dig ourselves into a $5 trillion debt because the American people are undertaxed. We got that $5 trillion debt because government overspends.\"\n\"The budget deficit is a 'stealth tax' that pushes up interest rates and costs the typical family $36,000 on an average home mortgage, $1,400 on an ordinary student loan, and $700 on a car loan.\" Bob Dole\nRaising tax rates is the wrong way to balance the budget. It enables the Clinton tax addicts to wastefully spend the public's money. Republicans support a Balanced Budget Amendment to the Constitution, phased in over a short period and with appropriate safeguards for national emergencies. We passed it in the House of Representatives, but Bill Clinton and his allies - especially the Senate's somersault six, who switched their long-standing position on the issue - blocked it by a single vote. As president, Bob Dole will lead the fight for that amendment, and in the States, Republicans will finish the fight for its speedy ratification.\nOnce and for all, we declare:\nthe budget deficit and high taxes are two halves of the vise that is producing the Clinton middle class squeeze;\na balanced budget and lower taxes go hand in hand, not in separate directions;\nreducing the budget deficit by shrinking government produces a fiscal dividend in stronger growth and lower interest rates;\nending that deficit will make possible a dramatic return of resources to the American people;\ntax relief is the only way to return the economy to the growth rates our country enjoyed from World War II to the coming of Bill Clinton; and\nwe will not mortgage our children's future by incurring deficits\nA president should be Commander-in-Chief in the nation's budget battle as well as in military conflicts. Bill Clinton has been AWOL - Absent Without Leadership. Congressional Republicans had to fight his Senate allies for over a year just to give him a line-item veto for appropriation bills. Instead of helping us strengthen the presidency in this way, he set an historic precedent: vetoing whole appropriation bills because they spent too little money! His vetoes essentially shut down much of the government.\nWe make this promise: A Republican president will veto money bills that spend too much, not too little, and will use the line-item veto to lead the charge against wasteful spending. A Republican president will build on the achievements of our Republican Congress which has cut spending in excess of $53 billion over the last two years.\nThe Clinton Administration's tactic of using irresponsible monetary policy to hide the effects of their bad fiscal policies leads to:\nhigher inflation;\nlower growth;\nfewer jobs; and\nscarcity of capital to fund small businesses.\nThis is not only bad economics; it is a hidden tax against both income and savings. We pledge a non-political monetary policy to keep prices stable and maintain public confidence in the value of the dollar.\nCreating Jobs for Americans\n\nOur goal is to empower the American people by expanding employment and entrepreneurial opportunities. Fundamentally, jobs are created in the private sector.\nSmall businesses are the engines of growth and job creation. They generate 75 percent of new jobs and 55 percent of our gross domestic product. The Republican Party is committed to the survival, the revival, and the resurgence of small business. In addition to our overall program of lower taxes, regulatory reform, and less spending, we will:\nallow small businesses to deduct the costs of their health insurance;\nrestore the fair home-office deduction so important to start-up businesses;\nassure that no one who inherits a small business or farm has to sell it to pay inheritance taxes;\nmake the IRS stop its discrimination against independent contractors;\nenact both legal reform and product liability legislation to shield small businesses and protect jobs from the threat of unfair litigation; and\ntransfer from the public sector services that can be provided by the private sector more efficiently and cost effectively.\nSmall business is a force for enormous progress, socially, politically, and economically. This is both an economic and a civil rights agenda. Small businesses owned by women now employ more people than all the Fortune 500 companies combined. Republican-created enterprise zones will offer dramatic opportunities to workers employed by small businesses, particularly minorities and the \"Forgotten Workers.\" Republicans support the creation of jobs in all areas of the country, from the inner city to rural America.\nWe must create the workplace of the future so that it becomes a vehicle for personal liberation for those who seek a foothold on the opportunity ladder. We advocate increased access to capital for businesses to expand, export, and bring new products and technologies to market. We propose to consolidate federal training programs and to transfer their administration to the States and local governments.\nRestraining the size and spending of government is only part of the job. We must transform official policies and attitudes toward productive Americans. Many of our labor laws and job training programs are out of date and out of touch with the needs of today's workers. Both the Davis-Bacon Act and the Service Contract Act, for example, have come to restrict opportunity, increase costs, and inhibit innovation.\nCongressional Republicans have already launched a fight against the union bosses' ban on flex-time and comp-time in private industry. Those innovations are especially important to families with children. Government has no business forbidding America's workers to arrange their schedules to suit the needs of their own families.\nIn the same spirit, we will enact the TEAM Act to empower employers and employees to act as a team, rather than as adversaries, to advance their common interests. (It is opposed only by those who profit from labor conflict, for whom Bill Clinton has vetoed the bill.) Another way to replace conflict with concerted action is to transform OSHA from an adversarial agency into a pioneering advocate of safer productivity. We will mesh its activities with the work of councils formed under the TEAM Act to advance worker protection from the ground up.\nIn contrast, the Clinton Administration has produced no regulatory reform, no tax relief, no product liability reform, and no legal reform.\nOur vision is that everyone who seeks a job will have a job. We will break the \"job lock\" and bring employment opportunities to all Americans. Science, Technology, and Innovation in the 21st Century\nOur goal is to empower the American people by using the benefits of advanced science to improve their quality of life without undue restraint from government. Our bottom line is more jobs, better jobs, and a higher standard of living for the families of America.\nAs we prepare for the dawn of a new century, it is essential that our public policies keep pace with an evolving economy. Increased productivity is essential to expand the economy and improve the standard of living of all Americans. A recent report by the Office of Technology Assessment attributes at least half of all economic growth in the United States to advances in technology.\nAmerica is expanding its leadership role as a country that fosters innovation and technological advances, the essential ingredients of increased productivity. Leading these efforts are the men and women - and high technology businesses - that foster creative solutions to world problems. We must create policies that enable these thoughtful leaders to continue to invest in research and development. U.S. research and development (R&D;) investment has increased significantly over the past two decades and currently accounts for about 2.6 percent of the nation's gross domestic product. The private sector has been the main engine behind this growth, contributing over 60 percent of the national R&D investment. Such investment has led to increased employment and high-quality jobs. Businesses that invest heavily in R&D tend to create more jobs, and to employ high-skilled workers in those new jobs at above average wage levels.\nResearch and development is our commitment to the future. It is our investment in the future. We must design tax and regulatory policies that encourage private sector research and experimentation, while lowering the cost of such investments.\nWe believe the marketplace, not bureaucrats, can determine which technologies and entrepreneurs best meet the needs of the public. American companies must use the most advanced production technologies, telecommunications, and information management systems. Technological advance means economic growth, higher productivity, and more security. We therefore support private-sector funding of applied research, especially in emerging technologies, and improved education in science and engineering. American workers must have the knowledge and training to effectively utilize the capabilities of those new systems.\nFederal science programs must emphasize basic research. The tax code must foster research and development. These policies will increase the pace of technological developments by de-emphasizing the role of government and strengthening the role of the private sector. We will advance the innovative ideas and pioneering spirit that make possible the impossible.\nNew discoveries to bolster America's international competitiveness are essential. The fruits of federally funded research led to the creation of the biotechnology industry through the Bayh-Dole Act. This is an example of innovation and risk-taking, creating 2,000 biotechnology companies employing thousands of employees and selling billions of dollars of products to keep us first and foremost in the global marketplace.\nThe communications revolution empowers individuals, enhances health care, opens up opportunity for rural areas, and strengthens families and institutions. A Dole-led Congress passed the Telecommunications Act of 1996 to promote the full and open competition and freedom of choice in the telecommunications marketplace. In contrast, the Clinton-Gore Administration repeatedly defended big-government regulation. This micromanagement of the Information Age is an impediment to the development of America's information superhighway.\nWe support the broadest access to telecommunications networks and services, based upon marketplace capabilities. The Internet today is the most staggering example of how the Information Age can and will enhance the lives of Americans everywhere. To further this explosion of new-found freedoms and opportunities, privacy, through secured communications, has never been more important. Bob Dole and the Republican Party will promote policies that ensure that the U.S. remains the world leader in science, technology, and innovation.\nHomeownership\n\nHomeownership is central to the American Dream. It is a commitment to a safe and stable community. It is not something government gives to the people, but rather something they can attain for themselves in a non-inflationary, growing economy. For most Americans, our home is our primary asset. Mortgage interest should remain deductible from the income tax.\nWe applaud Republican congressional efforts to pursue federal budget policies that will result in lower interest rates. Lower interest rates will open up more housing opportunities for more Americans than any program Washington could devise.\nRepublicans support regulatory reform efforts that make buying a house easy, understandable, and affordable.\nWe affirm our commitment to open housing, without quotas or controls, and we condemn the Clinton Administration's abuse of fair housing laws to harass citizens exercising their First Amendment rights.\nIn addition, we support transforming public housing into private housing, converting low-income families into proud homeowners. Resident management of public housing is a first step toward that goal, which includes eliminating the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). HUD's core functions will be turned over to the States. Its civil rights component will be administered by the appropriate federal agency while enforcement will remain with the Department of Justice.\nWith the housing sector representing such a significant segment of the Nation's economy, housing policy is and should continue to be a priority. We believe in a federal role which supplements, not directs or competes with, States and localities. We believe in federal programs which augment, not displace, private sector capital and resources.\nThe Federal Government should not impose prescriptive solutions on State and local governments. Republicans believe that States and localities should have maximum flexibility to design programs which meet the individual needs of their communities. Washington must abandon the \"one size fits all\" approach and concentrate on adding value to the efforts of States, localities, private and faith-based organizations and individuals. Republicans believe we can and will accomplish this without disrupting services to the elderly, disabled and families with children.\nPromoting Trade and International Prosperity\n\nRepublicans believe that the United States, as the sole superpower in the world today, has a responsibility to lead - economically, militarily, diplomatically, and morally - so that we have a peaceful and prosperous world.\nRepublicans support free and fair trade. In the American Century ahead, our country will lead in international trade. American workers will be the winners in any fair competition, and American technology will drive a prosperity revolution around the world. Exports already fuel our economy; their continuing expansion is essential for full employment and long-term prosperity. That is possible only within the context of expanding trade, and we can do it better without a Department of Commerce.\nOur country's merchandise trade deficit exploded to $175 billion in 1995 and will likely set an all-time record in 1996, siphoning American wealth into the hands of foreigners. Trade deficits with all our major trading partners were worse in 1995 than in 1992. With China alone, the deficit more than doubled to $35 billion in the last three and a half years. With Japan, Bill Clinton announced a series of hollow agreements that have done little to improve market access. With Russia, he approved a $1 billion Export-Import Bank loan to foster competition with the American aircraft industry. With Canada, he tolerates discrimination against the United States beverage industry and focused on our lumber crisis too late to help closed logging mills. With Mexico, he ignored injury to American agriculture from massive surges in imports.\nWe should vigorously implement the North American Free Trade Agreement, while carefully monitoring its progress, to guarantee that its promised benefits and protections are realized by all American workers and consumers.\nRepublicans are for vigorous enforcement of the trade agreements we already have on the books, unlike the Clinton Administration that uses United States trade policy as a bargaining chip and as a vehicle for pursuing a host of other social agenda items. Republicans will enforce United States trade laws, including our antidumping laws, and will use the Super 301 investigations that give the President authority to challenge foreign barriers to our exports. And we will use the Export Enhancement Program to boost American farm exports. To advance economic freedom, we insist that United States foreign aid, whether bilateral or through the World Bank and International Monetary Fund, promote market reforms, limit regulation, and encourage free trade. Republicans will stop subsidizing socialism in the less developed nations. Republicans will not allow the World Trade Organization to undermine United States sovereignty and will support a World Trade Organization oversight commission.\nFree market capitalism is the right model for economic development throughout the world. The Soviet model of a state-controlled economy has been discredited, and neither stage of development nor geographic location can justify economic authoritarianism. Human nature and aspirations are the same everywhere, and everywhere the family is the building block of economic and social progress. We therefore will protect the rights of families in international programs and will not fund organizations involved in abortion. The cost of turning our back on the global marketplace is the loss of opportunity and millions of jobs for United States citizens.\nChanging Washington From the Ground Up\n\nA Citizens' Congress\nCleaning Up Government\nStreamlining Government\nHonest Budgets and Real Numbers\nRegulatory Reform\nRestoring Justice to the Courts\nThe Nation's Capital\nAmericans in the Territories\n\"On November 8, 1994, the American people sent a message to Washington.... Their message is my mandate: To rein in government and reconnect it to the values of the American people. That means making government a whole lot smaller, a lot less arrogant, and getting it out of matters best left to the states, cities, and families across America.\" Bob Dole, March 10, 1995 in Washington, D. C.\nWe are the party of small, responsible and efficient government, joining our neighbors in cities and counties, rather than distant bureaucrats, to build a just society and caring communities. We therefore assert the power of the American people over government, rather than the other way around. Our agenda for change, profound and permanent change in the way government behaves, is based on the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution:\nThe powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.\nFor more than half a century, that solemn compact has been scorned by liberal Democrats and the judicial activism of the judges they have appointed. We will restore the force of the Tenth Amendment and, in the process, renew the trust and respect which hold together a free society. As its first initiative enacted into law, the new Republican majority on Capitol Hill launched that effort early in 1995 by forbidding the imposition of new unfunded mandates upon State and local taxpayers. From now on, if official Washington promises benefits, official Washington must pay for them. We will apply that same principle to the ill-conceived Motor-Voter Act, the Democrats' costly invitation to ballot fraud.\nTo permanently restore balance in the federal system, States must have the proper tools to act as a counterforce to the Federal Government. Our country's founders attempted to carefully balance power between the two levels. The Tenth Amendment, as well as the ability of State legislatures to initiate constitutional amendments, and other constitutional tools given to States to protect their role in the system have now been either eroded away, given away, or rendered impossible to use. Thus, States lack the tools necessary to do their job as a counterbalance to the national government.\nWe call upon Congress, governors, State legislators and local leaders to adopt structural reforms that will permanently restore balance in our federal system. In this Information Era of uncertainty and rapid change, it is government close to home, controlled by neighborhood and community leaders, that can best respond to the needs and values of all citizens.\nAs a first step in reforming government, we support elimination of the Departments of Commerce, Housing and Urban Development, Education, and Energy, and the elimination, defunding or privatization of agencies which are obsolete, redundant, of limited value, or too regional in focus. Examples of agencies we seek to defund or to privatize are the National Endowment for the Arts, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, and the Legal Services Corporation.\nIn addition, we support Republican-sponsored legislation that would require the original sponsor of proposed federal legislation to cite specific constitutional authority for the measure.\nA Citizens' Congress\n\nEven with these structural changes, a system of government is only as good as the women and men who serve within it. When the voters of 1994 elected Republican majorities in both the House and Senate for the first time in forty years, Capitol Hill had been an institution steeped in corruption and contemptuous of reform. Congressional Republicans changed things, from the ground up. They:\napplied all laws to Congress, so that those who make the rules will have to live by them;\nslashed congressional spending and cut back the staff on Capitol Hill;\nordered an unprecedented audit of the House of Representatives, with devastating exposure of the Democrats' four decades of mismanagement;\nstreamlined legislative procedures by reducing the number of committees and subcommittees;\nimposed term limits for House committee chairs and Leadership positions - something the Democrats still refuse to do;\nabolished proxy voting in House committees, ending the scandal of absentee Members casting phony votes;\nrequired any Representative charged indicted of a felony offense to relinquish positions of authority within Congress until cleared of wrongdoing;\nended the Democrats' secret sessions by opening to the press and the public all committee meetings;\nbrought to a vote, in both the House and Senate, a constitutional amendment to impose term limits on Members of Congress. It failed to secure the necessary two-thirds vote in the House, where 80 percent of Republicans voted for it and 80 percent of Democrats voted against it. Every Senate Republican voted to allow a vote on term limits, but the Democrats killed it by a filibuster. It will take expanded Republican majorities in the 105th Congress to send to the States a term limits constitutional amendment; and\npassed historic legislation banning gifts to Members of Congress and their staff.\nWe will continue our fight against gerrymandered congressional districts designed to thwart majority rule. We will eliminate made-in-Washington schemes to rig the election process under the guise of campaign reform. True reform is indeed needed: ending taxpayer subsidies for campaigns, strengthening party structures to guard against rogue operations, requiring full and immediate disclosure of all contributions, and cracking down on the indirect support, or \"soft money,\" by which special interest groups underwrite their favored candidates.\nCleaning Up Government\n\nIn 1992, Bill Clinton promised \"the most ethical Administration in the history of the Republic.\" Instead, the Clinton Administration has been rife with scandal. An unprecedented four Independent Counsels have been appointed since the Clinton Inauguration to investigate various allegations of wrongdoing by members of this Administration. The Clinton White House has abused executive power in both the White House Travel Office firings situation and in the FBI files matter. The FBI Director said there have been \"egregious violations of privacy\" in the gathering of FBI files of officials who worked in the White House under Republican administrations. We believe that misuse of law enforcement authorities for partisan political ends is no trivial matter. Such abuses strike at the heart of the relationship between citizen and government and undermine the rule of law and confidence in our leaders.\nScandals in government are not limited to possible criminal violations. The public trust is violated when taxpayers money is treated as a slush fund for special interest groups who oppose urgently needed reforms. For example, the Democrats have denied school vouchers for poor children in the nation's capital at the demand of special interest unions. They have blocked urgently needed legal reforms at the command of the trial lawyers, now the biggest source of revenue for the Democrat party. They have rejected reforms to improve the workplace to please union bosses who committed $35 million to aid the Clinton reelection effort.\nIt is time to restore honor and integrity to government. We propose to:\nrevoke pension rights of public officials who have been convicted of crimes;\nstrengthen citizen privacy laws and reform the FBI to guard against the politicization of law enforcement that we have seen by the Clinton White House;\nrefuse to allow special interest groups to block innovative solutions for the poor or to block workplace or legal reforms that would help all working Americans; and\nrecruit for public service, at all levels, men and women of integrity and high ethical standards.\nWe will end welfare for lobbyists. Every year, the federal government gives away billions of dollars in grants. Much of that money goes to interest groups which engage in political activity and issue advocacy at the taxpayers' expense. This is an intolerable abuse of the public's money. A Republican Congress will enact legislation, currently blocked by Bill Clinton's congressional allies, to make groups choose between grants and lobbying.\nWe will establish Truth in Testimony, requiring organizations which receive government funds and testify before Congress to disclose those funds. Our \"Let America Know\" legislation will force public disclosure of all taxpayer subsidies and lobbying by groups seeking grants. We will permit \"private attorney general\" lawsuits against federal grantees to ensure better enforcement of anti-lobbying restrictions. A Republican administration will impose accountability on grantees, to reveal what the public is getting for its money, and will end the process of automatic grant renewal. We will halt the funding of frivolous and politicized research grants.\nStreamlining Government\n\nRepublicans believe we can streamline government and make it more effective through competition and privatization. We applaud the Republican Congress and Republican officials across the country for initiatives to expand the use of competition and privatization in government. It is greater competition - not unchallenged government bureaucracies - that will cut the cost of government, improve the delivery of services, and ensure wise investment in infrastructure. A Dole administration will make competition a centerpiece of government, eliminating duplication and increasing efficiency.\nHonest Budgets and Real Numbers\n\nWe have a moral responsibility not to leave our children a legacy of monstrous debt. Spending $1.6 trillion a year should be more than an accounting exercise. Restraining government spending, discussed elsewhere in this platform, is part of the solution. Reforming the entire budget process is the rest of it.\nOur goal is clarity, simplicity, and accountability in the nation's budget. The keystone of that agenda is the enactment of a constitutional amendment to require a balanced budget which a majority of congressional Democrats have vigorously opposed. We do not take that step lightly; but then, a $5 trillion debt is no laughing matter for tomorrow's taxpayers. We vow to offer that amendment again and again, until Congress sends it to the States for ratification.\nIn addition, we must eliminate all built-in biases toward spending. For example, the \"current service baseline\" builds in automatic budget increases for inflation and other factors and works like this: If the Democrats want a $1 billion program to grow to $2 billion, they then count an increase to $1.5 billion as a half-billion dollar cut - and the media dutifully reports it as such. This is a deceptive and reprehensible shell game that must be stopped.\nA Republican president will fight wasteful spending with the line-item veto which was finally enacted by congressional Republicans this year over bitter Democrat opposition, 120 years after President Grant first proposed it.\nEven more important, we will stop the runaway growth of entitlement spending - the programs which automatically grow without any action required by Congress or the President. This spending has jumped 11-fold since 1970 and consumes more than half the federal budget. We will take entitlements off automatic pilot and make Congress accountable for their funding. To end outdated and wasteful programs, we will make the Government Performance and Results Act an integral part of our budget process.\nRegulatory Reform\n\nRegulatory reform is needed more than ever. Bill Clinton promised to \"reinvent government,\" but he returned to the old mindset of controls and red tape. To make matters worse, he vetoed a comprehensive regulatory reform bill crafted by Republicans in the House and Senate. That measure will become law when Bob Dole is President.\nWe commend House Speaker Newt Gingrich and congressional Republicans in their innovative efforts to rescind, overturn and zero-out absurd bureaucratic red tape and rules through the process known as \"Corrections Day.\"\nA Republican administration will require periodic review of existing regulations to ensure they are effective and do away with obsolete and conflicting rules. We will encourage civil servants to find ways to reduce regulatory burdens on the public and will require federal agencies to disclose the costs of new regulations on individuals and small businesses. A new regulatory budget will reveal the total cost of regulations on the American people.\nWe will target resources on the most serious risks to health, safety, and the environment, rather than on politically inspired causes, and will require peer-reviewed risk assessments based on sound science. We will require agencies to conduct cost-benefit analyses of their regulations and pursue alternatives to the outdated Clinton command-and-control approach. These common-sense reforms will restore fairness and predictability to government rules and, even more important, will enable us to achieve equal or superior levels of protection for the public at lower cost.\nJust as important, we recognize that all too often, in its ever-present zeal to expand into every aspect of our daily lives, the federal government intrudes into the private economy by establishing new services in direct competition with already existing private firms. We oppose the use of taxpayer funds to provide a competitive advantage for government agencies seeking to compete with private firms in the free market.\nRestoring Justice to the Courts\n\n\"When I am president, only conservative judges need apply.\" Bob Dole, May 28, 1996, in Aurora, Colorado\nThe American people have lost faith in their courts, and for good reason. Some members of the federal judiciary threaten the safety, the values, and the freedom of law-abiding citizens. They make up laws and invent new rights as they go along, arrogating to themselves powers King George III never dared to exercise. They free vicious criminals, pamper felons in prison, frivolously overturn State laws enacted by citizen referenda, and abdicate the responsibility of providing meaningful review of administrative decisions.\nThe delicate balance of power between the respective branches of our national government and the governments of the 50 states has been eroded. The notion of judicial review has in some cases come to resemble judicial supremacy, affecting all segments of public and private endeavor. Make no mistake, the separation of powers doctrine, complete and unabridged, is the linchpin of a government of laws. A Republican Congress and president will restore true separation of powers and guarantee the American people a government of law.\nThe federal judiciary, including the U.S. Supreme Court, has overstepped its authority under the Constitution. It has usurped the right of citizen legislators and popularly elected executives to make law by declaring duly enacted laws to be \"unconstitutional\" through the misapplication of the principle of judicial review. Any other role for the judiciary, especially when personal preferences masquerade as interpreting the law, is fundamentally at odds with our system of government in which the people and their representatives decide issues great and small.\nNo systemic reform of the judiciary can substitute for the wise exercise of power of appointment vested in the president of the United States. A Republican president will ensure that a process is established to select for the federal judiciary nominees who understand that their task is first and foremost to be faithful to the Constitution and to the intent of those who framed it. In that process, the American Bar Association will no longer have the right to meddle in a way that distorts a nominee's credentials and advances the liberal agenda of litigious lawyers and their allies.\nJustice is mocked by some of today's litigation practices, which hinder our country's competitiveness, and drain billions of dollars away from productive Americans. While we fully support the role of the judiciary in vindicating the constitutional and statutory rights of individuals and organizations, we believe the proliferation of litigation hits the consumer with higher prices and cripples the practice of medicine. Despite bipartisan congressional efforts to enact legal reforms, Bill Clinton vetoed such legislation at the behest of his financial friends: the trial lawyers. A Republican president will sign that bill, and more. We encourage State governments to adopt reforms similar to those we propose to restore fairness to the federal system:\nstrengthen judicial sanctions for lawsuits that are substantially without merit, thereby hitting unethical lawyers in their pocketbooks;\napply the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations law (RICO) as originally intended, to criminal proceedings, not civil litigation;\naward punitive damages on a fair and reasonable basis after clear proof of wrongdoing, with limits that discourage opportunistic litigation. Since punitive damages are intended to punish egregious wrongdoing, a substantial portion of the amount awarded should go to a crime-victim compensation fund or similar program;\nrestore limited liability to non-profit organizations - churches, civic and community groups, and the volunteers who sustain them - to provide protection against profit-seeking lawsuits and to encourage volunteerism;\nincrease sanctions for abuses of the discovery process used to intimidate opponents and drive up the costs of litigation;\nreform medical malpractice to reduce health care costs and keep doctors practicing in critical areas like obstetrics;\neliminate the use of \"junk science\" by opportunistic attorneys by requiring courts to verify that the science of those called as expert witnesses is reasonably acceptable within the scientific community, and forbid the practice of making their fees conditional upon a favorable verdict. This action will reduce the practice of so-called hired-gun \"experts\" who make up theories to fit the facts of the case in which they are testifying;\neliminate joint and several liability in order to ensure that responsible parties pay their \"fair share\" in proportion to their degree of fault; and\nguard against non-meritorious lawsuits that are designed to have a chilling effect on First Amendment rights.\nA federal products liability law goes hand in hand with legal reform. Its absence not only penalizes consumers with higher costs and keeps needed products off the market, but also gives foreign nations a competitive edge over American workers. Bill Clinton doesn't mind that. He vetoed Republican reforms that would have saved the public tens of billions of dollars.\nBill Clinton even vetoed the Securities Litigation Reform Act, a Republican initiative to protect shareholders against avaricious litigation. That obstructionism was too much for even the Democrats in Congress, many of whom joined in overriding his veto. A Republican president will work with Congress to restore justice to the nation's courts and fair play to the practice of law.\nThe Nation's Capital\n\nThe District of Columbia should be an example for the rest of the country. Instead, decades of domination by the Democrat party has left the city bankrupt and dangerous. Its residents - and all Americans - deserve better than that.\nWe reaffirm the constitutional status of the District of Columbia as the seat of government of the United States and reject calls for statehood for the District.\nWe call for structural reform of the city's government and its education system. For both efficiency and public safety, we will transfer water and sewer management in the District to the Army Corps of Engineers or to a regional entity.\nWe endorse proposals by the congressional Republican Leadership for dramatic reductions in federal taxes - and the city's own outrageous marginal tax rate - within the District. Bill Clinton opposes that idea. A Republican president will make it part of a comprehensive agenda to transform the nation's capital into a renewal community, an enterprise zone leading the way for the rest of urban America to follow.\nAmericans in the Territories\n\nWe welcome greater participation in all aspects of the political process by Americans residing in Guam, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, the Northern Marianas, and Puerto Rico. No single approach can meet the needs of those diverse communities. We therefore emphasize respect for their wishes regarding their relationship to the rest of the Union. We affirm their right to seek the full extension of the Constitution, with all the rights and responsibilities it entails.\nWe support the Native American Samoans' efforts to preserve their culture and land-tenure system, which fosters self-reliance and strong extended family values.\nWe recognize that the people of Guam have voted for a closer relationship with the United States of America, and we affirm our support of their right to mutually improve their political relationship through commonwealth.\nWe support the right of the United States citizens of Puerto Rico to be admitted to the Union as a fully sovereign state after they freely so determine.\nWe endorse initiatives of the congressional Republican leadership to provide for Puerto Rico's smooth transition to statehood if its citizens choose to alter their current status, or to set them on their own path to become an independent nation.\nIndividual Rights and Personal Safety\n\nUpholding the Rights of All\nA Sensible Immigration Policy\nFor Many, One\nGetting Tough on Crime\nSolving the Drug Crisis\nThe Bottom Line: From the Top Down\n\"We are discovering as a nation that many of our deepest social problems are problems of character and belief. We will never solve those problems until the hearts of parents are turned toward their children; until respect is restored for life and property; until a commitment is renewed to love and serve our neighbor. The common good requires that goodness be common.\" Bob Dole, May 23, 1996 in Philadelphia\nUpholding the Rights of All\n\nThis section of our platform deals with rights and responsibilities. But it deals also with something larger: the common good, our shared sense of what makes a society decent and noble. That takes us beyond government policies and programs to what we are as a people, and what we want to be.\nWe are the party of the open door. As we approach the start of a new century, the Republican Party is more dedicated than ever to strengthening the social, cultural, and political ties that bind us together as a free people, the greatest force for good the world has ever seen. While our party remains steadfast in its commitment to advancing its historic principles and ideals, we also recognize that members of our party have deeply held and sometimes differing views. We view this diversity of views as a source of strength, not as a sign of weakness, and we welcome into our ranks all Americans who may hold differing positions. We are committed to resolving our differences in a spirit of civility, hope, and mutual respect.\nAmericans do not want to be afraid of those they pass on the street, suspicious of strangers, fearful for their children. They do not want to have to fight a constant battle against brutality and degradation in what passes for entertainment. We oppose sexual harassment in the workplace, and must ensure that no one in America is forced to choose between a job and submitting to unwelcome advances. We also oppose indoctrination in the classroom. Americans should not have to tolerate the decline of ethical standards and the collapse of behavioral norms. Most important, they should not have to doubt the truthfulness of their elected leaders.\nReversing those trends won't be easy, but our homes and our children are worth the effort. Government has a small, but vital, role. But most of the burden must be ours: as parents, as consumers, as citizens whose right of free speech empowers us to stand up for the weak and vulnerable - and speak out against the profiteers of violence and moral decay.\nThat needs to be done, both in our house and in the White House. Bill Clinton can't - or won't - do it. So we will do it without him, and with new national leadership of character and conscience.\nWe are the party of individual Americans, whose rights we protect and defend as the foundation for opportunity and security for all. Today, as at our founding in the day of Lincoln, we insist no one's rights are negotiable.\nAs we strive to forge a national consensus on the divisive issues of our time, we call on all Republicans and all Americans to reject the forces of hatred and bigotry. Accordingly, we denounce all who practice or promote racism, anti-Semitism, ethnic prejudice, and religious intolerance. We condemn attempts by the EEOC or any other arm of government to regulate or ban religious symbols from the work place, and we assert the right of religious leaders to speak out on public issues. We condemn the desecration of places of worship and are proud that congressional Republicans led the fight against church arsons. We believe religious institutions and schools should not be taxed. When government funds privately operated social, welfare, or educational programs, it must not discriminate against religious institutions, whose record in providing services to those in need far exceeds that of the public sector.\nThe sole source of equal opportunity for all is equality before the law. Therefore, we oppose discrimination based on sex, race, age, creed, or national origin and will vigorously enforce anti-discrimination statutes. We reject the distortion of those laws to cover sexual preference, and we endorse the Defense of Marriage Act to prevent states from being forced to recognize same-sex unions. Because we believe rights inhere in individuals, not in groups, we will attain our nation's goal of equal rights without quotas or other forms of preferential treatment. We scorn Bill Clinton's notion that any person should be denied a job, promotion, contract or a chance at higher education because of their race or gender. Instead, we endorse the Dole-Canady Equal Opportunity Act to end discrimination by the federal government. We likewise endorse this year's Proposition 209, the California Civil Rights Initiative, to restore to law the original meaning of civil rights.\nWe renew our historic Republican commitment to equal opportunity for women. In the early days of the suffragist movement, we pioneered the women's right to vote. We take pride in this year's remarkable array of Republican women serving in and running for office and their role in leadership positions in our party, in Congress, and in the states. Two women serve in our House Leadership - a record untouched by the Democrats during their 40 years in power. The full exercise of legal rights depends upon opportunity, and economic growth is the key to continuing progress for women in all fields of endeavor. Public policy must respect and accommodate women whether they are full-time homemakers or pursue a career.\nUnder Senator Dole's sponsorship, the Americans with Disabilities Act was enacted to ensure full participation by disabled citizens in our country's life. Republicans emphasize community integration and inclusion of persons with disabilities, both by personal example and by practical enforcement of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, the Air Carriers Access Act, and other laws. We will safeguard the interests of disabled persons in Medicare and Medicaid, as well as in federal work force programs. Under a Republican renewal, the abilities of all will be needed in an expanding economy, which alone can carry forward the assistive technology that offers personal progress for everyone. We support full access to the polls, and the entire political process, by disabled citizens. We oppose the non-consensual withholding of health care or treatment because of handicap, age, or infirmity, just as we oppose euthanasia and assisted suicide, which, especially for the poor and those on the margins of society, threaten the sanctity of human life.\nThe unborn child has a fundamental individual right to life which cannot be infringed. We support a human life amendment to the Constitution and we endorse legislation to make clear that the Fourteenth Amendment's protections apply to unborn children. Our purpose is to have legislative and judicial protection of that right against those who perform abortions. We oppose using public revenues for abortion and will not fund organizations which advocate it. We support the appointment of judges who respect traditional family values and the sanctity of innocent human life.\nOur goal is to ensure that women with problem pregnancies have the kind of support, material and otherwise, they need for themselves and for their babies, not to be punitive towards those for whose difficult situation we have only compassion. We oppose abortion, but our pro-life agenda does not include punitive action against women who have an abortion. We salute those who provide alternatives to abortion and offer adoption services. Republicans in Congress took the lead in expanding assistance both for the costs of adoption and for the continuing care of adoptive children with special needs. Bill Clinton vetoed our adoption tax credit the first time around - and opposed our efforts to remove racial barriers to adoption - before joining in this long overdue measure of support for adoptive families.\nWorse than that, he vetoed the ban on partial-birth abortions, a procedure denounced by a committee of the American Medical Association and rightly branded as four-fifths infanticide. We applaud Bob Dole's commitment to revoke the Clinton executive orders concerning abortion and to sign into law an end to partial-birth abortions.\nWe reaffirm the promise of the Fifth Amendment: \"nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.\" This Takings Clause protects the homes and livelihood of Americans against the governmental greed and abuse of power that characterizes the Clinton Administration; we will strictly enforce it.\nWe defend the constitutional right to keep and bear arms. We will promote training in the safe usage of firearms, especially in programs for women and the elderly. We strongly support Bob Dole's National Instant Check Initiative, which will help keep all guns out of the hands of convicted felons. The point-of-purchase instant check has worked well in many states and now it is time to extend this system all across America. We applaud Bob Dole's commitment to have the national instant check system operational by the end of 1997. In one of the strangest actions of his tenure, Bill Clinton abolished Operation Triggerlock, the Republican initiative to jail any felon caught with a gun. We will restore that effort and will set by law minimum mandatory penalties for the use of guns in committing a crime: 5 years for possession, 10 years for brandishing, and 20 for discharge.\nWe affirm the right of individuals to participate in labor organizations and to bargain collectively, consistent with State laws. Because that participation should always be voluntary. we support the right of States to enact Right-to-Work laws. We will restore the original scope of the Hobbs Act, barring union officials from extortion and violence. We will vigorously implement the Supreme Court's Beck decision to ensure that workers are not compelled to subsidize political activity, like the $35 million slush fund extorted this year from rank and file members by Washington-based labor leaders. We will reverse Bill Clinton's unconscionable Executive Order that deprived workers of their right to know how their union dues are spent.\nA Sensible Immigration Policy\n\nAs a nation of immigrants, we welcome those who follow our laws and come to our land to seek a better life. New Americans strengthen our economy, enrich our culture, and defend the nation in war and in peace. At the same time, we are determined to reform the system by which we welcome them to the American family. We must set immigration at manageable levels, balance the competing goals of uniting families of our citizens and admitting specially talented persons, and end asylum abuses through expedited exclusion of false claimants.\nBill Clinton's immigration record does not match his rhetoric. While talking tough on illegal immigration, he has proposed a reduction in the number of border patrol agents authorized by the Republicans in Congress, has opposed the most successful border control program in decades (Operation Hold the Line in Texas), has opposed Proposition 187 in California which 60 percent of Californians supported, and has opposed Republican efforts to ensure that non-citizens do not take advantage of expensive welfare programs. Unlike Bill Clinton, we stand with the American people on immigration policy and will continue to reform and enforce our immigration laws to ensure that they reflect America's national interest.\nWe also support efforts to secure our borders from the threat of illegal immigration. Illegal immigration has reached crisis proportions, with more than four million illegal aliens now present in the United States. That number, growing by 300,000 each year, burdens taxpayers, strains public services, takes jobs, and increases crime. Republicans in both the House and Senate have passed bills that tighten border enforcement, speed up deportation of criminal aliens, toughen penalties for overstaying visas, and streamline the Immigration and Naturalization Service.\nIllegal aliens should not receive public benefits other than emergency aid, and those who become parents while illegally in the United States should not be qualified to claim benefits for their offspring. Legal immigrants should depend for assistance on their sponsors, who are legally responsible for their financial well-being, not the American taxpayers. Just as we require \"deadbeat dads\" to provide for the children they bring into the world, we should require \"deadbeat sponsors\" to provide for the immigrants they bring into the country. We support a constitutional amendment or constitutionally-valid legislation declaring that children born in the United States of parents who are not legally present in the United States or who are not long-term residents are not automatically citizens.\nWe endorse the Dole/Coverdell proposal to make crimes of domestic violence, stalking, child abuse, child neglect and child abandonment committed by aliens residing in this country deportable offenses under our immigration laws.\nWe call for harsh penalties against exploiters who smuggle illegal aliens and for those who profit from the production of false documents. Republicans believe that by eliminating the magnet for illegal immigration, increasing border security, enforcing our immigration laws, and producing counterfeit-proof documents, we will finally put an end to the illegal immigration crisis. We oppose the creation of any national ID card.\nFrom Many, One\n\nAmerica's ethnic diversity within a shared national culture is one of our country's greatest strengths. While we benefit from our differences, we must also strengthen the ties that bind us to one another. Foremost among those is the flag. Its deliberate desecration is not \"free speech,\" but an assault against our history and our hopes. We support a constitutional amendment that will restore to the people, through their elected representatives, their right to safeguard Old Glory. We condemn Bill Clinton's refusal, once again, to protect and preserve the most precious symbol of our Republic.\nEnglish, our common language, provides a shared foundation which has allowed people from every corner of the world to come together to build the American nation. The use of English is indispensable to all who wish to participate fully in our society and realize the American dream. As Bob Dole has said: \"For more than two centuries now, English has been a force for unity, indispensable to the process of transforming untold millions of immigrants from all parts of the globe into citizens of the most open and free society the world has ever seen.\" For newcomers, learning the English language has always been the fastest route to the mainstream of American life. That should be the goal of bilingual education programs. We support the official recognition of English as the nation's common language. We advocate foreign language training in our schools and retention of heritage languages in homes and cultural institutions. Foreign language fluency is also an essential component of America's competitiveness in the world market.\nWe will strengthen Native Americans' self-determination by respecting tribal sovereignty, encouraging a pro-business and pro-development climate on reservations. We uphold the unique government-to-government relationship between the tribes and the United States, and we honor our nation's trust obligations to them. In fulfillment thereof, we will ensure that the resources, financial and otherwise, which the United States holds in trust are well-managed, audited, and protected. We second Bob Dole's call for legislation authorizing tribal governments to reorganize the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Indian Health Service. We endorse efforts to ensure equitable participation in federal programs by Native Americans, Native Alaskans and Native Hawaiians and to preserve their culture and languages.\nGetting Tough on Crime\n\n\"Women in America know better than anyone about the randomness and ruthlessness of crime. It is a shameful, national disgrace that nightfall has become synonymous with fear for so many of America's women.\" Bob Dole, May 28, 1996 in Aurora, Colorado\nDuring Bill Clinton's tenure, America has become a more fearful place, especially for the elderly and for women and children. Violent crime has turned our homes into prisons, our streets and schoolyards into battlegrounds. It devours half a trillion dollars every year. Unfortunately, far worse could be coming in the near future. While we acknowledge the extraordinary efforts of single parents, we recognize that a generation of fatherless boys raises the prospect of soaring juvenile crime.\nThis is, in part the legacy of liberalism - in the old Democrat Congress, in the Clinton Department of Justice, and in the courts, where judges appointed by Democrat presidents continue their assault against the rights of law-abiding Americans. For too long government policy has been controlled by criminals and their defense lawyers. Democrat Congresses cared more about rights of criminals than safety for Americans. Bill Clinton arbitrarily closed off Pennsylvania Avenue, the nation's Main Street, for his protection, while his policies left the public unprotected against vicious criminals. As a symbol of our determination to restore the rule of law - in the White House as well as in our streets - we will reopen Pennsylvania Avenue.\nAfter the elections of 1994, the new Republican majorities in the House and Senate fought back with legislation that ends frivolous, costly, and unnecessarily lengthy death-row appeals, requires criminals to pay restitution to their victims, speeds the removal of criminal aliens, and steps up the fight against terrorism. Congressional Republicans put into law a truth-in-sentencing prison grant program to provide incentives to states which enact laws requiring violent felons to serve at least 85% of their sentences and replaced a myriad of Democrat \"Washington knows best\" prevention programs with bloc grants to cities and counties to use to fight crime as they see fit. They put an end to federal court early-release orders for prison overcrowding and made it much harder for prisoners to file frivolous lawsuits about prison conditions.\nThere's more to do, once Bill Clinton's veto threats no longer block the way. We will establish no-frills prisons where prisoners are required to work productively and make the threat of jail a real deterrent to crime. Prisons should not be places of rest and relaxation. We will reform the Supreme Court's fanciful exclusionary rule, which has allowed a generation of criminals to get off on technicalities.\nJuvenile crime is one of the most difficult challenges facing our nation. The juvenile justice system is broken. It fails to punish the minor crimes that lead to larger offenses, and lacks early intervention to keep delinquency from turning into violent crime. Truancy laws are not enforced, positive role models are lacking, and parental responsibility is overlooked. We will stress accountability at every step in the system and require adult trials for juveniles who commit adult crimes.\nIn addition, not only is juvenile crime on the rise, but unsupervised juveniles (especially at night) are most often the victims of abuse in our society. Recognizing that local jurisdictions have a clear and concise understanding of their problems, we encourage them to develop and enact innovative programs to address juvenile crime. We also encourage them to consider juvenile nocturnal curfews as an effective law enforcement tool in helping reduce juvenile crime and juvenile victimization.\nJuvenile criminal proceedings should be open to victims and the public. Juvenile conviction records should not be sealed but made available to law enforcement agencies, the courts, and those who hire for sensitive work in schools and day-care centers.\nBecause liberal jurists keep expanding the rights of the accused, Republicans propose a Constitutional amendment to protect victims' rights: audio and visual testimony of victims kept on file for future hearings, full restitution, protection from intimidation or violence by the offender, notification of court proceedings, a chance to be heard in plea bargains, the right to remain in court during trials and hearings concerning the crimes committed against them, a voice in the sentencing proceedings, notice of the release or escape of offenders. Bill Clinton hypocritically endorsed our Victim's Rights Amendment while naming judges who opposed capital punishment, turned felons loose, and even excused murder as a form of social protest. Bob Dole, the next Republican president will end that nonsense and make our courts once again an instrument of justice.\nWhile the federal government's role is essential, most law enforcement must remain in the hands of local communities, directed by State and local officials who are closely answerable to the people whose lives are affected by crime. In that regard, we support community policing; nothing inhibits local crime like an officer in the neighborhood. Bill Clinton promised 100,000 more police officers on the beat but, according to his own Attorney General, delivered no more than 17,000. He ignored local law enforcers by tying the program in knots of red tape and high costs. Now he is diverting millions of its dollars, appropriated by congressional Republicans to fight street crime, to state parks and environmental projects. It's time to return those anti-crime resources to communities and let them decide what works best to keep their homes, schools, and workplaces safe. This would result in far more new police officers than Bill Clinton's program and give communities additional crime fighting resources they need.\nWe will work with local authorities to prevent prison inmates from receiving disability or other government entitlements while incarcerated. We support efforts to allow peace officers, including qualified retirees, to assist their colleagues and protect their communities even when they are out of their home jurisdictions to the extent this is consistent with applicable state and local law. We will amend the Fair Labor Standards Act so that corrections officers can volunteer to assist local law enforcement.\nCrimes against women and children demand an emphatic response. Under Bob Dole and Dick Zimmer's leadership, Republicans in Congress pushed through Megan's Law - the requirement that local communities be notified when sex offenders and kidnappers are released - in response to the growing number of violent sexual assaults and murders like the brutal murder of a little girl in New Jersey. We call for special penalties against thugs who assault or batter pregnant women and harm them or their unborn children. We endorse Bob Dole's call to bring federal penalties for child pornography in line with far tougher State penalties: ten years for a first offense, fifteen for the second, and life for a third. We believe it is time to revisit the Supreme Court's arbitrary decision of 1977 that protects even the most vicious rapists from the death penalty. Bob Dole authored a tough federal statute which provides for the admissibility of prior similar criminal acts of defendants in sexual assault cases. This important law enforcement tool should serve as a model for the states. We continue our strong support of capital punishment for those who commit heinous federal crimes; including the kingpins of the narcotics trade.\nWe wish to express our support and sympathy for all victims of terrorism and their families. Acts of terrorism against Americans and American interests must be stopped and those who commit them must be brought to justice. We recommend a Presidentially appointed \"blue ribbon\" commission to study more effective methods of prosecuting terrorists.\nOnly Republican resolve can prepare our nation to deal with the four deadly threats facing us in the early years of the 21st Century: violent crime, drugs, terrorism, and international organized crime. Those perils are interlocked - and all are escalating. This is no time for excuses. It's time for a change.\nSolving the Drug Crisis\n\nThe verdict is in on Bill Clinton's moral leadership: after 11 years of steady decline, the use of marijuana among teens doubled in the two years after 1992. At the same time, the use of cocaine and methamphetamines dramatically increased.\nThat shocks but should not surprise. For in the war on drugs - an essential component of the fight against crime - today's Democratic Party has been a conscientious objector. Nowhere is the discrepancy between Bill Clinton's rhetoric and his actions more apparent. Mr. Clinton's personal record has been a betrayal of the nation's trust, sending the worst possible signal to the nation's youth. At the urging of the Secret Service, the White House had to institute a drug-testing program for Clinton staffers who were known to be recent users of illegal narcotics. At the same time, he drastically cut funding for drug interdiction. The Office of National Drug Control Policy was cut by 80 percent, and federal drug prosecutions dropped 25 percent. His Attorney General proposed to reduce mandatory minimum sentences for drug trafficking and related crimes, and his Surgeon General advocated legalization of narcotics. Hundreds of suspected drug smugglers have been allowed to go free at the border. Simultaneously, the use of marijuana, cocaine, and heroin has increased, especially among young people. Now narcotics are again fueling the acceleration of crime rates, putting the nation on a collision course with the future.\nBill Clinton's weakness in international affairs has worsened the situation here at home. One case in point: He certified that Mexico has cooperated with our drug interdiction effort when 70 percent of drugs smuggled into the U. S. come across our southern border - and when the Mexican government ignored 165 extradition orders for drug criminals. Discredited at home and abroad, he lacks both the stature and the credibility to lead us toward a drug-free America.\nA war against drugs requires moral leadership now lacking in the White House. Throughout the 1980s, the Republican approach - no legalization, no tolerance, no excuses - turned the tide against drug abuse. We can do it again by emphasizing prevention, interdiction, a tough international approach, and a crack-down on users. That requires reversing one of Bill Clinton's most offensive actions: his shocking purge of every U. S. Attorney in the country shortly after he took office. This unprecedented firing destroyed our first line of defense against drug traffickers and other career criminals. Our country's most experienced and dedicated prosecutors were replaced with Clintonite liberals, some of whom have refused to prosecute major drug dealers, foreign narcotics smugglers, and child pornographers.\nIn a Dole Administration, U. S. Attorneys will prosecute and jail those who prey upon the innocent. We support upgrading our interdiction effort by establishing a Deputy Commissioner for Drug Enforcement within the Customs Service. We will intensify our intelligence efforts against international drug traffickers and use whatever means necessary to destroy their operations and seize their personal accounts.\nWe support strong penalties, including mandatory minimum sentences, for drug trafficking, distribution and drug-related crimes. Drug use is closely related to crime and recidivism. Drug testing should be made a routine feature of the criminal justice process at every stage, including the juvenile justice system. Test results should be used in deciding pretrial release, sentencing, and probation revocation.\nA safer America must include highways without drunk or drug-impaired drivers. We support the toughest possible State laws to deal with drivers impaired by substance abuse and advocate federal cooperation, not compulsion, toward that end.\nThe Bottom Line: From The Top Down\n\nMaking America safe again will be a tremendous undertaking, in its own way as heroic as was the liberation of Europe from a different kind of criminal half a century ago. At the grassroots, that crusade already has enlisted the men and women of local law enforcement. Now they need a leader worthy of their cause - someone whose life reflects respect for the law, not evasion of it. Bill Clinton need not apply.\nBob Dole will be a president committed to the protection and safety of all Americans. However, his strength is diminished without a court system supportive of the national fight against violent crime. That is the bottom line of this year's presidential election: Who should chart the course of law enforcement for the next generation by naming as many as an additional 30 percent of our federal judges and the next several justices to the U. S. Supreme Court? Bill Clinton, the master of excuse and evasion? Or Bob Dole, whose life has been an exercise in honor and duty?\nFamilies and Society\n\nStronger Families\nImproving Education\nImproving America's Health Care\nRenewing Hope and Opportunity\nOlder Americans\n\"The alternative to cold bureaucracy is not indifference. It is the warmth of families and neighborhoods, charities, churches, synagogues and communities. These value-shaping institutions have the tools to reclaim lives - individual responsibility, tough love, and spiritual renewal. They do more than care for the body; they restore the spirit.\" Bob Dole, May 23, 1996, in Philadelphia\nStronger Families\n\nWe are the party of the American family, educating children, caring for the sick, learning from the elderly, and helping the less fortunate. We believe that strengthening family life is the best way to improve the quality of life for everyone.\nFamilies foster the virtues that make a free society strong. We rely on the home and its supportive institutions to instill honesty, self-discipline, mutual respect and the other virtues that sustain democracy. Our goal is to promote those values by respecting the rights of families and by assisting, where appropriate, the institutions which mediate between government and the home. While recognizing a role for government in dealing with social ills, we look to mediating institutions - religious and community groups, private associations of all kinds - to take the lead in tackling the social ills that some government programs have only worsened.\nThis is the clearest distinction between Republicans and Clinton Democrats: We believe the family is the core institution of our society. Bill Clinton thinks government should hold that place. It's little wonder, then, that today's families feel under siege. They seem to work harder with less reward for their labor. They can no longer expect that life will be better for their children than it was for them.\nTheir problem starts in the White House. Bill Clinton has hit families with higher taxes, vetoed their tax relief, and given their money to special interest groups. He has meddled in their schools, fought family choice in education, and promoted lifestyles inimical to their values. He repeatedly vetoed pro-family welfare reforms before surrendering to the demands of the American people. He tried to impose a ruinous government takeover of health care; led a scare campaign against Republican efforts to preserve, protect, and strengthen Medicare; and appointed to major positions in his administration social theorists whose bizarre views are alien to those of most Americans.\nRepublicans want to get our society back on track - toward good schools with great teachers, welfare that really helps, and health care responsive to the needs of people, not government. We want to make sure our most important programs - like Social Security and Medicare - are there when people need them. In all those cases, we start with the family as the building block of a safe and caring society.\nOur agenda for more secure families runs throughout this platform. Here we take special notice of the way congressional Republicans have advanced adoption assistance, promoted foster care reform, and fought the marriage penalty in the tax code. They have worked to let parents have flex-time and comp-time in private industry, and have safeguarded family choice in child care against the Democrats' attempts to control it. They passed the Defense of Marriage Act, which defines \"marriage\" for purposes of federal law as the legal union of one man and one woman and prevents federal judges and bureaucrats from forcing states to recognize other living arrangements as \"marriages.\" Further, they have advanced the Family Rights and Privacy Act - a bill of rights against the intrusions of big government and its grantees.\nIn the House and Senate, Republicans have championed the economic rights of the family and made a $500 per child tax credit the centerpiece of their reform agenda. But that overdue measure of relief for households with children was vetoed.\nWe salute parents working at the State level to ensure constitutional protection for the rights of the family. We urge State legislators to review divorce laws to foster the stability of the home and protect the economic rights of the innocent spouse and children.\nImproving Education\n\n\"At the center of all that afflicts our schools is a denial of free choice. Our public schools are in trouble because they are no longer run by the public. Instead, they're controlled by narrow special interest groups who regard public education not as a public trust, but as political territory to be guarded at all costs.\" Bob Dole, July 17, 1996, in Minneapolis\nThe American people know that something is terribly wrong with our education system. The evidence is everywhere: children who cannot read, graduates who cannot reason, danger in schoolyards, indoctrination in classrooms.\nTo this crisis in our schools, Bill Clinton responds with the same liberal dogmas that created the mess: more federal control and more spending on all the wrong things. He opposes family rights in education and opportunity scholarships for poor children. When it comes to saving our schools, he flunks.\nAmericans should have the best education in the world. We spend more per pupil than any other nation, and the great majority of our teachers are dedicated and skilled educators, whose interests are ignored by political union bosses. Our goal is nothing less than a renaissance in American education, begun by returning its control to parents, teachers, local school boards and, through them, to communities and local taxpayers.\nOur formula is as simple as it is sweeping: the federal government has no constitutional authority to be involved in school curricula or to control jobs in the work place. That is why we will abolish the Department of Education, end federal meddling in our schools, and promote family choice at all levels of learning. We therefore call for prompt repeal of the Goals 2000 program and the School-To-Work Act of 1994, which put new federal controls, as well as unfunded mandates, on the States. We further urge that federal attempts to impose outcome- or performance-based education on local schools be ended.\nWe know what works in education, and it isn't the liberal fads of the last thirty years. It's discipline, parental involvement, emphasis on basics including computer technology, phonics instead of look-say reading, and dedicated teaching.\nAbstinence education in the home will lead to less need for birth control services and fewer abortions. We support educational initiatives to promote chastity until marriage as the expected standard of behavior. This education initiative is the best preventive measure to avoid the emotional trauma of sexually-transmitted diseases and teen pregnancies that are serious problems among our young people. While recognizing that something must be done to help children when parental consent or supervision is not possible, we oppose school-based clinics, which provide referrals, counseling, and related services for contraception and abortion.\nWe encourage a reform agenda on the local level and urge State legislators to ensure quality education for all through programs of parental choice among public, private, and religious schools. That includes the option of home schooling, and Republicans will defend the right of families to make that choice. We support and vigorously work for mechanisms, such as opportunity scholarships, block grants, school rebates, charter schools, and vouchers, to make parental choice in education a reality for all parents.\nOn the federal level, we endorse legislation - like the Watts-Talent Low-Income Educational Opportunity Act, which is part of the Community Renewal Act of 1996, and the Coats-Kasich Educational Choice and Equity Act - to set up model programs for empowering the families who need good schooling the most.\nWe will continue to work for the return of voluntary prayer to our schools and will strongly enforce the Republican legislation that guarantees equal access to school facilities by student religious groups. We encourage State legislatures to pass statutes which prohibit local school boards from adopting policies of denial regarding voluntary school prayer.\nWe endorse Bob Dole's pledge that all federal education policies will be guided by his Education Consumer's Warranty. The Education Consumer's Warranty says that all American children should expect to:\nattend a safe school;\nbe free from educational malpractice at the hands of bad schools, incompetent teachers, timid principals, and intrusive bureaucrats;\nfind out exactly how well they and their school are doing (in terms of achievement) in relation to how well they ought to be doing;\nlearn the three R's through proven methods;\nlearn the nation's history and democratic values and study the classics of western civilization;\nattend a school that is free to innovate and isn't tied down by federal red tape;\nbe confident that their high school diploma signifies a solid education, suitable for college or a good job;\nchoose the school that's right for them;\nknow that their tax dollars are reaching the classroom, not being siphoned off into overhead and bureaucracy; and,\ncount on being able to arrive at college prepared to do freshman-level work.\nTo reinforce our American heritage, we believe our nation's Governors, State legislators, and local school boards should support requiring our public schools to dedicate one full day each year solely to studying the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution.\nAmerica's families find themselves on a college treadmill: the more they work to pay tuition, the faster it seems to increase. Tuition has escalated far in excess of inflation, in defiance of market factors, and shows no sign of slowing down. Billions of dollars are wasted on regulations, paperwork, and \"political correctness,\" which impedes the ability of the faculty to teach. We call for a national reassessment of the economics of higher education, to stop the treadmill and restore fiscal accountability to higher education. Congressional Republicans budgeted a 50 percent increase in student loans while fighting Bill Clinton's intrusion of Big Government into their financing. Heeding the outcry from the nation's campuses, we will end the Clinton Administration's perverse direct lending program. We support proposals to assist families to prepare for the financial strains of higher education, like the American Dream Savings Account, passed by congressional Republicans but vetoed.\nTo protect the nation's colleges and universities against intolerance, we will work with independent educators to create alternatives to ideological accrediting bodies. We believe meeting the higher education needs of America will require new, public and private institutions that are flexible, able to apply new technologies, willing to provide access to all those who need it, cost-effective and that place no burden on the American taxpayer.\nImproving America's Health Care\n\nOur goal is to maintain the quality of America's health care - the best in the world, bar none - while making health care and health insurance more accessible and more affordable. That means allowing health care providers to respond to consumer demand through consumer choice.\nThat approach stands in stark contrast to Bill Clinton's health plan of 1993. \"Clintoncare\" would have been a poison pill for the nation's health care system. Congressional Republicans countered with the right prescription:\nmake insurance portable from job to job;\nensure that persons are not denied coverage because of preexisting health conditions when changing employment;\ncrack down on Medicare and Medicaid fraud, while preserving the confidentiality of medical records from inappropriate scrutiny and without imposing criminal penalties for clerical errors and billing mistakes;\nreform malpractice laws, to reduce the costly practice of \"defensive medicine\" and to make it easier for doctors to specialize in fields like obstetrics. We also recognize the vital importance of maintaining the confidentiality of the national practitioners data base;\nlet individuals set up tax-free Medical Savings Accounts (MSAs), so they can plan for their own medical needs instead of relying on government or insurance companies. Republicans believe that Medicare and Medicaid recipients should also have the option to utilize Medical Savings Accounts, which would result in huge savings for the American taxpayers;\noverhaul the Food and Drug Administration to get better products on the market faster and at less cost to consumers;\nchange IRS rules that restrict coverage: let employer groups offer tax-exempt policies and make premiums 100% deductible for farmers, small businesses, and all the self-employed;\npromote a private market for long-term care insurance;\nreduce paperwork through electronic billing;\nchange anti-trust laws to let health care providers cooperate in holding down charges;\navoid mandatory coverages that make consumers pay for more insurance than they need;\nallow multi-employer purchasing groups and form \"risk pools\" in the States to make employee health insurance more affordable;\nremove regulatory barriers to the use of managed care for those who choose it. Traditionally, all Americans have had the freedom to choose their health care plans, as well as the providers who treat them. To ensure quality of care, it is imperative that patients continue to enjoy the freedoms to which they have become accustomed. Communications between providers and patients should be free and open, and allow for full discussion of the patient's medical care. Financial arrangements should not be a barrier to a patient's receiving quality medical care;\npermit families with incomes up to twice the poverty level to buy into Medicaid;\npromote rural health care through telecommuni-cations and emergency air transport; and\nincrease funding for Community and Migrant Health Centers.\nBill Clinton and most congressional Democrats opposed many of these reforms, especially Medical Savings Accounts and changes in malpractice laws. Congressional Republicans rallied the nation to win a long overdue victory for consumers and for commonsense. Three months away from the November elections, Bill Clinton caved in and promised to sign into law the Republican solution to America's health care problems.\nBut the Clinton Democrats are still blocking Republican efforts to preserve, protect, and strengthen Medicare. Until Medicare is financially secure again, our job is not finished. More than 38 million people depend on Medicare, which is rushing toward bankruptcy even more quickly than predicted. Bill Clinton doesn't seem to mind. Despite repeated Republican efforts to work with his administration to save Medicare, his response has been a barrage of propaganda. We proposed Medisave; he indulged in Mediscare. We say this with solemn deliberation: Bill Clinton lied about the condition of Medicare and lied about our attempts to save it.\nWe reaffirm our determination to protect Medicare. We will ensure a significant annual expansion in Medicare. That isn't \"cutting Medicare.\" It's a projected average annual rate of growth of 7.1 percent a year - more than twice the rate of inflation - to ensure coverage for those who need it now and those who will need it in the future. We propose to allow unprecedented patient choice in Medicare, so that older Americans can select health care arrangements that work best for them, including provider-sponsored organizations offering quality care with strong consumer protections.\nOur commitment is to protect the most vulnerable of our people: children, the elderly, the disabled. That is why we are determined to restructure Medicaid, the federal-State program of health care for the poor. Rife with fraud, poorly administered, with no incentives for patient or provider savings, Medicaid has mushroomed into the nation's biggest welfare program. Its staggering rate of growth threatens to overwhelm State budgets, while thwarting congressional progress towards a federal balanced budget. Bill Clinton's response has been to ignore the problem - and attack Republicans for trying to solve it.\nWe must find better ways to ensure quality health care for the poor. Medicaid should be turned over to State management with leeway for restructuring and reform. Low-income persons should have access to managed care programs and Medical Savings Accounts, just as other persons do, and State officials should have authority to weed out substandard providers and to eliminate excess costs. We endorse Republican legislation extending federal tort claim coverage to health care professionals who provide free medical services to persons who cannot afford them.\nPreventive care is key to both wellness and lower medical bills, and strong families are the most powerful form of preventive care. Responsible families mean less child abuse, lower infant mortality, fewer unvaccinated youngsters, fewer teen pregnancies, and less involvement with drugs, alcohol, and tobacco. To help low-income families toward those goals, we will unify scattered federal resources into block grants.\nWe reaffirm our traditional support for generous funding of medical research, especially through the National Institutes of Health, and for continuing federal support for teaching hospitals and medical schools. We remain committed to, and place a high priority on, finding a cure for HIV disease. We support increased funding for research targeted at conditions that touch the families of most Americans, like Alzheimer's, breast cancer, prostate cancer, and diabetes. We call for an increased emphasis on prevention of diseases that threaten the lives of women. This requires dramatic expansion of outreach and education to expand public awareness. We call for fetal protection in biomedical research and will enforce the rights of human subjects in all federally funded studies.\nThe value of medical research and preventive care to wellness and lower health care spending can be highlighted by the example of diabetes. Approximately 16 million people in the U.S. have diabetes, and 50 percent of people above age 65 are at risk for developing some form of the disease. Diabetes is a leading cause of adult blindness, kidney disease, heart disease, stroke and amputations, and reduces life expectancy by up to 30 percent. As much as 25 percent of Medicare expenditures are incurred in the treatment of diabetes-related complications. Scientific discoveries, made possible by federal funding of medical research, have led to new efforts to prevent diabetes, as well as new treatment strategies to forestall the development of its debilitating and life-threatening complications. Today, people stricken with diabetes can, in concert with their health care providers, delay or prevent the serious and deadly complications of the disease. In other words, we now have the opportunity to reduce the burden of diabetes.\nRenewing Hope and Opportunity\n\n\"Thirty years ago, the `Great Society' was liberalism's greatest hope, its greatest boast. Today, it stands as its greatest shame, a grand failure that has crushed the spirit, destroyed the families, and decimated the culture of those who have become enmeshed in its web.\" Bob Dole, May 21, 1996, in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin\nWithin a few weeks, Bill Clinton will sign into law a Republican reform of welfare. With a straight face, after twice vetoing similar legislation, he will attempt to take credit for what we have accomplished.\nSo be it. Our cause is justice for both the taxpayers and for the poor. Our purpose in welfare reform is not to save money but to bring into the mainstream of American life those who now are on the margins of our society and our economy. We will, in the words of the Speaker of the House of Representatives Newt Gingrich, replace the welfare state with an opportunity society for all. The Clinton administration's \"Reinventing Government\" program to reform the welfare state bureaucracy has failed. In fact, management reforms of the Reagan years were repealed and new labor-management councils that diluted efficient management were added as additional bureaucracy and red tape. We will revoke these Clinton administration policies and oppose the liberal philosophy that bureaucracy can reform welfare.\nThe current welfare system has spent $5 trillion in the last thirty years and has been a catastrophic failure. Despite this massive effort, conditions in our nation's poor communities have grown measurably worse. Poverty used to be an economic problem; now it is a social pathology.\nThe key to welfare reform is restoring personal responsibility and encouraging two-parent households. The path to that goal lies outside of official Washington. In the hands of State and local officials, and under the eye of local taxpayers, welfare can again become a hand up instead of a handout. All able-bodied adults must be required to work, either in private sector jobs or in community work projects. Illegal aliens must be ineligible for all but emergency benefits. And a firm time limit for receipt of welfare must be enforced.\nBecause illegitimacy is the most serious cause of child poverty, we will encourage States to stop cash payments to unmarried teens and set a family cap on payments for additional children. When benefits of any kind are extended to teen mothers, they must be conditioned upon their attendance at school and their living at home with a parent, adult relative, or guardian. About half the children of today's teen welfare mothers were fathered in statutory rape. We echo Bob Dole's call to our nation's governors to toughen and enforce State laws in this regard, as well as those concerning enforcement of child support.\nRestoring common sense to welfare programs is only one side of the Republican equation for hope and opportunity. The other side is giving low-income households the tools with which they can build their own future. We propose to do this along the lines of the American Community Renewal Act, a Republican congressional initiative that would establish throughout the nation up to 100 renewal communities where residents, businesses, and investors would have unprecedented economic freedom and incentives to create prosperity. School choice for low-income families is an integral part of that initiative.\nWe call for the removal of structural impediments which liberals throw in the path of poor people: over-regulation of start-up enterprises, excessive licensing requirements, needless restrictions on formation of schools and child-care centers catering to poor families, restrictions on providing public services in fields like transport and sanitation, and rigged franchises that close the opportunity door to all but a favored few.\nNot everyone can make it on their own. Government at various levels has a role - and some aid programs do work well - and so do private individuals and charitable and faith-based organizations, whose record of success far outshines that of any public welfare program. To promote personal involvement with anti-poverty efforts, we call for a Charity Tax Credit that will be consistent with the fundamental changes we propose in the nation's system of taxation. To ensure that religiously affiliated institutions can fulfill their helping mission, we endorse Republican legislation to stop discrimination against them in government programs.\nOlder Americans\n\nOur commitment to older Americans runs throughout this platform. It strengthens our call for tax fairness, shows in our action agenda against violent crime, and motivates our crusade to preserve, protect, and strengthen Medicare.\nThe Republican Party has always opposed the earnings limitation for Social Security benefits, a confiscatory tax that discourages older Americans from active engagement in all walks of life. While Bill Clinton imposed his new tax on Social Security benefits, he also initially vetoed our legislation to reform the earnings limitation, just as he vetoed our estate tax reform.\nThe Social Security system remains the cornerstone of personal security for millions of the elderly. In 1983, a Republican president, working with the Republican Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee - Bob Dole - saved the Social Security system from fiscal disaster. We have a legal and moral responsibility to America's seniors and will continue to do everything in our power to ensure that government honors our commitment to Social Security beneficiaries, now and in the future. We will keep it financially sound and keep politics out of its administration. We will work to ensure the integrity and solvency of the Social Security trust funds.\nThose who are not older Americans now will one day be so. Our common goal is a secure economic future. To that end, public policy should encourage cooperative efforts by businesses and employees alike to expand the availability of savings vehicles for all. We want to expand retirement options so that individual choice, not government fiat, steers the decision-making process. We must increase both the amount and the portability of personal savings, especially in today's rapidly changing and unpredictable economy. We salute congressional Republicans for their landmark legislation simplifying pension law, cutting away the red tape that prevented many businesses from offering pension plans, and establishing a new pension system designed to meet the needs of workers in small businesses.\nWe also salute Congressional Republicans for making long-term care more affordable and more available to those who need it. Too many seniors live in fear that they one day will incur long-term care costs that will wipe out their life savings and burden their children. The Republican Congress has passed legislation giving long-term care insurance policies the same tax-preferred treatment that health insurance policies now receive. Over the years, this legislation will give millions of Americans peace of mind and the financial wherewithal to obtain nursing home care of the highest quality.\nA Cleaner, Safer, Healthier America\n\nSecuring Property Rights\nImproving Public Lands\nPower for Progress\nAgriculture in the 21st Century\n\"Those of us who grew up in rural America grew up with a common set of values, a code of living that stays with us all our lives. Love of God and country and family. Commitment to honesty, decency and personal responsibility. Self-reliance tempered by a sense of community.... Those values made us the greatest country on earth. And the secret to getting our country back on track is simply to return to them as a matter of national policy.\" Bob Dole, August 19, 1995, in Ames, Iowa\nWe are the party of America's farmers, ranchers, foresters, and all who hold the earth in stewardship with the Creator. Republican leadership established the Land Grant College System under Abraham Lincoln, the National Park System under Ulysses Grant, the National Wildlife Refuge System under Teddy Roosevelt, and today's legal protections for clean air and water in more recent decades. We reaffirm our commitment to agricultural progress, environmental improvement, and the prudent development of our natural resources.\nOur goal is to continue the progress we have made to achieve a cleaner, safer, healthier environment for all Americans - and to pass on to our children and grandchildren a better environment than we have today. We must recognize the unique role our States, localities, and private sector have in improving our environment. The States and communities are the laboratories of environmental innovation. Inflexible requirements hurt the environment, add unnecessary costs, and reduce technology development. While we have made substantial environmental progress, we must reject failed approaches created by fearmongering and centralized control which will not serve our environment well in the century ahead.\nThe Superfund program to clean up abandoned toxic waste sites is a classic case in point. More than half of the $30 billion already spent on Superfund has gone for litigation and administration. In other words, trial lawyers have profited from the current flawed and unfair liability scheme, while toxic waste sites wait to be cleaned up. Without the opposition of Bill Clinton, we will fix the broken Superfund law. We will direct resources to clean-up sites where there are real risks, and cooperate with citizens, States, and localities who want to help, rather than harassing them with unwarranted lawsuits.\nThe States have been leaders in returning contaminated sites to productive use under \"brownfields\" programs. These programs tailor clean-up standards appropriate for expected future use, thus enabling environmental cleanup and economic development. Accordingly, as an essential component of our comprehensive Superfund reform, we will remove disincentives in current Federal law in order to allow States to expand their innovative \"brownfields\" programs.\nInconsistent Federal policies have created a nightmare for our Nation's ports at a critical time of growth and change in international trade. We must protect the environment while recognizing the unique situation of each port. There must be a coordination of State, local, and Federal roles in encouraging our ports to expand to meet current and future needs.\nRepublicans trust Americans to honor their shared desire to live and raise their children in a clean and healthy environment. For all environmental problems, we propose a common sense approach based on flexibility and consensus, that builds a better future on free enterprise, local control, sound science, and technology development. This is our positive and proactive agenda:\nassure that the air and water are clean and safe for our children and future generations;\nassure that everyone has access to public outdoor recreation areas; and that historic and environmentally significant wilderness and wetlands areas will be protected without compromising our commitment to the rights of property owners;\nset reasonable standards for environmental improvement that incorporate flexibility, acknowledge geographic differences, and create incentives for development of new technologies;\nbase all government environmental decisions on the best peer-reviewed scientific evidence, while encouraging advancements in research;\nachieve progress, as much as possible, through incentives rather than compulsion, and improve compliance by letting States and localities play a greater role in setting and maintaining standards. Many States have enacted environmental education and \"voluntary self-audit\" laws to encourage people to find and correct pollution; the Congress should remove disincentives for States to achieve these goals; and\nassure private property owners of due process to protect their rights, and make environmental decisions in concert with those whose homes, businesses, and communities are directly affected.\nOur commitment to an improved environment is best embodied in the recently enacted amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act. This Republican initiative will guarantee all Americans a safe and clean source of drinking water and will grant local communities the flexibility to avoid unnecessary requirements.\nhe Clinton Democrats disagree with our principles. They have increased spending by creating new bureaucratic programs, creating new paperwork requirements, and funding pet projects of their special interest friends. However, the Clinton Administration has failed to reduce regulatory burdens on States, localities, and individuals. It has failed to create incentives for environmental improvements or use sound science and cooperation to achieve environmental goals. Today, they are planning to impose scientifically unsupported, massive new regulations on ozone and particulates. These rules will impose new requirements on cities, add unnecessary costs, and destroy jobs without adequate justification.\nRepublicans support the ongoing efforts of the States and communities to ensure reliable and safe water supplies. As the Federal government moves away from its past role as a grant giver and direct lender in the development of water-related infrastructure, we will encourage the establishment of public-private partnerships to build and finance our nation's water infrastructure.\nWe recognize the Great Lakes encompass one-fifth of the fresh water supply of the entire world and we oppose any diversion of Great Lakes water.\nRepublicans have always advocated conserving our animal and plant resources, but we recognize the current Endangered Species Act is seriously flawed and, indeed, is often counterproductive because of its reliance on Federal command-and-control measures. The adherence of Clinton Democrats to these discredited ESA provisions has devastated the environment they pretend to protect by virtually encouraging landowners to remove habitat for marginal species to avoid government seizure of their property. We will improve the ESA by implementing an incentive-based program in cooperation with State, local, and tribal governments and private individuals to recognize the critical relationship between a healthy environment and a healthy economy founded on private property rights and responsibilities.\nSecuring Property Rights\n\nRepublicans consider private property rights the cornerstone of environmental progress. That lesson has been confirmed in the tragic environmental record of Communist rule and of socialist regimes in the less developed world. By safeguarding those rights - by enforcing the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment and by providing compensation - we not only stand true to the Constitution but advance sound environmentalism as well. Republicans, led by Senator Dole, have spearheaded efforts in Congress to protect private property rights.\nImproving Public Lands\n\nThe nation's public lands - half the territory in the West - must be administered both for today's multiple uses and for tomorrow's generations. We support multiple use conducted in an environmentally and economically sustainable manner. We will preserve priority wilderness and wetlands - real wetlands of environmental significance, not the damp grounds of a bureaucrat's imagination.\nWe support a thorough review of the lands owned by the federal government with a goal of transferring lands that can best be managed by State, county, or municipal governments. This review should ensure that the federal government retains ownership to unique property worthy of national oversight. Properties transferred from federal control must recognize existing property and mineral rights, including water, mining claims, grazing permits, rights of access, hunting, fishing, and contracts.\nWe recognize the historic use of public lands for livestock production in compliance with legal requirements. Our renewable rangeland should continue to be available under conditions that ensure both expanded production of livestock and protection of the rangeland environment. We condemn the Clinton Administration's range war against this pillar of the western economy.\nWe recognize the need to keep our National Park System healthy and accessible to all. Our National Parks have a backlog of more than four billion dollars in maintenance and infrastructure repair projects. The nation's natural crown jewels are losing some of their luster, tarnished by neglect and indifference. Our park system needs to be rebuilt, restructured, and reinvigorated to ensure that all Americans can enjoy and be proud of their parks.\nWe stand for sustainable forestry to stabilize and provide continuity for our timber industry and to improve the health of the country's public forests. This requires active management practices, such as the responsible salvage harvesting of dead and diseased trees. The Democrats' hands-off approach has made our great forests vulnerable to ravaging fires, insects, and disease.\nThe Democrats' policies have devastated the economy of timber-dependent communities across the Pacific Northwest and in the Tongass National Forest, the Nation's largest and most productive, to please elite special interests. We join families and communities in rural America who rely on public forests for their livelihood in calling for the federal government to carefully evaluate the socioeconomic impacts of its actions and to live up to its commitments to provide an adequate timber supply to dependent communities through sustainable forest management.\nWe reaffirm the traditional deference by the federal government to the States in the allocation and appropriation of water. We deplore the Clinton Administration's disregard for State primacy through attempts to preempt State law with respect to water usage and watershed protection. We also recognize the need to protect adequate supplies of water for agriculture without unreasonable government mandates.\nWe support the original intent of the Mining Law of 1872: to provide the certainty and land tenure necessary for miners to risk tremendous capital investment on federal lands, thus preserving jobs - indeed, whole industries - and bolstering our domestic economy. We support appropriate changes to the law to ensure the taxpayer will receive a reasonable return for the value of extracted minerals. We oppose extremist attempts to shut down American mining in favor of our international competitors.\nPower for Progress\n\nOur goal is an energy supply available to all - competitively priced, secure, and clean - produced by healthy industries operating in an environmentally responsible manner using domestically available resources to the greatest extent practicable.\nNo one should take that for granted. Today's energy boom was hard won by Republican reforms in the 1980s, ending more than three decades of ruinous Federal meddling that drove up prices and drove down supplies. Now that progress is under attack from the same quarters that brought us energy crises, gas rationing, and dangerous dependence on unreliable supplies of foreign oil. That dependency is 50 percent today, and will be two-thirds in only a few short years.\nIt does not have to be this way. The Clinton Administration has learned nothing from the collapse of liberalism. It clings to outdated regulation that stifles production and drives up consumer prices. Clinton proposed a punishing BTU energy tax that would have penalized consumers and cost thousands of jobs. After Republicans derailed that bad idea, Bill Clinton championed - and congressional Democrats approved - a 4.7-cent per gallon gas tax hike, not to improve roads and bridges, but for general spending.\nNow the Clinton Administration demands lighter cars and family trucks to meet its Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) goals, at the cost of thousands of lives lost every year in auto accidents - not to mention the cost in jobs lost to foreign auto makers.\nNowhere has the failure of presidential leadership been more apparent than in Clinton's position on finding a reasonable long-term solution to our Nation's nuclear waste disposal problem. We support the federal government's obligation under contract to take possession of nuclear waste and remove it from temporary storage in over 30 states across the country. At the same time, we believe that the siting and licensing of both permanent and interim storage facilities should be based on sound science and not solely upon political expediency.\nThe Clinton approach hobbles the nation's progress. Our program of energy renewal, on the other hand, is an essential component of broader opportunity for all. We must finish the job of preparing America's energy capacity to meet the challenges of the 21st Century.\nToday, Republican Governors and the States are leading the way to true and meaningful electric utility industry deregulation and competition and lower rates for all consumers. Restructuring the electric utility industry presents both great opportunities and challenges for our Nation. We support greater competition as we move toward a market-based approach, with true and meaningful deregulation, after an appropriate and fair transition period that allows for competitive retail markets while ensuring reliability of service in a cost-effective manner for all consumers.\nWe support elimination of the Department of Energy to emphasize the need for greater privatization and to reduce the size of the federal government. The Department of Energy's defense concerns should be transferred to an independent agency under the Defense Department. Other necessary programs should be farmed out to other departments and offices.\nWe support environmentally responsible energy extraction from public and private lands. We will not tolerate poor reclamation or pollution from mining or drilling. We advocate environmentally sound oil production in the largest known onshore or offshore petroleum reserve in the Nation - the small coastal plain portion of the 19-million acre Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Oil produced there, traveling through an existing pipeline, will bring billions of dollars in revenues to reduce the federal budget deficit. On the other hand, without ANWR coastal plain development, we will lose hundreds of thousands of potential jobs and untold billions of American dollars will be paid to foreign governments for the oil not produced from our home reserves.\nWe continue to support and encourage the development of our domestic natural gas industry. Natural gas is a clean, abundant, and domestically available resource, which can be provided, transported, and consumed in an environmentally responsible manner.\nWe will delegate management and collection of federal oil and gas royalties to the States, thereby increasing receipts both to the States and to the federal Treasury. This action will reduce bureaucratic involvement and administrative costs to the federal government. We urge the federal government to expedite and streamline the exploration, leasing, and permitting process for the domestic oil and gas industry.\nThe coal industry now supplies more than half of all electric generation and is vital for our entire economy. We encourage research for cleaner coal combustion technologies and will require that objective, peer-reviewed science be the basis for environmental decisions that increase costs for electric rate payers.\nBecause no single source of energy can reliably supply the needs of the American people, we believe in fostering alternative and renewable energy sources to assist in reducing dependence on unreliable foreign oil supplies. We anticipate the continuing development of energy from coal, oil, natural gas, agricultural products such as ethanol and biodiesel, nuclear, and hydro sources and where economically competitive, from wind, solar, and geothermal power.\nThe United States should continue its commitment to addressing global climate change in a prudent and effective manner that does not punish the U.S. economy. Despite scientific uncertainty about the role of human activity in climate change, the Clinton Administration has leapfrogged over reasoned scientific inquiry and now favors misdirected measures, such as binding targets and timetables, imposed only on the United States and certain other developed countries, to further reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Republicans deplore the arbitrary and premature abandonment of the previous policy of voluntary reductions of greenhouse gas emissions. We further deplore ceding U.S. sovereignty on environmental issues to international bureaucrats and our foreign economic competitors.\nEnergy policy and transportation policy go hand in hand. To prepare the National Highway System and the National Aviation System for the 21st Century, we will maintain the integrity of the Federal transportation trust funds and respect the call by Republican governors to ensure those funds are returned to the States with a minimum of federal red tape. Trusting the people, congressional Republicans passed the National Highway System Designation Act of 1995, returning to the States decisions about highway safety. We support reasonable speed limits, reflecting local needs and geography, and prudent personal safety measures, but we oppose Washington's one-size-fits-all approach to the mobility of the American people.\nAgriculture in the 21st Century\n\nThe moral strength abundant on America's farms and rural communities has been the foundation and source of strength for our Nation since its earliest days. America's settlers built their farming communities on values like faith, hard work, dedication, and self-sacrifice.\nRepublicans see a very bright future for agriculture and rural America. Our program to strengthen rural America will benefit every sector of the economy and every part of the Nation. First and foremost, we will reduce the tax burden - both the estate tax and the capital gains levy - on those who produce America's food and fiber. This is essential to preserve production agriculture. Just like urban small businesses, rural producers need full deductibility of health insurance premiums and an overall tax structure that is simpler and fairer.\nDeficit spending by government is death by strangulation for agriculture. Our farms are major users of capital, with over $150 billion in current borrowing. Interest payments are one of their heaviest burdens. The Republican balanced budget of last year, vetoed by Bill Clinton, would have saved farmers more than $15 billion in interest costs by the year 2002. We stand with the American farmer in demanding an end to the spending excesses in official Washington.\nThe elections of 1994 were a resounding victory for American agriculture. The first Republican majorities in both the House and Senate in 40 years won an historic breakthrough with the \"Freedom to Farm\" act. For the first time in six decades, Federal policy will allow individual farmers to grow what makes sense on their own land, not what a bureaucrat wants grown there. \"Freedom to Farm\" will permit them to respond to world trade opportunities for value-added exports that bring new jobs and broader prosperity to rural America.\nMoreover, the Republican \"Freedom to Farm\" act is the most pro-environment farm bill ever. By liberating high-tech, high-yield U.S. agriculture to pursue ever greater levels of efficiency, it will enable growers to produce more from less land, saving wildlife habitat and fragile soils from the plow. The new law allows farmers to rotate crops, thereby reducing use of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizer. It continues the Conservation and Wetland Reserve Programs and creates a new Environmental Quality Incentive Program to help farmers do what they do best - conserve the land and pass it on, enriched and enhanced, to future generations.\nWhile promising to modernize farm programs, the Clinton Administration instead advanced failed \"New Deal\" policies. Throughout the ensuing debate, they fought every effort by Congress to get the hand of government out of agriculture. Finally, having agreed to \"Freedom to Farm,\" Bill Clinton is threatening to repeal this historic legislation, undercutting long-term planning by farmers across the country.\nIn contrast, \"Freedom to Farm\" ends the command-and-control policies that have choked the entrepreneurial spirit of rural America. \"Freedom to Farm\" permits experimentation with new crops and new markets, just in time to meet an explosion in worldwide demand for food, fiber, fuels and industrial products. We reaffirm our historical and continuing support for the expanded use of biodiesel and ethanol to improve the rural economy and reduce our dependence on imported oil.\nExperts predict the need for U.S. producers to triple their output over the next 40 years. \"Freedom to Farm\" positions them to meet the challenge of feeding a hungry and troubled world.\nWhile \"Freedom to Farm\" greatly reduced USDA paperwork imposed on farmers, much remains to be done to reduce the regulations that add about $6,000 per farm per year to the cost of farming. Our extensive program of regulatory reform is explained elsewhere in this platform.\nRepublicans worked hard for and applaud the repeal of the Delaney Clause and the reform of food safety laws. These changes allow a responsible approach toward crop production and ensure the quality of the Nation's food supply, with special protections for our children.\nWe reaffirm the Republican Party's historic commitment to agricultural progress through research and education, starting with the system of land grant colleges established in 1862. For the new century, as in the days of Lincoln, farming must look ahead to innovation and constant improvement, especially biotechnology and precision farming techniques.\nRestoring American World Leadership\n\nDefending America Against Missle Attack\nRebuilding America's Strength\nProtecting American Interest\nInternational Terrorism\nAfrica\nAsia\nThe Middle East\nWestern Hemisphere\nSecurity and Foreign Assistance\nProtecting America's Technological Edge\nThe Men and Women of Defense\nIntelligence\nSpace\nThe Goal is Freedom\n\"It's time to restore American leadership throughout the world. Our future security depends on American leadership that is respected, American leadership that is trusted, and when necessary, American leadership that is feared.\" Bob Dole\nWe are the party of peace through strength. Republicans put the interests of our country over those of other nations - and of the United Nations. We believe the safety and prosperity of the American home and workplace depend upon ensuring our national security in a dangerous world. This principle was proven in our long struggle against Communism, and - as recent events have tragically shown - it is still true today. The gains we made for democracy around the world under two Republican presidents are now imperiled by a rudderless foreign policy. We vigorously support restoring the promotion of democracy worldwide as a cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy. Democracy is the best guarantor of peace and will ensure greater respect for fundamental human rights and the rule of law.\nThe international situation - and our country's security against the purveyors of evil - has worsened over the last three and a half years. Today, Russia's democratic future is more uncertain than at any time since the hammer and sickle was torn from the Kremlin towers. With impunity, Fidel Castro has shot American citizens out of the skies over international waters. North Korea has won unprecedented concessions regarding its nuclear capability from the Clinton Administration. Much of Africa has dissolved in tragedy - Somalia, Rwanda, Burundi, Liberia. The Clinton Administration objected to lifting the arms embargo on Bosnia while it facilitated the flow of Iranian weapons to that country. Bill Clinton made tough campaign pledges on China but subsequently failed in his attempt to bluff the Chinese government - diminishing American prestige while not addressing the serious issues of human rights, regional stability, and nuclear proliferation. Bill Clinton's weakness, indecision, and double-talk, have undermined America's role as leader of the free world.\nIn 1996, the nation's choice is clear: either we return responsible leadership to the White House , or Bill Clinton's lack of international purpose results in catastrophe. We must keep our country strong and sovereign, and assert the interests and values of the United States in the international arena.\nThe Atlantic Alliance and Europe\n\n\"Let us begin by reaffirming that Europe's security is indispensable to the security of the United States, and that American leadership is absolutely indispensable to the security of Europe.\" - Bob Dole, June 25, 1996\nThe Atlantic Alliance: Our relations with the nations of Europe must continue to be based on the NATO alliance, which remains the worlds' strongest bulwark of freedom and international stability. Our policy will strive to consolidate our Cold War victory in Europe and to build a firm foundation for a new century of peace. In the same spirit that Ronald Reagan called for the integration of Spain into the NATO alliance, we call for the immediate expansion of the framework for peace to include those countries of Central Europe which demonstrate the strongest commitment to the democratic ideals NATO was created to protect.\nWith the people of Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary we have special bonds. These nations - and others - are rightfully part of the future of Europe. As Bob Dole said, \"It is an outrage that the patriots who threw off the chains of Soviet bondage have been told by Bill Clinton that they must wait to join the NATO alliance.\" We strongly endorse Bob Dole's call for Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary to enter NATO by 1998.\nBosnia: We support America's men and women in uniform who are serving in Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, we did not support the ill-conceived and inconsistent policies that led to their deployment. In 1992, candidate Bill Clinton pledged to lift the arms embargo on Bosnia, but once in office he ignored his promises. For three years, Bill Clinton upheld the illegal and unjust arms embargo on Bosnia and allowed genocidal aggression to go virtually unchallenged, while Bob Dole successfully led the effort in the Congress to lift the U.S. arms embargo. Once again, Bill Clinton subordinated American national interests to the United Nations in vetoing bipartisan legislation that would have lifted the U.S. arms embargo and rendered the deployment of American forces unnecessary. At the same time Bill Clinton was opposing congressional efforts to lift the arms embargo, he made a secret decision to allow the terrorist Iranian regime to supply arms to Bosnia. This duplicitous policy has endangered U.S. and Allied forces and given Iran a foothold in Europe.\nWe look forward to a timely withdrawal of U.S. forces from Bosnia and recognize that providing the Bosnian Federation with adequate weapons and training is the only realistic exit strategy. We support the democratic process in Bosnia and, when conditions exist, the conduct of free and fair elections. We support bringing indicted war criminals to justice. We encourage the peoples of the region - and in particular those of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia and Montenegro - to play a constructive role in fostering peace and stability there. We note with concern that repression and human rights abuses are escalating in Kosova and support the appointment of a U.S. special envoy to help resolve the situation there.\nRussia: We salute the people of Russia in their quest for democracy and a free market economy. During this crucial period, the Clinton Administration has pursued an accommodationist and misguided policy toward Moscow. Bill Clinton's comparison of Russia's extreme brutality in Chechnya to the American Civil War is offensive. The Clinton Administration's passivity in the face of Russia's intimidation and economic blackmail against countries of the former Soviet Union has encouraged the rise of extreme nationalist and undemocratic forces. Its willingness to accept Russian changes to already agreed-to arms control treaties has undermined security. Its complacency over Russia's sale of nuclear technology to Iran and Cuba has contributed to the threat of nuclear proliferation.\nOur foreign policy toward Russia should put American interests first and consolidate our Cold War victory in Europe. We have a national interest in a security relationship with a democratic Russia. Specifically, we will encourage Russia to respect the sovereignty and independence of its neighbors; support a special security arrangement between Russia and NATO - but not Moscow's veto over NATO enlargement; support Russian entry to the G-7 after its reforms have been achieved; and link U.S. assistance to Russian adherence to international treaty obligations.\nNewly Independent States: We reaffirm our party's historic commitment to the independence of all former Captive Nations still recovering from the long night of Soviet Communism, especially Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Armenia, and Ukraine. We endorse Republican legislation to establish in Washington, D. C., funded by private contributions, an international memorial to the one hundred million victims of Communism.\nIreland: We support efforts to establish peace with justice in Northern Ireland through a peace process inclusive of all parties who reject violence. During this difficult period in Irish history, we encourage private U. S. investment in the North, fully consistent with the MacBride principles for fair employment, in order to address the systemic discriminatory practices that still exist, especially against Catholics, in the workplace and elsewhere. We call on all parties to renounce terrorism in the Northern Ireland conflict.\nCyprus: We encourage a peaceful settlement for Cyprus and respect by all parties for the wishes of the Cypriot people. Concerned about continuing tension in the Aegean Sea, we will maintain close ties to both Greece and Turkey and urge all parties to refrain from precipitous actions and assertions contrary to legally established territorial arrangements.\nDefending America Against Missile Attack\n\nWe face two scandalous situations. First, most Americans do not realize our country has no defense against long-range missile attack. Second, the current occupant of the Oval Office refuses to tell them of that danger. So we will.\nThis is the frightening truth: The United States provided the technology to Israel to protect it from Iraqi missile attacks during the Persian Gulf War, but President Clinton refuses to provide the technology - technology that is readily available - to the American people to protect our country from the growing threat posed by long-range ballistic missiles. The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) of the last two Republican administrations has been dismantled by Bill Clinton, who - contrary to the national security interests of the United States - clings to the obsolete Cold War ABM Treaty. Clinton slashed the funding budgeted by past presidents for missile defense and even violates the law by slowing down critical theater missile defenses. He has pursued negotiations to actually expand the outdated ABM Treaty, further tying America's hands, and hobbling our self-defense. He now seeks new limitations that will hinder the United States from developing and deploying even theater ballistic missile defenses to protect our troops abroad.\nIn a peaceful world, such limitations would be imprudent. In today's world, they are immoral. The danger of a missile attack with nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons is the most serious threat to our national security. Communist China has mocked our vulnerability by threatening to attack Los Angeles if we stand by our historic commitment to the Republic of China on Taiwan. We are vulnerable to blackmail - nuclear or otherwise - from a host of terrorist states that are now trying to acquire the instruments of doom. In the face of those dangers, Bill Clinton has ignored his responsibilities. In the most egregious instance, he directed that a National Intelligence Estimate focus only on the missile threat to the continental United States, deliberately ignoring the near-term menace posed to Alaska and Hawaii by long-range missiles now being developed or otherwise acquired by the Communists who rule North Korea.\nAmerica will be increasingly threatened by long-range ballistic missiles in the near future, but there also exists today a more immediate threat from the proliferation of shorter-range, or \"theater\" missiles. Bill Clinton says that theater missile defense (TMD) is a top priority of his administration, yet refuses to provide adequate funding for our most promising and effective TMD programs. For example, not only has he recently cut funding by 40% for the Theater High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) program, but he has also failed to request sufficient funds to develop and deploy the Navy Upper Tier system. Republicans will fully fund and deploy these and other TMD systems to protect American troops and vital interests abroad.\nThe Republican Party is committed to the protection of all Americans - including our two million citizens in Alaska and Hawaii - against missile attack. We are determined to deploy land-based and sea-based theater missile defenses as soon as possible, and a national system thereafter. We will not permit the mistakes of past diplomacy, based on the immoral concept of Mutual Assured Destruction, to imperil the safety of our nation, our Armed Forces abroad, and our allies. Arms control will be a means to enhance American national security, not an end in itself. We therefore endorse the Defend America Act of 1996, introduced by Senator Bob Dole which calls for a national missile defense system for all fifty States by the year 2003.\nTo cope with the threat of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, the United States will have to deter the threat or use of weapons of mass destruction by rogue states. This in turn will require the continuing maintenance and development of nuclear weapons and their periodic testing. The Clinton Administration's proposed Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) is inconsistent with American security interests.\nRebuilding America's Strength\n\nRepublicans are committed to ensuring the status of the United States as the world's preeminent military power. We must reverse the decline in what our nation spends for defense. In just three and a half years, an amateur approach to military matters and dramatic reductions in defense spending under the Clinton Administration have had a serious negative impact on the readiness and capabilities of our armed forces. In 1994, three of the Army's primary combat divisions reported unacceptably low levels of readiness, and all forward-deployed Army divisions reported below par readiness ratings. Not since the \"Hollow Army\" days of Jimmy Carter have Army readiness levels been so low. Funding shortfalls and shortages of spare parts and munitions are limiting training opportunities and thus the combat readiness of our forces. At the same time, Bill Clinton's peacekeeping operations and other global ventures have increased the operational demands on the limited forces available, extended the duration of their deployments, and put immense strains on service members and their families - without any discernible benefit to U.S. national security.\nRepublicans faced a similar situation with a deteriorating military in 1981, but then two Republican presidents turned things around and restored America's world leadership. We must do it again, and quickly. The All-Volunteer force is composed of the finest military personnel in the world today. These outstanding men and women deserve a civilian leadership committed to providing them with the resources, technology, and equipment they need to safely and successfully perform their missions. They deserve nothing but the best from the people they protect.\nWe recognize that today's military research and development, as well as procurement, is tomorrow's readiness. We are committed to readiness not just today, but also tomorrow. Bill Clinton has decimated our research and development effort, and slashed procurement for our armed forces. Not since 1950 have we spent so little on new weapons for our military. Fortunately, the Republican Congress has restored some of the funding Bill Clinton sought to cut for research and development and for procurement. Only a Commander-in-Chief who fully understands and respects the military can rebuild America's defense capabilities.\nThe Clinton Administration's own inadequate defense \"strategy\" has been underfunded. The mismatch between strategy, forces, and resources poses an enormous potential risk to America's military personnel and vital interests. This mismatch must be resolved now, before regional crises erupt and find our nation unprepared. A Republican president will immediately conduct a thorough review that will require resources and programs to be redirected according to goals set by the President instead by the bureaucracy.\nMoney alone is not the answer. It must be spent the right way, with long-term efficiencies in mind. We call for reductions in the overhead and infrastructure of the Defense Department and successful demonstrations of weapons and equipment prior to full scale purchases. Budgetary decisions must be made with an eye to preserving the nation's defense industrial base, accelerating procurement of key military and dual-use technologies, incorporating emerging technologies into military operations, and maintaining an adequate, safe and reliable capability in nuclear weapons.\nOnly a Republican president and a Republican Congress can fulfill these duties.\nProtecting American Interests\n\nWe scorn the Clintonite view that soon \"nationhood as we know it will be obsolete; all states will recognize a single global authority.\" This is nonsense, but it explains why the Democrat Administration has lurched from one foreign policy fiasco to the next - and why Bill Clinton vetoed the first legislative restructuring of America's diplomatic institutions in a half century. A Republican president will reform the Department of State to ensure that America's interests always come first.\nRepublicans will not subordinate United States sovereignty to any international authority. We oppose the commitment of American troops to U.N. \"peacekeeping\" operations under foreign commanders and will never compel American servicemen to wear foreign uniforms or insignia. We will insist on an end to waste, mismanagement, and fraud at the United Nations. We will ensure American interests are pursued and defended at the United Nations, will not tolerate any international taxation by the organization, nor will we permit any international court to seize, try, or punish American citizens. Before his departure from the Senate, Bob Dole introduced legislation prohibiting U.S. payments to the United Nations and any of its agencies if they attempt to implement global taxes. We support the passage of the Prohibition on United Nations Taxation Act of 1996 to preserve America's sovereignty and the American taxpayer's right to taxation with representation.\nA Republican president will withdraw from Senate consideration any pending international conventions or treaties that erode the constitutional foundations of our Republic and will neither negotiate nor submit such agreements in the future. We will ensure that our future relations with international organizations not infringe upon either the sovereignty of the United States or the earnings of the American taxpayer.\nAmerican citizens must retain ownership of their private property, and must maintain full control of our national and state parks, without international interference.\nInternational Terrorism\n\nTerrorist states have made a comeback during Bill Clinton's Administration. He has treated their rulers with undue respect and failed to curb their acquisition of weapons of mass destruction. Although congressional Republicans passed anti-terrorism legislation earlier this year, the Clinton Administration has not implemented many key provisions of the law. It has not been used to freeze terrorists' assets, deny terrorists' visas, cut off foreign aid to supporters of terrorist states, or halt terrorist fundraising in the United States. The Clinton Administration has not implemented the anti-terrorist research program established and funded by Congress in the 1990 Aviation Security Act.\nA Republican president will forcefully lead the world community to isolate and punish state sponsors of terrorism. It is vital to our security that we actively work to reverse the threat posed by these regimes - through imposition and enforcement of sanctions, banning investment, and leading our allies in effective policies. The governments of North Korea, Iran, Syria, Iraq, Libya, Sudan, and Cuba must know that America's first line of defense is not our shoreline, but their own borders. We will be proactive, not reactive, to strike the hand of terrorism before it can be raised against Americans.\nWe denounce terrorist attacks made on American citizens at home or abroad. We must take all legitimate steps to swiftly apprehend and severely punish persons committing terrorists acts. However, we must also denounce any attempts to deprive law-abiding citizens of their God-given, constitutionally-protected rights while fighting terrorism. To take away the liberty of the American people while fighting terrorism is repugnant to the history and character of our nation. We firmly oppose any legislation that would infringe upon the rights of American citizens to freedom of religion, speech, press, and assembly; the right to keep and bear arms; and the right to judicial due process.\nAfrica\n\nWe support those U. S. aid programs to Africa which have proven records of success, especially the Child Survival Program of vitamins, immunizations, sanitation, and oral rehydration. We hail the social and economic progress of those nations which have used the free market to liberate the talent and striving of their people. They deserve our attention, but our outreach must be on a case-by-case basis. Our hope for the future of South Africa, for example, stands in contrast with the military rule now imposed on Nigeria, the continent's most populous country.\nThe Republican Party's commitment to freedom and human rights in Africa is as old as the establishment of the Republic of Liberia. Today, the tragic fate of that small nation symbolizes the larger tragedy that has befallen much of the continent. The Clinton Administration's dismal performance in Somalia, resulting in needless American deaths, set the stage for international passivity in the face of genocide in Rwanda and Burundi. The Clinton Administration has even failed to rally the world against the slave trade sponsored by the government of the Sudan, whose persecution of Sudanese Christians and others is nothing short of genocide. A Republican president will not tolerate this unconscionable treatment of children and women.\nAsia\n\nBill Clinton's foreign policy failures loom large in Asia. Four years ago, most of that continent was rushing toward democratic reform. Today it threatens to slip backwards into conflict and repression. A Republican Administration will keep the mutual security treaties with Japan and with the Republic of Korea as the foundation of our role in the region. We will halt Bill Clinton's efforts to appease North Korea by rewarding treaty-breaking with American taxpayer-financed oil and nuclear reactors. We will make further improvement of relations with Vietnam and North Korea contingent upon their cooperation in achieving a full and complete accounting of our POW's and MIA's from those Asian conflicts.\nThe Middle East\n\nPeace through strength continues to be central in the Middle East. Saddam Hussein reminded us just five years ago of the potential for aggression by radical states in this region. Republicans understand the importance of maintaining a robust U.S. military capability in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Persian Gulf, cooperating with our allies to ensure regional stability. Republicans also understand the need to be willing to use force to deter aggression and, where deterrence fails, to defeat it. That is why Republicans were the bedrock of support for the congressional vote to authorize the use of force against Iraq's aggression in 1991, while most Democrats voted against Operation Desert Storm.\nThe Middle East remains a region vital to American security. Our enduring goals there are to promote freedom and stability, secure access to oil resources, and maintain the security of Israel, our one democratic ally in the region with whom we share moral bonds and common strategic interests. Most of the world's oil exports flow from the Middle East, and thus its strategic significance remains. But it is still the most volatile region in the world. Islamic radicalism, increasing terrorism, and rogue states like Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Libya threaten regional and international stability.\nIn this environment, Israel's demonstrated strategic importance to the U.S. as our most reliable and capable ally in this part of the world is more critical than ever. That is why Israel's security is central to U.S. interests in the region. That is why Republican Administrations initiated efforts with Israel to pre-position military equipment, to conduct joint contingency planning and joint military exercises. That is why we advocate continuing cooperation on the Arrow Missile, boost phase intercept, and the Nautilus programs. That is why we look toward the greater integration of Israel into our regional defense planning and wish to explore ways to enhance our strategic cooperation. That is why we have continued to support full funding for aid to Israel despite cuts in the foreign assistance budget, and why we applaud the country's commitment toward economic self-sufficiency.\nWe reaffirm that Republican commitment to maintain Israel's qualitative military advantage over any adversary or group of adversaries. While we fully support Israel's efforts to find peace and security with its neighbors, we will judge the peace process by the security it generates both for Israel and for the United States. In that context, we support Israel's right to make its own decisions regarding security and boundaries. We strongly oppose the Clinton Administration's attempts to interfere in Israel's democratic process.\nWe applaud the Republican Congress for enacting legislation to recognize Jerusalem as the undivided capital of Israel. A Republican administration will ensure that the U.S. Embassy is moved to Jerusalem by May 1999.\nWe honor the memory of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, and express our support for the new government of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. We applaud those leaders in the Arab world, President Mubarak and King Hussein, who have spoken courageously and acted boldly for the cause of peace. We endorse continued assistance and support for countries which have made peace with Israel - led by Egypt and later joined by Jordan. Republican leadership will support others who follow their example, while isolating terrorist states until they are fit to rejoin the community of nations.\nWestern Hemisphere\n\nThe U.S. commitment to democratic institutions and market economies in the Western Hemisphere has paralleled our enduring interest in the security of the region, as laid out in the Monroe Doctrine. The success of Republican national security policies in the 1980s halted Soviet imperialism and promoted the process of economic and political reform in Latin America - defeating totalitarianism of the right and of the left. During the last decade and a half, Latin American countries have made enormous progress developing democratic institutions. We applaud their progress and offer our assistance to further expand and deepen democratic conditions in the region.\nHemispheric progress toward free and democratic societies has stalled during the Clinton Administration. A government bought and paid for by drug traffickers holds power in Colombia. Mexico - with whom we share hundreds of miles of border - is increasingly tainted by narcotics-related corruption at all levels of society. Similarly, there are signs of backsliding on democracy in Latin America, most notably in Paraguay, where a coup was narrowly averted earlier this year.\nWe call for a new partnership among the democratic nations of the Western Hemisphere to protect our hard-won victories against dictatorial government. This new partnership must address the most recent and dangerous threat to the hemisphere - narcotics traffickers and their trade. The emergence of the Western Hemisphere as an area - apart from Cuba - which shares our ideals of economic and political liberty must also mean close cooperation with the United States on a range of security issues. The Clinton Administration's policy of denying most Latin American nations the opportunity to replace their obsolescent military equipment, raise the professional competence of their armed forces, and cooperate fully with the United States in joint military training and exercises will be reversed by a Republican Administration.\nWe cherish our special relationship with the people of Mexico and Canada. In a spirit of mutual respect, we believe the forthright discussion of economic and social issues that may divide us is in the best interest of all three nations.\nBill Clinton's outreach to Castro has only delayed the emergence of \"Cuba Libre,\" extending the duration of Communist tyranny. The Republican Party has not wavered and will not waver in its goal of a democratic Cuba. We affirm our policy of isolating the Castro regime, including full implementation of the Helms-Burton Act to penalize foreign firms which do business there.\nBill Clinton's awkward and misguided intervention in Haiti has cost American taxpayers some $3 billion and risked the lives of American military personnel for a less than vital interest. We reject Clinton administration claims of \"success\" in its military intervention in Haiti. Human rights abuses by government forces go unpunished, promised economic reforms have not been made, and the democratic process is deeply flawed.\nSecurity and Foreign Assistance\n\nAmerica is and must remain the leader of the world. We did not win the Cold War without allies and friends, and we hope to face future challenges with them. Our country should not bear world burdens alone. Providing friendly nations with access to U.S. defense equipment can protect American security interests abroad and reduce the likelihood that American forces will have to be directly engaged in military conflict. The Clinton Administration has been blind to that wisdom.\nWe have seen the result in Bosnia, where American ground forces have been deployed because the Clinton Administration denied Bosnia the opportunity to acquire defense equipment in the United States.\nThe Clinton administration has diverted aid from our friends to support U.N. operations and social welfare spending in the Third World. Congressional Republicans have done all they could to resist this folly. Only a Republican president can put an end to it.\nThe Clinton administration's failure to couple American interests abroad with foreign aid has produced wasteful spending and has presented an impediment to achieving a balanced budget. A Republican administration will ensure foreign aid is cost-effective and based on its important role in directly promoting American national interests.\nProtecting America's Technological Edge\n\nAmerican scientific and industrial leadership is one of the critical factors sustaining American security. Our technological edge is at risk not only because of the Clinton Administration's refusal to sustain an adequate investment in defense modernization, but also its virtual abandonment of national security-related export controls. Acquisition of technology by aspiring proliferators of weapons of mass destruction has been irresponsibly facilitated. A Republican Administration will protect the American technological edge. It will do so by expanding investment in defense modernization, ensuring that the Defense Department has a key role in approving exports of militarily critical technology, and restoring the effectiveness of export control regimes.\nThe Men and Women of Defense\n\nAs Commander-in-Chief, Bill Clinton has been out of touch with the needs of the troops under his command. Bob Dole has served in the military and will protect military families against inflation, restore appropriate funding levels for billets and family housing, and ensure an environment where promotions and awards are made on the basis of military merit. A Republican president who has been on active duty will not casually disrupt military family life by sending troops on non-military missions around the world.\nWe have a solemn obligation to those who fight for America. Our military personnel should not be denied a cost of living increase, as Bill Clinton proposed in his first year in office. A Republican president will ensure a high priority for the quality of life of our military personnel and their families.\nWe will maintain the All-Volunteer force and will resist attempts to bring back the draft, whether directly or through Democrat schemes for compulsory national service. We will maintain our Armed Forces as a meritocracy, a model for the rest of our society, without special preferences or double standards for any group.\nWe salute the men and women of the National Guard and Reserve, citizen soldiers who have been - and must continue to be - a tradition in America. They perform important military functions as an integral part of our warfighting capability, and provide a critical link between our national security efforts and every community in the country. Our National Guard and Reserve forces must not be treated as an afterthought.\nWe oppose Bill Clinton's assault on the culture and traditions of the Armed Forces, especially his attempt to lift the ban on homosexuals in the military. We affirm that homosexuality is incompatible with military service.\nWe support the advancement of women in the military. We reaffirm our support for the exemption of women from ground combat units and are concerned about the current policy of involuntarily assigning women to combat or near-combat units. A Republican president will continue to reevaluate and revise, as necessary, current policies in light of evidence with regard to the effect on military morale, discipline, and overall readiness. We will not tolerate sexual harassment or misconduct toward anyone in the uniform, but we oppose politically motivated witch-hunts that smear the innocent and destroy honorable careers. To promote the dignity of all members of the Armed Forces and their families, we endorse the efforts of congressional Republicans to halt the sale, in military facilities, of pornographic materials.\nWe deplore Bill Clinton's shameless attempt to use protections afforded active duty military personnel under the Soldiers' and Sailors' Civil Relief Act of 1940 to protect himself from a sexual harassment lawsuit. We will amend the Soldiers' and Sailors' Civil Relief Act of 1940 to make clear that its protection against civil suits while on active duty does not extend to the occupant of the Oval Office.\nThe Republican Party has always been the advocate of the nation's veterans and remains unequivocally committed to the faithful fulfillment of America's obligations to them. We have no greater duty than providing for the courageous men and women who have risked their lives in defense of our country, a major reason why we defeated Bill Clinton's plan to replace veterans' health care with socialized medicine. We will continue to meet the nation's promises to those who make the military their career. That is why Republicans proposed and created a separate Department of Veterans Affairs, support veterans' preference in federal employment education and retraining programs, and pledge sufficient funding for veterans' hospitals, medical care, and employment programs.\nIntelligence\n\nThe intelligence community should be our first line of defense against terrorism, drug trafficking, nuclear proliferation, and foreign espionage. Bill Clinton's neglect of our country's intelligence service is one of his most serious sins of omission. He has underfunded, misutilized, and marginalized critical intelligence missions and capabilities. No wonder his first appointee as Director of Central Intelligence has endorsed Bob Dole. The nation's security - and the personal safety of our citizens - cannot be placed at risk.\nEffective intelligence can be expensive. But what it costs is measured in dollars rather than lives - an important lesson of the Gulf War. A Republican Administration will reverse the decline in funding for intelligence personnel and operations while better managing the development of futuristic capabilities. We will not constrain U.S. intelligence personnel with \"politically correct\" standards that impede their ability to collect and act on intelligence information. We will conduct whatever intelligence operations are necessary to safeguard American lives against the terrorists who bomb our airplanes and buildings.\nSpace\n\nThe Republican Party led America into space and remains committed to its exploration and mastery. We consider space travel and space science a national priority with virtually unlimited benefits, in areas ranging from medicine to micro-machinery, for those on earth. Development of space will give us a growing economic resource and a source of new scientific discoveries. We look toward our country's return to the moon and to completion of the International Space Station, not just as a unique orbiting laboratory but also a framework for world cooperation in pursuit of expanding human knowledge.\nThose and other ventures require leadership now lacking at the White House. The Democrat Party approaches space issues with a confined vision and misplaced appropriations, encouraging inefficient investments and pork barrel spending. Bill Clinton gives lip service to our space program but denies it crucial resources. A Republican president and a Republican Congress will work together to make space an American frontier again. We will develop the Reusable Launch Vehicle, promote markets for commercial space launch services, and push technology to its creative limits. Commercial space development holds the key to expanding our aerospace industry and strengthening our technology base, but it can be promoted only by removing unnecessary and artificial regulatory, legal, and tax barriers.\nSpace exploration and exploitation are a matter of national security. Our Armed Forces already rely on space assets to support their operations on earth, and space technology will rapidly become more critical to successful military operations. Space is the ocean of tomorrow, and we cannot allow its domination by another power. We must ensure that America can work and prosper there, securely and without outside influence. A new Republican team will secure the high frontier for peace on earth and for unlimited human opportunity.\nThe Goal is Freedom\n\nAmerica stands on the brink of a new century. After victory in the \"long twilight struggle\" against Soviet Communism, Americans can feel justifiably proud of the role they played in defeating history's most corrupt and predatory empire. The end of the Cold War has not spelled the end of history, but it has instead unleashed forces contained for nearly fifty years of superpower confrontation. Today America faces new challenges and new threats to our vital interests which can only be protected by our continued engagement in the world. Our nation must resist the temptation to turn inward and neglect the exercise of American leadership and our proper role in the world. Will the 21st Century confer new opportunities and new benefits on America, or will it prove to be an era of weakness and decline? This will depend on whether we have a strong, decisive leader like Bob Dole who will protect Americans at home and abroad and vigorously pursue the nation's interests around the globe.\nThe U.S. Constitution, the finest document for human governance ever devised, establishes the mission of providing for the common defense as a chief purpose of the federal government, in order to secure the blessings of liberty for ourselves and our posterity. The president's primary constitutional duty and most sacred responsibility is the role of Commander-in-Chief. Above all else, he must be able to ensure that the American people and our interests are defended. That requires strong, combat ready military forces and a sound foreign policy. If the President fails in this office, then America's freedom, independence, and prosperity will be jeopardized, and all other issues - domestic and economic - become moot.\nThe bravery, skill, and sacrifice of America's fighting forces; the dedication, industry, and ingenuity of the American people; the superiority of U.S. technology; and the abundance of America's wealth and resources are sufficient to overcome any foreign threat or challenge. But these gifts are cause for gratitude and humility, not complacency. And these national treasures can be used to safeguard the nation effectively in a time of volatile change only if genuine leadership, wisdom, discernment, courage, and honor are present in the Commander-in-Chief and in the officials he or she appoints to critical national security posts. With such a president at the helm, America will know a new birth of freedom, security, and prosperity. And this nation, and the benefits it has bestowed upon mankind throughout our history, shall not perish from the earth.\nConclusion\n\nAs we begin a new era and a new millennium, we deem it essential to reaffirm the truths of the Declaration of Independence:\nThat all men are created equal;\nThat they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness;\nThat government derives its just powers only from the consent of the governed.\nWe close this platform with the wisdom of our forefathers who had the courage to set their names to the Declaration of Independence as they too began a new era. Like them, we appeal to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions. With a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we pledge to each other and to the American people an unfaltering commitment to restore to America a deep respect for the values of human freedom.", "Words" -> 27540, "WordCounts" -> <|"the" -> 1578, "and" -> 1149, "of" -> 984, "to" -> 906, "in" -> 489, "a" -> 401, "for" -> 345, "We" -> 300, "our" -> 269, "that" -> 254, "is" -> 237, "will" -> 234, "we" -> 185, "by" -> 169, "on" -> 168, "with" -> 152, "their" -> 149, "are" -> 134, "be" -> 131, "has" -> 127, "as" -> 127, "American" -> 123, "not" -> 122, "The" -> 121, "have" -> 118, "Clinton" -> 115, "Republican" -> 100, "all" -> 99, "government" -> 94, "it" -> 91, "Bill" -> 87, "an" -> 86, "who" -> 85, "support" -> 83, "or" -> 79, "from" -> 79, "must" -> 75, "States" -> 71, "Republicans" -> 71, "people" -> 68, "more" -> 67, "federal" -> 66, "against" -> 62, "its" -> 61, "those" -> 60, "which" -> 59, "should" -> 58, "Americans" -> 58, "America" -> 56, "new" -> 55, "this" -> 54, 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-> 9, "much" -> 9, "management" -> 9, "long-term" -> 9, "litigation" -> 9, "juvenile" -> 9, "justice" -> 9, "judges" -> 9, "intelligence" -> 9, "initiative" -> 9, "increasing" -> 9, "housing" -> 9, "high" -> 9, "help" -> 9, "governments" -> 9, "good" -> 9, "go" -> 9, "gas" -> 9, "foster" -> 9, "Europe" -> 9, "effective" -> 9, "down" -> 9, "Dole's" -> 9, "Defense" -> 9, "decades" -> 9, "criminals" -> 9, "criminal" -> 9, "create" -> 9, "cooperation" -> 9, "consumers" -> 9, "Congressional" -> 9, "Century" -> 9, "cannot" -> 9, "business" -> 9, "bring" -> 9, "based" -> 9, "back" -> 9, "authority" -> 9, "applaud" -> 9, "amendment" -> 9, "after" -> 9, "abuse" -> 9, "21st" -> 9, "used" -> 8, "training" -> 8, "today" -> 8, "throughout" -> 8, "three" -> 8, "tape" -> 8, "strength" -> 8, "standards" -> 8, "spirit" -> 8, "sound" -> 8, "service" -> 8, "serious" -> 8, "rules" -> 8, "rule" -> 8, "Rights" -> 8, "review" -> 8, "return" -> 8, "requires" -> 8, "Republic" -> 8, "remove" -> 8, "relationship" -> 8, "reducing" -> 8, "red" -> 8, "record" -> 8, "readiness" -> 8, "providing" -> 8, "propose" -> 8, "products" -> 8, "production" -> 8, "problems" -> 8, "President" -> 8, "persons" -> 8, "personnel" -> 8, "open" -> 8, "off" -> 8, "moral" -> 8, "limits" -> 8, "know" -> 8, "key" -> 8, "Israel" -> 8, "incentives" -> 8, "Improving" -> 8, "impose" -> 8, "illegal" -> 8, "homes" -> 8, "growing" -> 8, "great" -> 8, "goals" -> 8, "further" -> 8, "funds" -> 8, "fully" -> 8, "farmers" -> 8, "Farm" -> 8, "ever" -> 8, "employment" -> 8, "culture" -> 8, "crimes" -> 8, "created" -> 8, "come" -> 8, "burdens" -> 8, "available" -> 8, "assistance" -> 8, "always" -> 8, "already" -> 8, "allies" -> 8, "agriculture" -> 8, "advocate" -> 8, "1995" -> 8, "vote" -> 7, "violent" -> 7, "vigorously" -> 7, "victims" -> 7, "veto" -> 7, "until" -> 7, "unprecedented" -> 7, "unnecessary" -> 7, "turned" -> 7, "Those" -> 7, "themselves" -> 7, "System" -> 7, "stability" -> 7, "spent" -> 7, "sovereignty" -> 7, "source" -> 7, "situation" -> 7, "since" -> 7, "Russia" -> 7, "risk" -> 7, "renewal" -> 7, "regulations" -> 7, "regional" -> 7, "produced" -> 7, "place" -> 7, "per" -> 7, "past" -> 7, "official" -> 7, "offer" -> 7, "nothing" -> 7, "North" -> 7, "NATO" -> 7, "Nations" -> 7, "Nation's" -> 7, "millions" -> 7, "million" -> 7, "Medicaid" -> 7, "long" -> 7, "localities" -> 7, "land" -> 7, "judicial" -> 7, "Its" -> 7, "innovation" -> 7, "individual" -> 7, "incomes" -> 7, "healthy" -> 7, "had" -> 7, "grants" -> 7, "global" -> 7, "fund" -> 7, "find" -> 7, "face" -> 7, "expansion" -> 7, "equal" -> 7, "enforce" -> 7, "enacted" -> 7, "enact" -> 7, "elderly" -> 7, "Education" -> 7, "during" -> 7, "Drug" -> 7, "domestic" -> 7, "does" -> 7, "deficit" -> 7, "decisions" -> 7, "conditions" -> 7, "clean" -> 7, "challenges" -> 7, "cause" -> 7, "build" -> 7, "border" -> 7, "block" -> 7, "attack" -> 7, "around" -> 7, "appropriate" -> 7, "among" -> 7, "aliens" -> 7, "agencies" -> 7, "adequate" -> 7, "action" -> 7, "across" -> 7, "abortion" -> 7, "World" -> 6, "workplace" -> 6, "working" -> 6, "wasteful" -> 6, "waste" -> 6, "victory" -> 6, "value" -> 6, "union" -> 6, "U" -> 6, "trillion" -> 6, "treatment" -> 6, "Trade" -> 6, "tough" -> 6, "tolerate" -> 6, "things" -> 6, "therefore" -> 6, "then" -> 6, "terrorist" -> 6, "taxpayer" -> 6, "Supreme" -> 6, "supply" -> 6, "supplies" -> 6, "stop" -> 6, "still" -> 6, "step" -> 6, "standard" -> 6, "stand" -> 6, "Soviet" -> 6, "something" -> 6, "single" -> 6, "sign" -> 6, "share" -> 6, "sexual" -> 6, "serve" -> 6, "scientific" -> 6, "salute" -> 6, "S." -> 6, "result" -> 6, "rest" -> 6, "requiring" -> 6, "requirements" -> 6, "remain" -> 6, "reject" -> 6, "punish" -> 6, "providers" -> 6, "protections" -> 6, "promised" -> 6, "proliferation" -> 6, "problem" -> 6, "priority" -> 6, "principles" -> 6, "practice" -> 6, "positions" -> 6, "pay" -> 6, "parental" -> 6, "order" -> 6, "office" -> 6, "Now" -> 6, "needed" -> 6, "narcotics" -> 6, "model" -> 6, "members" -> 6, "May" -> 6, "major" -> 6, "little" -> 6, "line" -> 6, "liberal" -> 6, "liability" -> 6, "let" -> 6, "lawyers" -> 6, "lawsuits" -> 6, "lands" -> 6, "Korea" -> 6, "Just" -> 6, "judiciary" -> 6, "It's" -> 6, "Israel's" -> 6, "International" -> 6, "instead" -> 6, "inflation" -> 6, "ignored" -> 6, "hope" -> 6, "honor" -> 6, "hard" -> 6, "hands" -> 6, "ground" -> 6, "generations" -> 6, "generation" -> 6, "foundation" -> 6, "far" -> 6, "exercise" -> 6, "equipment" -> 6, "environmentally" -> 6, "encouraging" -> 6, "embargo" -> 6, "earth" -> 6, "duty" -> 6, "drugs" -> 6, "done" -> 6, "disease" -> 6, "discrimination" -> 6, "diabetes" -> 6, "courts" -> 6, "code" -> 6, "civil" -> 6, "choose" -> 6, "changes" -> 6, "capabilities" -> 6, "bureaucrats" -> 6, "bureaucracy" -> 6, "bills" -> 6, "billions" -> 6, "bill" -> 6, "balanced" -> 6, "balance" -> 6, "areas" -> 6, "apply" -> 6, "And" -> 6, "An" -> 6, "Africa" -> 6, "affirm" -> 6, "advance" -> 6, "act" -> 6, "1994" -> 6, "1992" -> 6, "worse" -> 5, "worked" -> 5, "words" -> 5, "whom" -> 5, "When" -> 5, "Western" -> 5, "war" -> 5, "voted" -> 5, "voluntary" -> 5, "violence" -> 5, "using" -> 5, "urge" -> 5, "unique" -> 5, "understand" -> 5, "true" -> 5, "troops" -> 5, "tools" -> 5, "together" -> 5, "theater" -> 5, "terrorists" -> 5, "success" -> 5, "strengthening" -> 5, "Space" -> 5, "size" -> 5, "similar" -> 5, "Service" -> 5, "sense" -> 5, "seen" -> 5, "Savings" -> 5, "saving" -> 5, "response" -> 5, "regulation" -> 5, "recent" -> 5, "receive" -> 5, "reasonable" -> 5, "pursue" -> 5, "promise" -> 5, "prison" -> 5, "powers" -> 5, "potential" -> 5, "pledge" -> 5, "permit" -> 5, "pass" -> 5, "parties" -> 5, "participation" -> 5, "overall" -> 5, "once" -> 5, "older" -> 5, "Office" -> 5, "number" -> 5, "nor" -> 5, "next" -> 5, "never" -> 5, "natural" -> 5, "Native" -> 5, "mutual" -> 5, "minimum" -> 5, "Middle" -> 5, "Medical" -> 5, "measure" -> 5, "means" -> 5, "matter" -> 5, "marketplace" -> 5, "manner" -> 5, "making" -> 5, "lost" -> 5, "look" -> 5, "live" -> 5, "liberty" -> 5, "legislators" -> 5, "leading" -> 5, "Leadership" -> 5, "leader" -> 5, "law-abiding" -> 5, "language" -> 5, "labor" -> 5, "Justice" -> 5, "involvement" -> 5, "Instead" -> 5, "innovative" -> 5, "infrastructure" -> 5, "imposed" -> 5, "if" -> 5, "hold" -> 5, "Hemisphere" -> 5, "Health" -> 5, "grant" -> 5, "give" -> 5, "get" -> 5, "From" -> 5, "fraud" -> 5, "four" -> 5, "Forces" -> 5, "financial" -> 5, "fighting" -> 5, "feel" -> 5, "farm" -> 5, "failure" -> 5, "exports" -> 5, "existing" -> 5, "everyone" -> 5, "ethical" -> 5, "established" -> 5, "establish" -> 5, "enterprise" -> 5, "English" -> 5, "eliminate" -> 5, "elections" -> 5, "elected" -> 5, "East" -> 5, "dramatic" -> 5, "District" -> 5, "disabled" -> 5, "direct" -> 5, "deserve" -> 5, "depend" -> 5, "denied" -> 5, "democracy" -> 5, "demand" -> 5, "decline" -> 5, "debt" -> 5, "days" -> 5, "dangerous" -> 5, "Cuba" -> 5, "crisis" -> 5, "credit" -> 5, "coverage" -> 5, "court" -> 5, "countries" -> 5, "could" -> 5, "contrast" -> 5, "consumer" -> 5, "conflict" -> 5, "conduct" -> 5, "condemn" -> 5, "component" -> 5, "competitiveness" -> 5, "competitive" -> 5, "Commander-in-Chief" -> 5, "combat" -> 5, "Cold" -> 5, "close" -> 5, "clear" -> 5, "citizen" -> 5, "character" -> 5, "Budget" -> 5, "avoid" -> 5, "attempt" -> 5, "assault" -> 5, "Armed" -> 5, "appointed" -> 5, "alone" -> 5, "allowed" -> 5, "ago" -> 5, "advanced" -> 5, "adoption" -> 5, "addition" -> 5, "active" -> 5, "actions" -> 5, "achieve" -> 5, "accountability" -> 5, "abuses" -> 5, "ability" -> 5, "50" -> 5, "1980s" -> 5, "$5" -> 4, "wrongdoing" -> 4, "wrong" -> 4, "won" -> 4, "wisdom" -> 4, "whether" -> 4, "welcome" -> 4, "weakness" -> 4, "vulnerable" -> 4, "veterans" -> 4, "unfair" -> 4, "traffickers" -> 4, "towards" -> 4, "thus" -> 4, "threaten" -> 4, "thousands" -> 4, "thereby" -> 4, "term" -> 4, "teen" -> 4, "technological" -> 4, "teachers" -> 4, "taxation" -> 4, "Superfund" -> 4, "sufficient" -> 4, "successful" -> 4, "structural" -> 4, "strongly" -> 4, "streets" -> 4, "strategic" -> 4, "stands" -> 4, "spend" -> 4, "smaller" -> 4, "sites" -> 4, "Since" -> 4, "simple" -> 4, "short" -> 4, "shared" -> 4, "seek" -> 4, "safeguard" -> 4, "Russia's" -> 4, "revolution" -> 4, "reverse" -> 4, "returning" -> 4, "Restoring" -> 4, "responsibilities" -> 4, "required" -> 4, "replace" -> 4, "Relief" -> 4, "relief" -> 4, "regarding" -> 4, "regard" -> 4, "reductions" -> 4, "recognizing" -> 4, "reason" -> 4, "real" -> 4, "purpose" -> 4, "punitive" -> 4, "Public" -> 4, "proven" -> 4, "proud" -> 4, "Protecting" -> 4, "promoted" -> 4, "projects" -> 4, "productivity" -> 4, "productive" -> 4, "product" -> 4, "procurement" -> 4, "proceedings" -> 4, "privatization" -> 4, "principle" -> 4, "primary" -> 4, "prices" -> 4, "prevent" -> 4, "presidents" -> 4, "presidency" -> 4, "preserving" -> 4, "present" -> 4, "prepare" -> 4, "politically" -> 4, "play" -> 4, "planning" -> 4, "period" -> 4, "pension" -> 4, "payments" -> 4, "paperwork" -> 4, "outdated" -> 4, "otherwise" -> 4, "original" -> 4, "Opportunity" -> 4, "Only" -> 4, "officers" -> 4, "obsolete" -> 4, "No" -> 4, "New" -> 4, "neglect" -> 4, "Nation" -> 4, "missiles" -> 4, "mind" -> 4, "Mexico" -> 4, "medicine" -> 4, "matters" -> 4, "mass" -> 4, "Many" -> 4, "mandatory" -> 4, "managed" -> 4, "man" -> 4, "malpractice" -> 4, "majority" -> 4, "majorities" -> 4, "maintaining" -> 4, "low-income" -> 4, "low" -> 4, "long-range" -> 4, "longer" -> 4, "Lincoln" -> 4, "limited" -> 4, "lift" -> 4, "level" -> 4, "legislative" -> 4, "left" -> 4, "learning" -> 4, "Latin" -> 4, "joint" -> 4, "IRAs" -> 4, "Iran" -> 4, "intrusive" -> 4, "interdiction" -> 4, "Intelligence" -> 4, "integrity" -> 4, "innocent" -> 4, "indispensable" -> 4, "independent" -> 4, "income" -> 4, "improvement" -> 4, "immigrants" -> 4, "ideals" -> 4, "However" -> 4, "how" -> 4, "helping" -> 4, "halt" -> 4, "grow" -> 4, "gives" -> 4, "given" -> 4, "gains" -> 4, "funded" -> 4, "friends" -> 4, "fought" -> 4, "form" -> 4, "food" -> 4, "flexibility" -> 4, "fiscal" -> 4, "First" -> 4, "fewer" -> 4, "few" -> 4, "felons" -> 4, "FBI" -> 4, "farming" -> 4, "Families" -> 4, "fails" -> 4, "export" -> 4, "expectations" -> 4, "expanded" -> 4, "everywhere" -> 4, "era" -> 4, "entire" -> 4, "ensuring" -> 4, "enhance" -> 4, "ending" -> 4, "emphasize" -> 4, "electric" -> 4, "either" -> 4, "economically" -> 4, "early" -> 4, "each" -> 4, "During" -> 4, "Dream" -> 4, "dramatically" -> 4, "directly" -> 4, "difficult" -> 4, "differences" -> 4, "developed" -> 4, "destruction" -> 4, "Despite" -> 4, "deplore" -> 4, "defend" -> 4, "dedicated" -> 4, "day" -> 4, "creating" -> 4, "controls" -> 4, "consistent" -> 4, "comprehensive" -> 4, "companies" -> 4, "Communism" -> 4, "commit" -> 4, "Civil" -> 4, "cities" -> 4, "China" -> 4, "capability" -> 4, "boards" -> 4, "benefit" -> 4, "being" -> 4, "battle" -> 4, "basis" -> 4, "base" -> 4, "barriers" -> 4, "ban" -> 4, "bad" -> 4, "assure" -> 4, "assist" -> 4, "assert" -> 4, "arrangements" -> 4, "Army" -> 4, "All" -> 4, "ahead" -> 4, "aggression" -> 4, "agency" -> 4, "After" -> 4, "affordable" -> 4, "advances" -> 4, "adult" -> 4, "additional" -> 4, "activity" -> 4, "Accounts" -> 4, "abortions" -> 4, "25" -> 4, "1993" -> 4, "$35" -> 3, "year's" -> 3, "worsened" -> 3, "works" -> 3, "Women" -> 3, "wish" -> 3, "win" -> 3, "whole" -> 3, "wetlands" -> 3, "ways" -> 3, "vision" -> 3, "virtually" -> 3, "views" -> 3, "view" -> 3, "vicious" -> 3, "vetoing" -> 3, "users" -> 3, "Up" -> 3, "Union" -> 3, "undermine" -> 3, "Under" -> 3, "unborn" -> 3, "twice" -> 3, "tribal" -> 3, "trial" -> 3, "Treaty" -> 3, "treaties" -> 3, "treated" -> 3, "transform" -> 3, "transfer" -> 3, "trafficking" -> 3, "traditional" -> 3, "track" -> 3, "touch" -> 3, "total" -> 3, "took" -> 3, "tomorrow's" -> 3, "TMD" -> 3, "ties" -> 3, "threats" -> 3, "tenure" -> 3, "Tenth" -> 3, "telecommunications" -> 3, "Technological" -> 3, "Tax" -> 3, "systems" -> 3, "sustainable" -> 3, "sustain" -> 3, "substantially" -> 3, "student" -> 3, "streamline" -> 3, "strategy" -> 3, "strains" -> 3, "status" -> 3, "stage" -> 3, "sponsors" -> 3, "Spending" -> 3, "speech" -> 3, "soon" -> 3, "solutions" -> 3, "solution" -> 3, "solemn" -> 3, "So" -> 3, "Small" -> 3, "slashed" -> 3, "simpler" -> 3, "significant" -> 3, "sentences" -> 3, "sending" -> 3, "Senator" -> 3, "seize" -> 3, "secret" -> 3, "schooling" -> 3, "scandal" -> 3, "saved" -> 3, "save" -> 3, "sanctity" -> 3, "sanctions" -> 3, "said" -> 3, "safer" -> 3, "Russian" -> 3, "rogue" -> 3, "risks" -> 3, "revoke" -> 3, "restrictions" -> 3, "restoring" -> 3, "restored" -> 3, "respond" -> 3, "resist" -> 3, "residents" -> 3, "Reserve" -> 3, "Representatives" -> 3, "replaced" -> 3, "repeal" -> 3, "renew" -> 3, "rely" -> 3, "reliable" -> 3, "relations" -> 3, "related" -> 3, "Regulatory" -> 3, "regimes" -> 3, "refuses" -> 3, "Reform" -> 3, "records" -> 3, "R&D" -> 3, "race" -> 3, "pursued" -> 3, "Puerto" -> 3, "prudent" -> 3, "provisions" -> 3, "provided" -> 3, "protects" -> 3, "protected" -> 3, "proposals" -> 3, "promises" -> 3, "Program" -> 3, "privacy" -> 3, "preventive" -> 3, "prevention" -> 3, "pregnancies" -> 3, "practices" -> 3, "poverty" -> 3, "posed" -> 3, "Policy" -> 3, "plans" -> 3, "plan" -> 3, "perform" -> 3, "peer-reviewed" -> 3, "peaceful" -> 3, "path" -> 3, "parks" -> 3, "pace" -> 3, "ownership" -> 3, "overdue" -> 3, "outreach" -> 3, "others" -> 3, "orders" -> 3, "Operation" -> 3, "One" -> 3, "On" -> 3, "old" -> 3, "often" -> 3, "Of" -> 3, "obligations" -> 3, "obligation" -> 3, "Not" -> 3, "Northern" -> 3, "neighbors" -> 3, "missions" -> 3, "misguided" -> 3, "mining" -> 3, "Members" -> 3, "measures" -> 3, "meaningful" -> 3, "massive" -> 3, "marriage" -> 3, "markets" -> 3, "marginal" -> 3, "mandates" -> 3, "love" -> 3, "loan" -> 3, "line-item" -> 3, "Line" -> 3, "legally" -> 3, "learn" -> 3, "largest" -> 3, "larger" -> 3, "lacking" -> 3, "known" -> 3, "kind" -> 3, "Juvenile" -> 3, "Jobs" -> 3, "jail" -> 3, "isn't" -> 3, "IRS" -> 3, "Ireland" -> 3, "intervention" -> 3, "integration" -> 3, "integral" -> 3, "insist" -> 3, "initiatives" -> 3, "Initiative" -> 3, "Information" -> 3, "information" -> 3, "industrial" -> 3, "Independence" -> 3, "independence" -> 3, "indeed" -> 3, "include" -> 3, "importance" -> 3, "implement" -> 3, "Immigration" -> 3, "immediate" -> 3, "Illegal" -> 3, "If" -> 3, "idea" -> 3, "households" -> 3, "hopes" -> 3, "honesty" -> 3, "Homeownership" -> 3, "holds" -> 3, "him" -> 3, "Hill" -> 3, "heritage" -> 3, "harder" -> 3, "harassment" -> 3, "Gulf" -> 3, "guided" -> 3, "guard" -> 3, "guarantee" -> 3, "grown" -> 3, "greatly" -> 3, "Great" -> 3, "grantees" -> 3, "Grant" -> 3, "governors" -> 3, "government's" -> 3, "God" -> 3, "gifts" -> 3, "getting" -> 3, "General" -> 3, "fundamental" -> 3, "frivolous" -> 3, "fostering" -> 3, "forests" -> 3, "foremost" -> 3, "Foreign" -> 3, "forced" -> 3, "follow" -> 3, "flawed" -> 3, "fit" -> 3, "firms" -> 3, "firm" -> 3, "finest" -> 3, "file" -> 3, "fields" -> 3, "fellow" -> 3, "fear" -> 3, "faster" -> 3, "fairness" -> 3, "fairer" -> 3, "factors" -> 3, "fact" -> 3, "facilities" -> 3, "extended" -> 3, "extend" -> 3, "exploration" -> 3, "exemption" -> 3, "excessive" -> 3, "excess" -> 3, "evidence" -> 3, "establishment" -> 3, "establishing" -> 3, "entrepreneurial" -> 3, "entitlements" -> 3, "enormous" -> 3, "enforced" -> 3, "Energy" -> 3, "enduring" -> 3, "ends" -> 3, "enable" -> 3, "empower" -> 3, "employees" -> 3, "emphasis" -> 3, "emergency" -> 3, "elsewhere" -> 3, "elimination" -> 3, "eliminating" -> 3, "egregious" -> 3, "efficiency" -> 3, "effectively" -> 3, "educational" -> 3, "edge" -> 3, "Economic" -> 3, "earnings" -> 3, "dynamic" -> 3, "dream" -> 3, "dollar" -> 3, "diversity" -> 3, "discoveries" -> 3, "diminished" -> 3, "did" -> 3, "Development" -> 3, "developing" -> 3, "develop" -> 3, "determined" -> 3, "determine" -> 3, "destroy" -> 3, "designed" -> 3, "deploy" -> 3, "depends" -> 3, "dependent" -> 3, "dependence" -> 3, "denounce" -> 3, "demands" -> 3, "defenses" -> 3, "defended" -> 3, "Declaration" -> 3, "decision" -> 3, "decide" -> 3, "danger" -> 3, "cutting" -> 3, "crusade" -> 3, "crucial" -> 3, "creed" -> 3, "Court's" -> 3, "count" -> 3, "costly" -> 3, "cost-effective" -> 3, "cornerstone" -> 3, "cooperate" -> 3, "conviction" -> 3, "controlled" -> 3, "continued" -> 3, "consolidate" -> 3, "consider" -> 3, "consensus" -> 3, "confidence" -> 3, "concerning" -> 3, "complications" -> 3, "compliance" -> 3, "compensation" -> 3, "compassion" -> 3, "Community" -> 3, "Communist" -> 3, "committee" -> 3, "command-and-control" -> 3, "college" -> 3, "coal" -> 3, "climate" -> 3, "Clause" -> 3, "challenge" -> 3, "central" -> 3, "Castro" -> 3, "cases" -> 3, "case" -> 3, "carry" -> 3, "caring" -> 3, "carefully" -> 3, "career" -> 3, "Capitol" -> 3, "campaign" -> 3, "bureaucratic" -> 3, "brought" -> 3, "bosses" -> 3, "boost" -> 3, "blocked" -> 3, "biotechnology" -> 3, "big" -> 3, "bear" -> 3, "ballistic" -> 3, "Balanced" -> 3, "average" -> 3, "automatic" -> 3, "Attorney" -> 3, "Asia" -> 3, "armed" -> 3, "appropriation" -> 3, "approaches" -> 3, "appointment" -> 3, "another" -> 3, "alternatives" -> 3, "alliance" -> 3, "air" -> 3, "agricultural" -> 3, "agreements" -> 3, "age" -> 3, "advantage" -> 3, "administered" -> 3, "address" -> 3, "add" -> 3, "achievements" -> 3, "able" -> 3, "abandonment" -> 3, "80" -> 3, "40" -> 3, "30" -> 3, "1990" -> 3, "10" -> 3, "$500" -> 2, "$1" -> 2, "youth" -> 2, "young" -> 2, "worthy" -> 2, "worst" -> 2, "worldwide" -> 2, "world's" -> 2, "worker" -> 2, "word" -> 2, "won't" -> 2, "wonder" -> 2, "woman" -> 2, "Without" -> 2, "wishes" -> 2, "wise" -> 2, "willing" -> 2, "Wildlife" -> 2, "wilderness" -> 2, "whatever" -> 2, "We've" -> 2, "western" -> 2, "wellness" -> 2, "wealth" -> 2, "Washington's" -> 2, "Warranty" -> 2, "walks" -> 2, "wait" -> 2, "vouchers" -> 2, "volatile" -> 2, "visas" -> 2, "virtues" -> 2, "violations" -> 2, "victories" -> 2, "verdict" -> 2, "ventures" -> 2, "vehicle" -> 2, "various" -> 2, "utilize" -> 2, "utility" -> 2, "uses" -> 2, "usage" -> 2, "urgently" -> 2, "Urban" -> 2, "urban" -> 2, "Upholding" -> 2, "untold" -> 2, "unreliable" -> 2, "unlimited" -> 2, "units" -> 2, "unions" -> 2, "uniform" -> 2, "unfunded" -> 2, "undue" -> 2, "undermined" -> 2, "underfunded" -> 2, "unconscionable" -> 2, "unchallenged" -> 2, "uncertainty" -> 2, "unacceptably" -> 2, "U.N." -> 2, "tying" -> 2, "two-thirds" -> 2, "turning" -> 2, "turn" -> 2, "trying" -> 2, "truths" -> 2, "trials" -> 2, "tremendous" -> 2, "treadmill" -> 2, "transportation" -> 2, "transport" -> 2, "transition" -> 2, "transforming" -> 2, "transferred" -> 2, "tragic" -> 2, "tragedy" -> 2, "trading" -> 2, "toxic" -> 2, "toughen" -> 2, "Tough" -> 2, "Top" -> 2, "top" -> 2, "tool" -> 2, "tomorrow" -> 2, "Today's" -> 2, "timber" -> 2, "Throughout" -> 2, "threatens" -> 2, "threatening" -> 2, "thorough" -> 2, "thirty" -> 2, "There" -> 2, "Their" -> 2, "testing" -> 2, "Test" -> 2, "Terrorism" -> 2, "territory" -> 2, "Territories" -> 2, "teens" -> 2, "Technology" -> 2, "TEAM" -> 2, "team" -> 2, "teaching" -> 2, "teach" -> 2, "task" -> 2, "targeted" -> 2, "Takings" -> 2, "takes" -> 2, "systemic" -> 2, "Syria" -> 2, "symbol" -> 2, "supportive" -> 2, "superpower" -> 2, "Sudan" -> 2, "Such" -> 2, "successfully" -> 2, "substantial" -> 2, "subsidies" -> 2, "submit" -> 2, "study" -> 2, "struggle" -> 2, "strongest" -> 2, "Stronger" -> 2, "strive" -> 2, "strike" -> 2, "strengthens" -> 2, "Strength" -> 2, "street" -> 2, "Streamlining" -> 2, "straight" -> 2, "storage" -> 2, "stopped" -> 2, "stewardship" -> 2, "steps" -> 2, "statutory" -> 2, "statutes" -> 2, "statehood" -> 2, "start-up" -> 2, "start" -> 2, "Standard" -> 2, "staggering" -> 2, "staff" -> 2, "stable" -> 2, "spousal" -> 2, "speed" -> 2, "Speaker" -> 2, "speak" -> 2, "sovereign" -> 2, "sources" -> 2, "Somalia" -> 2, "Solving" -> 2, "solve" -> 2, "solely" -> 2, "sole" -> 2, "Soldiers" -> 2, "Society" -> 2, "societies" -> 2, "smugglers" -> 2, "slush" -> 2, "slowing" -> 2, "six" -> 2, "significance" -> 2, "side" -> 2, "shut" -> 2, "shows" -> 2, "shall" -> 2, "sex" -> 2, "several" -> 2, "serving" -> 2, "served" -> 2, "separation" -> 2, "separate" -> 2, "sentencing" -> 2, "Sensible" -> 2, "seniors" -> 2, "sends" -> 2, "sell" -> 2, "self-government" -> 2, "select" -> 2, "seem" -> 2, "seeks" -> 2, "seeking" -> 2, "see" -> 2, "Securing" -> 2, "second" -> 2, "scorn" -> 2, "scope" -> 2, "schoolyards" -> 2, "scholarships" -> 2, "schemes" -> 2, "scale" -> 2, "says" -> 2, "say" -> 2, "sanitation" -> 2, "sale" -> 2, "Sailors" -> 2, "sacrifice" -> 2, "Rwanda" -> 2, "rushing" -> 2, "runs" -> 2, "ruinous" -> 2, "risked" -> 2, "rise" -> 2, "Rico" -> 2, "rhetoric" -> 2, "rewarding" -> 2, "reward" -> 2, "revenues" -> 2, "revenue" -> 2, "reveal" -> 2, "returned" -> 2, "retirees" -> 2, "results" -> 2, "restructuring" -> 2, "restrict" -> 2, "Restraining" -> 2, "restitution" -> 2, "respecting" -> 2, "resource" -> 2, "resolve" -> 2, "residing" -> 2, "repression" -> 2, "representatives" -> 2, "reported" -> 2, "repeatedly" -> 2, "repealed" -> 2, "Renewing" -> 2, "Renewal" -> 2, "renewable" -> 2, "rendered" -> 2, "removal" -> 2, "reliance" -> 2, "release" -> 2, "regime" -> 2, "refuse" -> 2, "refusal" -> 2, "Refuge" -> 2, "reflect" -> 2, "Reducing" -> 2, "reduces" -> 2, "reduced" -> 2, "recently" -> 2, "receiving" -> 2, "Rebuilding" -> 2, "realize" -> 2, "Real" -> 2, "Reagan" -> 2, "reach" -> 2, "ratification" -> 2, "rapidly" -> 2, "ranks" -> 2, "rangeland" -> 2, "range" -> 2, "raised" -> 2, "quotas" -> 2, "quickly" -> 2, "qualified" -> 2, "pushed" -> 2, "pursuit" -> 2, "punishment" -> 2, "public's" -> 2, "provides" -> 2, "Prosperity" -> 2, "prosecute" -> 2, "Proposition" -> 2, "Property" -> 2, "proper" -> 2, "promotion" -> 2, "Promoting" -> 2, "promoting" -> 2, "promising" -> 2, "prohibit" -> 2, "Progress" -> 2, "profit" -> 2, "pro-family" -> 2, "producing" -> 2, "producers" -> 2, "produce" -> 2, "proactive" -> 2, "prisons" -> 2, "prisoners" -> 2, "priorities" -> 2, "prior" -> 2, "Principles" -> 2, "Prime" -> 2, "previous" -> 2, "prestige" -> 2, "press" -> 2, "presidential" -> 2, "premiums" -> 2, "preferences" -> 2, "preference" -> 2, "prayer" -> 2, "Power" -> 2, "possession" -> 2, "positive" -> 2, "position" -> 2, "ports" -> 2, "portion" -> 2, "pollution" -> 2, "police" -> 2, "Poland" -> 2, "point" -> 2, "please" -> 2, "plain" -> 2, "places" -> 2, "pioneering" -> 2, "Philadelphia" -> 2, "Persian" -> 2, "permits" -> 2, "permanently" -> 2, "permanent" -> 2, "periodic" -> 2, "Pennsylvania" -> 2, "penalty" -> 2, "peacekeeping" -> 2, "patients" -> 2, "patient's" -> 2, "patient" -> 2, "passivity" -> 2, "Party's" -> 2, "parts" -> 2, "partnership" -> 2, "partners" -> 2, "participate" -> 2, "partial-birth" -> 2, "Park" -> 2, "paid" -> 2, "owners" -> 2, "owned" -> 2, "overturn" -> 2, "oversight" -> 2, "over-regulation" -> 2, "overhead" -> 2, "Oval" -> 2, "outside" -> 2, "output" -> 2, "ourselves" -> 2, "Organization" -> 2, "option" -> 2, "opposition" -> 2, "opposes" -> 2, "opportunistic" -> 2, "opinion" -> 2, "operational" -> 2, "one-fifth" -> 2, "Once" -> 2, "Older" -> 2, "offering" -> 2, "offensive" -> 2, "offenses" -> 2, "offense" -> 2, "offenders" -> 2, "occupant" -> 2, "obstetrics" -> 2, "Numbers" -> 2, "Nowhere" -> 2, "November" -> 2, "notion" -> 2, "notice" -> 2, "nonsense" -> 2, "nominate" -> 2, "nightmare" -> 2, "night" -> 2, "Newt" -> 2, "neither" -> 2, "neighborhood" -> 2, "needless" -> 2, "near-record" -> 2, "near" -> 2, "naming" -> 2, "murder" -> 2, "multiple" -> 2, "Much" -> 2, "mothers" -> 2, "Most" -> 2, "mortgage" -> 2, "More" -> 2, "morally" -> 2, "monetary" -> 2, "modernization" -> 2, "mocked" -> 2, "mistakes" -> 2, "mission" -> 2, "Missile" -> 2, "mismatch" -> 2, "mismanagement" -> 2, "Minister" -> 2, "militarily" -> 2, "middle-class" -> 2, "middle" -> 2, "methods" -> 2, "message" -> 2, "merit" -> 2, "Men" -> 2, "memory" -> 2, "meddling" -> 2, "mean" -> 2, "may" -> 2, "Marriage" -> 2, "marijuana" -> 2, "margins" -> 2, "makes" -> 2, "maintenance" -> 2, "mainstream" -> 2, "lot" -> 2, "lobbying" -> 2, "Living" -> 2, "livestock" -> 2, "livelihood" -> 2, "link" -> 2, "limitations" -> 2, "limitation" -> 2, "limit" -> 2, "likewise" -> 2, "lied" -> 2, "licensing" -> 2, "Libya" -> 2, "Liberia" -> 2, "liberation" -> 2, "liberating" -> 2, "liberals" -> 2, "liberalism" -> 2, "Let" -> 2, "lesson" -> 2, "legislatures" -> 2, "legalization" -> 2, "Legal" -> 2, "legacy" -> 2, "least" -> 2, "Law" -> 2, "launched" -> 2, "large" -> 2, "languages" -> 2, "Lands" -> 2, "Lakes" -> 2, "lacks" -> 2, "lack" -> 2, "knowledge" -> 2, "King" -> 2, "kept" -> 2, "keeps" -> 2, "juveniles" -> 2, "jurisdictions" -> 2, "joining" -> 2, "joined" -> 2, "join" -> 2, "Jerusalem" -> 2, "Japan" -> 2, "issue" -> 2, "isolating" -> 2, "Iraq" -> 2, "Iranian" -> 2, "involved" -> 2, "investments" -> 2, "invest" -> 2, "introduced" -> 2, "intolerance" -> 2, "intimidation" -> 2, "interim" -> 2, "Interest" -> 2, "intent" -> 2, "intended" -> 2, "institution" -> 2, "instant" -> 2, "innovations" -> 2, "infringe" -> 2, "industries" -> 2, "indoctrination" -> 2, "indifference" -> 2, "indicted" -> 2, "Indian" -> 2, "Independent" -> 2, "indecision" -> 2, "increasingly" -> 2, "increases" -> 2, "inconsistent" -> 2, "includes" -> 2, "improved" -> 2, "impossible" -> 2, "imposition" -> 2, "implemented" -> 2, "impediments" -> 2, "impediment" -> 2, "immoral" -> 2, "ills" -> 2, "illegitimacy" -> 2, "ill-conceived" -> 2, "Hussein" -> 2, "Hungary" -> 2, "hundreds" -> 2, "Human" -> 2, "Housing" -> 2, "house" -> 2, "host" -> 2, "hospitals" -> 2, "Hope" -> 2, "Honest" -> 2, "His" -> 2, "hinder" -> 2, "hike" -> 2, "Highway" -> 2, "highest" -> 2, "Herzegovina" -> 2, "here" -> 2, "hearts" -> 2, "heart" -> 2, "hearings" -> 2, "Hawaii" -> 2, "harsh" -> 2, "Haiti" -> 2, "habitat" -> 2, "guns" -> 2, "Guard" -> 2, "Guam" -> 2, "Growth" -> 2, "group" -> 2, "gross" -> 2, "grew" -> 2, "greenhouse" -> 2, "granted" -> 2, "Governors" -> 2, "goes" -> 2, "Goal" -> 2, "globe" -> 2, "giving" -> 2, "Gingrich" -> 2, "Getting" -> 2, "geographic" -> 2, "genocide" -> 2, "generous" -> 2, "general" -> 2, "functions" -> 2, "fulfillment" -> 2, "fulfill" -> 2, "frontier" -> 2, "freedoms" -> 2, "Free" -> 2, "framework" -> 2, "fosters" -> 2, "forward" -> 2, "formula" -> 2, "forms" -> 2, "former" -> 2, "forbidding" -> 2, "foothold" -> 2, "focus" -> 2, "flow" -> 2, "flex-time" -> 2, "five" -> 2, "firmly" -> 2, "finish" -> 2, "finding" -> 2, "financially" -> 2, "finally" -> 2, "files" -> 2, "fifty" -> 2, "Fifth" -> 2, "fiber" -> 2, "federally" -> 2, "fearful" -> 2, "favored" -> 2, "farms" -> 2, "false" -> 2, "faithful" -> 2, "faith-based" -> 2, "faith" -> 2, "facing" -> 2, "facilitated" -> 2, "eye" -> 2, "extreme" -> 2, "extraordinary" -> 2, "extent" -> 2, "extending" -> 2, "express" -> 2, "explosion" -> 2, "experimentation" -> 2, "expensive" -> 2, "expected" -> 2, "expect" -> 2, "exist" -> 2, "exercises" -> 2, "executive" -> 2, "excuses" -> 2, "exceeds" -> 2, "Every" -> 2, "Even" -> 2, "evasion" -> 2, "ethnic" -> 2, "ethanol" -> 2, "estate" -> 2, "escalating" -> 2, "ESA" -> 2, "eroded" -> 2, "equality" -> 2, "enjoy" -> 2, "engagement" -> 2, "enforcing" -> 2, "Endowment" -> 2, "endorsed" -> 2, "ended" -> 2, "endeavor" -> 2, "empowers" -> 2, "empowering" -> 2, "employ" -> 2, "emissions" -> 2, "emerging" -> 2, "emergence" -> 2, "election" -> 2, "efficient" -> 2, "effect" -> 2, "educators" -> 2, "Educational" -> 2, "Edge" -> 2, "economics" -> 2, "easy" -> 2, "earlier" -> 2, "duration" -> 2, "due" -> 2, "drove" -> 2, "drivers" -> 2, "drive" -> 2, "drag" -> 2, "downsized" -> 2, "Down" -> 2, "doubled" -> 2, "door" -> 2, "domination" -> 2, "domestically" -> 2, "doing" -> 2, "doesn't" -> 2, "documents" -> 2, "doctors" -> 2, "divisions" -> 2, "diverse" -> 2, "disincentives" -> 2, "diseases" -> 2, "discussion" -> 2, "discredited" -> 2, "discourages" -> 2, "disclosure" -> 2, "disclose" -> 2, "discipline" -> 2, "disability" -> 2, "Disabilities" -> 2, "Director" -> 2, "directed" -> 2, "dignity" -> 2, "differing" -> 2, "different" -> 2, "devastated" -> 2, "determination" -> 2, "deter" -> 2, "destroyed" -> 2, "design" -> 2, "desecration" -> 2, "deregulation" -> 2, "deployment" -> 2, "denial" -> 2, "demonstrated" -> 2, "deficits" -> 2, "Defending" -> 2, "defeating" -> 2, "deeply" -> 2, "deepest" -> 2, "deductible" -> 2, "dedication" -> 2, "declaring" -> 2, "decimated" -> 2, "decent" -> 2, "decency" -> 2, "decade" -> 2, "death" -> 2, "deals" -> 2, "deal" -> 2, "deadly" -> 2, "deadbeat" -> 2, "damages" -> 2, "D" -> 2, "Czech" -> 2, "Cyprus" -> 2, "currently" -> 2, "cultural" -> 2, "crops" -> 2, "Crisis" -> 2, "crises" -> 2, "Crime" -> 2, "credibility" -> 2, "Creator" -> 2, "creative" -> 2, "Creating" -> 2, "Courts" -> 2, "Court" -> 2, "course" -> 2, "courage" -> 2, "counties" -> 2, "councils" -> 2, "corruption" -> 2, "correct" -> 2, "Corporation" -> 2, "core" -> 2, "convicted" -> 2, "contributions" -> 2, "contrary" -> 2, "contract" -> 2, "continues" -> 2, "continent" -> 2, "context" -> 2, "Consumer's" -> 2, "constant" -> 2, "consent" -> 2, "conscience" -> 2, "conflicts" -> 2, "confidentiality" -> 2, "concert" -> 2, "compulsion" -> 2, "comp-time" -> 2, "complete" -> 2, "complacency" -> 2, "competitors" -> 2, "communications" -> 2, "common-sense" -> 2, "committing" -> 2, "committees" -> 2, "commitments" -> 2, "commission" -> 2, "Commerce" -> 2, "command" -> 2, "coming" -> 2, "comeback" -> 2, "Columbia" -> 2, "Colorado" -> 2, "colleges" -> 2, "collapse" -> 2, "cocaine" -> 2, "coastal" -> 2, "closely" -> 2, "closed" -> 2, "Clintonite" -> 2, "clings" -> 2, "clean-up" -> 2, "Cleaning" -> 2, "cleaner" -> 2, "classrooms" -> 2, "classroom" -> 2, "class" -> 2, "clarity" -> 2, "claims" -> 2, "claim" -> 2, "civility" -> 2, "city's" -> 2, "city" -> 2, "Citizens" -> 2, "churches" -> 2, "children's" -> 2, "check" -> 2, "chart" -> 2, "changing" -> 2, "chance" -> 2, "championed" -> 2, "certain" -> 2, "centralized" -> 2, "Central" -> 2, "centers" -> 2, "centerpiece" -> 2, "Care" -> 2, "Capital" -> 2, "capable" -> 2, "candidate" -> 2, "cancer" -> 2, "Canada" -> 2, "calls" -> 2, "calling" -> 2, "called" -> 2, "California" -> 2, "C" -> 2, "By" -> 2, "Burundi" -> 2, "burdensome" -> 2, "built" -> 2, "builds" -> 2, "building" -> 2, "Budgets" -> 2, "budgeted" -> 2, "brutality" -> 2, "brownfields" -> 2, "broken" -> 2, "broader" -> 2, "bravery" -> 2, "Bottom" -> 2, "bottom" -> 2, "borders" -> 2, "bonds" -> 2, "blackmail" -> 2, "birth" -> 2, "bipartisan" -> 2, "biodiesel" -> 2, "bind" -> 2, "billing" -> 2, "biggest" -> 2, "bias" -> 2, "beyond" -> 2, "behind" -> 2, "begin" -> 2, "began" -> 2, "basics" -> 2, "bar" -> 2, "banning" -> 2, "Bank" -> 2, "Balancing" -> 2, "Aviation" -> 2, "Avenue" -> 2, "automatically" -> 2, "auto" -> 2, "authorities" -> 2, "Aurora" -> 2, "attend" -> 2, "attain" -> 2, "attacks" -> 2, "Attack" -> 2, "Atlantic" -> 2, "Association" -> 2, "Assistance" -> 2, "assets" -> 2, "artificial" -> 2, "arbitrary" -> 2, "approved" -> 2, "applied" -> 2, "apparent" -> 2, "anyone" -> 2, "Another" -> 2, "annual" -> 2, "amount" -> 2, "amendments" -> 2, "amend" -> 2, "alternative" -> 2, "along" -> 2, "ally" -> 2, "All-Volunteer" -> 2, "allows" -> 2, "Alliance" -> 2, "Alaska" -> 2, "Agriculture" -> 2, "Age" -> 2, "Against" -> 2, "affected" -> 2, "Affairs" -> 2, "advocated" -> 2, "adversaries" -> 2, "adoptive" -> 2, "adopt" -> 2, "administrative" -> 2, "administrations" -> 2, "administration's" -> 2, "adherence" -> 2, "addressing" -> 2, "actually" -> 2, "acts" -> 2, "acquire" -> 2, "acknowledge" -> 2, "achieving" -> 2, "accounts" -> 2, "accounting" -> 2, "Accordingly" -> 2, "according" -> 2, "accomplishments" -> 2, "accessible" -> 2, "abundant" -> 2, "above" -> 2, "abolished" -> 2, "ABM" -> 2, "60" -> 2, "5" -> 2, "38" -> 2, "28" -> 2, "23" -> 2, "1983" -> 2, "1981" -> 2, "1950" -> 2, "1940" -> 2, "100" -> 2, "$700" -> 1, "$6,000" -> 1, "$600" -> 1, "$53" -> 1, "$3,800" -> 1, "$36,000" -> 1, "$30" -> 1, "$3" -> 1, "$2,500" -> 1, "$2" -> 1, "$175" -> 1, "$1.6" -> 1, "$150" -> 1, "$15" -> 1, "$1.5" -> 1, "$1,400" -> 1, "zones" -> 1, "zone" -> 1, "Zimmer's" -> 1, "zero-out" -> 1, "zeal" -> 1, "youngsters" -> 1, "Yitzhak" -> 1, "yet" -> 1, "yellowed" -> 1, "worth" -> 1, "worship" -> 1, "Worse" -> 1, "worlds" -> 1, "workplaces" -> 1, "Workers" -> 1, "women's" -> 1, "witnesses" -> 1, "Within" -> 1, "withholding" -> 1, "withdrawal" -> 1, "withdraw" -> 1, "witch-hunts" -> 1, "wishful" -> 1, "Wisconsin" -> 1, "wipe" -> 1, "winners" -> 1, "wind" -> 1, "willingness" -> 1, "Will" -> 1, "wildlife" -> 1, "Who" -> 1, "wherewithal" -> 1, "Wetland" -> 1, "West" -> 1, "well-managed" -> 1, "well-being" -> 1, "weight" -> 1, "weeks" -> 1, "weed" -> 1, "web" -> 1, "wear" -> 1, "weakened" -> 1, "weak" -> 1, "wavered" -> 1, "waver" -> 1, "Watts-Talent" -> 1, "watershed" -> 1, "waters" -> 1, "water-related" -> 1, "Water" -> 1, "wastefully" -> 1, "wasted" -> 1, "Washington-based" -> 1, "warmth" -> 1, "warfighting" -> 1, "wants" -> 1, "walk" -> 1, "wages" -> 1, "wage" -> 1, "vulnerability" -> 1, "vow" -> 1, "voting" -> 1, "votes" -> 1, "voters" -> 1, "volunteers" -> 1, "volunteerism" -> 1, "volunteer" -> 1, "voices" -> 1, "voice" -> 1, "vitamins" -> 1, "visual" -> 1, "vise" -> 1, "virtual" -> 1, "Virgin" -> 1, "Violent" -> 1, "violates" -> 1, "violated" -> 1, "vindicating" -> 1, "vigorous" -> 1, "viewed" -> 1, "Vietnam" -> 1, "Victim's" -> 1, "victimization" -> 1, "vibrant" -> 1, "vetoes" -> 1, "Veterans" -> 1, "vested" -> 1, "very" -> 1, "verify" -> 1, "vehicles" -> 1, "Vehicle" -> 1, "value-shaping" -> 1, "value-added" -> 1, "usurped" -> 1, "USDA" -> 1, "urging" -> 1, "Upper" -> 1, "uphold" -> 1, "upheld" -> 1, "upgrading" -> 1, "unwelcome" -> 1, "unwarranted" -> 1, "unvaccinated" -> 1, "untouched" -> 1, "Until" -> 1, "unsupported" -> 1, "unsupervised" -> 1, "unreasonable" -> 1, "unpunished" -> 1, "unprotected" -> 1, "unprepared" -> 1, "unpredictable" -> 1, "unnecessarily" -> 1, "unmarried" -> 1, "Unlike" -> 1, "unlike" -> 1, "unleashing" -> 1, "unleashed" -> 1, "unjust" -> 1, "universities" -> 1, "unity" -> 1, "uniting" -> 1, "unify" -> 1, "uniforms" -> 1, "Unfortunately" -> 1, "unfaltering" -> 1, "unethical" -> 1, "unequivocally" -> 1, "unequal" -> 1, "undo" -> 1, "undivided" -> 1, "underwrite" -> 1, "undertaxed" -> 1, "undertaking" -> 1, "understood" -> 1, "understands" -> 1, "understanding" -> 1, "understandable" -> 1, "undercutting" -> 1, "undemocratic" -> 1, "unconstitutional" -> 1, "uncertain" -> 1, "unalienable" -> 1, "unabridged" -> 1, "unable" -> 1, "Ulysses" -> 1, "Ukraine" -> 1, "tyranny" -> 1, "typical" -> 1, "two-parent" -> 1, "Two" -> 1, "twin" -> 1, "twilight" -> 1, "turns" -> 1, "Turkey" -> 1, "Tuition" -> 1, "tuition" -> 1, "try" -> 1, "truth-in-sentencing" -> 1, "truthfulness" -> 1, "Truth" -> 1, "truth" -> 1, "trusts" -> 1, "Trusting" -> 1, "trusted" -> 1, "Trust" -> 1, "True" -> 1, "trucks" -> 1, "Truancy" -> 1, "troubled" -> 1, "trouble" -> 1, "trivial" -> 1, "triple" -> 1, "Triggerlock" -> 1, "tried" -> 1, "tribes" -> 1, "trends" -> 1, "trees" -> 1, "treaty-breaking" -> 1, "treaty" -> 1, "treat" -> 1, "Treasury" -> 1, "treasures" -> 1, "traveling" -> 1, "Travel" -> 1, "travel" -> 1, "trauma" -> 1, "transported" -> 1, "transferring" -> 1, "tragically" -> 1, "traffic" -> 1, "traditions" -> 1, "Traditionally" -> 1, "tradition" -> 1, "towers" -> 1, "toughest" -> 1, "tougher" -> 1, "totalitarianism" -> 1, "tort" -> 1, "torn" -> 1, "Too" -> 1, "Tongass" -> 1, "tolerates" -> 1, "tolerant" -> 1, "tolerance" -> 1, "told" -> 1, "tobacco" -> 1, "timid" -> 1, "timetables" -> 1, "times" -> 1, "timely" -> 1, "timeless" -> 1, "timber-dependent" -> 1, "tighten" -> 1, "Tier" -> 1, "tied" -> 1, "tide" -> 1, "thwarting" -> 1, "thwart" -> 1, "Thus" -> 1, "thugs" -> 1, "throw" -> 1, "threw" -> 1, "Three" -> 1, "threatened" -> 1, "thousand" -> 1, "thoughtful" -> 1, "Thirty" -> 1, "Third" -> 1, "third" -> 1, "thinks" -> 1, "thinking" -> 1, "they're" -> 1, "There's" -> 1, "thereof" -> 1, "Therefore" -> 1, "thereafter" -> 1, "theorists" -> 1, "theories" -> 1, "Then" -> 1, "Theater" -> 1, "That's" -> 1, "that's" -> 1, "THAAD" -> 1, "Texas" -> 1, "Testimony" -> 1, "testimony" -> 1, "testifying" -> 1, "testify" -> 1, "Terrorist" -> 1, "territorial" -> 1, "terribly" -> 1, "terms" -> 1, "tension" -> 1, "tens" -> 1, "tend" -> 1, "ten" -> 1, "temptation" -> 1, "temporary" -> 1, "tempered" -> 1, "tell" -> 1, "Telecommunications" -> 1, "telecommuni-cations" -> 1, "Teddy" -> 1, "techniques" -> 1, "technicalities" -> 1, "teacher" -> 1, "tax-preferred" -> 1, "taxpayer's" -> 1, "taxpayer-financed" -> 1, "taxing" -> 1, "tax-free" -> 1, "tax-exempt" -> 1, "taxed" -> 1, "Taxation" -> 1, "tasks" -> 1, "tarnished" -> 1, "targets" -> 1, "target" -> 1, "tandem" -> 1, "talking" -> 1, "talk" -> 1, "talented" -> 1, "talent" -> 1, "takeover" -> 1, "taken" -> 1, "Taiwan" -> 1, "tainted" -> 1, "tailor" -> 1, "tactics" -> 1, "tactic" -> 1, "tackling" -> 1, "synonymous" -> 1, "synagogues" -> 1, "sympathy" -> 1, "symbols" -> 1, "symbolizes" -> 1, "switched" -> 1, "swiftly" -> 1, "sweeter" -> 1, "sweeping" -> 1, "sustaining" -> 1, "suspicious" -> 1, "suspected" -> 1, "Survival" -> 1, "survival" -> 1, "surrendering" -> 1, "surprise" -> 1, "surges" -> 1, "Surgeon" -> 1, "sure" -> 1, "supremacy" -> 1, "supporters" -> 1, "supported" -> 1, "supplements" -> 1, "supervision" -> 1, "super-majority" -> 1, "superiority" -> 1, "superior" -> 1, "superhighway" -> 1, "Super" -> 1, "suits" -> 1, "suitable" -> 1, "suit" -> 1, "suicide" -> 1, "suffragist" -> 1, "suffering" -> 1, "Sudanese" -> 1, "substitute" -> 1, "substandard" -> 1, "substance" -> 1, "subsidizing" -> 1, "subsidize" -> 1, "subsequently" -> 1, "subordinated" -> 1, "subordinate" -> 1, "submitting" -> 1, "subjects" -> 1, "subcommittees" -> 1, "studying" -> 1, "studies" -> 1, "structures" -> 1, "structure" -> 1, "stronger" -> 1, "stroke" -> 1, "striving" -> 1, "strictly" -> 1, "stricken" -> 1, "stress" -> 1, "strengths" -> 1, "Street" -> 1, "streamlined" -> 1, "strategies" -> 1, "Strategic" -> 1, "strangulation" -> 1, "strangest" -> 1, "strangers" -> 1, "Storm" -> 1, "stock" -> 1, "stifling" -> 1, "stifles" -> 1, "stiff" -> 1, "steers" -> 1, "steeped" -> 1, "stealth" -> 1, "steady" -> 1, "steadfast" -> 1, "stays" -> 1, "statute" -> 1, "stature" -> 1, "Station" -> 1, "state-controlled" -> 1, "starts" -> 1, "starting" -> 1, "stark" -> 1, "star" -> 1, "Standards" -> 1, "stalled" -> 1, "stalking" -> 1, "stagnant" -> 1, "staffers" -> 1, "stack" -> 1, "stabilize" -> 1, "squeezing" -> 1, "squeeze" -> 1, "squandering" -> 1, "spouse" -> 1, "sponsorship" -> 1, "sponsored" -> 1, "sponsor" -> 1, "spoken" -> 1, "spoke" -> 1, "spiritual" -> 1, "spends" -> 1, "spelled" -> 1, "speedy" -> 1, "speeds" -> 1, "Specifically" -> 1, "specific" -> 1, "Species" -> 1, "species" -> 1, "specially" -> 1, "specialize" -> 1, "spearheaded" -> 1, "spare" -> 1, "Spain" -> 1, "southern" -> 1, "South" -> 1, "sought" -> 1, "sometimes" -> 1, "somersault" -> 1, "someone" -> 1, "Some" -> 1, "solvency" -> 1, "solid" -> 1, "soldiers" -> 1, "solar" -> 1, "soils" -> 1, "soft" -> 1, "socioeconomic" -> 1, "socially" -> 1, "socialized" -> 1, "socialist" -> 1, "socialism" -> 1, "so-called" -> 1, "soaring" -> 1, "smuggled" -> 1, "smuggle" -> 1, "smother" -> 1, "smooth" -> 1, "smear" -> 1, "slowest" -> 1, "slip" -> 1, "slave" -> 1, "skilled" -> 1, "skill" -> 1, "skies" -> 1, "situations" -> 1, "siting" -> 1, "siphoning" -> 1, "siphoned" -> 1, "sins" -> 1, "sincere" -> 1, "Simultaneously" -> 1, "simply" -> 1, "simplifying" -> 1, "simplicity" -> 1, "Similarly" -> 1, "signs" -> 1, "signifies" -> 1, "significantly" -> 1, "signal" -> 1, "sights" -> 1, "siege" -> 1, "sickle" -> 1, "sick" -> 1, "shrinking" -> 1, "shown" -> 1, "shot" -> 1, "shortly" -> 1, "shortfalls" -> 1, "shorter-range" -> 1, "shortages" -> 1, "shoreline" -> 1, "shocks" -> 1, "shocking" -> 1, "shield" -> 1, "shell" -> 1, "she" -> 1, "shares" -> 1, "shareholders" -> 1, "shape" -> 1, "shameless" -> 1, "shameful" -> 1, "shame" -> 1, "shadow" -> 1, "sexually-transmitted" -> 1, "sewer" -> 1, "severely" -> 1, "seven" -> 1, "settlers" -> 1, "settlement" -> 1, "setting" -> 1, "sessions" -> 1, "Services" -> 1, "servicemen" -> 1, "servants" -> 1, "seriously" -> 1, "series" -> 1, "Serbia" -> 1, "September" -> 1, "sent" -> 1, "sensitive" -> 1, "senior" -> 1, "send" -> 1, "Senate's" -> 1, "selling" -> 1, "self-sufficiency" -> 1, "self-sacrifice" -> 1, "Self-reliance" -> 1, "self-reliance" -> 1, "self-employed" -> 1, "self-discipline" -> 1, "self-determination" -> 1, "self-defense" -> 1, "self-audit" -> 1, "seizure" -> 1, "segments" -> 1, "segment" -> 1, "seems" -> 1, "security-related" -> 1, "Securities" -> 1, "securely" -> 1, "secured" -> 1, "section" -> 1, "Secret" -> 1, "second-highest" -> 1, "Second" -> 1, "seat" -> 1, "sealed" -> 1, "sea-based" -> 1, "Sea" -> 1, "SDI" -> 1, "scrutiny" -> 1, "scorned" -> 1, "scientifically" -> 1, "Scientific" -> 1, "Science" -> 1, "School-To-Work" -> 1, "school-based" -> 1, "School" -> 1, "scheme" -> 1, "schedules" -> 1, "scene" -> 1, "scattered" -> 1, "scare" -> 1, "scarcity" -> 1, "Scandals" -> 1, "scandalous" -> 1, "savers" -> 1, "Samoans" -> 1, "Samoa" -> 1, "same-sex" -> 1, "salvage" -> 1, "Safety" -> 1, "Safer" -> 1, "safely" -> 1, "safeguards" -> 1, "safeguarding" -> 1, "safeguarded" -> 1, "Safe" -> 1, "Saddam" -> 1, "sacred" -> 1, "ruthlessness" -> 1, "rush" -> 1, "running" -> 1, "runaway" -> 1, "run" -> 1, "rulers" -> 1, "ruin" -> 1, "rudderless" -> 1, "R's" -> 1, "royalties" -> 1, "routine" -> 1, "route" -> 1, "rotate" -> 1, "rose" -> 1, "Roosevelt" -> 1, "Ronald" -> 1, "roles" -> 1, "robust" -> 1, "roads" -> 1, "risk-taking" -> 1, "Right-to-Work" -> 1, "rightly" -> 1, "rightfully" -> 1, "rigged" -> 1, "rig" -> 1, "Rife" -> 1, "rife" -> 1, "ridiculously" -> 1, "Rico's" -> 1, "RICO" -> 1, "ribbon" -> 1, "revocation" -> 1, "revive" -> 1, "revival" -> 1, "revisit" -> 1, "revise" -> 1, "Reversing" -> 1, "reversing" -> 1, "reversed" -> 1, "Reusable" -> 1, "Retroactive" -> 1, "retraining" -> 1, "retirement" -> 1, "retention" -> 1, "retains" -> 1, "retain" -> 1, "retail" -> 1, "resurgence" -> 1, "Results" -> 1, "resulting" -> 1, "rests" -> 1, "Restructuring" -> 1, "restructured" -> 1, "restructure" -> 1, "restraint" -> 1, "restrained" -> 1, "restoration" -> 1, "responsive" -> 1, "Responsible" -> 1, "responds" -> 1, "respects" -> 1, "respectively" -> 1, "respective" -> 1, "respectfully" -> 1, "respected" -> 1, "resounding" -> 1, "resolving" -> 1, "resolved" -> 1, "Resident" -> 1, "reserves" -> 1, "reserved" -> 1, "reserve" -> 1, "reservations" -> 1, "resemble" -> 1, "Research" -> 1, "rescind" -> 1, "requirement" -> 1, "request" -> 1, "repugnant" -> 1, "Republican-sponsored" -> 1, "Republican-created" -> 1, "represents" -> 1, "representing" -> 1, "Representative" -> 1, "representation" -> 1, "reprehensible" -> 1, "reports" -> 1, "report" -> 1, "replaces" -> 1, "repetition" -> 1, "repeated" -> 1, "repair" -> 1, "reorganize" -> 1, "reopen" -> 1, "renounce" -> 1, "renewed" -> 1, "renaissance" -> 1, "removing" -> 1, "reminded" -> 1, "remedy" -> 1, "remarkable" -> 1, "relying" -> 1, "relinquish" -> 1, "religiously" -> 1, "religion" -> 1, "reliably" -> 1, "reliability" -> 1, "released" -> 1, "relaxation" -> 1, "relative" -> 1, "relation" -> 1, "rejoin" -> 1, "rejects" -> 1, "rejected" -> 1, "reinvigorated" -> 1, "Reinventing" -> 1, "reinvented" -> 1, "reinvent" -> 1, "reinforce" -> 1, "rein" -> 1, "rehydration" -> 1, "regulate" -> 1, "regain" -> 1, "refused" -> 1, "refrain" -> 1, "Reforming" -> 1, "reforming" -> 1, "reflects" -> 1, "reflecting" -> 1, "reflected" -> 1, "referrals" -> 1, "referenda" -> 1, "reevaluate" -> 1, "reelection" -> 1, "redundant" -> 1, "reduction" -> 1, "redirected" -> 1, "rectitude" -> 1, "recruit" -> 1, "recreation" -> 1, "recovery" -> 1, "recovering" -> 1, "reconnect" -> 1, "recommend" -> 1, "Recognizing" -> 1, "recognition" -> 1, "reclamation" -> 1, "reclaim" -> 1, "recipients" -> 1, "recidivism" -> 1, "recession" -> 1, "receipts" -> 1, "receipt" -> 1, "rebuilt" -> 1, "rebuild" -> 1, "rebates" -> 1, "reassessment" -> 1, "reasserting" -> 1, "reasoned" -> 1, "reasonably" -> 1, "really" -> 1, "realized" -> 1, "reality" -> 1, "realistic" -> 1, "reaffirming" -> 1, "reaffirmation" -> 1, "ready" -> 1, "reading" -> 1, "readily" -> 1, "read" -> 1, "reactors" -> 1, "reactive" -> 1, "reaching" -> 1, "reaches" -> 1, "reached" -> 1, "ravaging" -> 1, "rationing" -> 1, "ratings" -> 1, "rapists" -> 1, "rapid" -> 1, "rape" -> 1, "rank" -> 1, "ranging" -> 1, "randomness" -> 1, "ranchers" -> 1, "rally" -> 1, "rallied" -> 1, "Raising" -> 1, "raising" -> 1, "raises" -> 1, "radicalism" -> 1, "radical" -> 1, "Racketeer" -> 1, "racism" -> 1, "racial" -> 1, "Rabin" -> 1, "questionable" -> 1, "quest" -> 1, "quarters" -> 1, "Quality" -> 1, "qualitative" -> 1, "putting" -> 1, "pushing" -> 1, "pushes" -> 1, "push" -> 1, "purveyors" -> 1, "pursuing" -> 1, "purposes" -> 1, "purge" -> 1, "purchasing" -> 1, "purchases" -> 1, "pupil" -> 1, "punishing" -> 1, "public-private" -> 1, "proxy" -> 1, "Providing" -> 1, "provider-sponsored" -> 1, "provider" -> 1, "Providence" -> 1, "prove" -> 1, "protest" -> 1, "protecting" -> 1, "prostate" -> 1, "prosperous" -> 1, "prosper" -> 1, "prospect" -> 1, "prosecutors" -> 1, "prosecutions" -> 1, "prosecuting" -> 1, "proposal" -> 1, "proportions" -> 1, "proportion" -> 1, "Properties" -> 1, "propaganda" -> 1, "proof" -> 1, "prompt" -> 1, "promotions" -> 1, "proliferators" -> 1, "pro-life" -> 1, "projected" -> 1, "Prohibition" -> 1, "prohibiting" -> 1, "prohibited" -> 1, "pro-growth" -> 1, "Programs" -> 1, "profound" -> 1, "profit-seeking" -> 1, "profiteers" -> 1, "profited" -> 1, "professionals" -> 1, "professional" -> 1, "pro-environment" -> 1, "productively" -> 1, "produces" -> 1, "pro-development" -> 1, "procedures" -> 1, "procedure" -> 1, "pro-business" -> 1, "probation" -> 1, "privatize" -> 1, "private-sector" -> 1, "privately" -> 1, "Privacy" -> 1, "Prisons" -> 1, "principals" -> 1, "primacy" -> 1, "pride" -> 1, "priced" -> 1, "prey" -> 1, "prevents" -> 1, "Preventive" -> 1, "prevented" -> 1, "pretrial" -> 1, "pretend" -> 1, "president's" -> 1, "Presidentially" -> 1, "presents" -> 1, "presented" -> 1, "prescriptive" -> 1, "prescription" -> 1, "pre-position" -> 1, "preparing" -> 1, "prepared" -> 1, "premature" -> 1, "prejudice" -> 1, "pregnant" -> 1, "preferential" -> 1, "preexisting" -> 1, "preempt" -> 1, "preeminent" -> 1, "predicted" -> 1, "predictability" -> 1, "predict" -> 1, "predatory" -> 1, "precondition" -> 1, "precision" -> 1, "precipitous" -> 1, "precious" -> 1, "preceding" -> 1, "precedent" -> 1, "Preamble" -> 1, "practitioners" -> 1, "practicing" -> 1, "practical" -> 1, "practicable" -> 1, "POW's" -> 1, "powerful" -> 1, "Poverty" -> 1, "posts" -> 1, "posterity" -> 1, "postcard" -> 1, "poses" -> 1, "portable" -> 1, "portability" -> 1, "port" -> 1, "pornography" -> 1, "pornographic" -> 1, "pornographers" -> 1, "pork" -> 1, "populous" -> 1, "popularly" -> 1, "poorly" -> 1, "pools" -> 1, "polls" -> 1, "politics" -> 1, "politicized" -> 1, "politicization" -> 1, "policing" -> 1, "poison" -> 1, "point-of-purchase" -> 1, "pocketbooks" -> 1, "plow" -> 1, "pledges" -> 1, "pledged" -> 1, "plea" -> 1, "played" -> 1, "Platform" -> 1, "plant" -> 1, "placed" -> 1, "pipeline" -> 1, "pioneered" -> 1, "pilot" -> 1, "pillar" -> 1, "pill" -> 1, "phony" -> 1, "phonics" -> 1, "philosophy" -> 1, "phased" -> 1, "phase" -> 1, "petroleum" -> 1, "pet" -> 1, "pesticides" -> 1, "perverse" -> 1, "Personal" -> 1, "person" -> 1, "persecution" -> 1, "perpetuation" -> 1, "permitting" -> 1, "perish" -> 1, "perils" -> 1, "performed" -> 1, "performance-based" -> 1, "Performance" -> 1, "performance" -> 1, "peoples" -> 1, "pending" -> 1, "penalizes" -> 1, "penalized" -> 1, "penalize" -> 1, "Peace" -> 1, "paying" -> 1, "payers" -> 1, "patrol" -> 1, "patriots" -> 1, "patriotism" -> 1, "pathology" -> 1, "passes" -> 1, "passage" -> 1, "party's" -> 1, "partnerships" -> 1, "partisan" -> 1, "particulates" -> 1, "particularly" -> 1, "particular" -> 1, "Parks" -> 1, "park" -> 1, "parent" -> 1, "parchment" -> 1, "paralyzed" -> 1, "paralleled" -> 1, "Paraguay" -> 1, "par" -> 1, "pamper" -> 1, "package" -> 1, "Pacific" -> 1, "ozone" -> 1, "overwhelm" -> 1, "overstepped" -> 1, "overstaying" -> 1, "overspends" -> 1, "overriding" -> 1, "overlooked" -> 1, "overhaul" -> 1, "overcrowding" -> 1, "overcome" -> 1, "Over" -> 1, "outstanding" -> 1, "outshines" -> 1, "outrageous" -> 1, "outrage" -> 1, "outlive" -> 1, "outdoor" -> 1, "outcry" -> 1, "outcome" -> 1, "ours" -> 1, "ought" -> 1, "Other" -> 1, "OSHA" -> 1, "originally" -> 1, "origin" -> 1, "organized" -> 1, "Organizations" -> 1, "organization" -> 1, "ordinary" -> 1, "ordered" -> 1, "Order" -> 1, "orbiting" -> 1, "oral" -> 1, "Or" -> 1, "options" -> 1, "opposing" -> 1, "opponents" -> 1, "operating" -> 1, "operated" -> 1, "opens" -> 1, "opening" -> 1, "onshore" -> 1, "ongoing" -> 1, "one-size-fits-all" -> 1, "one's" -> 1, "omission" -> 1, "Old" -> 1, "Oil" -> 1, "offspring" -> 1, "offshore" -> 1, "offices" -> 1, "officer" -> 1, "offers" -> 1, "offered" -> 1, "offender" -> 1, "odds" -> 1, "ocean" -> 1, "obtain" -> 1, "obstructionism" -> 1, "obstacles" -> 1, "obsolescent" -> 1, "objector" -> 1, "objective" -> 1, "objected" -> 1, "obedience" -> 1, "nursing" -> 1, "numbers" -> 1, "notified" -> 1, "notification" -> 1, "note" -> 1, "notably" -> 1, "Northwest" -> 1, "norms" -> 1, "non-profit" -> 1, "non-political" -> 1, "non-military" -> 1, "non-meritorious" -> 1, "non-inflationary" -> 1, "None" -> 1, "none" -> 1, "non-consensual" -> 1, "non-citizens" -> 1, "nominees" -> 1, "nominee's" -> 1, "no-frills" -> 1, "nocturnal" -> 1, "noble" -> 1, "nightfall" -> 1, "Nigeria" -> 1, "Newly" -> 1, "new-found" -> 1, "newcomers" -> 1, "Nevertheless" -> 1, "networks" -> 1, "Netanyahu" -> 1, "neighborhoods" -> 1, "neighbor" -> 1, "negotiations" -> 1, "negotiate" -> 1, "negotiable" -> 1, "negative" -> 1, "near-term" -> 1, "nearly" -> 1, "near-combat" -> 1, "Navy" -> 1, "Nautilus" -> 1, "nature" -> 1, "Naturalization" -> 1, "Natural" -> 1, "nationhood" -> 1, "nationalist" -> 1, "narrowly" -> 1, "narrow" -> 1, "narcotics-related" -> 1, "names" -> 1, "myriad" -> 1, "my" -> 1, "mutually" -> 1, "Mutual" -> 1, "mushroomed" -> 1, "murders" -> 1, "munitions" -> 1, "municipal" -> 1, "multi-employer" -> 1, "Mubarak" -> 1, "MSAs" -> 1, "Mr." -> 1, "moves" -> 1, "movement" -> 1, "moved" -> 1, "move" -> 1, "Motor-Voter" -> 1, "motivates" -> 1, "motivated" -> 1, "Moscow's" -> 1, "Moscow" -> 1, "Mortgage" -> 1, "mortality" -> 1, "Moreover" -> 1, "moralism" -> 1, "morale" -> 1, "moot" -> 1, "moon" -> 1, "months" -> 1, "Montenegro" -> 1, "monstrous" -> 1, "Monroe" -> 1, "monopoly" -> 1, "monitoring" -> 1, "Money" -> 1, "Monetary" -> 1, "moment" -> 1, "modernize" -> 1, "models" -> 1, "mock" -> 1, "mobility" -> 1, "misutilized" -> 1, "misuse" -> 1, "mistake" -> 1, "Missle" -> 1, "misplaced" -> 1, "misdirected" -> 1, "misconduct" -> 1, "misapplication" -> 1, "minorities" -> 1, "minor" -> 1, "Minneapolis" -> 1, "Mining" -> 1, "miners" -> 1, "minerals" -> 1, "mineral" -> 1, "mindset" -> 1, "mills" -> 1, "millennium" -> 1, "miles" -> 1, "Migrant" -> 1, "micromanagement" -> 1, "micro-machinery" -> 1, "MIA's" -> 1, "Mexican" -> 1, "methamphetamines" -> 1, "mess" -> 1, "mesh" -> 1, "meritocracy" -> 1, "merchandise" -> 1, "mention" -> 1, "menace" -> 1, "memorial" -> 1, "Megan's" -> 1, "meets" -> 1, "meetings" -> 1, "meeting" -> 1, "Mediterranean" -> 1, "Mediscare" -> 1, "Medisave" -> 1, "mediating" -> 1, "mediate" -> 1, "media" -> 1, "meddled" -> 1, "meddle" -> 1, "mechanisms" -> 1, "measureless" -> 1, "measured" -> 1, "measurably" -> 1, "meaning" -> 1, "maximum" -> 1, "materials" -> 1, "material" -> 1, "match" -> 1, "mastery" -> 1, "master" -> 1, "masquerade" -> 1, "marshals" -> 1, "marriages" -> 1, "market-based" -> 1, "Marianas" -> 1, "marginalized" -> 1, "March" -> 1, "mankind" -> 1, "mandate" -> 1, "managing" -> 1, "manageable" -> 1, "Making" -> 1, "makers" -> 1, "Make" -> 1, "Main" -> 1, "main" -> 1, "magnify" -> 1, "magnet" -> 1, "made-in-Washington" -> 1, "MacBride" -> 1, "luster" -> 1, "lurched" -> 1, "lumber" -> 1, "low-tax" -> 1, "Low-Income" -> 1, "Low-income" -> 1, "lowering" -> 1, "Lower" -> 1, "low-cost" -> 1, "loves" -> 1, "Love" -> 1, "loss" -> 1, "losing" -> 1, "lose" -> 1, "Los" -> 1, "loose" -> 1, "loopholes" -> 1, "loom" -> 1, "look-say" -> 1, "long-standing" -> 1, "logging" -> 1, "locking" -> 1, "locked" -> 1, "lock" -> 1, "location" -> 1, "lobbyists" -> 1, "loans" -> 1, "litigious" -> 1, "Litigation" -> 1, "Lithuania" -> 1, "lip" -> 1, "lines" -> 1, "linchpin" -> 1, "limiting" -> 1, "likely" -> 1, "likelihood" -> 1, "Like" -> 1, "lightly" -> 1, "lighter" -> 1, "light" -> 1, "lifting" -> 1, "lifted" -> 1, "life-threatening" -> 1, "lifestyles" -> 1, "lies" -> 1, "Libre" -> 1, "liberate" -> 1, "liberalism's" -> 1, "levy" -> 1, "letting" -> 1, "lengthy" -> 1, "lending" -> 1, "lender" -> 1, "legitimate" -> 1, "leeway" -> 1, "leave" -> 1, "leasing" -> 1, "learned" -> 1, "leapfrogged" -> 1, "leads" -> 1, "Leading" -> 1, "lawsuit" -> 1, "Launch" -> 1, "launch" -> 1, "laughing" -> 1, "Latvia" -> 1, "later" -> 1, "late" -> 1, "Largely" -> 1, "largely" -> 1, "land-tenure" -> 1, "landowners" -> 1, "landmark" -> 1, "land-based" -> 1, "Land" -> 1, "laid" -> 1, "ladder" -> 1, "Lac" -> 1, "labor-management" -> 1, "laboratory" -> 1, "laboratories" -> 1, "Labor" -> 1, "Kremlin" -> 1, "Kosova" -> 1, "knows" -> 1, "Know" -> 1, "knots" -> 1, "knew" -> 1, "kingpins" -> 1, "kinds" -> 1, "killed" -> 1, "kill" -> 1, "kidney" -> 1, "kidnappers" -> 1, "keystone" -> 1, "justify" -> 1, "justification" -> 1, "justifiably" -> 1, "justices" -> 1, "jurists" -> 1, "junk" -> 1, "June" -> 1, "jumped" -> 1, "July" -> 1, "judged" -> 1, "Judge" -> 1, "judge" -> 1, "Jordan" -> 1, "joins" -> 1, "Job" -> 1, "Jimmy" -> 1, "jewels" -> 1, "Jersey" -> 1, "jeopardized" -> 1, "jammed" -> 1, "itself" -> 1, "it's" -> 1, "items" -> 1, "Israeli" -> 1, "isolate" -> 1, "Islands" -> 1, "Islamic" -> 1, "irresponsibly" -> 1, "irresponsible" -> 1, "Irish" -> 1, "Iraq's" -> 1, "Iraqi" -> 1, "Iowa" -> 1, "inward" -> 1, "involuntarily" -> 1, "invitation" -> 1, "investors" -> 1, "investigations" -> 1, "investigate" -> 1, "invent" -> 1, "intrusions" -> 1, "intrusion" -> 1, "intrudes" -> 1, "intolerable" -> 1, "intimidate" -> 1, "interpreting" -> 1, "Internet" -> 1, "interlocked" -> 1, "interference" -> 1, "interfere" -> 1, "Interests" -> 1, "intercept" -> 1, "intentions" -> 1, "intensify" -> 1, "instruments" -> 1, "instrument" -> 1, "Institutes" -> 1, "institute" -> 1, "instill" -> 1, "Instant" -> 1, "instance" -> 1, "inspired" -> 1, "insignia" -> 1, "insects" -> 1, "inquiry" -> 1, "Innovation" -> 1, "innovate" -> 1, "inner" -> 1, "inmates" -> 1, "ink" -> 1, "injury" -> 1, "initiated" -> 1, "initiate" -> 1, "initially" -> 1, "inimical" -> 1, "inhibits" -> 1, "inhibit" -> 1, "inherits" -> 1, "inheritance" -> 1, "inhere" -> 1, "ingredients" -> 1, "ingenuity" -> 1, "infringed" -> 1, "Influenced" -> 1, "influence" -> 1, "Inflexible" -> 1, "infirmity" -> 1, "infanticide" -> 1, "infant" -> 1, "infamous" -> 1, "ineligible" -> 1, "inefficient" -> 1, "indulged" -> 1, "Individuals" -> 1, "Individual" -> 1, "indirect" -> 1, "indifferent" -> 1, "incurring" -> 1, "incurred" -> 1, "incur" -> 1, "Increased" -> 1, "incorporating" -> 1, "incorporate" -> 1, "Inconsistent" -> 1, "incompetent" -> 1, "incompatible" -> 1, "inclusive" -> 1, "inclusion" -> 1, "included" -> 1, "incentive-based" -> 1, "Incentive" -> 1, "incarcerated" -> 1, "Inauguration" -> 1, "inappropriate" -> 1, "inadequate" -> 1, "impunity" -> 1, "imprudent" -> 1, "improving" -> 1, "improves" -> 1, "improvements" -> 1, "imposing" -> 1, "imports" -> 1, "imported" -> 1, "implementing" -> 1, "implementation" -> 1, "imperiled" -> 1, "imperil" -> 1, "imperialism" -> 1, "imperative" -> 1, "impedes" -> 1, "impede" -> 1, "impaired" -> 1, "impacts" -> 1, "impact" -> 1, "immunizations" -> 1, "immense" -> 1, "immediately" -> 1, "imagination" -> 1, "Illinois" -> 1, "illegally" -> 1, "III" -> 1, "II" -> 1, "ignoring" -> 1, "ignore" -> 1, "ideological" -> 1, "ideas" -> 1, "ID" -> 1, "I" -> 1, "hypocritically" -> 1, "hydro" -> 1, "hurting" -> 1, "hurt" -> 1, "hunting" -> 1, "hungry" -> 1, "Hundreds" -> 1, "hundred" -> 1, "humility" -> 1, "humbly" -> 1, "Humanities" -> 1, "huge" -> 1, "HUD's" -> 1, "HUD" -> 1, "houses" -> 1, "hour" -> 1, "honors" -> 1, "honored" -> 1, "honorable" -> 1, "homosexuals" -> 1, "homosexuality" -> 1, "homeowners" -> 1, "home-office" -> 1, "homemakers" -> 1, "home-buying" -> 1, "Hollow" -> 1, "hollow" -> 1, "holding" -> 1, "Hold" -> 1, "Hobbs" -> 1, "hobbling" -> 1, "hobbles" -> 1, "HIV" -> 1, "hitting" -> 1, "hits" -> 1, "hit" -> 1, "history's" -> 1, "historical" -> 1, "hired-gun" -> 1, "hire" -> 1, "himself" -> 1, "hikes" -> 1, "high-yield" -> 1, "highways" -> 1, "highway" -> 1, "high-tech" -> 1, "high-skilled" -> 1, "high-quality" -> 1, "highlighted" -> 1, "high-growth" -> 1, "High" -> 1, "hide" -> 1, "hidden" -> 1, "heroin" -> 1, "heroic" -> 1, "Here" -> 1, "herbicides" -> 1, "Hemispheric" -> 1, "hemisphere" -> 1, "helps" -> 1, "Helms-Burton" -> 1, "helm" -> 1, "held" -> 1, "heirs" -> 1, "heinous" -> 1, "Heeding" -> 1, "heavily" -> 1, "heaviest" -> 1, "heard" -> 1, "Healthier" -> 1, "healthier" -> 1, "healing" -> 1, "Hawaiians" -> 1, "having" -> 1, "hatred" -> 1, "harvesting" -> 1, "harm" -> 1, "hard-won" -> 1, "hard-earned" -> 1, "harassing" -> 1, "harass" -> 1, "happiness" -> 1, "hands-off" -> 1, "handout" -> 1, "handicap" -> 1, "hammer" -> 1, "halves" -> 1, "halted" -> 1, "half-billion" -> 1, "hail" -> 1, "gun" -> 1, "guise" -> 1, "guardian" -> 1, "guarded" -> 1, "guarantor" -> 1, "guarantees" -> 1, "grows" -> 1, "growers" -> 1, "grounds" -> 1, "Ground" -> 1, "greed" -> 1, "Greece" -> 1, "greatness" -> 1, "grazing" -> 1, "gratitude" -> 1, "grassroots" -> 1, "grandchildren" -> 1, "grand" -> 1, "graduates" -> 1, "government-to-government" -> 1, "government-induced" -> 1, "governmental" -> 1, "governed" -> 1, "governance" -> 1, "got" -> 1, "goodness" -> 1, "gone" -> 1, "going" -> 1, "God-given" -> 1, "Goals" -> 1, "Glory" -> 1, "giver" -> 1, "girl" -> 1, "gerrymandered" -> 1, "geothermal" -> 1, "George" -> 1, "geography" -> 1, "genuine" -> 1, "genocidal" -> 1, "genius" -> 1, "generates" -> 1, "generate" -> 1, "gender" -> 1, "gathering" -> 1, "game" -> 1, "gallon" -> 1, "gained" -> 1, "G-7" -> 1, "futuristic" -> 1, "Further" -> 1, "fundraising" -> 1, "Funding" -> 1, "Fundamentally" -> 1, "fundamentally" -> 1, "Fund" -> 1, "full-time" -> 1, "fulfills" -> 1, "fuels" -> 1, "fueling" -> 1, "fueled" -> 1, "Fuel" -> 1, "fuel" -> 1, "fruits" -> 1, "frivolously" -> 1, "frightening" -> 1, "friendly" -> 1, "freshman-level" -> 1, "fresh" -> 1, "freeze" -> 1, "freely" -> 1, "fraternal" -> 1, "franchises" -> 1, "framed" -> 1, "fragile" -> 1, "Fourteenth" -> 1, "four-fifths" -> 1, "Four" -> 1, "founding" -> 1, "founders" -> 1, "founded" -> 1, "foundations" -> 1, "forward-deployed" -> 1, "forty" -> 1, "Fortune" -> 1, "Fortunately" -> 1, "fortunate" -> 1, "forthright" -> 1, "forthcoming" -> 1, "formed" -> 1, "formation" -> 1, "Forgotten" -> 1, "forge" -> 1, "forestry" -> 1, "foresters" -> 1, "forestall" -> 1, "Forest" -> 1, "forest" -> 1, "Foremost" -> 1, "foreigners" -> 1, "forefathers" -> 1, "forcing" -> 1, "forcefully" -> 1, "forbid" -> 1, "Food" -> 1, "Fond" -> 1, "folly" -> 1, "follows" -> 1, "following" -> 1, "focused" -> 1, "flunks" -> 1, "fluency" -> 1, "flexible" -> 1, "flatter" -> 1, "flag" -> 1, "fixed" -> 1, "fix" -> 1, "fits" -> 1, "fishing" -> 1, "firings" -> 1, "firing" -> 1, "fires" -> 1, "firearms" -> 1, "finished" -> 1, "financing" -> 1, "Financial" -> 1, "finances" -> 1, "Finance" -> 1, "finance" -> 1, "Finally" -> 1, "filibuster" -> 1, "Fifteen" -> 1, "fifteen" -> 1, "fidelity" -> 1, "Fidel" -> 1, "fiat" -> 1, "fiasco" -> 1, "fetal" -> 1, "fertilizer" -> 1, "felony" -> 1, "felon" -> 1, "fell" -> 1, "fees" -> 1, "feels" -> 1, "feeding" -> 1, "Federation" -> 1, "federal-State" -> 1, "features" -> 1, "feature" -> 1, "fearmongering" -> 1, "feared" -> 1, "favors" -> 1, "favorable" -> 1, "favor" -> 1, "fault" -> 1, "fatherless" -> 1, "fathered" -> 1, "fate" -> 1, "fastest" -> 1, "fast" -> 1, "farmer" -> 1, "farmed" -> 1, "fanciful" -> 1, "Family" -> 1, "falling" -> 1, "Fair" -> 1, "failures" -> 1, "fads" -> 1, "fading" -> 1, "faded" -> 1, "faculty" -> 1, "facts" -> 1, "faces" -> 1, "faced" -> 1, "fabricate" -> 1, "extremist" -> 1, "extradition" -> 1, "extraction" -> 1, "extracted" -> 1, "extortion" -> 1, "extorted" -> 1, "extensive" -> 1, "extension" -> 1, "exposure" -> 1, "Exports" -> 1, "Export-Import" -> 1, "Export" -> 1, "explore" -> 1, "exploiters" -> 1, "exploitation" -> 1, "exploded" -> 1, "explains" -> 1, "explained" -> 1, "Experts" -> 1, "experts" -> 1, "expert" -> 1, "experienced" -> 1, "experience" -> 1, "expense" -> 1, "expenditures" -> 1, "expedited" -> 1, "expedite" -> 1, "expediency" -> 1, "expectancy" -> 1, "exit" -> 1, "exists" -> 1, "exercising" -> 1, "executives" -> 1, "Executive" -> 1, "excused" -> 1, "excuse" -> 1, "exclusions" -> 1, "exclusionary" -> 1, "exclusion" -> 1, "Excessive" -> 1, "excesses" -> 1, "Examples" -> 1, "exactly" -> 1, "evolving" -> 1, "evil" -> 1, "everything" -> 1, "everyday" -> 1, "ever-present" -> 1, "ever-increasing" -> 1, "events" -> 1, "evaluate" -> 1, "euthanasia" -> 1, "Europe's" -> 1, "Estonia" -> 1, "Estimate" -> 1, "establishes" -> 1, "essentially" -> 1, "espionage" -> 1, "escape" -> 1, "escalated" -> 1, "erupt" -> 1, "errors" -> 1, "erode" -> 1, "Era" -> 1, "Equity" -> 1, "equitable" -> 1, "equation" -> 1, "Equal" -> 1, "envoy" -> 1, "environmentalism" -> 1, "Environmental" -> 1, "entry" -> 1, "entrepreneurs" -> 1, "entrepreneur" -> 1, "entity" -> 1, "entitlement" -> 1, "entitled" -> 1, "entertainment" -> 1, "enterprises" -> 1, "enter" -> 1, "entails" -> 1, "ensuing" -> 1, "enriched" -> 1, "enrich" -> 1, "enough" -> 1, "enmeshed" -> 1, "enlisted" -> 1, "enlargement" -> 1, "enjoyed" -> 1, "enhances" -> 1, "Enhancement" -> 1, "enhanced" -> 1, "engines" -> 1, "Engineers" -> 1, "engineering" -> 1, "engine" -> 1, "engaged" -> 1, "engage" -> 1, "enforcers" -> 1, "Enforcement" -> 1, "Energy's" -> 1, "endowed" -> 1, "endlessly" -> 1, "endless" -> 1, "Endangered" -> 1, "endangered" -> 1, "encouraged" -> 1, "encompass" -> 1, "enactment" -> 1, "enacting" -> 1, "enabling" -> 1, "enables" -> 1, "employing" -> 1, "employers" -> 1, "employer" -> 1, "employee" -> 1, "employed" -> 1, "empire" -> 1, "emphatic" -> 1, "emphasizing" -> 1, "emotional" -> 1, "emergencies" -> 1, "embraces" -> 1, "embrace" -> 1, "embodied" -> 1, "Embassy" -> 1, "else" -> 1, "elite" -> 1, "eliminates" -> 1, "electronic" -> 1, "Egypt" -> 1, "efficiently" -> 1, "efficiencies" -> 1, "effects" -> 1, "effectiveness" -> 1, "Effective" -> 1, "EEOC" -> 1, "educating" -> 1, "Economy" -> 1, "economies" -> 1, "echo" -> 1, "Eastern" -> 1, "easier" -> 1, "earns" -> 1, "earners" -> 1, "earned" -> 1, "earn" -> 1, "early-release" -> 1, "earliest" -> 1, "dutifully" -> 1, "duties" -> 1, "duplicitous" -> 1, "duplication" -> 1, "duplicate" -> 1, "duly" -> 1, "dues" -> 1, "dual-use" -> 1, "du" -> 1, "drunk" -> 1, "drug-testing" -> 1, "drug-related" -> 1, "drug-impaired" -> 1, "drug-free" -> 1, "dropped" -> 1, "drives" -> 1, "Drinking" -> 1, "drinking" -> 1, "drilling" -> 1, "dreams" -> 1, "dreamer" -> 1, "drastically" -> 1, "drain" -> 1, "draft" -> 1, "doubt" -> 1, "double-talk" -> 1, "double" -> 1, "doom" -> 1, "Dole-led" -> 1, "Dole-Canady" -> 1, "dogmas" -> 1, "document" -> 1, "Doctrine" -> 1, "doctrine" -> 1, "divorce" -> 1, "divisive" -> 1, "Divine" -> 1, "dividend" -> 1, "divide" -> 1, "diverting" -> 1, "diverted" -> 1, "diversion" -> 1, "districts" -> 1, "distribution" -> 1, "distorts" -> 1, "distortion" -> 1, "distinction" -> 1, "distant" -> 1, "dissolved" -> 1, "dissenter" -> 1, "disrupting" -> 1, "disrupt" -> 1, "disregard" -> 1, "disposal" -> 1, "displace" -> 1, "dismantled" -> 1, "dismal" -> 1, "disgrace" -> 1, "diseased" -> 1, "discussed" -> 1, "discriminatory" -> 1, "discriminate" -> 1, "discrepancy" -> 1, "Discredited" -> 1, "discovery" -> 1, "discovers" -> 1, "discovering" -> 1, "discourage" -> 1, "discharge" -> 1, "discernment" -> 1, "discernible" -> 1, "disaster" -> 1, "disagree" -> 1, "disadvantage" -> 1, "disabilities" -> 1, "directs" -> 1, "directions" -> 1, "diplomatically" -> 1, "diplomatic" -> 1, "diplomacy" -> 1, "diploma" -> 1, "diminishing" -> 1, "diluted" -> 1, "dig" -> 1, "didn't" -> 1, "dictatorial" -> 1, "Dick" -> 1, "diabetes-related" -> 1, "Diabetes" -> 1, "devours" -> 1, "devised" -> 1, "devise" -> 1, "developments" -> 1, "devastating" -> 1, "deterrent" -> 1, "deterrence" -> 1, "deteriorating" -> 1, "Destruction" -> 1, "despite" -> 1, "desire" -> 1, "Designation" -> 1, "Desert" -> 1, "described" -> 1, "derives" -> 1, "derailed" -> 1, "Deputy" -> 1, "deprived" -> 1, "deprive" -> 1, "deportation" -> 1, "deportable" -> 1, "deployments" -> 1, "deploying" -> 1, "deployed" -> 1, "dependency" -> 1, "departure" -> 1, "Departments" -> 1, "departments" -> 1, "denying" -> 1, "deny" -> 1, "denounced" -> 1, "denies" -> 1, "demonstrations" -> 1, "demonstrating" -> 1, "demonstrate" -> 1, "Democratic" -> 1, "Democrat-controlled" -> 1, "Democracy" -> 1, "demanding" -> 1, "delivery" -> 1, "delivered" -> 1, "delinquency" -> 1, "delicate" -> 1, "deliberation" -> 1, "deliberately" -> 1, "deliberate" -> 1, "delegated" -> 1, "delegate" -> 1, "delayed" -> 1, "delay" -> 1, "Delaney" -> 1, "degree" -> 1, "degradation" -> 1, "defunding" -> 1, "defund" -> 1, "defines" -> 1, "Deficit" -> 1, "defiance" -> 1, "deference" -> 1, "defensive" -> 1, "defendants" -> 1, "Defend" -> 1, "defeated" -> 1, "defeat" -> 1, "deepen" -> 1, "deep" -> 1, "de-emphasizing" -> 1, "deem" -> 1, "deduction" -> 1, "deductibility" -> 1, "deduct" -> 1, "dedicate" -> 1, "declining" -> 1, "declare" -> 1, "decisive" -> 1, "decision-making" -> 1, "deciding" -> 1, "deceptive" -> 1, "decay" -> 1, "debilitating" -> 1, "debate" -> 1, "deaths" -> 1, "death-row" -> 1, "dealing" -> 1, "dealers" -> 1, "Deal" -> 1, "dead" -> 1, "day-care" -> 1, "Day" -> 1, "dawn" -> 1, "Davis-Bacon" -> 1, "date" -> 1, "data" -> 1, "dared" -> 1, "dangers" -> 1, "damp" -> 1, "daily" -> 1, "dads" -> 1, "Cypriot" -> 1, "cuts" -> 1, "Customs" -> 1, "curricula" -> 1, "curfews" -> 1, "cure" -> 1, "curb" -> 1, "CTBT" -> 1, "crushed" -> 1, "crown" -> 1, "crop" -> 1, "Croatia" -> 1, "cripples" -> 1, "cripple" -> 1, "crime-victim" -> 1, "Crimes" -> 1, 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"1872" -> 1, "187" -> 1, "1862" -> 1, "17,000" -> 1, "17" -> 1, "1.7" -> 1, "165" -> 1, "16" -> 1, "15-percent" -> 1, "120" -> 1, "11-fold" -> 1, "11" -> 1, "105th" -> 1, "100,000" -> 1, "100%" -> 1|>|>, <|"SourceURL" -> "http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=25847", "Name" -> "Republican Party Platform of 1992", "Party" -> "Republican", "Year" -> 1992, "Date" -> DateObject[{1992, 8, 17}], "Text" -> "The Vision Shared: The Republican Platform, Uniting Our Family, Our Country, Our World\n\nPreamble\n\nAbraham Lincoln, our first Republican President, expressed the philosophy that inspires Republicans to this day: \"The legitimate object of Government is to do for a community of people whatever they need to have done, but cannot do at all, or cannot so well do, for themselves in their separate and individual capacities. But in all that people can individually do as well for themselves, Government ought not to interfere.\"\nWe believe that most problems of human making are within the capacity of human ingenuity to solve.\nFor good reason, millions of new Americans have flocked to our shores: America has always been an opportunity society. Republicans have always believed that economic prosperity comes from individual enterprise, not government programs. We have defended our core principles for 138 years; but never has this country, and the world, been so receptive to our message.\nThe Fall of the Berlin Wall symbolizes an epochal change in the way people live. More important, it liberates the way people think. We see with new clarity that centralized government bureaucracies created in this century are not the wave of the future. Never again will people trust planners and paper shufflers more than they trust themselves. We all watched as the statue of Soviet hangman Feliks Dzherzhinsky was toppled in front of Moscow' s KGB headquarters by the very people his evil empire sought to enslave. Its sightless eyes symbolized the moral blindness of totalitarians around the world. They could never see the indomitable spirit of people determined to be free from government control—free to build a better future with their own heads, hands, and hearts.\nWe Republicans saw clearly the dangers of collectivism: not only the military threat, but the deeper threat to the souls of people bound in dependence. Here at home, we warned against Big Government, because we knew concentrated decisionmaking, no matter how well-intentioned, was a danger to liberty and prosperity. Republicans stood at the rampart of freedom, defending the individual against the domineering state. While we did not always prevail, we always stood our ground, faithful to our principles and confident of history's ultimate verdict.\nOur opponents declared that the dogmas of the Left were the final and victorious faith. From kremlins and ivory towers, their planners proclaimed the bureaucratic millennium. But in a tragic century of illusion, Five Year Plans and Great Leaps Forward failed to summon a Brave New World. One hundred and fifty years of slogans and manifestos came crashing down in an ironic cascade of unintended consequences. All that is left are the ruins of a failed scoundrel ideology.\nAs May Day lapses back into just another spring festival, the Fourth of July emerges as the common holiday of free men and women. Yet, in 1992, when the self-governing individual has overcome the paternalistic state, liberals here at home simply do not get it. Indeed, their party seeks to turn the clock back. But their ideas are old and tired. Like planets still orbiting a dying star, the believers in state power turn their faces to a distant and diminishing light.\nThe Democrats would revise history to rationalize a return to bigger government, higher taxes, and moral relativism. The Democrat Party has forgotten its origins as a party of work, thrift, and self-reliance. But they have not forgotten their art for dissembling and distortion. The Democrats are trapped in their compact with the ideology of trickle-down government, but they are clever enough to know that the voters would shun them if their true markings were revealed.\nAmerica had its rendezvous with destiny in 1980. Faced with crisis at home and abroad, Americans turned to Republican leadership in the White House. Presidents Reagan and Bush turned our Nation away from the path of over-taxation, hyper-regulation, and mega-government. Instead, we moved in a new direction. We cut taxes, reduced red tape, put people above bureaucracy. And so we vanquished the idea of the almighty state as the supervisor of our daily lives. In choosing hope over fear, Americans raised a beacon, reminding the world that we are a shining city on a hill, the last best hope for man on earth.\nContrary to statist Democrat propaganda, the American people know that the 1980s were a rising tide, a magnificent decade for freedom and entrepreneurial creativity. We are confident that, knowing this, they will never consciously retreat to the bad old days of tax and spend. Our Platform will clarify the choice before our fellow citizens.\nWe have learned that ideas do indeed have consequences. Thus, our words are important not for their prose but for what they reveal about the thinking of our President and our Party.\nTwo years ago, President Bush described the key elements of what be called \"our new paradigm,\" a fresh approach that aims to put new ideas to work in the service of enduring principles—principles we upheld throughout the long twilight struggle, principles George Bush has acted decisively to advance. Thus we honor the Founders and their vision.\nUnlike our opponents, we are inspired by a commitment to profound change. Our mission combines timeless beliefs with a positive vision of a vigorous America: prosperous and tolerant, just and compassionate. We believe that individual freedom, hard work, and personal responsibility—basic to free society—are also basic to effective government. We believe in the fundamental goodness of the American people. We believe in traditional family values and in the Judeo-Christian heritage that informs our culture. We believe in the Constitution and its guarantee of color-blind equal opportunity. We believe in free markets. We believe in constructive change, in both true conservatism and true reform. We believe government has a legitimate role to play in our national life, but government must never dominate that life.\nWhile our goals are constant, we are willing to innovate, experiment, and learn. We have learned that bigger is not better, that quantity and quality are different things, that more money does not guarantee better outcomes. We have learned the importance of individual choice—in education, health care, child care—and that bureaucracy is the enemy of initiative and self-reliance. We believe in empowerment, including home ownership for as many as possible. We believe in decentralized authority, and a bottom-line, principled commitment to what works for people.\nWe believe in the American people: free men and women with faith in God, working for themselves and their families, believing in the value of every human being from the very young to the very old.\nWe believe the Founders intended Congress to be responsive, flexible, and foresighted. After decades of Democrat misrule, the Congress is none of these things. Dominated by reactionaries, obsessed with the failed policies and stuctures of the past, the Democrat majority displays a \"do-nothing\" doggedness: they intend to learn nothing and forget nothing. Seeking to build a better America, we seek to elect a better Congress.\nFinally, we believe in a President who represents the national interest, not just the aggregation of well-connected special interests; a President who brings unity to the American purpose.\nAmerica faces many challenges. Republicans, under the strong leadership of President Bush, are responding with this bold Platform of new ideas that infuses our commitment to individual freedom and market forces with an equal commitment to a decent, just way of life for every American.\nWith a firm faith that the American people will always choose hope over fear, we Republicans dedicate ourselves to this forward-looking agenda for America in the 1990s, transcending old, static ideas with a shared vision of hope, optimism, and opportunity.\nUniting Our Family\n\nAs the family goes, so goes the Nation. Strong families and strong communities make a strong America. An old adage says, \"America is great because she is good; if America ceases to be good, she will cease to be great.\"\nOur greatness starts at home—literally. So Republicans believe government should strengthen families, not replace them. Today, more than ever, the traditional family is under assault. We believe our laws should reflect what makes our Nation prosperous and wholesome: faith in God, hard work, service to others, and limited government.\nParents bring reality to these principles when they pass them on to their children. As the Book of Proverbs proclaims, \"Train up a child in the way he should go: and when he is old, he will not depart from it.\"\nImagine the America we could create if all parents taught their children the importance of honesty, work, responsibility, and respect for others. We would have less violence in our homes and streets; less illegal drug use; fewer teen pregnancies forcing girls and boys to be adults before they have graduated from high school. Instead, we would have an America of families, friends, and communities that care about one another.\nThat kind of future is not a matter of chance; it is a question of personal responsibility. Barbara Bush captured the importance of that stewardship when she said, \"At the end of your life you will never regret not having passed one more test, not winning one more verdict, or not closing one more deal. You will regret time not spent with a husband, a child, a friend, or a parent.\"\nThe Republican Party has espoused these principles since its founding. Families built on solid, spiritual foundations are central to our Party's inspiration. At this time of great national and global transition, we renew our commitment to these fundamental principles, which will guide our family, our country, our world into the next century.\nFamily: The Home of Freedom\n\nChange can be good, when it liberates the energy and commitment of family members to build better futures. We welcome change that corrects the mistakes of the past, particularly those at war against the family. For more than three decades, the liberal philosophy has assaulted the family on every side.\nToday, its more vocal advocates believe children should be able to sue their parents over decisions about schooling, cosmetic surgery, employment, and other family matters. They deny parental authority and responsibility, fracturing the family into isolated individuals, each of them dependent upon—and helpless before—government. This is the ultimate agenda of contemporary socialism under all its masks: to liberate youth from traditional family values by replacing family functions with bureaucratic social services. That is why today's liberal Democrats are hostile toward any institution government cannot control, like private childcare or religious schools.\nThe Republican Party responds, as it has since 1980, with an unabashed commitment to the family's economic liberty and moral rights. Republicans trust parents and believe they, not courts and lawyers, know what is best for their children. That is why we will work to ensure that the Congress and the States shall enact no law abridging the rights of the family formed by blood, marriage, adoption, or legal custody-rights which are anterior and superior to those of government. Republicans oppose and resist the efforts of the Democrat Party to redefine the traditional American family.\nWe will promote whole, caring families by eliminating biases that have crept into our legal and tax codes. We will advance adoption through significant tax credits, insurance reforms, and legal reforms. We encourage adoption for those unprepared or unwilling to bear the emotional, financial, or physical demands of raising a child and will work to revive maternity homes to ensure care for both mothers and babies.\nWe applaud the commitment of foster care parents who provide family environments for foster care children. We abhor the disgraceful bureaucratic mismanagement of foster care. Big city mayors have spent billions on social service bureaucrats who have lost track of many children. Many have no health records, no real residence, not even the simplest personal possessions. Shuttled from house to house, they lack discipline and identity and are ripe for lives of crime. We are determined to reform this system to help these children.\nBroken homes can have a devastating emotional and economic impact upon children and are the breeding ground for gang members. We urge State legislatures to explore ways to promote marital stability. Because the intergenerational family is a vital element of social cohesion, we urge greater respect for the rights and the roles of grandparents.\nRepublicans recognize the importance of having fathers and mothers in the home. The two-parent family still provides the best environment of stability, discipline, responsibility, and character. Documentation shows that where the father has deserted his family, children are more likely to commit a crime, to drop out of school, to become violent, to become teen parents, to take illegal drugs, to become enmired in poverty, or to have emotional or behavioral problems. We support the courageous efforts of single-parent families to have a stable home.\nThe President also advanced equity for families that forego a second income to care for their children at home through his Young Child Tax Credit. Congressional Democrats are already trying to repeal it.\nThe demands of employment and commuting often make it hard for parents to spend time with their children. Republicans advocate maximum flexibility in working and child care arrangements so that families can make the most of their schedules. We support pro-family policies: job sharing, telecommuting, compressed work weeks, parental leave negotiated between employer and employees, and flextime. We reject the Democrats' one-size-fits-all approach that puts mandates on employers and takes choices away from employees.\nMost parents prefer in-home care of their children but often encounter government obstacles. Republicans will promote in-home care by allowing payment annually, instead of quarterly, of income taxes by employees and withholding taxes by employers. Our proposals for tort reform, now blocked by the Democrat Congress, will prevent excessive litigation that hampers the growth of child care opportunities. By taking care of our children, we are taking care of our future.\nBetween 1948 and 1990, under the Democrat-controlled Congress for most of those years, federal taxes on the average family of four rose from two percent to 24 percent of income. When State and local levies are included, the tax burden exceeds one-third of family income. The increase in the effective federal tax rate since 1950 has now swallowed up an ever-increasing share of a family's earnings. Instead of working to improve their family's standard of living, they must work to feed government's gluttonous appetite.\nThis is a scandal. In the 1980s, two Republican Presidents kept Democrats from making matters worse. Presidents Reagan and Bush led the way to increase the personal exemption for dependents. We pledge to go farther to restore the value, as a percentage of average household income, it had 50 years ago. The value of the dependent deduction has eroded to a fraction of its original worth to families. Republicans call for a complete restoration, in real dollars, to its original value. Rather than fatten government bureaucracies with new programs to \"help\" families, we want to expand the Young Child Tax Credit to $500 per child and make it available to all families with children under the age of ten.\nWhen the Democrats establish tax policy that makes marriage more expensive than living together, they discourage traditional commitment and stable home life. We will remove the marriage penalty in the tax code, so a married couple will receive as large a standard deduction as their unmarried counterparts. Together, these changes will empower parents to care for their families in a way public services never can.\nAs a result of this popular demand for education, Americans have created the most extensive and widely accessible educational system in the world. The people have insisted that primary responsibility for education properly remain with families, communities, and States, although, from early times, the national government has played a role in encouraging innovation and access. In the 18th century, the Northwest Ordinance assured that school bells would ring amid frontier forests. In the 19th century, President Lincoln signed the Morrill Act establishing 50 land-grant colleges. In the 20th century, President Eisenhower signed the National Defense Education Act, providing millions with a chance at higher education; and President Nixon signed legislation that today provides federal grants and loans to half our full-time college students. In the 21st century, the promotion of educational excellence will be more crucial than ever before in our Nation's history.\nRecognizing what every parent knows, that our current educational system is not educating our children, President Bush is leading an education revolution. We applaud the President's bold vision to change radically our education system. Our parents want it, our communities want it, our States want it, and our children want it—but the Democrat leadership in the House and the Senate continue to thwart the will of the American people for radical change in the way we educate our children.\nThe Republican strategy is based on sound principle. Parents have the right to choose the best school for their children. Schools should teach right from wrong. Schools should reinforce parental authority, not replace it. We should increase flexibility from federal regulation. We should explore a new generation of break-the-mold New American Schools. Standards and assessments should be raised, not reduced to a lowest common denominator. Communities should be empowered to find what works. The pursuit of excellence in education is a fundamental goal. Good teachers should be rewarded for teaching well. Alternative certification can bring desperately-needed new people into the teaching profession. America needs public, private, and parochial schools.\nEducation is a joint responsibility of the individual, the family, and the community. Parents are the first and most important teachers of their children. They should have the right not only to participate in their child's education, but to choose for their children among the broadest array of educational choices, without regard to their income. We also support the right of parents to provide quality education through home-based schools.\nThe Bush Administration has sent to Congress several legislative proposals embodying these principles. The proposals, in spite of the fact that 1500 communities across the Nation have developed local committees to support them through the AMERICA 2000 strategy, languish in the Democrat Congress. And they are opposed by special interest unions which have a power-grip on the failed policies of the past.\nTo do so, the President has established a bold strategy, AMERICA 2000, which challenges communities in every State to take charge to achieve our ambitious national education goals. The success of AMERICA 2000 will depend upon the local community, where implementation and ultimate responsibility rest.\nWe have seen real progress. Perhaps most important, though, is that President Bush has fostered a national debate on education that has challenged every American to get involved. He has called forth American traits of ingenuity and ambition to create better lives for our children. As a result, a new generation of break-the-mold New American Schools is taking shape. New and tougher standards and assessments are being established for what our children should know. The number of strings attached to federal school aid is being reduced.\nThe President has shown unprecedented leadership for the most important education goal of all: helping middle and low income families enjoy the same choice of schools—public, private, or religious—that families with more resources already have. The President's proposed \"GI Bill for Children\" will provide $1,000 scholarships to middle and low income families, enabling their children to attend the school of their choice. This innovative plan will not only drive schools to excel as they compete, but will also give every parent consumer power to obtain an excellent education for his or her child.\nRepublican leadership has nearly doubled funds for Head Start, making it possible, for the first time, for all eligible four-year-olds to participate, should their parents choose to enroll them. The Bush Administration has put a college education within reach of millions more students, young and old. The President has proposed allowing families to deduct the interest they pay on student loans, and penalty-free withdrawal of IRA funds for educational expenses.\nThe President has developed a sweeping youth apprenticeship strategy to meet this goal. His plan will ensure that students meet the high standards demanded of all high school students, while training them with a skill as well. We strongly support youth apprenticeships that include a year of college, to encourage a lifetime of learning and opportunity for students.\nWe have an uncompromising commitment to improve public education—which means assuring that our schools produce well-educated, responsible citizens—not the maintenance of a government monopoly over the means of educating. American families must be given choice in education. We value the important role played by our private, independent, and parochial schools, colleges, and universities. We believe that their quality is best encouraged by minimizing government regulation.\nWe believe distance learning is a valuable tool in the fight to bring equal educational opportunity to every student regardless of wealth or geographic location. Distance learning provides students access to the vast educational resources of our Nation.\nWe encourage the use of modern technology to meet the goal of educational excellence. We support policies that provide access for all instructional and educational programmers to permit them to provide the greatest choice of programming and material to schools and teachers. We also support policies which will encourage the use of all advanced technologies for the delivery of educational and instructional programming in order to give schools and teachers the greatest flexibility in providing creative and innovative instruction. We encourage local school boards to ensure review of these materials by parents and educators.\nWe support efforts to open the teaching profession by reforming the certification system now barring many talented men and women from the classroom.\nSchools should be—as they have been traditionally—academic institutions. Families and communities err when by neglect or design they transfer to the school responsibilities that belong in the home and in the community. Schools were created to help and strengthen families, not to undermine or substitute for them.\nAccordingly, we oppose programs in public schools that provide birth control or abortion services or referrals. Instead, we encourage abstinence education programs with proven track records in protecting youth from disease, pregnancy, and drug use.\nThe critical public mission in education is to set tough, clear standards of achievement and ensure that those who educate our children are accountable for meeting them. This is not just a matter of plans or dollars. Competency testing and merit pay for teachers are essential elements of such accountability.\nWe are proud of our many dedicated, professional teachers and educators who have committed their lives to educating America's children. We also believe that powerful unions and liberal special interest groups should not be the driving force in education reform.\nJust as spiritual principles—our moral compass—help guide public policy, learning must have a moral basis. America must remain neutral toward particular religions, but we must not remain neutral toward religion itself or the values religion supports. Mindful of our country's Judeo-Christian heritage and rich religious pluralism, we support the right of students to engage in voluntary prayer in schools and the right of the community to do so at commencements or other occasions. We will strongly enforce the law guaranteeing equal access to school facilities. We also advocate recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in schools as a reminder of the principles that sustain us as one Nation under God.\nOur ambitious vision for America works, however, only in a society of well-educated citizens. The Democrat Party, beholden to the special interests who resist change, can never accomplish the improvements in education which our schools and our children so desperately need. Indeed, they have no plan. The Republican Party has started an education revolution. We have presented a detailed plan which is even now becoming reality. The future of our Nation demands no less. The President is leading the country on an education crusade, a crusade the American people have joined.\nBut we must do better. Costs are soaring. Many Americans, responsible for children and aging parents, worry about the quality and price of care. The 1992 election presents all of us with a clear choice. Democrats want a costly, coercive system, imported from abroad, with a budget set by Congress and policies set by bureaucrats. That is a prescription for misery. It would imperil jobs, require billions in new taxes, lower the quality of health care overall, drive health care providers out of the profession, and result in rationing.\nThe congressional Democrats' health care reform proposal would exclude themselves from coverage under their own program. They refuse to live with the scheme they are trying to force on the rest of the country.\nRepublicans believe government control of health care is irresponsible and ineffective. We believe health care choices should remain in the hands of the people, not government bureaucrats. This issue truly represents a fundamental difference between the two parties.\n• Creating new tax credits and deductions to help low-and middle-income Americans. These tax credits would be available in the form of vouchers for low-income people who work.\n• Providing insurance security for working Americans by requiring insurers to cover preexisting conditions.\n• Making health insurance premiums fully deductible for the self-employed.\n• Making it easier for small firms to purchase coverage for their employees. The proposal would allow small businesses to form health insurance purchasing pools that would make insurance more affordable. It also would guarantee the availability and renewability of insurance for small firms, set premium standards, preempt State mandated-benefit laws, establish minimum coverage plans, and require States to establish risk pools to spread risks broadly across health insurers.\n• Addressing the medical malpractice problem by a cap on noneconomic damage recoveries in malpractice claims and an alternative dispute resolution before going to court.\nIn short, the President aims to make coverage available to all, guaranteed, renewable, with no preconditions. Under his plan, no one will have to go broke to get well.\nThe Democrats' plan stands in stark philosophical contrast. Instead of preserving individual options, it would rely on government bureaucrats. Instead of preserving quality care, it would lead to rationing and waiting lines. And instead of enhancing the health care security of American workers, it would require a massive increase in payroll taxes that would destroy hundreds of thousands of jobs.\nThe Democrats' so called \"play or pay\" proposal would require employers either to provide health insurance for their workers or pay a new tax that would fund in part a new government-run health program. According to a study prepared by the Urban Institute, this mandate would require new federal taxes—or new federal borrowing—of $36 billion in the first year alone. Nearly 52 million Americans who now have private health insurance would be dumped by their employers onto the government-run plan. Additional costs to employers—particularly small employers—would total an estimated $30 billion in the first year. The Republican staff of Congress' Joint Economic Committee estimates that 712,000 people would lose their jobs because of the \"play or pay\" mandate.\nRepublicans are also determined to resolve the crisis in medical liability, allowing physicians and certified midwives to deliver babies and practice in underserved areas. Meaningful medical tort reform would assure that doctors would not have to practice medicine under a cloud of potential litigation. We will reduce administrative expenses and paperwork by adopting a uniform claim and data system. We pledge our support for rehabilitation and long-term care coverage. We will curb costs through better prenatal and other preventive care. We encourage the application of the Good Samaritan law to protect health care providers who wish to volunteer their time to provide patient care to the community. We encourage coordinated care in public programs and private insurance. We further support regulatory reforms to speed the development of new drugs and medical technology.\nThe health care safety net must be secure for those who need preventive, acute, and long-term care. Special consideration should be given to abolishing or reforming programs which prohibit or discourage individuals from seeking to work their way out of poverty and dependency. We will reduce paperwork burdens and redirect those resources to actual services. We will enhance access to medical care through community health centers, which provide primary care in medically underserved areas. We will modify outdated antitrust rules that prohibit hospitals from merging their resources to provide improved, cost-effective health care.\nWe encourage the use of telecommunications technology to link hospitals in larger communities with heath care facilities in smaller communities. Advanced communications networks will facilitate the sharing of resources, will improve access to affordable health care through the transmission of medical imaging and diagnostics, and will ensure that Americans living in rural areas have the same access to doctors and the latest medical procedures as Americans living in urban areas.\nRepublicans focus on health, not just health care. We want not only to treat disease and disability, but to reduce and prevent them. Through funding for NIH, we invest in research to cure a range of diseases, from cancer to heart disease, from multiple sclerosis to lupus. We support efforts which foster early cancer detection. Even more important, we rely on individuals to lower the incidence of preventable illness and injury. A large part of our health care costs, public and private, is caused by behavior. Good judgment can save billions of dollars—and perhaps millions of lives.\nEpidemics have, throughout history, challenged governments, which have too often been powerless to combat them. Science—and human wisdom—have advanced, however, and we have met this crisis not only with a massive commitment of resources but also with a personal determination on the part of the President. That commitment and leadership will continue.\nAIDS should he treated like any other communicable or sexually transmitted disease, while at the same time preserving patient confidentiality. We are committed to ensure that our Nation's response to AIDS is shaped by compassion, not fear or ignorance, and will oppose, as a matter of decency and honor, any discrimination against Americans who are its victims.\nWe encourage State legislatures to enact legislation which makes it a criminal act for anyone knowingly to transmit the AIDS virus.\nWe will seek to ensure that medical personnel, and the people who trust in their care, will be protected against infection.\nThis disease also challenges America scientifically. We must succeed in slowing the epidemic's spread. The Administration has thus placed great emphasis on a variety of prevention efforts to do so. We must recognize, also, that prevention is linked ultimately to personal responsibility and moral behavior. We reject the notion that the distribution of clean needles and condoms are the solution to stopping the spread of AIDS. Education designed to curb the spread of this disease should stress marital fidelity, abstinence, and a drug-free lifestyle. There must be a means for successfully treating the virus, and this has led to a threefold increase in research and steps to speed the approval process for new drugs that could make a crucial difference to those infected. Above all, a cure must be found. We have committed enormous resources—$4.2 billion over the past four years for research alone, more than for any disease except cancer. In keeping with the American spirit, our fellow citizens with HIV/AIDS deserve our compassion and our care, and they deserve our united commitment to a cure.\nWe applaud the President's initiatives to require the involvement of more women in clinical trials and to create within NIH a center to combat breast and cervical cancer. We also call for expanded research on various diseases, common to both men and women, but whose effects on women have yet to be determined. We call for fetal protection in the workplace and in scientific research.\nWe reaffirm our commitment to a strong Social Security system. To stop penalizing grandparents and other seniors who care for children, we pledge to continue the Republican crusade to end the earnings limitation for Social Security recipients. More than ever, our Nation needs older Americans in its schools and workplaces. There should be no barriers to their full participation in our country' s future. We pledge support for greater availability of long-term care and for research to combat Alzheimer's disease. Republicans also took the lead in expanding home health care in government programs, and we want to build on that accomplishment.\nOne example is the advocacy of violence against law enforcement officers, promoted by a corporation more interested in profits than the possible consequences of such a message. We believe, in the spirit of Theodore Roosevelt, that corporations, like individuals, have responsibilities to society, and that conscience alone should prevent such outrages.\nWe also stand united with those private organizations, such as the Boy Scouts of America, who are defending decency in fulfillment of their own moral responsibilities. We reject the irresponsible position of those corporations that have cut off contributions to such organizations because of their courageous stand for family values. Moreover, we oppose efforts by the Democrat Party to include sexual preference as a protected minority receiving preferential status under civil rights statutes at the federal, State, and local level.\nWe oppose any legislation or law which legally recognizes same-sex marriages and allows such couples to adopt children or provide foster care.\nWe must recognize that the time has come for a national crusade against pornography. Some would have us believe that obscenity and pornography have no social impact. But if hard-core pornography does not cheapen the human spirit, then neither does Shakespeare elevate it. We call on federal agencies to halt the sale, under government auspices, of pornographic materials. We endorse Republican legislation, the Pornography Victims Compensation Act, allowing victims of pornography to seek damages from those who make or sell it, especially since the Commission on Pornography, in 1986, found a direct link between pornography and violent crimes committed against women and children. Further, we propose a computerized federal registry to track persons convicted of molesting children. We also believe that the various State legislatures should create a civil cause of action against makers and distributors of pornography when their material incites a violent crime.\nGovernment has a responsibility, as well, to ensure that it promotes the common moral values that bind us together as a Nation. We therefore condemn the use of public funds to subsidize obscenity and blasphemy masquerading as art. The fine arts, including those with public support, can certainly enrich our society. However, no artist has an inherent right to claim taxpayer support for his or her private vision of art if that vision mocks the moral and spiritual basis on which our society is founded. We believe a free market in art—with neither suppression nor favoritism by government—is the best way to foster the cultural revival our country needs.\nIndividual Rights, Good Homes and Safe Streets\n\nAt a time when the rest of the world has rejected socialism, there are communities here at home where free markets have not been permitted to flourish. Decades of liberalism have left us with two economies. The pro-growth economy rewards effort, promotes thrift, and supports strong families. The other economy stifles initiative and is anti-work and anti-family. In one economy, people are free to be owners and entrepreneurs. In the other economy, people are at the mercy of government. We are determined to elevate the poor into the pro-growth economy.\nRepublicans will lead a new national consensus around economic opportunity, greater access to property, home ownership and housing, jobs and entrepreneurship. We must bring the great promise of America to every city, every small town, and to all our people.\nOur agenda for equality of opportunity runs throughout this Platform and applies to all Americans. There is no such thing as segregated success. We reject the Democrats' politics of division, envy and conflict. They believe that America is split into classes and can be healed only through the redistribution of wealth. We believe in the economics of multiplication: free markets expand opportunity and wealth for all.\nThat is true liberation. It frees poor people not only from want but also from government control. That is why liberal Democrats have fought us every step of the way, refusing congressional action on Enterprise Zones until Los Angeles burned—and then mocking the expectations of the poor by gutting that critical proposal. They can kill bills, but they cannot kill hope. We are determined to pass that legislation for the sake of all who are awaiting their chance for the American Dream.\nWe will eliminate laws that keep Americans out of jobs, like the outdated ban on home work. The antiquated Davis-Bacon Act inflates taxpayer costs and keeps willing workers from getting jobs in federally-assisted projects. It must go. Unlike the Democrats, we believe the private sector, not the federal government, should set prevailing wage rates.\nAs explained elsewhere in this Platform, low-income families must gain control of their future through choice in their children' s education.\nIn the tradition of Lincoln, President Bush has replicated the American dream of home-ownership. For first-time home buyers, he has proposed a $5,000 tax credit. For lower-income families, he has worked to restore opportunity through HOPE, his initiative to help tenants now dependent on federal aid to buy their own homes; Mortgage Revenue Bonds, to assist more than 1.9 million families to buy a first home; Low Income Housing Tax Credits, already producing more than 420,000 decent apartments at affordable prices; and HOME, a partnership among all levels of government to help low-income families secure better housing.\nFor everyone, but especially for the poor, the best housing policy is non-inflationary economic growth with low interest rates, the heart of our opportunity agenda.\nIt bought a horrendous expansion of dependence, especially among mothers and children.\nToday's welfare system is anti-work and anti-marriage. It taxes families to subsidize illegitimacy. It rewards unethical behavior and penalizes initiative. It cannot be merely tinkered with by Congress; it must be recreated by States and localities. Republican Governors and legislators in several States have already launched dramatic reforms, especially with workfare and leanfare. Welfare can no longer be a check in the mail with no responsibility.\nWe believe fathers and mothers must be held responsible for their children. We support stronger enforcement of child support laws. We call for strong enforcement and tough penalties against welfare fraud and insist that work must be a mandatory part of public assistance for all who are able to work. Because divorce, desertion, and illegitimacy account for almost all the increase in child poverty over the last 20 years, we put the highest priority upon enforcement of family rights and responsibilities.\nAmong these responsibilities is the obligation to get an education—a key to avoiding dependency. Families on welfare with school-age children must be required to send them to school or provide adequate home education in keeping with various State laws in order to continue receiving public assistance. Young adult heads of welfare households should be required to complete appropriate education or training programs.\nViolent crime is the gravest domestic threat to our way of life. It has turned our communities into battlegrounds, playgrounds into grave yards. It threatens everyone, but especially the very young, the elderly, the weak. It destroys business and suffocates economic opportunity in struggling communities. It is a travesty that some American children have to sleep in bathtubs for protection from stray bullets. The poverty of values that justifies drive-by shootings and random violence holds us hostage and insecure, even in our own homes. We must work to develop community-help projects designed to instill a sense of responsibility and pride.\nThis is the legacy of a liberalism that elevates criminals' fights above victims' rights, that justifies soft-on-crime judges' approving early-release prison programs, and that leaves law enforcement officers powerless to deter crime with the threat of certain punishment.\nFor twelve years, two Republican Presidents have fought to reverse this trend, along with Republican officials in the States. They have named tough law-and-order judges, pushed for minimum mandatory sentences, expanded federal assistance to States and localities, sought to help States redress court orders on prison overcrowding, and devoted record resources that are turning the tide against drugs. They have repeatedly proposed legislation, consistently rejected by congressional Democrats, to restore the severest penalties for the most heinous crimes, to ensure swift and certain punishment, and to end the legal loopholes that let criminals go free.\nCongressional Democrats reject Republican reform of the exclusionary rule that prohibits use of relevant evidence obtained in good faith and allows criminals, even murderers, to go free on a technicality. They reject our reform of habeas corpus law to prevent the appellate process from becoming a lawyers' game to thwart justice through endless appeals and procedural delays. They refuse to enact effective procedures to reinstate the death penalty for the most heinous crimes. They reject tougher, mandatory sentences for career criminals. Instead, Congressional Democrats actually voted to create more loopholes for vicious thugs and fewer protections for victims of crime and have opposed mandatory restitution for victims. Their crime legislation, which we emphatically reject, cripples law enforcement by overturning over twenty United States Supreme Court cases that have helped to reduce crime and keep violent criminal offenders off the streets.\nFor too long our criminal justice system has carefully protected the rights of criminals and neglected the suffering of the innocent victims of crime and their families. We support the rights of crime victims to be present, heard, and informed throughout the criminal justice process and to be provided with restitution and services to aid their recovery.\nWe believe in giving police the resources to do their job. Law enforcement must remain primarily a State and local responsibility. With 95 percent of all violent crimes within the jurisdiction of the States, we have led efforts to increase the number of police protecting our citizens. We also support incentives to encourage personnel leaving the Armed Forces to continue to defend their country—against the enemy within—by entering the law enforcement profession.\nNarcotics traffic drives street crime. President Bush has, for the first time, used the resources of our Armed Forces against the international drug trade. By our insistence, multilateral control of precursor chemicals and money laundering is now an international priority. We decry efforts by congressional Democrats to slash international anti-narcotics funding and inhibit the most vital control efforts in Peru. We support efforts to work with South and Central American leaders to eradicate crops used to produce illegal narcotics.\nThe Republican Party is committed to a drug-free America. During the last twelve years, we have radically reversed the Democrats' attitude of tolerance toward narcotics, vastly increased federal operations against drugs, cleaned up the military, and launched mandatory testing for employees in various fields, including White House personnel. As a result, overall drug abuse is falling. We urge that States and communities emphasize anti-drug education by police officers and others in schools to educate young children to the dangers of the chug culture. Dope is no longer trendy.\nWe oppose legalizing or decriminalizing drugs. That is a morally abhorrent idea, the last vestige of an ill-conceived philosophy that counseled the legitimacy of permissiveness. Today, a similarly dysfunctional morality explains away drug-dealing as an escape, and drive-by shootings as an act of political violence. There is no excuse for the wanton destruction of human life. We therefore support the stiffest penalties, including the death penalty, for major chug traffickers.\nDrug users must face punishment, including fines and imprisonment, for contributing to the demand that makes the drug trade profitable. Among possible sanctions should be the loss of government assistance and suspension of drivers' licenses. Residents of public housing should be able to protect their families against drugs by screening out abusers and dealers. We support grassroots action to drive dealers and crack-houses out of operation.\nSafe streets also mean highways that are free of drunken drivers and drivers under the influence of illegal drugs. Republicans support the toughest possible State laws to deal with drunken drivers and users of illegal drugs, who deserve no sympathy from our courts or State legislatures. We also oppose the illicit abuse of legal chugs.\nWhite-collar crime threatens homes and families in a different way. It steals secretly, forcing up prices, rigging contracts, swindling consumers, and harming the overwhelming majority of business people, who play fair and obey the law. We support imprisonment for those who steal from the American people. We pledge an all out fight against it, especially within the political machines that control many of our major cities. We will continue to bring to justice corrupt politicians and those who collude with them to plunder savings and loans.\nIllegal entry into the United States, on the other hand, threatens the social compact on which immigration is based. That is, the Nation accepts immigrants and is enriched by their determination and values. Illegal immigration, on the other hand, undermines the integrity of border communities and already crowded urban neighborhoods. We will build on the already announced strengthening of the Border Patrol to better coordinate interdiction of illegal entrants through greater cross-border cooperation. Specifically, we will increase the size of the Border Patrol in order to meet the increasing need to stop illegal immigration and we will equip the Border Patrol with the tools, technologies, and structures necessary to secure the border.\nWe will seek stiff penalties for those who smuggle illegal aliens into the country, and for those who produce or sell fraudulent documents. We also will reduce incentives to enter the United States by promoting initiatives like the North American Free Trade Agreement. In creating new economic opportunity in Mexico, a NAFTA removes the incentive to cross the border illegally in search of work.\nThe Republican Party is unique in this regard. Since its inception, it has respected every person, even when that proposition was not universally popular. Today, as in the day of Lincoln, we insist that no American' s rights are negotiable.\nThat is why we declare that bigotry and prejudice have no place in American life. We denounce all who practice or promote racism, anti-Semitism, or religious intolerance. We believe churches and religious schools should not be taxed; we defend the right of religious leaders to speak out on public issues; and we condemn the cowardly desecration of places of worship that has shocked our country in recent years.\nAsserting equal rights for all, we support the Bush Administration's vigorous enforcement of statutes to prevent illegal discrimination on account of sex, race, creed, or national origin. Promoting opportunity, we reject efforts to replace equal rights with quotas or other preferential treatment. That is why President Bush fought so long against the Democrat Congress to win a civil rights bill worthy of that name.\nWe renew the historic Republican commitment to the rights of women, from the early days of the suffragist movement to the present. Because legal rights mean little without opportunity, we assert economic growth as the key to the continued progress of women in all fields of American life.\nWe believe the unborn child has a fundamental individual right to life which cannot be infringed. We therefore reaffirm our support for a human life amendment to the Constitution, and we endorse legislation to make clear that the Fourteenth Amendment's protections apply to unborn children. We oppose using public revenues for abortion and will not fund organizations which advocate it. We commend those who provide alternatives to abortion by meeting the needs of mothers and offering adoption services. We reaffirm our support for appointment of judges who respect traditional family values and the sanctity of innocent human life.\nPresident Bush signed into law the greatest advance ever for disabled persons: The Americans with Disabilities Act, a milestone in removing barriers to full participation in our country's life. We will fully implement it, with sensitivity to the needs of small businesses, just as we have earlier legal protections for the disabled in federal programs. We oppose the nonconsensual withholding of health care or treatment from any person because of handicap, age, or infirmity, just as we oppose euthanasia and assisted suicide.\nWe support full access to the polls, and the entire political process, by disabled voters. We will ensure that students with disabilities benefit from AMERICA 2000's new emphasis on testing for excellence and accountability for results.\nPromoting the rights of the disabled requires, before all else, an expanding economy, both to advance assistive technology and to create opportunities for personal advancement. That is another reason why Republicans are committed to growth.\nWe reaffirm our commitment to the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution: \"No person shall be...deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.\" We support strong enforcement of this Takings clause to keep citizens secure in the use and development of their property. We also seek to reduce the amount of land owned or controlled by the government, especially in the western States. We insist upon prompt payment for private lands certified as critical for preserving essential parks and preserves.\nRepublicans defend the constitutional right to keep and bear arms. We call for stiff mandatory sentences for those who use firearms in a crime. We note that those who seek to disarm citizens in their homes are the same liberals who tried to disarm our Nation during the Cold War and are today seeking to cut our national defense below safe levels. We applaud congressional Republicans for overturning the District of Columbia's law blaming firearm manufacturers for street crime.\nWe affirm the right of individuals to form, join, or assist labor organizations to bargain collectively, consistent with State laws. We support the right of States to enact Right-to-Work laws.\nA Republican Congress will amend the Hobbs Act, so that union officials will not be exempt from the law' s prohibition against extortion and violence. We call for greater legal protection from violence for workers who stay on the job during strikes.\nWe support self-determination for Indian Tribes in managing their own affairs and resources. Recognizing the government-to-government trust responsibility, we aim to end dependency fostered by federal controls. Reservations and tribal lands held in trust should be free to become enterprise zones so their people can fully share in the Nation's prosperity. We will work with tribal governments to improve education, health, economic opportunity, and environmental conditions. We endorse efforts to preserve the culture and languages of Native Americans and Hawaiians and to ensure their equitable participation in federal programs.\nUniting Our Country\n\nOver the last four years, the United States has achieved our overriding objective since the end of World War II. Communism and other forms of planned economies lie in the ash heap of history, defeated not only by our military strength but by the force of our ideas-democracy and free enterprise.\nNow a huge international market is evolving. Combined with America's low inflation and low interest rate environment, it presents us with unprecedented economic opportunity. We commit to the proposition that the American economy will remain first in the world. This is our goal. Achieving it will ensure that our people will enjoy the jobs, benefits, and economic growth to sustain the American dream for themselves and their posterity.\nRepublicans believe that the greatest engine for social change and economic progress is the entrepreneurial economy. We believe that America has broken down the lines of class to a greater degree than any society on earth, not because of government but because of an economic system that allows men and women to create wealth for themselves and their communities. We believe that positive change can occur and benefit all Americans if we continue to remove governmental barriers to entrepreneurship and, thus, economic growth.\nOur cause embraces traditional ideals and modern realities. It both reforms and innovates. We aim to shape history through faith in one another. Because we look forward, we emphasize saving, investment, and job creation. We encourage innovation and the entrepreneurial spirit that are, together, part of our national character. We both conserve and develop our natural resources. Because we have learned from the past, we are determined to change what desperately needs changing in government.\nGovernment does not have all the answers, but we know where to find them: in the spirit of our people. We know the weapons for this battle: economic and political liberty in the pursuit of happiness. We understand that material gain improves life only if it lifts us all to pursue higher ends: self-respect, work and study, a decent life and future for our children, and a useful old age.\nSo we rededicate ourselves to the truths the Nation keeps coming back to—the simple, spiritual truths about our family, our country, our world—for upon them we will build our more perfect union.\nSecurity and Opportunity in a Changing Economy\n\nOur economy is people, not statistics. The American people, not government, rescued the United States from an economic collapse triggered by Democrats in the 1970s. Crippled by taxes, robbed by inflation, threatened by controls, stunned by interest rates, the people ended America's decline and restored hope across our country and around our world.\nWe launched an era of growth and prosperity such as the world had never seen: 20 million new jobs in the longest peacetime economic expansion in the history of the Republic. We curbed the size and power of the federal establishment. We lowered tax rates. We restored a sound dollar. We unleashed the might of free people to produce, compete, and triumph in free markets. We gave them the tools; they completed the job.\nDuring the 1980s and into the present decade, the U.S. economy once again became the engine of global growth. Inflation has fallen to its lowest level in 30 years. Interest rates dropped 15 percentage points. Productivity has sharply risen. Exports are booming. Despite a global downturn in late 1990, real economic growth resumed last year and has continued for five consecutive quarters. With low interest rates and low inflation, the American economy is poised for stronger growth through the rest of the 1990s. Keeping inflation and interest rates low and stable through a sound monetary policy is essential for economic growth.\nThese gains were made in spite of the leaders of the Democrat Party. They continue to delay and defeat the President's agenda for growth, jobs, and prosperity. Spending faster than ever, they blocked Republican reforms that would have saved billions of wasted taxpayer dollars. They refused to give the President a line-item veto to curb their self-serving pork-barrel projects.\nThe congressional Democrat Leadership killed the Taxpayer Protection Amendment for a balanced budget in the Democrat-controlled House of Representatives. It was supported by 98 percent of the Republican Members; 57 percent of the Democrat Members voted no. Then they rigged parliamentary procedures to forbid a vote on that Amendment in the Democrat-controlled Senate. Every Republican Senator voted twice to end the filibuster, while more than 70 percent of the Democrats voted, twice, to keep the filibuster going. Their nominee this year for the Vice Presidency supported the filibuster and spurned the Balanced Budget Amendment.\nThey played citizens against one another, wallowing in the politics of hate and envy to smear the wonder of social mobility. They lied about America's achievement in the 1980s, rewriting history to erase the true accomplishments of the American people.\nIn 1990, as the deficit was threatening to balloon and further harm the economy, the President pushed for cuts in government spending overall and for caps on mandatory spending. The Democrat Congress insisted, however, on a tax hike as their price for controlling spending. In short, the Democrats held the U.S. economy—and U.S. jobs—hostage in order to raise taxes, much as they had done to President Reagan.\nJust as they did with President Reagan, the Democrat-controlled Congress promised President Bush they would abide by binding controls on federal spending; and just as with President Reagan, they broke their word. Republicans will not again agree to such a program.\nThis year, to create jobs and promote growth, President Bush submitted a program of tax cuts and incentives designed to get the economy moving again—a program very similar to one he had sent to Congress in early 1990. The Democrats' response was predictable—instead of cutting taxes, they passed a $100 billion tax increase that would have smothered growth and jobs. The President, true to our Republican philosophy, vetoed this tax hike, and sustained his veto with the support of Republicans in Congress.\nNow a new Democrat nominee comes forward with his plan for the economy. With a clean piece of paper, and every opportunity to end his party's romance with taxes, he has instead proposed the largest tax increase in American history. His tax increases, his proposed mandated benefits on small firms, and his further reductions in defense would cost the jobs of 2.6 million Americans. With his present spending increases, his plan would greatly increase the federal budget and the deficit.\nThe simple truth for the American people is this: The only safeguard between themselves and Democrat tax increases is the use of the veto by George Bush and enough Republican votes in Congress to sustain it.\nThe truth is that the Democrat philosophy of bigger government and rigorous redistribution of income requires them to push for ever increasing spending and ever higher taxes.\nThe choice is clear—between George Bush, who vetoes tax increases, and his opponent, who proposes a $150 billion tax increase.\nOur Republican position is equally clear: we will oppose any attempt to increase taxes. Furthermore, Republicans believe that the taxes insisted on by the Democrats in the 1990 budget agreement were recessionary. The Democrat Congress held President Bush and indeed all Americans hostage, refusing to take even modest steps to control spending, unless taxes were increased. The American economy suffered as a result. We believe the tax increases of 1990 should ultimately be repealed.\nJust as history shows that tax increases destroy jobs and economic growth, it also shows that the proper path to create jobs and growth is tax rate reduction.\nWe commend those congressional and senatorial candidates who pledge to oppose tax rate increases.\nAs the deficit comes under control, we aspire to further tax rate cuts, strengthening incentives to work, save, invest, and innovate. We also support President Bush's efforts to reduce federal spending and to cap the growth of non-Social Security entitlements.\nRepublicans want individuals and families to control their own economic destiny. Only long-term expansion of our economy and jobs can make the American dream a reality for generations to come. That is why we demand that the Congress do what President Bush called for last January: open a new era of growth and opportunity by enacting his comprehensive plan for economic recovery, including a reduction in the capital gains tax; an investment tax allowance; a $5,000 tax credit for first-time home buyers; a needed modification of the \"passive loss rule\"; a $500 increase in the personal income tax exemption; making permanent the research and development tax credit; and the passage of federal enterprise zone legislation.\nWe support restoring the deductibility of IRAs for all Americans, including full-time homemakers, and encourage savings for education and home ownership through Family Savings Accounts. The President's Family Savings Accounts will be an impetus to the economy. Let families use their IRAs for first time home purchases, for college education, and for medical emergencies.\nWe will cut the capital gains tax rate to 15 percent—zero in enterprise zones—and index it so government cannot profit from inflation by taxing phantom capital gains, literally stealing from savings and pensions.\nWe reject the notion advanced by Democrats that this enhances the wealthy. To the contrary, it would encourage investment, create new jobs, make capital available for business expansion, and contribute to economic expansion.\nReducing the tax on investment will be the biggest possible boost for the new technologies, businesses, and jobs we need for the next century. If government taxes capital gains at such a high rate that there is no incentive to take risks, to build businesses, to invest, to create jobs, or to better oneself, then jobs and small businesses vanish and everyone's opportunities are diminished.\nCutting the rate, on the other hand, will help supply seed capital where it is needed most—in our poorest communities. Refusing to cut it will handcuff America in international competition and will shackle aspiring entrepreneurs in inner cities and poor rural areas. To encourage investment in new technologies, we will make permanent the research and development tax credit. For the same reason, we want to expand deductibility for investments in new plant and equipment.\nWe support further tax simplification. The tax code should create jobs for Americans, not profits for tax lawyers, lobbyists, and tax-shelters. Small businesses should spend more time hiring and producing, not filling out IRS forms.\nWe oppose taxing religious and ethnic fraternal benefit societies because of their vital role in fostering charity and patriotism.\nWe also oppose tax withholding on savings and dividends.\nWe applaud the efforts by President Bush to help workers who change jobs by enhancing the portability of pensions.\nLeading Democrat Members of Congress have called for a national sales tax, or European style Value Added Tax (VAT), which would take billions of dollars out of the hands of American consumers. Such a tax has been imposed on many nations in Europe and has resulted in higher prices, fewer jobs, and higher levels of government spending. Republicans oppose the idea of putting a VAT on the backs of the American people.\nRepublicans believe in expanding the economy. Jobs and growth are our answer to the future.\nRepublicans also led the way in the 1980s by increasing the personal exemption from $1500 to $2000. This platform calls for another immediate increase of $500, but in the long run we are committed to fully restoring the inflation-adjusted value of the personal exemption. This will require reductions in federal spending, which is why the best hope for tax fairness for America's families lies in a Republican Congress.\nWe support President Bush's freeze on new regulations. We applaud his Competitiveness Council, under Vice President Quayle, for fighting the regulatory mania, saving the public $20 billion with its initial 90-day moratorium on new regulations and billions more under the current 120-day freeze. We call for a permanent moratorium until our regulatory reforms are fully in place. They include market-based regulation, cost-benefit analysis of all new rule-making, and a Regulatory Budget that will make Congress admit—and correct—the harm it does by legislation that destroys jobs and competitiveness.\nWe recognize that property rights are being endangered by government over-regulation. We reaffirm the Constitutional right to private ownership of property; this right is paramount in our free society. Every rule that reduces the value of private property is what our Constitution calls a \"taking.\" This under-the-table taxation is unfair, immoral, and economically destructive. We support legislation to require full compensation of property owners who are victims of regulatory takings.\nWe demand Congress enact President's Bush's housing program introduced as part of his pro-growth package in January.\nProvide a $5,000 tax credit for first-time home buyers and allow them penalty-free IRA withdrawals.\nSet a modified \"passive loss rule\" for active real estate investors.\nExtend tax preferences for mortgage revenue bonds and low-income housing.\nAnd allow deductions for losses on personal residences.\nThe average American' s home is his or her primary asset. That asset should be completely shielded from federal taxation, allowing the homeowner to maintain it or access it as he or she sees fit. We call for the complete elimination of the capital gains tax on the sale of a principal residence.\nOwning a home is not just an investment. It is a commitment to the community, a guard against crime, a statement about family life. It is a crucial component of upward mobility. To advance these goals, Republicans are determined to preserve deductibility of mortgage interest.\nBureaucratic government imposes too many regulatory barriers to affordable housing. These barriers must come down.\nWe applaud efforts in the States to lower property taxes, which strike hardest at the poor, elderly, families with children, and family farmers. We advocate repeal of rent control laws, which help the affluent and hurt low-income families by causing housing shortages.\nWe support the FHA mortgage insurance program, the Government National Mortgage Association, the VA guarantee program, and other programs that enhance housing choices for all. We urge federal departments and agencies to work with the private sector to bring foreclosed housing stock back into service as soon as possible.\nWe reaffirm our commitment to open housing, without quotas or controls, as part of the opportunity we seek for all.\nFor low-income families, the Republican Party stands for a revolution in housing by converting public housing into homes owned by low-income Americans. President Bush is eager to work closely with the States to fight and win a new conservative war on poverty. The truest measure of our success will not be how many families we add to housing assistance rolls but, rather, how many families move into the ranks of homeownership. But every part of that opportunity agenda has been thwarted by landlord Democrats in Congress. We ask the electorate: End the strangulation of divided government. Give Republicans the chance to move housing policy off the Democrat Party plantation into the main-stream of American life. Resident management and ownership of public housing reflect this American mission, not only to assure political freedom but to allow all our fellow citizens to build a better life for themselves and their children.\nCongressional Democrats have consistently blocked efforts to repeal the earnings test which prevents people over age 65 from keeping their jobs and remaining productive members of the workforce. The Social Security earnings test discriminates against senior citizens. These senior citizens have to pay the highest marginal tax rate of any Americans. We support repeal of the Social Security earnings test.\nThe only solution is for the voters to end divided government so that a Republican Congress can enact the Balanced Budget Amendment, requiring a super-majority for any future tax increases. And since the Democrat-controlled Congress has consistently voted clown a line-item veto amendment for the President to control specific wasteful pork barrel spending, a Republican Congress will adopt a line-item veto for the Presidency, restore Presidential power to rescind spending and to lower specific appropriations.\nDeficits lave grown as Democrat Congresses have converted government assistance programs into entitlements and allowed spending to become uncontrolled. A Republican Congress, working with a Republican President, will consider non-Social Security mandatory spending portions of the federal budget when looking for savings.\nWhen legislators and bureaucrats waste tax money, they deserve to lose their jobs. When they save money, they deserve praise. When federal programs have outlived their usefulness, they deserve a decent burial. When federal judges dare to seize the power of the purse, by ordering the imposition of taxes, they should be removed from office by the procedures provided by the Constitution.\nThe latest Democrat scam is to raise taxes for \"investment\"—a code word for more government spending. A Republican Congress will foster investment where it does the most good, by individuals within the private sector.\nSmall business generates 67 percent of all new jobs. Employment in industries dominated by small business increased more than twice as fast as in industries dominated by large businesses. Small business plays a critical role in America's economic health. What happens on Main Street drives what happens on Wall Street.\nTo create jobs and keep small business growing, the Republican Party supports increased access to capital for business expansion, exporting, long term investment, opportunity capital for the disadvantaged, and capital to bring new products and new technology to the market.\nThe Republican Party enthusiastically encourages the passage of federal enterprise zones. Enterprise zones have been effective programs for promoting growth in urban and rural America. Republicans believe that the concept of enterprise zones is based on unyielding faith in the entrepreneurial spirit of all Americans. Enterprise zones foster individual initiative and government deregulation. The States have come a long way in developing successful enterprise zone programs. State programs could only benefit from federal efforts. Congress should follow the lead of President Bush and HUD Secretary Jack Kemp in passing the federal enterprise zone program that will empower communities by reducing government regulation and taxation.\nThe implementation of enterprise zones as an incentive for job creation and business development is also essential to further job and business opportunities. These efforts are bolstered by continued support of job training and minority business development programs, which have been created and implemented by the President's Administration within the last three years. This is of special import to women, who own 32 percent of the Nation's businesses, most of them small ones.\nBecause the regulation of securities markets bars most small businesses from easy access to capital, we also support the Small Business Administration's Section 7(a) loan guarantee program and similar efforts that essentially compensate for the burdens government itself imposes upon entrepreneurs.\nToday, however, government policy at both the federal and State levels is standing in the way of this telecommunications progress. Existing judicial, legislative, and regulatory market allocation schemes constitute a counterproductive industrial policy by prohibiting the full participation by all providers in all segments of the telecommunications marketplace. We need to liberate this future-oriented technology and, in turn, empower the American people by giving consumers a truly competitive choice and lower prices.\nAs a result, we Republicans believe that full and open competition in the telecommunications marketplace is the most effective means for the U. S. to achieve our goal of having the most technologically advanced telecommunications infrastructure in the world.\nScientific research and development in genetics, biotechnology, and electronics will provide better, more affordable health care for all Americans. Distance learning, through technology, will help bring exciting, quality, affordable education to all students, even in rural areas and inner cities. Technology will help us conquer disease, protect the environment, and provide a more abundant, healthier food supply. And technology will lead to better jobs and a better quality of life for all of us—and for our children and our children's children.\nScientific and technological developments in telecommunications, high performance computers, high speed data networks, digitization, advanced software, biotechnology, high energy physics, advanced materials, superconductors, manufacturing processes, energy, transportation, agriculture, oceanography, atmospheric studies, geological research, space, and the environment are some of the keys to increases in productivity. And increases in productivity will create economic growth and a higher standard of living for all of us. Technology is also critical to our national defense.\nWe believe America must make technological development one of its highest priorities. We therefore support efforts to promote science and technology—providing funding for basic research, supporting investment in emerging technologies, improving education in science and engineering, enhancing tax credits for research and development, eliminating unnecessary regulation to create competitive markets, and protecting intellectual property. We further support efforts to increase the pace of technology transfer from the government to the private sector, where the fruits of this research can be used in the free market to create new processes, products, and most important, jobs.\nWe believe these policies will make us internationally competitive and will lead to a bright and prosperous future for our Nation.\nPresident Bush has provided leadership in this arena by developing budgets allocating major new resources to scientific endeavors. The National Science Foundation, the National Institutes of Health, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and the research and development program in the Departments of Energy and Commerce have all become budget priorities under the President's leadership. The sad fact is, however, that the Democrat Congress has cut steadily and sharply in science areas in order to expand spending on social programs. This is short-sighted; the truth is that American innovation in science and engineering will expand our economy and jobs to greater social advantage to all Americans. A Republican Congress working with President Bush would reflect our interest in advancing scientific inquiry and assuring the resulting economic benefits for all Americans.\nThat is why President Bush established the National Space Council under Vice President Quayle. Together, they rescued a floundering program, revamped NASA, opened up competition, and engaged the best minds of academia and research in a twofold mission for mankind. Mission to Planet Earth will define and perhaps mitigate effects on our fragile environment. Mission from Planet Earth will open space for science and industry. Especially in this Columbian year, we hail the President's decision \"to return to the moon, this time to stay, and then a journey to tomorrow, a mission to Mars.\"\nInvestments in space, though aimed at the future, pay dividends right now—in research and medicine, in international competitiveness and domestic opportunity. This must not be diverted to political pork barrels. The journey to the stars used to be a bipartisan adventure, but many Democrat officeholders have jumped ship.\nRepublicans, by contrast, are determined to complete Space Station Freedom within this decade. Our agenda is to lower the cost of access to space, and to broaden that access to the private sector, with a family of new launchers; to build and fly sensors for the global environment; and to advance cutting-edge capabilities like the National Aerospace Plane and single-stage-to-orbit rockets, so technological breakthroughs can be quickly exploited. We will promote space-based industry and ensure that space remains a frontier for private enterprise, not a restricted preserve for government. We will continue international cooperation in space ventures and welcome Russia's cosmonauts and citizens of other nations to fly for freedom.\nWe applaud the President' s efforts to alleviate the continuing problems caused by a lack of funds available to creditworthy borrowers in small businesses and the housing industry. We endorse his efforts to restrain overzealous regulators, reduce regulatory compliance costs, strengthen financial institutions through diversification, and reduce unnecessary barriers to lending.\nThe results are spectacular. We have cut the trade deficit in half in just four years. The United States is again the world's top exporter. Exports drive our economy. Every $1 billion in exports creates 20,000 new jobs for Americans. Exports have created nearly two million new jobs at home since 1988.\nWe are tough free traders, battling to sweep away barriers to our exports. We are waging the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) negotiations to win worldwide reductions in tariffs, elimination of subsidies, and protection of American intellectual property rights. We are fighting to reduce farm subsidies in the European Community and to break up their government-industry collusion in production of civil aircraft. We firmly endorse President Bush's policy to support the Republic of China on Taiwan in international trade and her accession to GATT. Major market access gains have been made with Japan, with American manufacturing exports tripling since 1985. Throughout the world, we enforced greater compliance with U.S. trade rights. And we are making every effort to bring home a Uruguay Round agreement that is not only good for America, but great for tomorrow's entrepreneurs everywhere.\nThe free trade agenda for the next four years starts with the signing of a North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) with Mexico, completing the establishment of a free trade area which already includes Canada. NAFTA will create the largest market in the world, greater than the European Community, with 360 million consumers and a total output of six trillion dollars. It means a net gain of hundreds of thousands of American jobs.\nWe acknowledge the possible effects on regional markets, specifically agriculture. We encourage our negotiators to be sensitive to those market concerns.\nWe will continue to fill the Pacific Rim with American exports, negotiating trade agreements with other Asian economies, and will complete our efforts—such as the Structural Impediments Initiative with Japan—to reduce barriers to American goods and services. And we will continue to negotiate the Enterprise for the Americas Initiative with Latin America as a first step in creating a hemispheric free trade zone.\nCongress should report to the American people the cost to workers, consumers, and businesses of every Democrat trade restriction, trade tax, or trade quota bill it considers. We will not tolerate their obstructing the greatest expansion of international trade in history. Republicans welcome this opportunity; for we know America's workers, thinkers, and builders will make the most of it.\nBecause the world economy is interdependent, the United States has been affected by downturns elsewhere, particularly since 1990 with the crash of the Japanese stock market and Germany's economic difficulties. Now, as progress resumes, the Republican plan for global growth is vital for all nations, developed or otherwise. The continuing prosperity of our neighborhoods will depend in part upon the masterful diplomacy we have come to expect from President Bush.\nEconomic freedom is an essential link to our foreign policy. It means expanded trade, but it also means dynamic growth based on shared values—a coming together of nations in the commonwealth of peaceful progress. To that end, U.S. aid, whether bilateral or through international organizations, should promote market reforms, limit regulation, and encourage free trade.\nChief among these market reforms should be the privatization of state-owned industries such as telecommunications, power, mining, and refining. Privatization should afford American companies the opportunity to purchase some of these assets, bring competition to these countries, and substantially reduce our trade deficit. The United States government should take all possible steps to assist American companies wishing to invest in privatized industries by adopting policies, rules, and regulations that will equitably facilitate these ventures, especially for small businesses.\nWe will work with developing nations to make their economies attractive to private investment and will support innovations to guarantee repayment of their loans, including debt for equity swaps. Our experience can help them develop environmentally rational strategies for growth.\nBecause we uphold the family as the building block of economic progress, we protect its rights in international programs and will continue to withhold funds from organizations involved in abortion.\nMost important, we encourage developing nations to adopt both democracy and free markets. The two are inextricably tied and afford all people the greatest opportunities.\nReforming Government and the Legal System\n\nTwo centuries ago, the American people created a miracle—a system of government, rounded on limited authority and the rule of law, a system that made government the servant of the people. Today it is in shambles. Citizens feel overwhelmed by vast bureaucracies. Congress insulates incumbents from public judgment. Huge problems get worse while committee chairmen play partisan games. The current legal system tends to breed delay, cost, confusion, and jargon—everything but justice. Many of our once-great cities are controlled by one-party machines that promote and encourage corruption and incompetence.\nThe Republic has not failed; the Democrat Party bosses failed the Republic.\nThe Republican Party, now as at its rounding, challenges a debased status quo. In Congress, the States, our cities, our courtrooms, we fight for the basics of self-government.\nWe rely on what works, judging programs by how well they do instead of how much they spend. The Democrats believe in more government. Republicans believe in leaner, more effective government.\nWe decentralize authority, returning decisions to States, localities, and private institutions. The Democrat bosses want to concentrate power on Capitol Hill. Republicans place it in town halls and the American home.\nRepublicans favor the free-enterprise system. We choose market forces—consumer rights—over red tape. The Democrats argue that government must constantly override the market. Republicans regard the worst market failure as the failure to have a market.\nWe replace dependency with empowerment. The Democrats see an America filled with wards of the State. Republicans see an America peopled by citizens and consumers eager for the chance to chart their own course.\nWe make electoral systems understandable and accountable to the voter. The Democrats fear proposals that would limit the tenure and hidden power of incumbent politicians. Republicans want the ballot box to prevail over the cloakroom.\nThe Democrats have transformed what the Framers of the Constitution intended as the people's House into a pathological institution. They have grossly increased their staffing, their payrolls, their allied bureaucracies in little-known congressional agencies. Congress has ballooned to 284 congressional committees and subcommittees, almost 40,000 legislative branch employees and staff, and $2.5 billion in taxpayer financing, amounting to approximately $5 million per lawmaker per year. Incumbents have abused free mailing privileges for personal political gain. Twenty-two Democrats, with a total of 585 years in power, rule over a committee system that blocks every attempt at reform.\nThe Democrats have trampled the traditions of the House, rigging rules, forbidding votes on crucial amendments, denying fair apportionment of committee seats and resources. They have stacked campaign laws to benefit themselves. The Democrat Leadership of the House has been tainted with scandal and has resisted efforts to investigate scandals once disclosed. Some in their Leadership have resigned in well-earned disgrace.\nThe Democrat Leadership of the Congress has turned the healthy competition of constitutional separation of powers into mean-spirited politics of innuendo and inquisition. Committee hearings are no longer for fact-finding; they are political sideshows. \"Advise and consent\" has been replaced by \"slash and burn.\"\nRepublicans want to change all that. We reaffirm our support for a constitutional amendment to limit the number of terms House Members and Senators may serve. We want a citizens' Congress, free of bloated pensions and perpetual perks.\nCongress must stop exempting itself from laws such as the minimum wage and the civil rights statutes, as well as laws which apply to the Executive Branch. The Independent Counsel Act is a case in point. It has permitted rogue prosecutors to spend tremendous amounts to hound some of the Nation's finest public servants. If that Act is reauthorized, it must be extended to Congress as well. Safety and health regulations, civil rights and minimum wage laws are further examples of areas where Congress has set itself apart from the people. This practice must end.\nCongress must slash its own bureaucracy. Its employees operate in a maze of overlapping jurisdictions. A Republican Congress will cut expenses by 25 percent, reduce the number of committees and subcommittees, and assign staff in accurate proportion to party strength.\nWe will restore integrity to the House of Representatives, reforming its rules, allowing open debate and amendment. The committee system, both in Congress and in Democrat-controlled State legislatures, has been abused by chairpersons who have arbitrarily killed legislation which would have passed. Committees are a place for open and free discussion, not a closet for Democrats to stash Republican legislation. Democracy itself is endangered by these abuses, and Republicans condemn these practices. Both houses of Congress must guarantee protection to whistle blowers to encourage employees to report illegality, corruption, sexual harassment, and discrimination.\nThe Democrat rulers of Congress have blocked or stalled Presidential initiatives in many areas, including education, housing, crime control, economic recovery, job creation, and budget reform. They care more about scoring petty partisan points for themselves and their Party than about achieving real progress for the Nation. To accomplish change, we need a change in Congress.\nRepublicans vigorously support a balanced budget, a Balanced Budget Constitutional Amendment, and a line-item veto for the President.\nRepublicans believe this balancing of the budget should be achieved, not by increasing taxes to match spending, but by cutting spending to current levels of revenue. We prefer a Balanced Budget Amendment which contains a super-majority requirement to raise taxes.\nWe also propose procedural reforms. We support legislation that would require Congress to pass a legally binding budget before it can consider spending bills. The budget' s spending ceilings shall not be exceeded without a super-majority vote of both chambers. If Congress fails to pass any appropriation bill, funding for its programs will automatically be frozen at the previous year's level. The key to prosperity for the rest of this century and for the next generation of Americans is a budget strategy that restores sanity to the budget process and checks the growth of government.\nCongress should be forced to confront basic arithmetic through Truth in Counting. The Democrats measure all changes in funding against a \"current services baseline,\" with built-in increases for inflation and other factors. If they want a $1 million program to grow to $2 million, they then count an increase to $1.5 million as a half-million dollar cut. This is the accounting system of Wonderland, where words mean exactly what the Democrat Speaker says they mean. The double-talk must end with zero-based budgeting. We also support \"sunset laws\" that require government agencies to be reviewed periodically and reauthorized only if they can be rejustified.\nThroughout the 1980s, voters were cheated out of dozens of seats in the House of Representatives and in State legislatures because districts were oddly shaped to guarantee election of Democrats. It was swindle by law. We support State-level appointment of non-partisan redistricting commissions to apply clear standards for compactness of districts, competitiveness between the parties, and protection of community interests.\nMost of all, we condemn the Democrats' shameless plots to make taxpayers foot the bills for their campaigns. Their campaign finance bill would have given $1 billion, over six years, in subsidies to candidates. President Bush vetoed that bill. Campaign financing does need reform. It does not need a hand in the public's pocketbook.\nWe will require congressional candidates to raise most of their funds from individuals within their home constituencies. This will limit outside special-interest money and result in less expensive campaigns, with less padding for incumbents. To the same end, we will strengthen the role of political parties to remove pressure on candidates to spend so much time soliciting funds. We will eliminate political action committees supported by corporations, unions, or trade associations, and restrict the practice of bundling.\nTo restore competition in elections by attacking the unfair advantages of incumbency, we will stop incumbents from warding off challengers merely by amassing huge war chests. Congressional candidates will be forbidden from carrying campaign funds from one election to the next. We will oppose arbitrary spending limits—cynical devices which hobble challengers to keep politicians in office.\nWe will fully implement the Supreme Court's decision in the Beck case, ensuring that workers have the right to stop the use of their union dues for political or other non-collective bargaining purposes.\nThe Quality Revolution in American business has quietly but profoundly transformed American culture over the past decade. Millions of American workers have benefited from the more cooperative spirit the Quality Revolution has brought to tens of thousands of workplaces; and every American has benefited from the lower costs, higher quality service, and greater level of competitiveness it has produced. Republicans are proud to have played a leading role in this transformation, especially through the annual Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award, which recognizes companies that best represent the principles of Quality.\nThe Quality Revolution in the private sector, with its concepts of Continuous Improvement, Profound Knowledge, and \"Doing the Right Thing Right the First Time,\" stands in stark contrast to the outmoded practices, insensitivity and outright waste, abuse, and corruption endemic in the bureaucratic welfare state. The Republican Party is firmly committed to bringing the Quality Revolution into government at every level by creating a \"Quality Workers for a Quality America\" coalition whose aim will be to transform the bureaucratic welfare state into a government that is customer-friendly, cost-effective, and improving constantly.\nPrivatization is an important alternative to higher taxes and reduced services. If private enterprise can perform better and more cheaply than government, let it do so. This is especially true of properties now decaying under government control, such as public housing, where residents should have the option to manage their own projects. These citizens should have the chance to become stockholders and managers of government enterprises and to run them more efficiently as private enterprises. We applaud President Bush' s initiative to allow States and localities to privatize facilities built with federal aid.\nWhere it advances both efficiency and safety, we will advocate privatization of airport operation and management.\nWe deplore the blatant political bias of the government-sponsored radio and television networks. It is especially outrageous that taxpayers are now forced to underwrite this biased broadcasting through the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB). We call for sweeping reform of CPB, including greater accountability through application of the Freedom of Information Act, a one-year funding cycle, and enforcement of rigorous fairness standards for all CPB-supported programming. We look forward to the day when public broadcasting is self-sufficient.\nAlways trusting the initiative of the American people over the ways of government, we will not initiate production of goods or delivery of services by the federal government if they can be procured from the private sector.\nWe will not initiate any federal activity that can be conducted better on the State or local level. In doing so, we reassert the crucial importance of the Tenth Amendment. We oppose costly federal mandates that stifle innovation and force tax hikes upon States and localities. We require that Congress calculate the cost of mandated initiatives upon communities affected and provide adequate financial support for mandates invoked. We will continue the process of returning power to local voters by replacing federal programs with block grants.\nThe current legal system forces consumers to pay higher prices for everything from basic goods to medical treatment. Direct litigation and inflated insurance premiums sock American consumers for an estimated $80 billion a year. All told, our legal system costs, directly and indirectly, $300 billion a year. What it costs us in the world marketplace, by hindering our competitiveness, is beyond calculation.\nWe therefore endorse the President's proposals for legal reform as developed by Vice President Quayle, and we salute his principled challenge to the American Bar Association to clean up its own house. We support the Fairness Rule, to allow the winning party to a lawsuit to recover the costs of litigation from the losing party. This will discourage needless suits, freeing legal resources for people with genuine cases.\nWe believe complainants should have a choice of ways to settle problems through alternative dispute programs that will permit parties to pursue less costly and less complicated ways to resolve conflicts. We also call for greater use of judicial sanctions to stop frivolous lawsuits. We call for changes to the federal Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) law to limit its use in civil litigation by requiring proof of all elements by clear and convincing proof.\nWe seek to restore fairness and predictability to punitive damages by placing appropriate limits on them, dividing trials into two phases to determine liability separately from damages, and requiring clear proof of wrongdoing. This will go a long way to reduce insurance premiums for professional and product liability and for all malpractice, including medical, thereby lowering costs for consumers throughout the economy, while preserving the ability of injured persons to obtain damages. It will also foster the creation of new products for the American marketplace, perhaps cures for the diseases we most fear.\nThe Republican Party commends President Bush and Vice President Quayle for their continued leadership in helping volunteers overcome their concern that their good acts and voluntary donations of time on behalf of civic groups, community organizations, and churches will result in civil liability and lawsuits. We encourage the State legislatures to pass the Administration's model bill, \"The Volunteerism Act.\"\nWe will throw out \"junk science\" by requiring courts to verify the legitimacy of persons called as expert witnesses. To restore integrity to courtroom testimony, we will ban the practice of paying fees to experts only if a successful verdict is obtained. We will maintain diversity jurisdiction for citizens of different States to ensure access to the federal courts when appropriate.\nBecause four-fifths of the time and cost of a lawsuit involves discovery—pre-trial investigation of the facts—we will require automatic disclosure, by both sides, of basic information. We will ban abuses of the discovery process used to intimidate opponents and drive up their costs.\nWe will fight rising health care costs—and equally important, help dedicated doctors to keep practicing in critical areas like obstetrics—by providing incentives for States to reform their liability laws. This will reduce the practice of \"defensive medicine,\" requiring patients to be tested for every conceivable ailment at their own enormous expense to guard against the mere possibility of a lawsuit.\nRecognizing that legal reform can solve only parts of the larger problem, we support a federal product liability law. The cost of product liability protection is a great expense to the American consumer and seriously impedes our international competitiveness. For example, a consumer pays an additional 17 percent to cover the liability insurance of an ordinary stepladder. If thirteen European nations can enact uniform product liability laws to give them a competitive edge against the United States, we can do it here too—once we break the Democrat hold on the Congress so Republicans can put the interests of workers and consumers ahead of trial lawyers.\nSome of the problems in our legal system are rooted in a declining sense of, and respect for, individual responsibility. We reaffirm that all Americans are first and finally responsible for their own behavior.\nWe affirm the fight of American citizens in the United States territories to seek the full extension of the Constitution with the accompanying rights and responsibilities, and we support all necessary legislation to permit them to do so.\nThe Republican Party supports the right of the United States citizens of Puerto Rico to be admitted to the Union as a fully sovereign State after they freely so determine.\nWe recognize that the people of Guam have voted for a closer relationship with the United States of America, and we reaffirm our support of their right to mutually improve their political relationship through commonwealth.\nWe support American Samoa's efforts to advance toward economic self-reliance through a multi-year plan, while ensuring the protection afforded to the people of American Samoa by the original treaty of cession.\nWe support the full extension of rights and responsibilities under the U.S. Constitution to American citizens of the Virgin Islands.\nWe commend President Bush for the successful development of self-government in Micronesia and the Marshall Islands and for efforts to conclude the United Nations' last trusteeship in Palau consistent with the people's right of self-determination.\nOur Land, Food, and Resources\n\nWe hold the resources of our country in stewardship. Our heritage from the past must be our legacy to generations to come. Our people have always known that, as they cherished their land and turned earth and rock into food, fiber, and power. In the process, they built the world's most formidable economy, sustained by its raw materials, driven by its energy resources. They brought comfort to the home, transformed the Nation, and fed the world.\nAgriculture and energy remain building blocks of modern life. Their vitality is crucial to the Nation's growth. Indeed, to its survival. While supporting conservation, we reject the notion that there are limits to growth. Human ingenuity is the ultimate resource, and it knows no limits. The true measure of America's economic success is not whether austerity can be shared by many, but whether prosperity can be achieved for all.\nWe advocate privatizing those government agencies and assets that would be more productive and better maintained in private ownership. We support efforts to decentralize government monopolies that poorly serve the public and waste taxpayers' dollars.\nThey have been pioneer environmentalists. They have turned over to their children and grandchildren land that has been nurtured to expand its productivity while conserving this vital resource. Even more important, they have cultivated in their homes strong family life and moral virtues. We endorse American Samoa's time-honored land tenure system which fosters self-reliance and strong extended family values. When we lose farmers, we lose much more than agriculture. We are committed to bringing our farm families the full benefit of a growing and diversified rural economy.\nOur rural families also deserve to be brought into the mainstream of health care, with tax policies that provide all who are self-employed full deductibility of their health insurance premiums.\nWe stand with farmers against attempts by liberal Democrats to repeal the laws of economics by dictating price levels and restricting production. We stand with them against agricultural embargoes. We reject the notion that elected officials and bureaucrats make better farm managers than farmers themselves.\nWe remain strong in our support of livestock agriculture. We believe in the humane treatment of animals, but we oppose attempts by animal rights extremists to impose excessive restrictions on animal husbandry practices.\nOur Omnibus Farm Bills of 1985 and 1990 gave farmers greater flexibility in decisions concerning management of their farms and marketing of their commodities. We have reduced government control and ownership of commodity inventories. Export sales and profitability have improved significantly. Agricultural debt has fallen by 30 percent. Under this President and sound Republican policies, net farm income has reached record levels.\nAt the same time, we cut by two-thirds the cost of government commodity programs. Only one-half of one percent of the federal budget is now spent on those programs. By reducing dependency on government, we have created a healthier agricultural sector. We will build upon our 1985 and 1990 legislation and repeal obsolete or unworkable statutes while continuing to provide a viable base of support for U.S. farmers.\nAgricultural prosperity is essential to the Nation's global competitiveness. We will continue to expand the growth of American agriculture through exports, development of new products, and new markets. Commodity exports this year will hit $40 billion, a 50 percent increase over the levels of five years ago. There has never been an annual deficit in our balance of agricultural trade, and the positive balance this year will be $18 billion.\nWe pledge to fight unfair competition and to bring down the walls of protectionism around the world that unfairly inhibit competitiveness of U.S. farm exports. We pledge continued pressure to open world markets through the Uruguay Round, the North American Free Trade Agreement, and bilateral negotiations. We affirm that there will be no GATT agreement unless it improves opportunities for U.S. farmers to compete in world markets. We repeat our demand for cutbacks in export subsidies by the European Community and elsewhere, and we will fight the use of arbitrary health and sanitation standards to sabotage U.S. exports.\nNew markets for agricultural products will also be created as producers translate technological breakthroughs into new uses, such as soy oil diesel and biodegradable plastics. We support the widest possible use of ethanol in the U.S. motor fuel market, including in oxygenated fuels programs and as ethanol blends in reformulated gasolines. In addition, the Republican Party supports increased research and development to reduce ethanol production costs and expand its use in motor fuel markets. Such use will greatly help American farmers, improve the rural economy, and reduce our dependence on imported oil.\nBuilding our farm economy requires meeting our farmers' financing needs. Critical to these needs are competitive, reasonable interest rates for U.S. producers. Under George Bush, interest rates have been dramatically reduced, thereby contributing substantially to improving the net income of American farm and ranch families. We will continue working to ensure that farmers have access to credit, with particular consideration to the needs of young and beginning farmers.\nWe recognize the importance of efficient, equitable transportation systems to the economic viability of agricultural experts; and we will work to achieve greater efficiencies within the U.S. maritime industry and to decrease the cost to agriculture of shipping services.\nWe support farm conservation efforts, both those pioneered in our 1985 Farm Bill and entirely voluntary undertakings, which result in three times as much erosion control as those mandated by law. We support the Conservation Reserve, with more than 35 million acres now enrolled. It shows what farmers can do through incentives rather than government controls.\nWe value our Nation's real wetlands habitat and the diversity of our native animal and plant life. We oppose, however, bureaucratic harassment of farm, ranch, and timber families under statutes regarding endangered species and wetlands. When actions are required to protect an endangered species, we recognize that jobs can be lost, communities displaced, and economic progress for all denied. Accordingly, prior to the implementation of a recovery plan for a species declared to be endangered, we will require the Congress to affirm the priority of the species on the endangered list and the specific measures to be taken in any recovery plan. These acts should not rest with the rubber stamp of a bureaucrat.\nWith regard to wetlands, following our principle that environmental protection be reasonable, land that is not truly wet should not be classified as a wetland. Protection of environmentally sensitive wetlands must not come at the price of disparaging landowners' property rights. Thus, we endorse, as President Bush has done, legislation to discourage government activities that ignore property rights. We also find intolerable the use of taxpayer funds, through the Legal Services Corporation, to attack the agricultural community.\nOur goals address our fundamental needs: an energy supply, available to all, that remains reasonably priced, secure, and clean, produced by strong energy industries on which the country can rely, operating in an environmentally responsible manner and producing from domestically available energy resources to the maximum extent practicable.\nAnyone older than a teenager can remember the energy upheavals of the bad old days, when political games threw the Nation into a tailspin. Stranded in gasoline lines, shocked by home heating bills, shutting down factory operations, America's motorists, homeowners, and workers rightly blamed official Washington for wrecking something which had always worked so efficiently that it was taken for granted.\nToday, after 12 years of Republican reform, we can again have confidence in our energy policies. The average household spends 11 percent less on energy, as adjusted for inflation, than it did in 1980, because of both conservation and lower costs.\nWe broke the shackles of bureaucratic regulation by ending petroleum price and allocation controls, deregulating natural gas wellhead prices, and repealing restrictions on the use of clean-burning natural gas by industry and utilities. We repealed the Windfall Profit Tax on crude oil that penalized investment in domestic oil production. We promoted free competition in an open marketplace and ended the public subsidy to the \"synthetic fuels\" program. And we broke the back of OPEC, the international energy cartel.\nAnd, equally important, we undertook a reevaluation of estimates of our domestic energy resource base, which the Carter Administration had determined to be inadequate. The Republican Administration correctly found that we can indeed continue to supply a significant amount of our domestically available energy resources, including natural gas and coal, for all energy consumption needs well into the next century.\nWhen Iraq's dictator moved to seize the world's energy lifeline by controlling the Persian Gulf, George Bush did more than liberate Kuwait. He prevented energy crisis and economic shutdown in America. Now his National Energy Strategy leads toward continued growth in the century ahead. It provides the Nation with a comprehensive and balanced strategy for America's energy future. Specifically, it promotes adequate energy supplies and reduces consumer costs by relying on market forces, diversifying domestic energy sources, and improving the efficiency and flexibility of energy consumption. We seek to foster greater competition and increased output, in the interest of producers and consumers alike.\nThe domestic oil and gas industry saves us from total dependence on unreliable foreign imports. But over the past decade, it has lost more than 300,000 jobs. Drilling rigs are still. Crippled by environmental rules and taxes, independent producers have been devastated and major companies are moving operations overseas. We will reverse that situation by allowing access, under environmental safeguards, to the Coastal Plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, possibly one of the largest petroleum reserves in our country, and to selected areas of the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). We support incentives to encourage domestic investment for onshore and OCS oil and gas exploration and development, including relief from the alternative minimum tax, credits for enhanced oil recovery and geological exploration under known geological oil fields and producing geological structures, and modified percentage depletion rules to benefit marginal production. We will ensure that royalty payments on federal lands remain consistent with changing economic conditions.\nMost important, unlike Democrat no-growth fanatics, we know what is most at stake in the energy debate: the family's standard of living, including job opportunities, household income, and the environment in which we live.\nThat is why we have been supporting complete decontrol of wellhead prices for clean natural gas, which have already declined ten percent in the last four years while consumption increased by the same amount. We support replacing government controls with the power of the market to determine transactions between buyers and sellers of natural gas. We encourage the use of natural gas for both vehicles and electricity generation, and the expansion of research, development, and demonstration for end-use natural gas technologies. We will foster more public-private partnerships to advance use of natural gas.\nThe Republican Party has a deep and abiding commitment to America's mining industry. We support the original intent of the Mining Law of 1872: to provide the security necessary for miners to risk capital investment on federal lands, thus preserving jobs and bolstering the domestic economy.\nWe support clean-coal technologies to allow greater use of America's most abundant fossil fuel within standards required by the Clean Air Act. We encourage the export of U.S. coal. We support acceleration of the international transfer of coal-related technologies to boost exports for U.S. coal, in order to capitalize on America's leadership in these technologies.\nWe oppose any attempt to impose a carbon tax as proposed by liberal Democrats.\nWe endorse major national projects, like the Super Conducting Super Collider, which offer the promise of developing more efficient ways to store, transport, and use energy.\nWe will hasten development of the next generation of nuclear power plants—one of the cleanest, safest energy sources of all. Republicans back reform of the nuclear licensing process. We will site and license a permanent waste depository and a monitored retrievable storage facility. We reject the scare tactics used against nuclear power by those who want to shut down this essential contributor to the American future.\nWe endorse development of renewable energy sources and research on fuel cells, conservation, hydro, solar, hydrogen, and wind power as components of our overall plan for energy security and environmental quality.\nApproximately 50 percent of the lands in the West are owned by the federal government. These lands are a deeply intermingled patchwork quilt of public and private ownership. In order to provide an economic base for the people of the West, a public-private cooperative partnership on these lands for multiple use in an environmentally sound manner is imperative.\nToday, America's transportation system is safer, more efficient, more reliable than that of any other country. It employs one of every ten workers and accounts for $800 billion in spending. It enables us to compete in the world market and gives us more choices in our dally lives.\nUnder President Bush, that system has been strengthened by revolutionary legislation to pave the way into the century ahead. Providing $151 billion for highways and transit systems, it is the most extensive transportation improvement project in our Nation's history—and a tremendous jobs program as well.\nHighway death rates have dropped to an all-time low, largely due to better road design and stronger safety programs. This progress would be wiped out by the Democrats' draconian plan for higher Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards. Their national nominees want to require a 45 miles-per-gallon standard. That means unsafe vehicles, reduced consumer choice, higher car costs, and a loss of 300,000 jobs in the auto industry here at home.\nTo reduce the congestion that still chokes urban areas, we established a National Highway System of 155,000 miles, giving States and localities greater voice in decisions about projects. It will improve connections between ports and highways, airports and railways; spur development of new airports and reduce their environmental impact; promote private investment in transportation; and foster high-tech solutions to congestion.\nTo keep America on the move, we assert the same principle that guides us in all other sectors of the economy: consumers benefit through competition within the private sector. That is why we will complete the job of trucking deregulation. We will also abolish the Interstate Commerce Commission, finally freeing shippers and consumers from horse-and-buggy regulation. We applaud the President' s executive order that will assist communities to privatize government-controlled ventures, such as airports and toll roads.\nOur tough trade campaign, along with regulatory reforms, will assure U.S. air carriers fair access to international routes and allow the U.S. merchant marine to sail over foreign protectionism. The President has proposed and will aggressively pursue a comprehensive revision of existing maritime policy.\nRegulatory reform of airlines now allows more people to fly more safely, at better prices. Tough laws for drug and alcohol testing are making all modes of transportation safer than ever. Disabled persons will have greater access to the entire transportation network under the Americans with Disabilities Act.\nWherever possible, the market should allocate investment in transportation, steering the development of passenger rail, mass transit, and highways to best suit consumers. States and localities should have discretion in using Highway Trust Fund revenues to construct new roads, expand existing ones, or invest in mass transit facilities, as they see fit. We advocate development of high-speed fall systems, through private investment, to serve inter-city travel. We also advocate development of short-haul aircraft with vertical take-off and landing capability, to bring commerce and jobs to communities large and small.\nWe will continue aggressively to support development of intelligent highway systems, an efficient battery for electric cars, perfected natural gas vehicles, greater private investment in space travel, and removal of regulatory impediments to intermodal transport.\nBecause Republicans advocate personal responsibility, we salute groups, organizations, and individuals that take direct action to improve safe driving and street safety.\nWe spend more than any other country on environmental protection. Over the last 20 years, our country has spent $1 trillion to clean its air, water, and land. We increased GNP by 70 percent while cutting lead in the air by 97 percent. Our rivers run cleaner than ever in memory. We've preserved parks, wilderness, and wildlife. The price of progress is now about $115 billion a year, almost two percent of GNP; and that will grow to three percent by 2000.\nClearly we have led the world in investment in environmental protection. We have taught the world three vital lessons. First, environmental progress is integrally related to economic advancement. Second, economic growth generates the capital to pay for environmental gains. Third, private ownership and economic freedom are the best security against environmental degradation. The ghastly truth about state socialism is now exposed in what used to be the Soviet Union: dead rivers and seas, poisoned land, dying people.\nLiberal Democrats think people are the problem. We know people are the solution. Respecting the people's rights and views, we applied market-based solutions to environmental problems. President Bush's landmark Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, the toughest environmental law ever enacted, uses an innovative system of emission credits to achieve its dramatic reductions. This will save $1 billion over the Democrats' command-and-control approach. Other provisions of that law will cut acid rain emissions in half, reduce toxic pollutants by 90 percent, reduce smog, and speed the use of cleaner fuels.\nThe President' s leadership has doubled spending for real wetlands and targeted one million acres for a wetlands reserve through his Farm Bill of 1990. We have collected more civil penalties from polluters in two years than in the previous twenty, begun the phase-out of substances that harm the ozone layer, and launched a long-term campaign to expand and improve national parks, forests, and recreation areas, adding 1.5 million acres. President Bush has dramatically increased spending for cleaning up past environmental damage caused by federal facilities.\nOur reforestation drive will plant one billion trees a year across America. Our moratorium on offshore drilling in sensitive offshore areas has bought time for technology to master environmental challenges. Our farm policies have begun a new era in sound agricultural environmentalism.\nBecause the environment knows no boundaries, President Bush has accelerated U.S. research on global climate change, spending $2.7 billion in the last three years and requesting $1.4 billion for 1993, more than the rest of the world put together. Under his leadership, we have assisted nations from the Third World to Eastern Europe in correcting the environmental damage inflicted by socialism. We proposed a worldwide forestry convention and gave almost half a billion dollars to forest conservation. We won debt-for-nature swaps and environmental trust funds in Latin America and the Caribbean. We secured prohibitions against unilateral export or dumping of hazardous waste. We led the international ban on trade in ivory, persuaded Japan to end driftnet fishing, streamlined response to oil spills, and increased environmental protection for Antarctica.\nAdverse changes in climate must be the common concern of mankind. At the same time, we applaud our President for personally confronting the international bureaucrats at the Rio Conference. He refused to accept their anti-American demands for income redistribution and won instead a global climate treaty that relies on real action plans rather than arbitrary targets hostile to U.S. growth and workers.\nFollowing his example, a Republican Senate will not ratify any treaty that moves environmental decisions beyond our democratic process or transfers beyond our shores authority over U.S. property. The Democrats' national candidates, on the other hand, insist the U.S. must do what our foreign competitors refuse to do: abolish 300,000 to 1,000,000 jobs to get a modest reduction in \"greenhouse gases.\"\nEnvironmental progress must continue in tandem with economic growth. Crippling an industry is no solution at all. Bankrupt facilities only worsen environmental situations. Unemployment is a form of pollution too, poisoning families and contaminating whole communities.\nSome in our own country still refuse to face those facts. They try to hijack environmentalism, making it anti-growth and anti-jobs. Although the average family of four now pays $1,000 a year for environmental controls, liberal Democrats want to tighten the squeeze. They use junk science to foster hysteria instead of reason, demanding rigid controls, more taxes, and less resource production.\nHowever, with billions of dollars at stake in national production and jobs, not to mention our quality of life, our decisions to spend on environmental protection must not be determined by the politics of the moment. We will use scientifically respectable risk-benefit assessments to settle environmental controversies. It is time to replace knee-jerk reactions with the kind of scientific analysis that helps businesses, individuals, and communities contribute to economic and environmental progress through flexible application of laws. We must base our environmental policies on real risks to human health, determined by sound, peer-reviewed science, including procedures for what is an acceptable risk.\nWe will require federal agencies to promptly compensate, from their own budgets, for any taking of private property, including the denial of use.\nWe will legislatively overhaul the Superfund program to speed the clean up of hazardous waste and more efficiently use Superfund dollars. We will develop greenways of parks and open space in urban areas to further improve the quality of life in our cities. We will work with U.S. industry and labor to identify promising markets abroad where America's environmental know-how can carry our success story to the rest of planet earth.\nThe right to own, use, and dispose of property inheres in mankind by nature and is a fundamental political tenet of all free nations. We applaud the wisdom of the First Congress for incorporating this guarantee of individual liberty in the Bill of Rights. We remind all government officials that property rights are not granted by government; rather, government is directed by the governed to protect the rights of private property owners.\nThe vigilant protection of private property rights safeguards for citizens everything of value, including their right of contract to produce and sell the fruits of their labor. The historic collapse of Communism and other command and control economies is absolute evidence of the failure of economic systems that lack a recognition of the natural rights of property owners.\nWe also seek to reduce the amount of land owned or controlled by the government, especially in the western states. We insist upon prompt payment for private lands certified as critical for preserving essential parks and preserves.\nUniting Our World\n\nThe world is now our neighborhood. Its triumphs and tragedies affect our communities, our jobs, and the security of our families. That is why Republicans want America to shape the international future: Because we put America first.\nNot everyone does. Just twelve years ago, the forces of freedom were in tattered retreat. A failed foreign policy by a Democrat White House and Democrat-controlled Congress had left our allies uncertain, our friends betrayed, our foes emboldened. It was a frightening era, in some ways the worst of times. We all remember the flickering television images of blindfolded Americans being degraded by thugs. When voters make their choice in this year's elections, they should ask themselves: Are we safer and stronger today, in 1992, than we were in 1980, when Jimmy Carter was the Democrat President?\nRepublicans are proud to answer those questions. The Nation's international position has not just improved since the Democrats left office. It has been transformed. Never in this century has the United States enjoyed such security from foreign enemies. With President Bush leading the free world, the Soviet empire has collapsed, as Ronald Reagan predicted, into the dustbin of history. Eastern Europe is liberated. Germany is peacefully united. The former Soviet armies are returning home. Nuclear arsenals are being cut to fractions of their former size.\nA democratically elected Russian president sits in the Kremlin. Ukraine, Armenia, and the Baltic states take their rightful place among the family of nations. Israel and all of its Arab neighbors talk face to face for the first time. Nicaragua and Panama celebrate democracy.\nIt might very well not have turned out this way. Only the naive believe that history is an inevitable tide or a series of accidents. Our crusade of a half-century, to champion freedom and civilization against the dark night of totalitarianism, is now victorious. An American President led the free world to this great triumph. George Bush was that man.\nFreedom's victory begins a new chapter in the epic of America, full of both promise and peril. This different and unpredictable world demands visionary, experienced leadership, tested and strengthened, careful and cool. At stake is nothing less than our security, our prosperity, and our children's future. Americans can trust President Bush with that awesome responsibility.\nThe Triumph of Freedom\n\nNo other President in the long history of our country has achieved so many of the enduring objectives of American foreign policy in so short a time as has George Bush. He made it look easy, even destined. It was neither.\nBuilding on the legacy of Ronald Reagan, George Bush saw the chance to sweep away decadent Communism. He was the first Western leader to declare his determination to fashion \"a Europe whole and free.\" He took the free world beyond containment, led the way in aiding democracy in Eastern Europe, and punched holes through the rusting Iron Curtain. We all remember the joy we felt when we saw the people of Berlin dancing on top of the crumbling Wall that had symbolized four decades of Communist oppression.\nHe championed Germany's right to become again one nation and orchestrated the diplomacy to make it happen, on Western terms, in one astounding year. Foreseeing revolutionary change in the Soviet Union itself, he carefully pushed its rulers to open the way to the democratic future. When crisis came, in August 1991, George Bush, in the words of Boris Yeltsin, \"was the first to understand the true meaning of the victory of the Russian people\" and gave his decisive backing to the cause of democracy.\nThe world had never before faced the disintegration of a nuclear superpower. Today, thanks in large part to President Bush's initiatives, nuclear weapons are found in only four countries of the former Soviet Union—not fourteen. Because of his efforts all but Russia are giving up any claim to these weapons, and Russia has agreed to destroy the most dangerous missiles ever built. The balance of terror is fading away. The ideals of liberty, both political and economic, are the dominant moral and intellectual force around the globe.\nGeorge Bush made it happen.\nYet now that we have won the Cold War, we must also win the peace. We must not repeat the mistake of the past by throwing away victory through complacency. A new world beckons, unlike any we have ever known, filled with uncertainties. Old passions have reemerged. New democracies struggle to decide their destiny. Nations are torn asunder. Migrants and refugees strain the social fabric of continents. Tyrants work to build nuclear, chemical, and even biological weapons to threaten us and our neighbors. Drug trafficking and terrorism, often linked, menace Americans at home and abroad.\nGreat transitions in world affairs are rarely tidy. They challenge statesmanship, require steadiness and wisdom. History teaches that when the United States shrinks from the world, we hasten the emergence of new dangers. Republicans remember the lesson taught by our Founders: that eternal vigilance is the price of liberty.\nThis was not the same United States held hostage in 1980, when the Democrats controlled both the White House and the Congress. No helpless giant here. The President charted a path that wrecked Saddam Hussein's dreams of conquest and nuclear aggression while keeping America from the quagmire of indefinite military occupation of Iraq.\nPresident Bush, trusting the military commanders he had chosen, was Commander-in-Chief of one of the finest achievements in the distinguished history of our armed forces. Americans will never forget that, of the 323 Congressional Democrats, only 96 voted to support Operation Desert Storm and 227 voted to oppose it. If the Democrats had prevailed, Saddam Hussein would still be in Kuwait, armed with nuclear weapons. Everyone discovered what difference a vote for President can make.\nBuilding a commonwealth of freedom differs greatly from the old concept of containment. It rests on a stable balance of power but goes beyond it to emphasize, above all, the supremacy of an idea: a common conception of how to make freedom work for all the nations moving with us into a radically changing future.\nRepublicans understand that objective cannot be pursued by the United States alone. We therefore have harnessed the free world's strength to American leadership. But such a strategy requires a President whose lead others will trust and follow. By forging consensus whenever possible, we multiply the impact of our Nation' s power and principles. But if necessary we will act alone to protect American interests. Consistent with our policy and traditions, we oppose any actions that would undermine America' s sovereignty, either in political or economic matters. Leadership through partnership allows us to project American ideals and protect American interests abroad, at less cost to our taxpayers.\nThat is how we will secure the victory of democracy as the best guarantee of a world without war. It is how we will open the world for American business to ensure prosperity in an open international economy. And it is how we will banish the nuclear nightmare, limit the danger from weapons of mass destruction, and safely manage a critical transition in our Nation's defenses.\nNew tests lie ahead. On past occasions, the tide of liberty has ebbed as dictators recaptured much of what they had lost. We want freedom's wave to roll on to reach countries like China, Cuba, North Korea, Vietnam, and others. We want to keep drawing attention to serious human rights violations around the world, spurring other governments to make and fulfill the promise of liberty to their people. We want to prevent any new ideology of authoritarianism from drawing any of the world's people to a grim and vengeful vision of our future.\nThis is the challenge we face in the next four years. It is why President Bush led the way in promoting assistance to the fledgling democracies of Eastern Europe. It is why he has persuaded the Congress to invest in the democratic future of nations reborn from Communism. To the peoples of those nations, and to the Russian people in particular, we declare: If you stay on the path to freedom, we stand ready to help.\nWe rejoice especially with the people of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia, whose nationhood we have always upheld in law and in our hearts.\nIn Western Europe, we reaffirm the NATO alliance. While we reduce our troop commitments on the continent—a thousand soldiers are coming home every week—we must keep a powerful force deployed there. The United States must remain a European power in the broadest sense, able to influence the policies and events that affect the livelihood and security of future generations of Americans.\nThe violence in what used to be Yugoslavia is an affront to humanity. We condemn those responsible for the carnage there and call for an immediate international investigation of atrocities. We support the United Nations peace-keeping effort and urge an immediate cease-fire by all parties. The United States should continue to demand respect for international law and fundamental human rights in this agonizing conflict.\nWe encourage a peaceful settlement for Cyprus and respect by all parties for the wishes of the Cypriot people.\nWe urge peace and justice for Northern Ireland. We welcome the newly begun process of constitutional dialogue that holds so much promise. We encourage investment and reconstruction to create opportunity for all.\nIn the Middle East, prospects for peace have been transformed by the determined statesmanship of George Bush. Without the leadership of president Bush, Iraq would today threaten world peace, the peace and security of the Middle East, and the very survival of Israel with a huge conventional army and nuclear weapons. Direct peace talks, on terms Israel rightly had sought for more than four decades, would not be a reality. Soviet Jewish emigration likely would have been interrupted. The rescue of Ethiopian Jewry might not have happened. And the equation of Zionism to racism still would be a grotesque stain on the United Nations.\nAlthough much has changed for the better, the Middle East remains an area of high tensions—many unrelated to the Arab-Israeli conflict—where regional conflicts can escalate to threaten the vital interests of the United States. As Saddam Hussein's aggression against Kuwait demonstrated, heavily armed radical regimes are capable of independent aggressive action. In this environment, Israel's demonstrated strategic importance to the United States, as our most reliable and capable ally in this part of the world, is more important than ever. This strategic relationship, with its unique moral dimension, explains the understandable support Israel receives from millions of Americans who participate in our political process. The strong ties between the U.S. and Israel were demonstrated during the Gulf War when Israel chose not to retaliate against repeated missile attacks, even though they caused severe damage and loss of life. We will continue to broaden and deepen the strategic relationship with our ally Israel—the only true democracy in the Middle East—by taking additional concrete steps to further institutionalize the partnership. This will include maintaining adequate levels of security and economic assistance; continuing our meetings on military, political and economic cooperation and coordination; prepositioning military equipment; developing joint contingency plans; and increasing joint naval and air exercises.\nConsistent with our strategic relationship, the United States should continue to provide large-scale security assistance to Israel, maintaining Israel's qualitative military advantage over any adversary or coalition of adversaries. We also will continue to negotiate with the major arms supplying nations to reach an agreement on limiting arms sales to the Middle East and preventing the proliferation of non-conventional weapons.\nWe applaud the President's leadership in fostering unprecedented direct talks between Israel and its Arab neighbors. The United States is prepared to use its good offices to mediate disputes at their request. We do not believe the U.S. should attempt to impose a solution on the parties.\nThe basis for negotiations must be U.N. Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338. Peace must come from direct negotiations. It will be up to the negotiators to determine exactly what is required to satisfy these resolutions, but we firmly believe Israel has a right to exist in secure and recognized borders. As President Bush stated in Madrid, our objective is not simply to end the state of war; rather, it is to establish real peace, one with treaties, security, diplomatic relations, trade, investment, cultural exchange, even tourism. We want the Middle East to become a place where people lead normal lives.\nA meaningful peace must assure Israel's security while recognizing the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people. We oppose the creation of an independent Palestinian state. Nor will we support the creation of any political entity that would jeopardize Israel's security. As Israelis and Palestinians negotiate interim self-government, no party will be required to commit itself to any specific final outcome of direct negotiations. Israel should not be forced to negotiate with any party. In this regard, the United States will have no dialogue with the PLO until it satisfies in full the conditions laid out by President Bush in 1990. We believe Jerusalem should remain an undivided city, with free and unimpeded access to all holy places by people of all faiths. No genuine peace would deny Jews the right to live anywhere in the special city of Jerusalem.\nPeace in the Middle East entails cooperation between all the parties in the region. To this end, we have worked to bring all of the states of the area together with Israel to hold multilateral negotiations on issues of common concern such as regional development, water, refugees, arms control and the environment. We support these forums as a means of encouraging Arab acceptance of Israel and solving common regional problems.\nWe continue to back legislation mandating that if the U.N. and its agencies were to deny Israel's right to participate, the United States would withhold financial support and withdraw from those bodies until their action was rectified.\nRepublicans believe freedom of emigration is a fundamental human right and that Jews from any nation should be free to travel to Israel. Republicans are proud we have maintained our historic and moral commitment to the resettlement in Israel of persecuted Jews. We congratulate President Bush and Secretary Baker on the agreement with Israel for a generous package of loan guarantees that will provide new immigrants with needed humanitarian assistance.\nWe also should maintain our close ties with and generous aid for Egypt, which properly reaps the benefits of its courageous peace with Israel. We continue to support Egypt and other pro-Western states in the region against subversion and aggression and call for an end to the Arab boycott of Israel. We also support establishment of a strong central government in Lebanon, democratically elected and representative of its citizens.\nWe salute all the countries in the Middle East who contributed to the success of Desert Storm and share our goal of stability in the region. With them, we hope to build upon that triumph a new future for the Middle East, founded on mutual respect and a common longing for peace. To promote this goal, we should settle for nothing less than full, unconditional, immediate, and verified Iraqi compliance with all aspects of the cease-fire laid out in U.N. resolutions.\nIn the Western Hemisphere, as elsewhere, we must promote democratic values. We will continue to seek cooperation in the common battle against the drug lords. We will also lower barriers to trade and investment, knowing that our exports to Latin America are helping to lead our economic recovery at home. The President's Enterprise for the Americas initiative and the North American Free Trade Agreement mean, for the United States, billions in new trade, hundreds of thousands of new jobs, and a long-term solution to the economic pressures behind illegal immigration.\nWe welcome positive changes, economic and political, in Mexico, and salute the people of Panama on their recovery of free institutions after Operation Just Cause. We commend President Bush for the decisive military action that led to the end of the corrupt Noriega regime and freedom for democratically-minded Panamanians. We will uphold free and unencumbered U.S. access to the Canal. We hail the patriots of El Salvador and Nicaragua, whose bravery and blood thwarted Communism and Castro despite the inconstancy of Congressional Democrats. Together with other members of the Organization of American States, we will work to restore democracy to Haiti.\nThe Monroe Doctrine remains a cardinal principle of our foreign policy, and we continue to strive toward the day when the alien ideology of Communism and Fidel Castro's regime will be purged from Cuba, and Americans can welcome the Cuban people back into the family of free nations. Toward that end, we support Radio and TV MartГ­ and the spirit of Cuba Libre.\nIn Asia, we remain committed to the spread of political and economic liberty. We will work with Japan for common progress and maintain our military presence in Japan and in Asia. We also will promote greater Japanese responsibility for self-defense and worldwide prosperity.\nWe reaffirm our commitment to the security of Taiwan and regard any attempt to alter its status by force as a threat to the entire region. We adhere to the Taiwan Relations Act, the basis for continuing cooperation with those who have stood loyally with us for half a century.\nOur policy toward China is based on support for democratic reform. We need to maintain the relationship with China so that we can effectively encourage such reform. We will continue to work toward the day when the Chinese people will finally complete their journey to an open society, free of the deplorable restrictions on personal liberties that still exist.\nWe will maintain our close relationship with the Republic of Korea, helping to deter aggression from the north. North Korea remains an outlaw state and must not be permitted to acquire nuclear weapons.\nWith the people of the Philippines, we will maintain our special ties of history and affection.\nWe support the movement in Cambodia toward peace and democracy.\nWe demand the fullest possible accounting for America's POWs and MIAs in Southeast Asia. The grief of their families touches all of us. We will seek complete information in all forums and from all sources. Our President has put the government of Vietnam on notice: improved relations depend upon this goal.\nIn Africa, despite opposition from Congressional Democrats, we armed freedom fighters and helped force the withdrawal of Cuban troops. Now we enter the long season of building, trying to revive faith in democracy on a continent ravaged by Marxist wars, looted by local dictators, and misled by socialist ideology. Political and economic liberty are the keys.\nWe will support responsible efforts by the international community to help end the anarchy in Somalia and to address the plight of the people of that country suffering from drought and starvation. We condemn those who are using armed force to impede food distribution.\nIn South Africa, the Republican policy of constructive engagement—opposing apartheid while fostering peaceful change—has been successful. That nation's prospects have been transformed for the better, though many difficulties lie ahead. We condemn all violence against the innocent and applaud those who seek reconciliation to create a new, democratic South Africa. We encourage economic reform as crucial to both security and prosperity in the new South Africa.\nWe recognize that foreign aid must have a reasonable relationship to our national interests. We therefore support an ongoing review of such programs so that they can be both effectual and justified. We promote financial contribution from other democracies of the world to share the cost of the American burden for peacekeeping and foreign aid.\nWe support efforts by private voluntary agencies to help meet the needs of countries newly liberated from communism, and of the developing world, in such areas as medical, agricultural, educational, and entrepreneurial assistance.\nThe election of 1992 will determine whether our country seizes this tremendous opportunity or retreats from it. Republicans trust individuals and families to make their own economic decisions; Democrat politicians do not. We reject their program of strangled trade, industrial policy, high taxes, and regulation. We reject punitive taxes on foreign businesses in this country that only invite retaliatory taxes against U.S. businesses abroad. Trade war is the road to international depression—and for keeping American workers dependent on government handouts. We do not want to replace the arms race with a subsidies race.\nPutting Americans first means keeping the national interest ahead of the special interests. It means opening the world to American goods within a system of free and expanding trade. Just as Ronald Reagan declared in Berlin, \"Tear down this wall,\" so George Bush is dismantling the walls of protectionism in order to continue expanding our exports.\nOur strong commitment to free trade also encompasses vigorous enforcement of U.S. trade laws. We expect a fair and level playing field in our trade with other nations and will work to ensure that foreign markets are just as open to our goods as U.S. markets are to theirs. In all negotiations concerning trade, we will put the interests of America first.\nThroughout the world, as here at home, the Republican Party stands for growth. America's families have nothing to fear—and everything to gain—from the new era of free enterprise and prosperity that will emerge as free people compete, excel, and progress.\nThis means assuring stable command and control of the former Soviet arsenal, complete acceptance and verified implementation of all treaty obligations by the successor states to the USSR, and achieving the additional 50 percent reduction in strategic forces now agreed upon. We must assist in dismantling weapons, transforming the massive Soviet war machine into an engine of peace and civilian revival. We will cooperate with our former adversaries both to curtail proliferation and to move beyond the ABM Treaty toward effective ballistic missile defenses.\nWe will not permit the Soviet nuclear nightmare to be replaced by another one. Outlaw nations—North Korea, Iran, Iraq, Libya and others—lust for weapons of mass destruction. This is the nightmare of proliferation: nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons that, together with ballistic missiles, can deliver death across whole continents, including our own.\nWe will renew and strengthen the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. We will design security policies to counter proliferation dangers. We will reinforce multilateral accords like the Missile Technology Control Regime. And most important, we will develop and deploy global defenses against ballistic missiles. Despite the opposition of the Democrat Party and congressional Democrats, we will deploy an effective strategic defense system for the American people.\nAmerica's Security\n\nBecause America won the Cold War, our homes and neighborhoods are more secure than they have been for half a century. Our children are safer. The greatest peace dividend is peace itself. For it, we thank God.\nVictory was never inevitable. It was won in blood and treasure, over five decades, by the American people—from the military on the front lines to the taxpayers sustaining the forces of freedom. It was also secured, and the course of mankind profoundly changed for the better, because two successive Republican Presidents, Ronald Reagan and George Bush, were dedicated to peace through strength.\n\"Peace through strength\" was more than a slogan. It was the calculated Republican plan for, first, the survival and, then, the triumph, of America. But freedom did not come cheaply, and the new world we celebrate today required great sacrifice.\nIn 1981 we inherited from Jimmy Carter and anti-defense Democrats a crippled military: demoralized, underfunded, ill-equipped. Republicans told the truth to the American people; they heeded our call to arms. We restored our Armed Forces to their proper place in both the budget and the pride of the Nation. Our men and women in uniform today are the equals of the finest soldiers, sailors, and airmen who ever wore the uniform of our country.\nLike earlier generations in 1918 and 1945, they won a great victory. Now, as in the aftermath of those earlier conflicts, comes the difficult task of reducing both the size and cost of defense without letting down America's guard. In the past, terrible mistakes were made, and we paid dearly for them when war came to Korea. We will not allow that to happen again.\nRather than admit their mistakes of the past, the same liberal Democrats who sought to disarm America against the Soviet threat now compound their errors with a new campaign—half audacity, half mendacity—to leave the Nation unprotected in a still dangerous word.\nRepublicans call for a controlled defense drawdown, not a freefall. That is why President Bush proposes to carefully reduce defense spending over the next four years by an additional $34 billion, including $18 billion in outlays, with a 25 percent reduction in personnel. He has already eliminated over 100 weapon systems. Around the world, American forces are coming home from the frontiers of the Cold War. More than 550 overseas bases are being closed or realigned. Yet U.S. forces retain the ability to meet the challenge of another Desert Storm with equal success.\nU.S. defense spending already has been reduced significantly. Five years ago, it was more than a quarter of the federal budget. By 1997 it will be less than a sixth. Spending on defense and intelligence, as a proportion of Gross Domestic Product, will be the lowest it has been since before World War II.\nYet any defense budget, however lean, is still too much for the Democrats. They want to start by cutting defense outlays over the next four years by nearly $60 billion beyond the President's cuts, throwing as many as one million additional Americans out of work. And this may be just the beginning, as the Democrats use the defense budget as a bottomless piggybank to try to beat swords into pork barrels. This is folly. It would take us back to the \"hollow military\" of the Carter era. Once American defenses are allowed to decay, they cannot be rebuilt overnight. Effective arsenals, like effective leaders, require years of patient development. And our greatest asset of all, the people on whom our security depends, deserve a constant long-term investment in their quality, morale, and safety. Republicans pledge to provide it.\nWith a smaller military, modernization of conventional forces is more important than ever. Desert Storm showed the importance of \"force multipliers\" like smart munitions, stealth technology, and night-fighting capabilities. We will upgrade existing weapons and selectively procure those that hold the promise of dramatic forward leaps in capability. Under no circumstances will we yield our technological superiority.\nWe must remain ready to defend American citizens and interests wherever they may be threatened. Essential to that readiness is maintenance of a strong, global navy and modernization of vital airlift and sealift capacity. We remain committed to combating terrorism in all its forms wherever it threatens U.S. citizens or interests.\nRepublicans will preserve the Nation's access to space for defense, as well as for other purposes, and ensure that space technology does not fall into dangerous hands.\nTransformed by the collapse of Communism, our Strategic Defense Initiative is now designed to provide the U. S. and our allies with global defenses against limited ballistic missile attacks. SDI is the greatest investment in peace we could ever make. This system will be our shield against technoterrorism. Russia has agreed to be our partner in it, sharing early warning information and jointly moving forward to stop those who would rain death upon the innocent.\nWe will use missile defenses to assure threatened nations that they do not need to acquire ballistic missiles of their own. We will move beyond the ABM Treaty to deploy effective defenses with the goal of someday eliminating, not merely reducing, the threat of nuclear holocaust.\nWe support efforts to reduce armaments, both conventional and otherwise, but the most effective arms control of all over the long run is democracy. Free nations do not attack one another. That is why the promotion of democracy on every continent is an essential part of the Republican defense agenda.\nOur Armed Forces will still depend on our superb industrial base for everything from belt buckles to submarines. We cannot lose that engineering and manufacturing capability. This is especially true of the high technology, demonstrated in Desert Storm, that made our enemies realize they had been left behind in the race for the future. We therefore pledge to maintain America's technological lead, preserve its defense industrial base, and maintain robust levels of investment in research and development.\nWe will attack the problem of waste in the military, especially at its root in the pork barrel politics of Capitol Hill. A Republican Congress will end the costly micromanagement of defense programs and reduce the number and scope of oversight committees. We will urge the Department of Defense to encourage a broader constituency for saving and to continue genuine procurement reforms based on performance rather than unreasonable regulations imposed by the Democrat Congress. We will continue the successful effort to eliminate redundancy and streamline all facets of defense management.\nWe applaud the President's efforts to assist all individuals and communities adversely affected by the ongoing defense builddown, with more than 30 defense adjustment programs already in place and over $7 billion committed to the effort in just the next two years.\nThe Armed Forces are a color-blind meritocracy, a model for the rest of our society. Its enlistees should receive preference in federal education and retraining programs. We applaud the advancement of women in the military and single out for special recognition the outstanding contribution of women in Operations Desert Shield/Desert Storm. However, we oppose liberal Democrat attempts to place women in combat positions just to make an ideological point. Unlike the Democrat Party and its candidate, we support the continued exclusion of homosexuals from the military as a matter of good order and discipline.\nThe Department of Defense will not be an exception to our assertion of family values. Republicans will not tolerate sexual harassment or misconduct toward any individual in the ranks. We demand both its prevention and its punishment. To drive home that point, we urge a halt to the sale, in military facilities, of sexually explicit materials. We call for greater consideration of the needs of families when parents are called to duty.\nWe must ensure that all of the various benefits, including medical, that were promised to the men and women who chose to make the military and the defense of their Nation a career are fulfilled even upon retirement.\nIn the Republican tradition of support for America's veterans, we proposed and created a Department of Veterans Affairs so their concerns would be represented at the Cabinet table. We affirm our support for veterans preference in federal employment and for sufficient funding to maintain the integrity of the veterans hospital and medical care system. We strongly endorse programs to meet the needs of unemployed veterans.\nAssuring the availability of timely and reliable information on regional threats and unrest, drug trafficking, terrorism, technology transfer, proliferation, and a host of other issues—this is one of our highest national priorities in the post-Cold War world. U.S. policymakers also must have the best possible understanding of international trade, investment, industrial, financial, and other developments that affect our economic security.\nWe must and will maintain the full range of our traditional intelligence capabilities, including covert action, to ensure our security in a dangerous and unpredictable world. We reject the Democrat candidate's proposal to cripple U.S. intelligence and decry the deep spending cuts to the intelligence budget sponsored by Democrats in Congress.\nThe test of international leadership is on the field, not in a playbook. The Oval Office is no place for on-the-job training—not in carrying out the Presidential duty to protect and defend our Nation, not in managing the arsenal of the supreme nuclear power. There are those who talk and those who perform. George Bush has clearly performed for America, making the right calls in a series of tough decisions that helped transform the world.\nNow that we have won the Cold War, we must secure the peace that follows. History has shown that the years following conflict are often critical—where the choices made can either lay the foundation for lasting peace or sow the seeds of future war. In this period of high hopes and great challenges ahead, the Nation needs the tested and experienced leadership of President Bush and the Republican Party.", "Words" -> 24861, "WordCounts" -> <|"the" -> 1328, "to" -> 864, "and" -> 858, "of" -> 855, "in" -> 444, "We" -> 395, "a" -> 373, "for" -> 351, "that" -> 238, "our" -> 229, "will" -> 214, "is" -> 182, "we" -> 173, "by" -> 170, "with" -> 146, "The" -> 142, "have" -> 137, "on" -> 130, "their" -> 128, "are" -> 119, "be" -> 108, "as" -> 106, "not" -> 99, "has" -> 97, "all" -> 96, "from" -> 93, "American" -> 89, "support" -> 87, "President" -> 83, "government" -> 79, "it" -> 77, "people" -> 74, "or" -> 71, "an" -> 69, "Republicans" -> 62, "Congress" -> 61, "this" -> 60, "they" -> 60, "new" -> 60, "more" -> 60, "should" -> 59, "Bush" -> 58, "Republican" -> 57, "Democrats" -> 57, "must" -> 56, "economic" -> 54, "tax" -> 53, "believe" -> 53, "who" -> 51, "States" -> 50, "would" -> 49, "federal" -> 49, "also" -> 49, "care" -> 48, "than" -> 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7, "role" -> 7, "responsible" -> 7, "responsibilities" -> 7, "respect" -> 7, "required" -> 7, "price" -> 7, "preserving" -> 7, "practice" -> 7, "party" -> 7, "opportunities" -> 7, "Now" -> 7, "New" -> 7, "negotiations" -> 7, "men" -> 7, "meet" -> 7, "low-income" -> 7, "long-term" -> 7, "localities" -> 7, "lives" -> 7, "level" -> 7, "legislatures" -> 7, "Instead" -> 7, "inflation" -> 7, "incentives" -> 7, "however" -> 7, "half" -> 7, "Government" -> 7, "go" -> 7, "get" -> 7, "funding" -> 7, "fully" -> 7, "failed" -> 7, "facilities" -> 7, "Europe" -> 7, "equal" -> 7, "enact" -> 7, "drive" -> 7, "developing" -> 7, "Desert" -> 7, "Democrat-controlled" -> 7, "defenses" -> 7, "crucial" -> 7, "continued" -> 7, "condemn" -> 7, "Communism" -> 7, "clear" -> 7, "clean" -> 7, "chance" -> 7, "called" -> 7, "bureaucrats" -> 7, "bureaucratic" -> 7, "being" -> 7, "away" -> 7, "arms" -> 7, "allowing" -> 7, "ahead" -> 7, "again" -> 7, "advanced" -> 7, "Administration" -> 7, "zones" -> 6, "World" -> 6, "wetlands" -> 6, "welfare" -> 6, "welcome" -> 6, "ways" -> 6, "voters" -> 6, "veto" -> 6, "Under" -> 6, "transformed" -> 6, "Trade" -> 6, "tough" -> 6, "today" -> 6, "three" -> 6, "There" -> 6, "there" -> 6, "then" -> 6, "technological" -> 6, "teachers" -> 6, "taking" -> 6, "strategic" -> 6, "Storm" -> 6, "solution" -> 6, "set" -> 6, "Schools" -> 6, "rules" -> 6, "rule" -> 6, "requiring" -> 6, "replace" -> 6, "repeal" -> 6, "religious" -> 6, "regard" -> 6, "rather" -> 6, "promise" -> 6, "projects" -> 6, "prevent" -> 6, "pornography" -> 6, "poor" -> 6, "North" -> 6, "major" -> 6, "living" -> 6, "limit" -> 6, "keeping" -> 6, "justice" -> 6, "Just" -> 6, "invest" -> 6, "instead" -> 6, "here" -> 6, "financial" -> 6, "European" -> 6, "era" -> 6, "endangered" -> 6, "democratic" -> 6, "deficit" -> 6, "current" -> 6, "credits" -> 6, "credit" -> 6, "creation" -> 6, "cooperation" -> 6, "cities" -> 6, "choices" -> 6, "challenges" -> 6, "candidates" -> 6, "Bush's" -> 6, "bill" -> 6, "based" -> 6, "base" -> 6, "authority" -> 6, "At" -> 6, "assist" -> 6, "around" -> 6, "agriculture" -> 6, "ago" -> 6, "affordable" -> 6, "abroad" -> 6, "1980s" -> 6, "$1" -> 5, "young" -> 5, "world's" -> 5, "whose" -> 5, "violent" -> 5, "victory" -> 5, "Vice" -> 5, "various" -> 5, "urban" -> 5, "truth" -> 5, "too" -> 5, "throughout" -> 5, "Their" -> 5, "test" -> 5, "taxpayers" -> 5, "taxpayer" -> 5, "Tax" -> 5, "supports" -> 5, "successful" -> 5, "subsidies" -> 5, "strengthen" -> 5, "strength" -> 5, "statutes" -> 5, "states" -> 5, "standard" -> 5, "stand" -> 5, "stable" -> 5, "spread" -> 5, "speed" -> 5, "some" -> 5, "service" -> 5, "see" -> 5, "savings" -> 5, "safety" -> 5, "Republic" -> 5, "remains" -> 5, "regulations" -> 5, "regional" -> 5, "reduction" -> 5, "proposals" -> 5, "proposal" -> 5, "proliferation" -> 5, "products" -> 5, "produce" -> 5, "procedures" -> 5, "Presidents" -> 5, "preserve" -> 5, "poverty" -> 5, "politics" -> 5, "play" -> 5, "Platform" -> 5, "philosophy" -> 5, "persons" -> 5, "penalties" -> 5, "pass" -> 5, "parks" -> 5, "others" -> 5, "often" -> 5, "number" -> 5, "nothing" -> 5, "move" -> 5, "mothers" -> 5, "money" -> 5, "mission" -> 5, "minimum" -> 5, "millions" -> 5, "mean" -> 5, "matter" -> 5, "materials" -> 5, "marketplace" -> 5, "loss" -> 5, "lose" -> 5, "litigation" -> 5, "left" -> 5, "learning" -> 5, "Leadership" -> 5, "large" -> 5, "Korea" -> 5, "Israel's" -> 5, "insist" -> 5, "initiatives" -> 5, "industries" -> 5, "industrial" -> 5, "increasing" -> 5, "ideology" -> 5, "ideas" -> 5, "held" -> 5, "hand" -> 5, "goods" -> 5, "generation" -> 5, "Free" -> 5, "forward" -> 5, "former" -> 5, "Forces" -> 5, "flexibility" -> 5, "fear" -> 5, "Family" -> 5, "face" -> 5, "expanding" -> 5, "entrepreneurial" -> 5, "Enterprise" -> 5, "effort" -> 5, "economies" -> 5, "earnings" -> 5, "early" -> 5, "direct" -> 5, "did" -> 5, "develop" -> 5, "determine" -> 5, "dependency" -> 5, "demands" -> 5, "defend" -> 5, "decades" -> 5, "decade" -> 5, "death" -> 5, "day" -> 5, "cuts" -> 5, "crusade" -> 5, "crisis" -> 5, "criminals" -> 5, "coverage" -> 5, "countries" -> 5, "could" -> 5, "controlled" -> 5, "continuing" -> 5, "consumer" -> 5, "conservation" -> 5, "competitive" -> 5, "compete" -> 5, "committees" -> 5, "Cold" -> 5, "city" -> 5, "choose" -> 5, "changes" -> 5, "campaign" -> 5, "By" -> 5, "Budget" -> 5, "benefits" -> 5, "basic" -> 5, "ballistic" -> 5, "average" -> 5, "attempt" -> 5, "assure" -> 5, "Armed" -> 5, "armed" -> 5, "among" -> 5, "alone" -> 5, "allows" -> 5, "AIDS" -> 5, "Agreement" -> 5, "agreement" -> 5, "affirm" -> 5, "additional" -> 5, "across" -> 5, "50" -> 5, "1980" -> 5, "zone" -> 4, "youth" -> 4, "Yet" -> 4, "works" -> 4, "win" -> 4, "whole" -> 4, "White" -> 4, "While" -> 4, "whether" -> 4, "Western" -> 4, "wealth" -> 4, "voluntary" -> 4, "veterans" -> 4, "until" -> 4, "Uniting" -> 4, "uniform" -> 4, "ultimate" -> 4, "triumph" -> 4, "treaty" -> 4, "treatment" -> 4, "transfer" -> 4, "total" -> 4, "tide" -> 4, "threatens" -> 4, "thousands" -> 4, "though" -> 4, "testing" -> 4, "supply" -> 4, "stronger" -> 4, "steps" -> 4, "stands" -> 4, "spiritual" -> 4, "spent" -> 4, "specific" -> 4, "species" -> 4, "South" -> 4, "sources" -> 4, "sought" -> 4, "Some" -> 4, "socialism" -> 4, "Social" -> 4, "Small" -> 4, "size" -> 4, "signed" -> 4, "shows" -> 4, "she" -> 4, "share" -> 4, "shall" -> 4, "self-reliance" -> 4, "scientific" -> 4, "save" -> 4, "salute" -> 4, "safer" -> 4, "run" -> 4, "Ronald" -> 4, "Revolution" -> 4, "resource" -> 4, "requires" -> 4, "remember" -> 4, "rely" -> 4, "region" -> 4, "refuse" -> 4, "reductions" -> 4, "reducing" -> 4, "reason" -> 4, "reality" -> 4, "raise" -> 4, "race" -> 4, "Quayle" -> 4, "punishment" -> 4, "provides" -> 4, "proud" -> 4, "profession" -> 4, "product" -> 4, "producing" -> 4, "producers" -> 4, "problem" -> 4, "principle" -> 4, "present" -> 4, "premiums" -> 4, "positive" -> 4, "pork" -> 4, "politicians" -> 4, "played" -> 4, "plans" -> 4, "personnel" -> 4, "permit" -> 4, "permanent" -> 4, "path" -> 4, "partnership" -> 4, "participation" -> 4, "participate" -> 4, "owners" -> 4, "owned" -> 4, "overall" -> 4, "original" -> 4, "officials" -> 4, "off" -> 4, "notion" -> 4, "No" -> 4, "net" -> 4, "negotiate" -> 4, "necessary" -> 4, "Nations" -> 4, "moving" -> 4, "Most" -> 4, "missiles" -> 4, "missile" -> 4, "Members" -> 4, "members" -> 4, "mass" -> 4, "mankind" -> 4, "management" -> 4, "makes" -> 4, "lost" -> 4, "loans" -> 4, "live" -> 4, "lines" -> 4, "line-item" -> 4, "Lincoln" -> 4, "learned" -> 4, "leading" -> 4, "leaders" -> 4, "lawyers" -> 4, "launched" -> 4, "key" -> 4, "judges" -> 4, "Japan" -> 4, "Its" -> 4, "intelligence" -> 4, "integrity" -> 4, "institutions" -> 4, "innovation" -> 4, "innocent" -> 4, "information" -> 4, "independent" -> 4, "include" -> 4, "improving" -> 4, "improved" -> 4, "implementation" -> 4, "impact" -> 4, "immigration" -> 4, "immediate" -> 4, "idea" -> 4, "hold" -> 4, "highways" -> 4, "highest" -> 4, "her" -> 4, "helping" -> 4, "hands" -> 4, "Good" -> 4, "God" -> 4, "goals" -> 4, "giving" -> 4, "give" -> 4, "geological" -> 4, "generations" -> 4, "gave" -> 4, "gain" -> 4, "fuel" -> 4, "Freedom" -> 4, "found" -> 4, "form" -> 4, "family's" -> 4, "fair" -> 4, "exemption" -> 4, "excellence" -> 4, "everything" -> 4, "established" -> 4, "establish" -> 4, "environmentally" -> 4, "entrepreneurs" -> 4, "employers" -> 4, "elsewhere" -> 4, "election" -> 4, "efficient" -> 4, "Eastern" -> 4, "earth" -> 4, "drivers" -> 4, "discourage" -> 4, "disabled" -> 4, "different" -> 4, "developed" -> 4, "designed" -> 4, "dependent" -> 4, "dependence" -> 4, "depend" -> 4, "demonstrated" -> 4, "Defense" -> 4, "deductibility" -> 4, "decent" -> 4, "dangers" -> 4, "dangerous" -> 4, "damages" -> 4, "damage" -> 4, "cutting" -> 4, "culture" -> 4, "criminal" -> 4, "crimes" -> 4, "courts" -> 4, "costly" -> 4, "constitutional" -> 4, "conditions" -> 4, "companies" -> 4, "committee" -> 4, "commend" -> 4, "coming" -> 4, "comes" -> 4, "combat" -> 4, "college" -> 4, "China" -> 4, "challenge" -> 4, "caused" -> 4, "Carter" -> 4, "cancer" -> 4, "buyers" -> 4, "bureaucracies" -> 4, "built" -> 4, "broke" -> 4, "blocked" -> 4, "bills" -> 4, "Bill" -> 4, "behavior" -> 4, "basis" -> 4, "ban" -> 4, "Balanced" -> 4, "balance" -> 4, "Arab" -> 4, "amount" -> 4, "AMERICA" -> 4, "amendment" -> 4, "alternative" -> 4, "almost" -> 4, "air" -> 4, "aggression" -> 4, "age" -> 4, "Africa" -> 4, "adoption" -> 4, "adequate" -> 4, "achieved" -> 4, "achieve" -> 4, "abortion" -> 4, "able" -> 4, "2000" -> 4, "1992" -> 4, "1985" -> 4, "$5,000" -> 3, "$500" -> 3, "Young" -> 3, "worldwide" -> 3, "worked" -> 3, "words" -> 3, "word" -> 3, "withholding" -> 3, "Wall" -> 3, "wage" -> 3, "vote" -> 3, "vigorous" -> 3, "verdict" -> 3, "ventures" -> 3, "vehicles" -> 3, "using" -> 3, "Uruguay" -> 3, "unprecedented" -> 3, "Unlike" -> 3, "united" -> 3, "unions" -> 3, "Union" -> 3, "union" -> 3, "unfair" -> 3, "understand" -> 3, "U.N." -> 3, "twice" -> 3, "twelve" -> 3, "turn" -> 3, "trying" -> 3, "truly" -> 3, "tremendous" -> 3, "Treaty" -> 3, "travel" -> 3, "transit" -> 3, "training" -> 3, "track" -> 3, "Together" -> 3, "times" -> 3, "ties" -> 3, "Thus" -> 3, "thus" -> 3, "Throughout" -> 3, "threatened" -> 3, "threaten" -> 3, "tested" -> 3, "terrorism" -> 3, "terms" -> 3, "ten" -> 3, "Technology" -> 3, "teaching" -> 3, "taxation" -> 3, "taught" -> 3, "taken" -> 3, "Taiwan" -> 3, "sustain" -> 3, "survival" -> 3, "supporting" -> 3, "supported" -> 3, "super-majority" -> 3, "strongly" -> 3, "streets" -> 3, "street" -> 3, "stood" -> 3, "stay" -> 3, "status" -> 3, "stake" -> 3, "staff" -> 3, "stability" -> 3, "Space" -> 3, "slash" -> 3, "short" -> 3, "sharing" -> 3, "shared" -> 3, "shape" -> 3, "sexual" -> 3, "settle" -> 3, "serve" -> 3, "sentences" -> 3, "sensitive" -> 3, "sense" -> 3, "Senate" -> 3, "sell" -> 3, "self-government" -> 3, "saw" -> 3, "saving" -> 3, "sales" -> 3, "sale" -> 3, "Saddam" -> 3, "Russian" -> 3, "Russia" -> 3, "Round" -> 3, "risks" -> 3, "risk" -> 3, "revolution" -> 3, "returning" -> 3, "restrictions" -> 3, "restored" -> 3, "response" -> 3, "Representatives" -> 3, "replacing" -> 3, "renew" -> 3, "remove" -> 3, "reliable" -> 3, "reforming" -> 3, "reflect" -> 3, "redistribution" -> 3, "Recognizing" -> 3, "reasonable" -> 3, "reach" -> 3, "radically" -> 3, "pushed" -> 3, "pursue" -> 3, "providing" -> 3, "providers" -> 3, "provided" -> 3, "protections" -> 3, "protectionism" -> 3, "protecting" -> 3, "protected" -> 3, "prosperous" -> 3, "proof" -> 3, "promoting" -> 3, "promotes" -> 3, "pro-growth" -> 3, "programming" -> 3, "productivity" -> 3, "priority" -> 3, "priorities" -> 3, "primary" -> 3, "prevention" -> 3, "Presidential" -> 3, "preference" -> 3, "practices" -> 3, "position" -> 3, "police" -> 3, "point" -> 3, "plant" -> 3, "person" -> 3, "permitted" -> 3, "perhaps" -> 3, "percentage" -> 3, "per" -> 3, "people's" -> 3, "pensions" -> 3, "penalty" -> 3, "peaceful" -> 3, "Peace" -> 3, "payment" -> 3, "Patrol" -> 3, "patient" -> 3, "passed" -> 3, "particular" -> 3, "Parents" -> 3, "parental" -> 3, "parent" -> 3, "opponents" -> 3, "operations" -> 3, "Only" -> 3, "officers" -> 3, "office" -> 3, "objective" -> 3, "nightmare" -> 3, "networks" -> 3, "neither" -> 3, "neighbors" -> 3, "neighborhoods" -> 3, "needed" -> 3, "nearly" -> 3, "NAFTA" -> 3, "multilateral" -> 3, "mortgage" -> 3, "More" -> 3, "moratorium" -> 3, "modern" -> 3, "mistakes" -> 3, "might" -> 3, "Mexico" -> 3, "merely" -> 3, "meeting" -> 3, "medicine" -> 3, "measure" -> 3, "may" -> 3, "matters" -> 3, "material" -> 3, "massive" -> 3, "marriage" -> 3, "Many" -> 3, "manufacturing" -> 3, "mandates" -> 3, "mandated" -> 3, "malpractice" -> 3, "lowest" -> 3, "look" -> 3, "longer" -> 3, "link" -> 3, "limits" -> 3, "limited" -> 3, "lie" -> 3, "liberate" -> 3, "legitimate" -> 3, "legislative" -> 3, "legacy" -> 3, "lawsuit" -> 3, "Latin" -> 3, "largest" -> 3, "lack" -> 3, "labor" -> 3, "Kuwait" -> 3, "knows" -> 3, "known" -> 3, "journey" -> 3, "joint" -> 3, "Jews" -> 3, "Iraq" -> 3, "intellectual" -> 3, "insisted" -> 3, "innovative" -> 3, "Initiative" -> 3, "ingenuity" -> 3, "Indeed" -> 3, "indeed" -> 3, "incumbents" -> 3, "incentive" -> 3, "impose" -> 3, "ideals" -> 3, "hundreds" -> 3, "huge" -> 3, "However" -> 3, "household" -> 3, "house" -> 3, "hostage" -> 3, "historic" -> 3, "Highway" -> 3, "heritage" -> 3, "helped" -> 3, "having" -> 3, "harm" -> 3, "hard" -> 3, "harassment" -> 3, "happen" -> 3, "guard" -> 3, "groups" -> 3, "greatly" -> 3, "governments" -> 3, "goes" -> 3, "given" -> 3, "genuine" -> 3, "GATT" -> 3, "fuels" -> 3, "Founders" -> 3, "fought" -> 3, "fostering" -> 3, "forms" -> 3, "forced" -> 3, "food" -> 3, "fly" -> 3, "five" -> 3, "first-time" -> 3, "First" -> 3, "firms" -> 3, "firmly" -> 3, "finest" -> 3, "find" -> 3, "financing" -> 3, "finally" -> 3, "filibuster" -> 3, "fields" -> 3, "fewer" -> 3, "fellow" -> 3, "Farm" -> 3, "Families" -> 3, "fairness" -> 3, "failure" -> 3, "Exports" -> 3, "export" -> 3, "expenses" -> 3, "expanded" -> 3, "existing" -> 3, "example" -> 3, "everyone" -> 3, "Every" -> 3, "ethanol" -> 3, "establishment" -> 3, "equally" -> 3, "entire" -> 3, "enhancing" -> 3, "engineering" -> 3, "engine" -> 3, "empower" -> 3, "employment" -> 3, "emphasize" -> 3, "emotional" -> 3, "eliminating" -> 3, "eliminate" -> 3, "elements" -> 3, "elected" -> 3, "either" -> 3, "efficiently" -> 3, "effects" -> 3, "Education" -> 3, "educating" -> 3, "educate" -> 3, "earlier" -> 3, "during" -> 3, "dream" -> 3, "dramatic" -> 3, "done" -> 3, "doctors" -> 3, "diseases" -> 3, "discrimination" -> 3, "discipline" -> 3, "disarm" -> 3, "difference" -> 3, "determination" -> 3, "destruction" -> 3, "destroy" -> 3, "destiny" -> 3, "design" -> 3, "deploy" -> 3, "Department" -> 3, "deny" -> 3, "democracies" -> 3, "dedicated" -> 3, "declared" -> 3, "declare" -> 3, "debate" -> 3, "days" -> 3, "cure" -> 3, "curb" -> 3, "Cuba" -> 3, "creating" -> 3, "courageous" -> 3, "Council" -> 3, "corruption" -> 3, "corporations" -> 3, "conventional" -> 3, "contrast" -> 3, "consumption" -> 3, "consistently" -> 3, "consistent" -> 3, "consideration" -> 3, "consequences" -> 3, "conflicts" -> 3, "conflict" -> 3, "concern" -> 3, "comprehensive" -> 3, "compliance" -> 3, "Community" -> 3, "commonwealth" -> 3, "commit" -> 3, "collapse" -> 3, "code" -> 3, "coal" -> 3, "climate" -> 3, "claim" -> 3, "changing" -> 3, "certified" -> 3, "cause" -> 3, "carefully" -> 3, "capability" -> 3, "capabilities" -> 3, "came" -> 3, "calls" -> 3, "bureaucracy" -> 3, "Building" -> 3, "building" -> 3, "brought" -> 3, "Border" -> 3, "border" -> 3, "bold" -> 3, "blood" -> 3, "bigger" -> 3, "Berlin" -> 3, "begun" -> 3, "balanced" -> 3, "availability" -> 3, "attempts" -> 3, "attack" -> 3, "assuring" -> 3, "asset" -> 3, "assessments" -> 3, "Asia" -> 3, "art" -> 3, "area" -> 3, "arbitrary" -> 3, "appropriate" -> 3, "approach" -> 3, "apply" -> 3, "application" -> 3, "animal" -> 3, "airports" -> 3, "aim" -> 3, "agreed" -> 3, "after" -> 3, "affected" -> 3, "affect" -> 3, "advancement" -> 3, "adopt" -> 3, "Administration's" -> 3, "act" -> 3, "acres" -> 3, "accountability" -> 3, "abuse" -> 3, "above" -> 3, "300,000" -> 3, "30" -> 3, "20" -> 3, "$18" -> 2, "$1,000" -> 2, "you" -> 2, "year's" -> 2, "worst" -> 2, "worse" -> 2, "workplaces" -> 2, "withhold" -> 2, "withdrawal" -> 2, "wisdom" -> 2, "winning" -> 2, "willing" -> 2, "wherever" -> 2, "What" -> 2, "western" -> 2, "West" -> 2, "wellhead" -> 2, "well-educated" -> 2, "wave" -> 2, "water" -> 2, "walls" -> 2, "votes" -> 2, "virus" -> 2, "Vietnam" -> 2, "victorious" -> 2, "vetoed" -> 2, "verified" -> 2, "VAT" -> 2, "vast" -> 2, "uses" -> 2, "users" -> 2, "uphold" -> 2, "upheld" -> 2, "unpredictable" -> 2, "unnecessary" -> 2, "unlike" -> 2, "unless" -> 2, "unique" -> 2, "understandable" -> 2, "underserved" -> 2, "undermine" -> 2, "unborn" -> 2, "ultimately" -> 2, "U" -> 2, "Two" -> 2, "twenty" -> 2, "try" -> 2, "truths" -> 2, "trusting" -> 2, "trillion" -> 2, "tribal" -> 2, "trials" -> 2, "transport" -> 2, "transition" -> 2, "transform" -> 2, "trafficking" -> 2, "traditions" -> 2, "tradition" -> 2, "town" -> 2, "toughest" -> 2, "tougher" -> 2, "tort" -> 2, "top" -> 2, "tools" -> 2, "took" -> 2, "tolerate" -> 2, "told" -> 2, "thwarted" -> 2, "thwart" -> 2, "thugs" -> 2, "throwing" -> 2, "thrift" -> 2, "Third" -> 2, "think" -> 2, "things" -> 2, "thereby" -> 2, "tenure" -> 2, "television" -> 2, "teen" -> 2, "taxing" -> 2, "tape" -> 2, "talks" -> 2, "talk" -> 2, "System" -> 2, "symbolized" -> 2, "sweeping" -> 2, "sweep" -> 2, "swaps" -> 2, "sustained" -> 2, "Supreme" -> 2, "Superfund" -> 2, "Super" -> 2, "suffering" -> 2, "Such" -> 2, "substantially" -> 2, "subsidize" -> 2, "subcommittees" -> 2, "study" -> 2, "student" -> 2, "struggle" -> 2, "structures" -> 2, "strengthening" -> 2, "strengthened" -> 2, "Street" -> 2, "stock" -> 2, "stiff" -> 2, "stewardship" -> 2, "step" -> 2, "statesmanship" -> 2, "starts" -> 2, "stark" -> 2, "spite" -> 2, "Spending" -> 2, "Specifically" -> 2, "solve" -> 2, "solutions" -> 2, "soldiers" -> 2, "So" -> 2, "smaller" -> 2, "six" -> 2, "simply" -> 2, "simple" -> 2, "similar" -> 2, "significantly" -> 2, "significant" -> 2, "shown" -> 2, "shores" -> 2, "shootings" -> 2, "shocked" -> 2, "sharply" -> 2, "shaped" -> 2, "sexually" -> 2, "several" -> 2, "series" -> 2, "sent" -> 2, "senior" -> 2, "self-employed" -> 2, "self-determination" -> 2, "seize" -> 2, "seen" -> 2, "seeking" -> 2, "secured" -> 2, "Secretary" -> 2, "seats" -> 2, "scientifically" -> 2, "Scientific" -> 2, "scandal" -> 2, "says" -> 2, "Savings" -> 2, "sanctions" -> 2, "Samoa's" -> 2, "safely" -> 2, "safeguards" -> 2, "Safe" -> 2, "safe" -> 2, "S." -> 2, "rulers" -> 2, "roads" -> 2, "road" -> 2, "rivers" -> 2, "rising" -> 2, "rigorous" -> 2, "Rights" -> 2, "rightly" -> 2, "Right" -> 2, "rigging" -> 2, "rewards" -> 2, "revolutionary" -> 2, "revive" -> 2, "revival" -> 2, "review" -> 2, "reverse" -> 2, "revenues" -> 2, "revenue" -> 2, "return" -> 2, "retreat" -> 2, "results" -> 2, "restoring" -> 2, "restitution" -> 2, "resolve" -> 2, "resolutions" -> 2, "resist" -> 2, "residence" -> 2, "rescued" -> 2, "represents" -> 2, "report" -> 2, "replaced" -> 2, "repeat" -> 2, "repealed" -> 2, "renewable" -> 2, "religion" -> 2, "relations" -> 2, "rejected" -> 2, "reinforce" -> 2, "Regulatory" -> 2, "regret" -> 2, "regime" -> 2, "refusing" -> 2, "refused" -> 2, "refugees" -> 2, "reduces" -> 2, "red" -> 2, "records" -> 2, "record" -> 2, "recognizes" -> 2, "recognition" -> 2, "receiving" -> 2, "receive" -> 2, "reauthorized" -> 2, "ready" -> 2, "rationing" -> 2, "Rather" -> 2, "ranks" -> 2, "range" -> 2, "ranch" -> 2, "raised" -> 2, "rain" -> 2, "radical" -> 2, "racism" -> 2, "quotas" -> 2, "pursuit" -> 2, "purposes" -> 2, "purchase" -> 2, "punitive" -> 2, "public-private" -> 2, "Providing" -> 2, "Protection" -> 2, "prospects" -> 2, "proposition" -> 2, "proposes" -> 2, "propose" -> 2, "proportion" -> 2, "properly" -> 2, "proper" -> 2, "prompt" -> 2, "promotion" -> 2, "Promoting" -> 2, "promoted" -> 2, "promised" -> 2, "project" -> 2, "prohibit" -> 2, "profoundly" -> 2, "profits" -> 2, "professional" -> 2, "productive" -> 2, "produced" -> 2, "processes" -> 2, "procedural" -> 2, "privatize" -> 2, "Privatization" -> 2, "privatization" -> 2, "prison" -> 2, "principled" -> 2, "pride" -> 2, "previous" -> 2, "preventive" -> 2, "prevail" -> 2, "pressure" -> 2, "president" -> 2, "Presidency" -> 2, "preserves" -> 2, "presents" -> 2, "prepared" -> 2, "preferential" -> 2, "prefer" -> 2, "powerless" -> 2, "powerful" -> 2, "Pornography" -> 2, "popular" -> 2, "pools" -> 2, "points" -> 2, "planners" -> 2, "Planet" -> 2, "places" -> 2, "petroleum" -> 2, "persuaded" -> 2, "performance" -> 2, "perform" -> 2, "penalty-free" -> 2, "pays" -> 2, "passive" -> 2, "passage" -> 2, "partisan" -> 2, "particularly" -> 2, "parochial" -> 2, "paperwork" -> 2, "paper" -> 2, "Panama" -> 2, "Palestinian" -> 2, "package" -> 2, "overturning" -> 2, "overseas" -> 2, "overcome" -> 2, "Over" -> 2, "output" -> 2, "outlays" -> 2, "outdated" -> 2, "ourselves" -> 2, "otherwise" -> 2, "opposition" -> 2, "opposed" -> 2, "Operation" -> 2, "operation" -> 2, "ongoing" -> 2, "ones" -> 2, "One" -> 2, "once" -> 2, "older" -> 2, "offshore" -> 2, "OCS" -> 2, "occasions" -> 2, "obtained" -> 2, "obtain" -> 2, "obscenity" -> 2, "Nuclear" -> 2, "nor" -> 2, "non-Social" -> 2, "nominee" -> 2, "NIH" -> 2, "Nicaragua" -> 2, "newly" -> 2, "Never" -> 2, "neutral" -> 2, "negotiators" -> 2, "nation" -> 2, "NASA" -> 2, "narcotics" -> 2, "multiple" -> 2, "movement" -> 2, "moved" -> 2, "motor" -> 2, "Mortgage" -> 2, "modified" -> 2, "modest" -> 2, "modernization" -> 2, "model" -> 2, "mobility" -> 2, "Mission" -> 2, "minority" -> 2, "mining" -> 2, "middle" -> 2, "message" -> 2, "maximum" -> 2, "market-based" -> 2, "maritime" -> 2, "marital" -> 2, "marginal" -> 2, "manner" -> 2, "mandate" -> 2, "managing" -> 2, "managers" -> 2, "manage" -> 2, "man" -> 2, "Making" -> 2, "majority" -> 2, "maintenance" -> 2, "maintaining" -> 2, "maintained" -> 2, "machines" -> 2, "loopholes" -> 2, "loan" -> 2, "linked" -> 2, "likely" -> 2, "Like" -> 2, "liberates" -> 2, "liberated" -> 2, "liberals" -> 2, "liberalism" -> 2, "let" -> 2, "legitimacy" -> 2, "legislators" -> 2, "legally" -> 2, "Legal" -> 2, "leave" -> 2, "learn" -> 2, "lawsuits" -> 2, "Law" -> 2, "latest" -> 2, "larger" -> 2, "laid" -> 2, "knowing" -> 2, "kind" -> 2, "killed" -> 2, "kill" -> 2, "keys" -> 2, "keeps" -> 2, "justifies" -> 2, "jurisdiction" -> 2, "junk" -> 2, "judicial" -> 2, "judgment" -> 2, "Judeo-Christian" -> 2, "Jimmy" -> 2, "Jerusalem" -> 2, "Japanese" -> 2, "January" -> 2, "ivory" -> 2, "issues" -> 2, "Islands" -> 2, "irresponsible" -> 2, "IRAs" -> 2, "IRA" -> 2, "involved" -> 2, "investigation" -> 2, "intended" -> 2, "insurers" -> 2, "instructional" -> 2, "institution" -> 2, "innovate" -> 2, "inner" -> 2, "initiate" -> 2, "in-home" -> 2, "inhibit" -> 2, "influence" -> 2, "inevitable" -> 2, "improves" -> 2, "imprisonment" -> 2, "imposes" -> 2, "imposed" -> 2, "imported" -> 2, "implement" -> 2, "immigrants" -> 2, "illegitimacy" -> 2, "Illegal" -> 2, "II" -> 2, "Hussein's" -> 2, "hostile" -> 2, "hospitals" -> 2, "honor" -> 2, "holds" -> 2, "History" -> 2, "His" -> 2, "Hill" -> 2, "hike" -> 2, "helpless" -> 2, "heinous" -> 2, "hearts" -> 2, "heart" -> 2, "healthier" -> 2, "heads" -> 2, "hazardous" -> 2, "hasten" -> 2, "happens" -> 2, "halt" -> 2, "hail" -> 2, "Gulf" -> 2, "guide" -> 2, "growing" -> 2, "grow" -> 2, "ground" -> 2, "Great" -> 2, "grants" -> 2, "granted" -> 2, "grandparents" -> 2, "government-run" -> 2, "going" -> 2, "GNP" -> 2, "Germany's" -> 2, "generous" -> 2, "generates" -> 2, "games" -> 2, "fund" -> 2, "full-time" -> 2, "fruits" -> 2, "frontier" -> 2, "front" -> 2, "friends" -> 2, "freeze" -> 2, "freeing" -> 2, "founded" -> 2, "fostered" -> 2, "forums" -> 2, "forgotten" -> 2, "forget" -> 2, "forests" -> 2, "forcing" -> 2, "following" -> 2, "follow" -> 2, "flexible" -> 2, "Five" -> 2, "fit" -> 2, "final" -> 2, "filled" -> 2, "fighting" -> 2, "field" -> 2, "fathers" -> 2, "fallen" -> 2, "fall" -> 2, "fact" -> 2, "facilitate" -> 2, "faces" -> 2, "extensive" -> 2, "extension" -> 2, "extended" -> 2, "explore" -> 2, "exploration" -> 2, "explains" -> 2, "experts" -> 2, "experienced" -> 2, "expensive" -> 2, "expense" -> 2, "expect" -> 2, "exist" -> 2, "excessive" -> 2, "excel" -> 2, "exactly" -> 2, "evidence" -> 2, "Even" -> 2, "estimates" -> 2, "estimated" -> 2, "equity" -> 2, "equitable" -> 2, "equipment" -> 2, "envy" -> 2, "environmentalism" -> 2, "entrepreneurship" -> 2, "entitlements" -> 2, "enterprises" -> 2, "enter" -> 2, "ensuring" -> 2, "enough" -> 2, "enormous" -> 2, "enjoy" -> 2, "enhance" -> 2, "Energy" -> 2, "enemy" -> 2, "enemies" -> 2, "enduring" -> 2, "ended" -> 2, "encouraging" -> 2, "empowerment" -> 2, "empire" -> 2, "emphasis" -> 2, "emigration" -> 2, "elimination" -> 2, "elevate" -> 2, "elections" -> 2, "elderly" -> 2, "Egypt" -> 2, "efficiency" -> 2, "educators" -> 2, "Economy" -> 2, "economics" -> 2, "Economic" -> 2, "easy" -> 2, "Earth" -> 2, "eager" -> 2, "dying" -> 2, "duty" -> 2, "During" -> 2, "due" -> 2, "drunken" -> 2, "drug-free" -> 2, "Drug" -> 2, "dropped" -> 2, "driving" -> 2, "drives" -> 2, "drive-by" -> 2, "drawing" -> 2, "dramatically" -> 2, "doubled" -> 2, "dominated" -> 2, "domestically" -> 2, "dollar" -> 2, "dividends" -> 2, "divided" -> 2, "diversity" -> 2, "districts" -> 2, "distribution" -> 2, "Distance" -> 2, "dispute" -> 2, "dismantling" -> 2, "Disabilities" -> 2, "Direct" -> 2, "diplomacy" -> 2, "difficulties" -> 2, "dictators" -> 2, "dialogue" -> 2, "developments" -> 2, "deter" -> 2, "destroys" -> 2, "Despite" -> 2, "despite" -> 2, "desperately" -> 2, "deregulation" -> 2, "democratically" -> 2, "delivery" -> 2, "deliver" -> 2, "delay" -> 2, "defending" -> 2, "deep" -> 2, "deductions" -> 2, "deduction" -> 2, "decry" -> 2, "decisive" -> 2, "decision" -> 2, "decentralize" -> 2, "decency" -> 2, "debt" -> 2, "dealers" -> 2, "deal" -> 2, "data" -> 2, "danger" -> 2, "cultural" -> 2, "Cuban" -> 2, "Crippled" -> 2, "Credit" -> 2, "CPB" -> 2, "cover" -> 2, "court" -> 2, "course" -> 2, "country's" -> 2, "Country" -> 2, "cost-effective" -> 2, "corrupt" -> 2, "Corporation" -> 2, "cooperative" -> 2, "controlling" -> 2, "contribution" -> 2, "contributing" -> 2, "contribute" -> 2, "continents" -> 2, "continent" -> 2, "containment" -> 2, "constructive" -> 2, "Constitutional" -> 2, "constantly" -> 2, "constant" -> 2, "Consistent" -> 2, "consider" -> 2, "consensus" -> 2, "congestion" -> 2, "confident" -> 2, "concerns" -> 2, "concerning" -> 2, "concept" -> 2, "compensation" -> 2, "compensate" -> 2, "compassion" -> 2, "compact" -> 2, "commodity" -> 2, "Committee" -> 2, "Commission" -> 2, "Commerce" -> 2, "command" -> 2, "color-blind" -> 2, "colleges" -> 2, "coalition" -> 2, "close" -> 2, "clearly" -> 2, "cleaner" -> 2, "Clean" -> 2, "churches" -> 2, "chug" -> 2, "chose" -> 2, "children's" -> 2, "Child" -> 2, "chemical" -> 2, "cheaply" -> 2, "character" -> 2, "changed" -> 2, "challengers" -> 2, "challenged" -> 2, "certification" -> 2, "certain" -> 2, "central" -> 2, "celebrate" -> 2, "cease-fire" -> 2, "cases" -> 2, "case" -> 2, "carrying" -> 2, "career" -> 2, "Capitol" -> 2, "capacity" -> 2, "capable" -> 2, "cap" -> 2, "campaigns" -> 2, "buy" -> 2, "burdens" -> 2, "burden" -> 2, "budgets" -> 2, "broadest" -> 2, "broaden" -> 2, "broadcasting" -> 2, "bringing" -> 2, "breakthroughs" -> 2, "break-the-mold" -> 2, "break" -> 2, "bought" -> 2, "bosses" -> 2, "boost" -> 2, "blocks" -> 2, "block" -> 2, "biotechnology" -> 2, "biological" -> 2, "binding" -> 2, "bilateral" -> 2, "Big" -> 2, "benefited" -> 2, "behind" -> 2, "beginning" -> 2, "becoming" -> 2, "bear" -> 2, "battle" -> 2, "barrels" -> 2, "barrel" -> 2, "bad" -> 2, "babies" -> 2, "attacks" -> 2, "Association" -> 2, "assisted" -> 2, "assets" -> 2, "assert" -> 2, "ask" -> 2, "arsenals" -> 2, "arsenal" -> 2, "appointment" -> 2, "anti-work" -> 2, "answer" -> 2, "annual" -> 2, "analysis" -> 2, "An" -> 2, "Among" -> 2, "Americas" -> 2, "ambitious" -> 2, "Although" -> 2, "along" -> 2, "ally" -> 2, "allowed" -> 2, "allocation" -> 2, "allies" -> 2, "All" -> 2, "aircraft" -> 2, "Air" -> 2, "aims" -> 2, "Agricultural" -> 2, "aggressively" -> 2, "afford" -> 2, "affairs" -> 2, "adversaries" -> 2, "advantage" -> 2, "adopting" -> 2, "address" -> 2, "acts" -> 2, "actions" -> 2, "acquire" -> 2, "achieving" -> 2, "achievement" -> 2, "Accounts" -> 2, "accounting" -> 2, "accountable" -> 2, "account" -> 2, "Accordingly" -> 2, "accomplish" -> 2, "acceptance" -> 2, "abuses" -> 2, "abused" -> 2, "abundant" -> 2, "abstinence" -> 2, "abolish" -> 2, "ABM" -> 2, "ability" -> 2, "70" -> 2, "25" -> 2, "1990s" -> 2, "15" -> 2, "$800" -> 1, "$80" -> 1, "$7" -> 1, "$60" -> 1, "$5" -> 1, "$40" -> 1, "$36" -> 1, "$34" -> 1, "$300" -> 1, "$30" -> 1, "$2.7" -> 1, "$2.5" -> 1, "$2000" -> 1, "$20" -> 1, "$2" -> 1, "$151" -> 1, "$1500" -> 1, "$150" -> 1, "$1.5" -> 1, "$1.4" -> 1, "$115" -> 1, "$100" -> 1, "zones—and" -> 1, "Zones" -> 1, "Zionism" -> 1, "zero-based" -> 1, "Yugoslavia" -> 1, "your" -> 1, "You" -> 1, "yield" -> 1, "yet" -> 1, "Yeltsin" -> 1, "Year" -> 1, "yards" -> 1, "wrongdoing" -> 1, "wrong" -> 1, "wrecking" -> 1, "wrecked" -> 1, "worthy" -> 1, "worth" -> 1, "worship" -> 1, "worsen" -> 1, "worry" -> 1, "world—for" -> 1, "workplace" -> 1, "workforce" -> 1, "workfare" -> 1, "Workers" -> 1, "wore" -> 1, "Wonderland" -> 1, "wonder" -> 1, "witnesses" -> 1, "Without" -> 1, "within—by" -> 1, "withdrawals" -> 1, "withdraw" -> 1, "wishing" -> 1, "wishes" -> 1, "wish" -> 1, "wisdom—have" -> 1, "wiped" -> 1, "Windfall" -> 1, "wind" -> 1, "Wildlife" -> 1, "wildlife" -> 1, "wilderness" -> 1, "widest" -> 1, "widely" -> 1, "whom" -> 1, "wholesome" -> 1, "White-collar" -> 1, "whistle" -> 1, "Wherever" -> 1, "Where" -> 1, "whenever" -> 1, "whatever" -> 1, "We've" -> 1, "wetland" -> 1, "wet" -> 1, "well-intentioned" -> 1, "well-earned" -> 1, "well-connected" -> 1, "Welfare" -> 1, "week—we" -> 1, "weeks" -> 1, "weapon" -> 1, "wealthy" -> 1, "weak" -> 1, "watched" -> 1, "wasteful" -> 1, "wasted" -> 1, "Washington" -> 1, "wars" -> 1, "warning" -> 1, "warned" -> 1, "wards" -> 1, "warding" -> 1, "wanton" -> 1, "wallowing" -> 1, "wall" -> 1, "waiting" -> 1, "waging" -> 1, "vouchers" -> 1, "voter" -> 1, "volunteers" -> 1, "Volunteerism" -> 1, "volunteer" -> 1, "voice" -> 1, "vocal" -> 1, "vitality" -> 1, "visionary" -> 1, "Vision" -> 1, "virtues" -> 1, "Virgin" -> 1, "Violent" -> 1, "violations" -> 1, "vigorously" -> 1, "vigilant" -> 1, "vigilance" -> 1, "views" -> 1, "Victory" -> 1, "Victims" -> 1, "vicious" -> 1, "viable" -> 1, "viability" -> 1, "vetoes" -> 1, "Veterans" -> 1, "vestige" -> 1, "vertical" -> 1, "verify" -> 1, "vengeful" -> 1, "vastly" -> 1, "variety" -> 1, "vanquished" -> 1, "vanish" -> 1, "values—a" -> 1, "Value" -> 1, "valuable" -> 1, "VA" -> 1, "utilities" -> 1, "us—and" -> 1, "USSR" -> 1, "usefulness" -> 1, "useful" -> 1, "Urban" -> 1, "upward" -> 1, "upon—and" -> 1, "upheavals" -> 1, "upgrade" -> 1, "unyielding" -> 1, "unworkable" -> 1, "unwilling" -> 1, "unsafe" -> 1, "unrest" -> 1, "unreliable" -> 1, "unrelated" -> 1, "unreasonable" -> 1, "unprotected" -> 1, "unprepared" -> 1, "unmarried" -> 1, "unleashed" -> 1, "universities" -> 1, "universally" -> 1, "unity" -> 1, "Union—not" -> 1, "unintended" -> 1, "unimpeded" -> 1, "unilateral" -> 1, "unfairly" -> 1, "unethical" -> 1, "unencumbered" -> 1, "Unemployment" -> 1, "unemployed" -> 1, "undivided" -> 1, "underwrite" -> 1, "undertook" -> 1, "under-the-table" -> 1, "undertakings" -> 1, "understanding" -> 1, "undermines" -> 1, "underfunded" -> 1, "uncontrolled" -> 1, "unconditional" -> 1, "uncompromising" -> 1, "uncertainties" -> 1, "uncertain" -> 1, "unabashed" -> 1, "Ukraine" -> 1, "Tyrants" -> 1, "two-thirds" -> 1, "two-parent" -> 1, "twofold" -> 1, "twilight" -> 1, "Twenty-two" -> 1, "TV" -> 1, "turning" -> 1, "Truth" -> 1, "trusteeship" -> 1, "Trust" -> 1, "truest" -> 1, "trucking" -> 1, "troops" -> 1, "troop" -> 1, "triumphs" -> 1, "Triumph" -> 1, "tripling" -> 1, "triggered" -> 1, "tried" -> 1, "trickle-down" -> 1, "Tribes" -> 1, "trial" -> 1, "trendy" -> 1, "trend" -> 1, "trees" -> 1, "treating" -> 1, "treaties" -> 1, "treated" -> 1, "treat" -> 1, "treasure" -> 1, "travesty" -> 1, "trapped" -> 1, "transmitted" -> 1, "transmit" -> 1, "transmission" -> 1, "translate" -> 1, "transitions" -> 1, "transforming" -> 1, "Transformed" -> 1, "transformation" -> 1, "transfers" -> 1, "transcending" -> 1, "transactions" -> 1, "trampled" -> 1, "traits" -> 1, "training—not" -> 1, "Train" -> 1, "tragic" -> 1, "tragedies" -> 1, "traffickers" -> 1, "traffic" -> 1, "traditionally—academic" -> 1, "traders" -> 1, "to—the" -> 1, "toxic" -> 1, "towers" -> 1, "Toward" -> 1, "tourism" -> 1, "Tough" -> 1, "touches" -> 1, "totalitarians" -> 1, "totalitarianism" -> 1, "torn" -> 1, "toppled" -> 1, "too—once" -> 1, "tool" -> 1, "tomorrow's" -> 1, "tomorrow" -> 1, "toll" -> 1, "tolerant" -> 1, "tolerance" -> 1, "Today's" -> 1, "today's" -> 1, "tired" -> 1, "tinkered" -> 1, "timely" -> 1, "timeless" -> 1, "time-honored" -> 1, "Time" -> 1, "timber" -> 1, "tighten" -> 1, "tied" -> 1, "tidy" -> 1, "throw" -> 1, "Through" -> 1, "threw" -> 1, "threefold" -> 1, "threats" -> 1, "threatening" -> 1, "thousand" -> 1, "thirteen" -> 1, "thinking" -> 1, "thinkers" -> 1, "Thing" -> 1, "thing" -> 1, "Theodore" -> 1, "Then" -> 1, "theirs" -> 1, "thanks" -> 1, "thank" -> 1, "tests" -> 1, "testimony" -> 1, "terror" -> 1, "territories" -> 1, "terrible" -> 1, "term" -> 1, "Tenth" -> 1, "tensions—many" -> 1, "tens" -> 1, "tenet" -> 1, "tends" -> 1, "tenants" -> 1, "telecommuting" -> 1, "teenager" -> 1, "technoterrorism" -> 1, "technology—providing" -> 1, "technologically" -> 1, "technicality" -> 1, "Tear" -> 1, "teaches" -> 1, "teach" -> 1, "tax-shelters" -> 1, "Taxpayer" -> 1, "taxes—or" -> 1, "taxed" -> 1, "tattered" -> 1, "task" -> 1, "Tariffs" -> 1, "tariffs" -> 1, "targets" -> 1, "targeted" -> 1, "tandem" -> 1, "talented" -> 1, "Takings" -> 1, "takings" -> 1, "takes" -> 1, "take-off" -> 1, "tainted" -> 1, "tailspin" -> 1, "tactics" -> 1, "table" -> 1, "synthetic" -> 1, "sympathy" -> 1, "symbolizes" -> 1, "swords" -> 1, "swindling" -> 1, "swindle" -> 1, "swift" -> 1, "swallowed" -> 1, "sustaining" -> 1, "suspension" -> 1, "surgery" -> 1, "supreme" -> 1, "supremacy" -> 1, "suppression" -> 1, "supplying" -> 1, "supplies" -> 1, "supervisor" -> 1, "superpower" -> 1, "superiority" -> 1, "superior" -> 1, "superconductors" -> 1, "superb" -> 1, "sunset" -> 1, "summon" -> 1, "suits" -> 1, "suit" -> 1, "suicide" -> 1, "suffragist" -> 1, "suffocates" -> 1, "sufficient" -> 1, "suffered" -> 1, "sue" -> 1, "successor" -> 1, "successive" -> 1, "successfully" -> 1, "succeed" -> 1, "subversion" -> 1, "substitute" -> 1, "substances" -> 1, "subsidy" -> 1, "submitted" -> 1, "submarines" -> 1, "style" -> 1, "stunned" -> 1, "studies" -> 1, "stuctures" -> 1, "struggling" -> 1, "Structural" -> 1, "Strong" -> 1, "strive" -> 1, "strings" -> 1, "strikes" -> 1, "strike" -> 1, "stress" -> 1, "Streets" -> 1, "streamlined" -> 1, "streamline" -> 1, "stray" -> 1, "Strategy" -> 1, "strategies" -> 1, "Strategic" -> 1, "strangulation" -> 1, "strangled" -> 1, "Stranded" -> 1, "strain" -> 1, "story" -> 1, "store" -> 1, "storage" -> 1, "stopping" -> 1, "stockholders" -> 1, "stifles" -> 1, "stifle" -> 1, "stiffest" -> 1, "stepladder" -> 1, "steering" -> 1, "stealth" -> 1, "steals" -> 1, "stealing" -> 1, "steal" -> 1, "steadiness" -> 1, "steadily" -> 1, "statue" -> 1, "statistics" -> 1, "statist" -> 1, "Station" -> 1, "static" -> 1, "state-owned" -> 1, "statement" -> 1, "State-level" -> 1, "stated" -> 1, "stash" -> 1, "starvation" -> 1, "started" -> 1, "Start" -> 1, "start" -> 1, "stars" -> 1, "star" -> 1, "standing" -> 1, "Standards" -> 1, "stamp" -> 1, "stalled" -> 1, "stain" -> 1, "staffing" -> 1, "stacked" -> 1, "squeeze" -> 1, "spurring" -> 1, "spurned" -> 1, "spur" -> 1, "spring" -> 1, "sponsored" -> 1, "split" -> 1, "spills" -> 1, "spends" -> 1, "spectacular" -> 1, "specifically" -> 1, "special-interest" -> 1, "Special" -> 1, "Speaker" -> 1, "speak" -> 1, "space-based" -> 1, "soy" -> 1, "sow" -> 1, "sovereignty" -> 1, "sovereign" -> 1, "Southeast" -> 1, "souls" -> 1, "soon" -> 1, "something" -> 1, "someday" -> 1, "Somalia" -> 1, "solving" -> 1, "solid" -> 1, "soliciting" -> 1, "solar" -> 1, "software" -> 1, "soft-on-crime" -> 1, "sock" -> 1, "society—are" -> 1, "societies" -> 1, "socialist" -> 1, "soaring" -> 1, "smuggle" -> 1, "smothered" -> 1, "smog" -> 1, "smear" -> 1, "smart" -> 1, "slowing" -> 1, "slogans" -> 1, "slogan" -> 1, "sleep" -> 1, "skill" -> 1, "sixth" -> 1, "situations" -> 1, "situation" -> 1, "sits" -> 1, "site" -> 1, "single-stage-to-orbit" -> 1, "single-parent" -> 1, "single" -> 1, "Since" -> 1, "simplification" -> 1, "simplest" -> 1, "similarly" -> 1, "signing" -> 1, "sightless" -> 1, "sideshows" -> 1, "sides" -> 1, "side" -> 1, "Shuttled" -> 1, "shutting" -> 1, "shutdown" -> 1, "shut" -> 1, "shun" -> 1, "shufflers" -> 1, "shrinks" -> 1, "showed" -> 1, "short-sighted" -> 1, "short-haul" -> 1, "shortages" -> 1, "shipping" -> 1, "shippers" -> 1, "ship" -> 1, "shining" -> 1, "shielded" -> 1, "Shield" -> 1, "shield" -> 1, "Shelf" -> 1, "Shared" -> 1, "shameless" -> 1, "shambles" -> 1, "Shakespeare" -> 1, "shackles" -> 1, "shackle" -> 1, "sex" -> 1, "severest" -> 1, "severe" -> 1, "settlement" -> 1, "Set" -> 1, "Services" -> 1, "servants" -> 1, "servant" -> 1, "seriously" -> 1, "serious" -> 1, "separation" -> 1, "separately" -> 1, "separate" -> 1, "sensors" -> 1, "sensitivity" -> 1, "seniors" -> 1, "send" -> 1, "Senators" -> 1, "senatorial" -> 1, "Senator" -> 1, "sellers" -> 1, "self-sufficient" -> 1, "self-serving" -> 1, "self-respect" -> 1, "self-governing" -> 1, "self-defense" -> 1, "selectively" -> 1, "selected" -> 1, "seizes" -> 1, "segregated" -> 1, "segments" -> 1, "sees" -> 1, "seeks" -> 1, "Seeking" -> 1, "seeds" -> 1, "seed" -> 1, "securities" -> 1, "sectors" -> 1, "Section" -> 1, "secretly" -> 1, "Second" -> 1, "second" -> 1, "season" -> 1, "seas" -> 1, "search" -> 1, "sealift" -> 1, "SDI" -> 1, "screening" -> 1, "Scouts" -> 1, "scoundrel" -> 1, "scoring" -> 1, "scope" -> 1, "sclerosis" -> 1, "Science—and" -> 1, "Science" -> 1, "schools—public" -> 1, "schooling" -> 1, "school-age" -> 1, "scholarships" -> 1, "schemes" -> 1, "scheme" -> 1, "schedules" -> 1, "scare" -> 1, "scandals" -> 1, "scam" -> 1, "saves" -> 1, "saved" -> 1, "satisfy" -> 1, "satisfies" -> 1, "sanity" -> 1, "sanitation" -> 1, "sanctity" -> 1, "Samoa" -> 1, "same-sex" -> 1, "Samaritan" -> 1, "Salvador" -> 1, "sake" -> 1, "sailors" -> 1, "sail" -> 1, "said" -> 1, "Safety" -> 1, "safest" -> 1, "safeguard" -> 1, "sad" -> 1, "sacrifice" -> 1, "sabotage" -> 1, "rusting" -> 1, "Russia's" -> 1, "runs" -> 1, "rule-making" -> 1, "Rule" -> 1, "ruins" -> 1, "rubber" -> 1, "royalty" -> 1, "routes" -> 1, "rounding" -> 1, "rounded" -> 1, "rose" -> 1, "rooted" -> 1, "root" -> 1, "Roosevelt" -> 1, "romance" -> 1, "rolls" -> 1, "roll" -> 1, "roles" -> 1, "rogue" -> 1, "rockets" -> 1, "rock" -> 1, "robust" -> 1, "robbed" -> 1, "risk-benefit" -> 1, "risen" -> 1, "ripe" -> 1, "Rio" -> 1, "ring" -> 1, "Rim" -> 1, "rigs" -> 1, "rigid" -> 1, "Right-to-Work" -> 1, "rights—over" -> 1, "rightful" -> 1, "rigged" -> 1, "RICO" -> 1, "Rico" -> 1, "rich" -> 1, "rewriting" -> 1, "rewarded" -> 1, "revision" -> 1, "revise" -> 1, "reviewed" -> 1, "reversed" -> 1, "Revenue" -> 1, "revealed" -> 1, "reveal" -> 1, "revamped" -> 1, "retrievable" -> 1, "retreats" -> 1, "retraining" -> 1, "retirement" -> 1, "retaliatory" -> 1, "retaliate" -> 1, "retain" -> 1, "resumes" -> 1, "resumed" -> 1, "resulting" -> 1, "resulted" -> 1, "rests" -> 1, "restriction" -> 1, "restricting" -> 1, "restricted" -> 1, "restrict" -> 1, "restrain" -> 1, "restores" -> 1, "restoration" -> 1, "responsive" -> 1, "responsibility—basic" -> 1, "responds" -> 1, "responding" -> 1, "Respecting" -> 1, "respected" -> 1, "respectable" -> 1, "resources—$4.2" -> 1, "Resources" -> 1, "Resolutions" -> 1, "resolution" -> 1, "resisted" -> 1, "resigned" -> 1, "Residents" -> 1, "residents" -> 1, "Resident" -> 1, "residences" -> 1, "resettlement" -> 1, "reserves" -> 1, "Reserve" -> 1, "reserve" -> 1, "Reservations" -> 1, "rescue" -> 1, "rescind" -> 1, "requirement" -> 1, "requesting" -> 1, "request" -> 1, "represented" -> 1, "representative" -> 1, "represent" -> 1, "replicated" -> 1, "repeatedly" -> 1, "repeated" -> 1, "repealing" -> 1, "repayment" -> 1, "rent" -> 1, "renewability" -> 1, "rendezvous" -> 1, "removing" -> 1, "removes" -> 1, "removed" -> 1, "removal" -> 1, "reminding" -> 1, "reminder" -> 1, "remind" -> 1, "remaining" -> 1, "relying" -> 1, "religious—that" -> 1, "religions" -> 1, "relies" -> 1, "relief" -> 1, "relevant" -> 1, "relativism" -> 1, "Relations" -> 1, "related" -> 1, "rejustified" -> 1, "rejoice" -> 1, "reinstate" -> 1, "rehabilitation" -> 1, "regulators" -> 1, "registry" -> 1, "regimes" -> 1, "Regime" -> 1, "regardless" -> 1, "regarding" -> 1, "Refusing" -> 1, "Refuge" -> 1, "reformulated" -> 1, "Reforming" -> 1, "reforestation" -> 1, "refining" -> 1, "referrals" -> 1, "reevaluation" -> 1, "reemerged" -> 1, "redundancy" -> 1, "Reducing" -> 1, "redress" -> 1, "redistricting" -> 1, "redirect" -> 1, "redefine" -> 1, "rededicate" -> 1, "rectified" -> 1, "recreation" -> 1, "recreated" -> 1, "recoveries" -> 1, "recover" -> 1, "reconstruction" -> 1, "reconciliation" -> 1, "recognizing" -> 1, "recognized" -> 1, "recitation" -> 1, "recipients" -> 1, "recessionary" -> 1, "receptive" -> 1, "recent" -> 1, "receives" -> 1, "recaptured" -> 1, "rebuilt" -> 1, "reborn" -> 1, "reassert" -> 1, "reasonably" -> 1, "reaps" -> 1, "realize" -> 1, "realities" -> 1, "realigned" -> 1, "readiness" -> 1, "reactions" -> 1, "reactionaries" -> 1, "reached" -> 1, "raw" -> 1, "ravaged" -> 1, "rationalize" -> 1, "rational" -> 1, "ratify" -> 1, "rarely" -> 1, "random" -> 1, "rampart" -> 1, "raising" -> 1, "railways" -> 1, "rail" -> 1, "Radio" -> 1, "radio" -> 1, "Racketeer" -> 1, "quota" -> 1, "quo" -> 1, "quilt" -> 1, "quietly" -> 1, "quickly" -> 1, "questions" -> 1, "question" -> 1, "quarters" -> 1, "quarterly" -> 1, "quarter" -> 1, "quantity" -> 1, "qualitative" -> 1, "quagmire" -> 1, "Putting" -> 1, "putting" -> 1, "puts" -> 1, "push" -> 1, "pursued" -> 1, "purse" -> 1, "purpose" -> 1, "purged" -> 1, "purchasing" -> 1, "purchases" -> 1, "punched" -> 1, "Puerto" -> 1, "public's" -> 1, "Public" -> 1, "pro-Western" -> 1, "provisions" -> 1, "Provide" -> 1, "Proverbs" -> 1, "proven" -> 1, "prosecutors" -> 1, "prose" -> 1, "properties" -> 1, "propaganda" -> 1, "promptly" -> 1, "promising" -> 1, "prohibits" -> 1, "prohibitions" -> 1, "prohibition" -> 1, "prohibiting" -> 1, "programmers" -> 1, "Profound" -> 1, "profound" -> 1, "profitable" -> 1, "profitability" -> 1, "Profit" -> 1, "profit" -> 1, "pro-family" -> 1, "Productivity" -> 1, "Product" -> 1, "procurement" -> 1, "procured" -> 1, "procure" -> 1, "proclaims" -> 1, "proclaimed" -> 1, "privileges" -> 1, "privatizing" -> 1, "privatized" -> 1, "prior" -> 1, "principles—principles" -> 1, "principles—our" -> 1, "principal" -> 1, "primarily" -> 1, "priced" -> 1, "prevents" -> 1, "preventing" -> 1, "prevented" -> 1, "preventable" -> 1, "prevailing" -> 1, "prevailed" -> 1, "pressures" -> 1, "preserved" -> 1, "presented" -> 1, "presence" -> 1, "prescription" -> 1, "prepositioning" -> 1, "prenatal" -> 1, "premium" -> 1, "prejudice" -> 1, "pregnancy" -> 1, "pregnancies" -> 1, "preferences" -> 1, "preexisting" -> 1, "preempt" -> 1, "predicted" -> 1, "predictable—instead" -> 1, "predictability" -> 1, "precursor" -> 1, "preconditions" -> 1, "Preamble" -> 1, "prayer" -> 1, "praise" -> 1, "practicing" -> 1, "practicable" -> 1, "POWs" -> 1, "powers" -> 1, "power-grip" -> 1, "potential" -> 1, "posterity" -> 1, "post-Cold" -> 1, "possibly" -> 1, "possibility" -> 1, "possessions" -> 1, "positions" -> 1, "ports" -> 1, "portions" -> 1, "portability" -> 1, "pornographic" -> 1, "pork-barrel" -> 1, "poorly" -> 1, "poorest" -> 1, "pollution" -> 1, "polluters" -> 1, "pollutants" -> 1, "polls" -> 1, "Political" -> 1, "policymakers" -> 1, "poisoning" -> 1, "poisoned" -> 1, "poised" -> 1, "pocketbook" -> 1, "pluralism" -> 1, "plunder" -> 1, "plots" -> 1, "PLO" -> 1, "plight" -> 1, "Pledge" -> 1, "plays" -> 1, "playing" -> 1, "playgrounds" -> 1, "playbook" -> 1, "platform" -> 1, "plastics" -> 1, "plants—one" -> 1, "plantation" -> 1, "Plans" -> 1, "planned" -> 1, "planets" -> 1, "planet" -> 1, "Plane" -> 1, "Plain" -> 1, "placing" -> 1, "placed" -> 1, "pioneered" -> 1, "pioneer" -> 1, "piggybank" -> 1, "piece" -> 1, "physics" -> 1, "physicians" -> 1, "physical" -> 1, "philosophical" -> 1, "Philippines" -> 1, "phases" -> 1, "phase-out" -> 1, "phantom" -> 1, "petty" -> 1, "Peru" -> 1, "personally" -> 1, "Persian" -> 1, "persecuted" -> 1, "perpetual" -> 1, "permissiveness" -> 1, "perks" -> 1, "periodically" -> 1, "period" -> 1, "peril" -> 1, "Perhaps" -> 1, "performed" -> 1, "perfected" -> 1, "perfect" -> 1, "percent—zero" -> 1, "people—from" -> 1, "peoples" -> 1, "peopled" -> 1, "penalizing" -> 1, "penalizes" -> 1, "penalized" -> 1, "peer-reviewed" -> 1, "peacetime" -> 1, "peacekeeping" -> 1, "peace-keeping" -> 1, "peacefully" -> 1, "payrolls" -> 1, "payroll" -> 1, "payments" -> 1, "paying" -> 1, "pave" -> 1, "patriots" -> 1, "patriotism" -> 1, "patients" -> 1, "pathological" -> 1, "paternalistic" -> 1, "patchwork" -> 1, "passions" -> 1, "passing" -> 1, "passenger" -> 1, "Party's" -> 1, "party's" -> 1, "parts" -> 1, "partnerships" -> 1, "partner" -> 1, "parliamentary" -> 1, "paramount" -> 1, "paradigm" -> 1, "Panamanians" -> 1, "Palestinians" -> 1, "Palau" -> 1, "paid" -> 1, "padding" -> 1, "Pacific" -> 1, "pace" -> 1, "ozone" -> 1, "oxygenated" -> 1, "Owning" -> 1, "overzealous" -> 1, "overwhelming" -> 1, "overwhelmed" -> 1, "over-taxation" -> 1, "oversight" -> 1, "overriding" -> 1, "override" -> 1, "over-regulation" -> 1, "overnight" -> 1, "overlapping" -> 1, "overhaul" -> 1, "overcrowding" -> 1, "Oval" -> 1, "outstanding" -> 1, "outside" -> 1, "outright" -> 1, "outrages" -> 1, "outrageous" -> 1, "outmoded" -> 1, "outlived" -> 1, "Outlaw" -> 1, "outlaw" -> 1, "Outer" -> 1, "outcomes" -> 1, "outcome" -> 1, "ought" -> 1, "others—lust" -> 1, "Other" -> 1, "origins" -> 1, "origin" -> 1, "Organizations" -> 1, "Organization" -> 1, "ordinary" -> 1, "Ordinance" -> 1, "orders" -> 1, "ordering" -> 1, "orchestrated" -> 1, "orbiting" -> 1, "options" -> 1, "option" -> 1, "optimism" -> 1, "oppression" -> 1, "Opportunity" -> 1, "opponent" -> 1, "Operations" -> 1, "operating" -> 1, "operate" -> 1, "opening" -> 1, "opened" -> 1, "OPEC" -> 1, "onto" -> 1, "on-the-job" -> 1, "onshore" -> 1, "one-year" -> 1, "one-third" -> 1, "one-size-fits-all" -> 1, "oneself" -> 1, "one-party" -> 1, "one-half" -> 1, "once-great" -> 1, "Once" -> 1, "On" -> 1, "Omnibus" -> 1, "Old" -> 1, "official" -> 1, "offices" -> 1, "officeholders" -> 1, "Office" -> 1, "offering" -> 1, "offer" -> 1, "offenders" -> 1, "oddly" -> 1, "oceanography" -> 1, "occur" -> 1, "occupation" -> 1, "obstructing" -> 1, "obstetrics—by" -> 1, "obstacles" -> 1, "obsolete" -> 1, "obsessed" -> 1, "obligations" -> 1, "obligation" -> 1, "objectives" -> 1, "object" -> 1, "obey" -> 1, "nurtured" -> 1, "now—in" -> 1, "notice" -> 1, "note" -> 1, "Not" -> 1, "Northwest" -> 1, "Northern" -> 1, "north" -> 1, "normal" -> 1, "Noriega" -> 1, "Nor" -> 1, "Nonproliferation" -> 1, "non-partisan" -> 1, "non-inflationary" -> 1, "noneconomic" -> 1, "none" -> 1, "non-conventional" -> 1, "nonconsensual" -> 1, "non-collective" -> 1, "nominees" -> 1, "no-growth" -> 1, "Nixon" -> 1, "night-fighting" -> 1, "night" -> 1, "network" -> 1, "neighborhood" -> 1, "negotiating" -> 1, "negotiated" -> 1, "negotiable" -> 1, "neglected" -> 1, "neglect" -> 1, "needless" -> 1, "needles" -> 1, "Nearly" -> 1, "navy" -> 1, "naval" -> 1, "nature" -> 1, "NATO" -> 1, "Native" -> 1, "native" -> 1, "nations—North" -> 1, "nation's" -> 1, "nationhood" -> 1, "Narcotics" -> 1, "named" -> 1, "name" -> 1, "naive" -> 1, "mutually" -> 1, "mutual" -> 1, "murderers" -> 1, "munitions" -> 1, "multi-year" -> 1, "multiply" -> 1, "multipliers" -> 1, "multiplication" -> 1, "moves" -> 1, "motorists" -> 1, "most—in" -> 1, "Moscow" -> 1, "Morrill" -> 1, "Moreover" -> 1, "morally" -> 1, "morality" -> 1, "morale" -> 1, "moon" -> 1, "Monroe" -> 1, "monopoly" -> 1, "monopolies" -> 1, "monitored" -> 1, "monetary" -> 1, "moment" -> 1, "molesting" -> 1, "modify" -> 1, "modification" -> 1, "modes" -> 1, "mocks" -> 1, "mocking" -> 1, "mitigate" -> 1, "mistake" -> 1, "Missile" -> 1, "misrule" -> 1, "mismanagement" -> 1, "misled" -> 1, "misery" -> 1, "misconduct" -> 1, "miracle—a" -> 1, "Mining" -> 1, "minimizing" -> 1, "miners" -> 1, "minds" -> 1, "Mindful" -> 1, "Millions" -> 1, "millennium" -> 1, "milestone" -> 1, "miles-per-gallon" -> 1, "miles" -> 1, "Migrants" -> 1, "midwives" -> 1, "middle-income" -> 1, "Micronesia" -> 1, "micromanagement" -> 1, "MIAs" -> 1, "met" -> 1, "meritocracy" -> 1, "merit" -> 1, "merging" -> 1, "mere" -> 1, "mercy" -> 1, "merchant" -> 1, "mention" -> 1, "mendacity—to" -> 1, "menace" -> 1, "memory" -> 1, "mega-government" -> 1, "meetings" -> 1, "medically" -> 1, "mediate" -> 1, "measures" -> 1, "mean-spirited" -> 1, "Meaningful" -> 1, "meaningful" -> 1, "meaning" -> 1, "maze" -> 1, "mayors" -> 1, "May" -> 1, "maternity" -> 1, "match" -> 1, "masterful" -> 1, "master" -> 1, "masquerading" -> 1, "masks" -> 1, "Marxist" -> 1, "MartГ­" -> 1, "Marshall" -> 1, "Mars" -> 1, "married" -> 1, "marriages" -> 1, "markings" -> 1, "marketing" -> 1, "marine" -> 1, "manufacturers" -> 1, "manifestos" -> 1, "mania" -> 1, "mandating" -> 1, "mandated-benefit" -> 1, "Malcolm" -> 1, "makers" -> 1, "Major" -> 1, "mainstream" -> 1, "main-stream" -> 1, "Main" -> 1, "mailing" -> 1, "mail" -> 1, "magnificent" -> 1, "Madrid" -> 1, "machine" -> 1, "lupus" -> 1, "loyally" -> 1, "lowering" -> 1, "lower-income" -> 1, "lowered" -> 1, "low-and" -> 1, "Low" -> 1, "losses" -> 1, "losing" -> 1, "Los" -> 1, "lords" -> 1, "looted" -> 1, "looking" -> 1, "longing" -> 1, "longest" -> 1, "location" -> 1, "lobbyists" -> 1, "livestock" -> 1, "livelihood" -> 1, "little-known" -> 1, "little" -> 1, "Lithuania" -> 1, "literally" -> 1, "list" -> 1, "limits—cynical" -> 1, "limiting" -> 1, "limitation" -> 1, "light" -> 1, "lifts" -> 1, "lifetime" -> 1, "lifestyle" -> 1, "lifeline" -> 1, "lies" -> 1, "lied" -> 1, "licensing" -> 1, "licenses" -> 1, "license" -> 1, "Libya" -> 1, "Libre" -> 1, "liberties" -> 1, "liberation" -> 1, "Liberal" -> 1, "levies" -> 1, "letting" -> 1, "Let" -> 1, "lessons" -> 1, "lesson" -> 1, "lending" -> 1, "legislatively" -> 1, "legalizing" -> 1, "Left" -> 1, "Lebanon" -> 1, "leaving" -> 1, "leaves" -> 1, "Leaps" -> 1, "leaps" -> 1, "leanfare" -> 1, "leaner" -> 1, "lean" -> 1, "leads" -> 1, "Leading" -> 1, "leader" -> 1, "layer" -> 1, "lay" -> 1, "lawmaker" -> 1, "law-and-order" -> 1, "lave" -> 1, "laundering" -> 1, "launchers" -> 1, "Latvia" -> 1, "late" -> 1, "lasting" -> 1, "large-scale" -> 1, "largely" -> 1, "lapses" -> 1, "languish" -> 1, "languages" -> 1, "landowners" -> 1, "landmark" -> 1, "landlord" -> 1, "landing" -> 1, "land-grant" -> 1, "Land" -> 1, "kremlins" -> 1, "Kremlin" -> 1, "Knowledge" -> 1, "knowingly" -> 1, "know-how" -> 1, "knew" -> 1, "knee-jerk" -> 1, "KGB" -> 1, "kept" -> 1, "Kemp" -> 1, "Keeping" -> 1, "justified" -> 1, "jurisdictions" -> 1, "jumped" -> 1, "July" -> 1, "judging" -> 1, "joy" -> 1, "jointly" -> 1, "Joint" -> 1, "joined" -> 1, "join" -> 1, "jobs—hostage" -> 1, "Jobs" -> 1, "Jewry" -> 1, "Jewish" -> 1, "jeopardize" -> 1, "jargon—everything" -> 1, "Japan—to" -> 1, "Jack" -> 1, "it—but" -> 1, "issues—this" -> 1, "issue" -> 1, "Israel—the" -> 1, "Israelis" -> 1, "isolated" -> 1, "IRS" -> 1, "ironic" -> 1, "Iron" -> 1, "Ireland" -> 1, "Iraq's" -> 1, "Iraqi" -> 1, "Iran" -> 1, "involves" -> 1, "involvement" -> 1, "invoked" -> 1, "invite" -> 1, "investors" -> 1, "Investments" -> 1, "investments" -> 1, "investigate" -> 1, "inventories" -> 1, "introduced" -> 1, "intolerance" -> 1, "intolerable" -> 1, "intimidate" -> 1, "Interstate" -> 1, "interrupted" -> 1, "internationally" -> 1, "intermodal" -> 1, "intermingled" -> 1, "interim" -> 1, "intergenerational" -> 1, "interfere" -> 1, "interested" -> 1, "Interest" -> 1, "interdiction" -> 1, "interdependent" -> 1, "inter-city" -> 1, "intent" -> 1, "intend" -> 1, "intelligent" -> 1, "integrally" -> 1, "insulates" -> 1, "instruction" -> 1, "institutionalize" -> 1, "Institutes" -> 1, "Institute" -> 1, "instill" -> 1, "inspires" -> 1, "inspired" -> 1, "inspiration" -> 1, "insistence" -> 1, "insensitivity" -> 1, "insecure" -> 1, "inquisition" -> 1, "inquiry" -> 1, "innuendo" -> 1, "innovations" -> 1, "innovates" -> 1, "injury" -> 1, "injured" -> 1, "initial" -> 1, "inherited" -> 1, "inheres" -> 1, "inherent" -> 1, "infuses" -> 1, "infringed" -> 1, "infrastructure" -> 1, "informs" -> 1, "informed" -> 1, "Information" -> 1, "Influenced" -> 1, "inflicted" -> 1, "inflation-adjusted" -> 1, "Inflation" -> 1, "inflates" -> 1, "inflated" -> 1, "infirmity" -> 1, "infection" -> 1, "infected" -> 1, "inextricably" -> 1, "ineffective" -> 1, "indomitable" -> 1, "individually" -> 1, "Individual" -> 1, "indirectly" -> 1, "Indian" -> 1, "index" -> 1, "Independent" -> 1, "indefinite" -> 1, "Incumbents" -> 1, "incumbent" -> 1, "incumbency" -> 1, "incorporating" -> 1, "inconstancy" -> 1, "incompetence" -> 1, "Income" -> 1, "includes" -> 1, "included" -> 1, "incites" -> 1, "incidence" -> 1, "inception" -> 1, "inadequate" -> 1, "improvements" -> 1, "Improvement" -> 1, "improvement" -> 1, "imposition" -> 1, "imports" -> 1, "import" -> 1, "implemented" -> 1, "impetus" -> 1, "imperil" -> 1, "imperative" -> 1, "Impediments" -> 1, "impediments" -> 1, "impedes" -> 1, "impede" -> 1, "immoral" -> 1, "imaging" -> 1, "Imagine" -> 1, "images" -> 1, "illusion" -> 1, "illness" -> 1, "illicit" -> 1, "ill-equipped" -> 1, "illegally" -> 1, "illegality" -> 1, "ill-conceived" -> 1, "ignore" -> 1, "ignorance" -> 1, "ideological" -> 1, "identity" -> 1, "identify" -> 1, "ideas-democracy" -> 1, "hysteria" -> 1, "hyper-regulation" -> 1, "hydrogen" -> 1, "hydro" -> 1, "Hussein" -> 1, "husbandry" -> 1, "husband" -> 1, "hurt" -> 1, "hundred" -> 1, "humanity" -> 1, "humanitarian" -> 1, "humane" -> 1, "Human" -> 1, "Huge" -> 1, "HUD" -> 1, "Housing" -> 1, "houses" -> 1, "households" -> 1, "hound" -> 1, "host" -> 1, "hospital" -> 1, "horse-and-buggy" -> 1, "horrendous" -> 1, "hopes" -> 1, "HOPE" -> 1, "honesty" -> 1, "homosexuals" -> 1, "home—literally" -> 1, "Homes" -> 1, "homeownership" -> 1, "home-ownership" -> 1, "homeowners" -> 1, "homeowner" -> 1, "homemakers" -> 1, "home-based" -> 1, "HOME" -> 1, "Home" -> 1, "holy" -> 1, "holocaust" -> 1, "hollow" -> 1, "holiday" -> 1, "holes" -> 1, "Hobbs" -> 1, "hobble" -> 1, "HIV" -> 1, "hit" -> 1, "history—and" -> 1, "history's" -> 1, "hiring" -> 1, "hindering" -> 1, "hill" -> 1, "hikes" -> 1, "hijack" -> 1, "highway" -> 1, "high-tech" -> 1, "high-speed" -> 1, "hidden" -> 1, "Here" -> 1, "hemispheric" -> 1, "Hemisphere" -> 1, "helps" -> 1, "heeded" -> 1, "heavily" -> 1, "heating" -> 1, "heath" -> 1, "hearings" -> 1, "heard" -> 1, "heap" -> 1, "healthy" -> 1, "Health" -> 1, "healed" -> 1, "headquarters" -> 1, "Head" -> 1, "Hawaiians" -> 1, "hate" -> 1, "harnessed" -> 1, "harming" -> 1, "hardest" -> 1, "hard-core" -> 1, "happiness" -> 1, "happened" -> 1, "hangman" -> 1, "handouts" -> 1, "handicap" -> 1, "handcuff" -> 1, "hampers" -> 1, "halls" -> 1, "half-million" -> 1, "half-century" -> 1, "Haiti" -> 1, "habitat" -> 1, "habeas" -> 1, "gutting" -> 1, "guides" -> 1, "guarantees" -> 1, "guaranteeing" -> 1, "guaranteed" -> 1, "Guam" -> 1, "grown" -> 1, "grotesque" -> 1, "grossly" -> 1, "Gross" -> 1, "grim" -> 1, "grief" -> 1, "greenways" -> 1, "greenhouse" -> 1, "greatness" -> 1, "gravest" -> 1, "grave" -> 1, "grassroots" -> 1, "grandchildren" -> 1, "graduated" -> 1, "Governors" -> 1, "government—is" -> 1, "government-to-government" -> 1, "government-sponsored" -> 1, "government's" -> 1, "government-industry" -> 1, "government-controlled" -> 1, "governmental" -> 1, "governed" -> 1, "goodness" -> 1, "gluttonous" -> 1, "globe" -> 1, "gives" -> 1, "Give" -> 1, "girls" -> 1, "giant" -> 1, "GI" -> 1, "ghastly" -> 1, "getting" -> 1, "Germany" -> 1, "geographic" -> 1, "genetics" -> 1, "General" -> 1, "gasolines" -> 1, "gasoline" -> 1, "gases" -> 1, "gang" -> 1, "game" -> 1, "gain—from" -> 1, "futures" -> 1, "future-oriented" -> 1, "Furthermore" -> 1, "Further" -> 1, "Fund" -> 1, "functions" -> 1, "fullest" -> 1, "fulfillment" -> 1, "fulfilled" -> 1, "fulfill" -> 1, "Fuel" -> 1, "frozen" -> 1, "frontiers" -> 1, "From" -> 1, "frivolous" -> 1, "frightening" -> 1, "friend" -> 1, "fresh" -> 1, "frees" -> 1, "freely" -> 1, "freefall" -> 1, "free-enterprise" -> 1, "Freedom's" -> 1, "freedom's" -> 1, "fraudulent" -> 1, "fraud" -> 1, "fraternal" -> 1, "Framers" -> 1, "fragile" -> 1, "fracturing" -> 1, "fractions" -> 1, "fraction" -> 1, "four-year-olds" -> 1, "Fourth" -> 1, "Fourteenth" -> 1, "fourteen" -> 1, "four-fifths" -> 1, "founding" -> 1, "foundations" -> 1, "Foundation" -> 1, "foundation" -> 1, "fosters" -> 1, "fossil" -> 1, "forward-looking" -> 1, "Forward" -> 1, "forth" -> 1, "formidable" -> 1, "formed" -> 1, "forging" -> 1, "forestry" -> 1, "forest" -> 1, "foresighted" -> 1, "Foreseeing" -> 1, "forego" -> 1, "foreclosed" -> 1, "forces—consumer" -> 1, "forbidding" -> 1, "forbidden" -> 1, "forbid" -> 1, "foot" -> 1, "Food" -> 1, "folly" -> 1, "follows" -> 1, "Following" -> 1, "foes" -> 1, "focus" -> 1, "flourish" -> 1, "floundering" -> 1, "flocked" -> 1, "flickering" -> 1, "flextime" -> 1, "fledgling" -> 1, "fishing" -> 1, "firm" -> 1, "firearms" -> 1, "firearm" -> 1, "fines" -> 1, "fine" -> 1, "finance" -> 1, "Finally" -> 1, "filling" -> 1, "fill" -> 1, "fights" -> 1, "fighters" -> 1, "fifty" -> 1, "Fifth" -> 1, "fidelity" -> 1, "Fidel" -> 1, "fiber" -> 1, "FHA" -> 1, "fetal" -> 1, "festival" -> 1, "felt" -> 1, "Feliks" -> 1, "fees" -> 1, "feel" -> 1, "feed" -> 1, "federally-assisted" -> 1, "fed" -> 1, "fear—and" -> 1, "favoritism" -> 1, "favor" -> 1, "fatten" -> 1, "father" -> 1, "faster" -> 1, "fast" -> 1, "fashion" -> 1, "farther" -> 1, "farms" -> 1, "fanatics" -> 1, "falling" -> 1, "Fall" -> 1, "faiths" -> 1, "faithful" -> 1, "Fairness" -> 1, "fails" -> 1, "fading" -> 1, "facts—we" -> 1, "facts" -> 1, "factory" -> 1, "factors" -> 1, "fact-finding" -> 1, "facility" -> 1, "facets" -> 1, "Faced" -> 1, "faced" -> 1, "fabric" -> 1, "eyes" -> 1, "extremists" -> 1, "extortion" -> 1, "extent" -> 1, "Extend" -> 1, "expressed" -> 1, "exposed" -> 1, "exporting" -> 1, "exporter" -> 1, "Export" -> 1, "exploited" -> 1, "explicit" -> 1, "explained" -> 1, "expert" -> 1, "experiment" -> 1, "experience" -> 1, "expectations" -> 1, "Existing" -> 1, "exercises" -> 1, "exempting" -> 1, "exempt" -> 1, "Executive" -> 1, "executive" -> 1, "excuse" -> 1, "exclusionary" -> 1, "exclusion" -> 1, "exclude" -> 1, "exciting" -> 1, "exchange" -> 1, "exception" -> 1, "except" -> 1, "excellent" -> 1, "exceeds" -> 1, "exceeded" -> 1, "examples" -> 1, "evolving" -> 1, "evil" -> 1, "everywhere" -> 1, "everyone's" -> 1, "Everyone" -> 1, "ever-increasing" -> 1, "events" -> 1, "euthanasia" -> 1, "ethnic" -> 1, "Ethiopian" -> 1, "eternal" -> 1, "Estonia" -> 1, "estate" -> 1, "establishing" -> 1, "essentially" -> 1, "Essential" -> 1, "espoused" -> 1, "Especially" -> 1, "escape" -> 1, "escalate" -> 1, "errors" -> 1, "err" -> 1, "erosion" -> 1, "eroded" -> 1, "erase" -> 1, "eradicate" -> 1, "equitably" -> 1, "equip" -> 1, "equation" -> 1, "equals" -> 1, "equality" -> 1, "epochal" -> 1, "Epidemics" -> 1, "epidemic's" -> 1, "epic" -> 1, "environments" -> 1, "environmentalists" -> 1, "Environmental" -> 1, "entry" -> 1, "entrants" -> 1, "entity" -> 1, "entirely" -> 1, "enthusiastically" -> 1, "entering" -> 1, "entails" -> 1, "enslave" -> 1, "enrolled" -> 1, "enroll" -> 1, "enriched" -> 1, "enrich" -> 1, "enmired" -> 1, "enlistees" -> 1, "enjoyed" -> 1, "enhances" -> 1, "enhanced" -> 1, "engagement—opposing" -> 1, "engaged" -> 1, "engage" -> 1, "enforced" -> 1, "enforce" -> 1, "end-use" -> 1, "ends" -> 1, "endless" -> 1, "ending" -> 1, "endemic" -> 1, "endeavors" -> 1, "End" -> 1, "encourages" -> 1, "encouraged" -> 1, "encounter" -> 1, "encompasses" -> 1, "enacting" -> 1, "enacted" -> 1, "enabling" -> 1, "enables" -> 1, "empowered" -> 1, "employs" -> 1, "Employment" -> 1, "employers—would" -> 1, "employers—particularly" -> 1, "employer" -> 1, "emphatically" -> 1, "emissions" -> 1, "emission" -> 1, "emerging" -> 1, "emerges" -> 1, "emergencies" -> 1, "emergence" -> 1, "emerge" -> 1, "embraces" -> 1, "emboldened" -> 1, "embodying" -> 1, "embargoes" -> 1, "else" -> 1, "eliminated" -> 1, "eligible" -> 1, "elevates" -> 1, "element" -> 1, "electronics" -> 1, "electricity" -> 1, "electric" -> 1, "electorate" -> 1, "electoral" -> 1, "elect" -> 1, "El" -> 1, "Eisenhower" -> 1, "efforts—such" -> 1, "efficiencies" -> 1, "effectual" -> 1, "effectively" -> 1, "Effective" -> 1, "education—which" -> 1, "education—a" -> 1, "edge" -> 1, "economy—and" -> 1, "economically" -> 1, "ebbed" -> 1, "East—by" -> 1, "easier" -> 1, "early-release" -> 1, "each" -> 1, "Dzherzhinsky" -> 1, "dysfunctional" -> 1, "dynamic" -> 1, "dustbin" -> 1, "dumping" -> 1, "dumped" -> 1, "dues" -> 1, "drug-dealing" -> 1, "drought" -> 1, "drop" -> 1, "driven" -> 1, "Drilling" -> 1, "drilling" -> 1, "driftnet" -> 1, "dreams" -> 1, "Dream" -> 1, "drawdown" -> 1, "draconian" -> 1, "dozens" -> 1, "downturns" -> 1, "downturn" -> 1, "double-talk" -> 1, "Dope" -> 1, "do-nothing" -> 1, "donations" -> 1, "domineering" -> 1, "Dominated" -> 1, "dominate" -> 1, "dominant" -> 1, "Domestic" -> 1, "dollars—and" -> 1, "Doing" -> 1, "doing" -> 1, "dogmas" -> 1, "doggedness" -> 1, "documents" -> 1, "Documentation" -> 1, "Doctrine" -> 1, "divorce" -> 1, "division" -> 1, "dividing" -> 1, "dividend" -> 1, "diverted" -> 1, "diversifying" -> 1, "diversified" -> 1, "diversification" -> 1, "District" -> 1, "distributors" -> 1, "distortion" -> 1, "distinguished" -> 1, "distant" -> 1, "distance" -> 1, "dissembling" -> 1, "disputes" -> 1, "dispose" -> 1, "displays" -> 1, "displaced" -> 1, "disparaging" -> 1, "disintegration" -> 1, "disgraceful" -> 1, "disgrace" -> 1, "discussion" -> 1, "discriminates" -> 1, "discretion" -> 1, "discovery—pre-trial" -> 1, "discovery" -> 1, "discovered" -> 1, "disclosure" -> 1, "disclosed" -> 1, "disadvantaged" -> 1, "Disabled" -> 1, "disability" -> 1, "disabilities" -> 1, "directly" -> 1, "direction" -> 1, "directed" -> 1, "diplomatic" -> 1, "diminishing" -> 1, "diminished" -> 1, "dimension" -> 1, "digitization" -> 1, "difficult" -> 1, "differs" -> 1, "diesel" -> 1, "dictator" -> 1, "dictating" -> 1, "diagnostics" -> 1, "devoted" -> 1, "devices" -> 1, "devastating" -> 1, "devastated" -> 1, "detection" -> 1, "detailed" -> 1, "destructive" -> 1, "destined" -> 1, "desperately-needed" -> 1, "desertion" -> 1, "deserted" -> 1, "desecration" -> 1, "described" -> 1, "deregulating" -> 1, "deprived" -> 1, "depression—and" -> 1, "depository" -> 1, "deployed" -> 1, "deplore" -> 1, "deplorable" -> 1, "depletion" -> 1, "depends" -> 1, "dependents" -> 1, "Departments" -> 1, "departments" -> 1, "depart" -> 1, "denying" -> 1, "denounce" -> 1, "denominator" -> 1, "denied" -> 1, "denial" -> 1, "demoralized" -> 1, "demonstration" -> 1, "democratically-minded" -> 1, "Democracy" -> 1, "demanding" -> 1, "demanded" -> 1, "delays" -> 1, "degree" -> 1, "degraded" -> 1, "degradation" -> 1, "define" -> 1, "Deficits" -> 1, "defensive" -> 1, "defended" -> 1, "defeated" -> 1, "defeat" -> 1, "deeply" -> 1, "deeper" -> 1, "deepen" -> 1, "deductible" -> 1, "deduct" -> 1, "dedicate" -> 1, "decriminalizing" -> 1, "decrease" -> 1, "decontrol" -> 1, "declining" -> 1, "declined" -> 1, "decline" -> 1, "decisively" -> 1, "decisionmaking" -> 1, "decide" -> 1, "decentralized" -> 1, "decaying" -> 1, "decay" -> 1, "Decades" -> 1, "decadent" -> 1, "debt-for-nature" -> 1, "debased" -> 1, "dearly" -> 1, "dead" -> 1, "Day" -> 1, "Davis-Bacon" -> 1, "dark" -> 1, "dare" -> 1, "dancing" -> 1, "dally" -> 1, "daily" -> 1, "Cyprus" -> 1, "Cypriot" -> 1, "cycle" -> 1, "cutting-edge" -> 1, "Cutting" -> 1, "cutbacks" -> 1, "customer-friendly" -> 1, "custody-rights" -> 1, "Curtain" -> 1, "curtail" -> 1, "cures" -> 1, "curbed" -> 1, "cultivated" -> 1, "crumbling" -> 1, "crude" -> 1, "crowded" -> 1, "cross-border" -> 1, "cross" -> 1, "crops" -> 1, "critical—where" -> 1, "Critical" -> 1, "Crippling" -> 1, "cripples" -> 1, "crippled" -> 1, "cripple" -> 1, "crept" -> 1, "creed" -> 1, "creditworthy" -> 1, "Credits" -> 1, "creativity" -> 1, "creative" -> 1, "Creating" -> 1, "creates" -> 1, "crashing" -> 1, "crash" -> 1, "crack-houses" -> 1, "CPB-supported" -> 1, "cowardly" -> 1, "covert" -> 1, "Court's" -> 1, "courtrooms" -> 1, "courtroom" -> 1, "Court" -> 1, "couples" -> 1, "couple" -> 1, "country—against" -> 1, "Counting" -> 1, "counterproductive" -> 1, "counterparts" -> 1, "counter" -> 1, "count" -> 1, "counseled" -> 1, "Counsel" -> 1, "costs—and" -> 1, "Costs" -> 1, "cost-benefit" -> 1, "cosmonauts" -> 1, "cosmetic" -> 1, "Corrupt" -> 1, "correct—the" -> 1, "corrects" -> 1, "correctly" -> 1, "correcting" -> 1, "corpus" -> 1, "corporation" -> 1, "Corporate" -> 1, "core" -> 1, "coordination" -> 1, "coordinated" -> 1, "coordinate" -> 1, "cooperate" -> 1, "cool" -> 1, "convincing" -> 1, "convicted" -> 1, "converting" -> 1, "converted" -> 1, "convention" -> 1, "controversies" -> 1, "control—free" -> 1, "Control" -> 1, "contributor" -> 1, "contributions" -> 1, "contributed" -> 1, "Contrary" -> 1, "contrary" -> 1, "contracts" -> 1, "contract" -> 1, "Continuous" -> 1, "contingency" -> 1, "continent—a" -> 1, "Continental" -> 1, "contemporary" -> 1, "contaminating" -> 1, "contains" -> 1, "construct" -> 1, "constitute" -> 1, "constituency" -> 1, "constituencies" -> 1, "considers" -> 1, "conserving" -> 1, "conserve" -> 1, "conservative" -> 1, "conservatism" -> 1, "Conservation" -> 1, "consent" -> 1, "consecutive" -> 1, "consciously" -> 1, "conscience" -> 1, "conquest" -> 1, "conquer" -> 1, "connections" -> 1, "Congresses" -> 1, "congratulate" -> 1, "confusion" -> 1, "confronting" -> 1, "confront" -> 1, "conflict—where" -> 1, "confidentiality" -> 1, "confidence" -> 1, "Conference" -> 1, "Conducting" -> 1, "conducted" -> 1, "condoms" -> 1, "concrete" -> 1, "conclude" -> 1, "concepts" -> 1, "conception" -> 1, "concentrated" -> 1, "concentrate" -> 1, "conceivable" -> 1, "computers" -> 1, "computerized" -> 1, "compressed" -> 1, "compound" -> 1, "components" -> 1, "component" -> 1, "complicated" -> 1, "completing" -> 1, "completely" -> 1, "completed" -> 1, "complainants" -> 1, "complacency" -> 1, "competitors" -> 1, "Competitiveness" -> 1, "Competency" -> 1, "Compensation" -> 1, "compass—help" -> 1, "compassionate" -> 1, "compactness" -> 1, "commuting" -> 1, "community-help" -> 1, "Communities" -> 1, "Communist" -> 1, "communism" -> 1, "communications" -> 1, "communicable" -> 1, "Commodity" -> 1, "commodities" -> 1, "Committees" -> 1, "commitments" -> 1, "commissions" -> 1, "commerce" -> 1, "commends" -> 1, "commencements" -> 1, "commanders" -> 1, "Commander-in-Chief" -> 1, "command-and-control" -> 1, "comfort" -> 1, "combines" -> 1, "Combined" -> 1, "combating" -> 1, "Columbia's" -> 1, "Columbian" -> 1, "collusion" -> 1, "collude" -> 1, "Collider" -> 1, "collectivism" -> 1, "collectively" -> 1, "collected" -> 1, "collapsed" -> 1, "cohesion" -> 1, "coercive" -> 1, "codes" -> 1, "Coastal" -> 1, "coal-related" -> 1, "clown" -> 1, "cloud" -> 1, "closing" -> 1, "closet" -> 1, "closer" -> 1, "closely" -> 1, "closed" -> 1, "clock" -> 1, "cloakroom" -> 1, "clinical" -> 1, "clever" -> 1, "clear—between" -> 1, "Clearly" -> 1, "cleaning" -> 1, "cleanest" -> 1, "cleaned" -> 1, "clean-coal" -> 1, "clean-burning" -> 1, "clause" -> 1, "classroom" -> 1, "classified" -> 1, "classes" -> 1, "class" -> 1, "clarity" -> 1, "clarify" -> 1, "claims" -> 1, "civilization" -> 1, "civilian" -> 1, "civic" -> 1, "citizens—not" -> 1, "Citizens" -> 1, "circumstances" -> 1, "chugs" -> 1, "chosen" -> 1, "choosing" -> 1, "chokes" -> 1, "choice—in" -> 1, "Chinese" -> 1, "child's" -> 1, "Children" -> 1, "childcare" -> 1, "Chief" -> 1, "chests" -> 1, "cherished" -> 1, "chemicals" -> 1, "checks" -> 1, "check" -> 1, "cheated" -> 1, "cheapen" -> 1, "charted" -> 1, "chart" -> 1, "charity" -> 1, "charge" -> 1, "chapter" -> 1, "Changing" -> 1, "change—has" -> 1, "Change" -> 1, "championed" -> 1, "champion" -> 1, "chambers" -> 1, "chairpersons" -> 1, "chairmen" -> 1, "cession" -> 1, "cervical" -> 1, "certainly" -> 1, "centuries" -> 1, "centralized" -> 1, "Central" -> 1, "centers" -> 1, "center" -> 1, "cells" -> 1, "ceilings" -> 1, "ceases" -> 1, "cease" -> 1, "causing" -> 1, "Cause" -> 1, "Castro's" -> 1, "Castro" -> 1, "cascade" -> 1, "cartel" -> 1, "cars" -> 1, "carry" -> 1, "carriers" -> 1, "carnage" -> 1, "caring" -> 1, "Caribbean" -> 1, "care—and" -> 1, "careful" -> 1, "cardinal" -> 1, "carbon" -> 1, "car" -> 1, "captured" -> 1, "caps" -> 1, "capitalize" -> 1, "capacities" -> 1, "candidate's" -> 1, "candidate" -> 1, "Canal" -> 1, "Canada" -> 1, "campaign—half" -> 1, "Campaign" -> 1, "Cambodia" -> 1, "calculation" -> 1, "calculated" -> 1, "calculate" -> 1, "CAFE" -> 1, "Cabinet" -> 1, "Business" -> 1, "burned—and" -> 1, "burn" -> 1, "burial" -> 1, "Bureaucratic" -> 1, "bureaucrat" -> 1, "bundling" -> 1, "bullets" -> 1, "built-in" -> 1, "builders" -> 1, "builddown" -> 1, "budgeting" -> 1, "buckles" -> 1, "Broken" -> 1, "broken" -> 1, "broadly" -> 1, "broader" -> 1, "Broadcasting" -> 1, "brings" -> 1, "bright" -> 1, "breeding" -> 1, "breed" -> 1, "breast" -> 1, "bravery" -> 1, "Brave" -> 1, "Branch" -> 1, "branch" -> 1, "boys" -> 1, "boycott" -> 1, "Boy" -> 1, "box" -> 1, "boundaries" -> 1, "bound" -> 1, "bottom-line" -> 1, "bottomless" -> 1, "Both" -> 1, "borrowing—of" -> 1, "borrowers" -> 1, "Boris" -> 1, "borders" -> 1, "booming" -> 1, "Book" -> 1, "Bonds" -> 1, "bonds" -> 1, "bolstering" -> 1, "bolstered" -> 1, "bodies" -> 1, "boards" -> 1, "blowers" -> 1, "bloated" -> 1, "blindness" -> 1, "blindfolded" -> 1, "blends" -> 1, "blatant" -> 1, "blasphemy" -> 1, "blaming" -> 1, "blamed" -> 1, "birth" -> 1, "bipartisan" -> 1, "biodegradable" -> 1, "bind" -> 1, "Bills" -> 1, "bigotry" -> 1, "biggest" -> 1, "biases" -> 1, "biased" -> 1, "bias" -> 1, "be—as" -> 1, "Between" -> 1, "betrayed" -> 1, "belt" -> 1, "below" -> 1, "belong" -> 1, 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"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=25846", "Name" -> "Republican Party Platform of 1988", "Party" -> "Republican", "Year" -> 1988, "Date" -> DateObject[{1988, 8, 16}], "Text" -> "An American Vision: For Our Children and Our Future\n\nPreamble\n\nAn election is about the future, about change. But it is also about the values we will carry with us as we journey into tomorrow and about continuity with the best from our past.\nOn the threshold of a new century, we live in a time of unprecedented technological, social, and cultural development, and a rapidly emerging global economy. This election will bring change. The question is: Will it be change and progress with the Republicans or change and chaos with the Democrats?\nAmericans want leadership to direct the forces of change, on America's terms, guided by American values. The next stage of the American experiment will be a new dynamic partnership in which people direct government and government empowers people to solve their own problems and to have more choices in their lives.\nIn 1984, we said, \"From freedom comes opportunity; from opportunity comes growth; from growth comes progress,\"\nIn 1988, we reaffirm that truth. Freedom works. This is not sloganeering, but a verifiable fact. It has been abundantly documented during the Reagan-Bush Administration in terms of real jobs and real progress for individuals, families, and communities urban and rural. Our platform reflects on every page our continuing faith in the creative power of human freedom.\nDefending and expanding freedom is our first priority. During the last eight years, the American people joined with the Reagan-Bush Administration in advancing the cause of freedom at home and around the world. Our platform reflects George Bush's belief that military strength, diplomatic resoluteness, and firm leadership are necessary to keep our country and our allies free.\nRepublicans know the United States is a nation of communities—churches, neighborhoods, social and charitable organizations, professional groups, unions and private and voluntary organizations in city, suburb, and countryside. It is We, the people, building the future in freedom. It is from these innumerable American communities, made up of people with good heads and good hearts, that innovation, creativity, and the works of social justice and mercy naturally flow and flourish. This is why George Bush and all Republicans believe in empowering people and not bureaucracies.\nAt the very heart of this platform is our belief that the strength of America is its people: free men and women, with faith in God, working for themselves and their families, believing in the inestimable value of every human being from the very young to the very old, building and sustaining communities, quietly performing those \"little, nameless, unremembered acts of kindness and love\" that make up the best portion of our lives, defending freedom, proud of their diverse heritages. They are still eager to grasp the future, to seize life's challenges and, through faith and love and work, to transform them into the valuable, the useful, and the beautiful.\nThis is what the American people do, quietly, patiently, without headlines, as a nation of communities, every day. This is the continuing American revolution of continuity and change.\nThis is the American people's true miracle of freedom. It is to them that we dedicate this platform.\nJobs, Growth, and Opportunity for All\n\nAmerica again leads the world, confident of our abilities, proud of our products, sure of our future, the pacesetter for all mankind. Moving toward the threshold of the 21st century, the American people are poised to fulfill their dreams to a degree unparalleled in human history.\nOur nation of communities is prosperous and free. In the sixth year of unprecedented economic expansion, more people are working than ever before; real family income has risen; inflation is tamed. By almost any measure, Americans are better off than they were eight years ago. The Reagan Revolution has become a Republican renaissance. Our country's back—back in business and back on top again.\nGovernment didn't work this economic wonder. The people did. Republicans got government out of the way, off the backs of households and entrepreneurs, so the people could take charge. Once again our people have the freedom to grow. From that freedom come prosperity and security.\nFrom freedom comes opportunity; from opportunity comes growth; from growth comes progress.\nFreedom is not an abstract concept. No, freedom is the inescapable essence of the American spirit, the driving force which makes Americans different from any other people on the face of the globe.\nThe restoration of our country's tradition of democratic capitalism has ushered in a new age of optimistic expansion. Based on free enterprise, free markets, and limited government, that tradition regards people as a resource, not a problem. And it works.\nOn every continent, governments are beginning to follow some degree of America's formula to cut tax rates, loosen regulation, free the private sector, and trust the people.\nRemember the Carter-Mondale years:\n• Taxes skyrocketed every year as the Democrats' inflation pushed everyone into higher tax brackets.\n• Prices spiraled, financially strangling those people least able to keep up. This was heightened by the spending mania of a Democrat-controlled Congress. Savings plunged as prices rose. A dollar saved in 1977 was worth only half by 1981.\n• 21.5 percent interest rates—levels not seen before or since—placed the basic needs of life beyond the means of many American families.\n• The Democrats threatened workers, investors, and consumers with \"industrial policies\" that centralized economic planning.\n• Joblessness eroded the earnings and dignity of millions under the Democrat Administration.\n• The number of poor households grew dramatically during the Democrats' years in power.\n• Economic stagnation caused by the Democrats' policies made it harder to find a job, get a promotion, buy a home, raise a family, or plan for old age.\nIn addition to all of these problems, the Democrats were telling us that there was something wrong with America and something wrong with its people.\nFamily Income\n\nSomething was terribly wrong, but not with the people. A half-century of destructive policies, pitting Americans against one another for the benefit of the Democrats' political machine, had come to a dead end. The Democrats couldn't find a way out, so the voters showed them the door.\nNow the ideological heirs of Carter and Mondale are trying again to sell the public a false bill of goods. These liberals call America's prosperity an illusion. They fantasize our economy is declining. They claim our future is in the hands of other nations. They aren't operating in the real world.\nThey can't build the future on fear. Americans know that and are constructing their futures on the solid foundation Republicans have already set in place:\n• We are in the midst of the longest peacetime expansion in our country's history. Where once we measured new businesses in the thousands, we now count millions. These small businesses have helped create more than 17 million well-paying, high-quality new jobs, more than twice the number of jobs that were created during that time in Japan, Canada, and Western Europe combined! Small business has accounted for 80 percent of the jobs created during the recovery. Who says America has lost its competitive edge?\n• More Americans are working than ever before. Because of Republican pro-growth policies, the unemployment rate has plunged to its lowest level in 14 years.\n• Since 1983, 3 million people have risen above the government poverty level. The poverty rate is down for the third consecutive year. The Republican economic program has been the most successful war on poverty.\n• Under a Republican Administration, family incomes are growing at the fastest pace recorded in 15 years.\n• Under Republican leadership, tax reform removed 6 million low-income people from the income tax rolls and brought financial relief to tens of millions more.\n• The typical family is now paying almost $2,000 less per year in income taxes than it would if the Democrats' antiquated income tax system of the 1970s were still in place.\n• The Carter' \"misery index\"—the sum of the inflation and unemployment rates—is half of what it was in 1980. Republican economic policies have turned it into a \"prosperity index.\"\n• Republicans reduced inflation to one-third of its 1980 level, helping not only average Americans but also low income Americans and elderly Americans on fixed incomes, who spend most of their income on necessities.\n• Interest rates are lower by nearly two-thirds than under the Democrats in 1980.\n• Exports are booming. World sales create local jobs!\n• Productivity is rising three times as fast under Republican policies as it did during the late 1970s.\n• Industrial output increased by one-third during the current expansion.\n• Business investment is increasing 20 percent faster, in real terms, than before the Republican economic resurgence.\n• The manufacturing sector is now accounting for 23 percent of GNP. U.S. manufacturing jobs have increased overall since 1982. The Democrats are wrong about America losing its industrial base, except in Massachusetts, where the Democrat governor of that State has presided over a net decline of 94,000 manufacturing jobs.\nThis is not a portrait of a people in decline. It is the profile of a can-do country, hopeful and compassionate, on the move. It is America resurgent, renewed, revitalized by an idea: the belief that free men and women, caring for families and supporting voluntary institutions in a nation of communities, constitute the most powerful force for human progress.\nIn 1980, Ronald Reagan and George Bush called upon us all to recover from a failed political system the power tightly belonging to the people. Now we call upon our fellow citizens, at the bicentennial of our Constitution, in the words of its preamble, to \"secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity\" by opening new vistas of opportunity.\nThese \"blessings of liberty\"—the chance to make a decent living, provide for the family, buy a home, give children a superior education, build a secure retirement, help a new generation reach farther and build higher than we were able to—these are the goals that George Bush and the Republican Party seek for every American.\nBut this prosperity is not an end in itself. It is a beginning. It frees us to grow and be better than we are, to develop things of the spirit and heart. This is the direction in which George Bush will lead our country. It is prosperity with a purpose.\nJobs\n\nThe Republican Party puts the creation of jobs and opportunity first. In our 1980 and 1984 platforms, we promised to put Americans back to work by restoring economic growth without inflation. We delivered on our promise:\n• Small business entrepreneurs have led the way in creating new job opportunities, particularly for women, minorities, and youths.\n• Over 17 million new jobs have been created.\n• More than 60 percent of these new jobs since 1982 are held by women.\n• More Americans are working now than at any time in our history.\n• The unemployment rate is at its lowest level in 14 years.\n• Statistics show that the great majority of the jobs we have created are full-time, quality jobs, paying more than $20,000 per year.\nJob growth for minority and ethnic Americans has been even more impressive:\n• Minority workers have been finding jobs twice as fast as others.\n• Black unemployment has been cut almost in half since 1982. Black Americans gained 2.3 million new jobs in the last few years.\n• Black teen unemployment is at its lowest level in 15 years.\n• Sales from the top 100 black firms rose 15 percent between 1982 and 1986. The 7.9 percent growth rate for all black businesses compares to an overall rate of 5 percent for all business.\n• Family incomes of Asian-Americans rank among the highest of all ethnic groups in the United States.\n• Hispanic employment increased nearly three times as fast as for all civilian workers. More Hispanics are at work now than at any time since record-keeping began.\nWe will use new technologies, such as computer data bases and telecommunications, to strengthen and streamline job banks matching people who want to work with available jobs.\nWe advocate incentives for educating, training, and retraining workers for new and better jobs—through programs like the Job Training Partnership Act, which provides for a public/private partnership—as our country surges ahead.\nThe best jobs program—the one that created more than 17 million jobs since 1982—is lower taxes on people. We believe that every person who wants a job should have the opportunity to get a job. We reject the notion that putting more Americans to work causes inflation. The failure of government make-work programs proves that jobs are created by people in a free market.\nOpportunity for All\n\nWith its message of economic growth and opportunity, the GOP is the natural champion of blacks, minorities, women and ethnic Americans. We urge Republican candidates and officials at all levels to extend to minority Americans everywhere the historic invitation for full participation in our party.\nA free economy helps defeat discrimination by fostering opportunity for all. That's why real income for black families has risen 14 percent since 1982. It's why members of minority groups have been gaining jobs in the Republican recovery twice as fast as everyone else. Upward mobility for all Americans has come back strong.\nWe are the party of real social progress. Republicans welcome the millions of forward-looking Americans who want an \"opportunity society,\" not a welfare state. We believe our country's greatest resource is its people—all its people. Their ingenuity and imagination are needed to make the most of our common future. So we will remove disincentives that keep the less fortunate out of the productive economy:\n• Families struggling near the poverty line are always hurt most by tax increases. Six million poor have been removed from the tax rolls in the 1986 Tax Reform Act—the largest income transfer to lower-income Americans since the early 1970s. We will continue to reduce their burden.\n• We advocate a youth training wage to expand opportunities and enable unskilled young people to enter the work force.\n• As an alternative to inflationary—and job-destroying—increases in the minimum wage, we will work to boost the incomes of the working poor through the Earned Income Tax Credit, especially for earners who support children. This will mean higher take-home pay for millions of working families.\n• We will reform welfare to encourage work as the ticket that guarantees full participation in American life.\n• We will undertake a long overdue reform of the unemployment insurance program to reward workers who find new jobs quickly.\n• We insist upon the right of Americans to work at home. The Home Work Rule, banning sale of certain items made at home, must go. It idles willing workers, prevents mothers from working and caring for their children in their own homes, limits the country's output, and penalizes innocent persons to please special interests.\n• We will fight to end the Social Security earnings limitation for the elderly. It discourages older persons from reentering or remaining in the work force, where their experience and wisdom are increasingly needed. As a first step, we will remove the earnings limitation for those whose income is from child care.\n• We will continue our efforts, already marked with success, to revitalize our cities. We support, on the federal, State and local levels, enterprise zones to promote investment and job creation in beleaguered neighborhoods.\nEntrepreneurship\n\nOur country's 18 million small business entrepreneurs are the superstars of job creation. In the past decade, they created two out of three new jobs. When they are free to invest and innovate, everyone is better off. They are today's pathfinders, the explorers of America's economic future.\nRepublicans encourage the women and men in small businesses to think big. To help them create jobs, we will cut to 15 percent the current counterproductive capital gains tax. This will foster investment in new and untried ventures, which often are the cutting edge of constructive change. It will also build the retirement value of workers' pension funds and raise revenues for the federal government.\nWe will increase, strengthen, and reinvigorate minority business development efforts to afford socially and economically disadvantaged individuals the opportunity for full participation in our free enterprise system.\nWork place benefits should be freely negotiated by employee-employer bargaining. We oppose government requirements that shrink workers' paychecks by diverting money away from wages to pay for federal requirements. These hidden taxes add to labor costs without paying those who labor. That is the liberals' way of replacing collective bargaining with congressional edicts about what's good for employees. It reduces the number of jobs and dishonestly imposes on others the costs of programs the Congress can't afford.\nWe call for a reasonable State and federal product liability standard that will be fair to small businesses, including professional and amateur sports, and to all who are in liability contests. We propose to return the fault-based standard to the civil justice system. Jobs are being lost, useful and sometimes lifesaving products are being discontinued, and America's ability to compete is being adversely affected. Reform will lower costs for all and will return fairness to the system for the benefit of everyone. Republicans recognize the basic right of all Americans to seek redress in the courts; however, we strongly oppose frivolous litigation. In addition, we support enactment of fair and balanced reforms of the tort system at the State level.\nThe remarkable resurgence of small business under the Republican renaissance of the 1980s highlights the key to the future: plant openings, thousands of them in every part of this land, as small businesses lead the way toward yet another decade of compassionate prosperity.\nReducing the Burden of Taxes\n\nThe Republican Party restates the unequivocal promise we made in 1984: We oppose any attempts to increase taxes. Tax increases harm the economic expansion and reverse the trend to restoring control of the economy to individual Americans.\nWe reject calls for higher taxes from all quarters—including \"bipartisan commissions.\" The decisions of our government should not be left to a body of unelected officials.\nThe American people deserve to know, before the election, where all candidates stand on the question of tax increases. Republicans unequivocally reiterate the no-tax pledge we have proudly taken. While we wouldn't believe the Democrats even if they took the pledge, they haven't taken it.\nThe crowning economic achievement of the Republican Party under Ronald Reagan and George Bush has been the dramatic reduction in personal income taxes. The Reagan-Bush Administration has cut the top marginal tax rate from 70 percent to 28 percent. We got government's heavy hand out of the wallets and purses of all our people. That single step has sparked the longest peacetime expansion in our history.\nWe not only lowered tax rates for all. We tied them to the cost of living so congressional Democrats couldn't secretly boost taxes by pushing people into higher brackets through inflation. We took millions of low-income families off the tax rolls, and we doubled the personal exemption for all.\nAs a result, by 1986 the income tax bill of a typical middle-income family had declined by one-quarter. If the Democrats had defeated our economic recovery program, that family would have paid nearly $6,000 more in taxes between 1982 and 1987. Meanwhile, average Americans and the working poor carry substantially less of the burden. Upper income Americans now pay a larger share of federal taxes than they did in 1980.\nOur policies have become the model for much of the world. Through the power of capitalism, governments are rushing to reduce tax rates to save their stagnating economies. This is good for America, for their recovery will make them better trading partners for our own exuberant economy.\nMany economists advising the Democrat Party have publicly called for a national sales tax or European-style Value-Added Tax (VAT) which would take billions of dollars out of the hands of American consumers. Such a tax has been imposed on many nations in Europe and has resulted in higher prices, fewer jobs, and higher levels of government spending. We reject the idea of putting a VAT on the backs of the American people.\nRepublicans know that sustaining the American economic miracle requires a growing pool of private savings. From bank accounts, small stock purchases, and piggy banks, the streams of thrift must flow together and form a mighty tide of capital. That rushing force pushes our society ahead, lifting everyone as it goes. To keep it going:\n• We support incentives for private savings, such as our deductibility for IRA contributions.\n• We oppose tax withholding on savings.\n• To protect savings by ensuring the soundness of our financial system, the federal government must continue to play an active role through its regulatory responsibilities and supervisory duties. We demand stern punishment for those persons, whether in financial institutions or in Congress, whose wheeling and dealing have betrayed the public trust.\nIncome Taxes Slashed for Typical Families\n\n• We will reduce to 15 percent the tax rates for long-term capital gains to promote investment in jobs and to raise revenue for the federal government by touching off another surge of economic expansion. In 1978, we cut the capital gains tax from 49.1 percent to 28 percent; in 1981, it was slashed again to 20 percent. The cuts injected a new vitality into the economy, with the results that revenues from this tax rose 184 percent from 1978 to 1985.\n• We call for a taxpayers' bill of rights to give everyone simple and inexpensive means to resolve disputes with government. Democrats, using the Massachusetts Revenue Department as a model, intend to squeeze more out of the public by making the IRS more intrusive. Republicans will not tolerate tax cheating by anyone, but we know most Americans responsibly pay their fair share. By restoring their confidence in frugal, limited government, we will enhance compliance with tax laws that are simple and fair.\nBeating Inflation\n\nToday, the dollar is sound again. The Republican economic program brought inflation under control and lowered interest rates. Ten million more American families have bought homes for the first time. Inflation has been forced down from over 13 percent to 4 percent. Interest rates are only half of what they were at the end of the Carter years.\nIf the Democrats' inflation rates had continued all these years, a family of four would now be paying an average of $200 a month more for food and over $300 a month more for housing. That's the real cost of the Democrats' bad policies.\nThe Democrats would drag us back to those dreadful years when inflation was robbing workers of their earnings, consumers of their spending power, and families of their savings. Skyrocketing interest rates were stalling the economy and pushing decent housing out of reach for millions.\nWe can't let them do it again. To sustain the country's economic expansion, confidence in American monetary policy is vital. The possibility of imprudent action by government breeds fear, and that fear can shake the stock and commodity markets worldwide. To keep markets on an even keel, we urge objective Federal Reserve policies to achieve long-run price stability.\nRegulatory Reform\n\nThis is a success story for the entire nation. Eight years ago, the country was strangling in red tape. Decades of rules and regulations from official Washington smothered enterprise, hindered job creation, and crippled small businesses. Even worse, the federal bureaucracy was spreading its intrusion into schools, religious institutions, and neighborhoods.\nAt the outset of his Administration, President Reagan asked Vice President Bush to take charge of an unprecedented exercise in liberty: relieving Americans from oppressive and unnecessary regulations and controls. With George Bush's leadership, Republicans turned the tables on the regulators.\nWe saved consumers tens of billions of dollars in needless regulatory costs that had been added to the price of virtually every product and service.\n• In banking, we ensured that savers would get a fair return on their savings through market interest rates in place of artificially low rates capped by government.\n• In energy, transportation, telecommunications, and financial services, we made fundamental changes in the way Americans could do business. We trusted them. We hacked away at artificial rules that stifled innovation, thwarted competition, and drove up consumer prices. Indeed, telecommunications and computer technology innovations have improved economic performance in nearly every American industry and business.\n• In education, housing, and health care, we reduced the chilling effect of regulation upon the private sector and communities. Despite opposition from liberals in the Congress, we have at least slowed the expansion of federal control.\n• We turned dozens of narrow programs, full of strings attached, into a few block grants with leeway for State and local administration.\nThe job isn't over yet. We will resist the calls of Democrats to turn back or eliminate the benefits that reducing regulations has brought to Americans from every walk of life in transportation, finance, energy and many other areas. We want to reduce further the intrusion of government into the lives of our citizens. Consistent with the maintenance of a competitive market place, we are committed to breaking down unnecessary barriers to entry created by regulations, statutes, and judicial decisions, to free up capital for productive investment. Let Democrats trust the federal bureaucracy. Republicans trust the creative energy of workers and investors in a free market.\nWe are committed to further return power from the federal government to State and local governments, which are more responsive to the public and better able to administer critical public services.\nCompetition in Public Services\n\nRepublicans recognize that the American people, in their families, communities, places of work, and voluntary associations, solve problems better and faster than government. That's why the Republican Party trusts people to deal with the needs of individuals and communities, as they have done for centuries.\nIn recent decades, however, big government elbowed aside the private sector. In the process, it made public services both expensive and inefficient. The federal government should follow the lead of those cities and States which are contracting out for a wide range of activities.\nWe resolve to defederalize, denationalize, and decentralize government monopolies that poorly serve the public and waste the taxpayers' dollars. To that end, we will foster competition wherever possible.\nWe advocate privatizing those government assets that would be more productive and better maintained in private ownership. This is especially true of those public properties that have deteriorated under government control, and of public housing, where residents should have the option of managing their own project. In other areas as well, citizens and employees should be able to become stockholders and managers of government enterprises that would be more efficiently operated by private enterprise. We will not initiate production of goods and delivery of services by the federal government if they can be procured from the private sector.\nHousing\n\nThe best housing policy is sound economic policy. Low interest rates, low inflation rates, and the availability of a job with a good paycheck that makes a mortgage affordable are the best housing programs of all.\nThat has been the key to the rebirth of housing during the Reagan-Bush Administration. If things had continued the way they were in 1980, the average family today would have to pay over $300 more for housing every month. Instead, we curbed inflation, pulled down interest rates, and made housing affordable to more Americans than ever before. We promoted homeownership by stoking the engines of economic growth. The results have been spectacular.\n• Mortgage rates have fallen from 17.5 percent to single digits today.\n• Homeownership has become affordable for more than 10 million additional families.\n• Our regulatory reform campaign, in cooperation with local government and the housing industry, has pointed the way to lower housing costs through removal of needless rules that inflate prices.\nThat's only the beginning. We want to foster greater choice in housing for all:\n• First and foremost, Republicans stand united in defense of the homeowner's deduction for mortgage interest. That separates us from the Democrats who are already planning to raise taxes by limiting its deductibility.\n• We will continue our successful drive for lower interest rates.\n• We support the efforts of those in the States who fight to lower property taxes, which strike hardest at the poor, the elderly, families with children, and family farmers.\n• We support programs to allow low-income families to earn possession of their homes through urban and rural homesteading, cooperative ventures in construction and rehabilitation, and other pioneering projects that demonstrate the vitality of the private sector and individual initiative.\n• We support the FHA mortgage insurance program, the Government National Mortgage Association, the VA guarantee program, and other programs that enhance housing choices for all Americans.\n• We pledge to continue to expand opportunities for homeownership and to maintain the strength of savings institutions, including thrifts.\n• We call on the Departments of Treasury, Housing and Urban Development, Agriculture, and the Federal Home Loan Bank Board to develop incentives for the private sector to bring housing stock foreclosed on by federal agencies back into service for low- and moderate-income citizens.\n• We call for repeal of rent control laws, which always cause a shortage of decent housing by favoring the affluent with low rents, denying persons with modest incomes access to the housing market.\nIn public housing, we have turned away from the disasters of the past, when whole neighborhoods became instant slums through federal meddling. We have promoted a long-range program of tenant management with encouraging results already. We pledge to continue that drive and to move toward resident ownership of public housing units, which was initiated under Ronald Reagan and George Bush.\nWe are determined to replace hand-out housing with vouchers that will make low-income families neighbors in communities, not strangers in projects.\nTo ensure that federal housing funds assist communities, rather than disrupt them, we advocate merging programs into a block grant at the disposal of States and localities for a wide range of needs.\nWe reaffirm our commitment to open housing as an essential part of the opportunity we seek for all, The Reagan-Bush Administration sponsored a major strengthening of the federal fair housing law. We will enforce it vigorously and will not allow its distortion into quotas or controls.\nControlling Federal Spending\n\nThe Reagan-Bush policies of economic growth have finally turned around the deficit problem. Through Republican-initiated constraints on spending, the federal budget deficit dropped by over 25 percent last year. With the help of the Gramm-Rudman law and a flexible budget freeze, a balanced budget can be expected by 1993.\nBut the relentless spending of congressional Democrats can undo our best efforts. No president can cause deficits; Congress votes to spend money. The American people must prevent big-spending congressional Democrats from bringing back big budget deficits; we must return both the Senate and the House of Representatives to Republican control for the first time in 36 years.\nIn 1981, we inherited a federal spending machine that was out of control. During the Carter-Mondale years, spending grew by 13.6 percent annually. We cut that growth rate in half, but the cancer still expands, as it has in some States such as Massachusetts where the budget has increased more than twice as fast as the federal budget. We will not be content until government establishes a balanced budget and reduces its demands upon the productivity and earnings of the American people.\nWe categorically reject the notion that Congress knows how to spend money better than the American people do. Tax hikes are like addictive drugs. Every shot makes Congress want to spend more. Even with the Republican tax cuts of 1981, revenues have increased by about $50 billion every year. But congressional spending has increased even more! For every $1 Congress takes in in new taxes, it spends $1.25.\nThat's why congressional Democrats have sabotaged the Republican program to control the federal budget. They refuse to put any reasonable restraints on appropriations. They smuggle through pork barrel deals in huge \"continuing resolutions\" larded for the special interests. They oppose the balanced budget amendment and all reforms in the bankrupt process. They mock the restraints legally mandated by our Gramm-Rudman budget plan.\nEnough is enough. It's time to push through the Republican agenda for budget reform to teach the Congress the kind of financial responsibility that characterizes the American family:\n• We call for structural changes to control government waste, including a two-year budget cycle, a super-majority requirement for raising taxes, a legislatively enacted line-item veto, individual transmission of spending bills, greater rescission authority for the chief executive and other reforms.\n• We call for a flexible freeze on current government spending. We insist on the discipline to provide stable funding for important government programs, increasing spending only for true national priorities. We oppose any increase in taxes, so that the economy will continue to expand and so revenues from a growing tax base will reduce the deficit.\n• We believe the Grace Commission report to eliminate waste, inefficiency, and mismanagement in the federal government must be re-examined; its recommendations should be given a high profile by public policy officials.\n• We call for a balanced budget amendment to the Constitution. If congressional Democrats continue to block it, we urge the States to renew their calls for a constitutional convention limited to consideration of such an amendment.\n• We will use all constitutional authority to control congressional spending. This will include consideration of the inherent line-item veto power of the president.\nOpening Markets Abroad\n\nAmerica's best years lie ahead. Because Republicans have faith in individuals, we welcome the challenge of world competition with confidence in our country's ability to out-produce, out-manage, out-think, and out-sell anyone.\nThis is the voters' choice in 1988: compete or retreat. The American people and the Republican Party are not about to retreat.\nTo make the 1990s America's decade in international trade, Republicans will advance trade through strength. We will not accept the loss of American jobs to nationalized, subsidized, protected foreign industries and will continue to negotiate assertively the destruction of trade barriers:\n• We negotiated a sweeping free trade agreement with Canada, our largest trading partner. Under this agreement, Americans will be able to trade, invest, and prosper, with no barriers to competition and economic growth.\n• We have sought enforcement of U.S. international trade rights more vigorously than any previous Administration. The Reagan-Bush Administration was the first to self-initiate formal trade actions against unfair foreign market barriers.\n• We launched the \"Uruguay Round\" of trade talks to promote a more open trading system and to address new trade problems that stifle world economic progress.\n• We negotiated long and hard to beat back the most protectionist provisions in trade legislation and produced a bill that focuses on opening markets around the world.\n• We support multilateral actions to open up foreign markets to U.S. products through the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. We will use GATT as well to deal with problems involving agricultural subsidies, trade in services, intellectual property rights, and economic relations with countries that mismanage their economies by suppressing market forces.\nWe will not tolerate unfair trade and will use free trade as a weapon against it. To ensure that rapid progress is forthcoming from our work in GATT, we stand ready to pursue bilateral arrangements with nations which share our commitment to free trade. We have begun with the U.S.-Israel and U.S.-Canada free trade agreements. These agreements should be used as a model by the entire Western Hemisphere as it moves toward becoming a free trade zone, a powerhouse of productivity that can spur economic growth throughout the continents. We are prepared to negotiate free trade agreements with partners like the Republic of China on Taiwan and the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries if they are willing to open their markets to U.S. products.\nThe emerging global economy has required American workers and consumers to adapt to far-reaching transformations on every continent. These changes will accelerate in the years ahead as nations with free economic systems rush toward a future of incredible promise. International trade among market economies is the driving force behind an unprecedented expansion of opportunity and income.\nUnfortunately, international markets are still restricted by antiquated policies: protective tariffs, quotas, and subsidies. These hinder world trade and hurt everyone, producers and consumers alike. It is the politicians and special interests who use protectionism to cover up their failures and enrich themselves at the expense of the country as a whole.\nWe propose that the General Accounting Office be required to issue regular statistics on the costs of U.S. trade restrictions to American workers, consumers, and businesses.\nThe bosses of the Democrat Party have thrown in the towel and abandoned the American worker and producer. They have begun a full-scale retreat into protectionism, an economic narcotic that saps the life out of commerce, closes foreign markets to U.S. producers and growers, and costs American consumers billions of dollars. The Democrats' plans would endanger 200,000 jobs and $8 billion in economic activity in agriculture alone! Over the past year, U.S. exports have expanded by 30 percent. The Democrats would reverse that growth by cowering behind trade barriers.\nThe bottom line in international trade must be American excellence. Every part of our economy is challenged to renew its commitment to quality. We must redouble our efforts to cut regulation, keep taxes low, and promote capital formation to sustain the advance of science and technology. Changes in both the managing of business and our approach to work, together with a new emphasis on quality and pleasing the customer, are creating a new work place ethic in our country. We will meet the challenges of international competition by know-how and cooperation, enterprise and daring, and trust in a well-trained work force to achieve more than government can even attempt.\nInternational Economic Policy\n\nEight years ago, Ronald Reagan and George Bush offered visionary leadership to make a clean break with the failed past of international economics.\nOur economic success is now acknowledged worldwide. Countries all over the world, even the Soviet Union, are abandoning worn out industrial policy planning by government in favor of the market-oriented policies underlying what foreign leaders call the \"American Miracle.\"\nWe encouraged the major economic powers to draw greater guidance for their monetary policies from commodity prices. This was an important step toward ensuring price stability, eliminating volatility of exchange rates, and removing excessive trade imbalances.\nWe support the Administration's efforts to improve coordination among the industrialized nations regarding their basic economic policies as a means of sustaining non-inflationary growth. It is important that we continue and refine efforts to dampen the volatility of exchange rate fluctuations, which have at times impeded improvements in investment and trade. Further, it is important to guard against the possibility of inflation in all currencies by comparing them with a basket of commodities, including gold.\nInternational price stability will set the stage for developing countries to participate in the transforming process of economic growth. We will not turn our backs on the Third World, where Soviet imperialism preys upon stagnation and poverty. The massive debt of some emerging nations not only cripples their progress but also disrupts world trade and finance.\nWe will use U.S. economic aid, whether bilateral or through international organizations, to promote free market reforms: lower marginal tax rates, less regulation, reduced trade barriers. We will work with developing nations to make their economies attractive to private investment—both domestic and foreign—as the only lasting way to ensure that these nations can secure capital for growth. We support innovations to facilitate repayment of loans, including \"debt for equity\" swaps. We urge our representatives in all multilateral organizations such as the World Bank to support conditionality with all loans to encourage democracy, private sector development, and individual enterprise. As part of our commitment to the family as the building block of economic progress, we believe decisions on family size should be made freely by each family, and we remain opposed to U.S. funding for organizations involved in abortion.\nTo dig their way out of debt, those nations must do more than take out additional loans. They need America's greatest export: capitalism. While sharing the pie of prosperity with others, we will teach its recipe. It is this simple: Where democracy and free markets take root, people live better. Where people live better, they produce and trade more. As capitalism spreads throughout the world, more nations are prospering, international commerce is booming, and U.S. trade is breaking records.\nBut even more important than economic progress is the advance of freedom. Republicans want not only a better life for the people of developing lands; we want a freer and more peaceful future for them, too. Those goals are inextricably linked. It is a case of all or nothing, and we believe that free people can have it all.\nFrom all over the world, capital flows into the United States because of confidence in our future. Direct investment in America creates important economy-wide benefits: jobs, growth, and lower interest rates. We oppose shortsighted attempts to restrict or overly regulate this investment in America that helps our people work, earn, and live better.\nMost important, we will lead by example. We will keep the United States a shining model of individual freedom and economic liberty to encourage other peoples of the world to assert their own economic rights and secure opportunity for all.\nStrong Families and Strong Communities\n\nStrong families build strong communities. They make us a confident, caring society by fostering the values and character—integrity, responsibility, sharing and altruism—essential for the survival of democracy. America's place in the 21st century will be determined by the family's place in public policy today.\nRepublicans believe, as did the framers of the Constitution, that the God-given rights of the family come before those of government. That separates us from liberal Democrats. We seek to strengthen the family. Democrats try to supplant it. In the 1960s and 1970s, the family bore the brunt of liberal attacks on everything the American people cherished. Our whole society paid dearly.\nIt's time to put things together again. Republicans have started this critical task:\n• We brought fairness to the tax code, removed millions of low income families from the rolls, and cut tax rates dramatically.\n• We reestablished a pro-family tax system. We doubled the exemption for dependents and protected families from backdoor tax hikes by indexing the exemption to inflation.\n• We tamed inflation to lower interest rates, protected the savings of the elderly, and made housing more affordable for millions of households.\n• We fought to reverse crime rates and launched the nation's first all-out war on drug abuse, though there is still much more to do.\n• We appointed judges who respect family rights, family values, and the rights of victims of crime.\n• We brought education back to basics, back to parents, and strengthened the principle of local control.\n• Through President Reagan's historic executive order on the family, we set standards in law for determining whether policies help or hurt the American family.\nRepublicans have brought hope to families on the front lines of America's social reconstruction. We pledge to fulfill that hope and to keep the family at its proper place at the center of public policy.\nCaring for Children\n\nThe family's most important function is to raise the next generation of Americans, handing on to them the Judeo-Christian values of Western civilization and our ideals of liberty. More than anything else, the ability of America's families to accomplish those goals will determine the course our country takes in the century ahead.\nOur society is in an era of sweeping change. In this era of unprecedented opportunity, more women than ever before have entered the work force. As a result, many households depend upon some form of non-parental care for their youngsters. Relatives, neighbors, churches and synagogues, employers and others in the private sector, are helping to meet the demand for quality care. In the process, we are learning more about the needs of children and about the impact of various forms of care. That knowledge should guide public policy and private options on many issues affecting the way we work and raise our families.\nRepublicans affirm these commonsense principles of child care:\n• The more options families have in child care, the better. Government must not constrain their decisions. Individual choice should determine child care arrangements for the family.\n• The best care for most children, especially in the early years, is parental. Government must never hinder it.\n• Public policy must acknowledge the full range of family situations. Mothers or fathers who stay at home, who work part-time, or who work full-time, should all receive the same respect and consideration in public policy.\n• Child care by close relatives, religious organizations, and other community groups should never be inhibited by government programs or policies.\nIn sum, this is a perfect example of the difference between the two parties. Republicans want to empower individuals, not bureaucrats. We seek to minimize the financial burdens imposed by government upon families, ensure their options, and preserve the role of our traditional voluntary institutions. Democrats propose a new federal program that negates parental choice and disdains religious participation. Republicans would never bar aid to any family for choosing child care that includes a simple prayer.\nIn returning to our traditional commitment to children, the Republican Party proposes a radically different approach:\n• Establish a toddler tax credit for pre-school children as proposed by Vice President Bush, available to all families of modest means, to help them support and care for their children in a manner best suited to their families' values and traditions.\n• Establishment of a plan that does not discriminate against single-earner families with one parent in the home.\n• Continue to reverse the Democrats' 30-year erosion of the dependent tax exemption. That exemption has been doubled under Republican leadership. This will empower parents to care for their families in a way that public services can never do.\n• Make the dependent care tax credit available to low-income families with young children.\n• Eliminate disincentives for grandparents and other seniors to care for children by repealing the earnings limitation for Social Security recipients.\n• Encourage States to promote child care programs which allow teenage mothers to remain in school.\n• Promote in-home care—preferred by almost all parents—by allowing annual, instead of quarterly, payments of income taxes by employees and withholding taxes by employers.\n• Encourage employers, including government agencies, to voluntarily address their employees' child care needs and use more flexible work schedules and job sharing to recognize the household demands upon their work force.\n• Reform the tort liability system to prevent excessive litigation that discourages child care by groups who stand ready to meet the needs of working parents.\n• Reform Federal Home Mortgage Association rules to retain mortgage eligibility for homeowners who offer family child care.\nAdoption\n\nAdoption is a special form of caring for children. We recognize the tremendous contributions of adoptive parents and foster parents. The Reagan-Bush Administration has given unprecedented attention to adoption through a presidential task force, whose recommendations point the way toward vastly expanding opportunities for children in need.\nRepublicans are determined to cut through red tape to facilitate the adoption process for those who can offer strong family life based on traditional values. Trapping minority and special needs children in the foster care system, when there are families ready to adopt these youngsters, is a national disgrace. We urge States to remove obstacles to the permanent placement of foster children and to reform antiquated regulations that make adoption needlessly difficult.\nPornography\n\nAmerica's children deserve to be free from pornography. We applaud Republicans in the 100th Congress who took the lead to ban interstate dial-a-porn. We endorse legislative and regulatory efforts to anchor more securely a standard of decency in telecommunications and to prohibit the sale of sexually explicit materials in outlets operated on federal property. We commend those who refuse to sell pornographic material. We support the rigorous enforcement of \"community standards\" against pornography.\nHealth\n\nAmericans are accustomed to miracles in health care. The relentless advance of science, boosted by space age technology, has transformed the quality of health care and broadened the exercise of our compassion. By the year 2000, more than 100,000 Americans will be more than 100 years old. Yesterday's science fiction regularly becomes today's medical routine.\nThe American people almost lost all that in the 1960s and 1970s, when political demagogues offered quack cures for the ills of our health care system. They tried to impose here the nationalized medicine that was disastrous in other countries.\nRepublicans believe in reduced government control of health care while maintaining an unequivocal commitment to quality health care:\n• We fostered competition and consumer choice as the only way to hold down the medical price spiral generated by government's open-ended spending on health programs.\n• We gave the hospice movement its important role in federal programs.\n• We launched a national campaign to ensure quality treatment and to prevent abuse in nursing homes.\n• We led the way to enacting landmark legislation for catastrophic health insurance under Medicare.\n• We speeded up the regulatory process for experimental drugs for life-threatening illness and loosened import controls to allow greater choice by patients.\n• We promoted health care through pilot projects in the States. We took extraordinary steps to ensure home health care so that chronically ill children under Medicaid would not have to stay in the hospital.\nRepublicans will continue the recovery of America's health care system from the Democrats' mistakes of the past:\n• We will promote continuing innovation to ensure that tomorrow's miracles are affordable and accessible to all. We are encouraged by advances in communications which enable small or isolated facilities to tap the resources of the world' s greatest centers of healing. Many breakthroughs in recent years have dramatically reduced the incidence of surgery and replaced lengthy hospital stays with out-patient treatment.\n• We will work for continuing progress in providing the most cost-effective, high-quality care.\n• We will lead the fight for reform of medical malpractice laws to stop the intolerable escalation of malpractice insurance. It has artificially boosted costs for patients, driven many good doctors out of fields such as obstetrics and other high-risk specialties, and made care unavailable for many patients.\n• We are opposed to the establishment of government mandated professional practice fees and services requirements as a condition of professional licensure or license renewal.\n• We are committed to avoiding the medical crisis facing Massachusetts—a State for which the American Medical Association observed a \"moment of silence\" at its annual meeting—a State where the decline in the availability of medical care has reached a dangerous level.\n• We will continue to seek opportunities for private and public cooperation in support of hospices.\n• We are committed to improving the quality and financing of long-term care. We will remove regulatory and tax burdens to encourage private health insurance policies for acute or long term care. We will work for convertibility of savings, IRAs, life insurance, and pensions to pay for long term care.\n• We will encourage the trend in the private sector to expand opportunities for home health care to protect the integrity of the family and to provide a less expensive alternative to hospital stays. We want to ensure flexibility for both Medicare and Medicaid in the provision of services to those who need them at home or elsewhere.\n• We will foster employee choice in selecting health plans to promote personal responsibility for wellness.\n• Recognizing that medical catastrophes can strike regardless of age, we empathize with the plight of the thousands of American families with catastrophically ill children and will work toward making catastrophic health care coverage available to our youngest citizens.\n• Recognizing that inequities may exist in the current treatment of health insurance costs for those who are self-employed, including farmers, we will study ways to more appropriately balance such costs.\n• We will continue to promote alternative forms of group health care that foster competition and lower costs.\n• We will make special provision for relief of rural hospitals and health care providers who have been unduly burdened by federal cost containment efforts. The availability of health services, especially during a crisis like the current drought, is essential for rural America.\n• We will continue generous funding for the National Institutes of Health.\n• We will hold down Medicaid costs by promoting State pilot programs to give low-income persons the opportunity to secure health insurance. We demand tough penalties against providers who defraud this and other health programs.\n• We will work to assure access to health care for all Americans through public and private initiatives.\n• We will promote wellness, especially for the nation's youth. Personal responsibility in behavior and diet will dramatically reduce the incidence of avoidable disease and curb health care costs in decades ahead.\n• We will call on the Food and Drug Administration to accelerate its certification of technically sound alternatives to animal testing of drugs and cosmetics when considering data regarding product safety and efficacy.\nAIDS\n\nThose who suffer from AIDS, their families, and the men and women of medicine who care for the afflicted deserve our compassion and help. The Reagan-Bush Administration launched the nation's fight against AIDS, committing more than $5 billion in the last five years. For 1989, the President's budget recommends a 42 percent increase in current funding.\nWe will vigorously fight against AIDS, recognizing that the enemy is one of the deadliest diseases to challenge medical research. Continued research on the virus is vital. We will continue as well to provide experimental drugs that may prolong life. We will establish within the Food and Drug Administration a process for expedited review of drugs which may benefit AIDS patients. We will allow supervised usage of experimental treatments.\nWe must not only marshal our scientific resources against AIDS, but must also protect those who do not have the disease. In this regard, education plays a critical role. AIDS education should emphasize that abstinence from drug abuse and sexual activity outside of marriage is the safest way to avoid infection with the AIDS virus. It is extremely important that testing and contact tracing measures be carried out and be appropriately confidential, as is the case with the long-standing public health measures to control other communicable diseases that are less dangerous than AIDS.\nWe will remove barriers to making use of one's own (autologous) blood or blood from a designated donor, and we call for penalties for knowingly donating tainted blood or otherwise deliberately endangering others.\nThe latency period between infection with the virus and onset of AIDS can be lengthy. People should be encouraged to seek early diagnosis and to remain on the job or in school as long as they are functionally capable.\nHealthy Children, Healthy Families\n\nAs we strengthen the American family, we improve the health of the nation. From prenatal care to old age, strong family life is the lynchpin of wellness and compassion.\nThis is especially important with regard to babies. We have reduced infant mortality, but it remains a serious problem in areas where alcohol, drugs, and neglect take a fearful toll on newborns. We will target federal health programs to help mothers and infants get a good start in life. We will assist neighborhood institutions, including religious groups, in reaching out to those on the margins of society to save their children, especially from fetal alcohol syndrome, the major cause of birth defects in this country.\nInadequate prenatal care for expectant mothers is the cause of untold numbers of premature and low birth-weight babies. These newborns start life at severe disadvantage and often require massive health care investments to have a chance for normal childhood. We continue to endorse the provision of adequate prenatal care for all expectant mothers, especially the poor and young.\nWe hail the way fetal medicine is revolutionizing care of children and dramatically expanding our knowledge of human development. Accordingly, we call for fetal protection, both in the work place and in scientific research.\nMany of the health problems of young people today stem from poverty, moral confusion, and family disruption. Republicans are ready to address the root causes of today's youth crisis:\n• We will assert absolutes of right and wrong concerning drug abuse and other forms of self-destructive behavior.\n• We will require parental consent for unemancipated minors to receive contraceptives from federally funded family planning clinics.\n• We support efforts like the Adolescent Family Life program to teach teens the traditional values of restraint and the sanctity of marriage.\n• We urge all branches of the entertainment and communications industry to exercise greater responsibility in addressing the youth market.\nTo prepare for tomorrow's expanding opportunities, today's young Americans must be challenged by high values with the support that comes from strong families. That is the surest way to guide them to their own affirmation of life.\nOlder Americans\n\nOlder Americans are both our bridge to all that is precious in our history and the enduring foundation on which we build the future. Young Americans see most clearly when they stand on the shoulders of the past.\nAfter eight years of President Reagan's youthful leadership, older Americans are safer and more secure. In 1980, we promised to put Social Security back on a sound financial footing. We delivered. We established the national commission that developed the plan to restore the system and led the way in enacting its recommendations into law.\nNow that Social Security is in healthy shape, congressional Democrats are plotting ways to use its short-term revenue surplus for their own purposes. We make this promise: They shall not do so. We pledge to preserve the integrity of the Social Security trust funds. We encourage public officials at all levels to safeguard the integrity of public and private pension funds against raiding by anyone, in labor, business, or government, such as in Massachusetts where the current Democrat governor has raided $29 million from the State pension reserves to fund his enormous deficit in the State budget.\nWe will not allow liberal Democrats to imperil the other gains the elderly have made during the Reagan-Bush Administration:\n• Inflation, the despoiler of household budgets for the aged, has been reduced to less than one-third its peak rate under the last Democrat Administration.\n• Passage of our anti-crime legislation has helped target resources to fight crime against the elderly, many of whom have been prisoners in their own homes.\n• As a result of the Republican economic program, the poverty rate for older Americans has declined by 20 percent during the Republican Administration. When the value of non-cash benefits is counted, the poverty rate is the lowest in history: 3 percent.\n• We dramatically cut estate taxes so surviving spouses will not have to sell off the property they worked a lifetime to enjoy just to pay the IRS.\n• President Reagan led the Congress in expanding Medicare coverage to include catastrophic health costs.\n• Effective spending on Medicare has more than doubled. We have, however, saved money for both taxpayers and beneficiaries through reforms in Medicare procedures.\n• Congressional Republicans have supported reauthorization of the broad range of programs under the Older Americans Act.\n• The Republican Party reaffirms its long-standing opposition to the earnings test for Social Security recipients. Industrious older persons should not be penalized for continuing to contribute their skills and experience to society.\nThe 1990s should be the best decade ever for America's older worker. Older Americans will be our natural teachers. In a civilization headed for the stars, they will help us keep our feet on the ground.\nThe Homeless\n\nRepublicans are determined to help the homeless as a matter of ethical commitment, as well as sound public policy. The Reagan-Bush Administration has been at the forefront of the effort:\n• In 1987, President Reagan signed a $1 billion aid package to help local governments aid the homeless.\n• In 1988, the federal government will spend $400 million on emergency shelters and medical care alone. Today, a total of 45 federally assisted programs are potentially available to the homeless.\n• In 1983, we launched an Emergency Food and Shelter Program under the Federal Emergency Management Administration.\n• The General Services Administration has donated both buildings and equipment for shelters.\n• In 1985, the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) began to lease single-family homes at a nominal rent for use as shelters.\n• The Department of Agriculture has provided hundreds of millions of dollars worth of surplus food—more than 1.1 billion pounds to soup kitchens and shelters.\n• The Alcohol, Drug Abuse and Mental Health Administration gives the States about a half-billion dollars a year to offset the lack of outpatient services.\nHomelessness demonstrates the failure of liberalism. It is the result of Democrat policies in the 1960s and 1970s t