["Dataset",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Architecturally, the school has a Catholic character. Atop the Main Building's gold dome is a golden statue of the Virgin Mary. Immediately in front of the Main Building and facing it, is a copper statue of Christ with arms upraised with the legend \"Venite Ad Me Omnes\". Next to the Main Building is the Basilica of the Sacred Heart. Immediately behind the basilica is the Grotto, a Marian place of prayer and reflection. It is a replica of the grotto at Lourdes, France where the Virgin Mary reputedly appeared to Saint Bernadette Soubirous in 1858. At the end of the main drive (and in a direct line that connects through 3 statues and the Gold Dome), is a simple, modern stone statue of Mary.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'To whom did the Virgin Mary allegedly appear in 1858 in Lourdes France?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Saint Bernadette Soubirous'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",516]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733be284776f41900661182'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is in front of the Notre Dame Main Building?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a copper statue of Christ'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",189]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733be284776f4190066117f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Basilica of the Sacred heart at Notre Dame is beside to which structure?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Main Building'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",280]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733be284776f41900661180'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the Grotto at Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a Marian place of prayer and reflection'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",382]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733be284776f41900661181'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What sits on top of the Main Building at Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a golden statue of the Virgin Mary'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",93]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733be284776f4190066117e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'As at most other universities, Notre Dame's students run a number of news media outlets. The nine student-run outlets include three newspapers, both a radio and television station, and several magazines and journals. Begun as a one-page journal in September 1876, the Scholastic magazine is issued twice monthly and claims to be the oldest continuous collegiate publication in the United States. The other magazine, The Juggler, is released twice a year and focuses on student literature and artwork. The Dome yearbook is published annually. The newspapers have varying publication interests, with The Observer published daily and mainly reporting university and other news, and staffed by students from both Notre Dame and Saint Mary's College. Unlike Scholastic and The Dome, The Observer is an independent publication and does not have a faculty advisor or any editorial oversight from the University. In 1987, when some students believed that The Observer began to show a conservative bias, a liberal newspaper, Common Sense was published. Likewise, in 2003, when other students believed that the paper showed a liberal bias, the conservative paper Irish Rover went into production. Neither paper is published as often as The Observer; however, all three are distributed to all students. Finally, in Spring 2008 an undergraduate journal for political science research, Beyond Politics, made its debut.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Scholastic Magazine of Notre dame begin publishing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'September 1876'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",249]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733bf84d058e614000b61be'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How often is Notre Dame's the Juggler published?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'twice'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",442]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733bf84d058e614000b61bf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the daily student paper at Notre Dame called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Observer'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",599]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733bf84d058e614000b61c0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many student news papers are found at Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'three'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",127]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733bf84d058e614000b61bd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did the student paper Common Sense begin publication at Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1987'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",909]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733bf84d058e614000b61c1'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The university is the major seat of the Congregation of Holy Cross (albeit not its official headquarters, which are in Rome). Its main seminary, Moreau Seminary, is located on the campus across St. Joseph lake from the Main Building. Old College, the oldest building on campus and located near the shore of St. Mary lake, houses undergraduate seminarians. Retired priests and brothers reside in Fatima House (a former retreat center), Holy Cross House, as well as Columba Hall near the Grotto. The university through the Moreau Seminary has ties to theologian Frederick Buechner. While not Catholic, Buechner has praised writers from Notre Dame and Moreau Seminary created a Buechner Prize for Preaching.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where is the headquarters of the Congregation of the Holy Cross?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Rome'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",120]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733bed24776f41900661188'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the primary seminary of the Congregation of the Holy Cross?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Moreau Seminary'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",146]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733bed24776f41900661189'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the oldest structure at Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Old College'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",235]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733bed24776f4190066118a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What individuals live at Fatima House at Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Retired priests and brothers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",357]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733bed24776f4190066118b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which prize did Frederick Buechner create?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Buechner Prize for Preaching'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",676]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733bed24776f4190066118c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The College of Engineering was established in 1920, however, early courses in civil and mechanical engineering were a part of the College of Science since the 1870s. Today the college, housed in the Fitzpatrick, Cushing, and Stinson-Remick Halls of Engineering, includes five departments of study – aerospace and mechanical engineering, chemical and biomolecular engineering, civil engineering and geological sciences, computer science and engineering, and electrical engineering – with eight B.S. degrees offered. Additionally, the college offers five-year dual degree programs with the Colleges of Arts and Letters and of Business awarding additional B.A. and Master of Business Administration (MBA) degrees, respectively.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many BS level degrees are offered in the College of Engineering at Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'eight'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",488]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733a6424776f41900660f51'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was the College of Engineering at Notre Dame formed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1920'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",47]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733a6424776f41900660f4e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Before the creation of the College of Engineering similar studies were carried out at which Notre Dame college?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the College of Science'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",127]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733a6424776f41900660f4f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many departments are within the Stinson-Remick Hall of Engineering?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'five'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",272]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733a6424776f41900660f50'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The College of Science began to offer civil engineering courses beginning at what time at Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the 1870s'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",156]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733a6424776f41900660f52'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'All of Notre Dame's undergraduate students are a part of one of the five undergraduate colleges at the school or are in the First Year of Studies program. The First Year of Studies program was established in 1962 to guide incoming freshmen in their first year at the school before they have declared a major. Each student is given an academic advisor from the program who helps them to choose classes that give them exposure to any major in which they are interested. The program also includes a Learning Resource Center which provides time management, collaborative learning, and subject tutoring. This program has been recognized previously, by U.S. News & World Report, as outstanding.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What entity provides help with the management of time for new students at Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Learning Resource Center'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",497]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733a70c4776f41900660f64'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many colleges for undergraduates are at Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'five'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",69]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733a70c4776f41900660f62'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was created at Notre Dame in 1962 to assist first year students?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The First Year of Studies program'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",156]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733a70c4776f41900660f63'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which organization declared the First Year of Studies program at Notre Dame \"outstanding?\"'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'U.S. News & World Report'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",648]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733a70c4776f41900660f65'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The university first offered graduate degrees, in the form of a Master of Arts (MA), in the 1854–1855 academic year. The program expanded to include Master of Laws (LL.M.) and Master of Civil Engineering in its early stages of growth, before a formal graduate school education was developed with a thesis not required to receive the degrees. This changed in 1924 with formal requirements developed for graduate degrees, including offering Doctorate (PhD) degrees. Today each of the five colleges offer graduate education. Most of the departments from the College of Arts and Letters offer PhD programs, while a professional Master of Divinity (M.Div.) program also exists. All of the departments in the College of Science offer PhD programs, except for the Department of Pre-Professional Studies. The School of Architecture offers a Master of Architecture, while each of the departments of the College of Engineering offer PhD programs. The College of Business offers multiple professional programs including MBA and Master of Science in Accountancy programs. It also operates facilities in Chicago and Cincinnati for its executive MBA program. Additionally, the Alliance for Catholic Education program offers a Master of Education program where students study at the university during the summer and teach in Catholic elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools across the Southern United States for two school years.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The granting of Doctorate degrees first occurred in what year at Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1924'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",359]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733a7bd4776f41900660f6b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of degree is an M.Div.?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Master of Divinity'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",625]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733a7bd4776f41900660f6c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which program at Notre Dame offers a Master of Education degree?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Alliance for Catholic Education'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1164]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733a7bd4776f41900660f6e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was a Master of Arts course first offered at Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1854'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",93]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733a7bd4776f41900660f6a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which department at Notre Dame is the only one to not offer a PhD program?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Department of Pre-Professional Studies'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",758]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733a7bd4776f41900660f6d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame is dedicated to research, education and outreach on the causes of violent conflict and the conditions for sustainable peace. It offers PhD, Master's, and undergraduate degrees in peace studies. It was founded in 1986 through the donations of Joan B. Kroc, the widow of McDonald's owner Ray Kroc. The institute was inspired by the vision of the Rev. Theodore M. Hesburgh CSC, President Emeritus of the University of Notre Dame. The institute has contributed to international policy discussions about peace building practices.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What institute at Notre Dame studies  the reasons for violent conflict?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Joan B. 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Kroc married?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ray Kroc'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",378]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ac31d058e614000b5ff5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What company did Ray Kroc own?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'McDonald's'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",361]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ac31d058e614000b5ff7'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The library system of the university is divided between the main library and each of the colleges and schools. The main building is the 14-story Theodore M. Hesburgh Library, completed in 1963, which is the third building to house the main collection of books. The front of the library is adorned with the Word of Life mural designed by artist Millard Sheets. This mural is popularly known as \"Touchdown Jesus\" because of its proximity to Notre Dame Stadium and Jesus' arms appearing to make the signal for a touchdown.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many stories tall is the main library at Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'14'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",137]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ad384776f41900660fec'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the main library at Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Theodore M. Hesburgh Library'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",146]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ad384776f41900660fed'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was the Theodore M. 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The academic profile of the enrolled class continues to rate among the top 10 to 15 in the nation for national research universities. The university practices a non-restrictive early action policy that allows admitted students to consider admission to Notre Dame as well as any other colleges to which they were accepted. 1,400 of the 3,577 (39.1%) were admitted under the early action plan. Admitted students came from 1,311 high schools and the average student traveled more than 750 miles to Notre Dame, making it arguably the most representative university in the United States. While all entering students begin in the College of the First Year of Studies, 25% have indicated they plan to study in the liberal arts or social sciences, 24% in engineering, 24% in business, 24% in science, and 3% in architecture.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many incoming students did Notre Dame admit in fall 2015?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'3,577'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",110]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ae924776f41900661014'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percentage of students were admitted to Notre Dame in fall 2015?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'19.7%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",139]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ae924776f41900661013'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where does Notre Dame rank in terms of academic profile among research universities in the US?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the top 10 to 15 in the nation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",214]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ae924776f41900661015'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percentage of students at Notre Dame participated in the Early Action program?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'39.1%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",489]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ae924776f41900661016'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many miles does the average student at Notre Dame travel to study there?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'more than 750 miles'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",619]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ae924776f41900661017'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 2015-2016, Notre Dame ranked 18th overall among \"national universities\" in the United States in U.S. News & World Report's Best Colleges 2016. In 2014, USA Today ranked Notre Dame 10th overall for American universities based on data from College Factual. Forbes.com's America's Best Colleges ranks Notre Dame 13th among colleges in the United States in 2015, 8th among Research Universities, and 1st in the Midwest. U.S. News & World Report also lists Notre Dame Law School as 22nd overall. BusinessWeek ranks Mendoza College of Business undergraduate school as 1st overall. It ranks the MBA program as 20th overall. The Philosophical Gourmet Report ranks Notre Dame's graduate philosophy program as 15th nationally, while ARCHITECT Magazine ranked the undergraduate architecture program as 12th nationally. Additionally, the study abroad program ranks sixth in highest participation percentage in the nation, with 57.6% of students choosing to study abroad in 17 countries. According to payscale.com, undergraduate alumni of University of Notre Dame have a mid-career median salary $110,000, making it the 24th highest among colleges and universities in the United States. The median starting salary of $55,300 ranked 58th in the same peer group.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did U.S. News & World Report rank Notre Dame in its 2015-2016 university rankings?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'18th overall'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",33]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733afd3d058e614000b6045'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Forbes.com placed Notre Dame at what position compared to other US research universities?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'8th'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",363]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733afd3d058e614000b6047'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The undergrad school at the Mendoza College of Business was ranked where according to BusinessWeek?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1st overall'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",566]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733afd3d058e614000b6048'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In 2014 what entity named Notre Dame 10th best of all American universities?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'USA Today'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",156]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733afd3d058e614000b6046'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percentage of Notre Dame students decide to study abroad?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'57.6%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",919]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733afd3d058e614000b6049'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Father Joseph Carrier, C.S.C. was Director of the Science Museum and the Library and Professor of Chemistry and Physics until 1874. Carrier taught that scientific research and its promise for progress were not antagonistic to the ideals of intellectual and moral culture endorsed by the Church. One of Carrier's students was Father John Augustine Zahm (1851–1921) who was made Professor and Co-Director of the Science Department at age 23 and by 1900 was a nationally prominent scientist and naturalist. Zahm was active in the Catholic Summer School movement, which introduced Catholic laity to contemporary intellectual issues. His book Evolution and Dogma (1896) defended certain aspects of evolutionary theory as true, and argued, moreover, that even the great Church teachers Thomas Aquinas and Augustine taught something like it. The intervention of Irish American Catholics in Rome prevented Zahm's censure by the Vatican. In 1913, Zahm and former President Theodore Roosevelt embarked on a major expedition through the Amazon.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What person was the Director of the Science Museum at Notre Dame in the late 19th century?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Father Joseph Carrier, C.S.C.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b0fb4776f41900661041'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the lifespan of John Augustine Zahm?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1851–1921'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",354]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b0fb4776f41900661043'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What program did John Augustine Zahm come to co-direct at Nore Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Science Department'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",407]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b0fb4776f41900661044'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What book did John Zahm write in 1896?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Evolution and Dogma'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",639]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b0fb4776f41900661045'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What professorship did Father Josh Carrier hold at Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Professor of Chemistry and Physics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",86]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b0fb4776f41900661042'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1882, Albert Zahm (John Zahm's brother) built an early wind tunnel used to compare lift to drag of aeronautical models. Around 1899, Professor Jerome Green became the first American to send a wireless message. In 1931, Father Julius Nieuwland performed early work on basic reactions that was used to create neoprene. Study of nuclear physics at the university began with the building of a nuclear accelerator in 1936, and continues now partly through a partnership in the Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did Albert Zahm begin comparing aeronatical models at Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1882'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b1da4776f41900661068'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which professor sent the first wireless message in the USA?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Professor Jerome Green'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",137]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b1da4776f41900661069'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did Jerome Green send his first wireless message?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Around 1899'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",124]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b1da4776f4190066106a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which individual worked on projects at Notre Dame that eventually created neoprene?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Father Julius Nieuwland'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",223]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b1da4776f4190066106b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the brother of John Zahm construct at Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'an early wind tunnel'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",50]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b1da4776f41900661067'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Lobund Institute grew out of pioneering research in germ-free-life which began in 1928. This area of research originated in a question posed by Pasteur as to whether animal life was possible without bacteria. Though others had taken up this idea, their research was short lived and inconclusive. Lobund was the first research organization to answer definitively, that such life is possible and that it can be prolonged through generations. But the objective was not merely to answer Pasteur's question but also to produce the germ free animal as a new tool for biological and medical research. This objective was reached and for years Lobund was a unique center for the study and production of germ free animals and for their use in biological and medical investigations. Today the work has spread to other universities. In the beginning it was under the Department of Biology and a program leading to the master's degree accompanied the research program. In the 1940s Lobund achieved independent status as a purely research organization and in 1950 was raised to the status of an Institute. In 1958 it was brought back into the Department of Biology as integral part of that department, but with its own program leading to the degree of PhD in Gnotobiotics.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Work on a germ-free-life ended up in the creation of which Notre Dame institute?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Lobund Institute'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b2fe4776f4190066108f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Around what time did Lobund of Notre Dame become independent?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the 1940s'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",964]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b2fe4776f41900661091'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did Lobund at Notre Dame become an Institute?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1950'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1050]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b2fe4776f41900661092'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Lobund Institute was merged into the Department of Biology at Notre Dame in what year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1958'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1100]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b2fe4776f41900661093'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did study of a germ-free-life begin at Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1928'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",87]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b2fe4776f41900661090'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Review of Politics was founded in 1939 by Gurian, modeled after German Catholic journals. It quickly emerged as part of an international Catholic intellectual revival, offering an alternative vision to positivist philosophy. For 44 years, the Review was edited by Gurian, Matthew Fitzsimons, Frederick Crosson, and Thomas Stritch. Intellectual leaders included Gurian, Jacques Maritain, Frank O'Malley, Leo Richard Ward, F. A. Hermens, and John U. Nef. It became a major forum for political ideas and modern political concerns, especially from a Catholic and scholastic tradition.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Gurian created what in 1939 at Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Review of Politics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b3d64776f419006610a3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the Review of Politics inspired by?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'German Catholic journals'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",69]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b3d64776f419006610a4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Over how many years did Gurian edit the Review of Politics at Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'44'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",234]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b3d64776f419006610a5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Thomas Stritch was an editor of which publican from Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Review of Politics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b3d64776f419006610a6'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'As of 2012[update] research continued in many fields. The university president, John Jenkins, described his hope that Notre Dame would become \"one of the pre–eminent research institutions in the world\" in his inaugural address. The university has many multi-disciplinary institutes devoted to research in varying fields, including the Medieval Institute, the Kellogg Institute for International Studies, the Kroc Institute for International Peace studies, and the Center for Social Concerns. Recent research includes work on family conflict and child development, genome mapping, the increasing trade deficit of the United States with China, studies in fluid mechanics, computational science and engineering, and marketing trends on the Internet. As of 2013, the university is home to the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index which ranks countries annually based on how vulnerable they are to climate change and how prepared they are to adapt.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the president of Notre Dame in 2012?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'John Jenkins'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",81]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b5344776f419006610dd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Kellogg Institute for International Studies is part of which university?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Notre Dame'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",119]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b5344776f419006610de'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does the Kroc Institute at Notre Dame focus on?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'International Peace studies'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",428]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b5344776f419006610df'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did Notre Dame begin to host the Global Adaptation Index?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2013'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",754]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b5344776f419006610e0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What threat does the Global Adaptation Index study?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'climate change'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",892]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b5344776f419006610e1'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 2014 the Notre Dame student body consisted of 12,179 students, with 8,448 undergraduates, 2,138 graduate and professional and 1,593 professional (Law, M.Div., Business, M.Ed.) students. Around 21–24% of students are children of alumni, and although 37% of students come from the Midwestern United States, the student body represents all 50 states and 100 countries. As of March 2007[update] The Princeton Review ranked the school as the fifth highest 'dream school' for parents to send their children. As of March 2015[update] The Princeton Review ranked Notre Dame as the ninth highest. The school has been previously criticized for its lack of diversity, and The Princeton Review ranks the university highly among schools at which \"Alternative Lifestyles [are] Not an Alternative.\" It has also been commended by some diversity oriented publications; Hispanic Magazine in 2004 ranked the university ninth on its list of the top–25 colleges for Latinos, and The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education recognized the university in 2006 for raising enrollment of African-American students. With 6,000 participants, the university's intramural sports program was named in 2004 by Sports Illustrated as the best program in the country, while in 2007 The Princeton Review named it as the top school where \"Everyone Plays Intramural Sports.\" The annual Bookstore Basketball tournament is the largest outdoor five-on-five tournament in the world with over 700 teams participating each year, while the Notre Dame Men's Boxing Club hosts the annual Bengal Bouts tournament that raises money for the Holy Cross Missions in Bangladesh.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many undergrads were attending Notre Dame in 2014?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'8,448'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",72]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b5df4776f41900661105'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percentage of students at Notre Dame are the children of former Notre Dame students?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'21–24%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",197]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b5df4776f41900661106'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many teams participate in the Notre Dame Bookstore Basketball tournament?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'over 700'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1447]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b5df4776f41900661107'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'For what cause is money raised at the Bengal Bouts tournament at Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Holy Cross Missions in Bangladesh'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1589]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b5df4776f41900661108'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many students in total were at Notre Dame in 2014?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'12,179'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",50]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b5df4776f41900661109'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'About 80% of undergraduates and 20% of graduate students live on campus. The majority of the graduate students on campus live in one of four graduate housing complexes on campus, while all on-campus undergraduates live in one of the 29 residence halls. Because of the religious affiliation of the university, all residence halls are single-sex, with 15 male dorms and 14 female dorms. The university maintains a visiting policy (known as parietal hours) for those students who live in dormitories, specifying times when members of the opposite sex are allowed to visit other students' dorm rooms; however, all residence halls have 24-hour social spaces for students regardless of gender. Many residence halls have at least one nun and\/or priest as a resident. There are no traditional social fraternities or sororities at the university, but a majority of students live in the same residence hall for all four years. Some intramural sports are based on residence hall teams, where the university offers the only non-military academy program of full-contact intramural American football. At the end of the intramural season, the championship game is played on the field in Notre Dame Stadium.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percentage of undergrads live on the Notre Dame campus?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'80%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",7]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b699d058e614000b6118'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many student housing areas are reserved for Notre Dame's graduate students?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'four'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",137]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b699d058e614000b6119'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many dorms for males are on the Notre Dame campus?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'15'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",351]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b699d058e614000b611a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What amount of the graduate student body at Notre Dame live on the campus?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'20%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",33]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b699d058e614000b611b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'There are how many dorms for females at Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'14'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",369]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b699d058e614000b611c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The university is affiliated with the Congregation of Holy Cross (Latin: Congregatio a Sancta Cruce, abbreviated postnominals: \"CSC\"). While religious affiliation is not a criterion for admission, more than 93% of students identify as Christian, with over 80% of the total being Catholic. Collectively, Catholic Mass is celebrated over 100 times per week on campus, and a large campus ministry program provides for the faith needs of the community. There are multitudes of religious statues and artwork around campus, most prominent of which are the statue of Mary on the Main Building, the Notre Dame Grotto, and the Word of Life mural on Hesburgh Library depicting Christ as a teacher. Additionally, every classroom displays a crucifix. There are many religious clubs (catholic and non-Catholic) at the school, including Council #1477 of the Knights of Columbus (KOC), Baptist Collegiate Ministry (BCM), Jewish Club, Muslim Student Association, Orthodox Christian Fellowship, The Mormon Club, and many more. The Notre Dame KofC are known for being the first collegiate council of KofC, operating a charitable concession stand during every home football game and owning their own building on campus which can be used as a cigar lounge. Fifty-seven chapels are located throughout the campus.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is Congregation of Holy Cross in Latin?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Congregatio a Sancta Cruce'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",74]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b7f74776f4190066112d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percentage of Notre Dame students feel they are Christian?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'more than 93%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",198]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b7f74776f4190066112e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How often is Catholic mass held at Notre Dame in a week?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'over 100 times'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",332]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b7f74776f4190066112f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many chapels are on the Notre Dame campus?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Fifty-seven'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1238]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b7f74776f41900661130'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What amount of the student body of Notre Dame identifies as Catholic?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'over 80%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",252]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b7f74776f41900661131'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'This Main Building, and the library collection, was entirely destroyed by a fire in April 1879, and the school closed immediately and students were sent home. The university founder, Fr. Sorin and the president at the time, the Rev. William Corby, immediately planned for the rebuilding of the structure that had housed virtually the entire University. Construction was started on the 17th of May and by the incredible zeal of administrator and workers the building was completed before the fall semester of 1879. The library collection was also rebuilt and stayed housed in the new Main Building for years afterwards. Around the time of the fire, a music hall was opened. Eventually becoming known as Washington Hall, it hosted plays and musical acts put on by the school. By 1880, a science program was established at the university, and a Science Hall (today LaFortune Student Center) was built in 1883. The hall housed multiple classrooms and science labs needed for early research at the university.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the music hall at Notre Dame called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Washington Hall'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",703]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57338653d058e614000b5c84'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was the Main Building at Notre Dame razed in a fire?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1879'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",91]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57338653d058e614000b5c81'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the president of Notre Dame in 1879?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Rev. William Corby'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",229]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57338653d058e614000b5c82'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what date was the rebuilding of The Main Building begun at Notre Dame after the fire that claimed the previous?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'17th of May'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",386]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57338653d058e614000b5c83'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the Science Hall at Notre Dame come to be known as?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'LaFortune Student Center'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",863]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57338653d058e614000b5c85'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1919 Father James Burns became president of Notre Dame, and in three years he produced an academic revolution that brought the school up to national standards by adopting the elective system and moving away from the university's traditional scholastic and classical emphasis. By contrast, the Jesuit colleges, bastions of academic conservatism, were reluctant to move to a system of electives. Their graduates were shut out of Harvard Law School for that reason. Notre Dame continued to grow over the years, adding more colleges, programs, and sports teams. By 1921, with the addition of the College of Commerce, Notre Dame had grown from a small college to a university with five colleges and a professional law school. The university continued to expand and add new residence halls and buildings with each subsequent president.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of education was pushed at Notre Dame before its embracing of national standards?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'scholastic and classical'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",245]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57338724d058e614000b5c9f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which college did Notre Dame add in 1921?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'College of Commerce'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",596]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57338724d058e614000b5ca1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In 1919 a new president of Notre Dame was named, who was it?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Father James Burns'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",9]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57338724d058e614000b5c9d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Over how many years did the change to national standards undertaken at Notre Dame in the early 20th century take place?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'three years'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",67]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57338724d058e614000b5c9e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Those who attended a Jesuit college may have been forbidden from joining which Law School due to the curricula at the Jesuit institution?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Harvard Law School'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",431]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57338724d058e614000b5ca0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'One of the main driving forces in the growth of the University was its football team, the Notre Dame Fighting Irish. Knute Rockne became head coach in 1918. Under Rockne, the Irish would post a record of 105 wins, 12 losses, and five ties. During his 13 years the Irish won three national championships, had five undefeated seasons, won the Rose Bowl in 1925, and produced players such as George Gipp and the \"Four Horsemen\". Knute Rockne has the highest winning percentage (.881) in NCAA Division I\/FBS football history. Rockne's offenses employed the Notre Dame Box and his defenses ran a 7–2–2 scheme. The last game Rockne coached was on December 14, 1930 when he led a group of Notre Dame all-stars against the New York Giants in New York City.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Notre Dame football team got a new head coach in 1918, who was it?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Knute Rockne'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",118]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573387acd058e614000b5cb1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the amount of wins Knute Rockne attained at Notre Dame while head coach?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'105'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",205]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573387acd058e614000b5cb2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did the team lead by Knute Rockne win the Rose Bowl?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1925'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",355]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573387acd058e614000b5cb5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many years was Knute Rockne head coach at Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'13'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",252]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573387acd058e614000b5cb3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many national titles were won when Knute Rockne coached at Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'three'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",275]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573387acd058e614000b5cb4'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The success of its football team made Notre Dame a household name. The success of Note Dame reflected rising status of Irish Americans and Catholics in the 1920s. Catholics rallied up around the team and listen to the games on the radio, especially when it knocked off the schools that symbolized the Protestant establishment in America — Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Army. Yet this role as high-profile flagship institution of Catholicism made it an easy target of anti-Catholicism. The most remarkable episode of violence was the clash between Notre Dame students and the Ku Klux Klan in 1924. Nativism and anti-Catholicism, especially when directed towards immigrants, were cornerstones of the KKK's rhetoric, and Notre Dame was seen as a symbol of the threat posed by the Catholic Church. The Klan decided to have a week-long Klavern in South Bend. Clashes with the student body started on March 17, when students, aware of the anti-Catholic animosity, blocked the Klansmen from descending from their trains in the South Bend station and ripped the KKK clothes and regalia. On May 19 thousands of students massed downtown protesting the Klavern, and only the arrival of college president Fr. Matthew Walsh prevented any further clashes. The next day, football coach Knute Rockne spoke at a campus rally and implored the students to obey the college president and refrain from further violence. A few days later the Klavern broke up, but the hostility shown by the students was an omen and a contribution to the downfall of the KKK in Indiana.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Catholic people identified with Notre Dame, what religious group did people feel Yale represented?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Protestant establishment'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",298]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573388ce4776f41900660cc3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Notre Dame students had a showdown in 1924 with which anti-catholic group?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Ku Klux Klan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",572]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573388ce4776f41900660cc4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which college president of Notre Dame is credited with preventing more confrontations between students and the KKK?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Fr. Matthew Walsh'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1194]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573388ce4776f41900660cc7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of event did the Klan intend to have at Notre Dame in March of 1924?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a week-long Klavern'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",820]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573388ce4776f41900660cc5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did Notre Dame students and the KKK have their encounter?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'South Bend'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",843]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573388ce4776f41900660cc6'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Holy Cross Father John Francis O'Hara was elected vice-president in 1933 and president of Notre Dame in 1934. During his tenure at Notre Dame, he brought numerous refugee intellectuals to campus; he selected Frank H. Spearman, Jeremiah D. M. Ford, Irvin Abell, and Josephine Brownson for the Laetare Medal, instituted in 1883. O'Hara strongly believed that the Fighting Irish football team could be an effective means to \"acquaint the public with the ideals that dominate\" Notre Dame. He wrote, \"Notre Dame football is a spiritual service because it is played for the honor and glory of God and of his Blessed Mother. When St. Paul said: 'Whether you eat or drink, or whatsoever else you do, do all for the glory of God,' he included football.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which person became vice-president of Notre Dame in 1933?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Father John Francis O'Hara'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",12]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57338a51d058e614000b5cf0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the president of Notre Dame in 1934?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Father John Francis O'Hara'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",12]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57338a51d058e614000b5cf1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Irvin Abell was given what award by Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Laetare Medal'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",293]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57338a51d058e614000b5cf2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which year was the Laetare Medal first given out at Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1883'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",322]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57338a51d058e614000b5cf3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'For whos glory did Father O'Hara believed that the Notre Dame football team played?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'God'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",588]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57338a51d058e614000b5cf4'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Rev. John J. Cavanaugh, C.S.C. served as president from 1946 to 1952. Cavanaugh's legacy at Notre Dame in the post-war years was devoted to raising academic standards and reshaping the university administration to suit it to an enlarged educational mission and an expanded student body and stressing advanced studies and research at a time when Notre Dame quadrupled in student census, undergraduate enrollment increased by more than half, and graduate student enrollment grew fivefold. Cavanaugh also established the Lobund Institute for Animal Studies and Notre Dame's Medieval Institute. Cavanaugh also presided over the construction of the Nieuwland Science Hall, Fisher Hall, and the Morris Inn, as well as the Hall of Liberal Arts (now O'Shaughnessy Hall), made possible by a donation from I.A. O'Shaughnessy, at the time the largest ever made to an American Catholic university. Cavanaugh also established a system of advisory councils at the university, which continue today and are vital to the university's governance and development'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Around the time that Rev. 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Enrollment nearly doubled from 4,979 to 9,600, faculty more than doubled 389 to 950, and degrees awarded annually doubled from 1,212 to 2,500.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the lifespan of Theodore Hesburgh?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1917–2015'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",38]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573393184776f41900660da6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In the time that Hesburgh was president of Notre Dame by what factor did the operating budget increase?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'18'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",182]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573393184776f41900660da8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the size of the Notre Dame endowment when Theodore Hesburgh became president?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$9 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",263]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573393184776f41900660da9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'During what years was Theodor Hesburgh president of Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1952–87'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",83]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573393184776f41900660da7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many faculty members were at Notre Dame when Hesburgh left the role of president?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'950'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",440]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573393184776f41900660daa'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Hesburgh is also credited with transforming the face of Notre Dame by making it a coeducational institution. In the mid-1960s Notre Dame and Saint Mary's College developed a co-exchange program whereby several hundred students took classes not offered at their home institution, an arrangement that added undergraduate women to a campus that already had a few women in the graduate schools. After extensive debate, merging with St. Mary's was rejected, primarily because of the differential in faculty qualifications and pay scales. \"In American college education,\" explained the Rev. Charles E. Sheedy, C.S.C., Notre Dame's Dean of Arts and Letters, \"certain features formerly considered advantageous and enviable are now seen as anachronistic and out of place.... In this environment of diversity, the integration of the sexes is a normal and expected aspect, replacing separatism.\" Thomas Blantz, C.S.C., Notre Dame's Vice President of Student Affairs, added that coeducation \"opened up a whole other pool of very bright students.\" Two of the male residence halls were converted for the newly admitted female students that first year, while two others were converted for the next school year. In 1971 Mary Ann Proctor became the first female undergraduate; she transferred from St. Mary's College. 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He increased the faculty by more than 500 professors; the academic quality of the student body has improved dramatically, with the average SAT score rising from 1240 to 1360; the number of minority students more than doubled; the endowment grew from $350 million to more than $3 billion; the annual operating budget rose from $177 million to more than $650 million; and annual research funding improved from $15 million to more than $70 million. Notre Dame's most recent[when?] capital campaign raised $1.1 billion, far exceeding its goal of $767 million, and is the largest in the history of Catholic higher education.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'During what years was Edward Malloy president of Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1987–2005'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",65]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573394c84776f41900660ddd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the SAT score, on average, at Notre Dame when Edward Malloy became president?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1240'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",315]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573394c84776f41900660ddf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When Malloy became president of Notre Dame what was the size of the endowment?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$350 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",404]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573394c84776f41900660de0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When Malloy reached the end of his time as president how much annuals funding for research did Notre Dame have?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'more than $70 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",577]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573394c84776f41900660de1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The amount of professors at Notre Dame increased by what amount under Malloy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'500'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",192]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573394c84776f41900660dde'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Since 2005, Notre Dame has been led by John I. Jenkins, C.S.C., the 17th president of the university. Jenkins took over the position from Malloy on July 1, 2005. In his inaugural address, Jenkins described his goals of making the university a leader in research that recognizes ethics and building the connection between faith and studies. 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The Old College building has become one of two seminaries on campus run by the Congregation of Holy Cross. The current Basilica of the Sacred Heart is located on the spot of Fr. Sorin's original church, which became too small for the growing college. It is built in French Revival style and it is decorated by stained glass windows imported directly from France. The interior was painted by Luigi Gregori, an Italian painter invited by Fr. Sorin to be artist in residence. The Basilica also features a bell tower with a carillon. Inside the church there are also sculptures by Ivan Mestrovic. The Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes, which was built in 1896, is a replica of the original in Lourdes, France. It is very popular among students and alumni as a place of prayer and meditation, and it is considered one of the most beloved spots on campus.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which congregation is in charge of the Old College at Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Congregation of Holy Cross'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",163]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573398164776f41900660e21'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What structure is found on the location of the original church of Father Sorin at Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Basilica of the Sacred Heart'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",203]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573398164776f41900660e22'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which architectural style is the Basilica of the Sacred Heart at Notre Dame made?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'French Revival'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",350]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573398164776f41900660e23'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which individual painted the inside of the Basilica of the Sacred Heart at Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Luigi Gregori'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",475]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573398164776f41900660e24'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was the Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes at Notre Dame constructed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1896'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",731]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573398164776f41900660e25'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'A Science Hall was built in 1883 under the direction of Fr. Zahm, but in 1950 it was converted to a student union building and named LaFortune Center, after Joseph LaFortune, an oil executive from Tulsa, Oklahoma. Commonly known as \"LaFortune\" or \"LaFun,\" it is a 4-story building of 83,000 square feet that provides the Notre Dame community with a meeting place for social, recreational, cultural, and educational activities. LaFortune employs 35 part-time student staff and 29 full-time non-student staff and has an annual budget of $1.2 million. Many businesses, services, and divisions of The Office of Student Affairs are found within. The building also houses restaurants from national restaurant chains.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which person oversaw the creation of a science hall at Notre Dame in 1883?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Fr. 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Over the years 29 residence halls have been built to accommodate students and each has been constructed with its own chapel. Many academic building were added together with a system of libraries, the most prominent of which is the Theodore Hesburgh Library, built in 1963 and today containing almost 4 million books. Since 2004, several buildings have been added, including the DeBartolo Performing Arts Center, the Guglielmino Complex, and the Jordan Hall of Science. Additionally, a new residence for men, Duncan Hall, was begun on March 8, 2007, and began accepting residents for the Fall 2008 semester. Ryan Hall was completed and began housing undergraduate women in the fall of 2009. A new engineering building, Stinson-Remick Hall, a new combination Center for Social Concerns\/Institute for Church Life building, Geddes Hall, and a law school addition have recently been completed as well. Additionally the new hockey arena opened in the fall of 2011. The Stayer Center for Executive Education, which houses the Mendoza College of Business Executive Education Department opened in March 2013 just South of the Mendoza College of Business building. Because of its long athletic tradition, the university features also many building dedicated to sport. The most famous is Notre Dame Stadium, home of the Fighting Irish football team; it has been renovated several times and today it can hold more than 80 thousand people. Prominent venues include also the Edmund P. Joyce Center, with indoor basketball and volleyball courts, and the Compton Family Ice Arena, a two-rink facility dedicated to hockey. 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Notre Dame's dining services sources 40% of its food locally and offers sustainably caught seafood as well as many organic, fair-trade, and vegan options. On the Sustainable Endowments Institute's College Sustainability Report Card 2010, University of Notre Dame received a \"B\" grade. The university also houses the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies. Father Gustavo Gutierrez, the founder of Liberation Theology is a current faculty member.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did Notre Dame create the Office of Sustainability?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2008'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",143]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57339b36d058e614000b5ea3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percentage of the food served at Notre Dame is locally grown?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'40%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",472]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57339b36d058e614000b5ea4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Notre Dame got a \"B\" for its sustainability practices from which entity?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sustainable Endowments Institute'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",597]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57339b36d058e614000b5ea5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Gustavo Gutierrez is faculty of which institute?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",751]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57339b36d058e614000b5ea6'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The university owns several centers around the world used for international studies and research, conferences abroad, and alumni support. The university has had a presence in London, England, since 1968. Since 1998, its London center has been based in the former United University Club at 1 Suffolk Street in Trafalgar Square. The center enables the Colleges of Arts & Letters, Business Administration, Science, Engineering and the Law School to develop their own programs in London, as well as hosting conferences and symposia. Other Global Gateways are located in Beijing, Chicago, Dublin, Jerusalem and Rome.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did Notre Dame first have a facility in England?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1968'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",199]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57339c184776f41900660ea5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'At which location is the London Center operated by Notre Dame found?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1 Suffolk Street in Trafalgar Square'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",290]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57339c184776f41900660ea6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Notre Dame has a center in Beijing, what is it referred to as?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Global Gateways'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",536]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57339c184776f41900660ea7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did the Suffolk Street location start to house a Notre Dame facility?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1998'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",211]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57339c184776f41900660ea8'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The College of Arts and Letters was established as the university's first college in 1842 with the first degrees given in 1849. The university's first academic curriculum was modeled after the Jesuit Ratio Studiorum from Saint Louis University. Today the college, housed in O'Shaughnessy Hall, includes 20 departments in the areas of fine arts, humanities, and social sciences, and awards Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) degrees in 33 majors, making it the largest of the university's colleges. 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Dillon's scientific courses were six years of work, including higher-level mathematics courses. Today the college, housed in the newly built Jordan Hall of Science, includes over 1,200 undergraduates in six departments of study – biology, chemistry, mathematics, physics, pre-professional studies, and applied and computational mathematics and statistics (ACMS) – each awarding Bachelor of Science (B.S.) degrees. 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Today the school, housed in Bond Hall, offers a five-year undergraduate program leading to the Bachelor of Architecture degree. All undergraduate students study the third year of the program in Rome. The university is globally recognized for its Notre Dame School of Architecture, a faculty that teaches (pre-modernist) traditional and classical architecture and urban planning (e.g. following the principles of New Urbanism and New Classical Architecture). 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Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, and a slide library in O'Shaughnessy Hall. A theology library was also opened in fall of 2015. Located on the first floor of Stanford Hall, it is the first branch of the library system to be housed in a dorm room. The library system holds over three million volumes, was the single largest university library in the world upon its completion, and remains one of the 100 largest libraries in the country.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did the opening of a theology library at Notre Dame occur?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2015'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",389]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733adb64776f41900661001'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where is the theology library at Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the first floor of Stanford Hall'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",406]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733adb64776f41900661002'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many books are held by the Notre Dame libraries?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'over three million volumes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",539]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733adb64776f41900661003'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Currently where does Notre Dame's library rank in the nation?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'one of the 100 largest'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",655]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733adb64776f41900661004'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The rise of Hitler and other dictators in the 1930s forced numerous Catholic intellectuals to flee Europe; president John O'Hara brought many to Notre Dame. From Germany came Anton-Hermann Chroust (1907–1982) in classics and law, and Waldemar Gurian a German Catholic intellectual of Jewish descent. Positivism dominated American intellectual life in the 1920s onward but in marked contrast, Gurian received a German Catholic education and wrote his doctoral dissertation under Max Scheler. Ivan Meštrović (1883–1962), a renowned sculptor, brought Croatian culture to campus, 1955–62. Yves Simon (1903–61), brought to ND in the 1940s the insights of French studies in the Aristotelian-Thomistic tradition of philosophy; his own teacher Jacques Maritain (1882–73) was a frequent visitor to campus.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What caused many intellectual Catholics to leave europe in the 1930s?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The rise of Hitler and other dictators'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b496d058e614000b60ce'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'From where did Anton-Hermann Chroust come to reach Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Germany'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",163]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b496d058e614000b60cf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What field of study did Anton-Hermann Chroust specialize in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'classics and law'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",213]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b496d058e614000b60d0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Waldemar Gurian receive his tutelage under while seeking his doctorate?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Max Scheler'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",479]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b496d058e614000b60d1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Ivan Meštrović known for being?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a renowned sculptor'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",520]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b496d058e614000b60d2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The University of Notre Dame du Lac (or simply Notre Dame \/ˌnoʊtərˈdeɪm\/ NOH-tər-DAYM) is a Catholic research university located adjacent to South Bend, Indiana, in the United States. In French, Notre Dame du Lac means \"Our Lady of the Lake\" and refers to the university's patron saint, the Virgin Mary. The main campus covers 1,250 acres in a suburban setting and it contains a number of recognizable landmarks, such as the Golden Dome, the \"Word of Life\" mural (commonly known as Touchdown Jesus), and the Basilica.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The school known as Notre Dame is known by a more lengthy name, what is it?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'University of Notre Dame du'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573382a14776f41900660c2d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of institution is the Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Catholic research university'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",93]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573382a14776f41900660c2e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The French words Notre Dame du Lac translate to what in English?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Our Lady of the Lake'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",221]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573382a14776f41900660c2f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is the patron saint of Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Virgin Mary'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",288]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573382a14776f41900660c30'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How large is Notre Dame in acres?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1,250'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",328]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573382a14776f41900660c31'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Notre Dame rose to national prominence in the early 1900s for its Fighting Irish football team, especially under the guidance of the legendary coach Knute Rockne. The university's athletic teams are members of the NCAA Division I and are known collectively as the Fighting Irish. The football team, an Independent, has accumulated eleven consensus national championships, seven Heisman Trophy winners, 62 members in the College Football Hall of Fame and 13 members in the Pro Football Hall of Fame and is considered one of the most famed and successful college football teams in history. Other ND teams, chiefly in the Atlantic Coast Conference, have accumulated 16 national championships. The Notre Dame Victory March is often regarded as the most famous and recognizable collegiate fight song.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What caused Notre Dame to become notable in the early 20th century?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'its Fighting Irish football team'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",63]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573383494776f41900660c41'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which 20th century Notre Dame football coach is most notable?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Knute Rockne'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",150]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573383494776f41900660c42'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which athletic association are the student athletes at Notre Dame a part of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'NCAA Division I'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",215]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573383494776f41900660c43'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many students at Notre Dame received the Heisman Trophy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'seven'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",373]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573383494776f41900660c44'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'There were multiple students from Notre Dame who entered the Pro Football Hall of Fame, how many?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'13'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",455]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573383494776f41900660c45'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Besides its prominence in sports, Notre Dame is also a large, four-year, highly residential research University, and is consistently ranked among the top twenty universities in the United States  and as a major global university. The undergraduate component of the university is organized into four colleges (Arts and Letters, Science, Engineering, Business) and the Architecture School. The latter is known for teaching New Classical Architecture and for awarding the globally renowned annual Driehaus Architecture Prize. Notre Dame's graduate program has more than 50 master's, doctoral and professional degree programs offered by the five schools, with the addition of the Notre Dame Law School and a MD-PhD program offered in combination with IU medical School. It maintains a system of libraries, cultural venues, artistic and scientific museums, including Hesburgh Library and the Snite Museum of Art. Over 80% of the university's 8,000 undergraduates live on campus in one of 29 single-sex residence halls, each with its own traditions, legacies, events and intramural sports teams. The university counts approximately 120,000 alumni, considered among the strongest alumni networks among U.S. colleges.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where among US universities does Notre Dame rank?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'among the top twenty'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",141]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573383e94776f41900660c5a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many individual colleges are part of Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'four'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",295]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573383e94776f41900660c5b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which prize does the Architecture School at Notre Dame give out?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Driehaus Architecture Prize'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",495]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573383e94776f41900660c5c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many doctorate and masters programs are available at Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'more than 50'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",558]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573383e94776f41900660c5d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which art museum does Notre Dame administer?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Snite Museum of Art'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",888]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573383e94776f41900660c5e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1842, the Bishop of Vincennes, Célestine Guynemer de la Hailandière, offered land to Father Edward Sorin of the Congregation of the Holy Cross, on the condition that he build a college in two years. Fr. Sorin arrived on the site with eight Holy Cross brothers from France and Ireland on November 26, 1842, and began the school using Father Stephen Badin's old log chapel. He soon erected additional buildings, including Old College, the first church, and the first main building. They immediately acquired two students and set about building additions to the campus.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was Father Edward Sorin given two years to create a college?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1842'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733849bd058e614000b5c56'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which individual offered land to Father Edward Sorin?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Célestine Guynemer de la Hailandière'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",35]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733849bd058e614000b5c57'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which church was Father Edward Sorin representing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Congregation of the Holy Cross'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",112]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733849bd058e614000b5c58'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what date did brothers from Holy Cross arrive at the future location of Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'November 26, 1842'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",291]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733849bd058e614000b5c59'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which structure was the first used for the purposes of the college?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Father Stephen Badin's old log chapel'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",337]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733849bd058e614000b5c5a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The first degrees from the college were awarded in 1849. The university was expanded with new buildings to accommodate more students and faculty. With each new president, new academic programs were offered and new buildings built to accommodate them. The original Main Building built by Sorin just after he arrived was replaced by a larger \"Main Building\" in 1865, which housed the university's administration, classrooms, and dormitories. Beginning in 1873, a library collection was started by Father Lemonnier. By 1879 it had grown to ten thousand volumes that were housed in the Main Building.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did the initial degrees get handed out at Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1849'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",52]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573385394776f41900660c7f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did the original Sorin built Main Building get replaced?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1865'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",360]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573385394776f41900660c80'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which individual began a library at Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Father Lemonnier'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",496]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573385394776f41900660c81'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year had the library at Notre Dame reach 10,000 books?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1879'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",517]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573385394776f41900660c82'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was the library at Notre Dame started?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1873'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",454]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573385394776f41900660c83'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The television station, NDtv, grew from one show in 2002 to a full 24-hour channel with original programming by September 2006. WSND-FM serves the student body and larger South Bend community at 88.9 FM, offering students a chance to become involved in bringing classical music, fine arts and educational programming, and alternative rock to the airwaves. Another radio station, WVFI, began as a partner of WSND-FM. More recently, however, WVFI has been airing independently and is streamed on the Internet.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which television station finds its home at Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'NDtv'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",25]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c0064776f41900661198'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many programs did NDtv feature in 2002?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'one show'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",41]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c0064776f41900661199'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which radio station provides radio to the students of Notre Dame at 88.9 FM?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'WSND-FM'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",129]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c0064776f4190066119a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which internet radio station of Notre Dame is served as an internet stream?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'WVFI'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",441]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c0064776f4190066119b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The first phase of Eddy Street Commons, a $215 million development located adjacent to the University of Notre Dame campus and funded by the university, broke ground on June 3, 2008. The Eddy Street Commons drew union protests when workers hired by the City of South Bend to construct the public parking garage picketed the private work site after a contractor hired non-union workers. The developer, Kite Realty out of Indianapolis, has made agreements with major national chains rather than local businesses, a move that has led to criticism from alumni and students.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much is Eddy Street Commons at Notre Dame expected to cost?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$215 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",43]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c0e6d058e614000b61d7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was ground broke on the Eddy Street Commons Project of Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'June 3, 2008'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",170]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c0e6d058e614000b61d8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is the developer of Eddy Street Commons?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Kite Realty'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",402]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c0e6d058e614000b61d9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which entity did Notre Dame hire to build a parking structure outside of Eddy Street Commons?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the City of South Bend'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",250]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c0e6d058e614000b61da'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'There were protested as a part of the construction at Eddy Street Commons, they came due tot he hiring of whom?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'non-union workers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",368]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c0e6d058e614000b61db'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Notre Dame teams are known as the Fighting Irish. They compete as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I, primarily competing in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) for all sports since the 2013–14 school year. The Fighting Irish previously competed in the Horizon League from 1982-83 to 1985-86, and again from 1987-88 to 1994-95, and then in the Big East Conference through 2012–13. Men's sports include baseball, basketball, crew, cross country, fencing, football, golf, ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis and track & field; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, fencing, golf, lacrosse, rowing, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field and volleyball. The football team competes as an Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) Independent since its inception in 1887. Both fencing teams compete in the Midwest Fencing Conference, and the men's ice hockey team competes in Hockey East.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does the acronym NCAA stand for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'National Collegiate Athletic Association'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",83]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c1a94776f419006611a6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which league did Notre Dame Fighting Irish teams participate in in 1982?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Horizon League'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",294]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c1a94776f419006611a7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What when conference do the Notre Dame fencing teams take part in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Midwest Fencing Conference'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",890]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c1a94776f419006611a8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'There is a conference that the male hockey team of Notre Dame competes in, what is it?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hockey East'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",960]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c1a94776f419006611a9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what conference did the Fighting Irish take part in in 2012?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Big East Conference'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",385]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c1a94776f419006611aa'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Notre Dame's conference affiliations for all of its sports except football and fencing changed in July 2013 as a result of major conference realignment, and its fencing affiliation will change in July 2014. The Irish left the Big East for the ACC during a prolonged period of instability in the Big East; while they maintain their football independence, they have committed to play five games per season against ACC opponents. In ice hockey, the Irish were forced to find a new conference home after the Big Ten Conference's decision to add the sport in 2013–14 led to a cascade of conference moves that culminated in the dissolution of the school's former hockey home, the Central Collegiate Hockey Association, after the 2012–13 season. Notre Dame moved its hockey team to Hockey East. After Notre Dame joined the ACC, the conference announced it would add fencing as a sponsored sport beginning in the 2014–15 school year. There are many theories behind the adoption of the athletics moniker but it is known that the Fighting Irish name was used in the early 1920s with respect to the football team and was popularized by alumnus Francis Wallace in his New York Daily News columns. The official colors of Notre Dame are Navy Blue and Gold Rush which are worn in competition by its athletic teams. In addition, the color green is often worn because of the Fighting Irish nickname. The Notre Dame Leprechaun is the mascot of the athletic teams. Created by Theodore W. Drake in 1964, the leprechaun was first used on the football pocket schedule and later on the football program covers. The leprechaun was featured on the cover of Time in November 1964 and gained national exposure.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'To what conference did the Fighting Irish go after the Big East?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the ACC'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",240]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c29c4776f419006611b8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many teams in each season do the Fighting Irish commit to play against ACC opponents?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'five'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",383]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c29c4776f419006611b9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did the Fighting Irish hockey team compete prior to a move to Hockey East, in terms of conference?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Central Collegiate Hockey Association'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",675]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c29c4776f419006611ba'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What colors are the official ones used by Notre Dame in sport competition?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Navy Blue and Gold Rush'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1224]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c29c4776f419006611bb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of mascot do the Notre Dame sport teams have?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Leprechaun'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1399]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c29c4776f419006611bc'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On July 1, 2014, the University of Notre Dame and Under Armour reached an agreement in which Under Armour will provide uniforms, apparel,equipment, and monetary compensation to Notre Dame for 10 years. This contract, worth almost $100 million, is the most lucrative in the history of the NCAA. The university marching band plays at home games for most of the sports. The band, which began in 1846 and has a claim as the oldest university band in continuous existence in the United States, was honored by the National Music Council as a \"Landmark of American Music\" during the United States Bicentennial. The band regularly plays the school's fight song the Notre Dame Victory March, which was named as the most played and most famous fight song by Northern Illinois Professor William Studwell. According to College Fight Songs: An Annotated Anthology published in 1998, the \"Notre Dame Victory March\" ranks as the greatest fight song of all time.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who currently provides uniforms to Notre Dame sport teams?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Under Armour'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",51]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c3184776f419006611c2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the value of the contract between Under Armour and Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'almost $100 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",224]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c3184776f419006611c3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Notre Dame marching band form?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1846'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",393]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c3184776f419006611c4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is notable about the Notre Dame marching band?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'oldest university band in continuous existence in the United States'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",421]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c3184776f419006611c5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the Notre Dame fight song?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Notre Dame Victory March'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",658]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c3184776f419006611c6'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Notre Dame football team has a long history, first beginning when the Michigan Wolverines football team brought football to Notre Dame in 1887 and played against a group of students. In the long history since then, 13 Fighting Irish teams have won consensus national championships (although the university only claims 11), along with another nine teams being named national champion by at least one source. Additionally, the program has the most members in the College Football Hall of Fame, is tied with Ohio State University with the most Heisman Trophies won, and have the highest winning percentage in NCAA history. With the long history, Notre Dame has accumulated many rivals, and its annual game against USC for the Jeweled Shillelagh has been named by some as one of the most important in college football and is often called the greatest intersectional rivalry in college football in the country.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which team did Notre Dame's football team find inspiration from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Michigan Wolverines football team'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",75]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c4494776f419006611da'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did Notre Dame football begin?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1887'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",143]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c4494776f419006611db'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What university is Notre Dame tied with in terms of most Heisman Trophy winners?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ohio State University'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",510]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c4494776f419006611dc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Against which team does Notre Dame compete for the Jeweled Shillelagh?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'USC'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",716]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c4494776f419006611dd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In terms of Notre Dame students in the College Football Hall of Fame the amount of students named is what ?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the most'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",442]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c4494776f419006611de'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'George Gipp was the school's legendary football player during 1916–20. He played semiprofessional baseball and smoked, drank, and gambled when not playing sports. He was also humble, generous to the needy, and a man of integrity. It was in 1928 that famed coach Knute Rockne used his final conversation with the dying Gipp to inspire the Notre Dame team to beat the Army team and \"win one for the Gipper.\" The 1940 film, Knute Rockne, All American, starred Pat O'Brien as Knute Rockne and Ronald Reagan as Gipp. Today the team competes in Notre Dame Stadium, an 80,795-seat stadium on campus. The current head coach is Brian Kelly, hired from the University of Cincinnati on December 11, 2009. Kelly's record in midway through his sixth season at Notre Dame is 52–21. In 2012, Kelly's Fighting Irish squad went undefeated and played in the BCS National Championship Game. Kelly succeeded Charlie Weis, who was fired in November 2009 after five seasons. Although Weis led his team to two Bowl Championship Series bowl games, his overall record was 35–27, mediocre by Notre Dame standards, and the 2007 team had the most losses in school history. The football team generates enough revenue to operate independently while $22.1 million is retained from the team's profits for academic use. Forbes named the team as the most valuable in college football, worth a total of $101 million in 2007.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What notable football player played at Notre Dame from 1916 to 1920?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'George Gipp'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c743d058e614000b622d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Against which opponent did Knute Rockne tell his team to \"win one for the Gipper?\"'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Army team'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",363]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c743d058e614000b622e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which person portrayed Knute Rockne in the 1940 movie \"Knute Rockne?\"'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pat O'Brien'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",458]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c743d058e614000b622f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Ronald Reagan played the role of whom in 1940's \"Knute Rockne?\"'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Gipp'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",507]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c743d058e614000b6230'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many seats are in Notre Dame Stadium?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'80,795'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",563]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c743d058e614000b6231'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Football gameday traditions During home games, activities occur all around campus and different dorms decorate their halls with a traditional item (e.g. Zahm House's two-story banner). Traditional activities begin at the stroke of midnight with the Drummers' Circle. This tradition involves the drum line of the Band of the Fighting Irish and ushers in the rest of the festivities that will continue the rest of the gameday Saturday. Later that day, the trumpet section will play the Notre Dame Victory March and the Notre Dame Alma Mater under the dome. The band entire will play a concert at the steps of Bond Hall, from where they will march into Notre Dame Stadium, leading fans and students alike across campus to the game.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is displayed at Zahm House for football home games at Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'two-story banner'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",167]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ca05d058e614000b6263'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What occurs at midnight preceding a football home game at Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Drummers' Circle'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",246]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ca05d058e614000b6264'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'From where does the Band of the Fighting Irish lead a march to the Notre Dame Stadium for football home games?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the steps of Bond Hall'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",595]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ca05d058e614000b6265'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What songs does the trumpet section of the Band of the Fighting Irish play preceding home football games?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Notre Dame Victory March and the Notre Dame Alma Mater'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",481]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ca05d058e614000b6266'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what day do Notre Dame home football games occur?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Saturday'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",425]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ca05d058e614000b6267'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The men's basketball team has over 1,600 wins, one of only 12 schools who have reached that mark, and have appeared in 28 NCAA tournaments. Former player Austin Carr holds the record for most points scored in a single game of the tournament with 61. Although the team has never won the NCAA Tournament, they were named by the Helms Athletic Foundation as national champions twice. The team has orchestrated a number of upsets of number one ranked teams, the most notable of which was ending UCLA's record 88-game winning streak in 1974. The team has beaten an additional eight number-one teams, and those nine wins rank second, to UCLA's 10, all-time in wins against the top team. The team plays in newly renovated Purcell Pavilion (within the Edmund P. Joyce Center), which reopened for the beginning of the 2009–2010 season. The team is coached by Mike Brey, who, as of the 2014–15 season, his fifteenth at Notre Dame, has achieved a 332-165 record. In 2009 they were invited to the NIT, where they advanced to the semifinals but were beaten by Penn State who went on and beat Baylor in the championship. The 2010–11 team concluded its regular season ranked number seven in the country, with a record of 25–5, Brey's fifth straight 20-win season, and a second-place finish in the Big East. During the 2014-15 season, the team went 32-6 and won the ACC conference tournament, later advancing to the Elite 8, where the Fighting Irish lost on a missed buzzer-beater against then undefeated Kentucky. Led by NBA draft picks Jerian Grant and Pat Connaughton, the Fighting Irish beat the eventual national champion Duke Blue Devils twice during the season. The 32 wins were the most by the Fighting Irish team since 1908-09.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many wins does the Notre Dame men's basketball team have?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'over 1,600'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",31]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733caf74776f4190066124c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many schools have a similar men's basketball record to Notre Dame in terms of wins?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'12'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",60]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733caf74776f4190066124d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many NCAA tournaments did the Notre Dame men's basketball team take part in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'28'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",120]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733caf74776f4190066124e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which Notre Dame men's basketball player has the record for more points in one game?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Austin Carr'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",155]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733caf74776f4190066124f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the Notre Dame men's basketball coach in 2014?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mike Brey'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",851]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733caf74776f41900661250'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The \"Notre Dame Victory March\" is the fight song for the University of Notre Dame. It was written by two brothers who were Notre Dame graduates. The Rev. Michael J. Shea, a 1904 graduate, wrote the music, and his brother, John F. Shea, who earned degrees in 1906 and 1908, wrote the original lyrics. The lyrics were revised in the 1920s; it first appeared under the copyright of the University of Notre Dame in 1928. The chorus is, \"Cheer cheer for old Notre Dame, wake up the echos cheering her name. Send a volley cheer on high, shake down the thunder from the sky! What though the odds be great or small, old Notre Dame will win over all. While her loyal sons are marching, onward to victory!\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who wrote the original lyrics to the Notre Dame Victory March?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'John F. Shea'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",223]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733cbdad058e614000b628d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did Michael J. 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George Gipp was played by Ronald Reagan, whose nickname \"The Gipper\" was derived from this role. This scene was parodied in the movie Airplane! with the same background music, only this time honoring George Zipp, one of Ted Striker's former comrades. The song also was prominent in the movie Rudy, with Sean Astin as Daniel \"Rudy\" Ruettiger, who harbored dreams of playing football at the University of Notre Dame despite significant obstacles.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Ronald Reagan had a nickname, what was it?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Gipper'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",268]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ccbe4776f41900661270'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what film did a parody of the \"Win one for the Gipper\" speech appear?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Airplane!'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",345]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ccbe4776f41900661271'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who starred as Daniel Ruettiger in the film Rudy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sean Astin'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",514]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ccbe4776f41900661272'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which person was a former comrade to Ted Striker in the film Airplane!?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'George Zipp'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",411]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ccbe4776f41900661273'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Pat O'Brien portrayed which person in the film Knute Rockne?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Knute Rockne'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",41]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ccbe4776f41900661274'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Notre Dame alumni work in various fields. Alumni working in political fields include state governors, members of the United States Congress, and former United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice. A notable alumnus of the College of Science is Medicine Nobel Prize winner Eric F. Wieschaus. A number of university heads are alumni, including Notre Dame's current president, the Rev. John Jenkins. Additionally, many alumni are in the media, including talk show hosts Regis Philbin and Phil Donahue, and television and radio personalities such as Mike Golic and Hannah Storm. With the university having high profile sports teams itself, a number of alumni went on to become involved in athletics outside the university, including professional baseball, basketball, football, and ice hockey players, such as Joe Theismann, Joe Montana, Tim Brown, Ross Browner, Rocket Ismail, Ruth Riley, Jeff Samardzija, Jerome Bettis, Brett Lebda, Olympic gold medalist Mariel Zagunis, professional boxer Mike Lee, former football coaches such as Charlie Weis, Frank Leahy and Knute Rockne, and Basketball Hall of Famers Austin Carr and Adrian Dantley. Other notable alumni include prominent businessman Edward J. DeBartolo, Jr. and astronaut Jim Wetherbee.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which Secretary of State attended Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Condoleezza Rice'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",186]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733cd504776f4190066128e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which Notre Dame alum from the College of Science won a Nobel Prize?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Eric F. Wieschaus'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",279]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733cd504776f4190066128f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is the current president of Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Rev. John Jenkins'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",385]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733cd504776f41900661290'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Mariel Zagunis is notable for winning what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Olympic gold'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",938]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733cd504776f41900661291'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which notable astronaut is known to have attended Notre Dame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jim Wetherbee'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1233]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733cd504776f41900661292'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'University of Notre Dame'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter (\/biːˈjɒnseɪ\/ bee-YON-say) (born September 4, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, record producer and actress. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child, and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of R&B girl-group Destiny's Child. Managed by her father, Mathew Knowles, the group became one of the world's best-selling girl groups of all time. Their hiatus saw the release of Beyoncé's debut album, Dangerously in Love (2003), which established her as a solo artist worldwide, earned five Grammy Awards and featured the Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles \"Crazy in Love\" and \"Baby Boy\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Beyonce start becoming popular?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'in the late 1990s'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",270]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56be85543aeaaa14008c9063'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What areas did Beyonce compete in when she was growing up?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'singing and dancing'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",208]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56be85543aeaaa14008c9065'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Beyonce leave Destiny's Child and become a solo singer?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2003'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",527]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56be85543aeaaa14008c9066'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what city and state did Beyonce  grow up? 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In 1997, Destiny's Child released their major label debut song \"Killing Time\" on the soundtrack to the 1997 film, Men in Black. The following year, the group released their self-titled debut album, scoring their first major hit \"No, No, No\". The album established the group as a viable act in the music industry, with moderate sales and winning the group three Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards for Best R&B\/Soul Album of the Year, Best R&B\/Soul or Rap New Artist, and Best R&B\/Soul Single for \"No, No, No\". The group released their multi-platinum second album The Writing's on the Wall in 1999. The record features some of the group's most widely known songs such as \"Bills, Bills, Bills\", the group's first number-one single, \"Jumpin' Jumpin'\" and \"Say My Name\", which became their most successful song at the time, and would remain one of their signature songs. \"Say My Name\" won the Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals and the Best R&B Song at the 43rd Annual Grammy Awards. The Writing's on the Wall sold more than eight million copies worldwide. During this time, Beyoncé recorded a duet with Marc Nelson, an original member of Boyz II Men, on the song \"After All Is Said and Done\" for the soundtrack to the 1999 film, The Best Man.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which film featured Destiny's Child's first major single?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Men in Black'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",216]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56be8c8a3aeaaa14008c90a9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'For which song, did Destiny's Child take home the grammy award for best R&B performance?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"Say My Name\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",849]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56be8c8a3aeaaa14008c90ab'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Beyonce record with for the movie \"The Best Man?\"'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Marc Nelson'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1213]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56be8c8a3aeaaa14008c90ac'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Beyonce's group changed their name to Destiny's Child in what year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1996'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",52]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56bf7cb63aeaaa14008c9677'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The name Destiny's Child was based on a quote in which book of the Bible?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Book of Isaiah'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",86]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56bf7cb63aeaaa14008c9678'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Debut song, \"Killing Time\" was featured on what movie's sound track?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Men in Black'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",216]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56bf7cb63aeaaa14008c9679'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What song won Best R&B Performance in the 43 Annual Grammy Awards?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Say My Name'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",850]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56bf7cb63aeaaa14008c967a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What singer did Beyonce record a song with for the movie, ''The Best Man\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Marc Nelson'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1213]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56bf7cb63aeaaa14008c967b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did Destiny's Child get their name from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Book of Isaiah.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",86]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d45fcb2ccc5a1400d830f9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Destiny's Child song, Killing Time, was included in which film's soundtrack?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Men in Black.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",216]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d45fcb2ccc5a1400d830fa'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Destiny's Child's first major song hit?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'No, No, No'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",331]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d45fcb2ccc5a1400d830fb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Destiny's Child release their second album?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1999'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",689]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d45fcb2ccc5a1400d830fc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Beyoncé sing a duet with for \"The Best Man\" film?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Marc Nelson'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1213]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d45fcb2ccc5a1400d830fd'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Beyoncé'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'LeToya Luckett and Roberson became unhappy with Mathew's managing of the band and eventually were replaced by Farrah Franklin and Michelle Williams. Beyoncé experienced depression following the split with Luckett and Roberson after being publicly blamed by the media, critics, and blogs for its cause. Her long-standing boyfriend left her at this time. The depression was so severe it lasted for a couple of years, during which she occasionally kept herself in her bedroom for days and refused to eat anything. Beyoncé stated that she struggled to speak about her depression because Destiny's Child had just won their first Grammy Award and she feared no one would take her seriously. Beyoncé would later speak of her mother as the person who helped her fight it. Franklin was dismissed, leaving just Beyoncé, Rowland, and Williams.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What mental health issue did Beyonce go through?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'depression'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",170]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56be8d423aeaaa14008c90b2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What event occured after she was publicly criticized?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'boyfriend left her'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",321]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56be8d423aeaaa14008c90b3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who supported Beyonce through her depression?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'her mother'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",715]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56be8d423aeaaa14008c90b6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What event caused Beyonce's depression?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'split with Luckett and Rober'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",195]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56bf7e603aeaaa14008c9681'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How long was Beyonce depressed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a couple of years'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",397]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56bf7e603aeaaa14008c9682'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who helped Beyonce fight her depression the most?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'her mother'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",715]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56bf7e603aeaaa14008c9685'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who replaced Luckett and Roberson in Destiny's Child?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Farrah Franklin and Michelle Williams.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",111]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d462f82ccc5a1400d8311f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was blamed for Luckett and Roberson leaving Destiny's Child?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Beyoncé'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",150]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d462f82ccc5a1400d83120'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who helped Beyoncé overcome her depression during the years following the Destiny's Child split?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'her mother'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",715]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d462f82ccc5a1400d83121'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which newest member was removed from Destiny's Child?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Farrah Franklin'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",111]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d462f82ccc5a1400d83123'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Beyoncé'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The remaining band members recorded \"Independent Women Part I\", which appeared on the soundtrack to the 2000 film, Charlie's Angels. It became their best-charting single, topping the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart for eleven consecutive weeks. In early 2001, while Destiny's Child was completing their third album, Beyoncé landed a major role in the MTV made-for-television film, Carmen: A Hip Hopera, starring alongside American actor Mekhi Phifer. Set in Philadelphia, the film is a modern interpretation of the 19th century opera Carmen by French composer Georges Bizet. When the third album Survivor was released in May 2001, Luckett and Roberson filed a lawsuit claiming that the songs were aimed at them. The album debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200, with first-week sales of 663,000 copies sold. The album spawned other number-one hits, \"Bootylicious\" and the title track, \"Survivor\", the latter of which earned the group a Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals. After releasing their holiday album 8 Days of Christmas in October 2001, the group announced a hiatus to further pursue solo careers.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'\"Charlie's Angels\" featured which single from the band members?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Independent Women Part I'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",38]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56be8e353aeaaa14008c90c6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many weeks did their single \"Independent Women Part I\" stay on top?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'eleven'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",217]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56be8e353aeaaa14008c90c7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'For what network, did Beyonce land a major movie role in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'MTV'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",349]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56be8e353aeaaa14008c90c8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Their third album, Survivor, sold how many during its first week?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'663,000 copies'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",794]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56be8e353aeaaa14008c90c9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What French composer wrote the original opera ''Carmen'' in the 19th century?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Georges Bizet'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",558]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56bf89cfa10cfb1400551162'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What album caused a lawsuit to be filed in 2001?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Survivor'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",594]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56bf89cfa10cfb1400551163'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Independent Women Part I was on which 2000 film's soundtrack?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Charlie's Angels.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",116]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4831f2ccc5a1400d83154'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which film did Beyoncé star in 2001 with Mekhi Phifer?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Carmen: A Hip Hopera'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",379]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4831f2ccc5a1400d83155'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of Destiny Child's third album?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Survivor'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",594]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4831f2ccc5a1400d83156'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who filed a lawsuit over Survivor?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Luckett and Roberson'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",629]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4831f2ccc5a1400d83157'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Destiny's Child announce their hiatus?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'October 2001'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1071]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4831f2ccc5a1400d83158'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Beyoncé'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In July 2002, Beyoncé continued her acting career playing Foxxy Cleopatra alongside Mike Myers in the comedy film, Austin Powers in Goldmember, which spent its first weekend atop the US box office and grossed $73 million. Beyoncé released \"Work It Out\" as the lead single from its soundtrack album which entered the top ten in the UK, Norway, and Belgium. In 2003, Beyoncé starred opposite Cuba Gooding, Jr., in the musical comedy The Fighting Temptations as Lilly, a single mother whom Gooding's character falls in love with. The film received mixed reviews from critics but grossed $30 million in the U.S. Beyoncé released \"Fighting Temptation\" as the lead single from the film's soundtrack album, with Missy Elliott, MC Lyte, and Free which was also used to promote the film. Another of Beyoncé's contributions to the soundtrack, \"Summertime\", fared better on the US charts.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Beyonce star with in the movie, \"Austin Powers in Goldmember\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mike Myers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",85]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56be8fdf3aeaaa14008c90da'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which three countries did Beyonce's song \"Work It Out\" achieve top ten status?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'UK, Norway, and Belgium'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",332]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56be8fdf3aeaaa14008c90db'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Beyonce starred with Cuba Gooding Jr. in which film?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Fighting Temptations'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",432]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56be8fdf3aeaaa14008c90dc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Beyonce record the lead single with in the movie \"The Fighting Temptations\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Missy Elliott'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",706]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56be8fdf3aeaaa14008c90dd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which other song from the soundtrack did better in the charts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Summertime'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",835]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56be8fdf3aeaaa14008c90de'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What film did Beyonce appear in with Mike Myers?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Austin Powers in Goldmember'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",116]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56bf8c8aa10cfb140055116b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What large amount did the movie \"Goldmember\" gross?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'73 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",211]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56bf8c8aa10cfb140055116c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What genre of movie did Beyonce star in with Cuba Gooding, Jr?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'musical comedy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",417]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56bf8c8aa10cfb140055116d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What song was the lead single from the film's sound track?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Fighting Temptations'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",436]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56bf8c8aa10cfb140055116e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How did the critics view the movie, ''The Fighting Temptations''?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'mixed reviews'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",546]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56bf8c8aa10cfb140055116f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What film did Beyoncé star in with Mike Myers in 2002?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Austin Powers in Goldmember'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",116]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d484312ccc5a1400d8315e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Beyoncé's character called in Austin Powers in Goldmember?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Foxxy Cleopatra'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",59]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d484312ccc5a1400d8315f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which song did Beyoncé release as the lead single for Austin Powers in Goldmember's soundtrack?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Work It Out'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",241]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d484312ccc5a1400d83160'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What musical comedy did Beyoncé star in along with Cuba Gooding, Jr. in 2003?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Fighting Temptations'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",432]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d484312ccc5a1400d83161'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What song did Beyoncé release as the lead single from The Fighting Tempations?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Fighting Temptations'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",436]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d484312ccc5a1400d83162'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Beyoncé'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Beyoncé's first solo recording was a feature on Jay Z's \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" that was released in October 2002, peaking at number four on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart. Her first solo album Dangerously in Love was released on June 24, 2003, after Michelle Williams and Kelly Rowland had released their solo efforts. The album sold 317,000 copies in its first week, debuted atop the Billboard 200, and has since sold 11 million copies worldwide. The album's lead single, \"Crazy in Love\", featuring Jay Z, became Beyoncé's first number-one single as a solo artist in the US. The single \"Baby Boy\" also reached number one, and singles, \"Me, Myself and I\" and \"Naughty Girl\", both reached the top-five. The album earned Beyoncé a then record-tying five awards at the 46th Annual Grammy Awards; Best Contemporary R&B Album, Best Female R&B Vocal Performance for \"Dangerously in Love 2\", Best R&B Song and Best Rap\/Sung Collaboration for \"Crazy in Love\", and Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals for \"The Closer I Get to You\" with Luther Vandross.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the highest Beyonce's first solo recording achieved in the Billboard Hot 100?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'number four'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",124]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56be90ee3aeaaa14008c90e4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Beyonce's first album by herself was called what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Dangerously in Love'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",194]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56be90ee3aeaaa14008c90e5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many has \"Dangerously in Love\" sould worldwide since its debut?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'11 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",420]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56be90ee3aeaaa14008c90e6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Beyonce's first number one song was which song?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Crazy in Love'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",475]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56be90ee3aeaaa14008c90e7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many top five singles came from her first album?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'four'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",131]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56be90ee3aeaaa14008c90e8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Beyonce's first solo album in the U.S. with what artist in the lead single?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jay Z'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",49]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56bf8fc1a10cfb1400551175'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What solo album did Beyonce release in 2003?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Dangerously in Love'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",194]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56bf8fc1a10cfb1400551176'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","' The album, Dangerously in Love  achieved what spot on the Billboard Top 100 chart?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'number four'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",124]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56bf8fc1a10cfb1400551177'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'\"The Closer I get to You\" was recorded with which artist?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Luther Vandross'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1043]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56bf8fc1a10cfb1400551178'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which artist was associated with Beyoncé's premiere solo recording?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jay Z'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",49]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4b9702ccc5a1400d83172'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Beyoncé release her first solo album?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'June 24, 2003'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",230]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4b9702ccc5a1400d83173'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the lead single on Beyoncé's first album?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Crazy in Love'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",475]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4b9702ccc5a1400d83174'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who helped Beyoncé earn a Grammy award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group at the 46th annual Grammy Awards?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Luther Vandross.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1043]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4b9702ccc5a1400d83175'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many awards did Beyoncé win at the 46th Grammy's Awards?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'five.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",697]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4b9702ccc5a1400d83176'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Beyoncé'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In November 2003, she embarked on the Dangerously in Love Tour in Europe and later toured alongside Missy Elliott and Alicia Keys for the Verizon Ladies First Tour in North America. On February 1, 2004, Beyoncé performed the American national anthem at Super Bowl XXXVIII, at the Reliant Stadium in Houston, Texas. After the release of Dangerously in Love, Beyoncé had planned to produce a follow-up album using several of the left-over tracks. However, this was put on hold so she could concentrate on recording Destiny Fulfilled, the final studio album by Destiny's Child. Released on November 15, 2004, in the US and peaking at number two on the Billboard 200, Destiny Fulfilled included the singles \"Lose My Breath\" and \"Soldier\", which reached the top five on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Destiny's Child embarked on a worldwide concert tour, Destiny Fulfilled... and Lovin' It and during the last stop of their European tour, in Barcelona on June 11, 2005, Rowland announced that Destiny's Child would disband following the North American leg of the tour. 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They placed her fourth on the Celebrity 100 list in 2009 and ninth on the \"Most Powerful Women in the World\" list in 2010. The following year, Forbes placed her eighth on the \"Best-Paid Celebrities Under 30\" list, having earned $35 million in the past year for her clothing line and endorsement deals. In 2012, Forbes placed Beyoncé at number 16 on the Celebrity 100 list, twelve places lower than three years ago yet still having earned $40 million in the past year for her album 4, clothing line and endorsement deals. In the same year, Beyoncé and Jay Z placed at number one on the \"World's Highest-Paid Celebrity Couples\", for collectively earning $78 million. The couple made it into the previous year's Guinness World Records as the \"highest-earning power couple\" for collectively earning $122 million in 2009. For the years 2009 to 2011, Beyoncé earned an average of $70 million per year, and earned $40 million in 2012. 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The line will launch in April 2016.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Beyonce, during October 2014, partnered with whom to produce an outdoor line of clothing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Topshop'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",111]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56bed3e63aeaaa14008c94e0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Beyonce and Topshops first products were to be sold in stores when?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'autumn 2015'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",251]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56bed3e63aeaaa14008c94e1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the new business called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",148]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56bfe66ea10cfb140055137e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is Beyonce's percentage of ownership in the new venture?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'50'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",127]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56bfe66ea10cfb1400551380'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When will the full line appear?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'April 2016'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",288]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56bfe66ea10cfb1400551381'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What company did Beyoncé contract with to sell clothing in England?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Topshop'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",111]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4f71e2ccc5a1400d833a8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the equal partnership's fashion line between Beyoncé and the British company to come out in 2016?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",148]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4f71e2ccc5a1400d833a9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of clothing does the British partnership with Beyoncé sell?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'activewear'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",53]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4f71e2ccc5a1400d833aa'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Beyoncé'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'After Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Beyoncé and Rowland founded the Survivor Foundation to provide transitional housing for victims in the Houston area, to which Beyoncé contributed an initial $250,000. The foundation has since expanded to work with other charities in the city, and also provided relief following Hurricane Ike three years later.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What national disaster caused Beyonce to create the Survivor Foundation?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hurricane Katrina'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",7]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56bed4553aeaaa14008c94e5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much cash did Beyonce put into the venture, the Survivor Foundation at startup?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'250,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",192]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56bed4553aeaaa14008c94e7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What hurricane years later after Katrina did the organization provide support for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ike'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",322]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56bed4553aeaaa14008c94e8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Beyonce and Rowland found in 2005?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Survivor Foundation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",62]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56bfe7eaa10cfb1400551387'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much did Beyonce initially contribute to the foundation?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$250,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",191]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56bfe7eaa10cfb1400551389'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How has this foundation changed in recent years?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'expanded to work with other charities'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",226]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56bfe7eaa10cfb140055138a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What foundation did Beyoncé start after Hurricane Katrina?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Survivor Foundation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",66]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4f7a22ccc5a1400d833ae'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much money did Beyoncé contribute at the beginning of her Hurricane Katrina foundation?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$250,000.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",191]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4f7a22ccc5a1400d833b0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What other hurricane did Beyoncé's foundation help with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hurricane Ike'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",312]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4f7a22ccc5a1400d833b1'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Beyoncé'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Beyoncé participated in George Clooney and Wyclef Jean's Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief telethon and was named the official face of the limited edition CFDA \"Fashion For Haiti\" T-shirt, made by Theory which raised a total of $1 million. On March 5, 2010, Beyoncé and her mother Tina opened the Beyoncé Cosmetology Center at the Brooklyn Phoenix House, offering a seven-month cosmetology training course for men and women. In April 2011, Beyoncé joined forces with US First Lady Michelle Obama and the National Association of Broadcasters Education Foundation, to help boost the latter's campaign against child obesity by reworking her single \"Get Me Bodied\". Following the death of Osama bin Laden, Beyoncé released her cover of the Lee Greenwood song \"God Bless the USA\", as a charity single to help raise funds for the New York Police and Fire Widows' and Children's Benefit Fund.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Beyonce participate with in the Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'George Clooney and Wyclef Jean'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",25]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56bed4c23aeaaa14008c94ed'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Beyonce opened a cosmetology center in what location?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Brooklyn Phoenix House'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",357]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56bed4c23aeaaa14008c94ee'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'After Osama Bin Laden's death, what single did Beyonce cover?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'God Bless the USA'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",782]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56bed4c23aeaaa14008c94ef'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much did the T-shirt with Beyonce's image on it make? 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Beyoncé became an ambassador for the 2012 World Humanitarian Day campaign donating her song \"I Was Here\" and its music video, shot in the UN, to the campaign. In 2013, it was announced that Beyoncé would work with Salma Hayek and Frida Giannini on a Gucci \"Chime for Change\" campaign that aims to spread female empowerment. The campaign, which aired on February 28, was set to her new music. A concert for the cause took place on June 1, 2013 in London and included other acts like Ellie Goulding, Florence and the Machine, and Rita Ora. In advance of the concert, she appeared in a campaign video released on 15 May 2013, where she, along with Cameron Diaz, John Legend and Kylie Minogue, described inspiration from their mothers, while a number of other artists celebrated personal inspiration from other women, leading to a call for submission of photos of women of viewers' inspiration from which a selection was shown at the concert. Beyoncé said about her mother Tina Knowles that her gift was \"finding the best qualities in every human being.\" With help of the crowdfunding platform Catapult, visitors of the concert could choose between several projects promoting education of women and girls. Beyoncé is also taking part in \"Miss a Meal\", a food-donation campaign, and supporting Goodwill charity through online charity auctions at Charitybuzz that support job creation throughout Europe and the U.S.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which national event caused Beyonce to produce \"Demand a Plan?\"'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",281]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56bed5983aeaaa14008c94f3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What song did Beyonce contribute to the campaign?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'I Was Here'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",413]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56bed5983aeaaa14008c94f4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Beyonce is contributing to which food-donation campaign?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Miss a Meal'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1554]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56bed5983aeaaa14008c94f5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On June 1 , 2013 where was the concert held for \"a Chime for Change\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'London'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",766]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56bed5983aeaaa14008c94f6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Beyonce was speaking about whom when she said her gift was \"finding the best qualities in every human being.\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'her mother'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1278]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56bed5983aeaaa14008c94f7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Demand a Plan video campaign followed what tragic event?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",281]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56bfed855a85de14001c7864'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the focus of the Gucci Chime for Change campaign?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'spread female empowerment'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",617]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56bfed855a85de14001c7866'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What crowdfunding platform was used in the concert?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Catapult'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1410]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56bfed855a85de14001c7868'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the campaign that Beyoncé and others are involved in that deals with gun control?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Demand A Plan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",109]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4fa2e2ccc5a1400d833ca'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What school shooting prompted the creation of Demand A Plan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sandy Hook Elementary School'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",281]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4fa2e2ccc5a1400d833cb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What song did Beyoncé donate to the 2012 World Humanitarian Day campaign?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'I Was Here'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",413]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4fa2e2ccc5a1400d833cc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Beyoncé work with in 2013 on the Chime for Change campaign?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Salma Hayek and Frida Giannini'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",534]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4fa2e2ccc5a1400d833cd'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Beyoncé'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Montana i\/mɒnˈtænə\/ is a state in the Western region of the United States. The state's name is derived from the Spanish word montaña (mountain). Montana has several nicknames, although none official, including \"Big Sky Country\" and \"The Treasure State\", and slogans that include \"Land of the Shining Mountains\" and more recently \"The Last Best Place\". Montana is ranked 4th in size, but 44th in population and 48th in population density of the 50 United States. The western third of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges. Smaller island ranges are found throughout the state. In total, 77 named ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where does the state's name come from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Spanish word montaña (mountain)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",113]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733bd9bd058e614000b6199'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the states rank in size?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'4th'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",371]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733bd9bd058e614000b619a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is its rank in popularion?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'44th'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",388]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733bd9bd058e614000b619b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'77'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",591]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733bd9bd058e614000b619c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where does the state's name come from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'from the Spanish word montaña'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",104]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f0e34776f41900661573'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Montana schoolchildren played a significant role in selecting several state symbols. The state tree, the ponderosa pine, was selected by Montana schoolchildren as the preferred state tree by an overwhelming majority in a referendum held in 1908. However, the legislature did not designate a state tree until 1949, when the Montana Federation of Garden Clubs, with the support of the state forester, lobbied for formal recognition. Schoolchildren also chose the western meadowlark as the state bird, in a 1930 vote, and the legislature acted to endorse this decision in 1931. Similarly, the secretary of state sponsored a children's vote in 1981 to choose a state animal, and after 74 animals were nominated, the grizzly bear won over the elk by a 2–1 margin. The students of Livingston started a statewide school petition drive plus lobbied the governor and the state legislature to name the Maiasaura as the state fossil in 1985.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year was the state tree selected?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1908'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",241]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d7164776f4190066132e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the state tree actually assigned?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1949'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",309]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d7164776f4190066132f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year was the state animal selected?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1981'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",641]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d7164776f41900661330'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the state animal of Montana?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'grizzly bear'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",713]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d7164776f41900661331'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the state fossil'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Maiasaura'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",893]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d7164776f41900661332'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The state song was not composed until 21 years after statehood, when a musical troupe led by Joseph E. Howard stopped in Butte in September 1910. A former member of the troupe who lived in Butte buttonholed Howard at an after-show party, asking him to compose a song about Montana and got another partygoer, the city editor for the Butte Miner newspaper, Charles C. Cohan, to help. The two men worked up a basic melody and lyrics in about a half-hour for the entertainment of party guests, then finished the song later that evening, with an arrangement worked up the following day. Upon arriving in Helena, Howard's troupe performed 12 encores of the new song to an enthusiastic audience and the governor proclaimed it the state song on the spot, though formal legislative recognition did not occur until 1945. Montana is one of only three states to have a \"state ballad\", \"Montana Melody\", chosen by the legislature in 1983. Montana was the first state to also adopt a State Lullaby.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the state song composed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1910'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",141]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d7fd4776f41900661342'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Montana's motto, Oro y Plata, Spanish for \"Gold and Silver\", recognizing the significant role of mining, was first adopted in 1865, when Montana was still a territory. A state seal with a miner's pick and shovel above the motto, surrounded by the mountains and the Great Falls of the Missouri River, was adopted during the first meeting of the territorial legislature in 1864–65. The design was only slightly modified after Montana became a state and adopted it as the Great Seal of the State of Montana, enacted by the legislature in 1893. The state flower, the bitterroot, was adopted in 1895 with the support of a group called the Floral Emblem Association, which formed after Montana's Women's Christian Temperance Union adopted the bitterroot as the organization's state flower. All other symbols were adopted throughout the 20th century, save for Montana's newest symbol, the state butterfly, the mourning cloak, adopted in 2001, and the state lullaby, \"Montana Lullaby\", adopted in 2007.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is Montana's motto? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Oro y Plata'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",18]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d858d058e614000b63c7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does Montana's motto mean?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"Gold and Silver\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",43]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d858d058e614000b63c8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the motto adopted?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1865'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",127]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d858d058e614000b63c9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'WHen was the state flower adopted?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1895'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",591]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d858d058e614000b63ca'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the state flower for Montana?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'bitterroot'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",738]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d858d058e614000b63cb'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The state also has five Micropolitan Statistical Areas centered on Bozeman, Butte, Helena, Kalispell and Havre. These communities, excluding Havre, are colloquially known as the \"big 7\" Montana cities, as they are consistently the seven largest communities in Montana, with a significant population difference when these communities are compared to those that are 8th and lower on the list. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the population of Montana's seven most populous cities, in rank order, are Billings, Missoula, Great Falls, Bozeman, Butte, Helena and Kalispell. Based on 2013 census numbers, they collectively contain 35 percent of Montana's population. and the counties containing these communities hold 62 percent of the state's population. The geographic center of population of Montana is located in sparsely populated Meagher County, in the town of White Sulphur Springs.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much of the states population does the \"Big 7\" have?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'35 percent'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",629]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e9864776f419006614cc'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Montana has 56 counties with the United States Census Bureau stating Montana's contains 364 \"places\", broken down into 129 incorporated places and 235 census-designated places. Incorporated places consist of 52 cities, 75 towns, and two consolidated city-counties. Montana has one city, Billings, with a population over 100,000; and two cities with populations over 50,000, Missoula and Great Falls. These three communities are considered the centers of Montana's three Metropolitan Statistical Areas.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many counties does Montana have?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'56'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",13]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733eefe4776f4190066154b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What city in Montana has over 100,000 people?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Billings'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",288]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733eefe4776f4190066154c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What two cities have a population over 50,000?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Missoula and Great Falls'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",375]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733eefe4776f4190066154d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The name Montana comes from the Spanish word Montaña, meaning \"mountain\", or more broadly, \"mountainous country\". Montaña del Norte was the name given by early Spanish explorers to the entire mountainous region of the west. The name Montana was added to a bill by the United States House Committee on Territories, which was chaired at the time by Rep. James Ashley of Ohio, for the territory that would become Idaho Territory. The name was successfully changed by Representatives Henry Wilson (Massachusetts) and Benjamin F. Harding (Oregon), who complained that Montana had \"no meaning\". When Ashley presented a bill to establish a temporary government in 1864 for a new territory to be carved out of Idaho, he again chose Montana Territory. This time Rep. Samuel Cox, also of Ohio, objected to the name. Cox complained that the name was a misnomer given that most of the territory was not mountainous and that a Native American name would be more appropriate than a Spanish one. Other names such as Shoshone were suggested, but it was eventually decided that the Committee on Territories could name it whatever they wanted, so the original name of Montana was adopted.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where does the state's name mean?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"mountain\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",63]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f18ad058e614000b6643'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the Spanish call this region?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Montaña del Norte'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",115]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f18ad058e614000b6644'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'With a total area of 147,040 square miles (380,800 km2), Montana is slightly larger than Japan. It is the fourth largest state in the United States after Alaska, Texas, and California; the largest landlocked U.S. state; and the 56th largest national state\/province subdivision in the world. To the north, Montana shares a 545-mile (877 km) border with three Canadian provinces: British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan, the only state to do so. It borders North Dakota and South Dakota to the east, Wyoming to the south and Idaho to the west and southwest.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the total area of Montana?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'147,040 square miles'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",22]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f5d34776f419006615bb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What state does Montana border to the south?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Wyoming'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",503]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f5d34776f419006615bc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What state does it border to the west?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Idaho'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",528]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f5d34776f419006615bd'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The topography of the state is roughly defined by the Continental Divide, which splits much of the state into distinct eastern and western regions. Most of Montana's 100 or more named mountain ranges are concentrated in the western half of the state, most of which is geologically and geographically part of the Northern Rocky Mountains. The Absaroka and Beartooth ranges in the south-central part of the state are technically part of the Central Rocky Mountains. The Rocky Mountain Front is a significant feature in the north-central portion of the state, and there are a number of isolated island ranges that interrupt the prairie landscape common in the central and eastern parts of the state. About 60 percent of the state is prairie, part of the northern Great Plains.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where are most of the states mountain ranges?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'western half of the state'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",225]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573408fed058e614000b6835'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much of the state is prarie?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'About 60 percent'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",698]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573408fed058e614000b6836'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The northern section of the Divide, where the mountains give way rapidly to prairie, is part of the Rocky Mountain Front. The front is most pronounced in the Lewis Range, located primarily in Glacier National Park. Due to the configuration of mountain ranges in Glacier National Park, the Northern Divide (which begins in Alaska's Seward Peninsula) crosses this region and turns east in Montana at Triple Divide Peak. It causes the Waterton River, Belly, and Saint Mary rivers to flow north into Alberta, Canada. There they join the Saskatchewan River, which ultimately empties into Hudson Bay.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which direction do the rivers flow near the Triple Divide Peak?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'north'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",486]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573409bed058e614000b6839'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where does the Saskatchewan River empty into?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hudson Bay.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",584]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573409bed058e614000b683a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'East of the divide, several roughly parallel ranges cover the southern part of the state, including the Gravelly Range, the Madison Range, Gallatin Range, Absaroka Mountains and the Beartooth Mountains. The Beartooth Plateau is the largest continuous land mass over 10,000 feet (3,000 m) high in the continental United States. It contains the highest point in the state, Granite Peak, 12,799 feet (3,901 m) high. North of these ranges are the Big Belt Mountains, Bridger Mountains, Tobacco Roots, and several island ranges, including the Crazy Mountains and Little Belt Mountains.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How high is the Beartooth Plateau?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'over 10,000 feet'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",262]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340a0dd058e614000b6851'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is thie highest point in the state?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Granite Peak'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",372]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340a0dd058e614000b6852'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How high is Granite Peak?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'12,799 feet'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",386]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340a0dd058e614000b6853'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'However, at the state level, the pattern of split ticket voting and divided government holds. Democrats currently hold one of the state's U.S. Senate seats, as well as four of the five statewide offices (Governor, Superintendent of Public Instruction, Secretary of State and State Auditor). The lone congressional district has been Republican since 1996 and in 2014 Steve Daines won one of the state's Senate seats for the GOP. The Legislative branch had split party control between the house and senate most years between 2004 and 2010, when the mid-term elections returned both branches to Republican control. The state Senate is, as of 2015, controlled by the Republicans 29 to 21, and the State House of Representatives at 59 to 41.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many seats do Democrats hold in the state US Senate's seats?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'one'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",120]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340bdf4776f419006617a3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How long has the single congressional district been Republican?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1996'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",350]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340bdf4776f419006617a4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the split in the State House of Representatives?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'59 to 41.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",728]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340bdf4776f419006617a6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the split in the state Senate controller by the Republicans?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'29 to 21'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",676]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340bdf4776f419006617a5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In presidential elections, Montana was long classified as a swing state, though the state has voted for the Republican candidate in all but two elections from 1952 to the present. The state last supported a Democrat for president in 1992, when Bill Clinton won a plurality victory. Overall, since 1889 the state has voted for Democratic governors 60 percent of the time and Democratic presidents 40 percent of the time, with these numbers being 40\/60 for Republican candidates. In the 2008 presidential election, Montana was considered a swing state and was ultimately won by Republican John McCain, albeit by a narrow margin of two percent.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In elections, what is Montana considered?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a swing state'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",59]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341184d058e614000b68da'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year was the last Democrat for president supported?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1992'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",234]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341184d058e614000b68db'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How often has Montana voted for a Democratic governor?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'60 percent'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",348]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341184d058e614000b68dc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How often does Montana voted for a Democratic president?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'40 percent'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",397]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341184d058e614000b68dd'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport is the busiest airport in the state of Montana, surpassing Billings Logan International Airport in the spring of 2013. Montana's other major Airports include Billings Logan International Airport, Missoula International Airport, Great Falls International Airport, Glacier Park International Airport, Helena Regional Airport, Bert Mooney Airport and Yellowstone Airport. Eight smaller communities have airports designated for commercial service under the Essential Air Service program.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the busiest airport in Montana?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573412ebd058e614000b68f0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Bozeman Airport surpass Billings Logan as the largest busiest in Montana?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2013'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",156]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573412ebd058e614000b68f1'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Railroads have been an important method of transportation in Montana since the 1880s. Historically, the state was traversed by the main lines of three east-west transcontinental routes: the Milwaukee Road, the Great Northern, and the Northern Pacific. Today, the BNSF Railway is the state's largest railroad, its main transcontinental route incorporating the former Great Northern main line across the state. Montana RailLink, a privately held Class II railroad, operates former Northern Pacific trackage in western Montana.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the states largest railway?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'BNSF Railway'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",264]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573413594776f41900661803'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How long have railroads been important since in Montana'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1880s'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",80]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573413594776f41900661804'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Montana is home to the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation and has a historic big game hunting tradition. There are fall bow and general hunting seasons for elk, pronghorn antelope, whitetail deer and mule deer. A random draw grants a limited number of permits for moose, mountain goats and bighorn sheep. There is a spring hunting season for black bear and in most years, limited hunting of bison that leave Yellowstone National Park is allowed. Current law allows both hunting and trapping of a specific number of wolves and mountain lions. Trapping of assorted fur bearing animals is allowed in certain seasons and many opportunities exist for migratory waterfowl and upland bird hunting.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the big game hunting foundation in Montana?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",24]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573414644776f4190066180d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What season is black bear hunting allowed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'spring'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",312]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573414644776f4190066180e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What two predators can be hunted in specific numbers?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'wolves and mountain lions'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",511]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573414644776f4190066180f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Montana has been a destination for its world-class trout fisheries since the 1930s. Fly fishing for several species of native and introduced trout in rivers and lakes is popular for both residents and tourists throughout the state. Montana is the home of the Federation of Fly Fishers and hosts many of the organizations annual conclaves. The state has robust recreational lake trout and kokanee salmon fisheries in the west, walleye can be found in many parts of the state, while northern pike, smallmouth and largemouth bass fisheries as well as catfish and paddlefish can be found in the waters of eastern Montana. Robert Redford's 1992 film of Norman Mclean's novel, A River Runs Through It, was filmed in Montana and brought national attention to fly fishing and the state.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Since when has Montana been a destination for trout fisheries?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1930s'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",78]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341539d058e614000b6906'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What fishing organization has its home here?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Federation of Fly Fishers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",260]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341539d058e614000b6907'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of fisheries does the state have?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'trout and kokanee salmon fisheries'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",379]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341539d058e614000b6908'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What Robert Redford movie was shot here in 1002?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'A River Runs Through It'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",672]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341539d058e614000b6909'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Montana Territory was formed on April 26, 1864, when the U.S. passed the Organic Act. Schools started forming in the area before it was officially a territory as families started settling into the area. The first schools were subscription schools that typically held in the teacher's home. The first formal school on record was at Fort Owen in Bitterroot valley in 1862. The students were Indian children and the children of Fort Owen employees. The first school term started in early winter and only lasted until February 28. Classes were taught by Mr. Robinson. Another early subscription school was started by Thomas Dimsdale in Virginia City in 1863. In this school students were charged $1.75 per week. The Montana Territorial Legislative Assembly had its inaugural meeting in 1864. The first legislature authorized counties to levy taxes for schools, which set the foundations for public schooling. Madison County was the first to take advantage of the newly authorized taxes and it formed fhe first public school in Virginia City in 1886. The first school year was scheduled to begin in January 1866, but severe weather postponed its opening until March. The first school year ran through the summer and didn't end until August 17. One of the first teachers at the school was Sarah Raymond. She was a 25-year-old woman who had traveled to Virginia City via wagon train in 1865. To become a certified teacher, Raymond took a test in her home and paid a $6 fee in gold dust to obtain a teaching certificate. With the help of an assistant teacher, Mrs. Farley, Raymond was responsible for teaching 50 to 60 students each day out of the 81 students enrolled at the school. Sarah Raymond was paid at a rate of $125 per month, and Mrs. Farley was paid $75 per month. There were no textbooks used in the school. In their place was an assortment of books brought in by various emigrants. Sarah quit teaching the following year, but would later become the Madison County superintendent of schools.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the Montana Territory formed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'April 26, 1864'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",37]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734161dd058e614000b690e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the first formal school on record?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1862'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",370]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734161dd058e614000b690f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much were students charged per week?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$1.75'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",697]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734161dd058e614000b6910'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the first public school in Virginia City formed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1886'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1045]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734161dd058e614000b6911'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Montana contains thousands of named rivers and creeks, 450 miles (720 km) of which are known for \"blue-ribbon\" trout fishing. Montana's water resources provide for recreation, hydropower, crop and forage irrigation, mining, and water for human consumption. Montana is one of few geographic areas in the world whose rivers form parts of three major watersheds (i.e. where two continental divides intersect). Its rivers feed the Pacific Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and Hudson Bay. The watersheds divide at Triple Divide Peak in Glacier National Park.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many miles of rivers are known for high class trout?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'450'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",56]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573416974776f41900661835'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What Bay do rivers from Montana feed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hudson Bay'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",467]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573416974776f41900661836'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where do the watersheds divide at?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Triple Divide Peak in Glacier National Park.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",504]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573416974776f41900661837'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What ocean do rivers flow into from Montana?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pacific Ocean'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",428]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573416974776f41900661838'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'East of the divide the Missouri River, which is formed by the confluence of the Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin rivers near Three Forks, flows due north through the west-central part of the state to Great Falls. From this point, it then flows generally east through fairly flat agricultural land and the Missouri Breaks to Fort Peck reservoir. The stretch of river between Fort Benton and the Fred Robinson Bridge at the western boundary of Fort Peck Reservoir was designated a National Wild and Scenic River in 1976. The Missouri enters North Dakota near Fort Union, having drained more than half the land area of Montana (82,000 square miles (210,000 km2)). Nearly one-third of the Missouri River in Montana lies behind 10 dams: Toston, Canyon Ferry, Hauser, Holter, Black Eagle, Rainbow, Cochrane, Ryan, Morony, and Fort Peck.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What rivers form the Missouri River?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin rivers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",81]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734173b4776f4190066184f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Near where do the rivers form up for the Missouri river merging?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Three Forks'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",125]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734173b4776f41900661850'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which direction does the water flow in this area?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'north'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",148]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734173b4776f41900661851'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which year was the Fort Peck Reservoir designated a National Scenic River?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1976'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",513]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734173b4776f41900661852'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Yellowstone River rises on the continental divide near Younts Peak in Wyoming's Teton Wilderness. It flows north through Yellowstone National Park, enters Montana near Gardiner, and passes through the Paradise Valley to Livingston. It then flows northeasterly across the state through Billings, Miles City, Glendive, and Sidney. The Yellowstone joins the Missouri in North Dakota just east of Fort Union. It is the longest undammed, free-flowing river in the contiguous United States, and drains about a quarter of Montana (36,000 square miles (93,000 km2)).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which direction does the Yellowstone River flow through the national park?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'north'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",112]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341835d058e614000b693e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where does the Yellowstone meet the Missouri river?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'North Dakota'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",372]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341835d058e614000b693f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'There are at least 3,223 named lakes and reservoirs in Montana, including Flathead Lake, the largest natural freshwater lake in the western United States. Other major lakes include Whitefish Lake in the Flathead Valley and Lake McDonald and St. Mary Lake in Glacier National Park. The largest reservoir in the state is Fort Peck Reservoir on the Missouri river, which is contained by the second largest earthen dam and largest hydraulically filled dam in the world. Other major reservoirs include Hungry Horse on the Flathead River; Lake Koocanusa on the Kootenai River; Lake Elwell on the Marias River; Clark Canyon on the Beaverhead River; Yellowtail on the Bighorn River, Canyon Ferry, Hauser, Holter, Rainbow; and Black Eagle on the Missouri River.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many named lakes are there in Montana?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'at least 3,223'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",11]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734192ad058e614000b6942'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the largest freshwater lake in western United States?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Flathead Lake'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",75]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734192ad058e614000b6943'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the largest reservoir in the state?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Fort Peck Reservoir'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",320]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734192ad058e614000b6944'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What river is the Fort Peck Reservoir on?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Missouri river'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",347]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734192ad058e614000b6945'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Vegetation of the state includes lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine; Douglas fir, larch, spruce; aspen, birch, red cedar, hemlock, ash, alder; rocky mountain maple and cottonwood trees. Forests cover approximately 25 percent of the state. Flowers native to Montana include asters, bitterroots, daisies, lupins, poppies, primroses, columbine, lilies, orchids, and dryads. Several species of sagebrush and cactus and many species of grasses are common. Many species of mushrooms and lichens are also found in the state.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'About how much area do forests cover the state?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'approximately 25 percent'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",197]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573419714776f41900661871'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Montana is home to a diverse array of fauna that includes 14 amphibian, 90 fish, 117 mammal, 20 reptile and 427 bird species. Additionally, there are over 10,000 invertebrate species, including 180 mollusks and 30 crustaceans. Montana has the largest grizzly bear population in the lower 48 states. Montana hosts five federally endangered species–black-footed ferret, whooping crane, least tern, pallid sturgeon and white sturgeon and seven threatened species including the grizzly bear, Canadian lynx and bull trout. The Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks manages fishing and hunting seasons for at least 17 species of game fish including seven species of trout, walleye and smallmouth bass and at least 29 species of game birds and animals including ring-neck pheasant, grey partridge, elk, pronghorn antelope, mule deer, whitetail deer, gray wolf and bighorn sheep.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many different types of fish are diverse to Montana?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'90'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",73]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341b484776f41900661885'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of bear does Montana have the highest population of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'grizzly bear'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",252]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341b484776f41900661886'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many endangered species are in Montana?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'five'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",314]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341b484776f41900661887'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many species of game fish have hunting seasons?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'at least 17'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",610]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341b484776f41900661888'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Average annual precipitation is 15 inches (380 mm), but great variations are seen. The mountain ranges block the moist Pacific air, holding moisture in the western valleys, and creating rain shadows to the east. Heron, in the west, receives the most precipitation, 34.70 inches (881 mm). On the eastern (leeward) side of a mountain range, the valleys are much drier; Lonepine averages 11.45 inches (291 mm), and Deer Lodge 11.00 inches (279 mm) of precipitation. The mountains themselves can receive over 100 inches (2,500 mm), for example the Grinnell Glacier in Glacier National Park gets 105 inches (2,700 mm). An area southwest of Belfry averaged only 6.59 inches (167 mm) over a sixteen-year period. Most of the larger cities get 30 to 50 inches or 0.76 to 1.27 metres of snow each year. Mountain ranges themselves can accumulate 300 inches or 7.62 metres of snow during a winter. Heavy snowstorms may occur any time from September through May, though most snow falls from November to March.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the annual precipitation?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'15 inches'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",33]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341c46d058e614000b6954'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much precipitation does Heron recieve?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'34.70 inches'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",266]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341c46d058e614000b6955'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much precipitation does the  Grinnell Glacier recieve?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'105 inches'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",592]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341c46d058e614000b6956'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Montana's personal income tax contains 7 brackets, with rates ranging from 1 percent to 6.9 percent. Montana has no sales tax. In Montana, household goods are exempt from property taxes. However, property taxes are assessed on livestock, farm machinery, heavy equipment, automobiles, trucks, and business equipment. The amount of property tax owed is not determined solely by the property's value. The property's value is multiplied by a tax rate, set by the Montana Legislature, to determine its taxable value. The taxable value is then multiplied by the mill levy established by various taxing jurisdictions—city and county government, school districts and others.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many tax brackets does Montana have?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'7'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",40]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341cf4d058e614000b6964'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the highest tax bracket in Montana?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'6.9 percent'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",89]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341cf4d058e614000b6965'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Does Montana have a sales tax?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'no'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",114]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341cf4d058e614000b6966'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Approximately 66,000 people of Native American heritage live in Montana. Stemming from multiple treaties and federal legislation, including the Indian Appropriations Act (1851), the Dawes Act (1887), and the Indian Reorganization Act (1934), seven Indian reservations, encompassing eleven tribal nations, were created in Montana. A twelfth nation, the Little Shell Chippewa is a \"landless\" people headquartered in Great Falls, recognized by the state of Montana but not by the U.S. Government. The Blackfeet nation is headquartered on the Blackfeet Indian Reservation (1851) in Browning, Crow on the Crow Indian Reservation (1851) in Crow Agency, Confederated Salish and Kootenai and Pend d'Oreille on the Flathead Indian Reservation (1855) in Pablo, Northern Cheyenne on the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation (1884) at Lame Deer, Assiniboine and Gros Ventre on the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation (1888) in Fort Belknap Agency, Assiniboine and Sioux on the Fort Peck Indian Reservation (1888) at Poplar, and Chippewa-Cree on the Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation (1916) near Box Elder. Approximately 63% of all Native people live off the reservations, concentrated in the larger Montana cities with the largest concentration of urban Indians in Great Falls. The state also has a small Métis population, and 1990 census data indicated that people from as many as 275 different tribes lived in Montana.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'About how many Native Americans live in Montana?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Approximately 66,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341d964776f419006618b3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the Indian Appropriations Act passed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1851'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",172]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341d964776f419006618b4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year was the Dawes act passed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1887'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",194]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341d964776f419006618b5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where are the Little Shell Chippewa headquartered?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Great Falls'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",415]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341d964776f419006618b6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'About what percentage of the Native Americans in Montana live off the reservation?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'63%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1102]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341d964776f419006618b7'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'While the largest European-American population in Montana overall is German, pockets of significant Scandinavian ancestry are prevalent in some of the farming-dominated northern and eastern prairie regions, parallel to nearby regions of North Dakota and Minnesota. Farmers of Irish, Scots, and English roots also settled in Montana. The historically mining-oriented communities of western Montana such as Butte have a wider range of European-American ethnicity; Finns, Eastern Europeans and especially Irish settlers left an indelible mark on the area, as well as people originally from British mining regions such as Cornwall, Devon and Wales. The nearby city of Helena, also founded as a mining camp, had a similar mix in addition to a small Chinatown. Many of Montana's historic logging communities originally attracted people of Scottish, Scandinavian, Slavic, English and Scots-Irish descent.[citation needed]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the largest European-American race in Montana?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'German'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",70]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341fc9d058e614000b6974'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Helena originally founded as?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a mining camp'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",689]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341fc9d058e614000b6975'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Montana has a larger Native American population numerically and percentage-wise than most U.S. states. Although the state ranked 45th in population (according to the 2010 U.S. Census), it ranked 19th in total native people population. Native people constituted 6.5 percent of the state's total population, the sixth highest percentage of all 50 states. Montana has three counties in which Native Americans are a majority: Big Horn, Glacier, and Roosevelt. Other counties with large Native American populations include Blaine, Cascade, Hill, Missoula, and Yellowstone counties. The state's Native American population grew by 27.9 percent between 1980 and 1990 (at a time when Montana's entire population rose just 1.6 percent), and by 18.5 percent between 2000 and 2010. As of 2009, almost two-thirds of Native Americans in the state live in urban areas. Of Montana's 20 largest cities, Polson (15.7 percent), Havre (13.0 percent), Great Falls (5.0 percent), Billings (4.4 percent), and Anaconda (3.1 percent) had the greatest percentage of Native American residents in 2010. Billings (4,619), Great Falls (2,942), Missoula (1,838), Havre (1,210), and Polson (706) have the most Native Americans living there. The state's seven reservations include more than twelve distinct Native American ethnolinguistic groups.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percentage of the population in Montana are Native peoples?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'6.5 percent'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",262]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734205b4776f419006618e7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What three counties are Native Americans a majority?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Big Horn, Glacier, and Roosevelt'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",423]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734205b4776f419006618e8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Between what years did the Native population increase by 27.9%'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1980 and 1990'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",646]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734205b4776f419006618e9'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The climate has become warmer in Montana and continues to do so. The glaciers in Glacier National Park have receded and are predicted to melt away completely in a few decades. Many Montana cities set heat records during July 2007, the hottest month ever recorded in Montana. Winters are warmer, too, and have fewer cold spells. Previously these cold spells had killed off bark beetles which are now attacking the forests of western Montana. The combination of warmer weather, attack by beetles, and mismanagement during past years has led to a substantial increase in the severity of forest fires in Montana. According to a study done for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Science, portions of Montana will experience a 200-percent increase in area burned by wildfires, and an 80-percent increase in related air pollution.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did many cities in Montana set heat records?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2007'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",226]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573420e34776f419006618ed'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What month was the hottest ever recorded?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'July'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",221]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573420e34776f419006618ee'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What problem has substantially increased in its severity?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'forest fires'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",585]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573420e34776f419006618ef'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'As white settlers began populating Montana from the 1850s through the 1870s, disputes with Native Americans ensued, primarily over land ownership and control. In 1855, Washington Territorial Governor Isaac Stevens negotiated the Hellgate treaty between the United States Government and the Salish, Pend d'Oreille, and the Kootenai people of western Montana, which established boundaries for the tribal nations. The treaty was ratified in 1859. While the treaty established what later became the Flathead Indian Reservation, trouble with interpreters and confusion over the terms of the treaty led whites to believe that the Bitterroot Valley was opened to settlement, but the tribal nations disputed those provisions. The Salish remained in the Bitterroot Valley until 1891.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year was the Hellgate treaty formed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1855'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",163]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734215f4776f419006618fb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who negotiated the Hellgate treaty?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Isaac Stevens'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",201]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734215f4776f419006618fc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year was the treaty ratified?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1859'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",439]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734215f4776f419006618fd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the treaty establish?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Flathead Indian Reservation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",496]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734215f4776f419006618fe'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The first U.S. Army post established in Montana was Camp Cooke on the Missouri River in 1866 to protect steamboat traffic going to Fort Benton, Montana. More than a dozen additional military outposts were established in the state. Pressure over land ownership and control increased due to discoveries of gold in various parts of Montana and surrounding states. Major battles occurred in Montana during Red Cloud's War, the Great Sioux War of 1876, the Nez Perce War and in conflicts with Piegan Blackfeet. The most notable of these were the Marias Massacre (1870), Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876), Battle of the Big Hole (1877) and Battle of Bear Paw (1877). The last recorded conflict in Montana between the U.S. Army and Native Americans occurred in 1887 during the Battle of Crow Agency in the Big Horn country. Indian survivors who had signed treaties were generally required to move onto reservations.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the first US Army post?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Camp Cooke'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",53]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573421c4d058e614000b69aa'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was Camp Cooke situated?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'on the Missouri River'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",64]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573421c4d058e614000b69ab'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year was the Great Sioux War?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1876'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",443]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573421c4d058e614000b69ac'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did the Battle of Bear Paw happen?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1877'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",657]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573421c4d058e614000b69ad'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'English is the official language in the state of Montana, as it is in many U.S. states. English is also the language of the majority. According to the 2000 U.S. Census, 94.8 percent of the population aged 5 and older speak English at home. Spanish is the language most commonly spoken at home other than English. There were about 13,040 Spanish-language speakers in the state (1.4 percent of the population) in 2011. There were also 15,438 (1.7 percent of the state population) speakers of Indo-European languages other than English or Spanish, 10,154 (1.1 percent) speakers of a Native American language, and 4,052 (0.4 percent) speakers of an Asian or Pacific Islander language. Other languages spoken in Montana (as of 2013) include Assiniboine (about 150 speakers in the Montana and Canada), Blackfoot (about 100 speakers), Cheyenne (about 1,700 speakers), Plains Cree (about 100 speakers), Crow (about 3,000 speakers), Dakota (about 18,800 speakers in Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota), German Hutterite (about 5,600 speakers), Gros Ventre (about 10 speakers), Kalispel-Pend d'Oreille (about 64 speakers), Kutenai (about 6 speakers), and Lakota (about 6,000 speakers in Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota). The United States Department of Education estimated in 2009 that 5,274 students in Montana spoke a language at home other than English. These included a Native American language (64 percent), German (4 percent), Spanish (3 percent), Russian (1 percent), and Chinese (less than 0.5 percent).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the official language of Montana?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'English'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734227dd058e614000b69bc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percentage of the population in Montana speak English?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'94.8 percent'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",170]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734227dd058e614000b69bd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the second most common language spoken in Montana?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Spanish'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",241]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734227dd058e614000b69be'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How about many Spanish speakers are there in the state?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'13,040'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",331]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734227dd058e614000b69bf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'ABout how many people in the state of Montana speak Cheyenne?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'about 1,700'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",839]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734227dd058e614000b69c0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'According to the 2010 Census, 89.4 percent of the population was White (87.8 percent Non-Hispanic White), 6.3 percent American Indian and Alaska Native, 2.9 percent Hispanics and Latinos of any race, 0.6 percent Asian, 0.4 percent Black or African American, 0.1 percent Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 0.6 percent from Some Other Race, and 2.5 percent from two or more races. The largest European ancestry groups in Montana as of 2010 are: German (27.0 percent), Irish (14.8 percent), English (12.6 percent), Norwegian (10.9 percent), French (4.7 percent) and Italian (3.4 percent).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percent of the state is White?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'89.4 percent'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",31]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573422e44776f41900661927'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percent of the state is Native American Indian?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'6.3 percent'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",107]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573422e44776f41900661928'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Hispanics account for what percentage of Monatanas population?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2.9'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",154]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573422e44776f41900661929'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Montana was 1,032,949 on July 1, 2015, a 4.40% increase since the 2010 United States Census. The 2010 census put Montana's population at 989,415 which is an increase of 43,534 people, or 4.40 percent, since 2010. During the first decade of the new century, growth was mainly concentrated in Montana's seven largest counties, with the highest percentage growth in Gallatin County, which saw a 32 percent increase in its population from 2000-2010. The city seeing the largest percentage growth was Kalispell with 40.1 percent, and the city with the largest increase in actual residents was Billings with an increase in population of 14,323 from 2000-2010.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the population of the state in 2015?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1,032,949'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",78]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573424434776f41900661941'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much did the population increase since 2010?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'4.40%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",107]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573424434776f41900661942'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What county saw the largest growth?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Gallatin County'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",429]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573424434776f41900661943'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What city saw the largest growth?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Kalispell'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",562]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573424434776f41900661944'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1940, Jeannette Rankin had once again been elected to Congress, and in 1941, as she did in 1917, she voted against the United States' declaration of war. This time she was the only vote against the war, and in the wake of public outcry over her vote, she required police protection for a time. Other pacifists tended to be those from \"peace churches\" who generally opposed war. Many individuals from throughout the U.S. who claimed conscientious objector status were sent to Montana during the war as smokejumpers and for other forest fire-fighting duties.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year was Jeannette Rankin vote against war the first time?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1917'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",95]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573424d74776f41900661949'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did she vote a second time against war?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1941'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",75]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573424d74776f4190066194a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What were conscientious objectors sent to Montana to do?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'smokejumpers and for other forest fire-fighting duties.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",505]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573424d74776f4190066194b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Simultaneously with these conflicts, bison, a keystone species and the primary protein source that Native people had survived on for centuries were being destroyed. Some estimates say there were over 13 million bison in Montana in 1870. In 1875, General Philip Sheridan pleaded to a joint session of Congress to authorize the slaughtering of herds in order to deprive the Indians of their source of food. By 1884, commercial hunting had brought bison to the verge of extinction; only about 325 bison remained in the entire United States.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'About how many bison were in Montana in 1870?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'over 13 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",196]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573425624776f41900661959'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In 1884 about how many bison remained?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'about 325'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",485]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573425624776f4190066195a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who pleaded to Congress for slaughtering bison?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'General Philip Sheridan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",247]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573425624776f4190066195b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did General Sheridan approach Congress about killing bison?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1875'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",241]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573425624776f4190066195c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Tracks of the Northern Pacific Railroad (NPR) reached Montana from the west in 1881 and from the east in 1882. However, the railroad played a major role in sparking tensions with Native American tribes in the 1870s. Jay Cooke, the NPR president launched major surveys into the Yellowstone valley in 1871, 1872 and 1873 which were challenged forcefully by the Sioux under chief Sitting Bull. These clashes, in part, contributed to the Panic of 1873 which delayed construction of the railroad into Montana. Surveys in 1874, 1875 and 1876 helped spark the Great Sioux War of 1876. The transcontinental NPR was completed on September 8, 1883, at Gold Creek.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Northern Pacific Railroad reach Montana from the west?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1881'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",80]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573425f84776f41900661969'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Northern Pacific Railroad reach Montana from the east?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1882'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",106]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573425f84776f4190066196a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What years were the railroad challenged by Chief Sitting Bull?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1871, 1872 and 1873'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",300]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573425f84776f4190066196b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year was the Great White Sioux War?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1876'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",573]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573425f84776f4190066196c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the transcontinental National Pacific Railroad finished?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1883'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",634]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573425f84776f4190066196d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Under Territorial Governor Thomas Meagher, Montanans held a constitutional convention in 1866 in a failed bid for statehood. A second constitutional convention was held in Helena in 1884 that produced a constitution ratified 3:1 by Montana citizens in November 1884. For political reasons, Congress did not approve Montana statehood until 1889. Congress approved Montana statehood in February 1889 and President Grover Cleveland signed an omnibus bill granting statehood to Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington once the appropriate state constitutions were crafted. In July 1889, Montanans convened their third constitutional convention and produced a constitution acceptable by the people and the federal government. On November 8, 1889 President Benjamin Harrison proclaimed Montana the forty-first state in the union. The first state governor was Joseph K. Toole. In the 1880s, Helena (the current state capital) had more millionaires per capita than any other United States city.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the first constitutional convention held in Montana?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1866'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",90]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573426864776f4190066197d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why was this constitutional convention held?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'bid for statehood'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",107]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573426864776f4190066197e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the second constitutional convention held?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1884'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",262]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573426864776f4190066197f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year was Montana's statehood approved?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1889'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",394]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573426864776f41900661980'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What other three states were approved in the same year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",484]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573426864776f41900661981'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Homestead Act of 1862 provided free land to settlers who could claim and \"prove-up\" 160 acres (0.65 km2) of federal land in the midwest and western United States. Montana did not see a large influx of immigrants from this act because 160 acres was usually insufficient to support a family in the arid territory. The first homestead claim under the act in Montana was made by David Carpenter near Helena in 1868. The first claim by a woman was made near Warm Springs Creek by Miss Gwenllian Evans, the daughter of Deer Lodge Montana Pioneer, Morgan Evans. By 1880, there were farms in the more verdant valleys of central and western Montana, but few on the eastern plains.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did the Homestead Act provide land to settlers?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1862'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",22]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573426e6d058e614000b6a20'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much land did the Homestead Act allow?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'160 acres'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",89]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573426e6d058e614000b6a21'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year was the first homestead claim claimed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1868'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",411]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573426e6d058e614000b6a22'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Desert Land Act of 1877 was passed to allow settlement of arid lands in the west and allotted 640 acres (2.6 km2) to settlers for a fee of $.25 per acre and a promise to irrigate the land. After three years, a fee of one dollar per acre would be paid and the land would be owned by the settler. This act brought mostly cattle and sheep ranchers into Montana, many of whom grazed their herds on the Montana prairie for three years, did little to irrigate the land and then abandoned it without paying the final fees. Some farmers came with the arrival of the Great Northern and Northern Pacific Railroads throughout the 1880s and 1890s, though in relatively small numbers.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the Desert Land Act passed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1877'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",24]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342785d058e614000b6a2e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much land did the Desert Land Act allot?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'640 acres'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",99]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342785d058e614000b6a2f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much was the charge per acre at first?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$.25'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",144]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342785d058e614000b6a30'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In the early 1900s, James J. Hill of the Great Northern began promoting settlement in the Montana prairie to fill his trains with settlers and goods. Other railroads followed suit. In 1902, the Reclamation Act was passed, allowing irrigation projects to be built in Montana's eastern river valleys. In 1909, Congress passed the Enlarged Homestead Act that expanded the amount of free land from 160 to 320 acres (0.6 to 1.3 km2) per family and in 1912 reduced the time to \"prove up\" on a claim to three years. In 1916, the Stock-Raising Homestead Act allowed homesteads of 640 acres in areas unsuitable for irrigation.  This combination of advertising and changes in the Homestead Act drew tens of thousands of homesteaders, lured by free land, with World War I bringing particularly high wheat prices. In addition, Montana was going through a temporary period of higher-than-average precipitation. Homesteaders arriving in this period were known as \"Honyockers\", or \"scissorbills.\" Though the word \"honyocker\", possibly derived from the ethnic slur \"hunyak,\" was applied in a derisive manner at homesteaders as being \"greenhorns\", \"new at his business\" or \"unprepared\", the reality was that a majority of these new settlers had previous farming experience, though there were also many who did not.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who promoted settlement in Montana in the early 1900s'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'James J. Hill'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",21]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342802d058e614000b6a40'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was the Reclamation Act passed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1902'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",185]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342802d058e614000b6a41'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year was the Enlarged Homestead Act passed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1909'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",303]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342802d058e614000b6a42'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much land was alloted in the new Enlarged Homestead Act?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'320 acres'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",402]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342802d058e614000b6a43'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In June 1917, the U.S. Congress passed the Espionage Act of 1917 which was later extended by the Sedition Act of 1918, enacted in May 1918. In February 1918, the Montana legislature had passed the Montana Sedition Act, which was a model for the federal version. In combination, these laws criminalized criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means. The Montana Act led to the arrest of over 200 individuals and the conviction of 78, mostly of German or Austrian descent. Over 40 spent time in prison. In May 2006, then-Governor Brian Schweitzer posthumously issued full pardons for all those convicted of violating the Montana Sedition Act.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Congress pass the Espionage Act?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1917'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",61]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734288c4776f419006619bf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the Sedition Act passed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1918'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",114]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734288c4776f419006619c0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What were these acts make do to laws?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'criminalized criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",290]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734288c4776f419006619c1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people were arrested from the Montana Act?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'200'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",431]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734288c4776f419006619c2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many of the 200 arrested in the Montana Act were convicted?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'78'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",469]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734288c4776f419006619c3'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'When the U.S. entered World War II on December 8, 1941, many Montanans already had enlisted in the military to escape the poor national economy of the previous decade. Another 40,000-plus Montanans entered the armed forces in the first year following the declaration of war, and over 57,000 joined up before the war ended. These numbers constituted about 10 percent of the state's total population, and Montana again contributed one of the highest numbers of soldiers per capita of any state. Many Native Americans were among those who served, including soldiers from the Crow Nation who became Code Talkers. At least 1500 Montanans died in the war. Montana also was the training ground for the First Special Service Force or \"Devil's Brigade,\" a joint U.S-Canadian commando-style force that trained at Fort William Henry Harrison for experience in mountainous and winter conditions before deployment. Air bases were built in Great Falls, Lewistown, Cut Bank and Glasgow, some of which were used as staging areas to prepare planes to be sent to allied forces in the Soviet Union. During the war, about 30 Japanese balloon bombs were documented to have landed in Montana, though no casualties nor major forest fires were attributed to them.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many Montanans entered the miltary in the first year of the war?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'40,000-plus'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",177]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734296dd058e614000b6a6e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many Montanans joined the military in the war total?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'over 57,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",280]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734296dd058e614000b6a6f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'About how many Montanans  died in the war?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'At least 1500'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",610]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734296dd058e614000b6a70'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who trained at the military grounds in Montana?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'First Special Service Force or \"Devil's Brigade,\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",696]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734296dd058e614000b6a71'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where were air bases built in Montana?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Great Falls, Lewistown, Cut Bank and Glasgow'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",927]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734296dd058e614000b6a72'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Montana'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The phrase \"in whole or in part\" has been subject to much discussion by scholars of international humanitarian law. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia found in Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic – Trial Chamber I – Judgment – IT-98-33 (2001) ICTY8 (2 August 2001) that Genocide had been committed. In Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic – Appeals Chamber – Judgment – IT-98-33 (2004) ICTY 7 (19 April 2004) paragraphs 8, 9, 10, and 11 addressed the issue of in part and found that \"the part must be a substantial part of that group. The aim of the Genocide Convention is to prevent the intentional destruction of entire human groups, and the part targeted must be significant enough to have an impact on the group as a whole.\" The Appeals Chamber goes into details of other cases and the opinions of respected commentators on the Genocide Convention to explain how they came to this conclusion.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In the judgement, it is stated that the aim of the Genocide Convention, at its most simplest, is preventing the destruction of which victims?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'entire human groups'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",630]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733bdc4d058e614000b61a3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In addressing the issue of \"in part,\" the Appeals Chamber found that the part must be a substantial part of what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'that group'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",538]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733bdc4d058e614000b61a4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which phrase is especially contentious within international humanitarian law?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"in whole or in part\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",12]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733bdc4d058e614000b61a1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What 2001 case was declared genocide by the International Criminal Tribune for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",188]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733bdc4d058e614000b61a2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who contributed to guiding the Appeals chamber in its conclusion?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'opinions of respected commentators'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",805]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733bdc4d058e614000b61a5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genocide'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In the same judgement the ECHR reviewed the judgements of several international and municipal courts judgements. It noted that International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Court of Justice had agreed with the narrow interpretation, that biological-physical destruction was necessary for an act to qualify as genocide. The ECHR also noted that at the time of its judgement, apart from courts in Germany which had taken a broad view, that there had been few cases of genocide under other Convention States municipal laws and that \"There are no reported cases in which the courts of these States have defined the type of group destruction the perpetrator must have intended in order to be found guilty of genocide\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Two bodies of the United Nations agreed with what restricted provision in defining genocide?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'that biological-physical destruction was necessary'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",268]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ba844776f41900661146'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'A definition of what, by the States, was necessary to preserve and expand genocidal law?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the type of group destruction'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",642]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ba844776f41900661149'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which country's courts were noted by the ECHR for taking a wider stance on provisions of genocide laws?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Germany'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",430]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ba844776f41900661147'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The ECHR found most states to have largely undefined definitions of group destruction, despite what factor?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Convention States municipal laws'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",522]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ba844776f41900661148'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In its preparations, what was the source of other considerations by the ECHR?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the judgements of several international and municipal courts'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",41]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ba844776f41900661145'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genocide'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'After the Holocaust, which had been perpetrated by the Nazi Germany and its allies prior to and during World War II, Lemkin successfully campaigned for the universal acceptance of international laws defining and forbidding genocides. In 1946, the first session of the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution that \"affirmed\" that genocide was a crime under international law, but did not provide a legal definition of the crime. In 1948, the UN General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) which defined the crime of genocide for the first time.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In 1948, what general assembly resolution established genocide as a prosecutable act? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",483]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335849d058e614000b589a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which war-era country was the Holocaust immortalized? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Nazi Germany'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",56]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335849d058e614000b5896'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Following World War II, whose bid was successful in establishing the worldwide acceptance and the nascent legal definition of genocide?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Lemkin'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",118]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335849d058e614000b5897'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which group convened officially for the first time in 1946?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'United Nations General Assembly'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",269]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335849d058e614000b5898'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'While recognizing genocide, what did the UN General Assembly fail to do in its resolution?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'provide a legal definition of the crime'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",401]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335849d058e614000b5899'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genocide'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The first draft of the Convention included political killings, but these provisions were removed in a political and diplomatic compromise following objections from some countries, including the USSR, a permanent security council member. The USSR argued that the Convention's definition should follow the etymology of the term, and may have feared greater international scrutiny of its own Great Purge. Other nations feared that including political groups in the definition would invite international intervention in domestic politics. However leading genocide scholar William Schabas states: “Rigorous examination of the travaux fails to confirm a popular impression in the literature that the opposition to inclusion of political genocide was some Soviet machination. The Soviet views were also shared by a number of other States for whom it is difficult to establish any geographic or social common denominator: Lebanon, Sweden, Brazil, Peru, Venezuela, the Philippines, the Dominican Republic, Iran, Egypt, Belgium, and Uruguay. The exclusion of political groups was in fact originally promoted by a non-governmental organization, the World Jewish Congress, and it corresponded to Raphael Lemkin’s vision of the nature of the crime of genocide.” '"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which provision was initially included in the first write-up of the Convention and then removed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'political killings'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",44]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573392e24776f41900660d9c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is one of the countries that objected to the inclusion of political killings in the early version of the Convention?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'USSR'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",195]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573392e24776f41900660d9d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the primary concern of other nations who objected to including political groups in the definition of genocide?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'international intervention in domestic politics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",487]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573392e24776f41900660d9f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which distinguished academic of genocide highlighted several other countries opposed to including political genocide in the Convention?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'William Schabas'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",569]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573392e24776f41900660da0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What atrocity motivated a self-serving USSR to object to the provision of political killings drafted into the Convention?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'its own Great Purge'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",382]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573392e24776f41900660d9e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genocide'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 2007 the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), noted in its judgement on Jorgic v. Germany case that in 1992 the majority of legal scholars took the narrow view that \"intent to destroy\" in the CPPCG meant the intended physical-biological destruction of the protected group and that this was still the majority opinion. But the ECHR also noted that a minority took a broader view and did not consider biological-physical destruction was necessary as the intent to destroy a national, racial, religious or ethnic group was enough to qualify as genocide.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which group was accused by the ECHR of having an overly constricted idea of the meaning of destruction in defining genocide?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'majority of legal scholars'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",118]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733963c4776f41900660df7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What groups did the ECHR feel should be included as potential victims of genocide?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'national, racial, religious or ethnic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",478]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733963c4776f41900660df9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In 2007 what former case did the European Court of Human Rights draw on to further refine qualifiers of genocide?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jorgic v. Germany'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",78]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733963c4776f41900660df6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What form of destruction was considered too limited by a smaller group of experts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'biological-physical'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",405]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733963c4776f41900660df8'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genocide'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as \"a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that eliminate key elements of the group's basic existence, including language, culture, and economic infrastructure.” He created a concept of mobilizing much of the international relations and community, to working together and preventing the occurrence of such events happening within history and the international society. Australian anthropologist Peg LeVine coined the term \"ritualcide\" to describe the destruction of a group's cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Prior to being a formal legal term, how was the word \"genocide\" used in an indictment scenario?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'as a descriptive term'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",38]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573344334776f419006607d2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who ultimately defined genocide as a series of strategies leading up to the annihilation of an entire group?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Lemming'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",138]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573344334776f419006607d3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Lemming's concept of genocide triggered legal action in which realm?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'international relations and community'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",477]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573344334776f419006607d4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the nationality of anthropologist Peg LeVine?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Australian'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",637]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573344334776f419006607d5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What relative term did LeVine coin to refer to cultural destruction, without the death of its members?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"ritualcide\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",690]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573344334776f419006607d6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What term was coined to describe the destruction of culture?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ritualcide'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",691]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573206f1b9d445190005e73b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of scientist is Peg LeVine?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'anthropologist'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",648]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573206f1b9d445190005e73c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What elements of group existence, other than people themselves, can be targets of genocide?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'language, culture, and economic infrastructure'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",381]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573206f1b9d445190005e73d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genocide'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term. By formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime, involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relations. When genocide is looked at in a general aspect it is viewed as the deliberate killing of a certain group. Yet is commonly seen to escape the process of trial and prosecution due to the fact that genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power of a state or area. In 1648 before the term genocide had been coined, the Peace of Westphalia was established to protect ethnic, national, racial and in some instances religious groups. During the 19th century humanitarian intervention was needed due to the fact of conflict and justification of some of the actions executed by the military.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What has been the primary focus in the study of genocide?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'legal aspect of the term'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",59]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573350a0d058e614000b5840'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In prosecuting genocide, what must the act be formally acknowledged as?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a crime'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",132]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573350a0d058e614000b5841'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In a general aspect, what is genocide viewed as?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the deliberate killing of a certain group'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",388]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573350a0d058e614000b5842'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In trials of genocidal crimes, what responsibly party is difficult to prosecute? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'officials in power of a state or area'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",569]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573350a0d058e614000b5843'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Long before genocide was established as a legal term, what treaty was in place to protect various groups from persecution and mass killings?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Peace of Westphalia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",658]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573350a0d058e614000b5844'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why does genocide often go unpunished?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",520]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57321200e17f3d140042265d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the Peace of Westphalia designed to protect?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ethnic, national, racial and in some instances religious groups'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",709]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57321200e17f3d140042265e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year was the Peace of Westphalia signed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1648'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",611]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57321200e17f3d140042265f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genocide'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as \"a crime without a name\". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, described the policies of systematic murder founded by the Nazis as genocide. The word genocide is the combination of the Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill). The word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the word \"genocide\" first used?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1944'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",111]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5731eb9bb9d445190005e697'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the etymology of the term \"genocide\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The word genocide is the combination of the Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill).'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",392]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5731eb9bb9d445190005e698'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the definition of genocide?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",544]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5731eb9bb9d445190005e699'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who coined the term \"genocide\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Raphael Lemkin'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",298]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5731eb9bb9d445190005e69a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who referred to acts of genocide in 1941?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Winston Churchill'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",139]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5731eb9bb9d445190005e69b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The word \"genocide\" was unknown until what year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1944'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",111]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732c3e8cc179a14009dac46'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In 1941, how did Winston Churchill refer to the mass killings of Russian prisoners of war?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'as \"a crime without a name\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",226]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732c3e8cc179a14009dac47'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the Polish-Jewish lawyer who first described Nazi atrocities as \"genocide?\" '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Raphael Lemkin'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",298]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732c3e8cc179a14009dac48'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the etymological basis of the word \"genocide?\"'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",436]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732c3e8cc179a14009dac49'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'As it pertains to violent crimes against targeted groups, what is the ultimate motivation within the actions of genocide?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",637]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732c3e8cc179a14009dac4a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genocide'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The judges continue in paragraph 12, \"The determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations. The numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point, though not in all cases the ending point of the inquiry. The number of individuals targeted should be evaluated not only in absolute terms, but also in relation to the overall size of the entire group. In addition to the numeric size of the targeted portion, its prominence within the group can be a useful consideration. If a specific part of the group is emblematic of the overall group, or is essential to its survival, that may support a finding that the part qualifies as substantial within the meaning of Article 4 [of the Tribunal's Statute].\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Several considerations were involved in meeting the requirement to determine what?  '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'when the targeted part is substantial enough'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",60]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c3c7d058e614000b61ef'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the key aspect of the targeted part of the group at the starting point of the inquiry? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The numeric size'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",170]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c3c7d058e614000b61f0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The number of people targeted in a genocide should not be solely evaluated by what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'absolute terms'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",392]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c3c7d058e614000b61f1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In addition to the numeric size of a targeted group, what other consideration was useful to the ICTY?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'prominence within the group'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",531]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c3c7d058e614000b61f2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genocide'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: \"The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of genocide will always be limited by the opportunity presented to him. While this factor alone will not indicate whether the targeted group is substantial, it can—in combination with other factors—inform the analysis.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The issue of what is raised by judges in Paragraph 13? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'perpetrators' access to the victims'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",51]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c6224776f419006611f4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the basis for suggesting that several factors regarding the activity of the perpetrators be considered? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'historical examples of genocide'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",93]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c6224776f419006611f5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The extent of what by the perpetrators was considered in an examination of their activity and level of control?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'possible extent of their reach'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",210]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c6224776f419006611f6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What will always be restricted in terms of a perpetrator's intent to destroy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the opportunity presented to him'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",352]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c6224776f419006611f7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'While the factor cannot independently indicate if the targeted group is substantial, it can do what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'inform the analysis'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",512]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c6224776f419006611f8'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genocide'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdom in 1970, the People's Republic of China in 1983 (having replaced the Taiwan-based Republic of China on the UNSC in 1971), and the United States in 1988. This long delay in support for the Convention by the world's most powerful nations caused the Convention to languish for over four decades. Only in the 1990s did the international law on the crime of genocide begin to be enforced.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On which date did the Genocide Convention become effective?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'12 January 1951'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",56]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ce494776f41900661298'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the minimum number of countries necessary to form parties? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'20'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",90]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ce494776f41900661299'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, how many were parties to the treaty?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'only two'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",141]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ce494776f4190066129a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What member ratified in 1970?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the United Kingdom'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",304]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ce494776f4190066129b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The delay in support by certain powerful members meant the Convention was largely powerless for over how many decades?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'four'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",602]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ce494776f4190066129c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genocide'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Writing in 1998 Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Björnson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise. As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility that others lack, other definitions have also been postulated. Jonassohn and Björnson go on to say that none of these alternative definitions have gained widespread support for various reasons.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In 1998 it was written that the CPPCG was a legal entity resulting in which type of compromise?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a diplomatic compromise'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",111]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733cf6a4776f419006612a2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Rather than a definition, the text of the treaty is considered as what type of tool?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a research tool'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",217]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733cf6a4776f419006612a3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does the treaty possess that others lack?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'international legal credibility'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",289]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733cf6a4776f419006612a4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The writers Jonassohn and Bjornson cite various reasons for the lack of widespread support of what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'alternative definitions'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",439]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733cf6a4776f419006612a5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genocide'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn studied the whole of human history, while Leo Kuper and R. J. Rummel in their more recent works concentrated on the 20th century, and Helen Fein, Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr have looked at post World War II events. Jonassohn and Björnson are critical of some of these studies, arguing that they are too expansive, and conclude that the academic discipline of genocide studies is too young to have a canon of work on which to build an academic paradigm.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What two writers examined the lack of an accepted and singular definition for genocide?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jonassohn and Björnson'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f7b64776f419006615e3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The two writers suggested that academics adjusted what in their different definitions to assist them in interpreting events? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'their focus'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",156]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f7b64776f419006615e4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What writer joined Jonassohn in the study of the whole of human history?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Frank Chalk'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",309]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f7b64776f419006615e5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'With whom was Leo Kuper paired in research that focused on 20th century works?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'R. J. Rummel'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",396]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f7b64776f419006615e6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Two women and what man concentrated on post World War II events?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ted Gurr'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",504]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f7b64776f419006615e7'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genocide'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted, and that it should include political groups or any group so defined by the perpetrator and quotes Chalk and Jonassohn: \"Genocide is a form of one-sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group, as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator.\" While there are various definitions of the term, Adam Jones states that the majority of genocide scholars consider that \"intent to destroy\" is a requirement for any act to be labelled genocide, and that there is growing agreement on the inclusion of the physical destruction criterion.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Some historians were critical of what exclusion in the definition of victims of genocide?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'social and political groups'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",18]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f9c64776f41900661615'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what book did Kakar contend that the international definition of genocide was too narrow?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",196]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f9c64776f41900661616'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Kakar argued that the definition should include any group defined by the perpetrator and which other group?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'political groups'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",350]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f9c64776f41900661617'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In the writing of Chalk and Jonassohn, what is stated to be a form of one-sided mass killing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Genocide'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",443]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f9c64776f41900661618'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In further elaborating on the definition, how did Chalk and Jonassohn phrase the intention of the perpetrator? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'intends to destroy a group'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",524]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f9c64776f41900661619'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genocide'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as \"the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ...[when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality.\" Harff and Gurr also differentiate between genocides and politicides by the characteristics by which members of a group are identified by the state. In genocides, the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality. In politicides the victim groups are defined primarily in terms of their hierarchical position or political opposition to the regime and dominant groups. Daniel D. Polsby and Don B. Kates, Jr. state that \"... we follow Harff's distinction between genocides and 'pogroms,' which she describes as 'short-lived outbursts by mobs, which, although often condoned by authorities, rarely persist.' If the violence persists for long enough, however, Harff argues, the distinction between condonation and complicity collapses.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Harff and Gurr's definition of genocide included the promotion and execution of what, by a state or its agents?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'policies'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",80]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733fb934776f41900661637'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Harff and Gurr further defined what in terms of ethnicity, religion or nationality?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'victimized groups'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",191]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733fb934776f41900661638'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was important to Harff and Gurr to distinguish from genocides?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'politicides'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",374]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733fb934776f41900661639'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Along with ethnicity and and religion, what other characteristic defined a member of a victimized group?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'nationality'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",597]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733fb934776f4190066163a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Harff define as \"short-lived outbursts by mobs...?\"'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'pogroms'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",872]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733fb934776f4190066163b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genocide'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'According to R. J. Rummel, genocide has 3 different meanings. The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership. The legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. This also includes non-killings that in the end eliminate the group, such as preventing births or forcibly transferring children out of the group to another group. A generalized meaning of genocide is similar to the ordinary meaning but also includes government killings of political opponents or otherwise intentional murder. It is to avoid confusion regarding what meaning is intended that Rummel created the term democide for the third meaning.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In the writings of Rummel, what is the first and ordinary meaning of genocide?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'murder by government'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",87]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733fcd5d058e614000b6717'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Rummel postulates that murder of people of government is due to national, ethnic, racial and which other membership?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'religious group'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",160]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733fcd5d058e614000b6718'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The legal meaning of genocide is contained in which international treaty?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",258]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733fcd5d058e614000b6719'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Included in the CPPCG is non-killings that ultimately achieve what end?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'eliminate the group'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",376]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733fcd5d058e614000b671a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In the interpretation of non-killings, the CPPCG cites the forceful relocation of children along with what other factor?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'preventing births'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",405]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733fcd5d058e614000b671b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genocide'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century, for example, in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction, Adrian Gallagher defined genocide as 'When a source of collective power (usually a state) intentionally uses its power base to implement a process of destruction in order to destroy a group (as defined by the perpetrator), in whole or in substantial part, dependent upon relative group size'. The definition upholds the centrality of intent, the multidimensional understanding of destroy, broadens the definition of group identity beyond that of the 1948 definition yet argues that a substantial part of a group has to be destroyed before it can be classified as genocide (dependent on relative group size).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In terms of failed states and non-state actors, the possession of weapons of mass destruction was an issue examined by which writer?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Adrian Gallagher'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",189]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340136d058e614000b6783'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In Gallagher's definition of genocide, a source of what is malicious in it implementation of the destruction of a group? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'collective power'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",244]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340136d058e614000b6784'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Gallagher's definition upholds the centrality of what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'intent'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",523]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340136d058e614000b6785'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The centrality of intent broadens what definition, beyond the 1948 one?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'group identity'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",605]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340136d058e614000b6786'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In order for a genocide classification to happen, a major part of a group has to be what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'destroyed'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",711]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340136d058e614000b6787'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genocide'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'All signatories to the CPPCG are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide, both in peace and wartime, though some barriers make this enforcement difficult. In particular, some of the signatories—namely, Bahrain, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, the United States, Vietnam, Yemen, and former Yugoslavia—signed with the proviso that no claim of genocide could be brought against them at the International Court of Justice without their consent. Despite official protests from other signatories (notably Cyprus and Norway) on the ethics and legal standing of these reservations, the immunity from prosecution they grant has been invoked from time to time, as when the United States refused to allow a charge of genocide brought against it by former Yugoslavia following the 1999 Kosovo War.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Signatories to the CPPC are required to prevent and punish what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'acts of genocide'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",65]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573402a3d058e614000b6797'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'During which times can a perpetrator of genocide be charged?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'both in peace and wartime'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",83]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573402a3d058e614000b6798'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In enforcing a charge of genocide, what loophole do many of the signatories possess?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'no claim of genocide could be brought against them'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",363]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573402a3d058e614000b6799'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What major western power is exempt from charges or claims of genocide against itself?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the United States'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",277]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573402a3d058e614000b679a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Along with Cyprus, what other major signatory official protested the the immunity of others from prosecution of genocide?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Norway'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",544]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573402a3d058e614000b679b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genocide'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the Holocaust were found guilty of crimes against humanity and other more specific crimes like murder. Nevertheless, the Holocaust is universally recognized to have been a genocide and the term, that had been coined the year before by Raphael Lemkin, appeared in the indictment of the 24 Nazi leaders, Count 3, which stated that all the defendants had \"conducted deliberate and systematic genocide—namely, the extermination of racial and national groups...\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In 1948 the worldwide acceptance of international laws that defined and forbade genocide was promulgated by which treaty?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",128]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573404abd058e614000b67c9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Perpetrators who were tried after World War II were in general found guilty of crimes against what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'humanity'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",349]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573404abd058e614000b67ca'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'An example of a more specific genocidal crime of which one could be accused was what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'crimes like murder'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",382]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573404abd058e614000b67cb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'After WWII criminals were largely prosecuted under CPPCG for their involvement in what massive genocidal effort?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Holocaust'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",299]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573404abd058e614000b67cc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is notable for coining the term \"Holocaust?\"'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Raphael Lemkin'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",534]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573404abd058e614000b67cd'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genocide'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On 12 July 2007, European Court of Human Rights when dismissing the appeal by Nikola Jorgić against his conviction for genocide by a German court (Jorgic v. Germany) noted that the German courts wider interpretation of genocide has since been rejected by international courts considering similar cases. The ECHR also noted that in the 21st century \"Amongst scholars, the majority have taken the view that ethnic cleansing, in the way in which it was carried out by the Serb forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to expel Muslims and Croats from their homes, did not constitute genocide. However, there are also a considerable number of scholars who have suggested that these acts did amount to genocide, and the ICTY has found in the Momcilo Krajisnik case that the actus reu, of genocide was met in Prijedor \"With regard to the charge of genocide, the Chamber found that in spite of evidence of acts perpetrated in the municipalities which constituted the actus reus of genocide\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which court dismissed Nikola Jorgic's appeal against his conviction for genocide by a German court?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'European Court of Human Rights'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",18]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573406d84776f41900661731'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In Jorgic v. Germany, what about the German courts was later rejected by international courts hearing similar cases?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'wider interpretation of genocide'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",196]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573406d84776f41900661732'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The ECHR noted that among certain academics, what act carried out by the Serbs agains Bosnian Muslims and Croats did not constitute genocide?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ethnic cleansing'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",406]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573406d84776f41900661733'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The ethnic cleansing perpetrated by the Serbs against Bosnia-Herzegovina was conducted with what ultimate goal in mind?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'expel Muslims and Croats from their homes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",520]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573406d84776f41900661734'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Conversely the scholars who did view the Serbs' acts as constituting genocide, were backed up by what Tribunal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the ICTY'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",713]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573406d84776f41900661735'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genocide'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'About 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in Bosnia. To date, after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men, Vujadin Popović and Ljubiša Beara, have been found guilty of committing genocide, Zdravko Tolimir has been found guilty of committing genocide and conspiracy to commit genocide, and two others, Radislav Krstić and Drago Nikolić, have been found guilty of aiding and abetting genocide. Three others have been found guilty of participating in genocides in Bosnia by German courts, one of whom Nikola Jorgić lost an appeal against his conviction in the European Court of Human Rights. A further eight men, former members of the Bosnian Serb security forces were found guilty of genocide by the State Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina (See List of Bosnian genocide prosecutions).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In the 1990s, how many people were indicted for war crimes that were officially defined as genocide?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'About 30'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734087f4776f4190066174d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Convicted perpetrators Popovic and Beara were found guilty of genocide despite what evasive action?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'several plea bargains'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",141]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734087f4776f4190066174e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Tolimir was found guilty of both genocide and what other charge?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'conspiracy to commit genocide'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",384]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734087f4776f4190066174f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Another charge beyond the act of genocide and for which Krstic and Nikolic were found guilty was what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'aiding and abetting genocide'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",492]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734087f4776f41900661750'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Three others were charged with participating in genocides in Bosnia by which country's courts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'German courts'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",601]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734087f4776f41900661751'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genocide'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Slobodan Milošević, as the former President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia, was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the ICTY. He died on 11 March 2006 during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within Bosnia and Herzegovina, so no verdict was returned. In 1995, the ICTY issued a warrant for the arrest of Bosnian Serbs Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić on several charges including genocide. On 21 July 2008, Karadžić was arrested in Belgrade, and he is currently in The Hague on trial accused of genocide among other crimes. Ratko Mladić was arrested on 26 May 2011 by Serbian special police in Lazarevo, Serbia. Karadzic was convicted of ten of the eleven charges laid against him and sentenced to 40 years in prison on March 24 2016.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What event occurred in March 2006 that essentially ended Milosevic's trial?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'He died'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",139]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340aae4776f41900661790'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was Karadzic when he was finally arrested?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Belgrade'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",496]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340aae4776f41900661793'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'With Milosevic dead, who did the ICTY next charge with crimes of genocide in 1995?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",381]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340aae4776f41900661792'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Had Milosevic not died, what charges might he have been convicted of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'genocide or complicity in genocide'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",205]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340aae4776f41900661791'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which former president was by far the most senior politician to be accused of genocidal crimes by the ICTY?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Slobodan Milošević'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340aae4776f4190066178f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genocide'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) is a court under the auspices of the United Nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in Rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during April 1994, commencing on 6 April. The ICTR was created on 8 November 1994 by the Security Council of the United Nations in order to judge those people responsible for the acts of genocide and other serious violations of the international law performed in the territory of Rwanda, or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states, between 1 January and 31 December 1994.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What court was established under the aegis of the United Nations to prosecute genocidal crimes in Rwanda?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340c46d058e614000b6893'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The prosecutorial efforts of the ICTR focused on genocidal acts that took place during which time period?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'April 1994'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",207]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340c46d058e614000b6894'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'the ICTR was created in November 1995 by which branch of the UN?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Security Council of the United Nations'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",285]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340c46d058e614000b6895'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The ICTR was established for the purpose of convicting those responsible for acts of genocide and what other charges?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'serious violations of the international law'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",406]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340c46d058e614000b6896'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The charges of genocide brought up by the ICTR were against what group of people?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Rwandan citizens'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",494]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340c46d058e614000b6897'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genocide'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'There has been much debate over categorizing the situation in Darfur as genocide. The ongoing conflict in Darfur, Sudan, which started in 2003, was declared a \"genocide\" by United States Secretary of State Colin Powell on 9 September 2004 in testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Since that time however, no other permanent member of the UN Security Council followed suit. In fact, in January 2005, an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, authorized by UN Security Council Resolution 1564 of 2004, issued a report to the Secretary-General stating that \"the Government of the Sudan has not pursued a policy of genocide.\" Nevertheless, the Commission cautioned that \"The conclusion that no genocidal policy has been pursued and implemented in Darfur by the Government authorities, directly or through the militias under their control, should not be taken in any way as detracting from the gravity of the crimes perpetrated in that region. International offences such as the crimes against humanity and war crimes that have been committed in Darfur may be no less serious and heinous than genocide.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What has been widely debated as a possible act of genocide in Sudan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'situation in Darfur'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",50]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340e5dd058e614000b68b9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In 2003 what well known U.S. Secretary of State declared the situation in Darfur as an act of genocide?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Colin Powell'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",207]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340e5dd058e614000b68ba'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In front of which committee did Powell testify?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Senate Foreign Relations Committee'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",260]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340e5dd058e614000b68bb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did UN Security Council Resolution 1564 authorize in 2004?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",419]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340e5dd058e614000b68bc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Despite some concessions, what act did the Commission ultimately state that Sudan had not pursued?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'genocidal policy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",718]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340e5dd058e614000b68bd'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genocide'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In March 2005, the Security Council formally referred the situation in Darfur to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, taking into account the Commission report but without mentioning any specific crimes. Two permanent members of the Security Council, the United States and China, abstained from the vote on the referral resolution. As of his fourth report to the Security Council, the Prosecutor has found \"reasonable grounds to believe that the individuals identified [in the UN Security Council Resolution 1593] have committed crimes against humanity and war crimes,\" but did not find sufficient evidence to prosecute for genocide.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'To whom did the Security Council officially refer the situation in Darfur?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",86]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340f5bd058e614000b68cd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was taken into account, without mentioning specific crimes?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Commission report'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",154]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340f5bd058e614000b68ce'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'China and what other permanent member of the Security Council abstained from the vote on the referral resolution?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the United States'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",267]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340f5bd058e614000b68cf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which number report to the Council did the Prosecutor concede that crimes had been committed but evidence for prosecution was insufficient?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'his fourth report'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",354]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340f5bd058e614000b68d0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genocide'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Other authors have focused on the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide. Ervin Staub showed that economic deterioration and political confusion and disorganization were starting points of increasing discrimination and violence in many instances of genocides and mass killing. They lead to scapegoating a group and ideologies that identified that group as an enemy. A history of devaluation of the group that becomes the victim, past violence against the group that becomes the perpetrator leading to psychological wounds, authoritarian cultures and political systems, and the passivity of internal and external witnesses (bystanders) all contribute to the probability that the violence develops into genocide. Intense conflict between groups that is unresolved, becomes intractable and violent can also lead to genocide. The conditions that lead to genocide provide guidance to early prevention, such as humanizing a devalued group, creating ideologies that embrace all groups, and activating bystander responses. There is substantial research to indicate how this can be done, but information is only slowly transformed into action.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In the build-up to genocide, what have other authors focused on?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'structural conditions'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",35]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573410864776f419006617e5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What processes are thought to create an evolution toward genocide?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'psychological and social'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",88]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573410864776f419006617e6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who revealed the starting points of this evolution to be economic deterioration and political confusion?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ervin Staub'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",165]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573410864776f419006617e7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'A history of what is just one factor that contributes to the probability of violence developing into genocide?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'devaluation of the group'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",470]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573410864776f419006617e8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is one preventive effort in circumventing conditions that lead to genocide?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'humanizing a devalued group'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",996]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573410864776f419006617e9'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genocide'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics. Under certain conditions, it may result in preferential growth of resistant bacteria, while growth of susceptible bacteria is inhibited by the drug. For example, antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial-resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the Luria–Delbrück experiment. Antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin, which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains, have become less effective, due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a modern common occurence with antibiotics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'resistance of bacteria'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",18]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733bc38d058e614000b6187'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is resistance to antibiotics a cause of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'evolution'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",119]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733bc38d058e614000b6188'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the Luria-Delbruck experiment?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1943'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",611]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733bc38d058e614000b6189'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which two antibiotics that have high efficacy are much less useful now?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'penicillin and erythromycin'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",670]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733bc38d058e614000b618a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does emergence of resistance reflect?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'evolutionary processes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",119]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5731c593e17f3d14004223c5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the purpose of antibiotic treatment?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'survive high doses of antibiotics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",300]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5731c593e17f3d14004223c6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was antibacterial-resistance demonstrated?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1943'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",611]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5731c593e17f3d14004223c7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who made the demonstration in 1943?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Luria–Delbrück'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",623]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5731c593e17f3d14004223c8'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Antibiotics'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase, and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells. These findings are based on laboratory studies, and in clinical settings have also been shown to eliminate bacterial infection. Since the activity of antibacterials depends frequently on its concentration, in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial. To predict clinical outcome, the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile, and several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does the potency of antibacterials depend upon?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'concentration'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",606]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b31dd058e614000b609f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does this eliminate?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'bacterial infection'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",522]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5731bff5e17f3d1400422398'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does the bactericidal activitty of antibacterials depend on what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'bacterial growth phase'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",309]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5731bff5e17f3d1400422397'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What besides ongoing metabolic activity is required in bactericidal activity?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'division of bacterial cells'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",386]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5731bff5e17f3d1400422399'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does the activity of antibacterials depends on?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'concentration'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",606]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5731bff5e17f3d140042239a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does a successful treatment using antibiotics entail?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",120]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b31dd058e614000b609e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How do you predict the clinical result?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",943]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b31dd058e614000b60a0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Antibiotics'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes (rifamycins, lipiarmycins, quinolones, and sulfonamides) have bactericidal activities. Those that target protein synthesis (macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines) are usually bacteriostatic (with the exception of bactericidal aminoglycosides). Further categorization is based on their target specificity. \"Narrow-spectrum\" antibacterial antibiotics target specific types of bacteria, such as Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria, whereas broad-spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria. Following a 40-year hiatus in discovering new classes of antibacterial compounds, four new classes of antibacterial antibiotics have been brought into clinical use in the late 2000s and early 2010s: cyclic lipopeptides (such as daptomycin), glycylcyclines (such as tigecycline), oxazolidinones (such as linezolid), and lipiarmycins (such as fidaxomicin).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do anitibiotics mostly target?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'bacterial functions or growth processes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",144]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b4cf4776f419006610ca'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which two types of antibiotics target the cell wall?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'penicillins and cephalosporins'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",228]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b4cf4776f419006610cb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which type of antibiotic goes after the cell membrane?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'polymyxins'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",282]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b4cf4776f419006610cc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What 3 types go after protein synthesis?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'(macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",464]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b4cf4776f419006610cd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Besides sprectrum of activity and chemical structure, how can antibacterial antibiotics classified?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'mechanism of action'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",66]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5731c1260fdd8d15006c6503'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is another name used for bacterial cell wall?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'penicillins and cephalosporins'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",228]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5731c1260fdd8d15006c6504'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'whats another word for cell membrane?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'polymyxins'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",282]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5731c1260fdd8d15006c6505'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many new classes of antibacterial antibiotics was introduced in the late 2000's\/'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'four'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",929]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5731c1260fdd8d15006c6506'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What three ways are antibiotics classified?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",66]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b4cf4776f419006610c9'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Antibiotics'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides, whereas other antibacterials—for example, the sulfonamides, the quinolones, and the oxazolidinones—are produced solely by chemical synthesis. Many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 2000 atomic mass units.[citation needed]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are antibiotics in chemical terms?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'semisynthetic modifications'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",70]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b6a2d058e614000b6122'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of antibiotics include penicilin?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'beta-lactam antibiotics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",160]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b6a2d058e614000b6123'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the type of antibiotics which are taken from still living things?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'aminoglycosides'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",366]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b6a2d058e614000b6124'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How are the slufonamides,quinolones, and oxazolidinones created?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'synthesis'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",514]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b6a2d058e614000b6125'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Besides semisytetic modifications, what advances in medicinal chemistry regarding antibacterials?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'various natural compounds'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",101]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5731c2fd0fdd8d15006c6515'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the molecular weight loss of antibacterial compounds?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2000 atomic mass units'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",622]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5731c2fd0fdd8d15006c6516'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is included in the beta-lactam antibiotics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'penicillins'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",203]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5731c2fd0fdd8d15006c6517'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is penicillins produced by?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'fungi'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",228]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5731c2fd0fdd8d15006c6518'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Antibiotics'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a \"serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is one disease that has been nearly eradicated thanks to vaccines and antibiotics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'tuberculosis'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",141]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573016fb947a6a140053d0b4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is one issue that can arise from overuse of antibiotics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",221]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573016fb947a6a140053d0b5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What organization called antimicrobial resistance a 'serious threat?''"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'World Health Organization'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",412]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573016fb947a6a140053d0b7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which century were antibiotics first introduced?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'20th century'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",44]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573016fb947a6a140053d0b6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What can be affected by issues resulting from overuse of antibiotics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'anyone, of any age, in any country'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",632]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573016fb947a6a140053d0b8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does there medicines do for livestock?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'develop resistance'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",285]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730ba2f396df919000962ee'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What organization classifies this as a current serious threat in the whole world??'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'World Health Organization'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",412]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730ba2f396df919000962ef'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what century did antibiotics revolutionized medicine?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'20th'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",44]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730ba2f396df919000962ec'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Besides antimicrobial, what did the overused medicine cause? 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While the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spectrum antibiotic. 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However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used, the microbial organisms targeted, and the individual patient. Side effects may reflect the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the antibiotic or may involve hypersensitivity reactions or anaphylaxis. Safety profiles of newer drugs are often not as well established as for those that have a long history of use. Adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis. Common side-effects include diarrhea, resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora, resulting, for example, in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria, such as Clostridium difficile. Antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora, and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus Candida in the vulvo-vaginal area. Additional side-effects can result from interaction with other drugs, such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid. Some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are two examples of minor side effects caused by some antibiotics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'fever and nausea'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",687]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57301a6b04bcaa1900d7719f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What causes diarrhea?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",829]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57301a6b04bcaa1900d771a0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What negative effects can antibiotics have on the vaginal area?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'yeast'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1065]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57301a6b04bcaa1900d771a1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is one example of antibiotics that may have a possible side effect of tendon damage?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1259]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57301a6b04bcaa1900d771a2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is one possible serious side effect of over-using antibiotics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'alter the host microbiota'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1391]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57301a6b04bcaa1900d771a3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are antibiotics screened for on mammals and humans?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'negative effects'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",34]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730ee6405b4da19006bcc4e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do antibiotics need approval for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'clinical use'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",98]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730ee6405b4da19006bcc4f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What besides the individual patient is targeted when antibiotics is being used?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'microbial organisms'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",342]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730ee6405b4da19006bcc50'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Photodermatitis, nausea, allergic reactions and anaphylaxis are all what type of side effect?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Adverse effects'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",660]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730ee6405b4da19006bcc51'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was altered during the hypothesis of indiscriminate use of antibiotics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'host microbiota'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1401]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730ee6405b4da19006bcc52'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why are antibiotics checked before use?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'negative effects on humans or other mammals'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",34]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57328a33b3a91d1900202e29'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Name some adverse effects?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",687]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57328a33b3a91d1900202e2a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Name some side-effects?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'diarrhea'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",804]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57328a33b3a91d1900202e2b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What can happen to vaginal flora?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'overgrowth of yeast'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1051]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57328a33b3a91d1900202e2c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What can happen when antibiotics are used with other drugs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Additional side-effects'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1127]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57328a33b3a91d1900202e2d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Antibiotics'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline had altered composition of the gut microbiota as well as its metabolic capabilities. Moreover, research have shown that mice given low-dose penicillin (1 μg\/g body weight) around birth and throughout the weaning process had an increased body mass and fat mass, accelerated growth, and increased hepatic expression of genes involved in adipogenesis, compared to controlled mice. In addition, penicillin in combination with a high-fat diet increased fasting insulin levels in mice. However, it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity in humans. Studies have found a correlation between early exposure of antibiotics (<6 months) and increased body mass (at 10 and 20 months). Another study found that the type of antibiotic exposure was also significant with the highest risk of being overweight in those given macrolides compared to penicillin and cephalosporin. Therefore, there is correlation between antibiotic exposure in early life and obesity in humans, but whether or not there is a causal relationship remains unclear. Although there is a correlation between antibiotic use in early life and obesity, the effect of antibiotics on obesity in humans needs to be weighed against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is one common result of using antibiotics from a young age?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'increased body mass'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",58]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57301bfca23a5019007fcd81'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does STAT stand for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",236]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57301bfca23a5019007fcd82'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are some antibiotics can be used for STAT?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",292]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57301bfca23a5019007fcd83'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Do antibiotics cause obesity in humans?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'unclear'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",859]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57301bfca23a5019007fcd84'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why do physicians use antibiotics on infants when the relationship has been proven? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'weighed against the beneficial effects'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1542]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57301bfca23a5019007fcd85'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What can happen if people are exposed to antibiotics at a young age?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'increased body mass'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",58]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57328cf2b3a91d1900202e33'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When do intestinal microbiota develop?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Early life'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",106]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57328cf2b3a91d1900202e34'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Do antibiotics increase the chance of getting fat for humans?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'unclear'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",859]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57328cf2b3a91d1900202e35'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Antibiotics'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for the broad-spectrum antibacterial rifampicin, these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes' causing increased breakdown of the pill's active ingredients. Effects on the intestinal flora, which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon, have also been suggested, but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial. Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Do antibiotics interact with birth control pills?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57302106a23a5019007fcdf7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percentage of birth control pill failure is attributed to antibiotics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'about 1%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",198]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57302106a23a5019007fcdf8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the potential effects on intestinal flora?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",564]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57302106a23a5019007fcdf9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Have these potential effects been proven through testing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'inconclusive and controversial'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",667]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57302106a23a5019007fcdfa'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do physicians recommend to counteract this potential issue?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'extra contraceptive measures'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",732]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57302106a23a5019007fcdfb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do antibiotics interfere with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'contraceptive pills'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",64]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5731bd47e99e3014001e6236'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percent is the  failure rate of contraceptive pills?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'about 1%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",198]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5731bd47e99e3014001e6237'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Whhat does intestinal flora reduce?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'absorption of estrogens'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",572]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5731bd47e99e3014001e6238'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In therapy, what does the antibacterial interact with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'oral contraceptives'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",846]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5731bd47e99e3014001e6239'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Do antibiotics mess with birth control pills?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'antibiotics do interfere'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",34]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573296880342181400a2027d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What should women do if they are using antibiotics and birth control pills?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'extra contraceptive measures'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",732]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573296880342181400a2027f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is birth control failure rate due to antibiotics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'about 1%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",198]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573296880342181400a2027e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Antibiotics'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects. Therefore, potential risks of side-effects and effectiveness depend on the type of antibiotic administered. Despite the lack of a categorical counterindication, the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is one potential issue with drinking alcohol while taking antibiotics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'decreased effectiveness'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",95]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57302230a23a5019007fce13'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Do all antibiotics interact dangerously with alcohol?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",148]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57302230a23a5019007fce14'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Is it OK to drink alcohol while taking any antibiotic?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",232]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57302230a23a5019007fce15'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How common is the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'widespread'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",561]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57302230a23a5019007fce16'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What can alcohol and certain antibiotics cause?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",95]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5731be590fdd8d15006c64e1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is unlikely to interfere with  with many common antibiotics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'alcohol consumption'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",157]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5731be590fdd8d15006c64e2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What belief should bever be mixed widespread?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'alcohol and antibiotics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",512]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5731be590fdd8d15006c64e3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What common drug can reduce antibiotic effectiveness?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'alcohol'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",22]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573299421d5d2e14009ff861'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of antibiotic is most likely to be a problem with alcohol?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",242]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573299421d5d2e14009ff862'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Should alcohol be used while on antibiotics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",512]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573299421d5d2e14009ff863'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Antibiotics'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome. Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra-chromosomal DNA. Antibacterial-producing bacteria have evolved resistance mechanisms that have been shown to be similar to, and may have been transferred to, antibacterial-resistant strains. The spread of antibacterial resistance often occurs through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of DNA by horizontal genetic exchange. For instance, antibacterial resistance genes can be exchanged between different bacterial strains or species via plasmids that carry these resistance genes. Plasmids that carry several different resistance genes can confer resistance to multiple antibacterials. Cross-resistance to several antibacterials may also occur when a resistance mechanism encoded by a single gene conveys resistance to more than one antibacterial compound.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is part of hje the make up of bacterial strains?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Intrinsic antibacterial resistance'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",65]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5731c904b9d445190005e551'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is exchanged between between bacterial strains or species via plasmids that have this resistance?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'antibacterial resistance genes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",713]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5731c904b9d445190005e554'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What can be absent from the bacterial genome?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'antibiotic target'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",172]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5731c904b9d445190005e552'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When does the spread of antibacterial resistance frequently occurs\/'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'vertical transmission'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",582]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5731c904b9d445190005e553'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does some resistance come from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'mutation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",266]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c3f34776f419006611d4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What method of spread can occur in antibacterial resistance?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'vertical transmission of mutations'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",582]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c3f34776f419006611d5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do plasmids do in resistance?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'carry several different resistance genes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",870]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c3f34776f419006611d6'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Antibiotics'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Antibacterial-resistant strains and species, sometimes referred to as \"superbugs\", now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well controlled. For example, emergent bacterial strains causing tuberculosis (TB) that are resistant to previously effective antibacterial treatments pose many therapeutic challenges. Every year, nearly half a million new cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) are estimated to occur worldwide. For example, NDM-1 is a newly identified enzyme conveying bacterial resistance to a broad range of beta-lactam antibacterials. The United Kingdom's Health Protection Agency has stated that \"most isolates with NDM-1 enzyme are resistant to all standard intravenous antibiotics for treatment of severe infections.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are strains that are resistant to antibiotics called sometimes?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'superbugs'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",72]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c4ca4776f419006611e4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was a once almost controlled disease that is coming back do to resistance?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'tuberculosis'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",215]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c4ca4776f419006611e5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many new infections of resistant TB are reported per year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'half a million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",354]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c4ca4776f419006611e6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the acronym used to describe resistant TB?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'MDR-TB'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",416]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c4ca4776f419006611e7'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Antibiotics'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse of antibiotics have contributed to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Self prescription of antibiotics is an example of misuse. Many antibiotics are frequently prescribed to treat symptoms or diseases that do not respond to antibiotics or that are likely to resolve without treatment. Also, incorrect or suboptimal antibiotics are prescribed for certain bacterial infections. The overuse of antibiotics, like penicillin and erythromycin, has been associated with emerging antibiotic resistance since the 1950s. Widespread usage of antibiotics in hospitals has also been associated with increases in bacterial strains and species that no longer respond to treatment with the most common antibiotics.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the two biggest reasons for resistance?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c6d84776f41900661208'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a common method of misuse?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Self prescription'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",131]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c6d84776f41900661209'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is an example of bad treatment causing resistance?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'overuse of antibiotics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",441]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c6d84776f4190066120a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Antibiotics'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient's weight and history of prior use. Other forms of misuse include failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic, incorrect dosage and administration, or failure to rest for sufficient recovery. Inappropriate antibiotic treatment, for example, is their prescription to treat viral infections such as the common cold. One study on respiratory tract infections found \"physicians were more likely to prescribe antibiotics to patients who appeared to expect them\". Multifactorial interventions aimed at both physicians and patients can reduce inappropriate prescription of antibiotics.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a way of improperly using antibiotics for those traveling?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'prophylactic antibiotics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",60]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c81c4776f4190066121c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What can happen if a doctor doesn't prescribe to a person's weight and prior use?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",102]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c81c4776f4190066121d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are 3 other common forms of bad antibiotic practices?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic, incorrect dosage and administration, or failure to rest for sufficient recovery'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",275]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c81c4776f4190066121e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What happens when a cold is treated with antibiotics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Inappropriate antibiotic treatment'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",420]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c81c4776f4190066121f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do doctors usually do when a patient seems to want antibiotics even though they may not be right?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'prescribe antibiotics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",622]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c81c4776f41900661220'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Antibiotics'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Several organizations concerned with antimicrobial resistance are lobbying to eliminate the unnecessary use of antibiotics. The issues of misuse and overuse of antibiotics have been addressed by the formation of the US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance. This task force aims to actively address antimicrobial resistance, and is coordinated by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH), as well as other US agencies. An NGO campaign group is Keep Antibiotics Working. In France, an \"Antibiotics are not automatic\" government campaign started in 2002 and led to a marked reduction of unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions, especially in children.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of a US government agency tasked with trying to stop improper use of antibiotics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",217]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733cb484776f41900661256'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which agencies control this task force?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",365]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733cb484776f41900661257'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the French start going after overuse of antibiotics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2002'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",655]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733cb484776f41900661258'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Antibiotics'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted restrictions on their use in the UK in 1970 (Swann report 1969), and the EU has banned the use of antibiotics as growth-promotional agents since 2003. Moreover, several organizations (e.g., The American Society for Microbiology (ASM), American Public Health Association (APHA) and the American Medical Association (AMA)) have called for restrictions on antibiotic use in food animal production and an end to all nontherapeutic uses.[citation needed] However, commonly there are delays in regulatory and legislative actions to limit the use of antibiotics, attributable partly to resistance against such regulation by industries using or selling antibiotics, and to the time required for research to test causal links between their use and resistance to them. Two federal bills (S.742 and H.R. 2562) aimed at phasing out nontherapeutic use of antibiotics in US food animals were proposed, but have not passed. These bills were endorsed by public health and medical organizations, including the American Holistic Nurses' Association, the American Medical Association, and the American Public Health Association (APHA).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the EU ban antibiotics for speeding up growth?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2003'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",198]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733cd2bd058e614000b62b3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What report caused the UK to worry about resistance?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Swann report 1969'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",98]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733cd2bd058e614000b62b4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What 3 US organizations have called for the banning of antibiotics in the production of food animals?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'American Society for Microbiology (ASM), American Public Health Association (APHA) and the American Medical Association (AMA)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",247]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733cd2bd058e614000b62b5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Name two US bills that want to ban antibiotics in food production?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'S.742 and H.R. 2562'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",831]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733cd2bd058e614000b62b6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What 3 medical associations supported the bills?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'American Holistic Nurses' Association, the American Medical Association, and the American Public Health Association (APHA)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1046]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733cd2bd058e614000b62b7'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Antibiotics'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'There has been extensive use of antibiotics in animal husbandry. In the United States, the question of emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains due to use of antibiotics in livestock was raised by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1977. In March 2012, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, ruling in an action brought by the Natural Resources Defense Council and others, ordered the FDA to revoke approvals for the use of antibiotics in livestock, which violated FDA regulations.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What besides sick people are antibiotics used for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'animal husbandry'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",48]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d178d058e614000b6321'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was resistance first discussed as a problem in the raising of farm animals?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1977'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",254]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d178d058e614000b6322'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did a district court order the FDA to stop approving antibiotics in animals?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'March 2012'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",263]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d178d058e614000b6323'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Antibiotics'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Before the early 20th century, treatments for infections were based primarily on medicinal folklore. Mixtures with antimicrobial properties that were used in treatments of infections were described over 2000 years ago. Many ancient cultures, including the ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks, used specially selected mold and plant materials and extracts to treat infections. More recent observations made in the laboratory of antibiosis between microorganisms led to the discovery of natural antibacterials produced by microorganisms. Louis Pasteur observed, \"if we could intervene in the antagonism observed between some bacteria, it would offer perhaps the greatest hopes for therapeutics\". The term 'antibiosis', meaning \"against life\", was introduced by the French bacteriologist Jean Paul Vuillemin as a descriptive name of the phenomenon exhibited by these early antibacterial drugs. Antibiosis was first described in 1877 in bacteria when Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch observed that an airborne bacillus could inhibit the growth of Bacillus anthracis. These drugs were later renamed antibiotics by Selman Waksman, an American microbiologist, in 1942. Synthetic antibiotic chemotherapy as a science and development of antibacterials began in Germany with Paul Ehrlich in the late 1880s. Ehrlich noted certain dyes would color human, animal, or bacterial cells, whereas others did not. He then proposed the idea that it might be possible to create chemicals that would act as a selective drug that would bind to and kill bacteria without harming the human host. After screening hundreds of dyes against various organisms, in 1907, he discovered a medicinally useful drug, the synthetic antibacterial salvarsan now called arsphenamine.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What methods did people use before antibiotics to treat infections?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'medicinal folklore'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",82]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d2444776f419006612d8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When were some kinds of antimicrobials first used?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'over 2000 years ago'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",199]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d2444776f419006612d9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of things did Egyptians and Greeks use?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'mold and plant materials and extracts'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",319]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d2444776f419006612da'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does antibiosis mean?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'against life'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",728]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d2444776f419006612db'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who came up with the term antibiosis?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jean Paul Vuillemin'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",787]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d2444776f419006612dc'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Antibiotics'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The effects of some types of mold on infection had been noticed many times over the course of history (see: History of penicillin). In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed the same effect in a Petri dish, where a number of disease-causing bacteria were killed by a fungus of the genus Penicillium. Fleming postulated that the effect is mediated by an antibacterial compound he named penicillin, and that its antibacterial properties could be exploited for chemotherapy. He initially characterized some of its biological properties, and attempted to use a crude preparation to treat some infections, but he was unable to pursue its further development without the aid of trained chemists.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of organism has been reported to have worked on infections?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'mold'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",30]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d3334776f419006612e2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who noticed in a lab the antibacterial characteristics of mold?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Alexander Fleming'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",142]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d3334776f419006612e3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What mold did Fleming notice had antibacterial properties?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'penicillin'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",379]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d3334776f419006612e4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Fleming initially think a good use would be for it?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'chemotherapy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",452]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d3334776f419006612e5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Antibiotics'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The first sulfonamide and first commercially available antibacterial, Prontosil, was developed by a research team led by Gerhard Domagk in 1932 at the Bayer Laboratories of the IG Farben conglomerate in Germany. Domagk received the 1939 Nobel Prize for Medicine for his efforts. Prontosil had a relatively broad effect against Gram-positive cocci, but not against enterobacteria. Research was stimulated apace by its success. The discovery and development of this sulfonamide drug opened the era of antibacterials.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the first available antibiotic?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Prontosil'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",71]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d4364776f419006612f2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What company developed Prontosil?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'IG Farben'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",178]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d4364776f419006612f3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who led the team that came up with Prontosil?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Gerhard Domagk'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",122]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d4364776f419006612f4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What prize did Domagk get for his work?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1939 Nobel Prize for Medicine'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",233]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d4364776f419006612f5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Antibiotics'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1939, coinciding with the start of World War II, Rene Dubos reported the discovery of the first naturally derived antibiotic, tyrothricin, a compound of 20% gramicidin and 80% tyrocidine, from B. brevis. It was one of the first commercially manufactured antibiotics universally and was very effective in treating wounds and ulcers during World War II. Gramicidin, however, could not be used systemically because of toxicity. Tyrocidine also proved too toxic for systemic usage. Research results obtained during that period were not shared between the Axis and the Allied powers during the war.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the first antibiotic developed from nature?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'tyrothricin'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",130]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d4c24776f41900661304'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was tyrothricin created?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1939'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d4c24776f41900661305'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What also happened in 1939 besides tyrothricin?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'start of World War II,'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",30]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d4c24776f41900661306'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who discovered tyrothricin?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Rene Dubos'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",53]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d4c24776f41900661307'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was tyrothricin used for during the war?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'wounds and ulcers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",317]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d4c24776f41900661308'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Antibiotics'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Florey and Chain succeeded in purifying the first penicillin, penicillin G, in 1942, but it did not become widely available outside the Allied military before 1945. Later, Norman Heatley developed the back extraction technique for efficiently purifying penicillin in bulk. The chemical structure of penicillin was determined by Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in 1945. Purified penicillin displayed potent antibacterial activity against a wide range of bacteria and had low toxicity in humans. Furthermore, its activity was not inhibited by biological constituents such as pus, unlike the synthetic sulfonamides. The discovery of such a powerful antibiotic was unprecedented, and the development of penicillin led to renewed interest in the search for antibiotic compounds with similar efficacy and safety. For their successful development of penicillin, which Fleming had accidentally discovered but could not develop himself, as a therapeutic drug, Ernst Chain and Howard Florey shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Fleming. Florey credited Dubos with pioneering the approach of deliberately and systematically searching for antibacterial compounds, which had led to the discovery of gramicidin and had revived Florey's research in penicillin.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was penicillin G first purified?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1942'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",80]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d5f24776f41900661314'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did penicillin G become available outside of military use?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1945'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",160]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d5f24776f41900661315'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who came up with a way to quickly produce penicillin?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Norman Heatley'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",173]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d5f24776f41900661316'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the chemical make-up of penicillin discovered?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1945'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",357]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d5f24776f41900661317'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who discovered the chemical structure of penicillin?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",329]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d5f24776f41900661318'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Antibiotics'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Vaccines rely on immune modulation or augmentation. Vaccination either excites or reinforces the immune competence of a host to ward off infection, leading to the activation of macrophages, the production of antibodies, inflammation, and other classic immune reactions. Antibacterial vaccines have been responsible for a drastic reduction in global bacterial diseases. 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The way that researchers are doing this is by infecting pathogenic bacteria with their own viruses, more specifically, bacteriophages. Bacteriophages, also known simply as phages, are precisely bacterial viruses that infect bacteria by disrupting pathogenic bacterium lytic cycles. By disrupting the lytic cycles of bacterium, phages destroy their metabolism, which eventually results in the cell's death. Phages will insert their DNA into the bacterium, allowing their DNA to be transcribed. Once their DNA is transcribed the cell will proceed to make new phages and as soon as they are ready to be released, the cell will lyse. One of the worries about using phages to fight pathogens is that the phages will infect \"good\" bacteria, or the bacteria that are important in the everyday function of human beings. However, studies have proven that phages are very specific when they target bacteria, which makes researchers confident that bacteriophage therapy is the definite route to defeating antibiotic resistant bacteria.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What has been talked about to treat resistant bacteria?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Phage therapy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d6e64776f41900661328'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How have researchers been doing this?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'infecting pathogenic bacteria'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",149]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d6e64776f41900661329'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a worry of using phages?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'phages will infect \"good\" bacteria'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",802]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d6e64776f4190066132a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Antibiotics'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In April 2013, the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) reported that the weak antibiotic pipeline does not match bacteria's increasing ability to develop resistance. Since 2009, only 2 new antibiotics were approved in the United States. The number of new antibiotics approved for marketing per year declines continuously. The report identified seven antibiotics against the Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) currently in phase 2 or phase 3 clinical trials. However, these drugs do not address the entire spectrum of resistance of GNB. Some of these antibiotics are combination of existent treatments:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many antibiotics have been created in the last 7 years?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",193]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d88b4776f41900661344'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many are in the pipelin to fight GNB?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'seven'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",354]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d88b4776f41900661345'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did the Infectious Disease Society of America say that production of new antibiotics does not keep up with resistance?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2013'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",10]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d88b4776f41900661346'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Antibiotics'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Possible improvements include clarification of clinical trial regulations by FDA. Furthermore, appropriate economic incentives could persuade pharmaceutical companies to invest in this endeavor. Antibiotic Development to Advance Patient Treatment (ADAPT) Act aims to fast track the drug development to combat the growing threat of 'superbugs'. Under this Act, FDA can approve antibiotics and antifungals treating life-threatening infections based on smaller clinical trials. The CDC will monitor the use of antibiotics and the emerging resistance, and publish the data. The FDA antibiotics labeling process, 'Susceptibility Test Interpretive Criteria for Microbial Organisms' or 'breakpoints', will provide accurate data to healthcare professionals. According to Allan Coukell, senior director for health programs at The Pew Charitable Trusts, \"By allowing drug developers to rely on smaller datasets, and clarifying FDA's authority to tolerate a higher level of uncertainty for these drugs when making a risk\/benefit calculation, ADAPT would make the clinical trials more feasible.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who regulates antibiotic approval?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'FDA'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",78]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d91e4776f4190066134a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What could help to spur pharmaceuticals to make new antibiotics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'economic incentives'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",108]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d91e4776f4190066134b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are resistant bacteria called in the media?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'superbugs'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",333]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d91e4776f4190066134c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is a director at the Pew Charitable Trusts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Allan Coukell,'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",764]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733d91e4776f4190066134d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Antibiotics'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Frédéric François Chopin (\/ˈʃoʊpæn\/; French pronunciation: ​[fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano. He gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era, whose \"poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation.\" Chopin was born in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, and grew up in Warsaw, which after 1815 became part of Congress Poland. 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Thereafter, during the last 18 years of his life, he gave only some 30 public performances, preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon. He supported himself by selling his compositions and teaching piano, for which he was in high demand. Chopin formed a friendship with Franz Liszt and was admired by many of his musical contemporaries, including Robert Schumann. In 1835 he obtained French citizenship. After a failed engagement to Maria Wodzińska, from 1837 to 1847 he maintained an often troubled relationship with the French writer George Sand. A brief and unhappy visit to Majorca with Sand in 1838–39 was one of his most productive periods of composition. In his last years, he was financially supported by his admirer Jane Stirling, who also arranged for him to visit Scotland in 1848. Through most of his life, Chopin suffered from poor health. 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Most are for solo piano, though he also wrote two piano concertos, a few chamber pieces, and some songs to Polish lyrics. His keyboard style is highly individual and often technically demanding; his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity. Chopin invented the concept of instrumental ballade. His major piano works also include mazurkas, waltzes, nocturnes, polonaises, études, impromptus, scherzos, preludes and sonatas, some published only after his death. Influences on his compositional style include Polish folk music, the classical tradition of J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert, the music of all of whom he admired, as well as the Paris salons where he was a frequent guest. 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During his years in Paris he was to become acquainted with, among many others, Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny. 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His fellow student at the Warsaw Conservatory, Julian Fontana, had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in England; Albert Grzymała, who in Paris became a wealthy financier and society figure, often acted as Chopin's adviser and \"gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in [his] life.\" Fontana was to become, in the words of Michałowski and Samson, Chopin's \"general factotum and copyist\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which friend of Frédéric failed to achieve success in England?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Julian Fontana'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",134]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cbf5106d243a140015ee18'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was Frédéric's trusted adviser while in Paris?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Albert Grzymała'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",219]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cbf5106d243a140015ee19'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What familial role was Albert Grzymała compared to in regards to Frédéric?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'elder brother'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",369]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cbf5106d243a140015ee1a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is stated as a jack of all trades in service to Frédéric?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Julian Fontana'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",134]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cbf5106d243a140015ee1b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What nationality were the two friends who served as a pivotal influence in Frédéric's life while in Paris?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Polish'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cbf5106d243a140015ee1c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Julian Fontana tried to find his way where before moving to Paris?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'England'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",210]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf6f874df3c31400b0d796'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did Julian Fontana fail to get established?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'England'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",210]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d31b3759d6e41400146244'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Chopin know that became rich in Paris?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Albert Grzymała'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",219]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d31b3759d6e41400146245'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which friend of Chopin became like an older brother to him?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Albert Grzymała'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",219]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d31b3759d6e41400146246'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which friend took on the role of several jobs to help Chopin including copyist?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Julian Fontana'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",134]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d31b3759d6e41400146247'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where were Chopin and Fontana students together?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Warsaw Conservatory'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",113]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d31b3759d6e41400146248'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'At the end of 1831, Chopin received the first major endorsement from an outstanding contemporary when Robert Schumann, reviewing the Op. 2 Variations in the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung (his first published article on music), declared: \"Hats off, gentlemen! A genius.\" On 26 February 1832 Chopin gave a debut Paris concert at the Salle Pleyel which drew universal admiration. The critic François-Joseph Fétis wrote in the Revue et gazette musicale: \"Here is a young man who ... taking no model, has found, if not a complete renewal of piano music, ... an abundance of original ideas of a kind to be found nowhere else ...\" After this concert, Chopin realized that his essentially intimate keyboard technique was not optimal for large concert spaces. Later that year he was introduced to the wealthy Rothschild banking family, whose patronage also opened doors for him to other private salons (social gatherings of the aristocracy and artistic and literary elite). By the end of 1832 Chopin had established himself among the Parisian musical elite, and had earned the respect of his peers such as Hiller, Liszt, and Berlioz. He no longer depended financially upon his father, and in the winter of 1832 he began earning a handsome income from publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students from all over Europe. This freed him from the strains of public concert-giving, which he disliked.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who gave Frédéric his first significant public approval in regards to his compositions?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Robert Schumann'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",103]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cbf7d16d243a140015ee22'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what date did Frédéric give his first performance at the Salle Pleyel?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'26 February 1832'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",276]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cbf7d16d243a140015ee23'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is stated as a hindrance for Frédéric's ability to perform in large concert spaces?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'intimate keyboard technique'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",684]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cbf7d16d243a140015ee24'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Frédéric rely upon financially before earning a great income from his works?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'his father'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1167]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cbf7d16d243a140015ee25'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'From whom did Chopin receive his first big endorsement?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Robert Schumann'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",103]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf70c74df3c31400b0d799'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Chopin debut at Salle Pleyel ?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'26 February 1832'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",276]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf70c74df3c31400b0d79a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What affluent family did Chopin gain a patronage from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Rothschild'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",803]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf70c74df3c31400b0d79c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Chopin receive his first major endorsement from Robert Schumann?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1831'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",15]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d31bfb59d6e4140014624e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Chopin realize was not ideal for larger spaces after his first successful concert in Paris?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'keyboard technique'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",693]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d31bfb59d6e41400146250'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Once Chopin stopped performing concerts, how did he earn his income?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1245]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d31bfb59d6e41400146252'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Chopin seldom performed publicly in Paris. In later years he generally gave a single annual concert at the Salle Pleyel, a venue that seated three hundred. He played more frequently at salons, but preferred playing at his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends. The musicologist Arthur Hedley has observed that \"As a pianist Chopin was unique in acquiring a reputation of the highest order on the basis of a minimum of public appearances—few more than thirty in the course of his lifetime.\" The list of musicians who took part in some of his concerts provides an indication of the richness of Parisian artistic life during this period. Examples include a concert on 23 March 1833, in which Chopin, Liszt and Hiller performed (on pianos) a concerto by J.S. Bach for three keyboards; and, on 3 March 1838, a concert in which Chopin, his pupil Adolphe Gutmann, Charles-Valentin Alkan, and Alkan's teacher Joseph Zimmermann performed Alkan's arrangement, for eight hands, of two movements from Beethoven's 7th symphony. Chopin was also involved in the composition of Liszt's Hexameron; he wrote the sixth (and final) variation on Bellini's theme. Chopin's music soon found success with publishers, and in 1833 he contracted with Maurice Schlesinger, who arranged for it to be published not only in France but, through his family connections, also in Germany and England.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Frédéric's favorite environment to perform in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",219]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cbfa0e6d243a140015ee2d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What instrument did Frédéric play in a performance on 23 March 1833?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'pianos'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",739]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cbfa0e6d243a140015ee2e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Chopin gave a yearly performance where?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Salle Pleyel'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",108]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf75794df3c31400b0d7d1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Chopin worked with Liszt on what piece?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hexameron'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1081]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf75794df3c31400b0d7d2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In 1833 with whom with Chopin work to get his music published?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Maurice Schlesinger'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1235]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf75794df3c31400b0d7d3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of Chopin's pupil who performed with him?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Adolphe Gutmann'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",851]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf75794df3c31400b0d7d4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did Chopin prefer to play for people?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'apartment'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",233]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d31dcb59d6e41400146259'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On March 23, 1833, who headlined and performed with Chopin at a concert?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Liszt and Hiller'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",708]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d31dcb59d6e4140014625b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Chopin contract with for publishing his music?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Maurice Schlesinger'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1235]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d31dcb59d6e4140014625c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In the spring of 1834, Chopin attended the Lower Rhenish Music Festival in Aix-la-Chapelle with Hiller, and it was there that Chopin met Felix Mendelssohn. After the festival, the three visited Düsseldorf, where Mendelssohn had been appointed musical director. They spent what Mendelssohn described as \"a very agreeable day\", playing and discussing music at his piano, and met Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, director of the Academy of Art, and some of his eminent pupils such as Lessing, Bendemann, Hildebrandt and Sohn. In 1835 Chopin went to Carlsbad, where he spent time with his parents; it was the last time he would see them. On his way back to Paris, he met old friends from Warsaw, the Wodzińskis. He had made the acquaintance of their daughter Maria in Poland five years earlier, when she was eleven. This meeting prompted him to stay for two weeks in Dresden, when he had previously intended to return to Paris via Leipzig. The sixteen-year-old girl's portrait of the composer is considered, along with Delacroix's, as among Chopin's best likenesses. In October he finally reached Leipzig, where he met Schumann, Clara Wieck and Felix Mendelssohn, who organised for him a performance of his own oratorio St. Paul, and who considered him \"a perfect musician\". In July 1836 Chopin travelled to Marienbad and Dresden to be with the Wodziński family, and in September he proposed to Maria, whose mother Countess Wodzińska approved in principle. Chopin went on to Leipzig, where he presented Schumann with his G minor Ballade. At the end of 1836 he sent Maria an album in which his sister Ludwika had inscribed seven of his songs, and his 1835 Nocturne in C-sharp minor, Op. 27, No. 1. The anodyne thanks he received from Maria proved to be the last letter he was to have from her.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Frédéric meet in the spring of 1834 at the Lower Rhenish Music Festival?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Felix Mendelssohn'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",138]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cbfbdd6d243a140015ee36'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What two activities did Frédéric do while visiting for a day in Düsseldorf with Mendelssohn and Hiller?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'playing and discussing music'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",327]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cbfbdd6d243a140015ee37'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the director of the Academy of Art that Frédéric met while in Düsseldorf?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",378]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cbfbdd6d243a140015ee38'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where were Frédéric's parents located at when he saw them for the final time in 1835?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Carlsbad'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",541]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cbfbdd6d243a140015ee39'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did Chopin meet Felix Mendelssohn?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Lower Rhenish Music Festival'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",40]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf7b8a4df3c31400b0d81f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Chopin attend the Lower Rhenish Music Festival with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hiller'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",97]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf7b8a4df3c31400b0d820'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In 1835 where did Chopin and his parents visit?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Carlsbad'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",541]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf7b8a4df3c31400b0d821'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Chopin propose marriage to Maria Wodziński?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'July 1836'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1269]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf7b8a4df3c31400b0d822'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was Maria's mother?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Countess Wodzińska'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1406]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf7b8a4df3c31400b0d823'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Chopin meet at a music festival early in 1834?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Felix Mendelssohn'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",138]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d31f8a59d6e41400146262'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did Chopin and Hiller go with the person Chopin met in the spring of 1834?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Düsseldorf'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",195]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d31f8a59d6e41400146263'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow position?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'director of the Academy of Art'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",405]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d31f8a59d6e41400146264'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the first name of the girl Chopin proposed to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Maria'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",750]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d31f8a59d6e41400146266'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Although it is not known exactly when Chopin first met Liszt after arriving in Paris, on 12 December 1831 he mentioned in a letter to his friend Woyciechowski that \"I have met Rossini, Cherubini, Baillot, etc.—also Kalkbrenner. You would not believe how curious I was about Herz, Liszt, Hiller, etc.\" Liszt was in attendance at Chopin's Parisian debut on 26 February 1832 at the Salle Pleyel, which led him to remark: \"The most vigorous applause seemed not to suffice to our enthusiasm in the presence of this talented musician, who revealed a new phase of poetic sentiment combined with such happy innovation in the form of his art.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the recipient of Frédéric's letter he wrote on 12 December 1831?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Woyciechowski'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",146]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cbfcda6d243a140015ee40'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the three names stated in Frédéric's letter that he had shown interest and curiosity in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Herz, Liszt, Hiller'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",275]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cbfcda6d243a140015ee41'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is stated as being in attendance of Frédéric's first performance at the Salle Pleyel on 26 February 1832?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Liszt'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",56]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cbfcda6d243a140015ee42'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the date that LIszt first saw Chopin perform?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'26 February 1832'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",356]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf75c64df3c31400b0d7d9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which friend received the letter in which Chopin referenced Liszt?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Woyciechowski'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",146]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3202159d6e4140014626d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was Chopin's first concert in Paris held?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Salle Pleyel'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",376]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3202159d6e4140014626f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The two became friends, and for many years lived in close proximity in Paris, Chopin at 38 Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin, and Liszt at the Hôtel de France on the Rue Lafitte, a few blocks away. They performed together on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841. The first, on 2 April 1833, was at a benefit concert organized by Hector Berlioz for his bankrupt Shakespearean actress wife Harriet Smithson, during which they played George Onslow's Sonata in F minor for piano duet. Later joint appearances included a benefit concert for the Benevolent Association of Polish Ladies in Paris. Their last appearance together in public was for a charity concert conducted for the Beethoven Memorial in Bonn, held at the Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory on 25 and 26 April 1841.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What address did Frédéric live at during his stay in Paris?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'38 Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",89]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cbff116d243a140015ee46'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How far down the road did Liszt live from Frédéric during this time?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a few blocks'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",173]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cbff116d243a140015ee47'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many times did Frédéric and Liszt collaborate in performances during the years of 1833 to 1841?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'seven'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",219]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cbff116d243a140015ee48'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'For whose benefit was the first of these concerts performed for on 2 April 1833?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Harriet Smithson'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",383]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cbff116d243a140015ee49'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'At which two establishments was the last of these performances conducted at on 25 and 26 April 1841?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",710]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cbff116d243a140015ee4a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the first time Liszt and Chopin performed together?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2 April 1833'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",272]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf7c234df3c31400b0d832'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the charity that Liszt and Chopin last performed for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Beethoven Memorial in Bonn'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",666]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf7c234df3c31400b0d834'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did Liszt and Chopin last perform together?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",710]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf7c234df3c31400b0d835'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When Liszt lived close to Chopin, where did he call home?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Hôtel de France on the Rue Lafitte'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",133]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d320bf59d6e41400146274'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many times did Chopin and Liszy perform together in public?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'seven'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",219]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d320bf59d6e41400146276'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did the first concert of Chopin and Liszt benefit?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Harriet Smithson'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",383]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d320bf59d6e41400146277'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Although the two displayed great respect and admiration for each other, their friendship was uneasy and had some qualities of a love-hate relationship. Harold C. Schonberg believes that Chopin displayed a \"tinge of jealousy and spite\" towards Liszt's virtuosity on the piano, and others have also argued that he had become enchanted with Liszt's theatricality, showmanship and success. Liszt was the dedicatee of Chopin's Op. 10 Études, and his performance of them prompted the composer to write to Hiller, \"I should like to rob him of the way he plays my studies.\" However, Chopin expressed annoyance in 1843 when Liszt performed one of his nocturnes with the addition of numerous intricate embellishments, at which Chopin remarked that he should play the music as written or not play it at all, forcing an apology. Most biographers of Chopin state that after this the two had little to do with each other, although in his letters dated as late as 1848 he still referred to him as \"my friend Liszt\". Some commentators point to events in the two men's romantic lives which led to a rift between them; there are claims that Liszt had displayed jealousy of his mistress Marie d'Agoult's obsession with Chopin, while others believe that Chopin had become concerned about Liszt's growing relationship with George Sand.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What term describes the qualities of the relationship between Frédéric and Liszt?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'love-hate relationship'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",129]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc02376d243a140015ee50'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What three qualities of Liszt are stated to have captivated Frédéric?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'theatricality, showmanship and success'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",347]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc02376d243a140015ee51'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Frédéric receive from Liszt when the latter performed a nocturne with certain embellishments added?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'an apology'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",806]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc02376d243a140015ee52'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Frédéric introduce Liszt as in when referring to him in his letters up to 1848?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'my friend Liszt'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",984]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc02376d243a140015ee53'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What piece did Chopin dedicate to Liszt?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Op. 10 Études'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",423]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfdb3e234ae51400d9bf7d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of Liszt's mistress?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Marie d'Agoult'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1169]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfdb3e234ae51400d9bf7f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Chopin dedicate the Op. 10 Études to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Liszt'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",244]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3227259d6e4140014627e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who apologized to Chopin for adding embellishments to a musical piece he perforemed that was written by Chopin?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Liszt'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",244]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3227259d6e4140014627f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of Liszt's mistress?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Marie d'Agoult'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1169]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3227259d6e41400146280'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Chopin write to displaying his desire to take away a performers ability to play his music?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hiller'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",500]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3227259d6e41400146281'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the man who biogrpahers think Chopin was concerned about Liszt's growing relationship with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'George Sand'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1303]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3227259d6e41400146282'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1836, at a party hosted by Marie d'Agoult, Chopin met the French author George Sand (born [Amantine] Aurore [Lucile] Dupin). Short (under five feet, or 152 cm), dark, big-eyed and a cigar smoker, she initially repelled Chopin, who remarked, \"What an unattractive person la Sand is. Is she really a woman?\" However, by early 1837 Maria Wodzińska's mother had made it clear to Chopin in correspondence that a marriage with her daughter was unlikely to proceed. It is thought that she was influenced by his poor health and possibly also by rumours about his associations with women such as d'Agoult and Sand. Chopin finally placed the letters from Maria and her mother in a package on which he wrote, in Polish, \"My tragedy\". Sand, in a letter to Grzymała of June 1838, admitted strong feelings for the composer and debated whether to abandon a current affair in order to begin a relationship with Chopin; she asked Grzymała to assess Chopin's relationship with Maria Wodzińska, without realising that the affair, at least from Maria's side, was over.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the host of the gathering where Frédéric was introduced to George Sand?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Marie d'Agoult'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",31]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc06496d243a140015ee5a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Frédéric label the place in which he placed Maria and her mother's letters about the unlikely marriage?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'My tragedy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",714]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc06496d243a140015ee5d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did George Sand write to when admitting having a strong affection for Frédéric?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Grzymała'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",748]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc06496d243a140015ee5e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the author Chopin met at a gathering put on by Marie d'Agoult?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'George Sand'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",76]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfdc7f234ae51400d9bf8b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was a possible reason for Chopin's failed engagement to Maria Wodzińska?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'his poor health'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",504]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfdc7f234ae51400d9bf8e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Chopin write on the box of letters from Maria and her mother?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'My tragedy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",714]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfdc7f234ae51400d9bf8f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who hosted the party whre Chopin met George Sand?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Marie d'Agoult'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",31]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3234159d6e41400146288'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did Maria Wodzińska's mother tell Chopin that he likely would not marry her daughter?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1837'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",328]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3234159d6e41400146289'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Chopin write on the package that contained letters from Maria and her mother?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'My tragedy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",714]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3234159d6e4140014628b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Sand confide to in a letter about her feelings for Chopin in June, 1838?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Grzymała'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",748]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3234159d6e4140014628c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In June 1837 Chopin visited London incognito in the company of the piano manufacturer Camille Pleyel where he played at a musical soirée at the house of English piano maker James Broadwood. On his return to Paris, his association with Sand began in earnest, and by the end of June 1838 they had become lovers. Sand, who was six years older than the composer, and who had had a series of lovers, wrote at this time: \"I must say I was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me ... I have still not recovered from my astonishment, and if I were a proud person I should be feeling humiliated at having been carried away ...\" The two spent a miserable winter on Majorca (8 November 1838 to 13 February 1839), where, together with Sand's two children, they had journeyed in the hope of improving the health of Chopin and that of Sand's 15-year-old son Maurice, and also to escape the threats of Sand's former lover Félicien Mallefille. After discovering that the couple were not married, the deeply traditional Catholic people of Majorca became inhospitable, making accommodation difficult to find. 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The first said I was dead; the second said I was dying; and the third said I was about to die.\" He also had problems having his Pleyel piano sent to him. It finally arrived from Paris in December. Chopin wrote to Pleyel in January 1839: \"I am sending you my Preludes [(Op. 28)]. I finished them on your little piano, which arrived in the best possible condition in spite of the sea, the bad weather and the Palma customs.\" Chopin was also able to undertake work on his Ballade No. 2, Op. 38; two Polonaises, Op. 40; and the Scherzo No. 3, Op. 39.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many doctors saw Frédéric by the 3rd of December?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Three'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",104]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc08eb6d243a140015ee6e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Frédéric have trouble playing as a result of his growing illness?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'piano'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",273]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc08eb6d243a140015ee6f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What condition did Frédéric describe the piano that arrived to him through many dangerous obstacles?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'best possible condition'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",476]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc08eb6d243a140015ee70'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many doctors visited Chopin?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'3'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfddc4234ae51400d9bfa1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What month did Chopin's piano arrive?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'December'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",6]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfddc4234ae51400d9bfa2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Chopin compalin about?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'his bad health'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",40]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d347fb59d6e4140014629c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Chopin have a hard time getting delivered to Majorca?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'his Pleyel piano'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",262]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d347fb59d6e4140014629d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What month did Chopin's Pleyel piano arrive in Majorca?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'December'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",6]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d347fb59d6e4140014629f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Chopin send his Preludes to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pleyel'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",266]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d347fb59d6e414001462a0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Although this period had been productive, the bad weather had such a detrimental effect on Chopin's health that Sand determined to leave the island. To avoid further customs duties, Sand sold the piano to a local French couple, the Canuts.[n 8] The group traveled first to Barcelona, then to Marseilles, where they stayed for a few months while Chopin convalesced. In May 1839 they headed for the summer to Sand's estate at Nohant, where they spent most summers until 1846. In autumn they returned to Paris, where Chopin's apartment at 5 rue Tronchet was close to Sand's rented accommodation at the rue Pigalle. He frequently visited Sand in the evenings, but both retained some independence. 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Stirling also made all the logistical arrangements and provided much of the necessary funding.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did Chopin head to during the Revolution of 1848?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'London'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",63]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfe4a4234ae51400d9c015'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who provided the majority of funds for his concert tour in London?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jane Stirling'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",207]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfe4a4234ae51400d9c016'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did Chopin go in the spring of 1848?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'London'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",63]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3711659d6e414001463ce'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What two people suggested the 1848 tour?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jane Stirling and her elder sister'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",207]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3711659d6e414001463cf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who paid for most of the 1848 music tour of Chopin?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jane Stirling'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",207]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3711659d6e414001463d0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was happening in April 1848 in Paris?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Revolution'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",22]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3711659d6e414001463d1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Jane Stirling's national heritage?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Scottish'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",192]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3711659d6e414001463d2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In London Chopin took lodgings at Dover Street, where the firm of Broadwood provided him with a grand piano. At his first engagement, on 15 May at Stafford House, the audience included Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. The Prince, who was himself a talented musician, moved close to the keyboard to view Chopin's technique. Broadwood also arranged concerts for him; among those attending were Thackeray and the singer Jenny Lind. Chopin was also sought after for piano lessons, for which he charged the high fee of one guinea (£1.05 in present British currency) per hour, and for private recitals for which the fee was 20 guineas. At a concert on 7 July he shared the platform with Viardot, who sang arrangements of some of his mazurkas to Spanish texts.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did Chopin stay while in London?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Dover Street'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",35]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfe6cf234ae51400d9c03b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What company provided Chopin with a piano while in London?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Broadwood'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",67]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfe6cf234ae51400d9c03c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was Chopin's initial performance?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Stafford House'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",148]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfe6cf234ae51400d9c03d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What two notable guests were present during his premiere performance at Stafford House?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Queen Victoria and Prince Albert'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",186]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfe6cf234ae51400d9c03e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What date did he perform with Viardot?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'7 July'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",648]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfe6cf234ae51400d9c03f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What steet did Chopin stay on in London?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Dover Street'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",35]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d372e959d6e41400146401'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Broadway provide for Chopin?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a grand piano.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",95]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d372e959d6e41400146402'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What two dignitaries where at his first performance in London?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",186]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d372e959d6e41400146403'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In addition to hearing him play, what else did people seek from Chopin in London?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'piano lessons'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",464]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d372e959d6e41400146404'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who sang chopin arrangements on July 7 of the year Chopin was in London?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Viardot'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",683]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d372e959d6e41400146405'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In late summer he was invited by Jane Stirling to visit Scotland, where he stayed at Calder House near Edinburgh and at Johnstone Castle in Renfrewshire, both owned by members of Stirling's family. She clearly had a notion of going beyond mere friendship, and Chopin was obliged to make it clear to her that this could not be so. He wrote at this time to Grzymała \"My Scottish ladies are kind, but such bores\", and responding to a rumour about his involvement, answered that he was \"closer to the grave than the nuptial bed.\" He gave a public concert in Glasgow on 27 September, and another in Edinburgh, at the Hopetoun Rooms on Queen Street (now Erskine House) on 4 October. In late October 1848, while staying at 10 Warriston Crescent in Edinburgh with the Polish physician Adam Łyszczyński, he wrote out his last will and testament—\"a kind of disposition to be made of my stuff in the future, if I should drop dead somewhere\", he wrote to Grzymała.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did Jane Stirling invite Chopin?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Scotland'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",57]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfe792234ae51400d9c05b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What doctor was with Chopin when he wrote out his will?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Adam Łyszczyński'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",778]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfe792234ae51400d9c05c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was Chopin invited to in late summer?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Scotland'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",57]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3740c59d6e41400146423'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What city did Chopin perform at on September 27?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Glasgow'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",555]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3740c59d6e41400146426'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Chopin write while staying with Doctor Adam Łyszczyński?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'will'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",818]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3740c59d6e41400146427'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Chopin made his last public appearance on a concert platform at London's Guildhall on 16 November 1848, when, in a final patriotic gesture, he played for the benefit of Polish refugees. By this time he was very seriously ill, weighing under 99 pounds (i.e. less than 45 kg), and his doctors were aware that his sickness was at a terminal stage.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Chopin last appear in public?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'16 November 1848'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",87]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfe7f4234ae51400d9c05f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was Chopin's last public performance?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Guildhall'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",74]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfe7f4234ae51400d9c060'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who were the beneficiaries of his last public concert?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Polish refugees.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",170]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d375b859d6e41400146468'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the diagnosis of Chopin's health condition at this time?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'terminal'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",330]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d375b859d6e41400146469'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was Chopin's last public performance?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'London's Guildhall'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",65]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d375b859d6e4140014646b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'At the end of November, Chopin returned to Paris. He passed the winter in unremitting illness, but gave occasional lessons and was visited by friends, including Delacroix and Franchomme. Occasionally he played, or accompanied the singing of Delfina Potocka, for his friends. During the summer of 1849, his friends found him an apartment in Chaillot, out of the centre of the city, for which the rent was secretly subsidised by an admirer, Princess Obreskoff. 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In June 1849 his sister Ludwika came to Paris with her husband and daughter, and in September, supported by a loan from Jane Stirling, he took an apartment at Place Vendôme 12. After 15 October, when his condition took a marked turn for the worse, only a handful of his closest friends remained with him, although Viardot remarked sardonically that \"all the grand Parisian ladies considered it de rigueur to faint in his room.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did his sister come to stay with Chopin?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'June 1849'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",92]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfe911234ae51400d9c085'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In September 1849 where did Chopin take up residence?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Place Vendôme 12'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",248]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfe911234ae51400d9c086'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which family member came to Paris in June 1849?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'his sister'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",102]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3823659d6e414001465b6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who accompanied Chopin's sister to Paris?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'her husband and daughter'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",140]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3823659d6e414001465b7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who gave Chopin a loan in September for an apartment?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jane Stirling'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",209]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3823659d6e414001465b8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Parisian ladies consider proper etiquette when in Chopin's room?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'to faint'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",494]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3823659d6e414001465b9'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Some of his friends provided music at his request; among them, Potocka sang and Franchomme played the cello. Chopin requested that his body be opened after death (for fear of being buried alive) and his heart returned to Warsaw where it rests at the Church of the Holy Cross. He also bequeathed his unfinished notes on a piano tuition method, Projet de méthode, to Alkan for completion. On 17 October, after midnight, the physician leaned over him and asked whether he was suffering greatly. \"No longer\", he replied. He died a few minutes before two o'clock in the morning. Those present at the deathbed appear to have included his sister Ludwika, Princess Marcelina Czartoryska, Sand's daughter Solange, and his close friend Thomas Albrecht. Later that morning, Solange's husband Clésinger made Chopin's death mask and a cast of his left hand.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why did Chopin request being cut open after his death?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'fear of being buried alive'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",168]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfe9df234ae51400d9c0a1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Chopin reply to the doctor when asked is he was suffering?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"No longer\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",493]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfe9df234ae51400d9c0a3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who made Chopin's death mask?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Clésinger'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",782]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfe9df234ae51400d9c0a4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why did Chopin want his body opened when he died?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'fear of being buried alive'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",168]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d38a4a59d6e414001466bb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Solange's husband make hours after Chopin's death along with his death mask?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a cast of his left hand.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",821]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d38a4a59d6e414001466bf'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Chopin's disease and the cause of his death have since been a matter of discussion. His death certificate gave the cause as tuberculosis, and his physician, Jean Cruveilhier, was then the leading French authority on this disease. Other possibilities have been advanced including cystic fibrosis, cirrhosis and alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. However, the attribution of tuberculosis as principal cause of death has not been disproved. 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The organist at the funeral was Louis Lefébure-Wély. The funeral procession to Père Lachaise Cemetery, which included Chopin's sister Ludwika, was led by the aged Prince Adam Czartoryski. The pallbearers included Delacroix, Franchomme, and Camille Pleyel. At the graveside, the Funeral March from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2 was played, in Reber's instrumentation.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What song was sung at Chopin's funeral?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mozart's Requiem'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfeb52234ae51400d9c0bf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the organist at Chopin's funeral?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Louis Lefébure-Wély'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",292]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfeb52234ae51400d9c0c0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who led Chopin's funeral procession?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Prince Adam Czartoryski'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",423]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfeb52234ae51400d9c0c1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was played at his graveside?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Funeral March from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",538]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfeb52234ae51400d9c0c2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What Mozart song was sung at Chopin's funeral?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mozart's Requiem'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d38c2b59d6e41400146703'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the organist for Chopin's funeral?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Louis Lefébure-Wély'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",292]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d38c2b59d6e41400146704'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which cemetery was Chopin buried in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Père Lachaise Cemetery'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",339]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d38c2b59d6e41400146705'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who led the funeral procession?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Prince Adam Czartoryski'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",423]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d38c2b59d6e41400146706'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was played at Chopin's graveside?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Funeral March from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",534]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d38c2b59d6e41400146707'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Chopin's tombstone, featuring the muse of music, Euterpe, weeping over a broken lyre, was designed and sculpted by Clésinger. The expenses of the funeral and monument, amounting to 5,000 francs, were covered by Jane Stirling, who also paid for the return of the composer's sister Ludwika to Warsaw. Ludwika took Chopin's heart in an urn, preserved in alcohol, back to Poland in 1850.[n 9] She also took a collection of two hundred letters from Sand to Chopin; after 1851 these were returned to Sand, who seems to have destroyed them.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who sculpted Chopin's tombstone?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Clésinger'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",116]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfec4b234ae51400d9c0cd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the muse carved on Chopin's tombstone?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Euterpe'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",50]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfec4b234ae51400d9c0ce'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much did Chopin's funeral cost?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'5,000 francs'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",182]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfec4b234ae51400d9c0cf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who paid for Chopin's funeral?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jane Stirling'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",212]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfec4b234ae51400d9c0d0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Chopin's sister Ludwika took his heart back to Warsaw preserved in what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'alcohol'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",352]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfec4b234ae51400d9c0d1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who designed Chopin's tombstone?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Clésinger.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",116]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d38cc659d6e4140014672b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much did Chopin's funeral and monument cost?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'5,000 francs'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",182]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d38cc659d6e4140014672c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who paid for Chopin's funeral?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jane Stirling'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",212]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d38cc659d6e4140014672d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who took Chopin's heart to Poland?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'sister'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",274]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d38cc659d6e4140014672e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who ended up with the 200 letters from Sand to Chopin?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sand'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",445]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d38cc659d6e4140014672f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Over 230 works of Chopin survive; some compositions from early childhood have been lost. All his known works involve the piano, and only a few range beyond solo piano music, as either piano concertos, songs or chamber music.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many of Chopin's works still exist?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Over 230'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfec7b234ae51400d9c0d7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'All of his pieces include what instrument?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'piano'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",122]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfec7b234ae51400d9c0d8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many Chopin pieces are known to have survived?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Over 230'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d38cfe59d6e4140014673b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Only a few of Chopin's pieces involve more than the piano, including piano concertos, songs and what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'chamber music.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",211]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d38cfe59d6e4140014673c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Chopin was educated in the tradition of Beethoven, Haydn, Mozart and Clementi; he used Clementi's piano method with his own students. He was also influenced by Hummel's development of virtuoso, yet Mozartian, piano technique. He cited Bach and Mozart as the two most important composers in shaping his musical outlook. Chopin's early works are in the style of the \"brilliant\" keyboard pieces of his era as exemplified by the works of Ignaz Moscheles, Friedrich Kalkbrenner, and others. Less direct in the earlier period are the influences of Polish folk music and of Italian opera. Much of what became his typical style of ornamentation (for example, his fioriture) is taken from singing. His melodic lines were increasingly reminiscent of the modes and features of the music of his native country, such as drones.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Whose piano method did Chopin teach his students?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Clementi'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",70]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfed0f234ae51400d9c0db'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Whose piano method did Chopin use with his students?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Clementi'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",70]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d38d6559d6e4140014674f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Chopin say were the two most important composers in his own music influences?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Bach and Mozart'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",236]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d38d6559d6e41400146750'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Chopin looked to Beethoven, Mozart, Clementi and who for his own music education?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Haydn'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",52]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d38d6559d6e41400146751'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Chopin took the new salon genre of the nocturne, invented by the Irish composer John Field, to a deeper level of sophistication. He was the first to write ballades and scherzi as individual concert pieces. He essentially established a new genre with his own set of free-standing preludes (Op. 28, published 1839). He exploited the poetic potential of the concept of the concert étude, already being developed in the 1820s and 1830s by Liszt, Clementi and Moscheles, in his two sets of studies (Op. 10 published in 1833, Op. 25 in 1837).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is credited with creating the nocturne?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'John Field'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",81]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfed8a234ae51400d9c0e1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Chopin was the first person to create what as singular concert pieces?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ballades and scherzi'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",156]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfed8a234ae51400d9c0e2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What new genre di John Field invent?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'nocturne'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",40]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d38fa059d6e41400146771'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Chopin was first in writing what for concerts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ballades and scherzi'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",156]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d38fa059d6e41400146772'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What musical concept did Chopin exploit?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'concert étude'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",371]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d38fa059d6e41400146773'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What three other musicians were developing the new genre?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Liszt, Clementi and Moscheles'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",436]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d38fa059d6e41400146774'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression. Chopin's mazurkas, while originating in the traditional Polish dance (the mazurek), differed from the traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall; \"it was Chopin who put the mazurka on the European musical map.\" The series of seven polonaises published in his lifetime (another nine were published posthumously), beginning with the Op. 26 pair (published 1836), set a new standard for music in the form. His waltzes were also written specifically for the salon recital rather than the ballroom and are frequently at rather faster tempos than their dance-floor equivalents.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many polonaises were published while Chopin lived?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'seven'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",364]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfee5d234ae51400d9c0f7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many polonaises were published after Chopin died?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'nine'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",416]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfee5d234ae51400d9c0f8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Chopin was credited for making what more internationally known?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'mazurkas'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",97]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfee5d234ae51400d9c0f9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is different about Chopin's waltzes versus a ballroom waltz?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'faster tempos'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",661]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfee5d234ae51400d9c0fa'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Chopin add to the modern dance of his era?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'greater range of melody and expression.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",48]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d390b559d6e41400146789'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Chopin's Polish dance music was developed for what type of hall?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'concert hall'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",244]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d390b559d6e4140014678a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Chopin responsible for making popular with Euorpeans?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the mazurka'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",308]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d390b559d6e4140014678b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many Chopin polonaises were published after his death?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'nine'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",416]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d390b559d6e4140014678c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What dance music of Chopin was written more for recitals than ballrooms?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'waltzes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",546]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d390b559d6e4140014678d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Some of Chopin's well-known pieces have acquired descriptive titles, such as the Revolutionary Étude (Op. 10, No. 12), and the Minute Waltz (Op. 64, No. 1). However, with the exception of his Funeral March, the composer never named an instrumental work beyond genre and number, leaving all potential extramusical associations to the listener; the names by which many of his pieces are known were invented by others. There is no evidence to suggest that the Revolutionary Étude was written with the failed Polish uprising against Russia in mind; it merely appeared at that time. The Funeral March, the third movement of his Sonata No. 2 (Op. 35), the one case where he did give a title, was written before the rest of the sonata, but no specific event or death is known to have inspired it.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is another title Op. 10, No. 12 has garnered? 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He expressed a deathbed wish that all his unpublished manuscripts be destroyed. At the request of the composer's mother and sisters, however, his musical executor Julian Fontana selected 23 unpublished piano pieces and grouped them into eight further opus numbers (Opp. 66–73), published in 1855. In 1857, 17 Polish songs that Chopin wrote at various stages of his life were collected and published as Op. 74, though their order within the opus did not reflect the order of composition.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the last number Chopin gave to an opus?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'65'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",51]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff00f234ae51400d9c113'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was Chopin's musical executor?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Julian Fontana'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",260]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff00f234ae51400d9c115'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many unfinished pieces did Julian Fontana make into eight more opus numbers?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'23'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",284]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff00f234ae51400d9c116'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Op. 74 is made up of how many Polish songs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'17'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",403]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff00f234ae51400d9c117'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the last opus number that Chopin used?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'65'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",51]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3929359d6e4140014679d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who grouped 23 unpublished pieces and published them as Opp. 66-73 in 1855?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Julian Fontana'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",260]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3929359d6e4140014679f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was Op. 74 published?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1857'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",397]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3929359d6e414001467a1'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Works published since 1857 have received alternative catalogue designations instead of opus numbers. The present standard musicological reference for Chopin's works is the Kobylańska Catalogue (usually represented by the initials 'KK'), named for its compiler, the Polish musicologist Krystyna Kobylańska.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Kobylańska Catalogue was named for who?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Krystyna Kobylańska'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",286]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff0c3234ae51400d9c123'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Pieces published after what year stopped receiving opus numbers?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1857'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",23]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff0c3234ae51400d9c124'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What have pieces published after 1857 been given rather than opus numbers?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'alternative catalogue designations'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",42]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3946659d6e414001467af'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the current musicologist reference for Chopin's pieces?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Kobylańska Catalogue'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",169]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3946659d6e414001467b0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the shortened reference for the Kobylańska Catalogue?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'KK'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",232]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3946659d6e414001467b1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who compiled the Kobylańska Catalogue?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Krystyna Kobylańska.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",286]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3946659d6e414001467b2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Chopin's original publishers included Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel. His works soon began to appear in popular 19th-century piano anthologies. The first collected edition was by Breitkopf & Härtel (1878–1902). Among modern scholarly editions of Chopin's works are the version under the name of Paderewski published between 1937 and 1966 and the more recent Polish \"National Edition\", edited by Jan Ekier, both of which contain detailed explanations and discussions regarding choices and sources.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who released the first collection of Chopin's works?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Breitkopf & Härtel'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",188]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff179234ae51400d9c131'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who edited the Polish \"National Edition\" of Chopin's works?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jan Ekier'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",404]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff179234ae51400d9c133'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel were what to Chopin?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'original publishers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",10]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3971459d6e414001467cd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did Chopin's work start t oshow up?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'popular 19th-century piano anthologies.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",113]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3971459d6e414001467ce'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name under scholarly publications of Chopin's work form 1937 to 1966?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Paderewski'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",304]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3971459d6e414001467cf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who edited the Polish National Edition?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jan Ekier'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",404]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3971459d6e414001467d0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Improvisation stands at the centre of Chopin's creative processes. However, this does not imply impulsive rambling: Nicholas Temperley writes that \"improvisation is designed for an audience, and its starting-point is that audience's expectations, which include the current conventions of musical form.\" The works for piano and orchestra, including the two concertos, are held by Temperley to be \"merely vehicles for brilliant piano playing ... formally longwinded and extremely conservative\". After the piano concertos (which are both early, dating from 1830), Chopin made no attempts at large-scale multi-movement forms, save for his late sonatas for piano and for cello; \"instead he achieved near-perfection in pieces of simple general design but subtle and complex cell-structure.\" Rosen suggests that an important aspect of Chopin's individuality is his flexible handling of the four-bar phrase as a structural unit.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is central to Chopin's process?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Improvisation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff256234ae51400d9c145'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Rosen suggests that a central part of Chopin's uniqueness is how he handles what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the four-bar phrase'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",880]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff256234ae51400d9c146'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is central to Chopin's creativeness?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Improvisation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d398a859d6e414001467e5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who wrote that \"improvisation is designed for an audience\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Nicholas Temperley'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",117]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d398a859d6e414001467e6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Rosen suggest was important about chopin's personality?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'his flexible handling of the four-bar phrase as a structural unit.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",855]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d398a859d6e414001467e7'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'J. Barrie Jones suggests that \"amongst the works that Chopin intended for concert use, the four ballades and four scherzos stand supreme\", and adds that \"the Barcarolle Op. 60 stands apart as an example of Chopin's rich harmonic palette coupled with an Italianate warmth of melody.\" Temperley opines that these works, which contain \"immense variety of mood, thematic material and structural detail\", are based on an extended \"departure and return\" form; \"the more the middle section is extended, and the further it departs in key, mood and theme, from the opening idea, the more important and dramatic is the reprise when it at last comes.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What piece does J. Barrie Jones pinpoint as a great example of Chopin's palette?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Barcarolle Op. 60'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",155]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff2e0234ae51400d9c14b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does J. Barrie Jones feel stands supreme of Chopin's concert pieces?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the four ballades and four scherzos'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",88]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3997e59d6e414001467ed'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What form does Temperley feel that Chopin's ballades and scherzos are based on?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'departure and return'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",427]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3997e59d6e414001467ef'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Chopin's mazurkas and waltzes are all in straightforward ternary or episodic form, sometimes with a coda. The mazurkas often show more folk features than many of his other works, sometimes including modal scales and harmonies and the use of drone basses. However, some also show unusual sophistication, for example Op. 63 No. 3, which includes a canon at one beat's distance, a great rarity in music.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Chopin's mazurkas contain more of what than his other compositions? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'folk features'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",136]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff351234ae51400d9c14d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What form are Chopin's mazurkas and waltzes in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'straightforward ternary or episodic form, sometimes with a coda.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",42]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d39a6a59d6e414001467f3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which of Chopin's works shows more folk aspects?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'mazurkas'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",10]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d39a6a59d6e414001467f4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of bass do Chopin's mazurkas exhibit?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'drone bass'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",242]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d39a6a59d6e414001467f5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does Chopin's Op. 63 No. 3 have that is rare?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a canon at one beat's distance'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",345]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d39a6a59d6e414001467f6'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Chopin's polonaises show a marked advance on those of his Polish predecessors in the form (who included his teachers Zywny and Elsner). As with the traditional polonaise, Chopin's works are in triple time and typically display a martial rhythm in their melodies, accompaniments and cadences. Unlike most of their precursors, they also require a formidable playing technique.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What time are Chopin's polonaises written in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'triple time'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",194]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff390234ae51400d9c151'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Chopin's ability to create an advanced polonasises surpassed even two of his teachers, Zywny and who?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Elsner'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",128]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d39abf59d6e414001467fd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Chopin's polonaise often have what kind of rhythm in their melodies?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'martial'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",230]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d39abf59d6e414001467fe'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Chopin's polonaises needed what kind of playing technique?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'formidable'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",346]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d39abf59d6e414001467ff'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The 21 nocturnes are more structured, and of greater emotional depth, than those of Field (whom Chopin met in 1833). Many of the Chopin nocturnes have middle sections marked by agitated expression (and often making very difficult demands on the performer) which heightens their dramatic character.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many nocturnes did Chopin compose?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'21'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff3f4234ae51400d9c153'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is it about the middle of Chopin's nocturnes that increases their drama?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'agitated expression'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",178]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff3f4234ae51400d9c154'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Chopin's nocturnes were more structured than who?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Field'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",85]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d39bdf59d6e41400146807'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did Chopin meet Field?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1833'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",111]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d39bdf59d6e41400146808'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which type of Chopin's compositons were difficult for perfomers due to their middle sections?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'nocturnes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",8]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d39bdf59d6e41400146809'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Chopin's études are largely in straightforward ternary form. He used them to teach his own technique of piano playing—for instance playing double thirds (Op. 25, No. 6), playing in octaves (Op. 25, No. 10), and playing repeated notes (Op. 10, No.  7).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What pieces of his did Chopin use to teach his technique?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'études'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",10]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff427234ae51400d9c157'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What form are most of Chopin's études in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'straightforward ternary'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",32]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d39c5359d6e4140014680d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Chopin often taught his piano technique using what form of music he wrote?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'études'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",10]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d39c5359d6e4140014680e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The preludes, many of which are very brief (some consisting of simple statements and developments of a single theme or figure), were described by Schumann as \"the beginnings of studies\". Inspired by J.S. Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier, Chopin's preludes move up the circle of fifths (rather than Bach's chromatic scale sequence) to create a prelude in each major and minor tonality. The preludes were perhaps not intended to be played as a group, and may even have been used by him and later pianists as generic preludes to others of his pieces, or even to music by other composers, as Kenneth Hamilton suggests: he has noted a recording by Ferruccio Busoni of 1922, in which the Prelude Op. 28 No. 7 is followed by the Étude Op. 10 No. 5.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What piece of Bach's did Chopin take inspiration for his preludes?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Well-Tempered Clavier'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",212]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff49a234ae51400d9c161'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who suggested that Chopin's preludes were not intended to be played as a group?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Kenneth Hamilton'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",589]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff49a234ae51400d9c162'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was described as \"the beginning of studies\" by Schumann?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The preludes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d39cea59d6e41400146811'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What inspired Chopin for his preludes?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'J.S. Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",200]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d39cea59d6e41400146812'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Kenneth Hamilton suggests that the preludes may not have been meant as a group but rather as what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'generic preludes to others of his pieces'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",507]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d39cea59d6e41400146813'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did a recording where Étude Op. 10 No. 5. follows relude Op. 28 No. 7?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ferruccio Busoni'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",644]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d39cea59d6e41400146814'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The two mature piano sonatas (No. 2, Op. 35, written in 1839 and No. 3, Op. 58, written in 1844) are in four movements. In Op. 35, Chopin was able to combine within a formal large musical structure many elements of his virtuosic piano technique—\"a kind of dialogue between the public pianism of the brilliant style and the German sonata principle\". The last movement, a brief (75-bar) perpetuum mobile in which the hands play in unmodified octave unison throughout, was found shocking and unmusical by contemporaries, including Schumann. The Op. 58 sonata is closer to the German tradition, including many passages of complex counterpoint, \"worthy of Brahms\" according to the music historians Kornel Michałowski and Jim Samson.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many movements are No. 2, Op. 35 and No. 3, Op 58 in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'four'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",105]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff536234ae51400d9c165'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What two people claimed that Op 58 was \"worthy of Brahms\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Kornel Michałowski and Jim Samson'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",694]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff536234ae51400d9c166'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many movements are in No. 2, Op. 35 and No. 3, Op 58?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'four'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",105]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d39ed559d6e41400146825'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which movement was found lacking in musicality by Schumann?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The last movement'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",350]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d39ed559d6e41400146826'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'According to music historians, which sonata is similar to German tradition and worthy of Brahms?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Op. 58'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",73]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d39ed559d6e41400146827'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Chopin's harmonic innovations may have arisen partly from his keyboard improvisation technique. Temperley says that in his works \"novel harmonic effects frequently result from the combination of ordinary appoggiaturas or passing notes with melodic figures of accompaniment\", and cadences are delayed by the use of chords outside the home key (neapolitan sixths and diminished sevenths), or by sudden shifts to remote keys. Chord progressions sometimes anticipate the shifting tonality of later composers such as Claude Debussy, as does Chopin's use of modal harmony.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Chopin's chord progressions are similar in style to what other composer?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Claude Debussy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",513]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff5a8234ae51400d9c173'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What likely arose due to Chopin's technique with keyboards?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'harmonic innovations'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",10]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d39fa059d6e41400146831'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who wrote about Chopin's \"novel harmonic effects\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Temperley'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",97]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d39fa059d6e41400146832'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1841, Léon Escudier wrote of a recital given by Chopin that year, \"One may say that Chopin is the creator of a school of piano and a school of composition. In truth, nothing equals the lightness, the sweetness with which the composer preludes on the piano; moreover nothing may be compared to his works full of originality, distinction and grace.\" Chopin refused to conform to a standard method of playing and believed that there was no set technique for playing well. His style was based extensively on his use of very independent finger technique. In his Projet de méthode he wrote: \"Everything is a matter of knowing good fingering ... we need no less to use the rest of the hand, the wrist, the forearm and the upper arm.\" He further stated: \"One needs only to study a certain position of the hand in relation to the keys to obtain with ease the most beautiful quality of sound, to know how to play short notes and long notes, and [to attain] unlimited dexterity.\" The consequences of this approach to technique in Chopin's music include the frequent use of the entire range of the keyboard, passages in double octaves and other chord groupings, swiftly repeated notes, the use of grace notes, and the use of contrasting rhythms (four against three, for example) between the hands.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Chopin's style based upon?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'independent finger technique'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",524]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff635234ae51400d9c184'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who wrote about a Chopin 1841 recital?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Léon Escudier'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",10]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3a0d159d6e41400146835'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What writing of Chopin talks about everything about piano playing has to do with proper fingering?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'his Projet de méthode'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",557]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3a0d159d6e41400146837'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Polish composers of the following generation included virtuosi such as Moritz Moszkowski, but, in the opinion of J. Barrie Jones, his \"one worthy successor\" among his compatriots was Karol Szymanowski (1882–1937). Edvard Grieg, Antonín Dvořák, Isaac Albéniz, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff, among others, are regarded by critics as having been influenced by Chopin's use of national modes and idioms. Alexander Scriabin was devoted to the music of Chopin, and his early published works include nineteen mazurkas, as well as numerous études and preludes; his teacher Nikolai Zverev drilled him in Chopin's works to improve his virtuosity as a performer. In the 20th century, composers who paid homage to (or in some cases parodied) the music of Chopin included George Crumb, Bohuslav Martinů, Darius Milhaud, Igor Stravinsky and Heitor Villa-Lobos.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'According to J. Barrie Jones who was the only true successor to Chopin?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Karol Szymanowski'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",184]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff6f3234ae51400d9c191'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Many people were considered influenced by Chopin's what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'national modes and idioms'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",393]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff6f3234ae51400d9c192'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was Alexander Scriabin's teacher?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Nikolai Zverev'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",585]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff6f3234ae51400d9c193'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was Chopin's worthy successor according to Jones?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Karol Szymanowski'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",184]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3a9282ccc5a1400d82dc8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was devoted to the music of Chopin?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Alexander Scriabin'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",420]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3a9282ccc5a1400d82dc9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was Alexander Scriabin's teacher?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Nikolai Zverev'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",585]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3a9282ccc5a1400d82dca'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Jonathan Bellman writes that modern concert performance style—set in the \"conservatory\" tradition of late 19th- and 20th-century music schools, and suitable for large auditoria or recordings—militates against what is known of Chopin's more intimate performance technique. The composer himself said to a pupil that \"concerts are never real music, you have to give up the idea of hearing in them all the most beautiful things of art.\" Contemporary accounts indicate that in performance, Chopin avoided rigid procedures sometimes incorrectly attributed to him, such as \"always crescendo to a high note\", but that he was concerned with expressive phrasing, rhythmic consistency and sensitive colouring. Berlioz wrote in 1853 that Chopin \"has created a kind of chromatic embroidery ... whose effect is so strange and piquant as to be impossible to describe ... virtually nobody but Chopin himself can play this music and give it this unusual turn\". Hiller wrote that \"What in the hands of others was elegant embellishment, in his hands became a colourful wreath of flowers.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who wrote that the current large concert style conflicts with Chopin's preference of intimate performances?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jonathan Bellman'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff817234ae51400d9c1a3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Chopin tend to avoid?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'rigid procedures'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",501]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff817234ae51400d9c1a4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What has been falsely credited to Chopin?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"always crescendo to a high note\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",567]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff817234ae51400d9c1a5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Chopin tell a student is given up in concerts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'hearing in them all the most beautiful things of art'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",379]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3a1e959d6e41400146841'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who wrote about Chopin's \"chromatic embroidery\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Berlioz'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",700]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3a1e959d6e41400146842'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who wrote that Chopin's music, when played by him, became a \"colorful wreath of flowers\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hiller'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",945]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3a1e959d6e41400146843'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Chopin's music is frequently played with rubato, \"the practice in performance of disregarding strict time, 'robbing' some note-values for expressive effect\". There are differing opinions as to how much, and what type, of rubato is appropriate for his works. Charles Rosen comments that \"most of the written-out indications of rubato in Chopin are to be found in his mazurkas ... It is probable that Chopin used the older form of rubato so important to Mozart ... [where] the melody note in the right hand is delayed until after the note in the bass ... An allied form of this rubato is the arpeggiation of the chords thereby delaying the melody note; according to Chopin's pupil, Karol Mikuli, Chopin was firmly opposed to this practice.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Chopin's compositions are often played with what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'rubato'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",42]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff885234ae51400d9c1b3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does rubato mean?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the practice in performance of disregarding strict time'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",51]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff885234ae51400d9c1b4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In Chopin's music where strict timing is disregarded, what is it called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'rubato'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",42]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3a2cd59d6e41400146849'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of Chopin's music had the most disregard for strict timing according to Charles Rosen?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'mazurkas'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",367]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3a2cd59d6e4140014684a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Friederike Müller, a pupil of Chopin, wrote: \"[His] playing was always noble and beautiful; his tones sang, whether in full forte or softest piano. He took infinite pains to teach his pupils this legato, cantabile style of playing. His most severe criticism was 'He—or she—does not know how to join two notes together.' He also demanded the strictest adherence to rhythm. He hated all lingering and dragging, misplaced rubatos, as well as exaggerated ritardandos ... and it is precisely in this respect that people make such terrible errors in playing his works.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'According to who did Chopin demand strictly sticking with rhythm?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Friederike Müller'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff905234ae51400d9c1b7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which student said Chopin made sure his students knew his legato, cantabile style of playing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Friederike Müller'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3a32259d6e4140014684f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'According to Friederike Müller, Chopin insisted his students have the strictest adherence to what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'rhythm.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",365]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3a32259d6e41400146851'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'With his mazurkas and polonaises, Chopin has been credited with introducing to music a new sense of nationalism. Schumann, in his 1836 review of the piano concertos, highlighted the composer's strong feelings for his native Poland, writing that \"Now that the Poles are in deep mourning [after the failure of the November 1830 rising], their appeal to us artists is even stronger ... If the mighty autocrat in the north [i.e. Nicholas I of Russia] could know that in Chopin's works, in the simple strains of his mazurkas, there lurks a dangerous enemy, he would place a ban on his music. Chopin's works are cannon buried in flowers!\" The biography of Chopin published in 1863 under the name of Franz Liszt (but probably written by Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein) claims that Chopin \"must be ranked first among the first musicians ... individualizing in themselves the poetic sense of an entire nation.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Chopin was noted as introducing music to what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'sense of nationalism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",92]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cffa2a234ae51400d9c1cf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did Schumann review Chopin's piano concertos?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1836'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",131]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cffa2a234ae51400d9c1d0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In his review Schumann made note of Chopin's emotions for what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Poland'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",225]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cffa2a234ae51400d9c1d1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why did Schumann say the Poles were in mourning?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the failure of the November 1830'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",294]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cffa2a234ae51400d9c1d2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'A biography on Chopin released under Franz Liszt's name was likely written by who?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",731]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cffa2a234ae51400d9c1d3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Chopin was able to bring about a new sense of nationalism with his music because of his mazurkas and what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'polonaises'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",23]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3a3df59d6e4140014685f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who wrote a glowing review of Chopin's love for his country through his music in 1836?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Schumann'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",114]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3a3df59d6e41400146860'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Schumann described Chopin's music as cannons buried in what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'flowers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",624]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3a3df59d6e41400146861'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Though Franz Liszt is credited with Chopin's 1863 biography, who probably actually wrote it?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",731]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3a3df59d6e41400146862'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Some modern commentators have argued against exaggerating Chopin's primacy as a \"nationalist\" or \"patriotic\" composer. George Golos refers to earlier \"nationalist\" composers in Central Europe, including Poland's Michał Kleofas Ogiński and Franciszek Lessel, who utilised polonaise and mazurka forms. Barbara Milewski suggests that Chopin's experience of Polish music came more from \"urbanised\" Warsaw versions than from folk music, and that attempts (by Jachimecki and others) to demonstrate genuine folk music in his works are without basis. Richard Taruskin impugns Schumann's attitude toward Chopin's works as patronizing and comments that Chopin \"felt his Polish patriotism deeply and sincerely\" but consciously modelled his works on the tradition of Bach, Beethoven, Schubert and Field.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who said that Chopin's familiarity with Polish music was more \"urbanised\"  than true folk music?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Barbara Milewski'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",301]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cffb2b234ae51400d9c1e1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'George Golos references what two musicians when claiming Chopin's nationalism was overrated? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Michał Kleofas Ogiński and Franciszek Lessel'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",213]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cffb2b234ae51400d9c1e2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who said Chopin's works were modeled after Bach, Beethoven, Schubert and Field?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Richard Taruskin'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",544]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3a46a59d6e41400146869'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'A reconciliation of these views is suggested by William Atwood: \"Undoubtedly [Chopin's] use of traditional musical forms like the polonaise and mazurka roused nationalistic sentiments and a sense of cohesiveness amongst those Poles scattered across Europe and the New World ... While some sought solace in [them], others found them a source of strength in their continuing struggle for freedom. Although Chopin's music undoubtedly came to him intuitively rather than through any conscious patriotic design, it served all the same to symbolize the will of the Polish people ...\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'William Atwood suggested that Chopin's music wasn't purposely patriotic but what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'intuitive'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",444]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cffba5234ae51400d9c1f1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'A modern commentator, William Atwood, feels Poles not only sought solace in Chopin's music but also found them a source of strength as they continued to fight for what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'freedom'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",387]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3a51459d6e41400146877'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where were Poles scattered to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Europe and the New World'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",250]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3a51459d6e41400146878'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Jones comments that \"Chopin's unique position as a composer, despite the fact that virtually everything he wrote was for the piano, has rarely been questioned.\" He also notes that Chopin was fortunate to arrive in Paris in 1831—\"the artistic environment, the publishers who were willing to print his music, the wealthy and aristocratic who paid what Chopin asked for their lessons\"—and these factors, as well as his musical genius, also fuelled his contemporary and later reputation. While his illness and his love-affairs conform to some of the stereotypes of romanticism, the rarity of his public recitals (as opposed to performances at fashionable Paris soirées) led Arthur Hutchings to suggest that \"his lack of Byronic flamboyance [and] his aristocratic reclusiveness make him exceptional\" among his romantic contemporaries, such as Liszt and Henri Herz.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Arthur Hutchings stated that Chopin's lack of what made him special?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Byronic flamboyance'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",717]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cffc2b234ae51400d9c1ff'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who were two of Chopin's contemporaries?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Liszt and Henri Herz'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",839]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cffc2b234ae51400d9c200'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What place was considered lucky for Chopin to have arrived at considering how much he charged for piano lessons?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Paris'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",215]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3a65259d6e41400146888'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who said Chopin was unlike his romantic contemporaries Liszt and Henri Herz?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Arthur Hutchings'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",671]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3a65259d6e4140014688a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Chopin's qualities as a pianist and composer were recognized by many of his fellow musicians. Schumann named a piece for him in his suite Carnaval, and Chopin later dedicated his Ballade No. 2 in F major to Schumann. Elements of Chopin's music can be traced in many of Liszt's later works. Liszt later transcribed for piano six of Chopin's Polish songs. A less fraught friendship was with Alkan, with whom he discussed elements of folk music, and who was deeply affected by Chopin's death.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what suite did Schumann name a work for Chopin?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Carnaval'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",139]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cffcf3234ae51400d9c20d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What piece of Chopin's work was dedicated to Schumann? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ballade No. 2 in F major'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",180]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cffcf3234ae51400d9c20e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many of Chopin's Polish songs did Liszt transliterate for piano?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'six'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",325]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cffcf3234ae51400d9c20f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'With who did Chopin feel comfortable speaking of folk music with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Alkan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",390]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cffcf3234ae51400d9c210'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was recognized about Chopin from his musical peers?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'qualities as a pianist and composer'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",10]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3a74159d6e414001468a1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What Schumann suite contained the name of a piece Schumann named for Chopin?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Carnaval'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",139]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3a74159d6e414001468a2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What piece did Chopin dedicate to Schumann?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ballade No. 2 in F major'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",180]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3a74159d6e414001468a3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What other musician shows to have elements of Chopin in his work?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Liszt'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",270]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3a74159d6e414001468a4'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Two of Chopin's long-standing pupils, Karol Mikuli (1821–1897) and Georges Mathias, were themselves piano teachers and passed on details of his playing to their own students, some of whom (such as Raoul Koczalski) were to make recordings of his music. Other pianists and composers influenced by Chopin's style include Louis Moreau Gottschalk, Édouard Wolff (1816–1880) and Pierre Zimmermann. Debussy dedicated his own 1915 piano Études to the memory of Chopin; he frequently played Chopin's music during his studies at the Paris Conservatoire, and undertook the editing of Chopin's piano music for the publisher Jacques Durand.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who dedicated his 1915 piano Études to Chopin?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Debussy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",393]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cffdaa234ae51400d9c226'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'For what publisher to Debussy edit Chopin's music for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jacques Durand'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",613]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cffdaa234ae51400d9c227'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was a student of Chopin's former students and actually recorded some Chopin music?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Raoul Koczalski'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",198]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3a85259d6e414001468aa'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What music did Debussy play a lot at the Paris Conservatoire?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Chopin's'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",8]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3a85259d6e414001468ac'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Frédéric Chopin'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The exact nature of relations between Tibet and the Ming dynasty of China (1368–1644) is unclear. Analysis of the relationship is further complicated by modern political conflicts and the application of Westphalian sovereignty to a time when the concept did not exist. Some Mainland Chinese scholars, such as Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain, assert that the Ming dynasty had unquestioned sovereignty over Tibet, pointing to the Ming court's issuing of various titles to Tibetan leaders, Tibetans' full acceptance of these titles, and a renewal process for successors of these titles that involved traveling to the Ming capital. Scholars within China also argue that Tibet has been an integral part of China since the 13th century and that it was thus a part of the Ming Empire. But most scholars outside China, such as Turrell V. Wylie, Melvin C. Goldstein, and Helmut Hoffman, say that the relationship was one of suzerainty, that Ming titles were only nominal, that Tibet remained an independent region outside Ming control, and that it simply paid tribute until the Jiajing Emperor (1521–1566), who ceased relations with Tibet.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who were Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mainland Chinese scholars'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",275]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc239e6d243a140015eeb7'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Some scholars note that Tibetan leaders during the Ming frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as Nepal. Some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship, noting the Ming dynasty's shortage of horses for warfare and thus the importance of the horse trade with Tibet. Others argue that the significant religious nature of the relationship of the Ming court with Tibetan lamas is underrepresented in modern scholarship. In hopes of reviving the unique relationship of the earlier Mongol leader Kublai Khan (r. 1260–1294) and his spiritual superior Drogön Chögyal Phagpa (1235–1280) of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism, the Yongle Emperor (r. 1402–1424) made a concerted effort to build a secular and religious alliance with Deshin Shekpa (1384–1415), the Karmapa of the Karma Kagyu school. However, the Yongle Emperor's attempts were unsuccessful.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What important trade did the Ming Dynasty have with Tibet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'horse trade'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",339]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc27346d243a140015eeba'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'During what years did the Mongol leader Kublai Khan rule?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1402–1424'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",740]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc27346d243a140015eebb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did the Yongle Emperor try to build a religious alliance with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Deshin Shekpa'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",822]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc27346d243a140015eebc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Deshin Shekpa was the head of what school?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Karma Kagyu school'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",864]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc27346d243a140015eebd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Tibetan leaders had a diplomacy with what neighboring state?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Nepal'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",163]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc27346d243a140015eebe'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Ming initiated sporadic armed intervention in Tibet during the 14th century, but did not garrison permanent troops there. At times the Tibetans also used armed resistance against Ming forays. The Wanli Emperor (r. 1572–1620) made attempts to reestablish Sino-Tibetan relations after the Mongol-Tibetan alliance initiated in 1578, which affected the foreign policy of the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644–1912) of China in their support for the Dalai Lama of the Gelug school. By the late 16th century, the Mongols were successful armed protectors of the Gelug Dalai Lama, after increasing their presence in the Amdo region. This culminated in Güshi Khan's (1582–1655) conquest of Tibet from 1637–1642 and the establishment of the Ganden Phodrang regime by the 5th Dalai Lama with his help.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the Tibetans use against Ming forays?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'armed resistance'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",159]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc306b6d243a140015eec5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who were the armed protectors for the Gelug Dalai Lama?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Mongols'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",504]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc306b6d243a140015eec6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which regime did Güshi Khan help establish? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Ganden Phodrang'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",728]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc306b6d243a140015eec7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the Mongol-Tibetan alliance started?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1578'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",329]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc306b6d243a140015eec8'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Tibet was once a strong power contemporaneous with Tang China (618–907). Until the Tibetan Empire's collapse in the 9th century, it was the Tang's major rival in dominating Inner Asia. The Yarlung rulers of Tibet also signed various peace treaties with the Tang, culminating in a treaty in 821 that fixed the borders between Tibet and China.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what century did the Tibetan Empire fall?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the 9th century'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",113]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc36926d243a140015eece'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who signed multiple peace treaties with the Tang? 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Few documents involving Sino-Tibetan contacts survive from the Song dynasty (960–1279). The Song were far more concerned with countering northern enemy states of the Khitan-ruled Liao dynasty (907–1125) and Jurchen-ruled Jin dynasty (1115–1234).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of China take place?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'907–960'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",61]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc3ad16d243a140015eed8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Song dynasty take place?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'960–1279'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",319]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc3ad16d243a140015eed9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What dynasty was concerned with countering northern enemy states?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Song dynasty'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",305]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc3ad16d243a140015eeda'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who ruled the Liao dynasty?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Khitan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",404]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc3ad16d243a140015eedb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who ruled the  Jin dynasty?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jurchen'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",449]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc3ad16d243a140015eedc'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1207, the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan (r. 1206–1227) conquered and subjugated the ethnic Tangut state of the Western Xia (1038–1227). In the same year, he established diplomatic relations with Tibet by sending envoys there. The conquest of the Western Xia alarmed Tibetan rulers, who decided to pay tribute to the Mongols. However, when they ceased to pay tribute after Genghis Khan's death, his successor Ögedei Khan (r. 1229–1241) launched an invasion into Tibet.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which ruler took Western Xia under their control?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Genghis Khan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",27]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc41416d243a140015eee2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was Genghis Khan's successor? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ögedei Khan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",408]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc41416d243a140015eee4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What years did Ögedei Khan rule?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1229–1241'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",424]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc41416d243a140015eee5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who invaded Tibet? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ögedei Khan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",408]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc41416d243a140015eee6'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Mongol prince Godan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, raided as far as Lhasa. During his attack in 1240, Prince Godan summoned Sakya Pandita (1182–1251), leader of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism, to his court in what is now Gansu in Western China. With Sakya Pandita's submission to Godan in 1247, Tibet was officially incorporated into the Mongol Empire during the regency of Töregene Khatun (1241–1246). Michael C. van Walt van Praag writes that Godan granted Sakya Pandita temporal authority over a still politically fragmented Tibet, stating that \"this investiture had little real impact\" but it was significant in that it established the unique \"Priest-Patron\" relationship between the Mongols and the Sakya lamas.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the Mongol prince?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Godan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",19]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc44b76d243a140015eeec'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the leader of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sakya Pandita'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",127]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc44b76d243a140015eeed'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the regent of the Mongol Empire?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Töregene Khatun'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",383]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc44b76d243a140015eeee'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what years was Töregene Khatun the regent of the Mongol Empire?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1241–1246'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",400]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc44b76d243a140015eeef'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Starting in 1236, the Mongol prince Kublai, who later ruled as Khagan from 1260–1294, was granted a large appanage in North China by his superior, Ögedei Khan. Karma Pakshi, 2nd Karmapa Lama (1203–1283)—the head lama of the Karma Kagyu lineage of Tibetan Buddhism—rejected Kublai's invitation, so instead Kublai invited Drogön Chögyal Phagpa (1235–1280), successor and nephew of Sakya Pandita, who came to his court in 1253. Kublai instituted a unique relationship with the Phagpa lama, which recognized Kublai as a superior sovereign in political affairs and the Phagpa lama as the senior instructor to Kublai in religious affairs. Kublai also made Drogön Chögyal Phagpa the director of the government agency known as the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs and the ruling priest-king of Tibet, which comprised thirteen different states ruled by myriarchies.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many states were ruled by myriarchies?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'thirteen'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",816]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc50756d243a140015eef6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What title did prince Kublai rule as from 1260 to 1294?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Khagan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",64]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc50756d243a140015eef7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the superior of prince Kublai?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ögedei Khan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",148]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc50756d243a140015eef8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who became the second Karmapa Lama?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Karma Pakshi'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",161]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc50756d243a140015eef9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'With whom did Kublai Khan have a unique relationship with? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Phagpa lama'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",471]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc50756d243a140015eefa'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Kublai Khan did not conquer the Song dynasty in South China until 1279, so Tibet was a component of the early Mongol Empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). Van Praag writes that this conquest \"marked the end of independent China,\" which was then incorporated into the Yuan dynasty that ruled China, Tibet, Mongolia, Korea, parts of Siberia and Upper Burma. Morris Rossabi, a professor of Asian history at Queens College, City University of New York, writes that \"Khubilai wished to be perceived both as the legitimate Khan of Khans of the Mongols and as the Emperor of China. Though he had, by the early 1260s, become closely identified with China, he still, for a time, claimed universal rule\", and yet \"despite his successes in China and Korea, Khubilai was unable to have himself accepted as the Great Khan\". Thus, with such limited acceptance of his position as Great Khan, Kublai Khan increasingly became identified with China and sought support as Emperor of China.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Kublai Khan conquer the song dynasty?  '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1279'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",67]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc52186d243a140015ef00'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Yuan dynasty rule?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1271–1368'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",231]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc52186d243a140015ef01'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which dynasty ruled all of china? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Yuan dynasty'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",213]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc52186d243a140015ef02'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Khubilai claim for a while?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'universal rule'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",766]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc52186d243a140015ef03'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did Khubilai seek support as Emperor?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'China'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",55]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc52186d243a140015ef04'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1358, the Sakya viceregal regime installed by the Mongols in Tibet was overthrown in a rebellion by the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302–1364). The Mongol Yuan court was forced to accept him as the new viceroy, and Changchub Gyaltsen and his successors, the Phagmodrupa Dynasty, gained de facto rule over Tibet.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year was the Sakya viceregal regime eradicated? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1358'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc59cd6d243a140015ef34'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who placed the Sakya viceregal regime position of authority?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Mongols in Tibet'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",50]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc59cd6d243a140015ef35'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who eradicated the Sakya viceregal regime? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",104]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc59cd6d243a140015ef36'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which dynasty became ruler of Tibet?  '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Phagmodrupa Dynasty'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",278]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc59cd6d243a140015ef37'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1368, a Han Chinese revolt known as the Red Turban Rebellion toppled the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China. Zhu Yuanzhang then established the Ming dynasty, ruling as the Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368–1398). It is not clear how much the early Ming court understood the civil war going on in Tibet between rival religious sects, but the first emperor was anxious to avoid the same trouble that Tibet had caused for the Tang dynasty. Instead of recognizing the Phagmodru ruler, the Hongwu Emperor sided with the Karmapa of the nearer Kham region and southeastern Tibet, sending envoys out in the winter of 1372–1373 to ask the Yuan officeholders to renew their titles for the new Ming court.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who created the Ming Dynasty? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Zhu Yuanzhang'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",107]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc5e026d243a140015ef3c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who caused the Yuan dynasty to fall?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Red Turban Rebellion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",40]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc5e026d243a140015ef3d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who ruled as the the Hongwu Emperor?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Zhu Yuanzhang'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",107]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc5e026d243a140015ef3e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What years did Zhu Yuanzhang rule as the Hongwu Emperor?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1368–1398'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",189]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc5e026d243a140015ef3f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did the Hongwu Emperor send convoys to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Yuan officeholders'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",618]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc5e026d243a140015ef40'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'As evident in his imperial edicts, the Hongwu Emperor was well aware of the Buddhist link between Tibet and China and wanted to foster it. Rolpe Dorje, 4th Karmapa Lama (1340–1383) rejected the Hongwu Emperor's invitation, although he did send some disciples as envoys to the court in Nanjing. The Hongwu Emperor also entrusted his guru Zongluo, one of many Buddhist monks at court, to head a religious mission into Tibet in 1378–1382 in order to obtain Buddhist texts.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the fourth Karmapa Lama?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Rolpe Dorje'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",140]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc5fd66d243a140015ef50'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who rejected an invitation by the Hongwu Emperor?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Rolpe Dorje'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",140]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc5fd66d243a140015ef52'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the the Hongwu Emperor want to continue to promote?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Buddhist link between Tibet and China'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",73]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc5fd66d243a140015ef53'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Rolpe Dorje send as envoys to court in Nanjing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'disciples'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",250]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc5fd66d243a140015ef54'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'However, the early Ming government enacted a law, later rescinded, which forbade Han Chinese to learn the tenets of Tibetan Buddhism. There is little detailed evidence of Chinese—especially lay Chinese—studying Tibetan Buddhism until the Republican era (1912–1949). Despite these missions on behalf of the Hongwu Emperor, Morris Rossabi writes that the Yongle Emperor (r. 1402–1424) \"was the first Ming ruler actively to seek an extension of relations with Tibet.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who created a law that did not allow Han Chinese to learn the beliefs of Tibetan Buddhism?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ming government'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",20]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cccb3c62d2951400fa64be'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What years did the Yongle Emperor reign? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1402–1424'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",373]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cccb3c62d2951400fa64bf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who worked towards obtaining a extension of relations with Tibet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Yongle Emperor'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",350]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cccb3c62d2951400fa64c0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'According to the official Twenty-Four Histories, the History of Ming compiled in 1739 by the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644–1912), the Ming dynasty established the \"É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office\" (Chinese: 俄力思軍民元帥府) in western Tibet and installed the \"Ü-Tsang Itinerant High Commandery\" and \"Amdo-Kham Itinerant High Commandery\" to administer Kham. The Mingshi states that administrative offices were set up under these high commanderies, including one Itinerant Commandery, three Pacification Commissioner's Offices, six Expedition Commissioner's Offices, four Wanhu offices (myriarchies, in command of 10,000 households each) and seventeen Qianhu offices (chiliarchies, each in command of 1,000 households).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What years did the Qing dynasty rule?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1644–1912'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",119]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ccd5bc62d2951400fa64c6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'what year was the history of Ming produced? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1739'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",82]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ccd5bc62d2951400fa64c7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the Ming dynasty create?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",165]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ccd5bc62d2951400fa64c8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many Qianhu offices were there?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'seventeen Qianhu offices'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",639]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ccd5bc62d2951400fa64c9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'where was the É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office established?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'western Tibet'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",226]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ccd5bc62d2951400fa64ca'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Ming court appointed three Princes of Dharma (法王) and five Princes (王), and granted many other titles, such as Grand State Tutors (大國師) and State Tutors (國師), to the important schools of Tibetan Buddhism, including the Karma Kagyu, Sakya, and Gelug. According to Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain, leading officials of these organs were all appointed by the central government and were subject to the rule of law. Yet Van Praag describes the distinct and long-lasting Tibetan law code established by the Phagmodru ruler Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen as one of many reforms to revive old Imperial Tibetan traditions.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many princes of Dharma were assigned by the Ming court?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'three'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",26]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ccd9b562d2951400fa64d0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who established the Tibetan law code?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",523]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ccd9b562d2951400fa64d2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the Phagmodru ruler?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",523]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ccd9b562d2951400fa64d3'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The late Turrell V. Wylie, a former professor of the University of Washington, and Li Tieh-tseng argue that the reliability of the heavily censored History of Ming as a credible source on Sino-Tibetan relations is questionable, in the light of modern scholarship. Other historians also assert that these Ming titles were nominal and did not actually confer the authority that the earlier Yuan titles had. Van Praag writes that the \"numerous economically motivated Tibetan missions to the Ming Court are referred to as 'tributary missions' in the Ming Shih.\" Van Praag writes that these \"tributary missions\" were simply prompted by China's need for horses from Tibet, since a viable horse market in Mongol lands was closed as a result of incessant conflict. Morris Rossabi also writes that \"Tibet, which had extensive contacts with China during the Yuan, scarcely had diplomatic relations with the Ming.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'who was a professor of the University of Washington?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Turrell V. Wylie'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",10]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ccde7862d2951400fa64d8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who had a large amount of contacts with china during Yuan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tibet'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",194]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ccde7862d2951400fa64d9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who believed that Tibet barely had any diplomatic relations with the Ming?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Morris Rossabi'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",758]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ccde7862d2951400fa64da'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Historians disagree on what the relationship was between the Ming court and Tibet and whether or not Ming China had sovereignty over Tibet. Van Praag writes that Chinese court historians viewed Tibet as an independent foreign tributary and had little interest in Tibet besides a lama-patron relationship. The historian Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa supports van Praag's position. However, Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain state that these assertions by van Praag and Shakabpa are \"fallacies\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who supported van Praag's beliefs? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'historian Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",310]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ccea7c62d2951400fa64de'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did not agree with van Praag and Shakabpa?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",382]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ccea7c62d2951400fa64df'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Wang and Nyima argue that the Ming emperor sent edicts to Tibet twice in the second year of the Ming dynasty, and demonstrated that he viewed Tibet as a significant region to pacify by urging various Tibetan tribes to submit to the authority of the Ming court. They note that at the same time, the Mongol Prince Punala, who had inherited his position as ruler of areas of Tibet, went to Nanjing in 1371 to pay tribute and show his allegiance to the Ming court, bringing with him the seal of authority issued by the Yuan court. They also state that since successors of lamas granted the title of \"prince\" had to travel to the Ming court to renew this title, and since lamas called themselves princes, the Ming court therefore had \"full sovereignty over Tibet.\" They state that the Ming dynasty, by issuing imperial edicts to invite ex-Yuan officials to the court for official positions in the early years of its founding, won submission from ex-Yuan religious and administrative leaders in the Tibetan areas, and thereby incorporated Tibetan areas into the rule of the Ming court. Thus, they conclude, the Ming court won the power to rule Tibetan areas formerly under the rule of the Yuan dynasty.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who believed that the Ming court had full sovereignty over Tibet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Wang and Nyima'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ccea7f62d2951400fa64e2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did Wang and Nyima believe that the Mongol Prince Punala went to Nanjing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1371'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",399]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ccea7f62d2951400fa64e3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the lamas called themselves?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'princes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",692]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ccea7f62d2951400fa64e5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What edicts did the Ming issue?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'imperial edicts'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",806]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ccea7f62d2951400fa64e6'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Journalist and author Thomas Laird, in his book The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama, writes that Wang and Nyima present the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China in their Historical Status of China's Tibet, and fail to realize that China was \"absorbed into a larger, non-Chinese political unit\" during the Mongol Yuan dynasty, which Wang and Nyima paint as a characteristic Chinese dynasty succeeded by the Ming. Laird asserts that the ruling Mongol khans never administered Tibet as part of China and instead ruled them as separate territories, comparing the Mongols with the British who colonized India and New Zealand, yet stating this does not make India part of New Zealand as a consequence. Of later Mongol and Tibetan accounts interpreting the Mongol conquest of Tibet, Laird asserts that \"they, like all non-Chinese historical narratives, never portray the Mongol subjugation of Tibet as a Chinese one.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who wrote the book The Story of Tibet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Journalist and author Thomas Laird'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cceda862d2951400fa64ec'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'who colonized India and New Zealand?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the British'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",609]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cceda862d2951400fa64ed'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who's viewpoint does Thomas Laird believe Wang and Nyima present?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",139]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cceda862d2951400fa64ee'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Columbia Encyclopedia distinguishes between the Yuan dynasty and the other Mongol Empire khanates of Ilkhanate, Chagatai Khanate and the Golden Horde. It describes the Yuan dynasty as \"A Mongol dynasty of China that ruled from 1271 to 1368, and a division of the great empire conquered by the Mongols. Founded by Kublai Khan, who adopted the Chinese dynastic name of Yüan in 1271.\" The Encyclopedia Americana describes the Yuan dynasty as \"the line of Mongol rulers in China\" and adds that the Mongols \"proclaimed a Chinese-style Yüan dynasty at Khanbaliq (Beijing).\" The Metropolitan Museum of Art writes that the Mongol rulers of the Yuan dynasty \"adopted Chinese political and cultural models; ruling from their capitals in Dadu, they assumed the role of Chinese emperors,\" although Tibetologist Thomas Laird dismissed the Yuan dynasty as a non-Chinese polity and plays down its Chinese characteristics. The Metropolitan Museum of Art also noted that in spite of the gradual assimilation of Yuan monarchs, the Mongol rulers largely ignored the literati and imposed harsh policies discriminating against southern Chinese. In his Kublai Khan: His Life and Times, Rossabi explains that Kublai \"created government institutions that either resembled or were the same as the traditional Chinese ones\", and he \"wished to signal to the Chinese that he intended to adopt the trappings and style of a Chinese ruler\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How did the The Columbia Encyclopedia describe the Yuan dynasty?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'A Mongol dynasty of China'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",190]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ccf12b62d2951400fa64f2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How did the Encyclopedia Americana describe the Yuan Dynasty?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the line of Mongol rulers in China'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",445]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ccf12b62d2951400fa64f3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Thomas Laird dismiss the Yuan dynasty as?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a non-Chinese polity'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",847]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ccf12b62d2951400fa64f4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who wrote the book Khubilai Khan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Rossabi'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1169]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ccf12b62d2951400fa64f5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the yuan dynasty start and end?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1271 to 1368'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",232]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ccf12b62d2951400fa64f6'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Nevertheless, the ethno-geographic caste hierarchy favoring the Mongols and other ethnicities were accorded higher status than the Han Chinese majority. Although Han Chinese who were recruited as advisers were often actually more influential than high officials, their status was not as well defined. Kublai also abolished the imperial examinations of China's civil service legacy, which was not reinstated until Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan's reign (1311–1320). Rossabi writes that Kublai recognized that in order to rule China, \"he had to employ Chinese advisors and officials, yet he could not rely totally on Chinese advisers because he had to maintain a delicate balancing act between ruling the sedentary civilization of China and preserving the cultural identity and values of the Mongols.\" And \"in governing China, he was concerned with the interests of his Chinese subjects, but also with exploiting the resources of the empire for his own aggrandizement. His motivations and objectives alternated from one to the other throughout his reign,\" according to Rossabi. Van Praag writes in The Status of Tibet that the Tibetans and Mongols, on the other hand, upheld a dual system of rule and an interdependent relationship that legitimated the succession of Mongol khans as universal Buddhist rulers, or chakravartin. Van Praag writes that \"Tibet remained a unique part of the Empire and was never fully integrated into it,\" citing examples such as a licensed border market that existed between China and Tibet during the Yuan.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan reign?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1311–1320'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",448]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ccf53362d2951400fa64fd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'During the Yuan what existed between China and Tibet? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a licensed border market'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1451]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ccf53362d2951400fa64ff'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was granted higher status than the Han Chinese majority?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Mongols and other ethnicities'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",61]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ccf53362d2951400fa6500'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The official position of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China is that the Ming implemented a policy of managing Tibet according to conventions and customs, granting titles and setting up administrative organs over Tibet. The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic states that the Ming dynasty's Ü-Tsang Commanding Office governed most areas of Tibet. It also states that while the Ming abolished the policy council set up by the Mongol Yuan to manage local affairs in Tibet and the Mongol system of Imperial Tutors to govern religious affairs, the Ming adopted a policy of bestowing titles upon religious leaders who had submitted to the Ming dynasty. For example, an edict of the Hongwu Emperor in 1373 appointed the Tibetan leader Choskunskyabs as the General of the Ngari Military and Civil Wanhu Office, stating:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who abolished the policy council?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Ming'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",100]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ccf96562d2951400fa6506'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the Tibetan leader  Choskunskyabs  appointed as? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the General of the Ngari Military and Civil Wanhu Office'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",799]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ccf96562d2951400fa6507'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who governed most areas of Tibet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ming dynasty's Ü-Tsang Commanding Office'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",329]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ccf96562d2951400fa6509'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Chen Qingying, Professor of History and Director of the History Studies Institute under the China Tibetology Research Center in Beijing, writes that the Ming court conferred new official positions on ex-Yuan Tibetan leaders of the Phachu Kargyu and granted them lower-ranking positions. Of the county (zong or dzong) leaders of Neiwo Zong and Renbam Zong, Chen states that when \"the Emperor learned the actual situation of the Phachu Kargyu, the Ming court then appointed the main Zong leaders to be senior officers of the Senior Command of Dbus and Gtsang.\" The official posts that the Ming court established in Tibet, such as senior and junior commanders, offices of Qianhu (in charge of 1,000 households), and offices of Wanhu (in charge of 10,000 households), were all hereditary positions according to Chen, but he asserts that \"the succession of some important posts still had to be approved by the emperor,\" while old imperial mandates had to be returned to the Ming court for renewal.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where is the China Tibetology Research Center located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Beijing'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",129]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd480b62d2951400fa650e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the Director of the History Studies Institute?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Chen Qingying'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd480b62d2951400fa650f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many households were the offices of Qianhu in charge of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1,000 households'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",691]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd480b62d2951400fa6510'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many households were the offices of Wanhu in charge of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'10,000 households'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",745]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd480b62d2951400fa6511'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'According to Tibetologist John Powers, Tibetan sources counter this narrative of titles granted by the Chinese to Tibetans with various titles which the Tibetans gave to the Chinese emperors and their officials. Tribute missions from Tibetan monasteries to the Chinese court brought back not only titles, but large, commercially valuable gifts which could subsequently be sold. The Ming emperors sent invitations to ruling lamas, but the lamas sent subordinates rather than coming themselves, and no Tibetan ruler ever explicitly accepted the role of being a vassal of the Ming.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the Tibetologist?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'John Powers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",27]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd4a5162d2951400fa6516'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did the Ming emperors send invitations to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ruling lamas'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",417]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd4a5162d2951400fa6517'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When the lamas received an invite from the emperors, who did they send instead? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'subordinates'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",450]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd4a5162d2951400fa6518'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Hans Bielenstein writes that as far back as the Han dynasty (202 BCE–220 CE), the Han Chinese government \"maintained the fiction\" that the foreign officials administering the various \"Dependent States\" and oasis city-states of the Western Regions (composed of the Tarim Basin and oasis of Turpan) were true Han representatives due to the Han government's conferral of Chinese seals and seal cords to them.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the western regions composed of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Tarim Basin and oasis of Turpan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",261]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd556f62d2951400fa651c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who believed that they were the true Han Western representatives? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'foreign officials'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",140]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd556f62d2951400fa651d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Wang and Nyima state that after the official title \"Education Minister\" was granted to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302–1364) by the Yuan court, this title appeared frequently with his name in various Tibetan texts, while his Tibetan title \"Degsi\" (sic properly sde-srid or desi) is seldom mentioned. Wang and Nyima take this to mean that \"even in the later period of the Yuan dynasty, the Yuan imperial court and the Phagmodrupa Dynasty maintained a Central-local government relation.\" The Tai Situpa is even supposed to have written in his will: \"In the past I received loving care from the emperor in the east. If the emperor continues to care for us, please follow his edicts and the imperial envoy should be well received.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What title was given by the Yuan court to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen ?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Education Minister'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",53]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd58c362d2951400fa6520'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What Tibetan title was hardly ever mentioned when referring to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Degsi'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",243]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd58c362d2951400fa6521'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What dynasty kept a Central-local government relation with the Yuan imperial court?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Phagmodrupa Dynasty'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",420]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd58c362d2951400fa6522'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What two people claim the title of Education Minister was often seen next to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen's name in Tibetan texts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Wang and Nyima'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd58c362d2951400fa6523'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who wrote in their will that they received loving care from the emperor in the east?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Tai Situpa'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",489]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd58c362d2951400fa6524'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'However, Lok-Ham Chan, a professor of history at the University of Washington, writes that Changchub Gyaltsen's aims were to recreate the old Tibetan Kingdom that existed during the Chinese Tang dynasty, to build \"nationalist sentiment\" amongst Tibetans, and to \"remove all traces of Mongol suzerainty.\" Georges Dreyfus, a professor of religion at Williams College, writes that it was Changchub Gyaltsen who adopted the old administrative system of Songtsän Gampo (c. 605–649)—the first leader of the Tibetan Empire to establish Tibet as a strong power—by reinstating its legal code of punishments and administrative units. For example, instead of the 13 governorships established by the Mongol Sakya viceroy, Changchub Gyaltsen divided Central Tibet into districts (dzong) with district heads (dzong dpon) who had to conform to old rituals and wear clothing styles of old Imperial Tibet. Van Praag asserts that Changchub Gyaltsen's ambitions were to \"restore to Tibet the glories of its Imperial Age\" by reinstating secular administration, promoting \"national culture and traditions,\" and installing a law code that survived into the 20th century.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who divided Central Tibet into districts? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Changchub Gyaltsen'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",92]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd5ccc62d2951400fa6532'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who strongly believed Changchub Gyaltsen wanted to restore the glories of its Imperial age to Tibet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Van Praag'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",890]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd5ccc62d2951400fa6533'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What university was Lok-Ham Chan a professor at?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the University of Washington'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",50]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd5ccc62d2951400fa6535'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Lok-Ham Chan claim  Changchub Gyaltsen wanted to remove?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'all traces of Mongol suzerainty'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",271]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd5ccc62d2951400fa6536'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'According to Chen, the Ming officer of Hezhou (modern day Linxia) informed the Hongwu Emperor that the general situation in Dbus and Gtsang \"was under control,\" and so he suggested to the emperor that he offer the second Phagmodru ruler, Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen, an official title. According to the Records of the Founding Emperor, the Hongwu Emperor issued an edict granting the title \"Initiation State Master\" to Sagya Gyaincain, while the latter sent envoys to the Ming court to hand over his jade seal of authority along with tribute of colored silk and satin, statues of the Buddha, Buddhist scriptures, and sarira.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did the Hongwu Emperor grant the title Initiation State Master to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sagya Gyaincain'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",416]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd5f5b62d2951400fa654c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who suggested to the emperor that an official title be granted to second Phagmodru ruler?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Ming officer of Hezhou'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",20]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd5f5b62d2951400fa654d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the second Phagmodru ruler?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",239]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd5f5b62d2951400fa654e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who told the emperor that the situation in Dbus and Gtsang were under control?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Ming officer of Hezhou'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",20]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd5f5b62d2951400fa654f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where were the envoys sent?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'to the Ming court'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",462]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd5f5b62d2951400fa6550'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Dreyfus writes that after the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434, several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th Dalai Lama's effective hegemony over Tibet.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who lost their power over Tibet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Phagmodrupa'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",27]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd606a62d2951400fa6556'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did the Phagmodrupa lose their power over Tibet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1434'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",85]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd606a62d2951400fa6557'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did the 5th Dalai lama start to dominate over Tibet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1642'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",191]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd606a62d2951400fa6558'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the other families fail to establish?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'hegemonies'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",139]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd606a62d2951400fa6559'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu, but the latter had previously declined Mongol invitations to receive titles. When the Ming Yongle Emperor invited Je Tsongkhapa (1357–1419), founder of the Gelug school, to come to the Ming court and pay tribute, the latter declined. Wang and Nyima write that this was due to old age and physical weakness, and also because of efforts being made to build three major monasteries. Chen Qingying states that Tsongkhapa wrote a letter to decline the Emperor's invitation, and in this reply, Tsongkhapa wrote:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Ming Dynasty granted what titles to lamas of schools?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Karmapa Kargyu'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",61]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd62e262d2951400fa655e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did the Ming Dynasty decline titles from after receiving invitations?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mongol'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",120]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd62e262d2951400fa655f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the founder of the Gelug school?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Je Tsongkhapa'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",195]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd62e262d2951400fa6560'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who invited Je Tsongkhapa to come pay tribute?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Ming Yongle Emperor'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",163]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd62e262d2951400fa6561'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who wrote the letter declining the Emperor's invitation?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tsongkhapa'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",198]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd62e262d2951400fa6562'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'A. Tom Grunfeld says that Tsongkhapa claimed ill health in his refusal to appear at the Ming court, while Rossabi adds that Tsongkhapa cited the \"length and arduousness of the journey\" to China as another reason not to make an appearance. This first request by the Ming was made in 1407, but the Ming court sent another embassy in 1413, this one led by the eunuch Hou Xian (候顯; fl. 1403–1427), which was again refused by Tsongkhapa. Rossabi writes that Tsongkhapa did not want to entirely alienate the Ming court, so he sent his disciple Chosrje Shākya Yeshes to Nanjing in 1414 on his behalf, and upon his arrival in 1415 the Yongle Emperor bestowed upon him the title of \"State Teacher\"—the same title earlier awarded the Phagmodrupa ruler of Tibet. The Xuande Emperor (r. 1425–1435) even granted this disciple Chosrje Shākya Yeshes the title of a \"King\" (王). This title does not appear to have held any practical meaning, or to have given its holder any power, at Tsongkhapa's Ganden Monastery. Wylie notes that this—like the Karma Kargyu—cannot be seen as a reappointment of Mongol Yuan offices, since the Gelug school was created after the fall of the Yuan dynasty.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Ming first request Tsongkhapa to come to court?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1407'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",283]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd64e762d2951400fa6569'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Ming court send a second request to Tsongkhapa?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1413'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",332]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd64e762d2951400fa656a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Tsongkhapa send in his place to Nanjing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'his disciple Chosrje Shākya Yeshes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",526]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd64e762d2951400fa656b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was Chosrje Shākya Yeshes sent to Nanjing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1414'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",575]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd64e762d2951400fa656c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Dawa Norbu argues that modern Chinese Communist historians tend to be in favor of the view that the Ming simply reappointed old Yuan dynasty officials in Tibet and perpetuated their rule of Tibet in this manner. Norbu writes that, although this would have been true for the eastern Tibetan regions of Amdo and Kham's \"tribute-cum-trade\" relations with the Ming, it was untrue if applied to the western Tibetan regions of Ü-Tsang and Ngari. After the Phagmodrupa Changchub Gyaltsen, these were ruled by \"three successive nationalistic regimes,\" which Norbu writes \"Communist historians prefer to ignore.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who believed the Ming reappointed old Yuan dynasty officials in Tibet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Dawa Norbu'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd669562d2951400fa6572'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Laird writes that the Ming appointed titles to eastern Tibetan princes, and that \"these alliances with eastern Tibetan principalities are the evidence China now produces for its assertion that the Ming ruled Tibet,\" despite the fact that the Ming did not send an army to replace the Mongols after they left Tibet. Yiu Yung-chin states that the furthest western extent of the Ming dynasty's territory was Gansu, Sichuan, and Yunnan while \"the Ming did not possess Tibet.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did the Ming appoint titles to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'eastern Tibetan princes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",48]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd682162d2951400fa658c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What didn't the Ming send to replace the Mongols when they left Tibet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'an army'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",261]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd682162d2951400fa658d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does Yiu Yung-chin claim the Ming did not possess?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tibet'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",56]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd682162d2951400fa658e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Shih-Shan Henry Tsai writes that the Yongle Emperor sent his eunuch Yang Sanbao into Tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes, while the Yongle Emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states such as Nepal and Tibet. However, Van Praag states that Tibetan rulers upheld their own separate relations with the kingdoms of Nepal and Kashmir, and at times \"engaged in armed confrontation with them.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the  eunuch?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Yang Sanbao'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",69]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd6a3d62d2951400fa659c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did the Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tibet'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",86]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd6a3d62d2951400fa659d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao into Tibet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1413'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",95]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd6a3d62d2951400fa659e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why did Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao into Tibet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the allegiance of various Tibetan princes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",108]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd6a3d62d2951400fa659f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why did the emperor pay a small fortune in gifts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",235]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd6a3d62d2951400fa65a0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Even though the Gelug exchanged gifts with and sent missions to the Ming court up until the 1430s, the Gelug was not mentioned in the Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu. On this, historian Li Tieh-tseng says of Tsongkhapa's refusal of Ming invitations to visit the Yongle Emperor's court:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did the Gelug exchange gifts with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Ming court'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",65]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd6b0562d2951400fa65a6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Until what year frame did the Gelug exchange gifts with the the Ming?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1430s'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",93]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd6b0562d2951400fa65a7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the Gelug not mentioned in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",131]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd6b0562d2951400fa65a8'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Wylie asserts that this type of censorship of the History of Ming distorts the true picture of the history of Sino-Tibetan relations, while the Ming court granted titles to various lamas regardless of their sectarian affiliations in an ongoing civil war in Tibet between competing Buddhist factions. Wylie argues that Ming titles of \"King\" granted indiscriminately to various Tibetan lamas or even their disciples should not be viewed as reappointments to earlier Yuan dynasty offices, since the viceregal Sakya regime established by the Mongols in Tibet was overthrown by the Phagmodru myriarchy before the Ming existed.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Regardless of their sectarian affiliations, who did the Ming grant titles to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'various lamas'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",174]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd6e9062d2951400fa65ac'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the viceregal Sakya regime overthrown by?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Phagmodru myriarchy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",574]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd6e9062d2951400fa65ad'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Helmut Hoffman states that the Ming upheld the facade of rule over Tibet through periodic missions of \"tribute emissaries\" to the Ming court and by granting nominal titles to ruling lamas, but did not actually interfere in Tibetan governance. Melvyn C. Goldstein writes that the Ming had no real administrative authority over Tibet, as the various titles given to Tibetan leaders did not confer authority as the earlier Mongol Yuan titles had. He asserts that \"by conferring titles on Tibetans already in power, the Ming emperors merely recognized political reality.\" Hugh Edward Richardson writes that the Ming dynasty exercised no authority over the succession of Tibetan ruling families, the Phagmodru (1354–1435), Rinpungpa (1435–1565), and Tsangpa (1565–1642).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who believed that the Ming had no real authority over Tibet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Melvyn C. Goldstein'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",244]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd70e962d2951400fa65b2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What years did the Rinpungpa regime start and end?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1435–1565'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",730]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd70e962d2951400fa65b3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who believed that the titles given to Tibetan leaders did not confer authority?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Melvyn C. Goldstein'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",244]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd70e962d2951400fa65b4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What years did the Tsangpa start and end?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1565–1642'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",755]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd70e962d2951400fa65b5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In his usurpation of the throne from the Jianwen Emperor (r. 1398–1402), the Yongle Emperor was aided by the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao, and like his father, the Hongwu Emperor, the Yongle Emperor was \"well-disposed towards Buddhism\", claims Rossabi. On March 10, 1403, the Yongle Emperor invited Deshin Shekpa, 5th Karmapa Lama (1384–1415), to his court, even though the fourth Karmapa had rejected the invitation of the Hongwu Emperor. A Tibetan translation in the 16th century preserves the letter of the Yongle Emperor, which the Association for Asian Studies notes is polite and complimentary towards the Karmapa. The letter of invitation reads,'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did the Jianwen Emperor reign start and end?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1398–1402'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",62]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd727662d2951400fa65ba'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who aided the Yongle Emperor?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",106]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd727662d2951400fa65bb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was Yongle Emperor's father?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Hongwu Emperor'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",160]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd727662d2951400fa65bc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Yongle Emperor invite Deshin Shekpa to his court?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'March 10, 1403'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",256]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd727662d2951400fa65bd'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In order to seek out the Karmapa, the Yongle Emperor dispatched his eunuch Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang (d. 1435) to Tibet. Traveling to Lhasa either through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan, Hou Xian and Zhi Guang did not return to Nanjing until 1407.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did the Yongle Emperor send to Tibet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",76]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd73b562d2951400fa65cc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why did the Yongle Emperor send Hou Xian and Zhi Guang to Tibet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'to seek out the Karmapa'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",10]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd73b562d2951400fa65cd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Hou Xian and Zhi Guang return to Nanjing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1407'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",266]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd73b562d2951400fa65ce'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did Hou Xian and Zhi Guang travel through on their way to the Karmapa?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",163]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd73b562d2951400fa65cf'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'During his travels beginning in 1403, Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, showed an enormous amount of deference towards Deshin Shekpa. The Yongle Emperor came out of the palace in Nanjing to greet the Karmapa and did not require him to kowtow like a tributary vassal. According to Karma Thinley, the emperor gave the Karmapa the place of honor at his left, and on a higher throne than his own. Rossabi and others describe a similar arrangement made by Kublai Khan and the Sakya Phagpa lama, writing that Kublai would \"sit on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric\" when receiving religious instructions from him.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Deshin Shekpa travels start?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1403'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",33]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd779762d2951400fa65dc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did the Yongle Emperor greet the Karmapa?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Nanjing'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",116]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd779762d2951400fa65dd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did the Emperor give the place of honor at his left to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Karmapa'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",389]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd779762d2951400fa65de'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who sat on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Kublai'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",644]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd779762d2951400fa65df'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who showed a great amount of respect to Deshin Shekpa?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Yongle Emperor'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",161]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd779762d2951400fa65e0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Throughout the following month, the Yongle Emperor and his court showered the Karmapa with presents. At Linggu Temple in Nanjing, he presided over the religious ceremonies for the Yongle Emperor's deceased parents, while twenty-two days of his stay were marked by religious miracles that were recorded in five languages on a gigantic scroll that bore the Emperor's seal. During his stay in Nanjing, Deshin Shekpa was bestowed the title \"Great Treasure Prince of Dharma\" by the Yongle Emperor. Elliot Sperling asserts that the Yongle Emperor, in bestowing Deshin Shekpa with the title of \"King\" and praising his mystical abilities and miracles, was trying to build an alliance with the Karmapa as the Mongols had with the Sakya lamas, but Deshin Shekpa rejected the Yongle Emperor's offer. In fact, this was the same title that Kublai Khan had offered the Sakya Phagpa lama, but Deshin Shekpa persuaded the Yongle Emperor to grant the title to religious leaders of other Tibetan Buddhist sects.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'At what temple did the ceremonies for the Yongle Emperor's deceased parents take place?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Linggu Temple'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",105]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd798262d2951400fa65f6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the Linggu Temple located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Nanjing'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",122]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd798262d2951400fa65f7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What title was Deshin Shekpa given at Nanjing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Great Treasure Prince of Dharma'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",438]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd798262d2951400fa65f8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Deshin Shekpa persuade the Yongle Emperor to give the title to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'religious leaders of other Tibetan Buddhist sects'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",944]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd798262d2951400fa65fa'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Tibetan sources say Deshin Shekpa also persuaded the Yongle Emperor not to impose his military might on Tibet as the Mongols had previously done. Thinley writes that before the Karmapa returned to Tibet, the Yongle Emperor began planning to send a military force into Tibet to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools but Deshin Shekpa dissuaded him. However, Hok-Lam Chan states that \"there is little evidence that this was ever the emperor's intention\" and that evidence indicates that Deshin Skekpa was invited strictly for religious purposes.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who imposed on the military might on Tibet in the past? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Mongols'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",114]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd7c1962d2951400fa661e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Hok-Lam Chan states that Deshin Skekpa was only invited for what purpose? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'religious purposes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",561]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd7c1962d2951400fa661f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was said to be the  Yongle Emperor plans?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'to send a military force into Tibet'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",239]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd7c1962d2951400fa6620'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why was the Yongle Emperor said to have been planning to send military forces into Tibet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",275]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd7c1962d2951400fa6621'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who convinced the Yongle emperor not to send military forces into Tibet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Deshin Shekpa'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",21]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd7c1962d2951400fa6622'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Marsha Weidner states that Deshin Shekpa's miracles \"testified to the power of both the emperor and his guru and served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor's problematic succession to the throne,\" referring to the Yongle Emperor's conflict with the previous Jianwen Emperor. Tsai writes that Deshin Shekpa aided the legitimacy of the Yongle Emperor's rule by providing him with portents and omens which demonstrated Heaven's favor of the Yongle Emperor on the Ming throne.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did the Yongle Emperor have a conflict with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jianwen Emperor'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",262]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd7dda62d2951400fa6640'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who aided the legitimacy of the Yongle Emperor's rule?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Deshin Shekpa'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",28]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd7dda62d2951400fa6641'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor's succession to the throne?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Deshin Shekpa's miracles'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",28]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd7dda62d2951400fa6644'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'With the example of the Ming court's relationship with the fifth Karmapa and other Tibetan leaders, Norbu states that Chinese Communist historians have failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship. He writes that the meetings of lamas with the Emperor of China were exchanges of tribute between \"the patron and the priest\" and were not merely instances of a political subordinate paying tribute to a superior. He also notes that the items of tribute were Buddhist artifacts which symbolized \"the religious nature of the relationship.\" Josef Kolmaš writes that the Ming dynasty did not exercise any direct political control over Tibet, content with their tribute relations that were \"almost entirely of a religious character.\" Patricia Ann Berger writes that the Yongle Emperor's courting and granting of titles to lamas was his attempt to \"resurrect the relationship between China and Tibet established earlier by the Yuan dynastic founder Khubilai Khan and his guru Phagpa.\" She also writes that the later Qing emperors and their Mongol associates viewed the Yongle Emperor's relationship with Tibet as \"part of a chain of reincarnation that saw this Han Chinese emperor as yet another emanation of Manjusri.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'According to Norbu who failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Chinese Communist historians'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",119]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8d1462d2951400fa66b8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What were the items of tribute?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Buddhist artifacts'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",503]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8d1462d2951400fa66b9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who believe that the Ming dynasty did not exercise any direct political control over Tibet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Josef Kolmaš'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",583]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8d1462d2951400fa66bb'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435–1449) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445, written after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court. Zhengtong had the following message delivered to the Great Treasure Prince of Dharma, the Karmapa:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What years did the Zhengtong Emperor reign?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1435–1449'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",104]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8d1a62d2951400fa66c2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who maintains an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8d1a62d2951400fa66c3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the edict addressed to? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Karmapa'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",128]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8d1a62d2951400fa66c4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who had a message delivered to them by Zhengtong?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Great Treasure Prince of Dharma'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",278]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8d1a62d2951400fa66c5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the edict written?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",157]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8d1a62d2951400fa66c6'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Despite this glowing message by the Emperor, Chan writes that a year later in 1446, the Ming court cut off all relations with the Karmapa hierarchs. Until then, the court was unaware that Deshin Shekpa had died in 1415. The Ming court had believed that the representatives of the Karma Kagyu who continued to visit the Ming capital were sent by the Karmapa.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did the Ming cut off all relations with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Karmapa hierarchs'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",127]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8d2162d2951400fa66cc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did the Ming cut off the Karmapa hierarchs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1446'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",79]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8d2162d2951400fa66cd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did  Deshin Shekpa  die?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1415'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",215]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8d2162d2951400fa66ce'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did the Ming court think the representatives were sent by?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Karmapa'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",127]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8d2162d2951400fa66cf'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Tsai writes that shortly after the visit by Deshin Shekpa, the Yongle Emperor ordered the construction of a road and of trading posts in the upper reaches of the Yangzi and Mekong Rivers in order to facilitate trade with Tibet in tea, horses, and salt. The trade route passed through Sichuan and crossed Shangri-La County in Yunnan. Wang and Nyima assert that this \"tribute-related trade\" of the Ming exchanging Chinese tea for Tibetan horses—while granting Tibetan envoys and Tibetan merchants explicit permission to trade with Han Chinese merchants—\"furthered the rule of the Ming dynasty court over Tibet\". Rossabi and Sperling note that this trade in Tibetan horses for Chinese tea existed long before the Ming. Peter C. Perdue says that Wang Anshi (1021–1086), realizing that China could not produce enough militarily capable steeds, had also aimed to obtain horses from Inner Asia in exchange for Chinese tea. The Chinese needed horses not only for cavalry but also as draft animals for the army's supply wagons. The Tibetans required Chinese tea not only as a common beverage but also as a religious ceremonial supplement. The Ming government imposed a monopoly on tea production and attempted to regulate this trade with state-supervised markets, but these collapsed in 1449 due to military failures and internal ecological and commercial pressures on the tea-producing regions.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why did Yongle order the construction?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'to facilitate trade with Tibet'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",197]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8d2462d2951400fa66d5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Yongle want to trade with Tibet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'tea, horses, and salt'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",231]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8d2462d2951400fa66d6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'where did the trade route pass through?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'through Sichuan and crossed Shangri-La County in Yunnan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",277]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8d2462d2951400fa66d7'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Van Praag states that the Ming court established diplomatic delegations with Tibet merely to secure urgently needed horses. Wang and Nyima argue that these were not diplomatic delegations at all, that Tibetan areas were ruled by the Ming since Tibetan leaders were granted positions as Ming officials, that horses were collected from Tibet as a mandatory \"corvée\" tax, and therefore Tibetans were \"undertaking domestic affairs, not foreign diplomacy\". Sperling writes that the Ming simultaneously bought horses in the Kham region while fighting Tibetan tribes in Amdo and receiving Tibetan embassies in Nanjing. He also argues that the embassies of Tibetan lamas visiting the Ming court were for the most part efforts to promote commercial transactions between the lamas' large, wealthy entourage and Ming Chinese merchants and officials. Kolmaš writes that while the Ming maintained a laissez-faire policy towards Tibet and limited the numbers of the Tibetan retinues, the Tibetans sought to maintain a tributary relationship with the Ming because imperial patronage provided them with wealth and power. Laird writes that Tibetans eagerly sought Ming court invitations since the gifts the Tibetans received for bringing tribute were much greater in value than the latter. As for the Yongle Emperor's gifts to his Tibetan and Nepalese vassals such as silver wares, Buddha relics, utensils for Buddhist temples and religious ceremonies, and gowns and robes for monks, Tsai writes \"in his effort to draw neighboring states to the Ming orbit so that he could bask in glory, the Yongle Emperor was quite willing to pay a small price\". The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC lists the Tibetan tribute items as oxen, horses, camels, sheep, fur products, medical herbs, Tibetan incenses, thangkas (painted scrolls), and handicrafts; while the Ming awarded Tibetan tribute-bearers an equal value of gold, silver, satin and brocade, bolts of cloth, grains, and tea leaves. Silk workshops during the Ming also catered specifically to the Tibetan market with silk clothes and furnishings featuring Tibetan Buddhist iconography.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why does Van Praag believe the Ming court set up a diplomatic delegation with Tibet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'to secure urgently needed horses'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",91]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8d2762d2951400fa66de'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What shops were catered to the Tibetan market?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Silk workshops'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1981]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8d2762d2951400fa66df'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What visual images and symbols were on furnishings from the silk workshops?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tibetan Buddhist'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",2104]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8d2762d2951400fa66e0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'who were the Tibetan areas were ruled by?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Ming'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",23]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8d2762d2951400fa66e1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Wang and Nyima believed horses were collected from Tibet as what kind of tax?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a mandatory \"corvée\" tax'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",344]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8d2762d2951400fa66e2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'While the Ming dynasty traded horses with Tibet, it upheld a policy of outlawing border markets in the north, which Laird sees as an effort to punish the Mongols for their raids and to \"drive them from the frontiers of China.\" However, after Altan Khan (1507–1582)—leader of the Tümed Mongols who overthrew the Oirat Mongol confederation's hegemony over the steppes—made peace with the Ming dynasty in 1571, he persuaded the Ming to reopen their border markets in 1573. This provided the Chinese with a new supply of horses that the Mongols had in excess; it was also a relief to the Ming, since they were unable to stop the Mongols from periodic raiding. Laird says that despite the fact that later Mongols believed Altan forced the Ming to view him as an equal, Chinese historians argue that he was simply a loyal Chinese citizen. By 1578, Altan Khan formed a formidable Mongol-Tibetan alliance with the Gelug that the Ming viewed from afar without intervention.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did the Ming trade horses with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tibet'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",43]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8d2962d2951400fa66e8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the leader of the Tümed Mongols?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Altan Khan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",243]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8d2962d2951400fa66e9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Altan Khan overthrow?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Oirat Mongol confederation's hegemony'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",308]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8d2962d2951400fa66ea'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Altan Khan make peace with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Ming dynasty'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",7]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8d2962d2951400fa66eb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who convinced the Ming to reopen their border markets in 1573?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Altan Khan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",243]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8d2962d2951400fa66ec'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Patricia Ebrey writes that Tibet, like Joseon Korea and other neighboring states to the Ming, settled for its tributary status while there were no troops or governors of Ming China stationed in its territory. Laird writes that \"after the Mongol troops left Tibet, no Ming troops replaced them.\" Wang and Nyima state that, despite the fact that the Ming refrained from sending troops to subdue Tibet and refrained from garrisoning Ming troops there, these measures were unnecessary so long as the Ming court upheld close ties with Tibetan vassals and their forces. However, there were instances in the 14th century when the Hongwu Emperor did use military force to quell unrest in Tibet. John D. Langlois writes that there was unrest in Tibet and western Sichuan, which the Marquis Mu Ying (沐英) was commissioned to quell in November 1378 after he established a Taozhou garrison in Gansu. Langlois notes that by October 1379, Mu Ying had allegedly captured 30,000 Tibetan prisoners and 200,000 domesticated animals. Yet invasion went both ways; the Ming general Qu Neng, under the command of Lan Yu, was ordered to repel a Tibetan assault into Sichuan in 1390.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Hongwu Emperor use military force in Tibet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the 14th century'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",598]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8f8962d2951400fa6716'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the Marquis Mu Ying commissioned to quell?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'November 1378'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",824]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8f8962d2951400fa6717'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many Tibetan prisoners did Mu Ying capture?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'30,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",956]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8f8962d2951400fa6718'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many animals did Mu Ying capture?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'200,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",985]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8f8962d2951400fa6719'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was ordered to force a Tibetan assault into Sichuan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ming general Qu Neng'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1048]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8f8962d2951400fa671a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Discussions of strategy in the mid Ming dynasty focused primarily on recovery of the Ordos region, which the Mongols used as a rallying base to stage raids into Ming China. Norbu states that the Ming dynasty, preoccupied with the Mongol threat to the north, could not spare additional armed forces to enforce or back up their claim of sovereignty over Tibet; instead, they relied on \"Confucian instruments of tribute relations\" of heaping unlimited number of titles and gifts on Tibetan lamas through acts of diplomacy. Sperling states that the delicate relationship between the Ming and Tibet was \"the last time a united China had to deal with an independent Tibet,\" that there was a potential for armed conflict at their borders, and that the ultimate goal of Ming foreign policy with Tibet was not subjugation but \"avoidance of any kind of Tibetan threat.\" P. Christiaan Klieger argues that the Ming court's patronage of high Tibetan lamas \"was designed to help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the mid Ming dynasty discussion focus mainly on?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'recovery of the Ordos region'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",70]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd982562d2951400fa6770'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who used the the Ordos region as a place to stage raids? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Mongols'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",106]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd982562d2951400fa6771'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where were the Mongols trying to raise? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ming China'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",162]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd982562d2951400fa6772'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why did P. Christiaan Klieger believe that the Ming court supported high Tibetan lamas?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'to help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",958]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd982562d2951400fa6774'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Historians Luciano Petech and Sato Hisashi argue that the Ming upheld a \"divide-and-rule\" policy towards a weak and politically fragmented Tibet after the Sakya regime had fallen. Chan writes that this was perhaps the calculated strategy of the Yongle Emperor, as exclusive patronage to one Tibetan sect would have given it too much regional power. Sperling finds no textual evidence in either Chinese or Tibetan sources to support this thesis of Petech and Hisashi. Norbu asserts that their thesis is largely based on the list of Ming titles conferred on Tibetan lamas rather than \"comparative analysis of developments in China and Tibet.\" Rossabi states that this theory \"attributes too much influence to the Chinese,\" pointing out that Tibet was already politically divided when the Ming dynasty began. Rossabi also discounts the \"divide-and-rule\" theory on the grounds of the Yongle Emperor's failed attempt to build a strong relationship with the fifth Karmapa—one which he hoped would parallel Kublai Khan's earlier relationship with the Sakya Phagpa lama. Instead, the Yongle Emperor followed the Karmapa's advice of giving patronage to many different Tibetan lamas.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What policy does Luciano Petech and Sato Hisashi claim the Ming held towards the Tibet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'divide-and-rule'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",74]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdaa2662d2951400fa67ec'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Ming hold the divide and rule policy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'after the Sakya regime had fallen'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",146]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdaa2662d2951400fa67ed'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Yongle Emperor fail to build a solid relationship with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'fifth Karmapa'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",953]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdaa2662d2951400fa67ee'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did the Yongle Emperor give patronage to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'many different Tibetan lamas'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1145]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdaa2662d2951400fa67ef'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Association for Asian Studies states that there is no known written evidence to suggest that later leaders of the Gelug—Gendün Drup (1391–1474) and Gendün Gyatso (1475–1571)—had any contacts with Ming China. These two religious leaders were preoccupied with an overriding concern for dealing with the powerful secular Rinpungpa princes, who were patrons and protectors of the Karma Kargyu lamas. The Rinpungpa leaders were relatives of the Phagmodrupa, yet their authority shifted over time from simple governors to rulers in their own right over large areas of Ü-Tsang. The prince of Rinbung occupied Lhasa in 1498 and excluded the Gelug from attending New Years ceremonies and prayers, the most important event in the Gelug. While the task of New Years prayers in Lhasa was granted to the Karmapa and others, Gendün Gyatso traveled in exile looking for allies. However, it was not until 1518 that the secular Phagmodru ruler captured Lhasa from the Rinbung, and thereafter the Gelug was given rights to conduct the New Years prayer. When the Drikung Kagyu abbot of Drigung Monastery threatened Lhasa in 1537, Gendün Gyatso was forced to abandon the Drepung Monastery, although he eventually returned.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who were the Rinpungpa leaders related to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Phagmodrupa'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",441]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdac5e62d2951400fa67f4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the the prince of Rinbung occupy Lhasa?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1498'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",616]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdac5e62d2951400fa67f6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the most important event to the Gelug?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'New Years ceremonies and prayers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",659]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdac5e62d2951400fa67f7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was Gelug was given the right to conduct the New Years prayer?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1518'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",894]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdac5e62d2951400fa67f8'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Zhengde Emperor (r. 1505–1521), who enjoyed the company of lamas at court despite protests from the censorate, had heard tales of a \"living Buddha\" which he desired to host at the Ming capital; this was none other than the Rinpung-supported Mikyö Dorje, 8th Karmapa Lama then occupying Lhasa. Zhengde's top advisors made every attempt to dissuade him from inviting this lama to court, arguing that Tibetan Buddhism was wildly heterodox and unorthodox. Despite protests by the Grand Secretary Liang Chu, in 1515 the Zhengde Emperor sent his eunuch official Liu Yun of the Palace Chancellery on a mission to invite this Karmapa to Beijing. Liu commanded a fleet of hundreds of ships requisitioned along the Yangtze, consuming 2,835 g (100 oz) of silver a day in food expenses while stationed for a year in Chengdu of Sichuan. After procurring necessary gifts for the mission, he departed with a cavalry force of about 1,000 troops. When the request was delivered, the Karmapa lama refused to leave Tibet despite the Ming force brought to coerce him. The Karmapa launched a surprise ambush on Liu Yun's camp, seizing all the goods and valuables while killing or wounding half of Liu Yun's entire escort. After this fiasco, Liu fled for his life, but only returned to Chengdu several years later to find that the Zhengde Emperor had died.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Zhengde Emperor rule? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1505–1521'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",25]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdae5962d2951400fa67fe'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who's company did the Zhengde Emperor enjoy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the company of lamas'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",49]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdae5962d2951400fa67ff'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the 8th Karmapa Lama?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mikyö Dorje'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",246]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdae5962d2951400fa6800'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Elliot Sperling, a specialist of Indian studies and the director of the Tibetan Studies program at Indiana University’s Department of Central Eurasia Studies, writes that \"the idea that Tibet became part of China in the 13th century is a very recent construction.\" He writes that Chinese writers of the early 20th century were of the view that Tibet was not annexed by China until the Manchu Qing dynasty invasion during the 18th century. He also states that Chinese writers of the early 20th century described Tibet as a feudal dependency of China, not an integral part of it. Sperling states that this is because \"Tibet was ruled as such, within the empires of the Mongols and the Manchus\" and also that \"China's intervening Ming dynasty ... had no control over Tibet.\" He writes that the Ming relationship with Tibet is problematic for China’s insistence of its unbroken sovereignty over Tibet since the 13th century. As for the Tibetan view that Tibet was never subject to the rule of the Yuan or Qing emperors of China, Sperling also discounts this by stating that Tibet was \"subject to rules, laws and decisions made by the Yuan and Qing rulers\" and that even Tibetans described themselves as subjects of these emperors.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who said Tibet  wasn't an integral part of of China?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Chinese writers of the early 20th century'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",281]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce1d0caab44d1400b8845e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does Sperling claim did not have any control over Tibet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'China's intervening Ming dynasty'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",708]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce1d0caab44d1400b8845f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Since what century has Sperling described Ming and Tibet's relation being problematic for China? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the 13th century'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",217]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce1d0caab44d1400b88460'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the Manchu Qing dynasty invasion?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the 18th century'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",422]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce1d0caab44d1400b88461'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Josef Kolmaš, a sinologist, Tibetologist, and Professor of Oriental Studies at the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, writes that it was during the Qing dynasty \"that developments took place on the basis of which Tibet came to be considered an organic part of China, both practically and theoretically subject to the Chinese central government.\" Yet he states that this was a radical change in regards to all previous eras of Sino-Tibetan relations.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'During Which dynasty does Josef Kolmaš claim Tibet was considered an organic part of China?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Qing dynasty'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",153]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce1e45aab44d1400b8847a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Josef Kolmaš  states that Tibet became subject to what government? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Chinese central government'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",322]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce1e45aab44d1400b8847b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'P. Christiaan Klieger, an anthropologist and scholar of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, writes that the vice royalty of the Sakya regime installed by the Mongols established a patron and priest relationship between Tibetans and Mongol converts to Tibetan Buddhism. According to him, the Tibetan lamas and Mongol khans upheld a \"mutual role of religious prelate and secular patron,\" respectively. He adds that \"Although agreements were made between Tibetan leaders and Mongol khans, Ming and Qing emperors, it was the Republic of China and its Communist successors that assumed the former imperial tributaries and subject states as integral parts of the Chinese nation-state.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who does P. Christiaan Klieger claim to have had a mutual role of religious prelate?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Tibetan lamas and Mongol khans'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",305]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce2752aab44d1400b884d2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who does P. Christiaan Klieger believe undertook the former imperial tributaries?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Republic of China and its Communist successors'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",535]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce2752aab44d1400b884d3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where does P. Christiaan Klieger work?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",57]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce2752aab44d1400b884d4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the  vice royalty of the Sakya regime established by?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Mongols'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",172]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce2752aab44d1400b884d5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Sakya regime established what kind of relationship between the Tibetans and Mongol converts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'patron and priest relationship'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",198]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce2752aab44d1400b884d6'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'China Daily, a CCP-controlled news organization since 1981, states in a 2008 article that although there were dynastic changes after Tibet was incorporated into the territory of Yuan dynasty's China in the 13th century, \"Tibet has remained under the jurisdiction of the central government of China.\" It also states that the Ming dynasty \"inherited the right to rule Tibet\" from the Yuan dynasty, and repeats the claims in the Mingshi about the Ming establishing two itinerant high commands over Tibet. China Daily states that the Ming handled Tibet's civil administration, appointed all leading officials of these administrative organs, and punished Tibetans who broke the law. The party-controlled People's Daily, the state-controlled Xinhua News Agency, and the state-controlled national television network China Central Television posted the same article that China Daily had, the only difference being their headlines and some additional text.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was Tibet included into the territory of Yuan dynasty's China?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the 13th century'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",203]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce2b2daab44d1400b884f0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was said to have gained the right to rule Tibet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Ming dynasty'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",321]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce2b2daab44d1400b884f1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was China Daily started?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1981'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",55]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce2b2daab44d1400b884f2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who does the article claim had two itinerant high commands over Tibet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Ming'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",321]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce2b2daab44d1400b884f3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'According to article Tibet has remained under what jurisdiction?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the central government of China'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",267]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce2b2daab44d1400b884f4'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'During the reign of the Jiajing Emperor (r. 1521–1567), the native Chinese ideology of Daoism was fully sponsored at the Ming court, while Tibetan Vajrayana and even Chinese Buddhism were ignored or suppressed. Even the History of Ming states that the Tibetan lamas discontinued their trips to Ming China and its court at this point. Grand Secretary Yang Tinghe under Jiajing was determined to break the eunuch influence at court which typified the Zhengde era, an example being the costly escort of the eunuch Liu Yun as described above in his failed mission to Tibet. The court eunuchs were in favor of expanding and building new commercial ties with foreign countries such as Portugal, which Zhengde deemed permissible since he had an affinity for foreign and exotic people.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Jiajing Emperor reign? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1521–1567'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",45]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce3406aab44d1400b8856c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What ideology was sponsored at the Ming court?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the native Chinese ideology of Daoism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",57]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce3406aab44d1400b8856d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who stopped their trips to Ming China?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Tibetan lamas'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",249]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce3406aab44d1400b8856e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the Grand Secretary under Jiajing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Yang Tinghe'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",351]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce3406aab44d1400b8856f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who broke the eunuch influence at court?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Yang Tinghe'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",351]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce3406aab44d1400b88570'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'With the death of Zhengde and ascension of Jiajing, the politics at court shifted in favor of the Neo-Confucian establishment which not only rejected the Portuguese embassy of Fernão Pires de Andrade (d. 1523), but had a predisposed animosity towards Tibetan Buddhism and lamas. Evelyn S. Rawski, a professor in the Department of History of the University of Pittsburgh, writes that the Ming's unique relationship with Tibetan prelates essentially ended with Jiajing's reign while Ming influence in the Amdo region was supplanted by the Mongols.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was Zhengde's successor? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jiajing'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",44]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce362faab44d1400b885c6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What establishment did the politics at court shift in favor of? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Neo-Confucian establishment'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",99]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce362faab44d1400b885c7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which embassy did the Neo-Confucian establishment reject?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Portuguese embassy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",151]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce362faab44d1400b885c8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did the Neo-Confucian establishment have animosity towards?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tibetan Buddhism and lamas'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",252]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce362faab44d1400b885c9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Evelyn S. Rawski claims that Ming's relationship with Tibetan prelates ended during who's reign?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jiajing'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",44]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce362faab44d1400b885ca'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Meanwhile, the Tumed Mongols began moving into the Kokonor region (modern Qinghai), raiding the Ming Chinese frontier and even as far as the suburbs of Beijing under Altan Khan (1507–1582). Klieger writes that Altan Khan's presence in the west effectively reduced Ming influence and contact with Tibet. After Altan Khan made peace with the Ming dynasty in 1571, he invited the third hierarch of the Gelug—Sönam Gyatso (1543–1588)—to meet him in Amdo (modern Qinghai) in 1578, where he accidentally bestowed him and his two predecessors with the title of Dalai Lama—\"Ocean Teacher\". The full title was \"Dalai Lama Vajradhara\", \"Vajradhara\" meaning \"Holder of the Thunderbolt\" in Sanskrit. Victoria Huckenpahler notes that Vajradhara is considered by Buddhists to be the primordial Buddha of limitless and all-pervasive beneficial qualities, a being that \"represents the ultimate aspect of enlightenment.\" Goldstein writes that Sönam Gyatso also enhanced Altan Khan's standing by granting him the title \"king of religion, majestic purity\". Rawski writes that the Dalai Lama officially recognized Altan Khan as the \"Protector of the Faith\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What region did the Tumed Mongols move into?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Kokonor region'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",48]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce3d3aaab44d1400b885ea'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which frontier did the Tumed Mongols raid?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Ming Chinese frontier'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",93]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce3d3aaab44d1400b885eb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The presence of the Altan Khan in the west reduced whos influence? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Ming'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",93]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce3d3aaab44d1400b885ec'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Altan Khan make peace with the Ming dynasty?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1571'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",357]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce3d3aaab44d1400b885ed'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Altan Khan invite to meet him in Amdo?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the third hierarch of the Gelug—Sönam Gyatso'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",374]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce3d3aaab44d1400b885ee'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Laird writes that Altan Khan abolished the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice, while the Mongol princes and subjects were coerced by Altan to convert to Gelug Buddhism—or face execution if they persisted in their shamanistic ways. Committed to their religious leader, Mongol princes began requesting the Dalai Lama to bestow titles on them, which demonstrated \"the unique fusion of religious and political power\" wielded by the Dalai Lama, as Laird writes. Kolmaš states that the spiritual and secular Mongol-Tibetan alliance of the 13th century was renewed by this alliance constructed by Altan Khan and Sönam Gyatso. Van Praag writes that this restored the original Mongol patronage of a Tibetan lama and \"to this day, Mongolians are among the most devout followers of the Gelugpa and the Dalai Lama.\" Angela F. Howard writes that this unique relationship not only provided the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama with religious and political authority in Tibet, but that Altan Khan gained \"enormous power among the entire Mongol population.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What practice did Altan Khan put to an end?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",40]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce3ed1aab44d1400b885fe'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Altan Khan persuade to convert to Gelug Buddhism?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Mongol princes and subjects'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",108]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce3ed1aab44d1400b885ff'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Altan Khan threaten the Mongol princes and subjects with if they did not convert?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'execution'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",199]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce3ed1aab44d1400b88600'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did the Mongol princes ask to grant them titles?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Dalai Lama'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",323]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce3ed1aab44d1400b88601'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why did the Mongol princes ask for titles?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Committed to their religious leader'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",254]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce3ed1aab44d1400b88602'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Rawski writes that Altan Khan's conversion to the Gelug \"can be interpreted as an attempt to expand his authority in his conflict with his nominal superior, Tümen Khan.\" To further cement the Mongol-Tibetan alliance, the great-grandson of Altan Khan—the 4th Dalai Lama (1589–1616)—was made the fourth Dalai Lama. In 1642, the 5th Dalai Lama (1617–1682) became the first to wield effective political control over Tibet.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was Altan Khan's nominal superior?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tümen Khan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",158]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce4100aab44d1400b88612'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'To make the Mongol-Tibetan alliance stronger who became the 4th Dalai Lama?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the great-grandson of Altan Khan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",218]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce4100aab44d1400b88613'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the first Dalai Lama to have political control over Tibet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the 5th Dalai Lama'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",323]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce4100aab44d1400b88614'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the 5th Dalai Lama gain political control over Tibet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'In 1642'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",314]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce4100aab44d1400b88615'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Sonam Gyatso, after being granted the grandiose title by Altan Khan, departed for Tibet. Before he left, he sent a letter and gifts to the Ming Chinese official Zhang Juzheng (1525–1582), which arrived on March 12, 1579. Sometime in August or September of that year, Sonam Gyatso's representative stationed with Altan Khan received a return letter and gift from the Wanli Emperor (r. 1572–1620), who also conferred upon Sonam Gyatso a title; this was the first official contact between a Dalai Lama and a government of China. However, Laird states that when Wanli invited him to Beijing, the Dalai Lama declined the offer due to a prior commitment, even though he was only 400 km (250 mi) from Beijing. Laird adds that \"the power of the Ming emperor did not reach very far at the time.\" Although not recorded in any official Chinese records, Sonam Gyatso's biography states that Wanli again conferred titles on Sonam Gyatso in 1588, and invited him to Beijing for a second time, but Sonam Gyatso was unable to visit China as he died the same year in Mongolia working with Altan Khan's son to further the spread of Buddhism.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was given the grandiose title?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sonam Gyatso'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce42afaab44d1400b88620'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who granted Sonam Gyatso the title of grandiose?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Altan Khan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",58]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce42afaab44d1400b88621'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Sonam Gyatso send gifts to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Zhang Juzheng'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",162]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce42afaab44d1400b88622'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the Ming Chinese official?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Zhang Juzheng'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",162]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce42afaab44d1400b88623'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did Sonam Gyatso die?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mongolia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1051]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce42afaab44d1400b88624'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Of the third Dalai Lama, China Daily states that the \"Ming dynasty showed him special favor by allowing him to pay tribute.\" China Daily then says that Sonam Gyatso was granted the title Dorjichang or Vajradhara Dalai Lama in 1587 [sic!], but China Daily does not mention who granted him the title. Without mentioning the role of the Mongols, China Daily states that it was the successive Qing dynasty which established the title of Dalai Lama and his power in Tibet: \"In 1653, the Qing emperor granted an honorific title to the fifth Dalai Lama and then did the same for the fifth Panchen Lama in 1713, officially establishing the titles of the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Erdeni, and their political and religious status in Tibet.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did the Ming dynasty showed favors to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the third Dalai Lama'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce43ebaab44d1400b88632'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the the third Dalai Lama allowed to do?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'pay tribute'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",112]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce43ebaab44d1400b88633'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What title was Sonam Gyatso granted in 1587?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the title Dorjichang or Vajradhara Dalai Lama'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",178]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce43ebaab44d1400b88634'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In 1653 who did the Qing emperor grant a title to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the fifth Dalai Lama'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",526]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce43ebaab44d1400b88635'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In 1713 who did the Qing emperor grant a title to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the fifth Panchen Lama'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",573]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce43ebaab44d1400b88636'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Chen states that the fourth Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso was granted the title \"Master of Vajradhara\" and an official seal by the Wanli Emperor in 1616. This was noted in the Biography of the Fourth Dalai Lama, which stated that one Soinam Lozui delivered the seal of the Emperor to the Dalai Lama. The Wanli Emperor had invited Yonten Gyatso to Beijing in 1616, but just like his predecessor he died before being able to make the journey.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What title was the fourth Dalai Lama granted? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Master of Vajradhara'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",77]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce451caab44d1400b8863c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the fourth Dalai Lama?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Yonten Gyatso'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",40]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce451caab44d1400b8863d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Wanli Emperor grant the title Master of Vajradhara to Yonten Gyatso?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1616'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",144]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce451caab44d1400b8863e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did the Wanli Emperor invite to Beijing in 1616?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Yonten Gyatso'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",40]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce451caab44d1400b8863f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why didn't Yonten Gyatso make it to Beijing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'he died'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",390]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce451caab44d1400b88640'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Kolmaš writes that, as the Mongol presence in Tibet increased, culminating in the conquest of Tibet by a Mongol leader in 1642, the Ming emperors \"viewed with apparent unconcern these developments in Tibet.\" He adds that the Ming court's lack of concern for Tibet was one of the reasons why the Mongols pounced on the chance to reclaim their old vassal of Tibet and \"fill once more the political vacuum in that country.\" On the mass Mongol conversion to Tibetan Buddhism under Altan Khan, Laird writes that \"the Chinese watched these developments with interest, though few Chinese ever became devout Tibetan Buddhists.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who's presence increased in Tibet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Mongols'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",292]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce4821aab44d1400b88656'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What were the Mongols trying to reclaim?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'their old vassal of Tibet'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",337]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce4821aab44d1400b88657'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the conquest of Tibet reach its peak?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1642'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",123]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce4821aab44d1400b88658'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who's lack of concern helped the Mongols jump at a chance to reclaim their old vassal of Tibet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Ming court'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",222]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce4821aab44d1400b88659'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1565, the powerful Rinbung princes were overthrown by one of their own ministers, Karma Tseten who styled himself as the Tsangpa, \"the one of Tsang\", and established his base of power at Shigatse. The second successor of this first Tsang king, Karma Phuntsok Namgyal, took control of the whole of Central Tibet (Ü-Tsang), reigning from 1611–1621. Despite this, the leaders of Lhasa still claimed their allegiance to the Phagmodru as well as the Gelug, while the Ü-Tsang king allied with the Karmapa. Tensions rose between the nationalistic Ü-Tsang ruler and the Mongols who safeguarded their Mongol Dalai Lama in Lhasa. The fourth Dalai Lama refused to give an audience to the Ü-Tsang king, which sparked a conflict as the latter began assaulting Gelug monasteries. Chen writes of the speculation over the fourth Dalai Lama's mysterious death and the plot of the Ü-Tsang king to have him murdered for \"cursing\" him with illness, although Chen writes that the murder was most likely the result of a feudal power struggle. In 1618, only two years after Yonten Gyatso died, the Gelug and the Karma Kargyu went to war, the Karma Kargyu supported by the secular Ü-Tsang king. The Ü-Tsang ruler had a large number of Gelugpa lamas killed, occupied their monasteries at Drepung and Sera, and outlawed any attempts to find another Dalai Lama. In 1621, the Ü-Tsang king died and was succeeded by his young son Karma Tenkyong, an event which stymied the war effort as the latter accepted the six-year-old Lozang Gyatso as the new Dalai Lama. Despite the new Dalai Lama's diplomatic efforts to maintain friendly relations with the new Ü-Tsang ruler, Sonam Rapten (1595–1657), the Dalai Lama's chief steward and treasurer at Drepung, made efforts to overthrow the Ü-Tsang king, which led to another conflict. In 1633, the Gelugpas and several thousand Mongol adherents defeated the Ü-Tsang king's troops near Lhasa before a peaceful negotiation was settled. Goldstein writes that in this the \"Mongols were again playing a significant role in Tibetan affairs, this time as the military arm of the Dalai Lama.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When were the Rinbung princes overthrown?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1565'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce4a58aab44d1400b88668'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who took control of the whole of Central Tibet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Karma Phuntsok Namgyal'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",248]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce4a58aab44d1400b88669'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Karma Phuntsok Namgyal reign?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1611–1621'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",340]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce4a58aab44d1400b8866a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Ü-Tsang king have an alliance with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Karmapa'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",491]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce4a58aab44d1400b8866b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who refused an audience with the Ü-Tsang king?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The fourth Dalai Lama'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",624]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce4a58aab44d1400b8866c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'When an ally of the Ü-Tsang ruler threatened destruction of the Gelugpas again, the fifth Dalai Lama Lozang Gyatso pleaded for help from the Mongol prince Güshi Khan (1582–1655), leader of the Khoshut (Qoshot) tribe of the Oirat Mongols, who was then on a pilgrimage to Lhasa. Güshi Khan accepted his role as protector, and from 1637–1640 he not only defeated the Gelugpas' enemies in the Amdo and Kham regions, but also resettled his entire tribe into Amdo. Sonam Chöpel urged Güshi Khan to assault the Ü-Tsang king's homebase of Shigatse, which Güshi Khan agreed upon, enlisting the aid of Gelug monks and supporters. In 1642, after a year's siege of Shigatse, the Ü-Tsang forces surrendered. Güshi Khan then captured and summarily executed Karma Tenkyong, the ruler of Ü-Tsang, King of Tibet.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did the 5th Dalai Lama beg for help from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Mongol prince Güshi Khan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",138]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce4b8baab44d1400b8867a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What role did Güshi Khan take on?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'protector'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",310]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce4b8baab44d1400b8867b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which enemies did Güshi Khan defeat? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Gelugpas'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",61]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce4b8baab44d1400b8867c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did Güshi Khan resettle his tribe?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Amdo'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",390]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce4b8baab44d1400b8867d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the  Ü-Tsang forces surrender?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1642'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",624]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce4b8baab44d1400b8867e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Soon after the victory in Ü-Tsang, Güshi Khan organized a welcoming ceremony for Lozang Gyatso once he arrived a day's ride from Shigatse, presenting his conquest of Tibet as a gift to the Dalai Lama. In a second ceremony held within the main hall of the Shigatse fortress, Güshi Khan enthroned the Dalai Lama as the ruler of Tibet, but conferred the actual governing authority to the regent Sonam Chöpel. Although Güshi Khan had granted the Dalai Lama \"supreme authority\" as Goldstein writes, the title of 'King of Tibet' was conferred upon Güshi Khan, spending his summers in pastures north of Lhasa and occupying Lhasa each winter. Van Praag writes that at this point Güshi Khan maintained control over the armed forces, but accepted his inferior status towards the Dalai Lama. Rawski writes that the Dalai Lama shared power with his regent and Güshi Khan during his early secular and religious reign. However, Rawski states that he eventually \"expanded his own authority by presenting himself as Avalokiteśvara through the performance of rituals,\" by building the Potala Palace and other structures on traditional religious sites, and by emphasizing lineage reincarnation through written biographies. Goldstein states that the government of Güshi Khan and the Dalai Lama persecuted the Karma Kagyu sect, confiscated their wealth and property, and even converted their monasteries into Gelug monasteries. Rawski writes that this Mongol patronage allowed the Gelugpas to dominate the rival religious sects in Tibet.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Güshi Khan organize a welcome ceremony for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Lozang Gyatso'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",82]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce4d2baab44d1400b8868e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Güshi Khan present as a gift to the Dalai Lama?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'his conquest of Tibet'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",151]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce4d2baab44d1400b8868f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Güshi Khan enthrone the ruler of Tibet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Dalai Lama'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",186]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce4d2baab44d1400b88690'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Güshi Khan grant the governing authority to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the regent Sonam Chöpel'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",382]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce4d2baab44d1400b88691'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The title of 'King of Tibet belonged to whom?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Güshi Khan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",36]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce4d2baab44d1400b88692'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Meanwhile, the Chinese Ming dynasty fell to the rebellion of Li Zicheng (1606–1645) in 1644, yet his short-lived Shun dynasty was crushed by the Manchu invasion and the Han Chinese general Wu Sangui (1612–1678). China Daily states that when the following Qing dynasty replaced the Ming dynasty, it merely \"strengthened administration of Tibet.\" However, Kolmaš states that the Dalai Lama was very observant of what was going on in China and accepted a Manchu invitation in 1640 to send envoys to their capital at Mukden in 1642, before the Ming collapsed. Dawa Norbu, William Rockhill, and George N. Patterson write that when the Shunzhi Emperor (r. 1644–1661) of the subsequent Qing dynasty invited the fifth Dalai Lama Lozang Gyatso to Beijing in 1652, Shunzhi treated the Dalai Lama as an independent sovereign of Tibet. Patterson writes that this was an effort of Shunzhi to secure an alliance with Tibet that would ultimately lead to the establishment of Manchu rule over Mongolia. In this meeting with the Qing emperor, Goldstein asserts that the Dalai Lama was not someone to be trifled with due to his alliance with Mongol tribes, some of which were declared enemies of the Qing. Van Praag states that Tibet and the Dalai Lama's power was recognized by the \"Manchu Emperor, the Mongolian Khans and Princes, and the rulers of Ladakh, Nepal, India, Bhutan, and Sikkim.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did the the Chinese Ming dynasty fall to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the rebellion of Li Zicheng'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",45]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce4f64aab44d1400b886a2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'According to Kolmaš who accepted an invite from a Manchu to send envoys to the capital at Mukden?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Dalai Lama'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",374]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce4f64aab44d1400b886a5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was said to have treated the Dalai Lama as an independent sovereign of Tibet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Shunzhi'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",631]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce4f64aab44d1400b886a6'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'When the Dzungar Mongols attempted to spread their territory from what is now Xinjiang into Tibet, the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661–1722) responded to Tibetan pleas for aid with his own expedition to Tibet, occupying Lhasa in 1720. By 1751, during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735–1796), a protectorate and permanent Qing dynasty garrison was established in Tibet. As of 1751, Albert Kolb writes that \"Chinese claims to suzerainty over Tibet date from this time.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who tried to spread their territory into Tibet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Dzungar Mongols'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",6]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce5125aab44d1400b886ac'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who helped the Tibetan? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Kangxi Emperor'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",100]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce5125aab44d1400b886ad'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Kangxi Emperor occupy Lhasa?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1720'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",222]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce5125aab44d1400b886ae'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was The Qing dynasty garrison established in Tibet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1751'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",231]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce5125aab44d1400b886af'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Qianlong Emperor reign? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1735–1796'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",282]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce5125aab44d1400b886b0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first line was released on October 23, 2001, about 8½ months after iTunes (Macintosh version) was released. The most recent iPod redesigns were announced on July 15, 2015. There are three current versions of the iPod: the ultra-compact iPod Shuffle, the compact iPod Nano and the touchscreen iPod Touch.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which company produces the iPod?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Apple'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",106]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc55856d243a140015ef0a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the original iPod released?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'October 23, 2001'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",148]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc55856d243a140015ef0b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many different types of iPod are currently available?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'three'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",303]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc55856d243a140015ef0c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of device is the iPod?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'portable media players'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",23]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc55856d243a140015ef0d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The iPod Touch uses what kind of interface?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'touchscreen'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",401]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc55856d243a140015ef0e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was the first iPod released?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2001'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",160]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce726faab44d1400b88791'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What company manufactures the iPod?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Apple'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",106]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce726faab44d1400b88792'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many versions of the iPod currently exist?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'3'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",157]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce726faab44d1400b88793'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which is the smallest version of the iPod?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Shuffle'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",362]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce726faab44d1400b88794'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was the iPod most recently redesigned?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2015'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",287]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce726faab44d1400b88795'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'IPod'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Like other digital music players, iPods can serve as external data storage devices. Storage capacity varies by model, ranging from 2 GB for the iPod Shuffle to 128 GB for the iPod Touch (previously 160 GB for the iPod Classic, which is now discontinued).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In addition to playing music, what other function can the iPod perform?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'data storage'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",63]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc55fa6d243a140015ef14'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the smallest data capacity for an iPod product?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2 GB'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",132]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc55fa6d243a140015ef15'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the largest data capacity for an iPod product?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'128 GB'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",161]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc55fa6d243a140015ef16'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which iPod product features the smallest data storage capacity?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'iPod Shuffle'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",145]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc55fa6d243a140015ef17'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which current iPod product features the largest data storage capacity?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'iPod Touch'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",176]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc55fa6d243a140015ef18'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What's the storage capacity of the iPod Shuffle?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2 GB'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",132]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce72ecaab44d1400b8879b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What's the storage capacity for the iPod Touch?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'128 GB'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",161]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce72ecaab44d1400b8879c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'IPod'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Apple's iTunes software (and other alternative software) can be used to transfer music, photos, videos, games, contact information, e-mail settings, Web bookmarks, and calendars, to the devices supporting these features from computers using certain versions of Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows operating systems.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What Apple program is used to communicate between computers and portable devices?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'iTunes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",9]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc56856d243a140015ef1e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which operating systems are compatible with iTunes?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",262]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc56856d243a140015ef1f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What's the name of the software used to manage music and other media on Apple devices?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'iTunes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",9]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce732faab44d1400b8879f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'IPod'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Before the release of iOS 5, the iPod branding was used for the media player included with the iPhone and iPad, a combination of the Music and Videos apps on the iPod Touch. As of iOS 5, separate apps named \"Music\" and \"Videos\" are standardized across all iOS-powered products. While the iPhone and iPad have essentially the same media player capabilities as the iPod line, they are generally treated as separate products. During the middle of 2010, iPhone sales overtook those of the iPod.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Prior to iOS 5, how many apps were required to play music and videos on iPhone and iPad?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'one'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",99]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc57466d243a140015ef24'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In mid-2010, which Apple device had higher sales than iPod?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'iPhone'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",96]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc57466d243a140015ef26'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'With what iOS release did Apple standardize media apps on all their products?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'iOS 5'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",23]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce73d1aab44d1400b887ab'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did iPhone sales surpass those of iPods?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2010'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",445]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce73d1aab44d1400b887ac'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the titles of the standard media apps on current Apple devices?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"Music\" and \"Videos\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",208]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce73d1aab44d1400b887ad'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'IPod'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In mid-2015, a new model of the iPod Touch was announced by Apple, and was officially released on the Apple store on July 15, 2015. The sixth generation iPod Touch includes a wide variety of spec improvements such as the upgraded A8 processor and higher-quality screen. The core is over 5 times faster than previous models and is built to be roughly on par with the iPhone 5S. It is available in 5 different colors: Space grey, pink, gold, silver and Product (red).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What processor model is used in the iPod Touch?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'A8'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",231]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc58436d243a140015ef2a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which generation of iPod Touch was made availalbe in July of 2015?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'sixth'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",137]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc58436d243a140015ef2c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What's the most recent generation of iPod Touch?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'sixth'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",137]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce750daab44d1400b887b1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was the most recent iPod Touch released?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2015'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",8]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce750daab44d1400b887b2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of processor does the current iPod Touch use?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'A8'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",231]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce750daab44d1400b887b3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In how many colors is the current iPod Touch available?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'5'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",11]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce750daab44d1400b887b4'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'IPod'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Though the iPod was released in 2001, its price and Mac-only compatibility caused sales to be relatively slow until 2004. The iPod line came from Apple's \"digital hub\" category, when the company began creating software for the growing market of personal digital devices. Digital cameras, camcorders and organizers had well-established mainstream markets, but the company found existing digital music players \"big and clunky or small and useless\" with user interfaces that were \"unbelievably awful,\" so Apple decided to develop its own. As ordered by CEO Steve Jobs, Apple's hardware engineering chief Jon Rubinstein assembled a team of engineers to design the iPod line, including hardware engineers Tony Fadell and Michael Dhuey, and design engineer Sir Jonathan Ive. Rubinstein had already discovered the Toshiba disk drive when meeting with an Apple supplier in Japan, and purchased the rights to it for Apple, and had also already worked out how the screen, battery, and other key elements would work. The aesthetic was inspired by the 1958 Braun T3 transistor radio designed by Dieter Rams, while the wheel based user interface was prompted by Bang & Olufsen's BeoCom 6000 telephone. The product (\"the Walkman of the twenty-first century\" ) was developed in less than one year and unveiled on October 23, 2001. Jobs announced it as a Mac-compatible product with a 5 GB hard drive that put \"1,000 songs in your pocket.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was the iPod first introduced?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2001'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",33]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc5f3f6d243a140015ef46'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did iPod sales show improvement?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2004'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",117]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc5f3f6d243a140015ef47'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which Apple engineer led original iPod design group?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jon Rubinstein'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",602]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc5f3f6d243a140015ef48'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What radio was the primary inspiration for the look of the iPod?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Braun T3 transistor radio'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1046]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc5f3f6d243a140015ef49'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the storage capacity of the first iPod?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'5 GB'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1370]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc5f3f6d243a140015ef4a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'in what year was the original iPod released?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2001'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",33]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce75d4aab44d1400b887bd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How large was the hard drive on the original iPod?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'5 GB'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1370]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce75d4aab44d1400b887be'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What other popular music player did Apple compare their new product to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Walkman'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1204]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce75d4aab44d1400b887bf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of Apple's hardware engineering chief who helped design the iPod?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jon Rubinstein'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",602]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce75d4aab44d1400b887c0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who manufactured the hard drives for the first iPods?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Toshiba'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",808]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce75d4aab44d1400b887c1'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'IPod'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Apple did not develop the iPod software entirely in-house, instead using PortalPlayer's reference platform based on two ARM cores. The platform had rudimentary software running on a commercial microkernel embedded operating system. PortalPlayer had previously been working on an IBM-branded MP3 player with Bluetooth headphones. Apple contracted another company, Pixo, to help design and implement the user interface under the direct supervision of Steve Jobs. As development progressed, Apple continued to refine the software's look and feel. Starting with the iPod Mini, the Chicago font was replaced with Espy Sans. Later iPods switched fonts again to Podium Sans—a font similar to Apple's corporate font, Myriad. iPods with color displays then adopted some Mac OS X themes like Aqua progress bars, and brushed metal meant to evoke a combination lock. In 2007, Apple modified the iPod interface again with the introduction of the sixth-generation iPod Classic and third-generation iPod Nano by changing the font to Helvetica and, in most cases, splitting the screen in half by displaying the menus on the left and album artwork, photos, or videos on the right (whichever was appropriate for the selected item).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which company worked with Apple in creating the user interface for the iPod?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pixo'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",364]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc60186d243a140015ef5a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the font used prior to the release of the iPod Mini?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Chicago'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",578]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc60186d243a140015ef5b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was the 6th gen iPod Classic released?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2007'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",859]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc60186d243a140015ef5c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The 6th gen iPod Classic and 3rd gen iPod nano featured which font?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Helvetica'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1019]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc60186d243a140015ef5d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who supervised the design and implementation of the iPod user interface?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Steve Jobs'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",450]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce78c5aab44d1400b887d1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What software did Apple use as the basis for their iPod software?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'PortalPlayer'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",74]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce78c5aab44d1400b887d2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What typeface does the current iPod use?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Helvetica'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1019]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce78c5aab44d1400b887d3'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'IPod'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 2006 Apple presented a special edition for iPod 5G of Irish rock band U2. Like its predecessor, this iPod has engraved the signatures of the four members of the band on its back, but this one was the first time the company changed the colour of the metal (not silver but black). This iPod was only available with 30GB of storage capacity. 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Universal will now supply iTunes in an 'at will' capacity.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What company ended its deal with Apple's music store in July of 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Universal Music Group'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc911e6d243a140015f02a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What entity did Universal have a contract with prior to July of 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'iTunes Store'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",68]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc911e6d243a140015f02b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did Universal Music Group let their contract with iTunes lapse?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2007'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",92]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfb99b234ae51400d9bf05'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'IPod'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Apple debuted the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store on September 5, 2007, in its Media Event entitled \"The Beat Goes On...\". This service allows users to access the Music Store from either an iPhone or an iPod Touch and download songs directly to the device that can be synced to the user's iTunes Library over a WiFi connection, or, in the case of an iPhone, the telephone network.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the event at which the iTunes Wi-Fi store was launched?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Beat Goes On...'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",95]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc91b56d243a140015f030'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what date was the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store launched?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'September 5, 2007'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",47]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc91b56d243a140015f033'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store introduced?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2007'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",60]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfb9f7234ae51400d9bf0d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which Apple device has the ability to sync with iTunes via the phone network?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'iPhone'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",184]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfb9f7234ae51400d9bf0e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'IPod'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Video games are playable on various versions of iPods. The original iPod had the game Brick (originally invented by Apple's co-founder Steve Wozniak) included as an easter egg hidden feature; later firmware versions added it as a menu option. Later revisions of the iPod added three more games: Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what devices can video games be used?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'iPods'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",49]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc92346d243a140015f038'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was included on the first iPod?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Brick'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",87]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc92346d243a140015f039'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who created Brick?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Steve Wozniak'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",136]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc92346d243a140015f03a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are three games, in addition to Brick, which have been included with the iPod?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",296]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc92346d243a140015f03b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is another phrase meaning hidden feature?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'easter egg'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",166]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cc92346d243a140015f03c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the first, hidden game included with the original iPod?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Brick'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",87]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfba3b234ae51400d9bf11'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What other games were later added to the original iPod?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",296]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfba3b234ae51400d9bf12'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'IPod'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In September 2006, the iTunes Store began to offer additional games for purchase with the launch of iTunes 7, compatible with the fifth generation iPod with iPod software 1.2 or later. Those games were: Bejeweled, Cubis 2, Mahjong, Mini Golf, Pac-Man, Tetris, Texas Hold 'Em, Vortex, Asphalt 4: Elite Racing and Zuma. Additional games have since been added. These games work on the 6th and 5th generation iPod Classic and the 5th and 4th generation iPod Nano.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did the iTunes store begin allowing users to buy video games?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2006'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",14]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cca2066d243a140015f042'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which version of iTunes was introduced with the ability to purchase games?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'iTunes 7'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",101]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cca2066d243a140015f043'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the first generation of iPod Classic on which games like Mahjong and Tetris could be played?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'5th generation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",391]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cca2066d243a140015f045'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On which generation of iPod Nano can games be played?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'4th generation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",435]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cca2066d243a140015f046'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did iTunes 7 launch, along with a plethora of additional games?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2006'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",14]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfba85234ae51400d9bf15'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which generation iPod was required to enjoy the new games available on iTunes 7?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'fifth'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",131]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfba85234ae51400d9bf16'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'IPod'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'With third parties like Namco, Square Enix, Electronic Arts, Sega, and Hudson Soft all making games for the iPod, Apple's MP3 player has taken steps towards entering the video game handheld console market. Even video game magazines like GamePro and EGM have reviewed and rated most of their games as of late.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the names of companies producing video games for Apple's MP3 player?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Namco, Square Enix, Electronic Arts, Sega, and Hudson Soft'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",25]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cca27d6d243a140015f04c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What market can Apple participate in now that it has a variety of games available for iPod?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'video game handheld console market'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",171]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cca27d6d243a140015f04d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What two publications have covered iPod games?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'GamePro and EGM'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",238]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cca27d6d243a140015f04e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'IPod'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The games are in the form of .ipg files, which are actually .zip archives in disguise[citation needed]. When unzipped, they reveal executable files along with common audio and image files, leading to the possibility of third party games. Apple has not publicly released a software development kit (SDK) for iPod-specific development. Apps produced with the iPhone SDK are compatible only with the iOS on the iPod Touch and iPhone, which cannot run clickwheel-based games.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What format is used for iPod game files?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'.ipg'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",30]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cca3676d243a140015f052'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What file format is being covered up by the use of ipg files?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'.zip'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",61]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cca3676d243a140015f053'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does SDK stand for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'software development kit'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",273]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cca3676d243a140015f054'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the only operating system on which iPhone SDK-made games can be played?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'iOS'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",398]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cca3676d243a140015f055'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What file format are iPod games distributed in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'.ipg'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",30]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfbaed234ae51400d9bf23'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'An app produced with the iPhone SDK can only run on what devices?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'iPod Touch and iPhone'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",409]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfbaed234ae51400d9bf24'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Is the Apple SDK available to third-party game publishers?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'not'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",249]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfbaed234ae51400d9bf25'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'IPod'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Unlike many other MP3 players, simply copying audio or video files to the drive with a typical file management application will not allow an iPod to properly access them. The user must use software that has been specifically designed to transfer media files to iPods, so that the files are playable and viewable. Usually iTunes is used to transfer media to an iPod, though several alternative third-party applications are available on a number of different platforms.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind program is commonly used to move files between iTunes and an iPod?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'iTunes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",322]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd59a162d2951400fa652a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of other applications enable communication between iTunes and an iPod?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'third-party'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",394]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd59a162d2951400fa652b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Rather than copying media files directly to it, what software must be used for this purpose so that they are accessible?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'iTunes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",322]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfc4d6234ae51400d9bf4b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'IPod'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'iTunes 7 and above can transfer purchased media of the iTunes Store from an iPod to a computer, provided that computer containing the DRM protected media is authorized to play it.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of security determines if files moved to a computer can be played?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'DRM'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",135]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd5a7362d2951400fa652f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What minimum version of iTunes is required to transfer purchased media from an iPod to an authorized computer?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'iTunes 7'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfc516234ae51400d9bf4d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'IPod'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Media files are stored on an iPod in a hidden folder, along with a proprietary database file. The hidden content can be accessed on the host operating system by enabling hidden files to be shown. The media files can then be recovered manually by copying the files or folders off the iPod. Many third-party applications also allow easy copying of media files off of an iPod.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what kind of folder are files located in the iPod?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'hidden'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",40]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd5d3a62d2951400fa653c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what kind of operating system can hidden iPod files be accessed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'host'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",137]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd5d3a62d2951400fa653d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What method of file recovery is used to retrieve data from the iPod?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'manual'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",235]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd5d3a62d2951400fa653e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'IPod'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 2005, Apple faced two lawsuits claiming patent infringement by the iPod line and its associated technologies: Advanced Audio Devices claimed the iPod line breached its patent on a \"music jukebox\", while a Hong Kong-based IP portfolio company called Pat-rights filed a suit claiming that Apple's FairPlay technology breached a patent issued to inventor Ho Keung Tse. The latter case also includes the online music stores of Sony, RealNetworks, Napster, and Musicmatch as defendants.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did Apple face multiple intellectual property lawsuits?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2005'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd5df262d2951400fa6542'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the 2005 lawsuits accuse Apple of doing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'patent infringement'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",44]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd5df262d2951400fa6543'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What other companies were named in the suit filed by Pat-rights?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sony, RealNetworks, Napster, and Musicmatch'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",427]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd5df262d2951400fa6545'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On whose behalf did Pat-rights take Apple to court?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ho Keung Tse'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",356]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd5df262d2951400fa6546'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which company sued Apple for breach of a \"music jukebox\" patent in 2005?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Advanced Audio Devices'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",114]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfd4b6234ae51400d9bf67'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which Apple technology did Pat-rights complain breached their patent in a lawsuit?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'FairPlay'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",299]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfd4b6234ae51400d9bf68'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'IPod'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Apple's application to the United States Patent and Trademark Office for a patent on \"rotational user inputs\", as used on the iPod interface, received a third \"non-final rejection\" (NFR) in August 2005. Also in August 2005, Creative Technology, one of Apple's main rivals in the MP3 player market, announced that it held a patent on part of the music selection interface used by the iPod line, which Creative Technology dubbed the \"Zen Patent\", granted on August 9, 2005. On May 15, 2006, Creative filed another suit against Apple with the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. 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Apple will pay Creative US$100 million for a paid-up license, to use Creative's awarded patent in all Apple products. As part of the agreement, Apple will recoup part of its payment, if Creative is successful in licensing the patent. 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During the year from January 2004 to January 2005, the high rate of sales caused its U.S. market share to increase from 31% to 65% and in July 2005, this market share was measured at 74%. In January 2007 the iPod market share reached 72.7% according to Bloomberg Online.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What share of the US digital music player market does iPod hold?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'90%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",108]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd67e662d2951400fa6584'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did iPod become the leader in digital music device sales?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2004'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",15]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd67e662d2951400fa6585'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much of the market did iPod claim as of January 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'72.7%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",442]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd67e662d2951400fa6586'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who reported Apple's market share in 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Bloomberg Online'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",461]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd67e662d2951400fa6587'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Approximately what percentage of the hard drive-based music player sales does iPod have since 2004?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'90%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",108]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfd6f8234ae51400d9bf73'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Approximately what percentage of the overall music player market does the iPod line have?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'70%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",164]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfd6f8234ae51400d9bf74'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the iPod's US market share peak at in 2005?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'74%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",391]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfd6f8234ae51400d9bf75'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'IPod'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On January 8, 2004, Hewlett-Packard (HP) announced that they would sell HP-branded iPods under a license agreement from Apple. Several new retail channels were used—including Wal-Mart—and these iPods eventually made up 5% of all iPod sales. In July 2005, HP stopped selling iPods due to unfavorable terms and conditions imposed by Apple.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did HP unveil their own edition of the iPod?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'January 8, 2004'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd687562d2951400fa6592'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does HP stand for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hewlett-Packard'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",21]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd687562d2951400fa6593'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What major retailer sold HP-branded iPod devices?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Wal-Mart'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",176]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd687562d2951400fa6594'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'HP-branded iPods accounted for what share of iPod purchases?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'5%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",220]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd687562d2951400fa6595'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of terms and conditions led HP to leave the iPod market?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'unfavorable'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",288]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd687562d2951400fa6596'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which computer company sold iPods from 2004-05 as part of a license agreement with Apple?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'HP'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",38]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfd727234ae51400d9bf79'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'IPod'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On April 9, 2007, it was announced that Apple had sold its one-hundred millionth iPod, making it the biggest selling digital music player of all time. In April 2007, Apple reported second quarter revenue of US$5.2 billion, of which 32% was made from iPod sales. Apple and several industry analysts suggest that iPod users are likely to purchase other Apple products such as Mac computers.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many iPods did Apple reveal it sold in April of 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'hundred million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",64]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd73af62d2951400fa65c4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much of Apple's revenue was generated by iPod purchases in Q2 of 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'32%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",233]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd73af62d2951400fa65c5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is an item that owners of iPods may also purchase?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mac computers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",375]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd73af62d2951400fa65c6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much revenue did Apple announce for Q2 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$5.2 billion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",210]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd73af62d2951400fa65c7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which year did Apple top sales of 100,000,000 iPods?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2007'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",13]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12cc017492d1400aabb58'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'As of 2007, what percentage of Apple's revenue came from iPod sales?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'32%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",233]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12cc017492d1400aabb59'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'IPod'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On October 22, 2007, Apple reported quarterly revenue of US$6.22 billion, of which 30.69% came from Apple notebook sales, 19.22% from desktop sales and 26% from iPod sales. Apple's 2007 year revenue increased to US$24.01 billion with US$3.5 billion in profits. Apple ended the fiscal year 2007 with US$15.4 billion in cash and no debt.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Apple's revenue for Q3 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$6.22 billion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",60]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd742662d2951400fa65d4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Desktop computers made up how much of Apple's revenue in the third quarter of 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'19.22%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",123]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd742662d2951400fa65d5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much money did Apple make in 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$3.5 billion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",237]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd742662d2951400fa65d6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the value of Apple's cash assets at the end of 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$15.4 billion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",302]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd742662d2951400fa65d7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'With the help of strong iPod sales, how much profit did they turn in 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$3.5 billion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",237]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12d1e17492d1400aabb64'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'IPod'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On January 22, 2008, Apple reported the best quarter revenue and earnings in Apple's history so far. Apple posted record revenue of US$9.6 billion and record net quarterly profit of US$1.58 billion. 42% of Apple's revenue for the First fiscal quarter of 2008 came from iPod sales, followed by 21% from notebook sales and 16% from desktop sales.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Apple reveal it had achieved its highest quarterly earnings to date?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'January 22, 2008'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd788162d2951400fa65e6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Apple's highest quarterly profit as of Q1 2008?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$1.58 billion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",185]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd788162d2951400fa65e7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much of Apple's revenue resulted from purchases of laptop computers in Q1 2008?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'21%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",294]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd788162d2951400fa65e8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percentage of Apples revenue in 1Q08 came from iPods, more than doubling the percentage of notebook sales?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'42%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",200]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12dc117492d1400aabb76'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'IPod'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On October 21, 2008, Apple reported that only 14.21% of total revenue for fiscal quarter 4 of year 2008 came from iPods. At the September 9, 2009 keynote presentation at the Apple Event, Phil Schiller announced total cumulative sales of iPods exceeded 220 million. The continual decline of iPod sales since 2009 has not been a surprising trend for the Apple corporation, as Apple CFO Peter Oppenheimer explained in June 2009: \"We expect our traditional MP3 players to decline over time as we cannibalize ourselves with the iPod Touch and the iPhone.\" Since 2009, the company's iPod sales have continually decreased every financial quarter and in 2013 a new model was not introduced onto the market.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was Chief Financial Officer of Apple in July of 2009?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Peter Oppenheimer'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",385]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd796762d2951400fa65ed'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'From what year did iPod purchases begin to continuously decline?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2009'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",142]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd796762d2951400fa65ef'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much revenue did iPod sales account for in Q4 2008?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'14.21%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",47]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd796762d2951400fa65f0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Approximately how many total iPods had been sold by late 2009?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'220 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",253]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12e4917492d1400aabb84'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which was the first year since iPod's introduction that no new model was released?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2013'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",647]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12e4917492d1400aabb86'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'IPod'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'iPods have won several awards ranging from engineering excellence,[not in citation given] to most innovative audio product, to fourth best computer product of 2006. iPods often receive favorable reviews; scoring on looks, clean design, and ease of use. PC World says that iPod line has \"altered the landscape for portable audio players\". Several industries are modifying their products to work better with both the iPod line and the AAC audio format. Examples include CD copy-protection schemes, and mobile phones, such as phones from Sony Ericsson and Nokia, which play AAC files rather than WMA.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What rank did iPod achieve among various computer products in 2006?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'fourth'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",128]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd7a3f62d2951400fa6600'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of reviews do iPods tend to get?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'favorable'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",186]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd7a3f62d2951400fa6601'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What two companies use the AAC format for music files?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sony Ericsson and Nokia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",536]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd7a3f62d2951400fa6602'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What file format is not supported by Sony Ericsson and Nokia?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'WMA'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",594]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd7a3f62d2951400fa6603'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which publication praised iPods for revolutionizing the industry?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'PC World'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",254]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd7a3f62d2951400fa6604'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which phone manufacturers adopted the AAC file format to become better iPod-compatible?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sony Ericsson and Nokia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",536]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12f4217492d1400aabb9a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which PC magazine praised the iPod for having \"altered the landscape for portable audio players\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'PC World'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",254]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12f4217492d1400aabb9b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'IPod'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Besides earning a reputation as a respected entertainment device, the iPod has also been accepted as a business device. Government departments, major institutions and international organisations have turned to the iPod line as a delivery mechanism for business communication and training, such as the Royal and Western Infirmaries in Glasgow, Scotland, where iPods are used to train new staff.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Aside from recreational use, in what other arena have iPods found use?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'business'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",104]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd7ab462d2951400fa660a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are two purposes for which iPods are used in business?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'communication and training'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",262]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd7ab462d2951400fa660b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of a company that uses iPods as part of its training?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Royal and Western Infirmaries'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",302]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd7ab462d2951400fa660c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where is Royal and Western Infirmaries located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Glasgow, Scotland'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",335]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd7ab462d2951400fa660d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'IPod'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'iPods have also gained popularity for use in education. Apple offers more information on educational uses for iPods on their website, including a collection of lesson plans. There has also been academic research done in this area in nursing education and more general K-16 education. Duke University provided iPods to all incoming freshmen in the fall of 2004, and the iPod program continues today with modifications. Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade, \"best-of\" list, saying, \"Yes, children, there really was a time when we roamed the earth without thousands of our favorite jams tucked comfortably into our hip pockets. Weird.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What University gave an iPod to first year students in 2004?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Duke'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",285]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd7b4162d2951400fa6613'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What publication lauded the iPod for enabling people to listen to thousands of songs on a portable player?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Entertainment Weekly'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",419]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd7b4162d2951400fa6614'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which major university began issuing iPods to all incoming freshmen starting in 2004?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Duke'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",285]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12fe417492d1400aabbac'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which magazine placed the iPod on its Best of the Decade list for the 00's?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Entertainment Weekly'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",419]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12fe417492d1400aabbad'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'IPod'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The iPod has also been credited with accelerating shifts within the music industry. The iPod's popularization of digital music storage allows users to abandon listening to entire albums and instead be able to choose specific singles which hastened the end of the Album Era in popular music.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What period of music did the iPod help bring to a close?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Album Era'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",260]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd7bc062d2951400fa6618'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which industry did the iPod have a major impact?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'music industry'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",69]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd7bc062d2951400fa6619'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the iPod promote that prompted a big change in the music industry?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'digital music storage'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",114]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd7bc062d2951400fa661a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The ease of collecting singles with the iPod and iTunes is credited with ending what \"era\" in pop music?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Album Era'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",260]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d130df17492d1400aabbc0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'IPod'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The advertised battery life on most models is different from the real-world achievable life. For example, the fifth generation 30 GB iPod is advertised as having up to 14 hours of music playback. An MP3.com report stated that this was virtually unachievable under real-life usage conditions, with a writer for MP3.com getting on average less than 8 hours from an iPod. In 2003, class action lawsuits were brought against Apple complaining that the battery charges lasted for shorter lengths of time than stated and that the battery degraded over time. The lawsuits were settled by offering individuals either US$50 store credit or a free battery replacement.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How long were 5th generation iPods marketed as being able to function before needing to be charged?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'14 hours'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",169]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd7ca662d2951400fa6629'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which website criticized Apple's battery life claims?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'MP3.com'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",200]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd7ca662d2951400fa662a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was Apple sued for issues relating to its battery life?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2003'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",373]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd7ca662d2951400fa662b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Discrepancy in what spec brought about a class action suit against Apple in 2003?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'battery life'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",16]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1314517492d1400aabbce'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many hours of real-time battery life did the 5th-generation iPod test at, compared to its advertised 14 hours?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'8 hours'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",348]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1314517492d1400aabbcf'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'IPod'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'iPod batteries are not designed to be removed or replaced by the user, although some users have been able to open the case themselves, usually following instructions from third-party vendors of iPod replacement batteries. Compounding the problem, Apple initially would not replace worn-out batteries. The official policy was that the customer should buy a refurbished replacement iPod, at a cost almost equivalent to a brand new one. All lithium-ion batteries lose capacity during their lifetime even when not in use (guidelines are available for prolonging life-span) and this situation led to a market for third-party battery replacement kits.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Whose directions can be followed to interact with iPod batteries?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'third-party vendors'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",172]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd7d3262d2951400fa6632'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Apple originally tell consumers to purchase when their iPod batteries no longer worked?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'refurbished replacement iPod'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",357]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd7d3262d2951400fa6633'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of battery does the iPod use?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'lithium-ion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",439]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd7d3262d2951400fa6634'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which iPod component did Apple somewhat inconveniently made non-replaceable?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'batteries'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",6]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d131c817492d1400aabbe0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of rechargeable battery does Apple use in its iPods?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'lithium-ion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",439]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d131c817492d1400aabbe1'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'IPod'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Apple announced a battery replacement program on November 14, 2003, a week before a high publicity stunt and website by the Neistat Brothers. The initial cost was US$99, and it was lowered to US$59 in 2005. One week later, Apple offered an extended iPod warranty for US$59. For the iPod Nano, soldering tools are needed because the battery is soldered onto the main board. Fifth generation iPods have their battery attached to the backplate with adhesive.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Apple launch on November 14, 2003?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'battery replacement program'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",19]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd7db262d2951400fa6638'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much did iPod owners originally have to pay for replacement batteries?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$99'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",166]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd7db262d2951400fa6639'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was needed to replace an iPod Nano battery?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'soldering tools'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",294]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd7db262d2951400fa663a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What generation saw iPod batterys being affixed with glue?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Fifth generation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",374]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd7db262d2951400fa663b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did Apple begin a formal battery replacement program?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2003'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",63]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1321f17492d1400aabbf4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the original price for a replacement battery from Apple?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$99'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",166]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1321f17492d1400aabbf5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which iPod model has its battery soldered into the unit?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Nano'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",288]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1321f17492d1400aabbf6'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'IPod'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The first generation iPod Nano may overheat and pose a health and safety risk. Affected iPod Nanos were sold between September 2005 and December 2006. This is due to a flawed battery used by Apple from a single battery manufacturer. Apple recommended that owners of affected iPod Nanos stop using them. Under an Apple product replacement program, affected Nanos were replaced with current generation Nanos free of charge.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What part of the iPod Nano was the cause of the overheating issue?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'battery'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",176]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd7e4462d2951400fa664b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What program allowed users to exchange iPod Nanos which suffered from overheating problems with new safe models?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Apple product replacement program'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",313]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd7e4462d2951400fa664d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'IPod'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'iPods have been criticized for alleged short life-span and fragile hard drives. A 2005 survey conducted on the MacInTouch website found that the iPod line had an average failure rate of 13.7% (although they note that comments from respondents indicate that \"the true iPod failure rate may be lower than it appears\"). It concluded that some models were more durable than others. In particular, failure rates for iPods employing hard drives was usually above 20% while those with flash memory had a failure rate below 10%. In late 2005, many users complained that the surface of the first generation iPod Nano can become scratched easily, rendering the screen unusable. A class action lawsuit was also filed. Apple initially considered the issue a minor defect, but later began shipping these iPods with protective sleeves.[citation needed]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are two subjects of criticism of iPods?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'short life-span and fragile hard drives'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",40]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd7ef762d2951400fa6652'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What website ran a survey to learn how often iPods ceased working?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'MacInTouch'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",112]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd7ef762d2951400fa6653'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How often did MacInTouch discover iPods stopped working, according to their survey?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'13.7%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",187]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd7ef762d2951400fa6654'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did iPod owners take issue with the fragility of the iPod screen?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'late 2005'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",525]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd7ef762d2951400fa6655'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Apple include with the iPod to resolve the screen problem?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'protective sleeves'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",803]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd7ef762d2951400fa6656'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which type of iPod storage proved more reliable than hard drive storage?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'flash memory'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",479]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d133d517492d1400aabc2b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The first generation nano suffered from which component getting damaged easily?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'screen'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",652]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d133d517492d1400aabc2c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'IPod'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On June 11, 2006, the British tabloid The Mail on Sunday reported that iPods are mainly manufactured by workers who earn no more than US$50 per month and work 15-hour shifts. Apple investigated the case with independent auditors and found that, while some of the plant's labour practices met Apple's Code of Conduct, others did not: employees worked over 60 hours a week for 35% of the time, and worked more than six consecutive days for 25% of the time.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What publication revealed information about the working conditions of iPod labor?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Mail on Sunday'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",39]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd7f9162d2951400fa665c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What governs iPod manufacturers' labor policies?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Apple's Code of Conduct'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",293]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd7f9162d2951400fa665f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percentage of the time did The Mail on Sunday claim workers labored for at least seven straight days?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'25'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",439]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd7f9162d2951400fa6660'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which British tabloid accused Apple of unfair worker conditions in 2006?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Mail'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",39]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d13443e7d4791d00901feb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percentage of Apple's manufacturing employees worked over 60 hour weeks?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'35%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",376]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d13443e7d4791d00901fec'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'IPod'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Foxconn, Apple's manufacturer, initially denied the abuses, but when an auditing team from Apple found that workers had been working longer hours than were allowed under Chinese law, they promised to prevent workers working more hours than the code allowed. Apple hired a workplace standards auditing company, Verité, and joined the Electronic Industry Code of Conduct Implementation Group to oversee the measures. 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Apple, HP, and others stated that they were investigating the situation. Foxconn guards have been videotaped beating employees. Another employee killed himself in 2009 when an Apple prototype went missing, and claimed in messages to friends, that he had been beaten and interrogated.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did Chinese Foxconn emplyees kill themselves?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2010'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd828562d2951400fa6670'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What disappeared in 2009 prior to the suicide of a Foxconn employee?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Apple prototype'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",258]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd828562d2951400fa6672'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did several Foxconn workers commit suicide?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2010'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d13543e7d4791d00902004'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'IPod'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'As of 2006, the iPod was produced by about 14,000 workers in the U.S. and 27,000 overseas. Further, the salaries attributed to this product were overwhelmingly distributed to highly skilled U.S. professionals, as opposed to lower skilled U.S. retail employees or overseas manufacturing labor. One interpretation of this result is that U.S. innovation can create more jobs overseas than domestically.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What attribute of the United States could be thought to lead more international and less domestic employment opportunities?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'innovation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",341]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd834d62d2951400fa668a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'IPod'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'All iPods except for the iPod Touch can function in \"disk mode\" as mass storage devices to store data files but this may not be the default behavior, and in the case of the iPod Touch, requires special software.[citation needed] If an iPod is formatted on a Mac OS computer, it uses the HFS+ file system format, which allows it to serve as a boot disk for a Mac computer. If it is formatted on Windows, the FAT32 format is used. With the release of the Windows-compatible iPod, the default file system used on the iPod line switched from HFS+ to FAT32, although it can be reformatted to either file system (excluding the iPod Shuffle which is strictly FAT32). Generally, if a new iPod (excluding the iPod Shuffle) is initially plugged into a computer running Windows, it will be formatted with FAT32, and if initially plugged into a Mac running Mac OS it will be formatted with HFS+.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'To work as a boot disk for a Mac, what file system must an iPod be formatted with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'HFS+'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",288]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfc488234ae51400d9bf47'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'If connected to a Windows PC when first set up, what file system will an iPod be formatted with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'FAT32'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",408]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfc488234ae51400d9bf48'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'IPod'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess (Japanese: ゼルダの伝説 トワイライトプリンセス, Hepburn: Zeruda no Densetsu: Towairaito Purinsesu?) is an action-adventure game developed and published by Nintendo for the GameCube and Wii home video game consoles. It is the thirteenth installment in the The Legend of Zelda series. Originally planned for release on the GameCube in November 2005, Twilight Princess was delayed by Nintendo to allow its developers to refine the game, add more content, and port it to the Wii. The Wii version was released alongside the console in North America in November 2006, and in Japan, Europe, and Australia the following month. 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To do so, he takes the form of both a Hylian and a wolf, and is assisted by a mysterious creature named Midna. The game takes place hundreds of years after Ocarina of Time and Majora's Mask, in an alternate timeline from The Wind Waker.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is the main character of the story?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Link'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",41]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8ad162d2951400fa6698'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What land does Link serve to protect?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hyrule'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",68]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8ad162d2951400fa6699'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What character helped Link in Twilight Princess?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Midna'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",262]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8ad162d2951400fa669b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is the protagonist is Legend of Zelda?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Link'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",41]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1162317492d1400aab8ec'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the mysterious creature that assists Link?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Midna'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",262]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1162317492d1400aab8ee'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'This storyline takes place alternate from what storyline?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Wind Waker'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",379]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1162317492d1400aab8ef'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'At the time of its release, Twilight Princess was considered the greatest entry in the Zelda series by many critics, including writers for 1UP.com, Computer and Video Games, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, GamesRadar, IGN, and The Washington Post. 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It uses the basic control scheme introduced in Ocarina of Time, including context-sensitive action buttons and L-targeting (Z-targeting on the Wii), a system that allows the player to keep Link's view focused on an enemy or important object while moving and attacking. Link can walk, run, and attack, and will automatically jump when running off of or reaching for a ledge.[c] Link uses a sword and shield in combat, complemented with secondary weapons and items, including a bow and arrows, a boomerang, bombs, and the Clawshot (similar to the Hookshot introduced earlier in the The Legend of Zelda series).[d] While L-targeting, projectile-based weapons can be fired at a target without the need for manual aiming.[c]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the three main activities in The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'combat, exploration, and item collection'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",79]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8c5762d2951400fa66a8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Twilight Princess uses the control setup first employed in which previous game?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ocarina of Time'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",168]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8c5762d2951400fa66a9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What can be used to shoot without the need to manually target enemies?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'L-targeting'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",232]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8c5762d2951400fa66aa'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is Link's main weapon?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'sword'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",510]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8c5762d2951400fa66ab'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What secondary weapon in Twilight Princess is analogous to a weapon featured in previous games?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Clawshot'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",641]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8c5762d2951400fa66ac'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What genre of game is Twilight Princess?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'action-adventure'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",46]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d118ce17492d1400aab924'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Twilight Princess follows the control scheme introduced in what game?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ocarina of Time'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",168]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d118ce17492d1400aab925'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What 2 main weapons does Link use in combat?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'sword and shield'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",510]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d118ce17492d1400aab926'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What control can be used while targeting that allows the player to forego manual targeting?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'L-targeting'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",232]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d118ce17492d1400aab927'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The context-sensitive button mechanic allows one button to serve a variety of functions, such as talking, opening doors, and pushing, pulling, and throwing objects.[e] The on-screen display shows what action, if any, the button will trigger, determined by the situation. 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Unique to the GameCube version is the ability for the player to control the camera freely, without entering a special \"lookaround\" mode required by the Wii; however, in the GameCube version, only two of Link's secondary weapons can be equipped at a time, as opposed to four in the Wii version.[g]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where is the speaker located on the Wii console?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Wii Remote'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",172]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8dbf62d2951400fa66f2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What sound do users here when uncovering secrets in the game?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'chime'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",324]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8dbf62d2951400fa66f3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What part of the Wii is employed to use weapons?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Wii Remote'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",172]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8dbf62d2951400fa66f4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Aside from the sword, what is another weapon that Link can use?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Nunchuk'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",478]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8dbf62d2951400fa66f5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many weapons can be equipped by Link if playing Twilight Princess on a GameCube?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'two'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",683]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8dbf62d2951400fa66f6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Wii version makes use of what kind of sensors?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'motion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",129]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d11a1b17492d1400aab95d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What device on the Wii allows for sounds of a bowstring to be heard?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Wii Remote'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",172]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d11a1b17492d1400aab95e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The game features nine dungeons—large, contained areas where Link battles enemies, collects items, and solves puzzles. Link navigates these dungeons and fights a boss at the end in order to obtain an item or otherwise advance the plot. The dungeons are connected by a large overworld, across which Link can travel on foot; on his horse, Epona; or by teleporting.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many dungeon instances are provided in Twilight Princess?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'nine'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",19]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8e2362d2951400fa66fc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does Link fight in dungeons?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'enemies'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",75]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8e2362d2951400fa66fd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What provides a bridge between the different dungeons?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'overworld'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",275]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8e2362d2951400fa66fe'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of Link's steed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Epona'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",338]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8e2362d2951400fa66ff'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What must Link solve throughout the game?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'puzzles'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",111]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d11a7017492d1400aab968'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who must Link fight at the end of a dungeon level?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'boss'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",163]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d11a7017492d1400aab969'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What connects the dungeons?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'overworld'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",275]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d11a7017492d1400aab96a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'When Link enters the Twilight Realm, the void that corrupts parts of Hyrule, he transforms into a wolf.[h] He is eventually able to transform between his Hylian and wolf forms at will. As a wolf, Link loses the ability to use his sword, shield, or any secondary items; he instead attacks by biting, and defends primarily by dodging attacks. However, \"Wolf Link\" gains several key advantages in return—he moves faster than he does as a human (though riding Epona is still faster) and digs holes to create new passages and uncover buried items, and has improved senses, including the ability to follow scent trails.[i] He also carries Midna, a small imp-like creature who gives him hints, uses an energy field to attack enemies, helps him jump long distances, and eventually allows Link to \"warp\" to any of several preset locations throughout the overworld.[j] Using Link's wolf senses, the player can see and listen to the wandering spirits of those affected by the Twilight, as well as hunt for enemy ghosts named Poes.[k]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What form does Link take in the Twilight Realm?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Wolf'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",352]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8ec662d2951400fa6704'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is Link's main form of offense in wolf form?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'biting'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",292]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8ec662d2951400fa6705'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Hostile spirits are also known as what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Poes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1015]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8ec662d2951400fa6706'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who provides helpful information to Link?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Midna'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",634]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8ec662d2951400fa6707'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Link's wolf form is faster than what other form?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'human'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",436]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8ec662d2951400fa6708'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does Link transform into when he enters the Twilight Realm?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Wolf'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",352]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d11af517492d1400aab987'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is Midna?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'small imp-like creature'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",643]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d11af517492d1400aab989'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are Poes?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'enemy ghosts'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",996]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d11af517492d1400aab98b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The artificial intelligence (AI) of enemies in Twilight Princess is more advanced than that of enemies in The Wind Waker. Enemies react to defeated companions and to arrows or slingshot pellets that pass by, and can detect Link from a greater distance than was possible in previous games.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does AI stand for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'artificial intelligence'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8f4b62d2951400fa670e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a game whose enemies have more rudimentary programming than those in Twilight Princess?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Wind Waker'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",107]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8f4b62d2951400fa670f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do enemies do to defeated companions?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'react'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",131]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8f4b62d2951400fa6711'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What feature of the enemies in Twilight Princess is more advanced?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'artificial intelligence'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1283617492d1400aabac2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who can enemies detect from a greater distance than in previous games?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Link'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",224]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1283617492d1400aabac3'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'There is very little voice acting in the game, as is the case in most Zelda titles to date. Link remains silent in conversation, but grunts when attacking or injured and gasps when surprised. His emotions and responses are largely indicated visually by nods and facial expressions. Other characters have similar language-independent verbalizations, including laughter, surprised or fearful exclamations, and screams. The character of Midna has the most voice acting—her on-screen dialog is often accompanied by a babble of pseudo-speech, which was produced by scrambling the phonemes of English phrases[better source needed] sampled by Japanese voice actress Akiko Kōmoto.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Through what can Link's reaction and mood can be discerned?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'nods and facial expressions'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",254]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8ffa62d2951400fa6720'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which person has the most spoken dialogue in the game?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Midna'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",435]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8ffa62d2951400fa6721'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who provided the basis for Midna's voice?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Akiko Kōmoto'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",660]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8ffa62d2951400fa6722'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What country does Akiko Komoto come from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Japan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",637]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd8ffa62d2951400fa6723'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does Link say when attacking?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'grunts'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",134]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d128ed17492d1400aabad9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How does Link express emotions?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'nods and facial expressions'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",254]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d128ed17492d1400aabada'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What character has the most voice acting?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Midna'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",435]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d128ed17492d1400aabadb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who does the voice of Midna?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Akiko Kōmoto'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",660]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d128ed17492d1400aabadc'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Twilight Princess takes place several centuries after Ocarina of Time and Majora's Mask, and begins with a youth named Link who is working as a ranch hand in Ordon Village. One day, the village is attacked by Bulblins, who carry off the village's children with Link in pursuit before he encounters a wall of Twilight. A Shadow Beast pulls him beyond the wall into the Realm of Twilight, where he is transformed into a wolf and imprisoned. Link is soon freed by an imp-like Twilight being named Midna, who dislikes Link but agrees to help him if he obeys her unconditionally. She guides him to Princess Zelda. Zelda explains that Zant, the King of the Twilight, has stolen the light from three of the four Light Spirits and conquered Hyrule. In order to save Hyrule, Link must first restore the Light Spirits by entering the Twilight-covered areas and, as a wolf, recover the Spirits' lost light. He must do this by collecting the multiple \"Tears of Light\"; once all the Tears of Light are collected for one area, he restores that area's Light Spirit. As he restores them, the Light Spirits return Link to his Hylian form.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is Link's job at the start of Twilight Princess?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ranch hand'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",145]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd92e562d2951400fa6728'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do the Bulbins take from Ordon?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'children'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",248]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd92e562d2951400fa672a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who releases Link from the Realm of Twilight?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Midna'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",495]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd92e562d2951400fa672b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does Link have to gather in order to complete each area?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tears of Light'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",941]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd92e562d2951400fa672c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where is Link working as a ranch hand?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ordon Village'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",159]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1298217492d1400aabaf8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who attacks the village?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Bulblins'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",210]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1298217492d1400aabaf9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What must Link collect?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tears of Light'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",941]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1298217492d1400aabafb'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'During this time, Link also helps Midna find the Fused Shadows, fragments of a relic containing powerful dark magic. In return, she helps Link find Ordon Village's children while helping the monkeys of Faron, the Gorons of Eldin, and the Zoras of Lanayru. Once Link has restored the Light Spirits and Midna has all the Fused Shadows, they are ambushed by Zant. After he relieves Midna of the Fused Shadow fragments, she ridicules him for abusing his tribe's magic, but Zant reveals that his power comes from another source as he uses it to turn Link back into a wolf, and then leaves Midna in Hyrule to die from the world's light. Bringing a dying Midna to Zelda, Link learns he needs the Master Sword to return to human form. Zelda sacrifices herself to heal Midna with her power before vanishing mysteriously. Midna is moved by Zelda's sacrifice, and begins to care more about Link and the fate of the light world.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does Link assist Midna in collection?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Fused Shadows'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",50]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd937162d2951400fa6732'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who attacks Link and Midna when they've finished their collection tasks?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Zant'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",356]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd937162d2951400fa6733'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What weapon can transform Link back to his original self?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Master Sword'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",690]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd937162d2951400fa6734'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who saves Midna?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Zelda'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",658]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd937162d2951400fa6735'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where do the Zoras come from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Lanayru'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",248]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd937162d2951400fa6736'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does Link help Midna find?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Fused Shadows'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",50]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12a1317492d1400aabb10'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who ambushes Link and Midna?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Zant'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",356]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12a1317492d1400aabb12'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does Link discover he needs to find to return to human form?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Master Sword'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",690]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12a1317492d1400aabb13'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who sacrifices herself to save Midna?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Zelda'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",658]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12a1317492d1400aabb14'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'After gaining the Master Sword, Link is cleansed of the magic that kept him in wolf form, obtaining the Shadow Crystal. Now able to use it to switch between both forms at will, Link is led by Midna to the Mirror of Twilight located deep within the Gerudo Desert, the only known gateway between the Twilight Realm and Hyrule. However, they discover that the mirror is broken. The Sages there explain that Zant tried to destroy it, but he was only able to shatter it into fragments; only the true ruler of the Twili can completely destroy the Mirror of Twilight. They also reveal that they used it a century ago to banish Ganondorf, the Gerudo leader who attempted to steal the Triforce, to the Twilight Realm when executing him failed. Assisted by an underground resistance group they meet in Castle Town, Link and Midna set out to retrieve the missing shards of the Mirror, defeating those they infected. Once the portal has been restored, Midna is revealed to be the true ruler of the Twilight Realm, usurped by Zant when he cursed her into her current form. Confronting Zant, Link and Midna learn that Zant's coup was made possible when he forged a pact with Ganondorf, who asked for Zant's assistance in conquering Hyrule. After Link defeats Zant, Midna recovers the Fused Shadows, but destroys Zant after learning that only Ganondorf's death can release her from her curse. Returning to Hyrule, Link and Midna find Ganondorf in Hyrule Castle, with a lifeless Zelda suspended above his head. Ganondorf fights Link by possessing Zelda's body and eventually by transforming into a beast, but Link defeats him and Midna is able to resurrect Zelda.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does Link obtain that gives him control over his transformations?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Shadow Crystal'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",105]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd942362d2951400fa673c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where does Midna take Link after he acquires the Master Sword?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mirror of Twilight'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",206]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd942362d2951400fa673d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the Mirror of Twilight used to fight prior to Zant?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ganondorf'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",621]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd942362d2951400fa673e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where is Ganondorf located after Zant's defeat?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hyrule Castle'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1433]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd942362d2951400fa673f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Whose body is used as a proxy by Ganondorf in order to fight Link?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Zelda's'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1532]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd942362d2951400fa6740'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What allows Link to switch between his two forms?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Shadow Crystal'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",105]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12adf17492d1400aabb28'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the only known gateway between Twilight Realm & Hyrule?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Gerudo Desert'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",249]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12adf17492d1400aabb29'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is revealed as the true ruler of Twilight Realm?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Midna'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",193]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12adf17492d1400aabb2a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Zant form a pact with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ganondorf'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",621]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12adf17492d1400aabb2b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does Ganondorf transform into?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'beast'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1583]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12adf17492d1400aabb2c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Ganondorf then revives, and Midna teleports Link and Zelda outside the castle so she can hold him off with the Fused Shadows. However, as Hyrule Castle collapses, it is revealed that Ganondorf was victorious as he crushes Midna's helmet. Ganondorf engages Link on horseback, and, assisted by Zelda and the Light Spirits, Link eventually knocks Ganondorf off his horse and they duel on foot before Link strikes down Ganondorf and plunges the Master Sword into his chest. With Ganondorf dead, the Light Spirits not only bring Midna back to life, but restore her to her true form. After bidding farewell to Link and Zelda, Midna returns home before destroying the Mirror of Twilight with a tear to maintain balance between Hyrule and the Twilight Realm. Near the end, as Hyrule Castle is rebuilt, Link is shown leaving Ordon Village heading to parts unknown.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What possession of Midna does Ganondorf destroy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'helmet'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",231]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd953262d2951400fa6746'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where does Link depart from at the end of the game?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ordon Village'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",817]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd953262d2951400fa6747'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which character helps Link get Ganondorf off of his horse?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Zelda'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",54]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd953262d2951400fa6748'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'To what part of his body does Link deliver the killing blow to Ganondorf?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'chest'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",464]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd953262d2951400fa6749'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who resurrects Midna after the fight with Ganondorf?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Light Spirits'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",307]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd953262d2951400fa674a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who does Midna teleport?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Link and Zelda'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",45]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12bda17492d1400aabb44'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does Ganondorf crush?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Midna's helmet'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",223]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12bda17492d1400aabb45'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does Midna destroy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mirror of Twilight'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",662]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12bda17492d1400aabb47'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 2003, Nintendo announced that a new The Legend of Zelda game was in the works for the GameCube by the same team that had created the cel-shaded The Wind Waker. At the following year's Game Developers Conference, director Eiji Aonuma unintentionally revealed that the game's sequel was in development under the working title The Wind Waker 2; it was set to use a similar graphical style to that of its predecessor. Nintendo of America told Aonuma that North American sales of The Wind Waker were sluggish because its cartoon appearance created the impression that the game was designed for a young audience. Concerned that the sequel would have the same problem, Aonuma expressed to producer Shigeru Miyamoto that he wanted to create a realistic Zelda game that would appeal to the North American market. Miyamoto, hesitant about solely changing the game's presentation, suggested the team's focus should instead be on coming up with gameplay innovations. He advised that Aonuma should start by doing what could not be done in Ocarina of Time, particularly horseback combat.[l]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did Nintendo reveal the start of development on what would become Twilight Princess?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2003'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd95f562d2951400fa6750'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'At what event was a potential follow-up to The Wind Waker mentioned?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Game Developers Conference'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",188]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd95f562d2951400fa6751'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What region of the world did Nintendo want to design the next Legend of Zelda game for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'North American'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",455]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd95f562d2951400fa6752'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was one feature that could not be implemented in Ocarina of Time?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'horseback combat'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1060]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd95f562d2951400fa6753'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did Nintendo announce a new Legend of Zelda was in the works for Gamecube?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2003'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12ceb17492d1400aabb5c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the director that unintentionally announced a Zelda game was in the works?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Eiji Aonuma'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",225]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12ceb17492d1400aabb5d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the specific area of gameplay that had not been done in Ocarina of Time?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'horseback combat'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1060]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12ceb17492d1400aabb5f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In four months, Aonuma's team managed to present realistic horseback riding,[l] which Nintendo later revealed to the public with a trailer at Electronic Entertainment Expo 2004. The game was scheduled to be released the next year, and was no longer a follow-up to The Wind Waker; a true sequel to it was released for the Nintendo DS in 2007, in the form of Phantom Hourglass. Miyamoto explained in interviews that the graphical style was chosen to satisfy demand, and that it better fit the theme of an older incarnation of Link. The game runs on a modified The Wind Waker engine.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How long did it take to implement riding horses in a believable manner?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'four'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd96c162d2951400fa6758'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did Nintendo preview the horseback riding feature?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Electronic Entertainment Expo 2004'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",143]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd96c162d2951400fa6759'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What console was home to the sequel for The Wind Waker?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Nintendo DS'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",322]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd96c162d2951400fa675a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the second Wind Waker game?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Phantom Hourglass'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",358]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd96c162d2951400fa675b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the company release a trailer of the horseback riding aspect?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2004'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",173]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12d5117492d1400aabb71'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Prior Zelda games have employed a theme of two separate, yet connected, worlds. In A Link to the Past, Link travels between a \"Light World\" and a \"Dark World\"; in Ocarina of Time, as well as in Oracle of Ages, Link travels between two different time periods. The Zelda team sought to reuse this motif in the series' latest installment. It was suggested that Link transform into a wolf, much like he metamorphoses into a rabbit in the Dark World of A Link to the Past.[m] The story of the game was created by Aonuma, and later underwent several changes by scenario writers Mitsuhiro Takano and Aya Kyogoku. Takano created the script for the story scenes, while Kyogoku and Takayuki Ikkaku handled the actual in-game script. Aonuma left his team working on the new idea while he directed The Minish Cap for the Game Boy Advance. When he returned, he found the Twilight Princess team struggling. Emphasis on the parallel worlds and the wolf transformation had made Link's character unbelievable. Aonuma also felt the gameplay lacked the caliber of innovation found in Phantom Hourglass, which was being developed with touch controls for the Nintendo DS. At the same time, the Wii was under development with the code name \"Revolution\". Miyamoto thought that the Revolution's pointing device, the Wii Remote, was well suited for aiming arrows in Zelda, and suggested that Aonuma consider using it.[n]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does Link morph into in A Link to the Past?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'rabbit'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",421]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd976762d2951400fa6761'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Aonuma left the Twilight Princess development team to work on which other game?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Minish Cap'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",787]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd976762d2951400fa6762'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the working name for the Wii prior to release?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Revolution'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1220]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd976762d2951400fa6763'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who proposed that the Wii Remote be used in the control scheme for Twilight Princess?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Miyamoto'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1233]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd976762d2951400fa6764'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who created the script for the story scenes?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mitsuhiro Takano'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",573]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12e4a17492d1400aabb8b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What device seemed well-suited for Link's arrow shooting ability?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Wii Remote'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1293]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12e4a17492d1400aabb8c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Aonuma had anticipated creating a Zelda game for what would later be called the Wii, but had assumed that he would need to complete Twilight Princess first. His team began work developing a pointing-based interface for the bow and arrow, and Aonuma found that aiming directly at the screen gave the game a new feel, just like the DS control scheme for Phantom Hourglass. Aonuma felt confident this was the only way to proceed, but worried about consumers who had been anticipating a GameCube release. Developing two versions would mean delaying the previously announced 2005 release, still disappointing the consumer. Satoru Iwata felt that having both versions would satisfy users in the end, even though they would have to wait for the finished product. Aonuma then started working on both versions in parallel.[o]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of interface was used for in-game archery?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'pointing-based'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",191]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd97f862d2951400fa676a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the originally-planned launch year for Twilight Princess?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2005'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",571]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd97f862d2951400fa676b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which Nintendo employee was confident in the potential of developing two versions of Twilight Princess?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Satoru Iwata'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",619]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd97f862d2951400fa676c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the original release date for Gamecube?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2005'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",571]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12ed617492d1400aabb96'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Transferring GameCube development to the Wii was relatively simple, since the Wii was being created to be compatible with the GameCube.[o] At E3 2005, Nintendo released a small number of Nintendo DS game cards containing a preview trailer for Twilight Princess. They also announced that Zelda would appear on the Wii (then codenamed \"Revolution\"), but it was not clear to the media if this meant Twilight Princess or a different game.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What console boasted compatibility with the Wii?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'GameCube'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",14]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd9df862d2951400fa677a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did Nintendo provide a limited number of Twilight Princess previews?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'E3 2005'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",143]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd9df862d2951400fa677b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'At E3 in 2005, what console did Nintendo reveal the next Zelda game would be developed for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Wii'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",42]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd9df862d2951400fa677c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Nintendo announce Zelda would appear on the Wii?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'At E3 2005'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",140]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12fb517492d1400aabba1'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The team worked on a Wii control scheme, adapting camera control and the fighting mechanics to the new interface. A prototype was created that used a swinging gesture to control the sword from a first-person viewpoint, but was unable to show the variety of Link's movements. When the third-person view was restored, Aonuma thought it felt strange to swing the Wii Remote with the right hand to control the sword in Link's left hand, so the entire Wii version map was mirrored.[p] Details about Wii controls began to surface in December 2005 when British publication NGC Magazine claimed that when a GameCube copy of Twilight Princess was played on the Revolution, it would give the player the option of using the Revolution controller. Miyamoto confirmed the Revolution controller-functionality in an interview with Nintendo of Europe and Time reported this soon after. However, support for the Wii controller did not make it into the GameCube release. At E3 2006, Nintendo announced that both versions would be available at the Wii launch, and had a playable version of Twilight Princess for the Wii.[p] Later, the GameCube release was pushed back to a month after the launch of the Wii.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of movement interfaced with the sword in Twilight Princess?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'swinging gesture'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",151]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd9ed662d2951400fa6780'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who provided information about the game's controls in December of 2005?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'NGC Magazine'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",567]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd9ed662d2951400fa6781'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What ended up not being supported in the GameCube version of Twilight Princess?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Wii controller'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",896]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd9ed662d2951400fa6782'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did Nintendo reveal that the two different releases of Twilight Princess were planned for launch at the same time as the Wii?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2006'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",960]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd9ed662d2951400fa6783'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How long was the GameCube version of Twilight Princess delayed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a month'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1153]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cd9ed662d2951400fa6784'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What magazine mentioned players would be able to use the Revolution controller?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'NGC Magazine'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",567]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1307b17492d1400aabbb1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Nintendo announce both versions of Twilight Princess would be available at the Wii launch?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'E3 2006'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",957]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1307b17492d1400aabbb2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Nintendo staff members reported that demo users complained about the difficulty of the control scheme. Aonuma realized that his team had implemented Wii controls under the mindset of \"forcing\" users to adapt, instead of making the system intuitive and easy to use. He began rethinking the controls with Miyamoto to focus on comfort and ease.[q] The camera movement was reworked and item controls were changed to avoid accidental button presses.[r] In addition, the new item system required use of the button that had previously been used for the sword. To solve this, sword controls were transferred back to gestures—something E3 attendees had commented they would like to see. This reintroduced the problem of using a right-handed swing to control a left-handed sword attack. The team did not have enough time before release to rework Link's character model, so they instead flipped the entire game—everything was made a mirror image.[s] Link was now right-handed, and references to \"east\" and \"west\" were switched around. The GameCube version, however, was left with the original orientation. The Twilight Princess player's guide focuses on the Wii version, but has a section in the back with mirror-image maps for GameCube users.[t]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did early users find hard to use about the game?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'control scheme'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",88]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cda06d62d2951400fa678a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Using items in the game took over the controls used for what weapon?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'sword'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",547]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cda06d62d2951400fa678b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who wanted gestures implemented for sword control?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'E3 attendees'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",628]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cda06d62d2951400fa678c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When Twilight Princess was finally released for Wii, in what hand did Link wield his sword?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'right'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",720]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cda06d62d2951400fa678d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What features did Aonuma work to improve after the demo complaints?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'comfort and ease'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",325]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1314217492d1400aabbc9'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The game's score was composed by Toru Minegishi and Asuka Ohta, with series regular Koji Kondo serving as the sound supervisor. Minegishi took charge of composition and sound design in Twilight Princess, providing all field and dungeon music under the supervision of Kondo. For the trailers, three pieces were written by different composers, two of which were created by Mahito Yokota and Kondo. Michiru Ōshima created orchestral arrangements for the three compositions, later to be performed by an ensemble conducted by Yasuzo Takemoto. Kondo's piece was later chosen as music for the E3 2005 trailer and for the demo movie after the game's title screen.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who wrote the music for Twilight Princess?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Toru Minegishi and Asuka Ohta'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",34]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cda10262d2951400fa6792'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was in charge of overseeing audio production?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Koji Kondo'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",85]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cda10262d2951400fa6793'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who worked adapting the score for performance by an orchestra?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Michiru Ōshima'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",397]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cda10262d2951400fa6794'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who wrote the music used in the game's trailer and demo?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Koji Kondo'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",85]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cda10262d2951400fa6795'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who created orchestral arrangements for the game?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Michiru Ōshima'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",397]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d131c217492d1400aabbdb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was to conduct the ensemble that would perform the pieces?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Yasuzo Takemoto'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",522]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d131c217492d1400aabbdc'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Media requests at the trade show prompted Kondo to consider using orchestral music for the other tracks in the game as well, a notion reinforced by his preference for live instruments. He originally envisioned a full 50-person orchestra for action sequences and a string quartet for more \"lyrical moments\", though the final product used sequenced music instead. Kondo later cited the lack of interactivity that comes with orchestral music as one of the main reasons for the decision. Both six- and seven-track versions of the game's soundtrack were released on November 19, 2006, as part of a Nintendo Power promotion and bundled with replicas of the Master Sword and the Hylian Shield.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of instruments are favored by Kondo?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'live'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",168]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cda41362d2951400fa679a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people would be in the orchestra Kondo imagined using for the soundtrack?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'50'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",218]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cda41362d2951400fa679b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the soundtrack of Twilight Princess made available?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'November 19, 2006'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",562]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cda41362d2951400fa679c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which publication was associated with the soundtrack release?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Nintendo Power'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",594]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cda41362d2951400fa679e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who made the requests for Kondo to use orchestral music throughout the game?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Media'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1324717492d1400aabbfa'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When were track versions of the game's sountrack released?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'November 19, 2006'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",562]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1324717492d1400aabbfb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What were replicas of the Master Sword and Hylian Shield bundled with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'soundtrack'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",534]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1324717492d1400aabbfc'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Following the discovery of a buffer overflow vulnerability in the Wii version of Twilight Princess, an exploit known as the \"Twilight Hack\" was developed, allowing the execution of custom code from a Secure Digital (SD) card on the console. A properly designed save file would cause the game to load unsigned code, which could include Executable and Linkable Format (ELF) programs and homebrew Wii applications. 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Several recurring James Bond characters, including M, Q and Eve Moneypenny return, with the new additions of Léa Seydoux as Dr. Madeleine Swann, Dave Bautista as Mr. Hinx, Andrew Scott as Max Denbigh and Monica Bellucci as Lucia Sciarra.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What group is the enemy of the protagonist?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Spectre'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",69]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdb27562d2951400fa6812'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which movie was Spectre originally featured in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Diamonds Are Forever'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",155]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdb27562d2951400fa6813'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which three personalities from previous films appear in Spectre?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'M, Q and Eve Moneypenny'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",307]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdb27562d2951400fa6814'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which actor plays the role of Mr. Hinx?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Dave Bautista'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",401]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdb27562d2951400fa6815'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What role is performed by Monica Bellucci?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Lucia Sciarra'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",479]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdb27562d2951400fa6816'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which recurring James Bond characters appear in Spectre?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'M, Q and Eve Moneypenny'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",307]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf2f22aab44d1400b88dd4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What actress portrays Dr. Madeleine Swann in Spectre?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Léa Seydoux'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",365]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf2f22aab44d1400b88dd5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What actor portrays Mr. Hinx in Spectre?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Dave Bautista'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",401]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf2f22aab44d1400b88dd6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was Diamonds are Forever released?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1971'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",148]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf2f22aab44d1400b88dd7'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Spectre (2015 film)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Spectre was released on 26 October 2015 in the United Kingdom on the same night as the world premiere at the Royal Albert Hall in London, followed by a worldwide release. It was released in the United States on 6 November 2015. It became the second James Bond film to be screened in IMAX venues after Skyfall, although it was not filmed with IMAX cameras. Spectre received mixed reviews upon its release; although criticised for its length, lack of screen time for new characters, and writing, it received praise for its action sequences and cinematography. The theme song, \"Writing's on the Wall\", received mixed reviews, particularly compared to the previous theme; nevertheless, it won the Golden Globe for Best Original Song and was nominated for the Academy Award in the same category. As of 20 February 2016[update], Spectre has grossed over $879 million worldwide.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what date was Spectre first shown in the UK?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'26 October 2015'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",25]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdb36c62d2951400fa681c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the first screening of Spectre?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Royal Albert Hall in London'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",110]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdb36c62d2951400fa681d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the US release date for Spectre?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'6 November 2015'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",212]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdb36c62d2951400fa681e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What were two subjects of accolades for Spectre?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'action sequences and cinematography'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",522]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdb36c62d2951400fa681f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'For what category did Spectre receive a Golden Globe award?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Best Original Song'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",711]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdb36c62d2951400fa6820'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the first James Bond film to be screened at IMAX theaters?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Skyfall'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",302]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf306caab44d1400b88df0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the theme song for the James Bond film Spectre?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Writing's on the Wall'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",576]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf306caab44d1400b88df1'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Spectre (2015 film)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Following Garreth Mallory's promotion to M, on a mission in Mexico City unofficially ordered by a posthumous message from the previous M, 007 James Bond kills three men plotting a terrorist bombing during the Day of the Dead and gives chase to Marco Sciarra, an assassin who survived the attack. In the ensuing struggle, Bond steals his ring, which is emblazoned with a stylised octopus, and then kills Sciarra by kicking him out of a helicopter. Upon returning to London, Bond is indefinitely suspended from field duty by M, who is in the midst of a power struggle with C, the head of the privately-backed Joint Intelligence Service, consisting of the recently merged MI5 and MI6. C campaigns for Britain to form alongside 8 other countries \"Nine Eyes \", a global surveillance and intelligence co-operation initiative between nine member states, and uses his influence to close down the '00' section, believing it to be outdated.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what holiday do insurgents plan to detonate a bomb?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Day of the Dead'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",210]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdcf7d62d2951400fa686c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who removed James Bond from active service?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'M'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",19]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdcf7d62d2951400fa686d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is M's rival?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'C'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",68]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdcf7d62d2951400fa686e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What group does C support England joining?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Nine Eyes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",744]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdcf7d62d2951400fa6870'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which character is promoted to M?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Garreth Mallory'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",11]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf318aaab44d1400b88dff'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which holiday was the terrorist bombing planned for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Day of the Dead'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",210]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf318aaab44d1400b88e00'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which two intelligence groups merged to form Joint Intelligence Service?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'MI5 and MI6'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",670]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf318aaab44d1400b88e01'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does Bond take from Marco Sciarra?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'his ring'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",334]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf318aaab44d1400b88e03'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Spectre (2015 film)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Bond disobeys M's order and travels to Rome to attend Sciarra's funeral. That evening he visits Sciarra's widow Lucia, who tells him about Spectre, a criminal organisation to which her husband belonged. Bond infiltrates a Spectre meeting, where he identifies the leader, Franz Oberhauser. When Oberhauser addresses Bond by name, he escapes and is pursued by Mr. Hinx, a Spectre assassin. Moneypenny informs Bond that the information he collected leads to Mr. White, former member of Quantum, a subsidiary of Spectre. Bond asks her to investigate Oberhauser, who was presumed dead years earlier.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where does Bond go after his suspension?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Rome'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",40]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdcfee62d2951400fa6876'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What group did Sciarra belong to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Spectre'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",140]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdcfee62d2951400fa6877'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is the head of Spectre?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Franz Oberhauser'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",272]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdcfee62d2951400fa6878'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is Mr. Hinx's job?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'assassin'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",379]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdcfee62d2951400fa6879'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who performs research for Bond?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Moneypenny'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",389]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdcfee62d2951400fa687a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where does Sciarra's funeral take place?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Rome'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",40]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf33afaab44d1400b88e25'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is the leader of Spectre?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Franz Oberhauser'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",272]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf33afaab44d1400b88e27'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the Spectre assassin who tracks Bond?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mr. Hinx'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",359]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf33afaab44d1400b88e28'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which member of Spectre had been presumed to be dead?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Franz Oberhauser'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",272]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf33afaab44d1400b88e29'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Spectre (2015 film)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Bond travels to Austria to find White, who is dying of thallium poisoning. He admits to growing disenchanted with Quantum and tells Bond to find and protect his daughter, Dr. Madeline Swann, who will take him to L'Américain; this will in turn lead him to Spectre. White then commits suicide. Bond locates Swann at the Hoffler Klinik, but she is abducted by Hinx. Bond rescues her and the two meet Q, who discovers that Sciarra's ring links Oberhauser to Bond's previous missions, identifying Le Chiffre, Dominic Greene and Raoul Silva as Spectre agents. Swann reveals that L'Américain is a hotel in Tangier.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is White suffering from when Bond finds him?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'thallium poisoning'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",56]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdd05a62d2951400fa688a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is White's daughter?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Dr. Madeline Swann'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",172]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdd05a62d2951400fa688b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How does White deal with his condition?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'commits suicide'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",276]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdd05a62d2951400fa688c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where does JAmes find Dr. Swann?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hoffler Klinik'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",319]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdd05a62d2951400fa688d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where is L'Americain located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tangier'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",600]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdd05a62d2951400fa688e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is Mr. White dying of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'thallium poisoning.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",56]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf34b0aab44d1400b88e3f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who does Mr. White ask James Bond to protect?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'his daughter, Dr. Madeline Swann'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",158]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf34b0aab44d1400b88e40'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where is the L'Americain hotel?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tangier.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",600]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf34b0aab44d1400b88e41'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who kidnaps Dr. Swann?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hinx.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",358]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf34b0aab44d1400b88e42'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Spectre (2015 film)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The two travel to the hotel and discover White's secret room where they find co-ordinates pointing to Oberhauser's operations base in the desert. They travel by train to the nearest station, but are once again confronted by Hinx; they engage in a fight throughout the train in which Mr Hinx is eventually thrown off the train by Bond with Swann's assistance. After arriving at the station, Bond and Swann are escorted to Oberhauser's base. There, he reveals that Spectre has been staging terrorist attacks around the world, creating a need for the Nine Eyes programme. In return Spectre will be given unlimited access to intelligence gathered by Nine Eyes. Bond is tortured as Oberhauser discusses their shared history: after the younger Bond was orphaned, Oberhauser's father, Hannes, became his temporary guardian. Believing that Bond supplanted his role as son, Oberhauser killed his father and staged his own death, subsequently adopting the name Ernst Stavro Blofeld and going on to form Spectre. Bond and Swann escape, destroying the base in the process, leaving Blofeld to apparently die during the explosion.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What method of transportation is used to get to Oberhauser's base?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'train'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",162]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdd17262d2951400fa68a8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is the link between Oberhauser and Bond?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hannes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",779]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdd17262d2951400fa68aa'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Oberhauser call himself after he faked his death?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ernst Stavro Blofeld'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",952]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdd17262d2951400fa68ab'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'After staging his own death, what name did Hanz Oberhauser begin to use?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ernst Stavro Blofeld'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",952]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf35f7aab44d1400b88e5d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Spectre (2015 film)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Bond and Swann return to London where they meet M, Bill Tanner, Q, and Moneypenny; they intend to arrest C and stop Nine Eyes from going online. Swann leaves Bond, telling him she cannot be part of a life involving espionage, and is subsequently kidnapped. On the way, the group is ambushed and Bond is kidnapped, but the rest still proceed with the plan. After Q succeeds in preventing the Nine Eyes from going online, a brief struggle between M and C ends with the latter falling to his death. Meanwhile, Bond is taken to the old MI6 building, which is scheduled for demolition, and frees himself. Moving throughout the ruined labyrinth, he encounters a disfigured Blofeld, who tells him that he has three minutes to escape the building before explosives are detonated or die trying to save Swann. Bond finds Swann and the two escape by boat as the building collapses. Bond shoots down Blofeld's helicopter, which crashes onto Westminster Bridge. As Blofeld crawls away from the wreckage, Bond confronts him but ultimately leaves him to be arrested by M. Bond leaves the bridge with Swann.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where is Bond brought after he is kidnapped?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the old MI6 building'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",525]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdd28562d2951400fa68ba'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who does Bond meet in the MI6 building?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Blofeld'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",668]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdd28562d2951400fa68bb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where does Blofeld get arrested?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Westminster Bridge'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",930]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdd28562d2951400fa68bc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who does M fight with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'C'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",106]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdd28562d2951400fa68bd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who prevents Nine Eyes from going online?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Q'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",65]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf3727aab44d1400b88e79'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which characters falls to their death, M or C?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'C'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",106]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf3727aab44d1400b88e7a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Spectre (2015 film)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The ownership of the Spectre organisation—originally stylised \"SPECTRE\" as an acronym of SPecial Executive for Counter-intelligence, Terrorism, Revenge and Extortion—and its characters, had been at the centre of long-standing litigation starting in 1961 between Ian Fleming and Kevin McClory over the film rights to the novel Thunderball. The dispute began after Fleming incorporated elements of an undeveloped film script written by McClory and screenwriter Jack Whittingham—including characters and plot points—into Thunderball, which McClory contested in court, claiming ownership over elements of the novel. In 1963, Fleming settled out of court with McClory, in an agreement which awarded McClory the film rights. This enabled him to become a producer for the 1965 film Thunderball—with Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman as executive producers—and the non-Eon film Never Say Never Again, an updated remake of Thunderball, in 1983.[N 3] A second remake, entitled Warhead 2000 A.D., was planned for production and release in the 1990s before being abandoned. 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In the sketch, they film a behind-the-scenes mockumentary on the filming of Spectre. The first teaser trailer for Spectre was released worldwide in March 2015, followed by the theatrical trailer in July and the final trailer in October.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What comedy production did Spectre actors appear in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Comic Relief's Red Nose Day'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",232]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cee6ebaab44d1400b88c41'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what TV station did Red Nose Day appear?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'BBC One'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",263]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cee6ebaab44d1400b88c42'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what month was the preview of Spectre released in movie theaters?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'July'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",470]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cee6ebaab44d1400b88c43'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the first teaser trailer of Spectre released?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'March 2015'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",7]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf58c1aab44d1400b890ab'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What show did several members of the cast and crew appear on in March 2015?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Comic Relief's Red Nose Day'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",232]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf58c1aab44d1400b890ad'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who wrote the comedy sketch for the cast and crew?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'David Walliams and the Dawson Brothers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",189]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf58c1aab44d1400b890ae'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Spectre (2015 film)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Spectre had its world premiere in London on 26 October 2015 at the Royal Albert Hall, the same day as its general release in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. Following the announcement of the start of filming, Paramount Pictures brought forward the release of Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation to avoid competing with Spectre. In March 2015 IMAX corporation announced that Spectre would be screened in its cinemas, following Skyfall's success with the company. 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It grossed £6.3 million ($9.2 million) on its opening day and then £5.7 million ($8.8 million) on Wednesday, setting UK records for both days. In the film's first seven days it grossed £41.7 million ($63.8 million), breaking the UK record for highest first-week opening, set by Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban's £23.88 million ($36.9 million) in 2004. Its Friday–Saturday gross was £20.4 million ($31.2 million) compared to Skyfall's £20.1 million ($31 million). The film also broke the record for the best per-screen opening average with $110,000, a record previously held by The Dark Knight with $100,200. It has grossed a total of $136.3 million there. 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Despite the 13 November Paris attacks, which led to numerous theaters being closed down, the film opened with $14.6 million (including $2 million in previews) in France. In Mexico, where part of the film was shot, it debuted with more than double that of Skyfall with $4.5 million. It also bested its predecessor's opening in various Nordic regions where MGM is distributing, such as in Finland ($2.66 million) and Norway ($2.91 million), and in other markets like Denmark ($4.2 million), the Netherlands ($3.38 million), and Sweden ($3.1 million). In India, it opened at No. 1 with $4.8 million which is 4% above the opening of Skyfall. It topped the German-speaking Switzerland box office for four weeks and in the Netherlands, it has held the No. 1 spot for seven weeks straight where it has topped Minions to become the top movie of the year. The top earning markets are Germany ($70.3 million) and France ($38.8 million). In Paris, it has the second highest ticket sales of all time with $4.1 million tickets sold only behind Spider-Man 3 which sold over $6.32 million tickets in 2007.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Terrorist activity in what French city impacted Spectre's earnings?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Paris'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",269]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ceeb34aab44d1400b88ca9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much more did Spectre earn compared with Skyfall in the Indian market?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'4%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",850]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ceeb34aab44d1400b88caa'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In Paris, what movie has generated more ticket revenue than Spectre?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Spider-Man 3'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1276]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ceeb34aab44d1400b88cab'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much did Spectre make in its opening in South Korea?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$8.2 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",210]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ceeb34aab44d1400b88cac'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the only film to have a higher ticket sale in Paris than Spectre?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Spider-Man 3'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1276]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf5b91aab44d1400b8910b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What movie did Spectre beat to become top movie of the year in Switzerland?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Minions'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1047]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf5b91aab44d1400b8910d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Spectre (2015 film)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In the United States and Canada, the film opened on 6 November 2015, and in its opening weekend, was originally projected to gross $70–75 million from 3,927 screens, the widest release for a Bond film. However, after grossing $5.25 million from its early Thursday night showings and $28 million on its opening day, weekend projections were increased to $75–80 million. The film ended up grossing $70.4 million in its opening weekend (about $20 million less than Skyfall's $90.6 million debut, including IMAX previews), but nevertheless finished first at the box office. IMAX generated $9.1 million for Spectre at 374 screens, premium large format made $8 million from 429 cinemas, reaping 11% of the film's opening, which means that Spectre earned $17.1 million (23%) of its opening weekend total in large-format venues. Cinemark XD generated $1.85 million in 112 XD locations.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many Imax screens showed Spectre on its opening weekend in the US and Canada?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'374'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",614]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ceebf8aab44d1400b88cbb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much money did Spectre make in its first weekend in the US and Canada?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$70.4 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",397]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ceebf8aab44d1400b88cbc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much money did preview showings generate in the US and Canada?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$5.25'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",227]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ceebf8aab44d1400b88cbd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which film grossed more money for its opening weekend in the North American market, Skyfall or Spectre?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Skyfall'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",463]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf5c5faab44d1400b89127'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many IMAX screens was Spectre shown on in North America?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'374'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",614]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf5c5faab44d1400b89128'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What day of the week was Spectre released in North America?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Thursday'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",256]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf5c5faab44d1400b89129'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Spectre (2015 film)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In China, it opened on 12 November and earned $15 million on its opening day, which is the second biggest 2D single day gross for a Hollywood film behind the $18.5 million opening day of Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation and occupying 43% of all available screens which included $790,000 in advance night screenings. Through its opening weekend, it earned $48.1 million from 14,700 screens which is 198% ahead of Skyfall, a new record for a Hollywood 2D opening. IMAX contributed $4.6 million on 246 screens, also a new record for a three-day opening for a November release (breaking Interstellar's record). In its second weekend, it added $12.1 million falling precipitously by 75% which is the second worst second weekend drop for any major Hollywood release in China of 2015. It grossed a total of $84.7 million there after four weekends. 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Many critics praised the film's opening scene, action sequences, stuntwork, cinematography and performances from the cast. In some early reviews, the film received favourable comparisons with its predecessor, Skyfall. Rotten Tomatoes sampled 274 reviews and judged 64% of the critiques to be positive, saying that the film \"nudges Daniel Craig's rebooted Bond closer to the glorious, action-driven spectacle of earlier entries, although it's admittedly reliant on established 007 formula.\" On Metacritic, the film has a rating of 60 out of 100, based on 48 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A−\" on an A+ to F scale.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Metacritics score for Spectre?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'60 out of 100'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",655]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ceee04aab44d1400b88cd3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many individual ratings contributed to Metacritics score?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'48'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",679]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ceee04aab44d1400b88cd4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percentage of Spectre reviews did Rotten Tomatoes find to be in favor of the film?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'64%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",390]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ceee04aab44d1400b88cd5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did CinemaScore ask for input on the film?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Audiences'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",730]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ceee04aab44d1400b88cd6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percentage of review on Rotten Tomatoes were positive?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'64'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",390]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf5dccaab44d1400b8913f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the movie's rating on Metacritic?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'60 out of 100'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",655]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf5dccaab44d1400b89140'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Spectre (2015 film)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Prior to its UK release, Spectre mostly received positive reviews. Mark Kermode, writing in The Guardian, gave the film four out of five stars, observing that the film did not live up to the standard set by Skyfall, but was able to tap into audience expectations. Writing in the same publication, Peter Bradshaw gave the film a full five stars, calling it \"inventive, intelligent and complex\", and singling out Craig's performance as the film's highlight. In another five star review, The Daily Telegraph's Robbie Collin described Spectre as \"a swaggering show of confidence'\", lauding it as \"a feat of pure cinematic necromancy.\" In an otherwise positive, but overall less enthusiastic review, IGN's Chris Tilly considered Spectre \"solid if unspectacular\", and gave the film a 7.2 score (out of a possible 10), saying that \"the film falls frustratingly short of greatness.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who gave Spectre a perfect rating in The Daily Telegraph?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Robbie Collin'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",508]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ceef67aab44d1400b88ce6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'A writer for which publication rated the film 7.2\/10?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'IGN'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",696]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ceef67aab44d1400b88ce7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What score did Mark Kermode give Spectre?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'four out of five stars'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",121]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ceef67aab44d1400b88ce8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many stars did Mark Kermode of the Guardian aware Spectre prior to its release?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'four out of five'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",121]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf5e5eaab44d1400b8914f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Spectre (2015 film)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Critical appraisal of the film was mixed in the United States. In a lukewarm review for RogerEbert.com, Matt Zoller Seitz gave the film 2.5 stars out of 4, describing Spectre as inconsistent and unable to capitalise on its potential. Kenneth Turan, reviewing the film for Los Angeles Times, concluded that Spectre \"comes off as exhausted and uninspired\". Manohla Dargis of The New York Times panned the film as having \"nothing surprising\" and sacrificing its originality for the sake of box office returns. Forbes' Scott Mendelson also heavily criticised the film, denouncing Spectre as \"the worst 007 movie in 30 years\". Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly viewed Spectre as \"an overreaction to our current blockbuster moment\", aspiring \"to be a serialized sequel\" and proving \"itself as a Saga\". While noting that \"[n]othing that happens in Spectre holds up to even minor logical scrutiny\", he had \"come not to bury Spectre, but to weirdly praise it. Because the final act of the movie is so strange, so willfully obtuse, that it deserves extra attention.\" In a positive review Rolling Stone, Peter Travers gave the film 3.5 stars out of 4, describing \"The 24th movie about the British MI6 agent with a license to kill is party time for Bond fans, a fierce, funny, gorgeously produced valentine to the longest-running franchise in movies\". Other positive reviews from Mick LaSalle from the San Francisco Chronicle, gave it a perfect 100 score, stating: “One of the great satisfactions of Spectre is that, in addition to all the stirring action, and all the timely references to a secret organization out to steal everyone’s personal information, we get to believe in Bond as a person.” Stephen Whitty from the New York Daily News, gave it an 80 grade, saying: “Craig is cruelly efficient. Dave Bautista makes a good, Oddjob-like assassin. And while Lea Seydoux doesn’t leave a huge impression as this film’s “Bond girl,” perhaps it’s because we’ve already met — far too briefly — the hypnotic Monica Bellucci, as the first real “Bond woman” since Diana Rigg.” Richard Roeper from the Chicago Sun-Times, gave it a 75 grade. He stated: “This is the 24th Bond film and it ranks solidly in the middle of the all-time rankings, which means it’s still a slick, beautifully photographed, action-packed, international thriller with a number of wonderfully, ludicrously entertaining set pieces, a sprinkling of dry wit, myriad gorgeous women and a classic psycho-villain who is clearly out of his mind but seems to like it that way.” Michael Phillips over at the Chicago Tribune, gave it a 75 grade. He stated: “For all its workmanlike devotion to out-of-control helicopters, “Spectre” works best when everyone’s on the ground, doing his or her job, driving expensive fast cars heedlessly, detonating the occasional wisecrack, enjoying themselves and their beautiful clothes.” Guy Lodge from Variety, gave it a 70 score, stating: “What’s missing is the unexpected emotional urgency of “Skyfall,” as the film sustains its predecessor’s nostalgia kick with a less sentimental bent.”'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which journalist considered Spectre the worst James Bond movie in three decades?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Scott Mendelson'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",516]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cef51daab44d1400b88d11'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which writer for the San Francisco Chronicle awarded Spectre with a perfect score?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mick LaSalle'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1374]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cef51daab44d1400b88d12'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What score did the writer from the Chicago Tribune give to Spectre?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'75'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",2119]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cef51daab44d1400b88d13'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The reviewer from Variety compares Spectre to which other Bond movie?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Skyfall'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",2983]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cef51daab44d1400b88d14'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Spectre (2015 film)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Christopher Orr, writing in The Atlantic, also criticised the film, saying that Spectre \"backslides on virtually every [aspect]\". Lawrence Toppman of The Charlotte Observer called Craig's performance \"Bored, James Bored.\" Alyssa Rosenberg, writing for The Washington Post, stated that the film turned into \"a disappointingly conventional Bond film.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which Atlantic writer gave a negative review of Spectre?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Christopher Orr'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cef65baab44d1400b88d35'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What adjective did Lawrence Toppman use to describe Craig's portrayal of James Bond?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Bored'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",202]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cef65baab44d1400b88d36'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What publication does Alyssa Rosenberg write for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Washington Post'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",253]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cef65baab44d1400b88d37'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the catch phrase Lawrence Toppman of the Charlotte Observer used for the film?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Bored, James Bored'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",202]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf6093aab44d1400b89180'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Spectre (2015 film)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In India, it was reported that the Indian Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) censored kissing scenes featuring Monica Bellucci, Daniel Craig, and Léa Seydoux. They also muted all profanity. This prompted criticism of the board online, especially on Twitter.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Whic organization is responsible for filtering movie content in India?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Indian Central Board of Film Certification'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",36]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cef6ccaab44d1400b88d48'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which social media site was used for complaining about the Indian censoring?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Twitter.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",258]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf6133aab44d1400b89191'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Spectre (2015 film)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'A sequel to Spectre will begin development in spring 2016. Sam Mendes has stated he will not return to direct the next 007 film. Christoph Waltz has signed on for two more films in the series, but his return depends on whether or not Craig will again portray Bond.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Christoph Waltz's appearance in future Bond movies is contingent on the appearance of which other actor?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Craig'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",235]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cef706aab44d1400b88d4f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When will work being on the follow-up to Spectre?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'spring 2016'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",47]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cef706aab44d1400b88d50'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When will the sequel to Spectre being development?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'spring 2016.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",47]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf61b5aab44d1400b8919d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Spectre (2015 film)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The 2008 Sichuan earthquake or the Great Sichuan earthquake, measured at 8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw, and occurred at 02:28:01 PM China Standard Time at epicenter (06:28:01 UTC) on May 12 in Sichuan province, killed 69,197 people and left 18,222 missing.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did the earthquake in Sichuan occur?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2008'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdca7862d2951400fa6826'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the earthquake named?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Great Sichuan earthquake'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",32]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdca7862d2951400fa6827'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people were killed as a result?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'69,197'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",207]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdca7862d2951400fa6828'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did the Sichuan earthquake take place?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2008'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4f9902ccc5a1400d833c0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the quake measure?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",74]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4f9902ccc5a1400d833c1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What day did the earthquake occur?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'May 12'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",172]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4f9902ccc5a1400d833c2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What time of the day did the quake happen?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'02:28:01 PM China Standard Time'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",109]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4f9902ccc5a1400d833c3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people died?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'69,197'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",207]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4f9902ccc5a1400d833c4'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'It is also known as the Wenchuan earthquake (Chinese: 汶川大地震; pinyin: Wènchuān dà dìzhèn; literally: \"Great Wenchuan earthquake\"), after the location of the earthquake's epicenter, Wenchuan County, Sichuan. The epicenter was 80 kilometres (50 mi) west-northwest of Chengdu, the provincial capital, with a focal depth of 19 km (12 mi). The earthquake was also felt in nearby countries and as far away as both Beijing and Shanghai—1,500 km (930 mi) and 1,700 km (1,060 mi) away—where office buildings swayed with the tremor. Strong aftershocks, some exceeding magnitude 6, continued to hit the area even months after the main quake, causing new casualties and damage.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which far away cities in other countries could feel the earthquake?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Beijing and Shanghai'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",408]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdcb2c62d2951400fa6830'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the focal depth of the earthquake?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'19 km'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",320]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdcb2c62d2951400fa6833'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How long after the earthquake were aftershocks felt?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'months after'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",602]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdcb2c62d2951400fa6834'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is another name for the earthquake in Sichuan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Wenchuan earthquake'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",21]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4fb6f2ccc5a1400d833d4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the epicenter of the earthquake?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Wenchuan County, Sichuan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",181]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4fb6f2ccc5a1400d833d5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How far was it from Chengdu?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'80 kilometres'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",225]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4fb6f2ccc5a1400d833d6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the focal depth of the quake?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'19 km'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",320]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4fb6f2ccc5a1400d833d7'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Official figures (as of July 21, 2008 12:00 CST) stated that 69,197 were confirmed dead, including 68,636 in Sichuan province, and 374,176 injured, with 18,222 listed as missing. The earthquake left about 4.8 million people homeless, though the number could be as high as 11 million. Approximately 15 million people lived in the affected area. It was the deadliest earthquake to hit China since the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, which killed at least 240,000 people, and the strongest in the country since the 1950 Chayu earthquake, which registered at 8.5 on the Richter magnitude scale. It is the 21st deadliest earthquake of all time. On November 6, 2008, the central government announced that it would spend 1 trillion RMB (about US $146.5 billion) over the next three years to rebuild areas ravaged by the earthquake, as part of the Chinese economic stimulus program.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people were confirmed dead?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'69,197'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",62]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdcbb762d2951400fa683a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people were confirmed dead only in the Sichuan province?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'68,636'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",100]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdcbb762d2951400fa683b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people were left homeless because of the earthquake?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'4.8 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",206]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdcbb762d2951400fa683c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people lived in the affected area?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'15 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",299]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdcbb762d2951400fa683d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much money was dedicated to rebuild ravaged areas?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1 trillion RMB'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",709]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdcbb762d2951400fa683e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people died in Sichuan Province?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'68,636'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",100]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4fca52ccc5a1400d833de'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many were injured in Sichuan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'374,176'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",132]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4fca52ccc5a1400d833df'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people are listed as missing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'18,222'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",154]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4fca52ccc5a1400d833e0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people are homeless because of the quake?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'4.8 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",206]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4fca52ccc5a1400d833e1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How high could the homeless number possibly go?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'11 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",273]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4fca52ccc5a1400d833e2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The earthquake had a magnitude of 8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw. The epicenter was in Wenchuan County, Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, 80 km west\/northwest of the provincial capital of Chengdu, with its main tremor occurring at 14:28:01.42 China Standard Time (06:28:01.42 UTC), on May 12, 2008 lasting for around 2 minutes, in the quake almost 80% of buildings were destroyed.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the epicenter?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Wenchuan County, Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",75]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdcc5562d2951400fa6845'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How long did the earthquake last?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2 minutes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",318]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdcc5562d2951400fa6847'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percentage of buildings were destroyed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'80%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",349]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdcc5562d2951400fa6848'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the magnitude of the earthquake?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",35]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4fe332ccc5a1400d833e8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How long did the main tremor last?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2 minutes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",318]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4fe332ccc5a1400d833eb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percentage of buildings were destroyed during the quake?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'almost 80%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",342]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4fe332ccc5a1400d833ec'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'According to a study by the China Earthquake Administration (CEA), the earthquake occurred along the Longmenshan fault, a thrust structure along the border of the Indo-Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate. Seismic activities concentrated on its mid-fracture (known as Yingxiu-Beichuan fracture). The rupture lasted close to 120 sec, with the majority of energy released in the first 80 sec. Starting from Wenchuan, the rupture propagated at an average speed of 3.1 kilometers per second 49° toward north east, rupturing a total of about 300 km. Maximum displacement amounted to 9 meters. The focus was deeper than 10 km.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what fault did the earthquake occur?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Longmenshan fault'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",102]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdccd962d2951400fa684e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where is the Longmenshan fault located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'along the border of the Indo-Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",140]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdccd962d2951400fa684f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How long did the rupture last?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'120 sec'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",324]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdccd962d2951400fa6850'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How deep was the focus of the earthquake?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'10 km'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",614]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdccd962d2951400fa6852'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Along what fault line did the quake happen?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Longmenshan fault'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",102]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5005d2ccc5a1400d833f2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On which fracture did the quake focus?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Yingxiu-Beichuan fracture'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",268]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5005d2ccc5a1400d833f4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When wasmost of the energy released during the initial eruption?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'first 80 sec.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",377]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5005d2ccc5a1400d833f5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the most displacement caused by the earthquake?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'9 meters'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",578]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5005d2ccc5a1400d833f6'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Malaysia-based Yazhou Zhoukan conducted an interview with former researcher at the China Seismological Bureau Geng Qingguo (耿庆国), in which Geng claimed that a confidential written report was sent to the State Seismological Bureau on April 30, 2008, warning about the possible occurrence of a significant earthquake in Ngawa Prefecture region of Sichuan around May 8, with a range of 10 days before or after the quake. Geng, while acknowledging that earthquake prediction was broadly considered problematic by the scientific community, believed that \"the bigger the earthquake, the easier it is to predict.\" Geng had long attempted to establish a correlation between the occurrence of droughts and earthquakes; Premier Zhou Enlai reportedly took an interest in Geng's work. Geng's drought-earthquake correlation theory was first released in 1972, and said to have successfully predicted the 1975 Haicheng and 1976 Tangshan earthquakes. The same Yazhou Zhoukan article pointed out the inherent difficulties associated with predicting earthquakes. In response, an official with the Seismological Bureau stated that \"earthquake prediction is widely acknowledged around the world to be difficult from a scientific standpoint.\" The official also denied that the Seismological Bureau had received reports predicting the earthquake.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the confidential written report sent to the State Seismological Bureau?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'April 30, 2008'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",234]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdce0b62d2951400fa6858'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was Geng's drought-earthquake correlation theory released?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1972'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",841]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdce0b62d2951400fa685b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did researcher Geng Qingguo say was sent to the State Seismological Bureau?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'written report'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",173]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d67a8d1c8504140094714d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did this report warn about?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'significant earthquake in Ngawa Prefecture'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",293]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d67a8d1c8504140094714e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the predicted time of the quake?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'around May 8'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",354]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d67a8d1c8504140094714f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Geng long try to establish as a relationship with earthquakes?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'droughts'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",685]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d67a8d1c85041400947150'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did an official with the Seismological Bureau deny receiving?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'reports predicting the earthquake'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1291]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d67a8d1c85041400947151'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In a United States Geological Survey (USGS) study, preliminary rupture models of the earthquake indicated displacement of up to 9 meters along a fault approximately 240 km long by 20 km deep. The earthquake generated deformations of the surface greater than 3 meters and increased the stress (and probability of occurrence of future events) at the northeastern and southwestern ends of the fault. On May 20, USGS seismologist Tom Parsons warned that there is \"high risk\" of a major M>7 aftershock over the next weeks or months.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How large was the displacement?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'up to 9 meters'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",123]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdcebe62d2951400fa6862'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who warned of possible seismic activity in the area beforehand?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tom Parsons'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",427]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdcebe62d2951400fa6866'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the United States Geological Survey show as the amount of displacement?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'9 meters'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",129]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5027a9d1b871400ae05e1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How long was the fault where the quake occurred?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'240 km long'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",166]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5027a9d1b871400ae05e2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How deep is the fault?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'20 km deep'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",181]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5027a9d1b871400ae05e3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where on the fault is the possibility of future earthquakes increased?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'northeastern and southwestern ends'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",349]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5027a9d1b871400ae05e4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Tom Parsons consider as the risk factor for strong future quakes?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'high risk'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",461]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5027a9d1b871400ae05e5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Japanese seismologist Yuji Yagi at the University of Tsukuba said that the earthquake occurred in two stages: \"The 155-mile Longmenshan Fault tore in two sections, the first one ripping about seven yards, followed by a second one that sheared four yards.\" His data also showed that the earthquake lasted about two minutes and released 30 times the energy of the Great Hanshin earthquake of 1995 in Japan, which killed over 6,000 people. He pointed out that the shallowness of the epicenter and the density of population greatly increased the severity of the earthquake. Teruyuki Kato, a seismologist at the University of Tokyo, said that the seismic waves of the quake traveled a long distance without losing their power because of the firmness of the terrain in central China. According to reports from Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan province, the earthquake tremors lasted for \"about two or three minutes\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people were killed in the Hanshin earthquake?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'6,000 people'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",424]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdcff062d2951400fa6884'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How did Yuji Yagi say the quake happened?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'in two stages'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",96]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d504539d1b871400ae05eb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What fault tore in two places?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Longmenshan Fault'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",125]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d504539d1b871400ae05ec'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Besides the population density, what else contributed to the severity of the quake?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'shallowness of the epicenter'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",462]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d504539d1b871400ae05ed'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much greater was the energy of this quake than that released in the earthquake of 1995 in Japan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'30 times'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",336]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d504539d1b871400ae05ee'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why did the seismic waves travel so far?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'firmness of the terrain'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",737]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d504539d1b871400ae05ef'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Between 64 and 104 major aftershocks, ranging in magnitude from 4.0 to 6.1, were recorded within 72 hours of the main quake. According to Chinese official counts, \"by 12:00 CST, November 6, 2008 there had been 42,719 total aftershocks, of which 246 ranged from 4.0 MS to 4.9 MS, 34 from 5.0 MS to 5.9 MS, and 8 from 6.0 Ms to 6.4 MS; the strongest aftershock measured 6.4 MS.\" The latest aftershock exceeding M6 occurred on August 5, 2008.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many aftershocks were there?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Between 64 and 104'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdd08862d2951400fa6894'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When were the aftershocks recorded?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'within 72 hours of the main quake.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",91]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdd08862d2951400fa6896'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the latest magnitude 6 aftershock occur?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'on August 5, 2008'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",422]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdd08862d2951400fa6898'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many aftershocks were there within 72 hours?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Between 64 and 104'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d505f99d1b871400ae05f5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do the Chinese say is the total number of shocks after the quake?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'42,719'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",211]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d505f99d1b871400ae05f6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the strongest aftershock measure?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'6.4 MS'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",327]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d505f99d1b871400ae05f7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many shocks ranged from 4.0 MS to 4.9 MS?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'246'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",246]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d505f99d1b871400ae05f8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'At what date did the most recent aftershock above 6 MS occur?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'August 5, 2008'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",425]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d505f99d1b871400ae05f9'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'(The Ms 6.1 earthquake on August 30, 2008 in southern Sichuan was not part of this series because it was caused by a different fault. See 2008 Panzhihua earthquake for details.)'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did this earthquake occur?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'August 30, 2008'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",27]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdd10962d2951400fa689f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did this earthquake occur?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'southern Sichuan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",46]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdd10962d2951400fa68a0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why was it not included in the series?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'because it was caused by a different fault.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",91]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdd10962d2951400fa68a1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where should you look for more details?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2008 Panzhihua earthquake'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",139]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdd10962d2951400fa68a2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the August 30, 2008 quake?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'southern Sichuan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",46]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d507269d1b871400ae05ff'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the magnitude of the southern Sichuan quake?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ms 6.1'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",6]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d507269d1b871400ae0600'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What earthquake happened in southern Sichuan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Panzhihua earthquake'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",144]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d507269d1b871400ae0602'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The map of earthquake intensity published by CEA after surveying 500,000 km2 of the affected area shows a maximum liedu of XI on the China Seismic Intensity Scale (CSIS), described as \"very destructive\" on the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS) from which CSIS drew reference. (USGS, using the Modified Mercalli intensity scale (CC), also placed maximum intensity at XI, \"very disastrous\".) Two south-west-north-east stripes of liedu XI are centered around Yingxiu, Wenchuan (the town closest to the epicenter of the main quake) and Beichuan (the town repeatedly struck by strong aftershocks including one registering MS 6.1 on Aug 1, 2008), both in Sichuan Province, occupying a total of 2,419 km2. The Yingxiu liedu-XI zone is about 66 km long and 20 km wide along Wenchuan–Dujiangyan–Pengzhou; the Beichuan liedu-XI zone is about 82 km long and 15 km wide along An County–Beichuan–Pingwu. The area with liedu X (comparable to X on EMS, \"destructive\" and X on MM, \"disastrous\") spans 3,144 km2. The area affected by earthquakes exceeding liedu VI totals 440,442 km2, occupying an oval 936 km long and 596 km wide, spanning three provinces and one autonomous region.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who published the map of the earthquakes intensity?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'CEA'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",46]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdd21562d2951400fa68b0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the intensity scaled at?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'XI'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",124]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdd21562d2951400fa68b2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does the China Seismic Intensity Scale call the earthquake?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'very destructive'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",186]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5098a9d1b871400ae0607'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How did the USGS rate the earthquake?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'very disastrous'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",372]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5098a9d1b871400ae0608'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What town was closest to the main epicenter?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Yingxiu, Wenchuan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",457]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5098a9d1b871400ae0609'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Longmen Shan Fault System is situated in the eastern border of the Tibetan Plateau and contains several faults. This earthquake ruptured at least two imbricate structures in Longmen Shan Fault System, i.e. the Beichuan Fault and the Guanxian–Anxian Fault. In the epicentral area, the average slip in Beichuan Fault was about 3.5 metres (11 ft) vertical, 3.5 metres (11 ft) horizontal-parallel to the fault, and 4.8 metres (16 ft) horizontal-perpendicular to the fault. In the area about 30 kilometres (19 mi) northeast of the epicenter, the surface slip on Beichuan Fault was almost purely dextral strike-slip up to about 3 metres (9.8 ft), while the average slip in Guanxian–Anxian Fault was about 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) vertical and 2.3 metres (7 ft 7 in) horizontal.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where is the Longmenshan Fault located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the eastern border of the Tibetan Plateau'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",46]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdd4d762d2951400fa68cc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the average slip in the Beichuan Fault?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'3.5 metres'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",330]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdd4d762d2951400fa68cd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How large was the slip 30 km northeast of the fault?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'3 metres'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",627]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdd4d762d2951400fa68ce'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the vertical average slip on the Guanxian-Anxian fault?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2 metres'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",704]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdd4d762d2951400fa68cf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the horizontal average slip on the Guanxian-Anxian fault?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2.3 metres'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",738]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdd4d762d2951400fa68d0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where is the Longmen shan fault located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tibetan Plateau'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",72]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d516439d1b871400ae0611'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where are the Beichuan and Guanxian-Anxian Faults?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Longmen Shan Fault System'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d516439d1b871400ae0612'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the average vertical slip in the Beichaun Fault?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'3.5 metres'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",330]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d516439d1b871400ae0613'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the horizontal slippage in the Beichuan Fault at the epicenter?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'3.5 metres'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",330]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d516439d1b871400ae0614'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the horizontal slippage perpendicular to the fault?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'4.8 metres'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",416]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d516439d1b871400ae0615'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Office buildings in Shanghai's financial district, including the Jin Mao Tower and the Hong Kong New World Tower, were evacuated. A receptionist at the Tibet Hotel in Chengdu said things were \"calm\" after the hotel evacuated its guests. Meanwhile, workers at a Ford plant in Sichuan were evacuated for about 10 minutes. Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport was shut down, and the control tower and regional radar control evacuated. One SilkAir flight was diverted and landed in Kunming as a result. Cathay Pacific delayed both legs of its quadruple daily Hong Kong to London route due to this disruption in air traffic services. Chengdu Shuangliu Airport reopened later on the evening of May 12, offering limited service as the airport began to be used as a staging area for relief operations.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where were office buildings evacuated?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Shanghai's financial district'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",21]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdd63a62d2951400fa68d6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How did a receptionist describe the atmosphere after the evacuation?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'calm'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",194]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdd63a62d2951400fa68d7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How long were workers in Ford Plant evacuated for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'10 minutes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",309]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdd63a62d2951400fa68d8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which airport was shut down?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",321]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdd63a62d2951400fa68d9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the airport re-open?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'May 12'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",692]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cdd63a62d2951400fa68da'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What happened to office buildings in Shanghai?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'evacuated'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",216]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5185a9d1b871400ae061b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which airport was shut down?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",321]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5185a9d1b871400ae061c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why were flights delayed and diverted?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'disruption in air traffic services'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",597]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5185a9d1b871400ae061d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What were they using the airport to stage for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'relief operations'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",779]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5185a9d1b871400ae061f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Reporters in Chengdu said they saw cracks on walls of some residential buildings in the downtown areas, but no buildings collapsed. Many Beijing office towers were evacuated, including the building housing the media offices for the organizers of the 2008 Summer Olympics. None of the Olympic venues were damaged. Meanwhile, a cargo train carrying 13 petrol tanks derailed in Hui County, Gansu, and caught on fire after the rail was distorted.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did the reporters say they saw cracks on walls of some buildings?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'in Chengdu'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",11]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cddec762d2951400fa692c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where were office towers evacuated?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Beijing'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",138]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cddec762d2951400fa692d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did a cargo train derail as a result?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hui County, Gansu'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",376]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cddec762d2951400fa692e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What happened to the cargo train?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'caught on fire'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",399]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cddec762d2951400fa692f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was reported in Chengdu?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'cracks on walls'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",36]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d519a82593cc1400307a6b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was evacuated in Beijing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'office towers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",146]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d519a82593cc1400307a6c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What part of the Olympic area was not damaged?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'venues'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",293]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d519a82593cc1400307a6d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did a cargo train derail?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hui County, Gansu'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",376]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d519a82593cc1400307a6e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why did the train catch fire?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'rail was distorted'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",424]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d519a82593cc1400307a6f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'All of the highways into Wenchuan, and others throughout the province, were damaged, resulting in delayed arrival of the rescue troops. In Beichuan County, 80% of the buildings collapsed according to Xinhua News. In the city of Shifang, the collapse of two chemical plants led to leakage of some 80 tons of liquid ammonia, with hundreds of people reported buried. In the city of Dujiangyan, south-east of the epicenter, a whole school collapsed with 900 students buried and fewer than 60 survived. The Juyuan Middle School, where many teenagers were buried, was excavated by civilians and cranes. Dujiangyan is home of the Dujiangyan Irrigation System, an ancient water diversion project which is still in use and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. 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The old county seat of Beichuan was abandoned and preserved as part of the Beichuan Earthquake Museum. Eight schools were toppled in Dujiangyan. A 56-year-old was killed in Dujiangyan during a rescue attempt on the Lingyanshan Ropeway, where due to the earthquake 11 tourists from Taiwan had been trapped inside cable cars since May 13. A 4-year-old boy named Zhu Shaowei (traditional Chinese: 朱紹維; simplified Chinese: 朱绍维; pinyin: Zhū Shàowéi) was also killed in Mianzhu City when a house collapsed on him and another was reported missing.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many survivors were there from Yingxiu?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2,300'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",31]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ceb9c4aab44d1400b8892b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where is Yingxiu located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'in Wenchuan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",72]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ceb9c4aab44d1400b8892c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people in total lived in Yingxiu?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'9,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",127]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ceb9c4aab44d1400b8892d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people were killed in Beichuan County?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'3,000 to 5,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",134]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ceb9c4aab44d1400b8892e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people were injured in Beichuan County?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'10,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",225]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ceb9c4aab44d1400b8892f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many survivors were there in the town of Yingxiu?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2,300'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",31]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5307f2593cc1400307abb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the previous population of Yingxiu?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'about 9,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",121]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5307f2593cc1400307abc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many residents were killed in Beichuan County?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'3,000 to 5,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",134]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5307f2593cc1400307abd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How large was the number of injured in Beichuan County?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'10,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",225]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5307f2593cc1400307abe'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the number of schools that collapsed in Dujiangyan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Eight schools'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",396]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5307f2593cc1400307abf'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Experts point out that the earthquake hit an area that has been largely neglected and untouched by China's economic rise. 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Vice Minister of Health Gao Qiang told reporters in Beijing that the \"public health care system in China is insufficient.\" The Vice Minister of Health also suggested that the government would pick up the costs of care to earthquake victims, many of whom have little or no insurance: \"The government should be responsible for providing medical treatment to them,\" he said.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is poor about inland areas such as Sichuan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Health care'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",123]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ceba72aab44d1400b88935'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the Vice Minister of Health?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Gao Qiang'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",293]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ceba72aab44d1400b88936'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Gao Qiang tell reporters in Beijing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'public health care system in China is insufficient'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",339]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ceba72aab44d1400b88937'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How economically forward has this area been?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'neglected and untouched'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",73]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5324d2593cc1400307ac5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where is health care poor in China?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'inland areas'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",146]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5324d2593cc1400307ac6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the Vice Minster of Health call the public health system in China?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'insufficient'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",377]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5324d2593cc1400307ac7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What should the government of China be responsible for providing to earthquake survivors?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'medical treatment'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",604]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5324d2593cc1400307ac9'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In terms of school casualties, thousands of school children died due to shoddy construction. In Mianyang City, seven schools collapsed, burying at least 1,700 people. At least 7,000 school buildings throughout the province collapsed. Another 700 students were buried in a school in Hanwang. At least 600 students and staff died at Juyuan Elementary School. Up to 1,300 children and teachers died at Beichuan Middle School.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many school children died due to shoddy construction?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'thousands'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",32]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cebae8aab44d1400b8893d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many schools collapsed in Mianyang City?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'seven'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",112]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cebae8aab44d1400b8893e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people were buried in the collapsed schools?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1,700'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",154]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cebae8aab44d1400b8893f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many school buildings collapsed in the province?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'7,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",177]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cebae8aab44d1400b88940'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many students were buried in a school in Hanwang?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'700'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",156]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cebae8aab44d1400b88941'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What caused the deaths of many school children?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'shoddy construction'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",73]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d533a52593cc1400307acf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many schools collapsed in Mianyang City'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'seven'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",112]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d533a52593cc1400307ad0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people were buried under rubble in Mianyang City?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1,700'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",154]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d533a52593cc1400307ad1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many school buildings fell in the entire province?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'7,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",177]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d533a52593cc1400307ad2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many were killed at the Juyuan Elementary School?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'600'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",301]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d533a52593cc1400307ad3'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Details of school casualties had been under non-governmental investigation since December 2008 by volunteers including artist and architect Ai Weiwei, who had been constantly posting updates on his blog since March 2009. The official tally of students killed in the earthquake was not released until May 7, 2009, almost a year after the earthquake. According to the state-run Xinhua news agency, the earthquake killed 5,335 students and left another 546 children disabled. In the aftermath of the earthquake, the Chinese government declared that parents who had lost their only children would get free treatment from fertility clinics to reverse vasectomies and tubal ligations conducted by family planning authorities.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did an investigation occur under school casualties?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'December 2008'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",82]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cebb71aab44d1400b88951'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the official tally of students killed in the earthquake released?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'May 7, 2009'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",301]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cebb71aab44d1400b88952'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many students were killed in Xinhua?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'5,335'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",419]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cebb71aab44d1400b88953'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many students were disabled in Xinhua?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'546'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",451]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cebb71aab44d1400b88954'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What date were the official numbers of students killed in the earthquake released?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'May 7, 2009'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",301]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5357b2593cc1400307ad9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who kept a blog about the school deaths?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ai Weiwei'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",141]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5357b2593cc1400307ada'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the total of school children killed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'5,335'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",419]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5357b2593cc1400307adb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many children are disabled?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'546'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",451]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5357b2593cc1400307adc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did the Chinese government decide that parents who had lost children could go for free treatment?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'fertility clinics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",618]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5357b2593cc1400307add'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The earthquake left at least 5 million people without housing, although the number could be as high as 11 million. Millions of livestock and a significant amount of agriculture were also destroyed, including 12.5 million animals, mainly birds. In the Sichuan province a million pigs died out of 60 million total. Catastrophe modeling firm AIR Worldwide reported official estimates of insurers' losses at US$1 billion from the earthquake; estimated total damages exceed US$20 billion. It values Chengdu, at the time having an urban population of 4.5 million people, at around US$115 billion, with only a small portion covered by insurance.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people were left without housing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'5 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",30]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cebbdeaab44d1400b88959'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people could be potentially without housing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'11 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",104]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cebbdeaab44d1400b8895a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many animals were killed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'12.5 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",209]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cebbdeaab44d1400b8895b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many pigs died in Sichuan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",105]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cebbdeaab44d1400b8895c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Because of the earthquake, how many people did not have housing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'at least 5 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",21]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5372f2593cc1400307ae3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people might actually be homeless?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'11 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",104]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5372f2593cc1400307ae4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much livestock was lost?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'12.5 million animals'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",209]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5372f2593cc1400307ae5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many pigs died from the earthquake in Sichuan ?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",269]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5372f2593cc1400307ae6'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Reginald DesRoches, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Georgia Tech, pointed out that the massive damage of properties and houses in the earthquake area was because China did not create an adequate seismic design code until after the devastating 1976 Tangshan earthquake. DesRoches said: \"If the buildings were older and built prior to that 1976 earthquake, chances are they weren't built for adequate earthquake forces.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Georgia Tech?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Reginald DesRoches'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cebcb4aab44d1400b88963'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the profession of Reginald DesRoches?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'professor of civil and environmental engineering'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",23]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d538bc2593cc1400307aed'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did China create a seismic design code for building?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1976'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",266]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d538bc2593cc1400307aee'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What catastrophe inspired them to make a building design code\/ '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tangshan earthquake'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",271]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d538bc2593cc1400307aef'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In the days following the disaster, an international reconnaissance team of engineers was dispatched to the region to make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings. 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Swaminathan Krishnan, assistant professor of civil engineering and geophysics at the California Institute of Technology said: \"the earthquake occurred in the rural part of China. Presumably, many of the buildings were just built; they were not designed, so to speak.\" Swaminathan Krishnan further added: \"There are very strong building codes in China, which take care of earthquake issues and seismic design issues. But many of these buildings presumably were quite old and probably were not built with any regulations overseeing them.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What areas were the hardest hit?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the poorer, rural villages'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",28]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cebd8aaab44d1400b88977'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was an assistant professor of civil engineering and geophysics at the California Institute of Technology?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Swaminathan Krishnan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",73]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cebd8aaab44d1400b88978'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What part of China did the earthquake occur in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'rural part'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",231]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d53bf82593cc1400307afd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Swaminathan Krishnan mean when he said the buildings were just built?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'not designed'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",313]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d53bf82593cc1400307afe'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What manner of building codes are there in China?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'very strong'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",388]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d53bf82593cc1400307aff'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What were many of these old buildings built without?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'regulations'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",580]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d53bf82593cc1400307b01'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Even with the five largest cities in Sichuan suffering only minor damage from the quake, some estimates of the economic loss run higher than US$75 billion, making the earthquake one of the costliest natural disasters in Chinese history.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is an estimate of the economic loss from the quake?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$75 billion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",144]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cebdd0aab44d1400b8897f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What damage did the major Sichuan cities have?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'minor damage'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",61]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d53d9a2593cc1400307b07'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is an estimate of losses to economics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'US$75 billion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",142]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d53d9a2593cc1400307b08'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Whose is this one of the costliest disasters in history of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Chinese history'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",221]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d53d9a2593cc1400307b09'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which cities in Sichuan had minor damage?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'five largest cities'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",15]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d53d9a2593cc1400307b0a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Strong aftershocks continued to strike even months after the main quake. On May 25, an aftershock of 6.0 Mw (6.4 Ms according to CEA) hit northeast of the original earthquake's epicenter, in Qingchuan County, Sichuan, causing eight deaths, 1000 injuries, and destroying thousands of buildings. On May 27, two aftershocks, one 5.2 Mw in Qingchuan County and one 5.7 Mw in Ningqiang County, Shaanxi, led to the collapse of more than 420,000 homes and injured 63 people. The same area suffered two more aftershocks of 5.6 and 6.0 Ms (5.8 and 5.5 Mw, respectively, according to USGS) on July 23, resulting in 1 death, 6 serious injuries, collapse of hundreds of homes and damaging kilometers of highways. Pingwu County and Beichuan County, Sichuan, also northeast of Wenchuan and close to the epicenter of a 7.2 Ms earthquake in 1976, suffered a 6.1 Ms aftershock (5.7 Mw according to USGS) on August 1; it caused 2 deaths, 345 injuries, collapse of 707 homes, damages to over 1,000 homes, and blocked 25 kilometres (16 mi) of country roads. 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Using data from the Intermagnet Lanzhou geomagnetic observatory, geologists Lazo Pekevski from the Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje in Macedonia and Strachimir Mavrodiev from the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences attempted to establish a \"time prediction method\" through collecting statistics on geomagnetism with tidal gravitational potential. Using this method, they were said to have predicted the time of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake with an accuracy of ±1 day. The same study, however, acknowledges the limitation of earthquake prediction models, and does not mention that the location of the quake could be accurately predicted.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the earthquake allow?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'opportunities for researchers to retrofit data in order to model future earthquake predictions'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",30]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cec484aab44d1400b88a07'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the professors predict?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the time of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",531]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cec484aab44d1400b88a09'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did they try to establish?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'time prediction method'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",373]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d675ed1c8504140094713c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did they collect to use in this method?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'statistics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",416]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d675ed1c8504140094713d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In a press conference held by the State Council Information Office the day after the earthquake, geologist Zhang Xiaodong, deputy director of CEA's Seismic Monitoring Network Center, restated that earthquake prediction was a global issue, in the sense that no proven methods exist, and that no prediction notification was received before the earthquake. Seismologist Gary Gibson of Monash University in Australia told Deutsche Presse-Agentur that he also did not see anything that could be regarded as having 'predicted' the earthquake's occurrence.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was stated in the press conference?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'that earthquake prediction was a global issue'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",193]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cec4d0aab44d1400b88a0f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do many geologists believe about earthquake prediction?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'no proven methods exist'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",258]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d674591c85041400947133'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of issue is earthquake prediction?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a global issue'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",224]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d674591c85041400947134'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was received before the quake occurred?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'no prediction notification'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",292]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d674591c85041400947135'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did  seismologist Gary Gibson have to say about the prediction of the quake?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'did not see anything'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",456]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d674591c85041400947136'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 2002, Chinese geologist Chen Xuezhong published a Seismic Risk Analysis study in which he came to the conclusion that beginning with 2003, attention should be paid to the possibility of an earthquake with a magnitude of over 7.0 occurring in Sichuan region. He based his study on statistical correlation. That Sichuan is a seismically active area has been discussed for years prior to the quake, though few studies point to a specific date and time.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was a Seismic Risk Analysis published?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'In 2002'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cec548aab44d1400b88a13'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who published the Seismic Risk Analysis?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Chen Xuezhong'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",28]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cec548aab44d1400b88a14'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who published a Seismic Risk Analysis Study?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Chen Xuezhong'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",28]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d672d21c85041400947129'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did Chen Xuezhong publish an earthquake study?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2002'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d672d21c8504140094712a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What strength did he predict the next quake in Sichuan to be?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'over 7.0'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",224]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d672d21c8504140094712c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The earthquake was the worst to strike the Sichuan area in over 30 years. Following the quake, experts and the general public sought information on whether or not the earthquake could have been predicted in advance, and whether or not studying statistics related to the quake could result in better prediction of earthquakes in the future. Earthquake prediction is not yet established science; there was no consensus within the scientific community that earthquake \"prediction\" is possible.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How long had it been since an earthquake of similar magnitude?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'over 30 years'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",60]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cec5d1aab44d1400b88a23'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How long since the Sichuan area has had  a severe quake?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'30 years'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",65]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d6713f1c8504140094711f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Does the scientific community agree that earthquake prediction is possible?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'no consensus'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",405]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d6713f1c85041400947120'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'People wanted to know if the study of what math could produce better predictions?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'statistics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",245]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d6713f1c85041400947122'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is not an established science?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Earthquake prediction'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",341]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d6713f1c85041400947123'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Many rescue teams, including that of the Taipei Fire Department from Taiwan, were reported ready to join the rescue effort in Sichuan as early as Wednesday. However, the Red Cross Society of China said that (on May 13) \"it was inconvenient currently due to the traffic problem to the hardest hit areas closest to the epicenter.\" The Red Cross Society of China also stated that the disaster areas need tents, medical supplies, drinking water and food; however it recommended donating cash instead of other items, as it had not been possible to reach roads that were completely damaged or places that were blocked off by landslides. Landslides continuously threatened the progress of a search and rescue group of 80 men, each carrying about 40 kg of relief supplies, from a motorized infantry brigade under commander Yang Wenyao, as they tried to reach the ethnically Tibetan village of Sier at a height of 4000 m above sea level in Pingwu county. The extreme terrain conditions precluded the use of helicopter evacuation, and over 300 of the Tibetan villagers were stranded in their demolished village for five days without food and water before the rescue group finally arrived to help the injured and stranded villagers down the mountain.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What department was ready to join the rescue effort by Wednesday?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Taipei Fire Department'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",38]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cec6e9aab44d1400b88a29'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many Tibetan villagers were stranded?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'over 300'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1026]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cec6e9aab44d1400b88a2d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the reason that many rescue teams could not join the relief efforts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the traffic problem'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",258]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5db271c85041400946e40'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What action did the Red Cross recommend ?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'donating cash'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",475]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5db271c85041400946e41'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What problem continued to stop rescue teams from reaching affected areas?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'landslides'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",620]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5db271c85041400946e42'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where were the soldiers under commander Yang Wenyao trying to go?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tibetan village of Sier'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",867]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5db271c85041400946e43'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Persistent heavy rain and landslides in Wenchuan County and the nearby area badly affected rescue efforts. At the start of rescue operations on May 12, 20 helicopters were deployed for the delivery of food, water, and emergency aid, and also the evacuation of the injured and reconnaissance of quake-stricken areas. By 17:37 CST on May 13, a total of over 15,600 troops and militia reservists from the Chengdu Military Region had joined the rescue force in the heavily affected areas. A commander reported from Yingxiu Town, Wenchuan, that around 3,000 survivors were found, while the status of the other inhabitants (around 9,000) remained unclear. The 1,300 rescuers reached the epicenter, and 300 pioneer troops reached the seat of Wenchuan at about 23:30 CST. By 12:17 CST, May 14, 2008, communication in the seat of Wenchuan was partly revived. On the afternoon of May 14, 15 Special Operations Troops, along with relief supplies and communications gear, parachuted into inaccessible Mao County, northeast of Wenchuan.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What natural disasters were occurring in Wenchuan County?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'landslides'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",27]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cec79caab44d1400b88a33'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many helicopters were deployed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'20'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",153]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cec79caab44d1400b88a34'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many militia reservists joined in on rescue efforts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'15,600'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",357]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cec79caab44d1400b88a35'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many survivors were 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in relief operations by the air force, army, and civil aviation to over 150, resulting in the largest non-combat airlifting operation in People's Liberation Army history.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Premier Wen Jiabao order?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the deployment of an additional 90 helicopters'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",39]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cec801aab44d1400b88a3d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many helicopters were provided by the PLAAF?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'60'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",96]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cec801aab44d1400b88a3e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many helicopter were to be provided by the civil aviation industry?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'30'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",137]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cec801aab44d1400b88a3f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many aircraft were there 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airlifting'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",344]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d60cd01c85041400946eee'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Beijing accepted the aid of the Tzu Chi Foundation from Taiwan late on May 13. Tzu Chi was the first force from outside the People's Republic of China to join the rescue effort. China stated it would gratefully accept international help to cope with the quake.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What Foundation wanted to aid Beijing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Tzu Chi Foundation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",29]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cec88baab44d1400b88a45'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the foundation based?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Taiwan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",57]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cec88baab44d1400b88a46'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Beijing agree to aid from Taiwan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'late on May 13'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",64]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d60ddf1c85041400946ef4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the first group from outside China to join in the relief operation?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tzu Chi Foundation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",33]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d60ddf1c85041400946ef5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did China say they would accept?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'international help'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",219]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d60ddf1c85041400946ef6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did China need help for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'cope with the quake'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",241]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d60ddf1c85041400946ef7'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'A direct chartered cargo flight was made by China Airlines from Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport to Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport sending some 100 tons of relief supplies donated by the Tzu Chi Foundation and the Red Cross Society of Taiwan to the affected areas. Approval from mainland Chinese authorities was sought, and the chartered flight departed Taipei at 17:00 CST, May 15 and arrived in Chengdu by 20:30 CST. A rescue team from the Red Cross in Taiwan was also scheduled to depart Taipei on a Mandarin Airlines direct chartered flight to Chengdu at 15:00 CST on May 16.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who made a direct chartered cargo flight?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'China Airlines'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",45]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cec8e2aab44d1400b88a55'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What date did the cargo flight leave?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'May 15'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",389]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cec8e2aab44d1400b88a57'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did a rescue team depart?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'May 16'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",586]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cec8e2aab44d1400b88a58'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How did the move the relief supplies from Taiwan to the stricken area?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'chartered cargo flight'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",10]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d613011c85041400946efc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'From what airport did the chartered flight leave?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",65]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d613011c85041400946efd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did the chartered flight from Taiwan land?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Chengdu'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",105]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d613011c85041400946efe'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What Red Cross team left Taipei on May 16'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'rescue team'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",435]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d613011c85041400946eff'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did the Red Cross team from Taiwan land?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Chengdu'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",105]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d613011c85041400946f00'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On May 16, rescue groups from South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Russia and Taiwan arrived to join the rescue effort. The United States shared some of its satellite images of the quake-stricken areas with Chinese authorities. During the weekend, the US sent into China two U.S. Air Force C-17's carrying supplies, which included tents and generators. Xinhua reported 135,000 Chinese troops and medics were involved in the rescue effort across 58 counties and cities.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the US share?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'satellite images of the quake-stricken areas'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",152]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cec9e1aab44d1400b88a62'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did the US share the satellite images with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Chinese authorities'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",202]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cec9e1aab44d1400b88a63'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many Chinese troops were involved in the rescue efforts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'135,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",364]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cec9e1aab44d1400b88a65'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did groups from South Korea, Japan, and others arrive in China?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'May 16'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d61a451c85041400946f10'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the U.S. share with China?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'satellite images'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",152]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d61a451c85041400946f11'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was included in the the Air Force C-17 supplies?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'tents and generators'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",326]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d61a451c85041400946f13'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many Chinese troops and medics were involved in the relief efforts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'135,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",364]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d61a451c85041400946f14'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Internet was extensively used for passing information to aid rescue and recovery efforts. For example, the official news agency Xinhua set up an online rescue request center in order to find the blind spots of disaster recovery. After knowing that rescue helicopters had trouble landing into the epicenter area in Wenchuan, a student proposed a landing spot online and it was chosen as the first touchdown place for the helicopters[not in citation given]. Volunteers also set up several websites to help store contact information for victims and evacuees. On May 31, a rescue helicopter carrying earthquake survivors and crew members crashed in fog and turbulence in Wenchuan county. No-one survived.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was extensively used to pass information to aid rescue and recovery efforts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Internet'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ceccc7aab44d1400b88a7d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the Xinhua news agency set up?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'an online rescue request center'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",147]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ceccc7aab44d1400b88a7e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the purpose of this online rescue request center?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'to find the blind spots of disaster recovery'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",188]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ceccc7aab44d1400b88a7f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did rescue helicopters have trouble landing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Wenchuan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",319]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ceccc7aab44d1400b88a80'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was used as a communications aid in the relief efforts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Internet'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d61c4e1c85041400946f1a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who set up an online site to focus on blind spots in recovery?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'news agency Xinhua'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",121]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d61c4e1c85041400946f1b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What person suggested a landing spot for helicopters near the epicenter?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a student'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",329]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d61c4e1c85041400946f1c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of information were websites set up to store?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'contact information'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",515]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d61c4e1c85041400946f1d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what date did a rescue helicopter crash with no survivors?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'May 31'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",564]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d61c4e1c85041400946f1e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On May 12, 2009, China marked the first anniversary of the quake with a moment of silence as people across the nation remembered the dead. The government also opened access to the sealed ruins of the Beichuan county seat for three days, after which it will be frozen in time as a state earthquake relic museum, to remind people of the terrible disaster. 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People also donated blood, resulting in according to Xinhua long line-ups in most major Chinese cities. Many donated through text messaging on mobile phones to accounts set up by China Unicom and China Mobile By May 16, the Chinese government had allocated a total of $772 million for earthquake relief so far, up sharply from $159 million from May 14.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was also donated?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'blood'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",173]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cecdf0aab44d1400b88a93'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What companies received the money?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'China Unicom and China Mobile'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",332]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cecdf0aab44d1400b88a95'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'After the quake, people from where in China made donations?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'all over mainland China'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",62]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d666041c850414009470f1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What caused long lines in most major cities?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'donated blood'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",165]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d666041c850414009470f2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What were the Chinese setting up to take in donations?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'booths'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",92]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d666041c850414009470f3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How did a lot of people donate using mobile phones?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'text messaging'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",278]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d666041c850414009470f4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much had the Chinese government designated by May 16?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$772 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",421]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d666041c850414009470f5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Red Cross Society of China flew 557 tents and 2,500 quilts valued at 788,000 yuan (US$113,000) to Wenchuan County. The Amity Foundation already began relief work in the region and has earmarked US$143,000 for disaster relief. The Sichuan Ministry of Civil Affairs said that they have provided 30,000 tents for those left homeless.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many tents were flown to the region?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'557'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",37]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cece5caab44d1400b88a9b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many quilts were flown to the region?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2,500'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",51]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cece5caab44d1400b88a9c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much were both supplies worth?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'788,000 yuan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",74]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cece5caab44d1400b88a9d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What county were the supplies flown to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Wenchuan County'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",103]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cece5caab44d1400b88a9e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many tents did the Sichuan Ministry provide for the homeless?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'30,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",298]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cece5caab44d1400b88a9f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What group took tents and quilts to Wenchuan county?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Red Cross Society of China'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d663b11c850414009470e3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much has the Amity Foundation designated for disaster relief?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'US$143,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",199]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d663b11c850414009470e4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many tents did the Sichuan Ministry of Affairs provide?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'30,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",298]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d663b11c850414009470e5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What were all these tents and quilts for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'those left homeless'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",315]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d663b11c850414009470e6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What foundation had already begun relief work in the area?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Amity Foundation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",120]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d663b11c850414009470e7'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The central government estimates that over 7,000 inadequately engineered schoolrooms collapsed in the earthquake. Chinese citizens have since invented a catch phrase: \"tofu-dregs schoolhouses\" (Chinese: 豆腐渣校舍), to mock both the quality and the quantity of these inferior constructions that killed so many school children. Due to the one-child policy, many families lost their only child when schools in the region collapsed during the earthquake. Consequently, Sichuan provincial and local officials have lifted the restriction for families whose only child was either killed or severely injured in the disaster. So-called \"illegal children\" under 18 years of age may be registered as legal replacements for their dead siblings; if the dead child was illegal, no further outstanding fines would apply. Reimbursement would not, however, be offered for fines that were already levied.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many schoolrooms collapsed in the quake?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'7,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",44]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cecf68aab44d1400b88ab7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What catch-phrase was invented as a result of collapsed schools?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'tofu-dregs schoolhouses'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",169]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cecf68aab44d1400b88ab8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why did so many schools collapse during the earthquake?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'inadequately engineered'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",50]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d64a821c85041400947075'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the estimations of how many schoolrooms collapsed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'over 7,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",39]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d64a821c85041400947076'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What has the citizenry started calling these type of schools?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'tofu-dregs schoolhouses'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",169]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d64a821c85041400947077'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What can illegal children be registered as in place of their dead siblings?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'legal replacements'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",686]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d64a821c85041400947079'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On the evening of May 18, CCTV-1 hosted a special four-hour program called The Giving of Love (simplified Chinese: 爱的奉献; traditional Chinese: 愛的奉獻), hosted by regulars from the CCTV New Year's Gala and round-the-clock coverage anchor Bai Yansong. It was attended by a wide range of entertainment, literary, business and political figures from mainland China, Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan. Donations of the evening totalled 1.5 billion Chinese Yuan (~US$208 million). Of the donations, CCTV gave the biggest corporate contribution at ¥50 million. Almost at the same time in Taiwan, a similarly themed programme was on air hosted by the sitting president Ma Ying-jeou. In June, Hong Kong actor Jackie Chan, who donated $1.57 million to the victims, made a music video alongside other artists entitled \"Promise\"; the song was composed by Andy Lau. The Artistes 512 Fund Raising Campaign, an 8-hour fundraising marathon, was held on June 1 in Hong Kong; it was attended by some 200 Sinosphere musicians and celebrities. In Singapore, MediaCorp Channel 8 hosted a 'live' programme 让爱川流不息 to raise funds for the victims.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did CCTV-1 host on the evening of May 18th?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'four-hour program called The Giving of Love'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",51]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cecff4aab44d1400b88abd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the show hosted by?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Bai Yansong'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",235]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cecff4aab44d1400b88abe'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How large were the donations from the program?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Donations of the evening totalled 1.5 billion Chinese Yuan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",393]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cecff4aab44d1400b88abf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much did Jackie Chan donate to support?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$1.57 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",721]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cecff4aab44d1400b88ac0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the music video that Jackie Chan made for the event?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Promise'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",804]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cecff4aab44d1400b88ac1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the program that CCTV-1 hosted?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Giving of Love'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",76]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d6477c1c85041400947065'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the donations total for the program?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'US$208 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",454]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d6477c1c85041400947066'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What company gave the most?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'CCTV'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",27]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d6477c1c85041400947067'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much did actor Jackie Chan donate?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1.57 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",722]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d6477c1c85041400947068'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of Chan's music video?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Promise'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",804]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d6477c1c85041400947069'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Rescue efforts performed by the Chinese government were praised by western media, especially in comparison with Myanmar's blockage of foreign aid during Cyclone Nargis, as well as China's previous performance during the 1976 Tangshan earthquake. China's openness during the media coverage of the Sichuan earthquake led a professor at the Peking University to say, “This is the first time [that] the Chinese media has lived up to international standards”. Los Angeles Times praised China's media coverage of the quake of being \"democratic\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did a professor at the Peking University say about the handling of the earthquake?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'This is the first time [that] the Chinese media has lived up to international standards'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",366]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cedd04aab44d1400b88b3c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Myanmar block after Cyclone Nargis?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'foreign aid'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",135]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d61fc11c85041400946f24'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did a Peking professor say about Chinese media coverage?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'up to international standards'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",424]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d61fc11c85041400946f25'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who praised Chinese media coverage as being democratic?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Los Angeles Times'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",456]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d61fc11c85041400946f26'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which previous catastrophe not live up to international standards?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1976 Tangshan earthquake'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",221]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d61fc11c85041400946f27'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'As a result of the magnitude 7.9 earthquake and the many strong aftershocks, many rivers became blocked by large landslides, which resulted in the formation of \"quake lakes\" behind the blockages; these massive amounts of water were pooling up at a very high rate behind the natural landslide dams and it was feared that the blockages would eventually crumble under the weight of the ever-increasing water mass, potentially endangering the lives of millions of people living downstream. As of May 27, 2008, 34 lakes had formed due to earthquake debris blocking and damming rivers, and it was estimated that 28 of them were still of potential danger to the local people. Entire villages had to be evacuated because of the resultant flooding.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What formed behind blockages?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'quake lakes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",162]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cedd7daab44d1400b88b4e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many quake lakes formed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'34'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",507]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cedd7daab44d1400b88b50'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many of the lakes were a danger to people?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'28'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",607]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cedd7daab44d1400b88b51'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the magnitude of the Sichuan earthquake?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'7.9'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",30]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d624261c85041400946f2c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What blocked many of the area's rivers?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'large landslides'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",108]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d624261c85041400946f2d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What formed behind the blocked rivers?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'quake lakes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",162]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d624261c85041400946f2e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'By May 27, how many earthquake lakes had formed up behind landslide debris?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'34'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",507]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d624261c85041400946f2f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What had to be evacuated due to potential flooding?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Entire villages'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",670]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d624261c85041400946f30'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The most precarious of these quake-lakes was the one located in the extremely difficult terrain at Mount Tangjia in Beichuan County, Sichuan, accessible only by foot or air; an Mi-26T heavy lift helicopter belonging to the China Flying Dragon Special Aviation Company was used to bring heavy earthmoving tractors to the affected location. This operation was coupled with the work done by PLAAF Mi-17 helicopters bringing in PLA engineering corps, explosive specialists and other personnel to join 1,200 soldiers who arrived on site by foot. Five tons of fuel to operate the machinery was airlifted to the site, where a sluice was constructed to allow the safe discharge of the bottlenecked water. Downstream, more than 200,000 people were evacuated from Mianyang by June 1 in anticipation of the dam bursting.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the most precarious quake lake located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mount Tangjia in Beichuan County, Sichuan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",100]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ceddf6aab44d1400b88b67'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How could you only get to this quake lake?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'by foot or air'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",159]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ceddf6aab44d1400b88b68'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What machinery was airlifted into the location?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'tractors'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",305]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ceddf6aab44d1400b88b69'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people were evacuated downstream?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'200,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",720]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ceddf6aab44d1400b88b6b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the fear that caused 200,000 people to be evacuated from Mianyang?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the dam bursting'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",793]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d62b0f1c85041400946f5e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the worst of the quake lakes located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mount Tangjia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",100]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d62b0f1c85041400946f5f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where is Mount Tangjia?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Beichuan County, Sichuan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",117]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d62b0f1c85041400946f60'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many soldiers had to travel to the area by foot?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1,200'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",498]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d62b0f1c85041400946f62'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The State Council declared a three-day period of national mourning for the quake victims starting from May 19, 2008; the PRC's National Flag and Regional Flags of Hong Kong and Macau Special Administrative Regions flown at half mast. It was the first time that a national mourning period had been declared for something other than the death of a state leader, and many have called it the biggest display of mourning since the death of Mao Zedong. At 14:28 CST on May 19, 2008, a week after the earthquake, the Chinese public held a moment of silence. People stood silent for three minutes while air defense, police and fire sirens, and the horns of vehicles, vessels and trains sounded. Cars and trucks on Beijing's roads also came to a halt. People spontaneously burst into cheering \"Zhongguo jiayou!\" (Let's go, China!) and \"Sichuan jiayou\" (Let's go, Sichuan!) afterwards.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who declared the mourning period?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The State Council'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cede78aab44d1400b88b7c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the State Council declare a period of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'national mourning'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",50]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d62ce51c85041400946f7a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'This was the biggest display of mourning since the death of who?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mao Zedong'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",436]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d62ce51c85041400946f7b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Chinese hold a moment of silence?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'May 19, 2008'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",104]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d62ce51c85041400946f7c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What came to a halt during the moment of silence?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Cars and trucks'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",688]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d62ce51c85041400946f7d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How long was the national mourning for the quake victims to last?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'three-day period'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",30]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d62ce51c85041400946f7e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Ningbo Organizing Committee of the Beijing Olympic torch relay announced that the relay, scheduled to take place in Ningbo during national morning, would be suspended for the duration of the mourning period. The route of the torch through the country was scaled down, and there was a minute of silence when the next leg started in city of Ruijin, Jiangxi on the Wednesday after the quake.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was suspended for the duration of the mourning period?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Olympic torch relay'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",48]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cedecdaab44d1400b88b8d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the relay scheduled to take place?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ningbo'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cedecdaab44d1400b88b8e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was suspended during the period of mourning?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Beijing Olympic torch relay'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",40]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d62e501c85041400946f94'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the torch relay supposed to take place?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'in Ningbo'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",118]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d62e501c85041400946f95'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What part of the relay did they change?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The route'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",213]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d62e501c85041400946f96'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was there a minute of silence during the relay?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ruijin, Jiangxi'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",344]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d62e501c85041400946f97'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Many websites converted their home page to black and white; Sina.com and Sohu, major internet portals, limited their homepages to news items and removed all advertisements. Chinese video sharing websites Youku and Tudou displayed a black background and placed multiple videos showing earthquake footage and news reports. The Chinese version of MSN, cn.msn.com, also displayed banner ads about the earthquake and the relief efforts. Other entertainment websites, including various gaming sites, such as the Chinese servers for World of Warcraft, had shut down altogether, or had corresponding links to earthquake donations. After the moments of silence, in Tiananmen Square, crowds spontaneously burst out cheering various slogans, including \"Long Live China\". Casinos in Macau closed down.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What colors did many websites convert their home pages to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'black and white'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",44]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cedf2faab44d1400b88b9d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did internet portals remove from their home pages?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'all advertisements'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",154]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d62ff91c85041400946fbb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Many of what shut down completely?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'various gaming sites'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",473]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d62ff91c85041400946fbc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the crowds in Tiananmen Square do after the moment of silence?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'burst out cheering'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",696]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d62ff91c85041400946fbd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What business closed in Macau?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Casinos'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",761]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d62ff91c85041400946fbe'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Ye Zhiping, the principal of Sangzao Middle School in Sangzao, one of the largest in An County, has been credited with proactive action that spared the lives of all 2,323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened. During a three-year period that ended in 2007, he oversaw a major overhaul of his school. During that time he obtained more than 400,000 yuan (US$60,000) from the county education department, money used to widen and strengthen concrete pillars and the balcony railing of all four storeys of his school, as well as secure its concrete floors.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the principal of Sangzao Middle School? 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It was also reported that safety checks were to be carried out at schools across China after last month's earthquake.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why were the schools inspected?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'to gain first-hand material of construction quality'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",165]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cee069aab44d1400b88bbc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was to be carried out at schools after the quake?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'safety checks'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",363]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cee069aab44d1400b88bbd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who has joined an official inquiry into the school scandal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Chinese prosecutors'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",50]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d658061c850414009470a7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What investigation are the prosecutors pursuing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'professional crime'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",317]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d658061c850414009470a8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where are the Chinese going to perform safety checks?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'schools across China'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",403]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d658061c850414009470a9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What group reported that Chinese prosecutors were involved in investigating the schoolhouse collapses?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Reuters'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",10]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d658061c850414009470aa'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The New York Times reported that \"government officials in Beijing and Sichuan have said they are investigating the collapses. In an acknowledgment of the weakness of building codes in the countryside, the National Development and Reform Commission said on May 27 that it had drafted an amendment to improve construction standards for primary and middle schools in rural areas. Experts are reviewing the draft, the commission said.\" To limit protests, officials pushed parents to sign a document, which forbade them from holding protests, in exchange of money, but some who refused to sign were threatened. The payment amounts varied from school to school but were approximately the same. In Hanwang, parents were offered a package valued at 8,800 USD in cash and a per-parent pension of nearly 5,600 USD. Furthermore, officials used other methods of silencing: riot police officers broke up protests by parents; the authorities set up cordons around the schools; and officials ordered the Chinese news media to stop reporting on school collapses.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was given in exchange of signing the document?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'money'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",554]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cee0eeaab44d1400b88bc3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What other methods were used to break up protests?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'riot police'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",862]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cee0eeaab44d1400b88bc5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did the New York Times report was investigating the school collapses?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'government officials'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",35]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d65a4b1c850414009470af'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are officials seeking to do about protesting parents?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'limit protests'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",436]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d65a4b1c850414009470b0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are officials offering parents in exchange of protests?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'money'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",554]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d65a4b1c850414009470b1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What has happened to some who refuse to agree to not protest?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'were threatened'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",590]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d65a4b1c850414009470b2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did officials order Chinese news media to stop reporting?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'on school collapses'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1027]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d65a4b1c850414009470b3'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Besides parents, Liu Shaokun (刘绍坤), a Sichuan school teacher, was detained on June 25, 2008 for \"disseminating rumors and destroying social order\" about the Sichuan earthquake. Liu’s family was later told that he was being investigated on suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion. Liu had travelled to the Shifang, taken photos of collapsed school buildings, and put them online. He had also expressed his anger at “the shoddy tofu-dregs buildings” (豆腐渣工程) in a media interview. He was ordered to serve one year of re-education through labor (RTL). According to the organization Human Rights in China, Liu has been released to serve his RTL sentence outside of the labor camp.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was a Sichuan school teacher?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Liu Shaokun'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",18]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cee14aaab44d1400b88bcb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Liu's family told?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'that he was being investigated on suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",206]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cee14aaab44d1400b88bcd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Liu Shaokun's profession?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sichuan school teacher'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",39]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d65c671c850414009470b9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why was he investigated?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'crime of inciting subversion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",257]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d65c671c850414009470ba'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Liu Shankun do with the pictures he took of collapsed schools?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'put them online'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",369]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d65c671c850414009470bb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did he call the schoolhouses shoddy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'in a media interview'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",463]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d65c671c850414009470bc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was his assigned punishment ?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'one year of re-education'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",509]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d65c671c850414009470bd'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In January 2010, Hong Kong-based English newspaper The Standard reported that writer Tan Zuoren attempted to document shoddy construction that may have led to massive casualties in schools, was sentenced to in prison ostensibly for his writing an article in 2007 in support of the pro-democracy movement in 1989.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the sentencing occur?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'in 2007'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",256]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cee1e4aab44d1400b88be0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the article published about the case?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'January 2010'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cee1e4aab44d1400b88be1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did he think that the poor construction led to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'massive casualties'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",160]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d65f691c850414009470cf'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Because of the magnitude of the quake, and the media attention on China, foreign nations and organizations immediately responded to the disaster by offering condolences and assistance. 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Houston Rockets center Yao Ming, one of the country's most popular sports icons, gave $214,000 and $71,000 to the Red Cross Society of China. The association has also collected a total of $26 million in donations so far. Other multinational firms located in China have also announced large amounts of donations.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much did Yao Ming donate?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$214,000 and $71,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",229]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cee294aab44d1400b88bec'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much did the Red Cross collect in donations?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$26 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",331]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cee294aab44d1400b88bed'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much money had been donated by May 14?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'10.7 billion yuan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",54]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d6622d1c850414009470db'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What group donated the 10.7 yuan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Chinese public'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",123]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d6622d1c850414009470dc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What famous basketball player made two large donations to the crisis?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Yao Ming'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",166]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d6622d1c850414009470dd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much has the Red Cross Society  collected?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'26 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",332]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d6622d1c850414009470de'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Francis Marcus of the International Federation of the Red Cross praised the Chinese rescue effort as \"swift and very efficient\" in Beijing on Tuesday. But he added the scale of the disaster was such that \"we can't expect that the government can do everything and handle every aspect of the needs\". The Economist noted that China reacted to the disaster \"rapidly and with uncharacteristic openness\", contrasting it with Burma's secretive response to Cyclone Nargis, which devastated that country 10 days before the earthquake.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Francis Marcus say of the Chinese relief effort?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'swift and very efficient'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",103]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d614dd1c85041400946f06'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What uncharacteristic attitude did China display?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'openness'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",389]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d614dd1c85041400946f07'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of attitude did Burma display in response to a cyclone a few days earlier?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'secretive'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",428]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d614dd1c85041400946f08'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How long before the quake did Cyclone Nargis strike Burma?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'10 days'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",496]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d614dd1c85041400946f09'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What organization did Francis Marcus represent?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'International Federation of the Red Cross'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",23]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d614dd1c85041400946f0a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'All Mainland Chinese television stations (along with some stations in Hong Kong and expatriate communities) cancelled all regularly-scheduled programming, displayed their logo in grayscale, and replaced their cancelled programmes with live earthquake footage from CCTV-1 for multiple days after the quake. Even pay television channels (such as Channel V) had their programmes suspended.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did stations replace programming with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'live earthquake footage'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",236]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d646091c8504140094705d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the source of the live feeds?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'CCTV-1'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",265]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d646091c8504140094705e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What about pay TV channels?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'programmes suspended'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",366]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d646091c8504140094705f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Although the Chinese government was initially praised for its response to the quake (especially in comparison to Myanmar's ruling military junta's blockade of aid during Cyclone Nargis), it then saw an erosion in confidence over the school construction scandal.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What government blocked aid after Cyclone Nargis?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Myanmar'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",114]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d6488e1c8504140094706f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Over what scandal did the Chinese government lose in public opinion?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'school construction scandal'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",234]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d6488e1c85041400947070'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the Chinese government first praised for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'response to the quake'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",63]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d6488e1c85041400947071'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On May 29, 2008, government officials began inspecting the ruins of thousands of schools that collapsed, searching for clues about why they crumbled. 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Parents and volunteers who have questioned authorities have been detained and threatened.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who has ignored the school issue?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'state-controlled media'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",27]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d650911c8504140094709f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who gave instructions to ignore the school issue?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'propaganda bureau'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",102]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d650911c850414009470a0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What media source has reported this happening?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The AP'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d650911c850414009470a2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Sichuan earthquake'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On May 15, 2008 Geoffery York of the Globeandmail.com reported that the shoddily constructed buildings are commonly called \"tofu buildings\" because builders cut corners by replacing steel rods with thin iron wires for concrete re-inforcement; using inferior grade cement, if any at all; and using fewer bricks than they should. 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Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world. Times Square, iconic as the world's \"heart\" and its \"Crossroads\", is the brightly illuminated hub of the Broadway Theater District, one of the world's busiest pedestrian intersections, and a major center of the world's entertainment industry. The names of many of the city's bridges, skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City has been called both the most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of the world, and the city is home to the world's two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization, the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ. Manhattan's real estate market is among the most expensive in the world. Manhattan's Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. 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New York contains the highest total Asian population of any U.S. city proper. The New York City borough of Queens is home to the state's largest Asian American population and the largest Andean (Colombian, Ecuadorian, Peruvian, and Bolivian) populations in the United States, and is also the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world. The Chinese population constitutes the fastest-growing nationality in New York State; multiple satellites of the original Manhattan Chinatown (紐約華埠), in Brooklyn (布鲁克林華埠), and around Flushing, Queens (法拉盛華埠), are thriving as traditionally urban enclaves, while also expanding rapidly eastward into suburban Nassau County (拿騷縣) on Long Island (長島), as the New York metropolitan region and New York State have become the top destinations for new Chinese immigrants, respectively, and large-scale Chinese immigration continues into New York City and surrounding areas. In 2012, 6.3% of New York City was of Chinese ethnicity, with nearly three-fourths living in either Queens or Brooklyn, geographically on Long Island. A community numbering 20,000 Korean-Chinese (Chaoxianzu (Chinese: 朝鲜族) or Joseonjok (Hangul: 조선족)) is centered in Flushing, Queens, while New York City is also home to the largest Tibetan population outside China, India, and Nepal, also centered in Queens. Koreans made up 1.2% of the city's population, and Japanese 0.3%. Filipinos were the largest Southeast Asian ethnic group at 0.8%, followed by Vietnamese, who made up 0.2% of New York City's population in 2010. Indians are the largest South Asian group, comprising 2.4% of the city's population, with Bangladeshis and Pakistanis at 0.7% and 0.5%, respectively. 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At 2.7 million in 2012, New York's non-Hispanic white population is larger than the non-Hispanic white populations of Los Angeles (1.1 million), Chicago (865,000), and Houston (550,000) combined. The European diaspora residing in the city is very diverse. According to 2012 Census estimates, there were roughly 560,000 Italian Americans, 385,000 Irish Americans, 253,000 German Americans, 223,000 Russian Americans, 201,000 Polish Americans, and 137,000 English Americans. Additionally, Greek and French Americans numbered 65,000 each, with those of Hungarian descent estimated at 60,000 people. Ukrainian and Scottish Americans numbered 55,000 and 35,000, respectively. People identifying ancestry from Spain numbered 30,838 total in 2010. People of Norwegian and Swedish descent both stood at about 20,000 each, while people of Czech, Lithuanian, Portuguese, Scotch-Irish, and Welsh descent all numbered between 12,000–14,000 people. 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The City Council is a unicameral body consisting of 51 council members whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries. Each term for the mayor and council members lasts four years and has a three consecutive-term limit, but can resume after a four-year break. The New York City Administrative Code, the New York City Rules, and the City Record are the code of local laws, compilation of regulations, and official journal, respectively.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many members are on the NYC city council?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'51'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",115]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d00cce234ae51400d9c2de'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many terms can the mayjor of NYC serve in total?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'three'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",270]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d00cce234ae51400d9c2df'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the duration of a New York City councilperson's term?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'four-year'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",46]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d11f3717492d1400aab9e0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many councilors sit on the City Council?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'51'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",115]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d11f3717492d1400aab9e1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many terms in a row can a person serve as mayor?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'three'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",270]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d11f3717492d1400aab9e2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the official journal of New York City?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the City Record'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",408]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d11f3717492d1400aab9e3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'If someone serves three consecutive terms as mayor and wants to run again, how many years must they wait?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'four'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",46]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d11f3717492d1400aab9e4'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'New York City'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices. As of November 2008, 67% of registered voters in the city are Democrats. New York City has not been carried by a Republican in a statewide or presidential election since President Calvin Coolidge won the five boroughs in 1924. In 2012, Democrat Barack Obama became the first presidential candidate of any party to receive more than 80% of the overall vote in New York City, sweeping all five boroughs. Party platforms center on affordable housing, education, and economic development, and labor politics are of importance in the city.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which political party holds the majority of most office terms in NYC?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Democrats'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",122]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d00d6d234ae51400d9c2e4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In 2008, what percentage of voters were democrats?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'67'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",81]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d00d6d234ae51400d9c2e5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which US president became the first to receive over 80 percent of NYC votes?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Barack Obama'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",305]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d00d6d234ae51400d9c2e6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the last year that a republican candidate won all four boroughs of NYC?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1924'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",281]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d00d6d234ae51400d9c2e7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which president won all of NYC in 1924?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Calvin Coolidge'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",240]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d00d6d234ae51400d9c2e8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What party are most public officials of New York members of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Democratic Party'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d120c117492d1400aaba0d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In November 2008, how many New Yorkers were registered as Democrats?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'67%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",81]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d120c117492d1400aaba0e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was the last presidential election when a Republican won New York City?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1924'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",281]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d120c117492d1400aaba0f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many boroughs did Barack Obama win in the 2012 presidential election?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'five'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",264]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d120c117492d1400aaba10'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What political party was Calvin Coolidge a member of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Republican'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",173]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d120c117492d1400aaba11'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'New York City'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Much of the scientific research in the city is done in medicine and the life sciences. New York City has the most post-graduate life sciences degrees awarded annually in the United States, with 127 Nobel laureates having roots in local institutions as of 2004; while in 2012, 43,523 licensed physicians were practicing in New York City. Major biomedical research institutions include Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center, Rockefeller University, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, and Weill Cornell Medical College, being joined by the Cornell University\/Technion-Israel Institute of Technology venture on Roosevelt Island.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'As of 2012, how many physicians were working in New York City?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'43,523'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",277]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d101b117492d1400aab712'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where is the Cornell University\/Technion-Israel Institute of Technology located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Roosevelt Island'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",674]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d101b117492d1400aab713'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'As of 2004, how many Nobel Prize winners had roots in New York institutions?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'127'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",195]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d101b117492d1400aab714'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'New York City'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Each year HHC's facilities provide about 225,000 admissions, one million emergency room visits and five million clinic visits to New Yorkers. HHC facilities treat nearly one-fifth of all general hospital discharges and more than one third of emergency room and hospital-based clinic visits in New York City.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people are admitted to HHC institutions annually?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'225,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",42]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d104d117492d1400aab73e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people visit HHC emergency rooms every year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'one million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",62]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d104d117492d1400aab73f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people visit HHC clinics annually?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'five million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",100]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d104d117492d1400aab740'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What fraction of general hospital discharges receive treatment at HHC?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'one-fifth'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",171]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d104d117492d1400aab741'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What fraction of emergency room visits receive treatment at HHC?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'one third'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",230]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d104d117492d1400aab742'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'New York City'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Sociologists and criminologists have not reached consensus on the explanation for the dramatic decrease in the city's crime rate. Some attribute the phenomenon to new tactics used by the NYPD, including its use of CompStat and the broken windows theory. Others cite the end of the crack epidemic and demographic changes, including from immigration. Another theory is that widespread exposure to lead pollution from automobile exhaust, which can lower intelligence and increase aggression levels, incited the initial crime wave in the mid-20th century, most acutely affecting heavily trafficked cities like New York. A strong correlation was found demonstrating that violent crime rates in New York and other big cities began to fall after lead was removed from American gasoline in the 1970s. 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A book containing a series of essays titled New York, culture capital of the world, 1940–1965 has also been published as showcased by the National Library of Australia. 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The Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute is in Union Square, and Tisch School of the Arts is based at New York University, while Central Park SummerStage presents performances of free plays and music in Central Park.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what borough is the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Manhattan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",92]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d10b9a17492d1400aab7f8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what part of Manhattan can you find Lincoln Square?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Upper West Side'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",73]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d10b9a17492d1400aab7f9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what square is the theater named after Lee Strasberg located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Union Square'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",418]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d10b9a17492d1400aab7fa'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'At what institution of higher education is the Tisch School of the Arts located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'New York University'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",473]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d10b9a17492d1400aab7fb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what New York park can one find performances at no cost?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Central Park'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",500]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d10b9a17492d1400aab7fc'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'New York City'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'New York City is home to hundreds of cultural institutions and historic sites, many of which are internationally known. Museum Mile is the name for a section of Fifth Avenue running from 82nd to 105th streets on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, in an area sometimes called Upper Carnegie Hill. The Mile, which contains one of the densest displays of culture in the world, is actually three blocks longer than one mile (1.6 km). Ten museums occupy the length of this section of Fifth Avenue. The tenth museum, the Museum for African Art, joined the ensemble in 2009, however its Museum at 110th Street, the first new museum constructed on the Mile since the Guggenheim in 1959, opened in late 2012. In addition to other programming, the museums collaborate for the annual Museum Mile Festival, held each year in June, to promote the museums and increase visitation. Many of the world's most lucrative art auctions are held in New York City.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What New York thoroughfare is Museum Mile located on?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Fifth Avenue'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",162]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d10c1f17492d1400aab806'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what borough is Museum Mile located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Manhattan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",236]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d10c1f17492d1400aab807'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the Guggenheim built?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1959'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",673]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d10c1f17492d1400aab808'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was the grand opening of the Museum for African Art on 110th Street?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2012'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",694]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d10c1f17492d1400aab809'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what part of Manhattan is the Museum Mile located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Upper East Side'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",217]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d10c1f17492d1400aab80a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'New York City'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The New York area is home to a distinctive regional speech pattern called the New York dialect, alternatively known as Brooklynese or New Yorkese. It has generally been considered one of the most recognizable accents within American English. The classic version of this dialect is centered on middle and working-class people of European descent. However, the influx of non-European immigrants in recent decades has led to changes in this distinctive dialect, and the traditional form of this speech pattern is no longer as prevalent among general New Yorkers as in the past.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Along with New Yorkese, what is another name for the New York dialect?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Brooklynese'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",120]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d10ccf17492d1400aab820'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'New York City'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The traditional New York area accent is characterized as non-rhotic, so that the sound [ɹ] does not appear at the end of a syllable or immediately before a consonant; hence the pronunciation of the city name as \"New Yawk.\" There is no [ɹ] in words like park [pɑək] or [pɒək] (with vowel backed and diphthongized due to the low-back chain shift), butter [bʌɾə], or here [hiə]. In another feature called the low back chain shift, the [ɔ] vowel sound of words like talk, law, cross, chocolate, and coffee and the often homophonous [ɔr] in core and more are tensed and usually raised more than in General American. In the most old-fashioned and extreme versions of the New York dialect, the vowel sounds of words like \"girl\" and of words like \"oil\" became a diphthong [ɜɪ]. This would often be misperceived by speakers of other accents as a reversal of the er and oy sounds, so that girl is pronounced \"goil\" and oil is pronounced \"erl\"; this leads to the caricature of New Yorkers saying things like \"Joizey\" (Jersey), \"Toidy-Toid Street\" (33rd St.) and \"terlet\" (toilet). 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Despite its themes, To Kill a Mockingbird has been subject to campaigns for removal from public classrooms, often challenged for its use of racial epithets.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'To Kill a Mockingbird is widely read in which countries schools?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'United States'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",323]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce31f5aab44d1400b8854a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What genre of book is To Kill a Mockingbird?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Southern Gothic novel'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",6]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce31f5aab44d1400b8854b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Some of the central themes of the book are what exactly?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'racial injustice and the destruction of innocence'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",101]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce31f5aab44d1400b8854c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which region of America was the novel set in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Deep South'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",267]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d10cda17492d1400aab823'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What has caused  the use of the novel in classrooms to be challenged?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'racial epithets'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",536]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d10cda17492d1400aab824'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Reaction to the novel varied widely upon publication. Literary analysis of it is sparse, considering the number of copies sold and its widespread use in education. Author Mary McDonough Murphy, who collected individual impressions of To Kill a Mockingbird by several authors and public figures, calls the book, \"an astonishing phenomenon\". In 2006, British librarians ranked the book ahead of the Bible as one \"every adult should read before they die\". It was adapted into an Oscar-winning film in 1962 by director Robert Mulligan, with a screenplay by Horton Foote. 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Lee continued to respond to her work's impact until her death in February 2016, although she had refused any personal publicity for herself or the novel since 1964.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Harper Lee pass away?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'February 2016'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",218]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce3363aab44d1400b88565'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the only other work Harper Lee published?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Go Set a Watchman'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",59]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce3363aab44d1400b88566'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of Lee's second published work?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Go Set a Watchman'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",59]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1161117492d1400aab8de'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the second book published?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'July 14, 2015'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",138]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1161117492d1400aab8df'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Lee die?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'February 2016'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",218]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1161117492d1400aab8e0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Born in 1926, Harper Lee grew up in the Southern town of Monroeville, Alabama, where she became close friends with soon-to-be famous writer Truman Capote. She attended Huntingdon College in Montgomery (1944–45), and then studied law at the University of Alabama (1945–49). While attending college, she wrote for campus literary magazines: Huntress at Huntingdon and the humor magazine Rammer Jammer at the University of Alabama. At both colleges, she wrote short stories and other works about racial injustice, a rarely mentioned topic on such campuses at the time. In 1950, Lee moved to New York City, where she worked as a reservation clerk for British Overseas Airways Corporation; there, she began writing a collection of essays and short stories about people in Monroeville. Hoping to be published, Lee presented her writing in 1957 to a literary agent recommended by Capote. An editor at J. B. Lippincott , who bought the manuscript, advised her to quit the airline and concentrate on writing. Donations from friends allowed her to write uninterrupted for a year.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Harper Lee become childhood friends with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Truman Capote'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",141]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce349aaab44d1400b8858a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did Harper Lee pack up to go live in New York City?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1950'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",570]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce349aaab44d1400b8858c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What job did Harper Lee start in New York City?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'reservation clerk'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",626]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce349aaab44d1400b8858d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which state did Harper Lee spend her childhood?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Alabama'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",71]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce349aaab44d1400b8858e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year was Harper Lee born?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1926'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",9]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d11a1217492d1400aab953'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the famous writer Lee became close friends with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Truman Capote'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",141]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d11a1217492d1400aab954'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did Lee attend college?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Huntingdon College'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",169]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d11a1217492d1400aab955'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did Lee attend law school?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'University of Alabama'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",241]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d11a1217492d1400aab956'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What publishing company bought To Kill a Mockingbird?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'J. B. Lippincott'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",895]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d11a1217492d1400aab957'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'After finishing the first draft and returning it to Lippincott, the manuscript, at that point titled \"Go Set a Watchman\", fell into the hands of Therese von Hohoff Torrey — known professionally as Tay Hohoff — a small, wiry veteran editor in her late 50s. Hohoff was impressed. “[T]he spark of the true writer flashed in every line,” she would later recount in a corporate history of Lippincott. But as Hohoff saw it, the manuscript was by no means fit for publication. It was, as she described it, “more a series of anecdotes than a fully conceived novel.” During the next couple of years, she led Lee from one draft to the next until the book finally achieved its finished form and was retitled To Kill a Mockingbird.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The first draft of To Kill a Mockingbird was named what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Go Set a Watchman'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",103]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce355eaab44d1400b8859e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the editor who got their hands on the first draft of To Kill a Mockingbird?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tay Hohoff'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",198]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce355eaab44d1400b8859f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of  the editor who helped Lee finish her book?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Therese von Hohoff Torrey'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",146]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d11b1c17492d1400aab991'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Lee had lost her mother, who suffered from mental illness, six years before she met Hohoff at Lippincott’s offices. Her father, a lawyer on whom Atticus was modeled, would die two years after the publication of To Kill a Mockingbird.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What ailment did Harper Lee's mother suffer from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'mental illness'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",44]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce35b2aab44d1400b885b4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What profession did Harper Lee's father hold?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'lawyer'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",131]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce35b2aab44d1400b885b5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Lee modeled the character Atticus after what laywer?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Her father'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",117]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d11b8d17492d1400aab997'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Ultimately, Lee spent over two and a half years writing To Kill a Mockingbird. The book was published on July 11, 1960. After rejecting the \"Watchman\" title, it was initially re-titled Atticus, but Lee renamed it \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" to reflect that the story went beyond just a character portrait. The editorial team at Lippincott warned Lee that she would probably sell only several thousand copies. In 1964, Lee recalled her hopes for the book when she said, \"I never expected any sort of success with 'Mockingbird.' ... I was hoping for a quick and merciful death at the hands of the reviewers but, at the same time, I sort of hoped someone would like it enough to give me encouragement. Public encouragement. I hoped for a little, as I said, but I got rather a whole lot, and in some ways this was just about as frightening as the quick, merciful death I'd expected.\" Instead of a \"quick and merciful death\", Reader's Digest Condensed Books chose the book for reprinting in part, which gave it a wide readership immediately. Since the original publication, the book has never been out of print.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What date did To Kill a Mockingbird begin to circulate?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'July 11, 1960'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",106]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce3631aab44d1400b885d1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How long did Lee spend writing the book?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'over two and a half years'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",23]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d11d0f17492d1400aab9bf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What publication's partial reprinting gave the book wide public exposure?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Reader's Digest Condensed Books'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",918]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d11d0f17492d1400aab9c0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The story takes place during three years (1933–35) of the Great Depression in the fictional \"tired old town\" of Maycomb, Alabama, the seat of Maycomb County. It focuses on six-year-old Jean Louise Finch (Scout), who lives with her older brother, Jem, and their widowed father, Atticus, a middle-aged lawyer. Jem and Scout befriend a boy named Dill, who visits Maycomb to stay with his aunt each summer. The three children are terrified of, and fascinated by, their neighbor, the reclusive Arthur \"Boo\" Radley. The adults of Maycomb are hesitant to talk about Boo, and, for many years few have seen him. The children feed one another's imagination with rumors about his appearance and reasons for remaining hidden, and they fantasize about how to get him out of his house. After two summers of friendship with Dill, Scout and Jem find that someone leaves them small gifts in a tree outside the Radley place. 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Although many of Maycomb's citizens disapprove, Atticus agrees to defend Tom to the best of his ability. Other children taunt Jem and Scout for Atticus's actions, calling him a \"nigger-lover\". Scout is tempted to stand up for her father's honor by fighting, even though he has told her not to. Atticus faces a group of men intent on lynching Tom. This danger is averted when Scout, Jem, and Dill shame the mob into dispersing by forcing them to view the situation from Atticus' and Tom's points of view.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the woman who was allegedly raped in the book?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mayella Ewell'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",119]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce6318aab44d1400b8872d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of Atticus' client in the rape trial?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tom Robinson'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",41]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d121d317492d1400aaba27'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who stopped the mob by shaming them?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Scout, Jem, and Dill'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",509]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d121d317492d1400aaba29'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Atticus does not want Jem and Scout to be present at Tom Robinson's trial. No seat is available on the main floor, so by invitation of Rev. Sykes, Jem, Scout, and Dill watch from the colored balcony. Atticus establishes that the accusers—Mayella and her father, Bob Ewell, the town drunk—are lying. It also becomes clear that the friendless Mayella made sexual advances toward Tom, and that her father caught her and beat her. Despite significant evidence of Tom's innocence, the jury convicts him. Jem's faith in justice becomes badly shaken, as is Atticus', when the hapless Tom is shot and killed while trying to escape from prison.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the names of Atticus Finch's children in the book?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jem and Scout'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",23]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce63f7aab44d1400b88735'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where do Jem, Scout, and Dill observe the trial of Tom Robinson?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'balcony'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",192]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce63f7aab44d1400b88736'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where do the three children watch the trial?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the colored balcony'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",180]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1232217492d1400aaba45'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What happens to Tom when he attempts to escape prison?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'shot and killed'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",585]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1232217492d1400aaba47'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Despite Tom's conviction, Bob Ewell is humiliated by the events of the trial, Atticus explaining that he \"destroyed [Ewell's] last shred of credibility at that trial.\" Ewell vows revenge, spitting in Atticus' face, trying to break into the judge's house, and menacing Tom Robinson's widow. Finally, he attacks the defenseless Jem and Scout while they walk home on a dark night after the school Halloween pageant. One of Jem's arms is broken in the struggle, but amid the confusion someone comes to the children's rescue. 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The sheriff argues with Atticus about the prudence and ethics of charging Jem (whom Atticus believes to be responsible) or Boo (whom Tate believes to be responsible). Atticus eventually accepts the sheriff's story that Ewell simply fell on his own knife. Boo asks Scout to walk him home, and after she says goodbye to him at his front door he disappears again. 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Nevertheless, several people and events from Lee's childhood parallel those of the fictional Scout. Lee's father, Amasa Coleman Lee, was an attorney, similar to Atticus Finch, and in 1919, he defended two black men accused of murder. After they were convicted, hanged and mutilated, he never tried another criminal case. Lee's father was also the editor and publisher of the Monroeville newspaper. Although more of a proponent of racial segregation than Atticus, he gradually became more liberal in his later years. Though Scout's mother died when she was a baby, Lee was 25 when her mother, Frances Cunningham Finch, died. Lee's mother was prone to a nervous condition that rendered her mentally and emotionally absent. Lee had a brother named Edwin, who—like the fictional Jem—was four years older than his sister. As in the novel, a black housekeeper came daily to care for the Lee house and family.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Harper Lee has stated that To Kill a Mockingbird is not what genre of book?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'autobiography'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",51]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce67f4aab44d1400b88761'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did Harper Lee's father represent two black men accused of murder?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1919'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",345]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce67f4aab44d1400b88762'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'At what age did Harper Lee's mother die?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'25'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",734]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce67f4aab44d1400b88764'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What titles did Lee's father maintain at the local newspaper?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'editor and publisher'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",509]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d126c117492d1400aaba94'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Lee modeled the character of Dill on her childhood friend, Truman Capote, known then as Truman Persons. Just as Dill lived next door to Scout during the summer, Capote lived next door to Lee with his aunts while his mother visited New York City. Like Dill, Capote had an impressive imagination and a gift for fascinating stories. Both Lee and Capote were atypical children: both loved to read. Lee was a scrappy tomboy who was quick to fight, but Capote was ridiculed for his advanced vocabulary and lisp. She and Capote made up and acted out stories they wrote on an old Underwood typewriter Lee's father gave them. They became good friends when both felt alienated from their peers; Capote called the two of them \"apart people\". In 1960, Capote and Lee traveled to Kansas together to investigate the multiple murders that were the basis for Capote's nonfiction novel In Cold Blood.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did Truman Capote live in relation to Lee?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'next door'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",124]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce68dcaab44d1400b8876c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did Lee and Capote go to Kansas together?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1960'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",735]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce68dcaab44d1400b8876d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Murders were the base for which story that Capote wrote?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'In Cold Blood'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",870]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce68dcaab44d1400b8876e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the character Dill modeled after?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Truman Capote'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",60]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d128d017492d1400aabace'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Lee and Capote write their childhood stories on?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'old Underwood typewriter'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",569]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d128d017492d1400aabacf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What term did Capote use to describe Lee and himself?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'apart people'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",717]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d128d017492d1400aabad0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The origin of Tom Robinson is less clear, although many have speculated that his character was inspired by several models. When Lee was 10 years old, a white woman near Monroeville accused a black man named Walter Lett of raping her. The story and the trial were covered by her father's newspaper which reported that Lett was convicted and sentenced to death. After a series of letters appeared claiming Lett had been falsely accused, his sentence was commuted to life in prison. He died there of tuberculosis in 1937. Scholars believe that Robinson's difficulties reflect the notorious case of the Scottsboro Boys, in which nine black men were convicted of raping two white women on negligible evidence. However, in 2005, Lee stated that she had in mind something less sensational, although the Scottsboro case served \"the same purpose\" to display Southern prejudices. Emmett Till, a black teenager who was murdered for flirting with a white woman in Mississippi in 1955, and whose death is credited as a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement, is also considered a model for Tom Robinson.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'At what age was Lee when a white woman accused a black guy of rape?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'10'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",137]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce6aabaab44d1400b88775'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the black man who was accused of rape in Lee's town when she was 10?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Walter Lett'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",208]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce6aabaab44d1400b88776'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the black teenager that Tom Robinson was supposedly based on?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Emmett Till'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",871]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce6aabaab44d1400b88777'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Emmett Till's death sparked which political movement in the '50s?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Civil Rights Movement'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1024]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce6aabaab44d1400b88778'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What purpose did Tom Robinson's trial serve in the book?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'display Southern prejudices'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",842]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12cb517492d1400aabb54'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who's death was a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Emmett Till'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",871]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12cb517492d1400aabb55'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Writing about Lee's style and use of humor in a tragic story, scholar Jacqueline Tavernier-Courbin states: \"Laughter ... [exposes] the gangrene under the beautiful surface but also by demeaning it; one can hardly ... be controlled by what one is able to laugh at.\" Scout's precocious observations about her neighbors and behavior inspire National Endowment of the Arts director David Kipen to call her \"hysterically funny\". To address complex issues, however, Tavernier-Courbin notes that Lee uses parody, satire, and irony effectively by using a child's perspective. After Dill promises to marry her, then spends too much time with Jem, Scout reasons the best way to get him to pay attention to her is to beat him up, which she does several times. Scout's first day in school is a satirical treatment of education; her teacher says she must undo the damage Atticus has wrought in teaching her to read and write, and forbids Atticus from teaching her further. Lee treats the most unfunny situations with irony, however, as Jem and Scout try to understand how Maycomb embraces racism and still tries sincerely to remain a decent society. Satire and irony are used to such an extent that Tavernier-Courbin suggests one interpretation for the book's title: Lee is doing the mocking—of education, the justice system, and her own society by using them as subjects of her humorous disapproval.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What two forms of humor are most found in To Kill a Mockingbird?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Satire and irony'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1138]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce6d47aab44d1400b8877d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","' Lee uses which writing styles to express humor in a tragic story?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'parody, satire, and irony'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",499]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d13b3ae7d4791d00902049'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Critics also note the entertaining methods used to drive the plot. When Atticus is out of town, Jem locks a Sunday school classmate in the church basement with the furnace during a game of Shadrach. This prompts their black housekeeper Calpurnia to escort Scout and Jem to her church, which allows the children a glimpse into her personal life, as well as Tom Robinson's. Scout falls asleep during the Halloween pageant and makes a tardy entrance onstage, causing the audience to laugh uproariously. She is so distracted and embarrassed that she prefers to go home in her ham costume, which saves her life.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where does Jem trap a fellow peer of school in the story?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'church basement'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",140]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce6dabaab44d1400b8877f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the maid who works in the Finch's household?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Calpurnia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",237]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce6dabaab44d1400b88780'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How does Scout respond to the audience?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'distracted and embarrassed'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",511]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d14361e7d4791d00902051'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What saves Scout's life?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ham costume'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",573]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d14361e7d4791d00902052'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Scholars have characterized To Kill a Mockingbird as both a Southern Gothic and coming-of-age or Bildungsroman novel. The grotesque and near-supernatural qualities of Boo Radley and his house, and the element of racial injustice involving Tom Robinson contribute to the aura of the Gothic in the novel. Lee used the term \"Gothic\" to describe the architecture of Maycomb's courthouse and in regard to Dill's exaggeratedly morbid performances as Boo Radley. Outsiders are also an important element of Southern Gothic texts and Scout and Jem's questions about the hierarchy in the town cause scholars to compare the novel to Catcher in the Rye and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Despite challenging the town's systems, Scout reveres Atticus as an authority above all others, because he believes that following one's conscience is the highest priority, even when the result is social ostracism. However, scholars debate about the Southern Gothic classification, noting that Boo Radley is in fact human, protective, and benevolent. Furthermore, in addressing themes such as alcoholism, incest, rape, and racial violence, Lee wrote about her small town realistically rather than melodramatically. She portrays the problems of individual characters as universal underlying issues in every society.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What genre of book is To Kill a Mockingbird typically called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Southern Gothic and coming-of-age or Bildungsroman novel'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",61]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce6f81aab44d1400b8878b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What term did Lee use to describe the town's courthouse?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Gothic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",70]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d147d5e7d4791d00902057'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who does Scout revere above everyone else?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Atticus'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",732]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d147d5e7d4791d00902058'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'As children coming of age, Scout and Jem face hard realities and learn from them. Lee seems to examine Jem's sense of loss about how his neighbors have disappointed him more than Scout's. Jem says to their neighbor Miss Maudie the day after the trial, \"It's like bein' a caterpillar wrapped in a cocoon ... I always thought Maycomb folks were the best folks in the world, least that's what they seemed like\". This leads him to struggle with understanding the separations of race and class. Just as the novel is an illustration of the changes Jem faces, it is also an exploration of the realities Scout must face as an atypical girl on the verge of womanhood. As one scholar writes, \"To Kill a Mockingbird can be read as a feminist Bildungsroman, for Scout emerges from her childhood experiences with a clear sense of her place in her community and an awareness of her potential power as the woman she will one day be.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the neighbor that Jem speaks too after Tom Robinson's trial?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Miss Maudie'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",216]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce70aaaab44d1400b8878f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What des Jem struggle to understand?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'separations of race and class'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",460]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d18bcde7d4791d0090205e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The second part of the novel deals with what book reviewer Harding LeMay termed \"the spirit-corroding shame of the civilized white Southerner in the treatment of the Negro\". In the years following its release, many reviewers considered To Kill a Mockingbird a novel primarily concerned with race relations. Claudia Durst Johnson considers it \"reasonable to believe\" that the novel was shaped by two events involving racial issues in Alabama: Rosa Parks' refusal to yield her seat on a city bus to a white person, which sparked the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott, and the 1956 riots at the University of Alabama after Autherine Lucy and Polly Myers were admitted (Myers eventually withdrew her application and Lucy was expelled, but reinstated in 1980). In writing about the historical context of the novel's construction, two other literary scholars remark: \"To Kill a Mockingbird was written and published amidst the most significant and conflict-ridden social change in the South since the Civil War and Reconstruction. Inevitably, despite its mid-1930s setting, the story told from the perspective of the 1950s voices the conflicts, tensions, and fears induced by this transition.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Montgomery Bus Boycott take place?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1955'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",532]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce98e7aab44d1400b888bf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Many reviewers consider the second part of the book to be about what issue?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'race relations'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",292]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d198dce7d4791d0090206f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Scholar Patrick Chura, who suggests Emmett Till was a model for Tom Robinson, enumerates the injustices endured by the fictional Tom that Till also faced. Chura notes the icon of the black rapist causing harm to the representation of the \"mythologized vulnerable and sacred Southern womanhood\". Any transgressions by black males that merely hinted at sexual contact with white females during the time the novel was set often resulted in a punishment of death for the accused. Tom Robinson's trial was juried by poor white farmers who convicted him despite overwhelming evidence of his innocence, as more educated and moderate white townspeople supported the jury's decision. Furthermore, the victim of racial injustice in To Kill a Mockingbird was physically impaired, which made him unable to commit the act he was accused of, but also crippled him in other ways. Roslyn Siegel includes Tom Robinson as an example of the recurring motif among white Southern writers of the black man as \"stupid, pathetic, defenseless, and dependent upon the fair dealing of the whites, rather than his own intelligence to save him\". Although Tom is spared from being lynched, he is killed with excessive violence during an attempted escape from prison, shot seventeen times.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The main jurors in Tom Robinson's trial were all which race?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'white'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",372]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce996caab44d1400b888c1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How did Tom Robinson die in the novel?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'shot seventeen times'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1238]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce996caab44d1400b888c2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'At the time of the novel's setting, what punishment was often received by black males for percieved sexual contact with a white woman?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'death'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",454]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d19bdee7d4791d00902073'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who comprised Tom's jury?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'poor white farmers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",512]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d19bdee7d4791d00902074'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many times was Tom shot?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'seventeen'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1243]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d19bdee7d4791d00902075'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The theme of racial injustice appears symbolically in the novel as well. For example, Atticus must shoot a rabid dog, even though it is not his job to do so. Carolyn Jones argues that the dog represents prejudice within the town of Maycomb, and Atticus, who waits on a deserted street to shoot the dog, must fight against the town's racism without help from other white citizens. He is also alone when he faces a group intending to lynch Tom Robinson and once more in the courthouse during Tom's trial. Lee even uses dreamlike imagery from the mad dog incident to describe some of the courtroom scenes. Jones writes, \"[t]he real mad dog in Maycomb is the racism that denies the humanity of Tom Robinson .... When Atticus makes his summation to the jury, he literally bares himself to the jury's and the town's anger.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Atticus is tasked with killing what animal in the novel?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a rabid dog'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",106]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce99a5aab44d1400b888c5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is Atticus shooting the rabid dog symbolic of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'fight against the town's racism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",309]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d19cf4e7d4791d00902079'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In a 1964 interview, Lee remarked that her aspiration was \"to be ... the Jane Austen of South Alabama.\" Both Austen and Lee challenged the social status quo and valued individual worth over social standing. When Scout embarrasses her poorer classmate, Walter Cunningham, at the Finch home one day, Calpurnia, their black cook, chastises and punishes her for doing so. Atticus respects Calpurnia's judgment, and later in the book even stands up to his sister, the formidable Aunt Alexandra, when she strongly suggests they fire Calpurnia. One writer notes that Scout, \"in Austenian fashion\", satirizes women with whom she does not wish to identify. Literary critic Jean Blackall lists the priorities shared by the two authors: \"affirmation of order in society, obedience, courtesy, and respect for the individual without regard for status\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who does the cooking at the Finch's house?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Calpurnia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",299]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf477faab44d1400b88f14'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is Atticus Finch's sibling?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Aunt Alexandra'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",475]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf477faab44d1400b88f15'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who does Scout Tease and humiliate at their house?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Walter Cunningham'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",253]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf477faab44d1400b88f16'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which author did Lee aspire to be like?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jane Austen'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",74]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d19e43e7d4791d0090207b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Both authors valued what over social standing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'individual worth'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",169]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d19e43e7d4791d0090207c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Scholars argue that Lee's approach to class and race was more complex \"than ascribing racial prejudice primarily to 'poor white trash' ... Lee demonstrates how issues of gender and class intensify prejudice, silence the voices that might challenge the existing order, and greatly complicate many Americans' conception of the causes of racism and segregation.\" Lee's use of the middle-class narrative voice is a literary device that allows an intimacy with the reader, regardless of class or cultural background, and fosters a sense of nostalgia. Sharing Scout and Jem's perspective, the reader is allowed to engage in relationships with the conservative antebellum Mrs. Dubose; the lower-class Ewells, and the Cunninghams who are equally poor but behave in vastly different ways; the wealthy but ostracized Mr. Dolphus Raymond; and Calpurnia and other members of the black community. The children internalize Atticus' admonition not to judge someone until they have walked around in that person's skin, gaining a greater understanding of people's motives and behavior.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Are the Ewell's considered rich or poor?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'poor'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",118]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf48feaab44d1400b88f36'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What two factors did Lee demonstrate intensified prejudice?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'gender and class'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",171]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1a128e7d4791d0090207f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The children's non-judgmental attitude gave them a greater understanding of what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'people's motives and behavior'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1039]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1a128e7d4791d00902081'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The novel has been noted for its poignant exploration of different forms of courage. Scout's impulsive inclination to fight students who insult Atticus reflects her attempt to stand up for him and defend him. Atticus is the moral center of the novel, however, and he teaches Jem one of the most significant lessons of courage. In a statement that foreshadows Atticus' motivation for defending Tom Robinson and describes Mrs. Dubose, who is determined to break herself of a morphine addiction, Atticus tells Jem that courage is \"when you're licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Mrs. Dubose suffers from an addiction to what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'morphine'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",474]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf4943aab44d1400b88f42'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is the moral center of the novel?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Atticus'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",145]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1a35fe7d4791d00902085'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The novel explores various forms of what trait?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'courage'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",77]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1a35fe7d4791d00902086'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Charles Shields, who has written the only book-length biography of Harper Lee to date, offers the reason for the novel's enduring popularity and impact is that \"its lessons of human dignity and respect for others remain fundamental and universal\". Atticus' lesson to Scout that \"you never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view—until you climb around in his skin and walk around in it\" exemplifies his compassion. She ponders the comment when listening to Mayella Ewell's testimony. When Mayella reacts with confusion to Atticus' question if she has any friends, Scout offers that she must be lonelier than Boo Radley. Having walked Boo home after he saves their lives, Scout stands on the Radley porch and considers the events of the previous three years from Boo's perspective. One writer remarks, \"... [w]hile the novel concerns tragedy and injustice, heartache and loss, it also carries with it a strong sense [of] courage, compassion, and an awareness of history to be better human beings.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who has written the only biography of Harper Lee?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Charles Shields'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf4ad1aab44d1400b88f64'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who wrote the only book length- biography of Harper Lee?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Charles Shields'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2021be7d4791d009025e2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'According to Shields, which of the books lessons are fundamental and universal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'human dignity and respect for others'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",177]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2021be7d4791d009025e3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who does Scout think could be lonelier than Boo Radley?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mayella Ewell'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",494]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2021be7d4791d009025e4'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Just as Lee explores Jem's development in coming to grips with a racist and unjust society, Scout realizes what being female means, and several female characters influence her development. Scout's primary identification with her father and older brother allows her to describe the variety and depth of female characters in the novel both as one of them and as an outsider. Scout's primary female models are Calpurnia and her neighbor Miss Maudie, both of whom are strong willed, independent, and protective. Mayella Ewell also has an influence; Scout watches her destroy an innocent man in order to hide her desire for him. The female characters who comment the most on Scout's lack of willingness to adhere to a more feminine role are also those who promote the most racist and classist points of view. For example, Mrs. Dubose chastises Scout for not wearing a dress and camisole, and indicates she is ruining the family name by not doing so, in addition to insulting Atticus' intentions to defend Tom Robinson. By balancing the masculine influences of Atticus and Jem with the feminine influences of Calpurnia and Miss Maudie, one scholar writes, \"Lee gradually demonstrates that Scout is becoming a feminist in the South, for with the use of first-person narration, she indicates that Scout\/ Jean Louise still maintains the ambivalence about being a Southern lady she possessed as a child.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who are the main female role models for Scout during the story?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Calpurnia and Miss Maudie'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1104]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf4b12aab44d1400b88f68'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who are Scout's two primary female models?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Calpurnia and Miss Maudie'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1104]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d20469e7d4791d009025fc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who chastis Scout for the way she dresse and accuses her of ruining her family name?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mrs. Dubose'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",818]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d20469e7d4791d009025fd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Tomboy Scout grows up tto become what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'feminist'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1204]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d20469e7d4791d009025fe'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Absent mothers and abusive fathers are another theme in the novel. Scout and Jem's mother died before Scout could remember her, Mayella's mother is dead, and Mrs. Radley is silent about Boo's confinement to the house. Apart from Atticus, the fathers described are abusers. Bob Ewell, it is hinted, molested his daughter, and Mr. Radley imprisons his son in his house until Boo is remembered only as a phantom. Bob Ewell and Mr. Radley represent a form of masculinity that Atticus does not, and the novel suggests that such men as well as the traditionally feminine hypocrites at the Missionary Society can lead society astray. Atticus stands apart as a unique model of masculinity; as one scholar explains: \"It is the job of real men who embody the traditional masculine qualities of heroic individualism, bravery, and an unshrinking knowledge of and dedication to social justice and morality, to set the society straight.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In the book, which character was expected of molesting their child?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Bob Ewell'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",274]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf4b72aab44d1400b88f75'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the only non-abusive father mentioned?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Atticus'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",230]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2581659d6e41400145edc'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Allusions to legal issues in To Kill a Mockingbird, particularly in scenes outside of the courtroom, has drawn the attention from legal scholars. Claudia Durst Johnson writes that \"a greater volume of critical readings has been amassed by two legal scholars in law journals than by all the literary scholars in literary journals\". The opening quote by the 19th-century essayist Charles Lamb reads: \"Lawyers, I suppose, were children once.\" Johnson notes that even in Scout and Jem's childhood world, compromises and treaties are struck with each other by spitting on one's palm and laws are discussed by Atticus and his children: is it right that Bob Ewell hunts and traps out of season? Many social codes are broken by people in symbolic courtrooms: Mr. Dolphus Raymond has been exiled by society for taking a black woman as his common-law wife and having interracial children; Mayella Ewell is beaten by her father in punishment for kissing Tom Robinson; by being turned into a non-person, Boo Radley receives a punishment far greater than any court could have given him. Scout repeatedly breaks codes and laws and reacts to her punishment for them. For example, she refuses to wear frilly clothes, saying that Aunt Alexandra's \"fanatical\" attempts to place her in them made her feel \"a pink cotton penitentiary closing in on [her]\". Johnson states, \"[t]he novel is a study of how Jem and Scout begin to perceive the complexity of social codes and how the configuration of relationships dictated by or set off by those codes fails or nurtures the inhabitants of (their) small worlds.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which character is chastised in the book for marrying a black woman?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Dolphus Raymond'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",756]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf4ba7aab44d1400b88f78'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who does Charles Lamb speculate were once children?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Lawyers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",400]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d25ca259d6e41400145ef0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is another name for Scout's pink cotton penitentiary?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'frilly clothes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1186]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d25ca259d6e41400145ef2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Songbirds and their associated symbolism appear throughout the novel. The family's last name of Finch also shares Lee's mother's maiden name. The titular mockingbird is a key motif of this theme, which first appears when Atticus, having given his children air-rifles for Christmas, allows their Uncle Jack to teach them to shoot. Atticus warns them that, although they can \"shoot all the bluejays they want\", they must remember that \"it's a sin to kill a mockingbird\". Confused, Scout approaches her neighbor Miss Maudie, who explains that mockingbirds never harm other living creatures. She points out that mockingbirds simply provide pleasure with their songs, saying, \"They don't do one thing but sing their hearts out for us.\" Writer Edwin Bruell summarized the symbolism when he wrote in 1964, \"'To kill a mockingbird' is to kill that which is innocent and harmless—like Tom Robinson.\" Scholars have noted that Lee often returns to the mockingbird theme when trying to make a moral point.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which animal serves as a symbol throughout the book?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Songbirds'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf4ccdaab44d1400b88f7a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Harper Lee's mother's maiden name was what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Finch'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",97]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf4ccdaab44d1400b88f7b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which bird does Atticus Finch say is a \"sin to kill?\"'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'mockingbird'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",155]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf4ccdaab44d1400b88f7c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'According to Atticus, which bird is it a sin to shoot?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'mockingbird'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",155]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d25eb659d6e41400145f06'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'According to Miss Maudie, which bird is never harmful?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'mockingbird'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",155]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d25eb659d6e41400145f07'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Symbolically, killing a mockingbird is killing what according to Edwin Bruell?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'that which is innocent and harmless'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",836]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d25eb659d6e41400145f08'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Despite her editors' warnings that the book might not sell well, it quickly became a sensation, bringing acclaim to Lee in literary circles, in her hometown of Monroeville, and throughout Alabama. The book went through numerous subsequent printings and became widely available through its inclusion in the Book of the Month Club and editions released by Reader's Digest Condensed Books.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Reader's Digest included To Kill a Mockingbird in what program of theirs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Book of the Month Club'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",307]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf4debaab44d1400b88f8c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The book's availablity increased through inclusion in what book service?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Book of the Month Club'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",307]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2675b59d6e41400145f76'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'One year after its publication To Kill a Mockingbird had been translated into ten languages. In the years since, it has sold more than 30 million copies and been translated into more than 40 languages. The novel has never been out of print in hardcover or paperback, and has become part of the standard literature curriculum. A 2008 survey of secondary books read by students between grades 9–12 in the U.S. indicates the novel is the most widely read book in these grades. A 1991 survey by the Book of the Month Club and the Library of Congress Center for the Book found that To Kill a Mockingbird was rated behind only the Bible in books that are \"most often cited as making a difference\".[note 1] It is considered by some to be the Great American Novel.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'After one year when To Kill a Mockingbird first came out, how many languages has it been printed in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ten'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",79]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf52eeaab44d1400b88fd2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Up til today, how many languages has To Kill a Mockingbird been printed in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'40'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",189]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf52eeaab44d1400b88fd3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many copies has To Kill a Mockingbird sold since it first came out?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'30 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",136]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf52eeaab44d1400b88fd4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many copies of the book have been sold?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'more than 30 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",126]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3965159d6e414001467c9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many languages has the book been translated into?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'more than 40'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",179]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3965159d6e414001467ca'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Many writers compare their perceptions of To Kill a Mockingbird as adults with when they first read it as children. Mary McDonagh Murphy interviewed celebrities including Oprah Winfrey, Rosanne Cash, Tom Brokaw, and Harper's sister Alice Lee, who read the novel and compiled their impressions of it as children and adults into a book titled Scout, Atticus, and Boo.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Public figure's impressions of the novel were formed into a book called what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Scout, Atticus, and Boo'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",342]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf5398aab44d1400b88fe2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was Harper Lee's sister?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Alice Lee'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",233]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf5398aab44d1400b88fe3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What book compiled Adults'  impressions and their impressions as children about the novel?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Scout, Atticus, and Boo'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",342]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3996b59d6e414001467eb'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'One of the most significant impacts To Kill a Mockingbird has had is Atticus Finch's model of integrity for the legal profession. As scholar Alice Petry explains, \"Atticus has become something of a folk hero in legal circles and is treated almost as if he were an actual person.\" Morris Dees of the Southern Poverty Law Center cites Atticus Finch as the reason he became a lawyer, and Richard Matsch, the federal judge who presided over the Timothy McVeigh trial, counts Atticus as a major judicial influence. One law professor at the University of Notre Dame stated that the most influential textbook he taught from was To Kill a Mockingbird, and an article in the Michigan Law Review claims, \"No real-life lawyer has done more for the self-image or public perception of the legal profession,\" before questioning whether, \"Atticus Finch is a paragon of honor or an especially slick hired gun\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Atticus Finch's integrity has become a model for which job?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'lawyer'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",374]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf542daab44d1400b88fec'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Atticus Finch is a model of what for legal professionals?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'integrity'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",95]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d39a7759d6e414001467fb'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1992, an Alabama editorial called for the death of Atticus, saying that as liberal as Atticus was, he still worked within a system of institutionalized racism and sexism and should not be revered. The editorial sparked a flurry of responses from attorneys who entered the profession because of him and esteemed him as a hero. Critics of Atticus maintain he is morally ambiguous and does not use his legal skills to challenge the racist status quo in Maycomb. However, in 1997, the Alabama State Bar erected a monument to Atticus in Monroeville, marking his existence as the \"first commemorative milestone in the state's judicial history\". In 2008, Lee herself received an honorary special membership to the Alabama State Bar for creating Atticus who \"has become the personification of the exemplary lawyer in serving the legal needs of the poor\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year was a statue of Atticus build in Alabama?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1997'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",475]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf5472aab44d1400b88ff8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Harper Lee was given a membership to what in 2008?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Alabama State Bar'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",485]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf5472aab44d1400b88ff9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the Alabama State Bar bestow on Lee in 2008?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'honorary special membership'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",676]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d39b8159d6e41400146804'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'To Kill a Mockingbird has been a source of significant controversy since its being the subject of classroom study as early as 1963. The book's racial slurs, profanity, and frank discussion of rape have led people to challenge its appropriateness in libraries and classrooms across the United States. The American Library Association reported that To Kill a Mockingbird was number 21 of the 100 most frequently challenged books of 2000–2009.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'To Kill a Mockingbird was first studied in American schools in what year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1963'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",127]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf54baaab44d1400b89010'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The American Library Associated ranked To Kill a Mockingbird where on its most frequently challenged books of 2000-2009?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'21'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",381]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf54baaab44d1400b89011'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did the book become a subject of classroom study?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1963'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",127]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d39d2359d6e41400146821'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'According to The American Library Association, what rank did the book have among the most frequently challenged books from 2000 to 2009?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'21'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",381]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d39d2359d6e41400146822'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'One of the first incidents of the book being challenged was in Hanover, Virginia, in 1966: a parent protested that the use of rape as a plot device was immoral. Johnson cites examples of letters to local newspapers, which ranged from amusement to fury; those letters expressing the most outrage, however, complained about Mayella Ewell's attraction to Tom Robinson over the depictions of rape. Upon learning the school administrators were holding hearings to decide the book's appropriateness for the classroom, Harper Lee sent $10 to The Richmond News Leader suggesting it to be used toward the enrollment of \"the Hanover County School Board in any first grade of its choice\". The National Education Association in 1968 placed the novel second on a list of books receiving the most complaints from private organizations—after Little Black Sambo.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the first major controversy that surfaced from the book?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1966'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",86]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf550faab44d1400b8901e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What event in the novel was heavily criticized for being a plot device?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'rape'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",127]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf550faab44d1400b8901f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In letters to local newspapers, what subplot in the book received the most complaints?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mayella Ewell's attraction to Tom Robinson'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",323]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3a1c459d6e4140014683d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'According to the National Education Association, what was the only book to receive more complaints in 1968?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Little Black Sambo'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",828]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3a1c459d6e4140014683e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The novel is cited as a factor in the success of the civil rights movement in the 1960s, however, in that it \"arrived at the right moment to help the South and the nation grapple with the racial tensions (of) the accelerating civil rights movement\". Its publication is so closely associated with the Civil Rights Movement that many studies of the book and biographies of Harper Lee include descriptions of important moments in the movement, despite the fact that she had no direct involvement in any of them. Civil Rights leader Andrew Young comments that part of the book's effectiveness is that it \"inspires hope in the midst of chaos and confusion\" and by using racial epithets portrays the reality of the times in which it was set. Young views the novel as \"an act of humanity\" in showing the possibility of people rising above their prejudices. Alabama author Mark Childress compares it to the impact of Uncle Tom's Cabin, a book that is popularly implicated in starting the U.S. Civil War. Childress states the novel \"gives white Southerners a way to understand the racism that they've been brought up with and to find another way. And most white people in the South were good people. Most white people in the South were not throwing bombs and causing havoc ... I think the book really helped them come to understand what was wrong with the system in the way that any number of treatises could never do, because it was popular art, because it was told from a child's point of view.\" '"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What movement in the '60s did the novel help spark?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'civil rights movement'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",54]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf55e2aab44d1400b89038'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which book was credited with sparking the US Civil War?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Uncle Tom's Cabin'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",910]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf55e2aab44d1400b89039'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What other book did Mark Childress compare it to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Uncle Tom's Cabin'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",910]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3df022ccc5a1400d82f02'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Lee's childhood friend, author Truman Capote, wrote on the dust jacket of the first edition, \"Someone rare has written this very fine first novel: a writer with the liveliest sense of life, and the warmest, most authentic sense of humor. A touching book; and so funny, so likeable.\" This comment has been construed to suggest that Capote wrote the book or edited it heavily. In 2003, a Tuscaloosa newspaper quoted Capote's biological father, Archulus Persons, as claiming that Capote had written \"almost all\" of the book. In 2006, a Capote letter was donated to Monroeville's literary heritage museum; in a letter to a neighbor in Monroeville in 1959, Capote mentioned that Lee was writing a book that was to be published soon. Extensive notes between Lee and her editor at Lippincott also refute the rumor of Capote's authorship. Lee's older sister, Alice, responded to the rumor, saying: \"That's the biggest lie ever told.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was Truman Capote's father?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Archulus Persons'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",443]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf5655aab44d1400b8903c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was speculated to have wrote the book instead of Harper Lee?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Truman Capote'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",32]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf5655aab44d1400b8903d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of Harper Lee's sister?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Alice'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",852]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf5655aab44d1400b8903e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was rumored to have written the book instead of Lee?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Truman Capote'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",32]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3e2ac2ccc5a1400d82f13'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Lee's notes to whom help disclaim this rumor?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'her editor'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",761]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3e2ac2ccc5a1400d82f14'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'During the years immediately following the novel's publication, Harper Lee enjoyed the attention its popularity garnered her, granting interviews, visiting schools, and attending events honoring the book. In 1961, when To Kill a Mockingbird was in its 41st week on the bestseller list, it was awarded the Pulitzer Prize, stunning Lee. It also won the Brotherhood Award of the National Conference of Christians and Jews in the same year, and the Paperback of the Year award from Bestsellers magazine in 1962. Starting in 1964, Lee began to turn down interviews, complaining that the questions were monotonous, and grew concerned that attention she received bordered on the kind of publicity celebrities sought. Since the, she declined talking with reporters about the book. She also steadfastly refused to provide an introduction, writing in 1995: \"Introductions inhibit pleasure, they kill the joy of anticipation, they frustrate curiosity. The only good thing about Introductions is that in some cases they delay the dose to come. Mockingbird still says what it has to say; it has managed to survive the years without preamble.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which year did To Kill a Mockingbird win the Pulitzer Prize?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1961'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",209]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf572daab44d1400b89071'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many weeks did To Kill a Mockingbird remain on the bestsellers list when it won the Pulitzer Prize?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'41'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",253]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf572daab44d1400b89072'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Paperback of the Year award from Bestsellers magazine was awarded when?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1962'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",503]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf572daab44d1400b89073'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Harper Lee begin refusing interviews and questions about the book?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1964'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",521]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf572daab44d1400b89074'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What major award did the book receive in 1961?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Pulitzer Prize'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",302]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3e4762ccc5a1400d82f21'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did Lee stop giving interviews about the book?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1964'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",521]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3e4762ccc5a1400d82f22'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 2001, Lee was inducted into the Alabama Academy of Honor. In the same year, Chicago mayor Richard M. Daley initiated a reading program throughout the city's libraries, and chose his favorite book, To Kill a Mockingbird, as the first title of the One City, One Book program. Lee declared that \"there is no greater honor the novel could receive\". By 2004, the novel had been chosen by 25 communities for variations of the citywide reading program, more than any other novel. David Kipen of the National Endowment of the Arts, who supervised The Big Read, states \"people just seem to connect with it. It dredges up things in their own lives, their interactions across racial lines, legal encounters, and childhood. It's just this skeleton key to so many different parts of people's lives, and they cherish it.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which year was Lee awarded an induction into the Alabama Academy of Honor?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2001'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf586faab44d1400b890a5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In 2004, the novel as been picked by how many communities for citywide reading programs more than any other book?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'25'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",387]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf586faab44d1400b890a6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In 2001, what city's mayor picked To Kill a Mockingbird as their favorite book?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Chicago'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",80]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf586faab44d1400b890a7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which city's mayor initiated a reading program with the book?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Chicago'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",80]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3e5de2ccc5a1400d82f2f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'By 2004, how many communities were using the book as part of their reading programs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'25'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",387]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3e5de2ccc5a1400d82f30'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 2006, Lee was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Notre Dame. During the ceremony, the students and audience gave Lee a standing ovation, and the entire graduating class held up copies of To Kill a Mockingbird to honor her.[note 5] Lee was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom on November 5, 2007 by President George W. Bush. In his remarks, Bush stated, \"One reason To Kill a Mockingbird succeeded is the wise and kind heart of the author, which comes through on every page ... To Kill a Mockingbird has influenced the character of our country for the better. It's been a gift to the entire world. As a model of good writing and humane sensibility, this book will be read and studied forever.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which school granted Lee an honory doctorate in 2006?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'University of Notre Dame'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",57]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf593eaab44d1400b890bf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which president of the US awarded Lee the Presidential Medal of Freedom?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'George W. Bush'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",336]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf593eaab44d1400b890c0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Lee receive a  Presidential Medal of Freedom?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2007'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",318]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf593eaab44d1400b890c1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What university awarded Lee an honorary doctorate in 2006?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Notre Dame'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",71]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3e7442ccc5a1400d82f3d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In 2007, which president awarded Lee the Presidential Medal of Freedom?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'George W. Bush'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",336]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3e7442ccc5a1400d82f3e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The book was made into the well-received 1962 film with the same title, starring Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch. The film's producer, Alan J. Pakula, remembered Universal Pictures executives questioning him about a potential script: \"They said, 'What story do you plan to tell for the film?' I said, 'Have you read the book?' They said, 'Yes.' I said, 'That's the story.'\" The movie was a hit at the box office, quickly grossing more than $20 million from a $2-million budget. It won three Oscars: Best Actor for Gregory Peck, Best Art Direction-Set Decoration, Black-and-White, and Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium for Horton Foote. It was nominated for five more Oscars including Best Actress in a Supporting Role for Mary Badham, the actress who played Scout.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'A movie adaptation of the book was released in what year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1962'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",42]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf59eaaab44d1400b890d1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who played Atticus Finch in the 1962 movie of the same title?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Gregory Peck'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",82]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf59eaaab44d1400b890d2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which actor received An Oscar for his role of Atticus Finch in the 1962 movie of the book?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Gregory Peck'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",82]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3e8402ccc5a1400d82f43'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Harper Lee was pleased with the movie, saying: \"In that film the man and the part met... I've had many, many offers to turn it into musicals, into TV or stage plays, but I've always refused. That film was a work of art.\" Peck met Lee's father, the model for Atticus, before the filming. Lee's father died before the film's release, and Lee was so impressed with Peck's performance that she gave him her father's pocketwatch, which he had with him the evening he was awarded the Oscar for best actor. Years later, he was reluctant to tell Lee that the watch was stolen out of his luggage in London Heathrow Airport. When Peck eventually did tell Lee, he said she responded, \"'Well, it's only a watch.' Harper—she feels deeply, but she's not a sentimental person about things.\" Lee and Peck shared a friendship long after the movie was made. Peck's grandson was named \"Harper\" in her honor.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What item did Lee give the actor Gregory Peck after portraying Atticus Finch?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'father's pocketwatch'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",404]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf5a6aaab44d1400b890e3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which one of Gregory Peck's relatives was named after Harper Lee?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'grandson'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",848]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf5a6aaab44d1400b890e4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What personal effect did Lee give to Peck?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'her father's pocketwatch'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",400]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3e9702ccc5a1400d82f51'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which one of Peck's relatives was named Harper in honor of Lee?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'grandson'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",848]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3e9702ccc5a1400d82f52'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In May 2005, Lee made an uncharacteristic appearance at the Los Angeles Public Library at the request of Peck's widow Veronique, who said of Lee: \"She's like a national treasure. She's someone who has made a difference...with this book. The book is still as strong as it ever was, and so is the film. All the kids in the United States read this book and see the film in the seventh and eighth grades and write papers and essays. My husband used to get thousands and thousands of letters from teachers who would send them to him.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Lee randomly show up at the Los Angeles  Public Library?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'May 2005'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf5ab3aab44d1400b890e9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Peck's widow call Lee?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a national treasure'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",159]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3ead62ccc5a1400d82f55'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The book has also been adapted as a play by Christopher Sergel. It debuted in 1990 in Monroeville, a town that labels itself \"The Literary Capital of Alabama\". The play runs every May on the county courthouse grounds and townspeople make up the cast. White male audience members are chosen at the intermission to make up the jury. During the courtroom scene the production moves into the Monroe County Courthouse and the audience is racially segregated. Author Albert Murray said of the relationship of the town to the novel (and the annual performance): \"It becomes part of the town ritual, like the religious underpinning of Mardi Gras. With the whole town crowded around the actual courthouse, it's part of a central, civic education—what Monroeville aspires to be.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who turned the novel into a play?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Christopher Sergel'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",45]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf5b0eaab44d1400b890f7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the play for To Kill a Mockingbird first performed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1990'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",79]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf5b0eaab44d1400b890f8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What town labeled itself \"The Literary Capital of Alabama\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Monroeville'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",87]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3ec6d2ccc5a1400d82f59'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who makes up the cast of the annual play based on the book performed in Monroeville?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'townspeople'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",222]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3ec6d2ccc5a1400d82f5a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'During the courtroom scene, what happens to the audience?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'racially segregated'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",434]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3ec6d2ccc5a1400d82f5b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Sergel's play toured in the UK starting at West Yorkshire Playhouse in Leeds in 2006, and again in 2011 starting at the York Theatre Royal, both productions featuring Duncan Preston as Atticus Finch. The play also opened the 2013 season at Regent's Park Open Air Theatre in London where it played to full houses and starred Robert Sean Leonard as Atticus Finch, his first London appearance in 22 years. The production is returning to the venue to close the 2014 season, prior to a UK Tour.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What country did Sergel's play tour around in and perform in 2006?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the UK'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",25]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf5b8eaab44d1400b89107'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The play was the opening act for the starting of the 2013 season at which location?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Regent's Park Open Air Theatre'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",241]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf5b8eaab44d1400b89108'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who played Atticus Finch in the UK theater productions of the film in 2006 and 2011?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Duncan Preston'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",168]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3ee6e2ccc5a1400d82f5f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'An earlier draft of To Kill a Mockingbird, titled Go Set a Watchman, was controversially released on July 14, 2015. This draft, which was completed in 1957, is set 20 years after the time period depicted in To Kill a Mockingbird but is not a continuation of the narrative. This earlier version of the story follows an adult Scout Finch who travels from New York to visit her father, Atticus Finch, in Maycomb, Alabama, where she is confronted by the intolerance in her community. The Watchman manuscript was believed to have been lost until Lee's lawyer Tonja Carter discovered it; although this claim has been widely disputed. Watchman contains early versions of many of the characters from To Kill a Mockingbird. According to Lee's agent Andrew Nurnberg, Mockingbird was originally intended to be the first book of a trilogy: \"They discussed publishing Mockingbird first, Watchman last, and a shorter connecting novel between the two.\" This assertion has been discredited however by the rare books expert James S. Jaffe, who reviewed the pages at the request of Lee's attorney and found them to be only another draft of \"To Kill a Mockingbird\". The statement was also contrary to Jonathan Mahler's description of how \"Watchman\" was seen as just the first draft of \"Mockingbird\". Instances where many passages overlap between the two books, in some case word for word, also refutes this assertion.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was Go Set a Watchman introduced to the public?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'July 14, 2015'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",102]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf5c2caab44d1400b8911b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Go Set a Watchman was finished in what year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1957'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",152]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf5c2caab44d1400b8911c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many years after To Kill a Mockingbird is the setting of Go Set A Watchman?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'20'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",111]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf5c2caab44d1400b8911d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was Harper Lee's lawyer?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tonja Carter'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",555]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf5c2caab44d1400b8911e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the earlier draft of the book titled?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Go Set a Watchman'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",51]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3f37f2ccc5a1400d82f83'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year was Watchman completed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1957'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",152]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3f37f2ccc5a1400d82f84'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many years after Mockingbird was Watchman set?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'20'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",111]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3f37f2ccc5a1400d82f85'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The novel is renowned for its warmth and humor, despite dealing with the serious issues of rape and racial inequality. The narrator's father, Atticus Finch, has served as a moral hero for many readers and as a model of integrity for lawyers. One critic explains the novel's impact by writing, \"In the twentieth century, To Kill a Mockingbird is probably the most widely read book dealing with race in America, and its protagonist, Atticus Finch, the most enduring fictional image of racial heroism.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What two serious moral issues are dealt with in the novel?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'rape and racial inequality'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",92]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1085d17492d1400aab7a8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is the protagonist of the novel?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Atticus Finch'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",143]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1085d17492d1400aab7a9'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The strongest element of style noted by critics and reviewers is Lee's talent for narration, which in an early review in Time was called \"tactile brilliance\". Writing a decade later, another scholar noted, \"Harper Lee has a remarkable gift of story-telling. Her art is visual, and with cinematographic fluidity and subtlety we see a scene melting into another scene without jolts of transition.\" Lee combines the narrator's voice of a child observing her surroundings with a grown woman's reflecting on her childhood, using the ambiguity of this voice combined with the narrative technique of flashback to play intricately with perspectives. This narrative method allows Lee to tell a \"delightfully deceptive\" story that mixes the simplicity of childhood observation with adult situations complicated by hidden motivations and unquestioned tradition. However, at times the blending causes reviewers to question Scout's preternatural vocabulary and depth of understanding. Both Harding LeMay and the novelist and literary critic Granville Hicks expressed doubt that children as sheltered as Scout and Jem could understand the complexities and horrors involved in the trial for Tom Robinson's life.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is Lee's strongest style of writing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'narration'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",83]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d133a017492d1400aabc1c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What narrative technique does Lee use to combine the adult's perspective with the child's observations??'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'flashback'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",594]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d133a017492d1400aabc1d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Harper Lee has remained famously detached from interpreting the novel since the mid-1960s. However, she gave some insight into her themes when, in a rare letter to the editor, she wrote in response to the passionate reaction her book caused: \"Surely it is plain to the simplest intelligence that To Kill a Mockingbird spells out in words of seldom more than two syllables a code of honor and conduct, Christian in its ethic, that is the heritage of all Southerners.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'According to Lee, her book simply expressed a Christian code of honor and conduct inherit to whom?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'all Southerners'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",450]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1900ee7d4791d00902065'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'When the book was released, reviewers noted that it was divided into two parts, and opinion was mixed about Lee's ability to connect them. The first part of the novel concerns the children's fascination with Boo Radley and their feelings of safety and comfort in the neighborhood. Reviewers were generally charmed by Scout and Jem's observations of their quirky neighbors. One writer was so impressed by Lee's detailed explanations of the people of Maycomb that he categorized the book as Southern romantic regionalism. This sentimentalism can be seen in Lee's representation of the Southern caste system to explain almost every character's behavior in the novel. Scout's Aunt Alexandra attributes Maycomb's inhabitants' faults and advantages to genealogy (families that have gambling streaks and drinking streaks), and the narrator sets the action and characters amid a finely detailed background of the Finch family history and the history of Maycomb. This regionalist theme is further reflected in Mayella Ewell's apparent powerlessness to admit her advances toward Tom Robinson, and Scout's definition of \"fine folks\" being people with good sense who do the best they can with what they have. The South itself, with its traditions and taboos, seems to drive the plot more than the characters.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Besides the children's fascination with Boo, the first part of the book was concerned about their feelings for what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the neighborhood'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",264]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d196b2e7d4791d00902067'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Lee's detailed explanations of the characters' behaviors caused one writer to catagorize the book as what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Southern romantic regionalism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",490]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d196b2e7d4791d00902068'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Scout defined people doing the best they could with what they had as who?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'fine folks'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1111]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d196b2e7d4791d00902069'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What drives the plot of the book more than the characters?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The South itself'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1198]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d196b2e7d4791d0090206a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Tom Robinson is the chief example among several innocents destroyed carelessly or deliberately throughout the novel. However, scholar Christopher Metress connects the mockingbird to Boo Radley: \"Instead of wanting to exploit Boo for her own fun (as she does in the beginning of the novel by putting on gothic plays about his history), Scout comes to see him as a 'mockingbird'—that is, as someone with an inner goodness that must be cherished.\" The last pages of the book illustrate this as Scout relates the moral of a story Atticus has been reading to her, and in allusions to both Boo Radley and Tom Robinson states about a character who was misunderstood, \"when they finally saw him, why he hadn't done any of those things ... 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A. Dave claims that because every character has to face, or even suffer defeat, the book takes on elements of a classical tragedy. In exploring how each character deals with his or her own personal defeat, Lee builds a framework to judge whether the characters are heroes or fools. She guides the reader in such judgments, alternating between unabashed adoration and biting irony. Scout's experience with the Missionary Society is an ironic juxtaposition of women who mock her, gossip, and \"reflect a smug, colonialist attitude toward other races\" while giving the \"appearance of gentility, piety, and morality\". Conversely, when Atticus loses Tom's case, he is last to leave the courtroom, except for his children and the black spectators in the colored balcony, who rise silently as he walks underneath them, to honor his efforts.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Reviewer R. A. Dave classified the novel how?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'classical tragedy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",184]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2639159d6e41400145f48'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Initial reactions to the novel were varied. The New Yorker declared it \"skilled, unpretentious, and totally ingenious\", and The Atlantic Monthly's reviewer rated it as \"pleasant, undemanding reading\", but found the narrative voice—\"a six-year-old girl with the prose style of a well-educated adult\"—to be implausible. Time magazine's 1960 review of the book states that it \"teaches the reader an astonishing number of useful truths about little girls and about Southern life\" and calls Scout Finch \"the most appealing child since Carson McCullers' Frankie got left behind at the wedding\". The Chicago Sunday Tribune noted the even-handed approach to the narration of the novel's events, writing: \"This is in no way a sociological novel. It underlines no cause ... To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel of strong contemporary national significance.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What newspaper wrote that the novel has strong contemporary national significance?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Chicago Sunday Tribune'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",590]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3949f59d6e414001467b8'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Not all reviewers were enthusiastic. Some lamented the use of poor white Southerners, and one-dimensional black victims, and Granville Hicks labeled the book \"melodramatic and contrived\". When the book was first released, Southern writer Flannery O'Connor commented, \"I think for a child's book it does all right. It's interesting that all the folks that are buying it don't know they're reading a child's book. Somebody ought to say what it is.\" Carson McCullers apparently agreed with the Time magazine review, writing to a cousin: \"Well, honey, one thing we know is that she's been poaching on my literary preserves.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which reviewer called the book melodramatic and contrived?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Granville Hicks'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",126]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3958659d6e414001467c5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which Southern writer deemed it a child's book?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Flannery O'Connor'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",239]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3958659d6e414001467c6'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The 50th anniversary of the novel's release was met with celebrations and reflections on its impact. Eric Zorn of the Chicago Tribune praises Lee's \"rich use of language\" but writes that the central lesson is that \"courage isn't always flashy, isn't always enough, but is always in style\". Jane Sullivan in the Sydney Morning Herald agrees, stating that the book \"still rouses fresh and horrified indignation\" as it examines morality, a topic that has recently become unfashionable. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie writing in The Guardian states that Lee, rare among American novelists, writes with \"a fiercely progressive ink, in which there is nothing inevitable about racism and its very foundation is open to question\", comparing her to William Faulkner, who wrote about racism as an inevitability. Literary critic Rosemary Goring in Scotland's The Herald notes the connections between Lee and Jane Austen, stating the book's central theme, that \"one’s moral convictions are worth fighting for, even at the risk of being reviled\" is eloquently discussed.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie vompared Lee to whom?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'William Faulkner'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",735]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3977059d6e414001467d5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Rosemary  Goring connected Lee to whom?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jane Austen'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",892]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3977059d6e414001467d6'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Native Alabamian Allen Barra sharply criticized Lee and the novel in The Wall Street Journal calling Atticus a \"repository of cracker-barrel epigrams\" and the novel represents a \"sugar-coated myth\" of Alabama history. Barra writes, \"It's time to stop pretending that To Kill a Mockingbird is some kind of timeless classic that ranks with the great works of American literature. Its bloodless liberal humanism is sadly dated\". Thomas Mallon in The New Yorker criticizes Atticus' stiff and self-righteous demeanor, and calls Scout \"a kind of highly constructed doll\" whose speech and actions are improbable. Although acknowledging that the novel works, Mallon blasts Lee's \"wildly unstable\" narrative voice for developing a story about a content neighborhood until it begins to impart morals in the courtroom drama, following with his observation that \"the book has begun to cherish its own goodness\" by the time the case is over.[note 2] Defending the book, Akin Ajayi writes that justice \"is often complicated, but must always be founded upon the notion of equality and fairness for all.\" Ajayi states that the book forces readers to question issues about race, class, and society, but that it was not written to resolve them.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who criticized Lee in The Wall Street Journal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Allen Barra'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",18]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3988759d6e414001467e1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who wrote that the book forces readers to question issues without resolving them?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Akin Ajayi'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",958]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3988759d6e414001467e2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Furthermore, despite the novel's thematic focus on racial injustice, its black characters are not fully examined. In its use of racial epithets, stereotyped depictions of superstitious blacks, and Calpurnia, who to some critics is an updated version of the \"contented slave\" motif and to others simply unexplored, the book is viewed as marginalizing black characters. One writer asserts that the use of Scout's narration serves as a convenient mechanism for readers to be innocent and detached from the racial conflict. Scout's voice \"functions as the not-me which allows the rest of us—black and white, male and female—to find our relative position in society\". A teaching guide for the novel published by The English Journal cautions, \"what seems wonderful or powerful to one group of students may seem degrading to another\". A Canadian language arts consultant found that the novel resonated well with white students, but that black students found it \"demoralizing\". Another criticism, articulated by Michael Lind, is that the novel indulges in classist stereotyping and demonization of poor rural \"white trash\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which character has some critics deemed a variation of a contented slave?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Calpurnia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",198]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3d0c42ccc5a1400d82eac'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'According to one consultant, which group found the book demoralizing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'black students'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",931]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3d0c42ccc5a1400d82ead'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Michael Lund criticized the novel for demonizing whom?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'poor rural \"white trash\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1091]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3d0c42ccc5a1400d82eae'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Diane McWhorter, Pulitzer Prize-winning historian of the Birmingham civil rights campaign, asserts that To Kill a Mockingbird condemns racism instead of racists, and states that every child in the South has moments of racial cognitive dissonance when they are faced with the harsh reality of inequality. This feeling causes them to question the beliefs with which they have been raised, which for many children is what the novel does. McWhorter writes of Lee, \"for a white person from the South to write a book like this in the late 1950s is really unusual—by its very existence an act of protest.\"[note 4] Author James McBride calls Lee brilliant but stops short of calling her brave: \"I think by calling Harper Lee brave you kind of absolve yourself of your own racism ... She certainly set the standards in terms of how these issues need to be discussed, but in many ways I feel ... the moral bar's been lowered. And that's really distressing. We need a thousand Atticus Finches.\" McBride, however, defends the book's sentimentality, and the way Lee approaches the story with \"honesty and integrity\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'According to Diane McWhorter, every child in the South had to face what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the harsh reality of inequality'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",272]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3e0852ccc5a1400d82f0f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'McWhorter wrote that the existance of the book was what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'an act of protest'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",580]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3e0852ccc5a1400d82f10'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'According to a National Geographic article, the novel is so revered in Monroeville that people quote lines from it like Scripture; yet Harper Lee herself refused to attend any performances, because \"she abhors anything that trades on the book's fame\". To underscore this sentiment, Lee demanded that a book of recipes named Calpurnia's Cookbook not be published and sold out of the Monroe County Heritage Museum. David Lister in The Independent states that Lee's refusal to speak to reporters made them desire to interview her all the more, and her silence \"makes Bob Dylan look like a media tart\". Despite her discouragement, a rising number of tourists made to Monroeville a destination, hoping to see Lee's inspiration for the book, or Lee herself. Local residents call them \"Mockingbird groupies\", and although Lee was not reclusive, she refused publicity and interviews with an emphatic \"Hell, no!\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How do the citizens of Monroeville quote lines of the book?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'like Scripture'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",116]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3f1872ccc5a1400d82f75'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do the Monroeville townspeople call tourists to their town?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mockingbird groupies'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",780]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3f1872ccc5a1400d82f77'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'To Kill a Mockingbird'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where does solar energy come from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Sun'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",45]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce55feaab44d1400b886ce'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of energy consists of the light and heat provided by the Sun?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Solar energy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce55feaab44d1400b886cf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What technologies are used to harness solar energy from the sun?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",115]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce9034aab44d1400b8888f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is solar energy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'radiant light and heat from the Sun'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",17]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce9034aab44d1400b88890'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Earth receives 174,000 terawatts (TW) of incoming solar radiation (insolation) at the upper atmosphere. Approximately 30% is reflected back to space while the rest is absorbed by clouds, oceans and land masses. The spectrum of solar light at the Earth's surface is mostly spread across the visible and near-infrared ranges with a small part in the near-ultraviolet. Most people around the world live in areas with insolation levels of 150 to 300 watts per square meter or 3.5 to 7.0 kWh\/m2 per day.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many terawatts of solar radiation does the Earth receive?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'174,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",20]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce59c8aab44d1400b886dc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percentage of solar radiation is reflected back by the atmosphere?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'30%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",123]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce59c8aab44d1400b886dd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The areas that people live in typically receive what range of kWh\/m2 per day?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'3.5 to 7.0'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",477]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce59c8aab44d1400b886de'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many terrawatts of radiation does the earth receive?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'174,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",20]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfb6bb234ae51400d9becf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much of the solar radiation is reflected back into space?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Approximately 30%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",109]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfb6bb234ae51400d9bed0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the insolation levels of most populated areas?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'150 to 300 watts per square meter or 3.5 to 7.0 kWh\/m2 per day'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",440]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfb6bb234ae51400d9bed1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where is the solar radiation not reflected back to space absorbed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'clouds, oceans and land masses'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",184]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfb6bb234ae51400d9bed2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Solar radiation is absorbed by the Earth's land surface, oceans – which cover about 71% of the globe – and atmosphere. Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises, causing atmospheric circulation or convection. When the air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds, which rain onto the Earth's surface, completing the water cycle. The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection, producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones. Sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 °C. By photosynthesis green plants convert solar energy into chemically stored energy, which produces food, wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Earth's oceans cover what percentage of the globe?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'71'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",85]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce5a8faab44d1400b886e2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the average temperature of the Earth's surface in Celsius?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'14'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",624]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce5a8faab44d1400b886e3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the process by which green plants convert solar energy to stored energy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'photosynthesis'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",634]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce5a8faab44d1400b886e4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much of the earth is covered by oceans?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'about 71%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",79]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfb8ea234ae51400d9bef5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the cause of atmospheric circulation?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",120]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfb8ea234ae51400d9bef6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How does the water vapor that rises in warm air turn into clouds?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'When the air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",227]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfb8ea234ae51400d9bef7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What creates wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",395]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfb8ea234ae51400d9bef8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the process in which plants convert solar energy into stored energy called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'photosynthesis'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",634]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfb8ea234ae51400d9bef9'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year. In 2002, this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year. Photosynthesis captures approximately 3,000 EJ per year in biomass. The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the Earth's non-renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined,'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Each year the Earth absorbs how much solar energy in exajoules?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'3,850,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",96]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce5b66aab44d1400b886e8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In 2002, the Sun provided more energy in one hour than humans used in what span of time?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'one year'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",196]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce5b66aab44d1400b886e9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much energy in exajoules does photosynthesis capture each year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'3,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",244]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce5b66aab44d1400b886ea'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Twice the amount of energy obtainable by all the non-renewable sources  on Earth can be provided by the Sun in what span of time?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'one year'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",196]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce5b66aab44d1400b886eb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the amount of solar energy absorbed by the earth?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",82]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfb9bf234ae51400d9bf07'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much solar energy is captured by photosynthesis?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'approximately 3,000 EJ per year'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",230]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfb9bf234ae51400d9bf08'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The amount of solar energy per year is twice as much as the energy that will ever be produced from what resources?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",466]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfb9bf234ae51400d9bf09'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive or active depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight and enable solar energy to be harnessed at different levels around the world, mostly depending on distance from the equator. Although solar energy refers primarily to the use of solar radiation for practical ends, all renewable energies, other than geothermal and tidal, derive their energy from the Sun in a direct or indirect way.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where do the majority of renewable energies derive their energy from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Sun'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",437]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce5ce6aab44d1400b886f5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How are solar technologies defined?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'passive or active'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",56]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfc773234ae51400d9bf53'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is one way that characterizes solar technologies as passive or active?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",74]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfc773234ae51400d9bf54'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which renewable energies do not acquire their energy from the sun?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'geothermal and tidal'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",390]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfc773234ae51400d9bf55'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How do renewable energies acquire energy from the sun?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'direct or indirect'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",450]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfc773234ae51400d9bf56'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Active solar techniques use photovoltaics, concentrated solar power, solar thermal collectors, pumps, and fans to convert sunlight into useful outputs. Passive solar techniques include selecting materials with favorable thermal properties, designing spaces that naturally circulate air, and referencing the position of a building to the Sun. Active solar technologies increase the supply of energy and are considered supply side technologies, while passive solar technologies reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally considered demand side technologies.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Are supply side solar technologies generally active or passive?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Active'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce5d70aab44d1400b886f7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Are demand side solar technologies generally active or passive?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Passive'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",153]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce5d70aab44d1400b886f8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is an active solar technique used to generate energy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'solar thermal collectors'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",70]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfdf65234ae51400d9bfcd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is an active solar technique used to generate energy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'designing spaces that naturally circulate air'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",241]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfdf65234ae51400d9bfce'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does an active solar technique do?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'increase the supply of energy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",369]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfdf65234ae51400d9bfcf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does a passive solar technique do?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'reduce the need for alternate resources'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",477]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfdf65234ae51400d9bfd0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1897, Frank Shuman, a U.S. inventor, engineer and solar energy pioneer built a small demonstration solar engine that worked by reflecting solar energy onto square boxes filled with ether, which has a lower boiling point than water, and were fitted internally with black pipes which in turn powered a steam engine. In 1908 Shuman formed the Sun Power Company with the intent of building larger solar power plants. He, along with his technical advisor A.S.E. Ackermann and British physicist Sir Charles Vernon Boys, developed an improved system using mirrors to reflect solar energy upon collector boxes, increasing heating capacity to the extent that water could now be used instead of ether. Shuman then constructed a full-scale steam engine powered by low-pressure water, enabling him to patent the entire solar engine system by 1912.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the inventor who built a solar engine in 1897?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Frank Shuman'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",10]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce5df9aab44d1400b886fd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was the Sun Power Company formed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1908'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",321]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce5df9aab44d1400b886fe'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Shuman patented his solar engine system in what year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1912'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",834]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce5df9aab44d1400b886ff'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is Frank Shuman?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a U.S. inventor, engineer and solar energy pioneer'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",24]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfe67b234ae51400d9c031'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did solar engine build his solar engine?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1897'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfe67b234ae51400d9c032'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the solar engine used to power?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'steam engine'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",304]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfe67b234ae51400d9c033'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was the Sun Power Company established?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1908'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",321]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfe67b234ae51400d9c034'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did Frank Shuman patent his solar engine?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1912'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",834]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfe67b234ae51400d9c035'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Shuman built the world’s first solar thermal power station in Maadi, Egypt, between 1912 and 1913. Shuman’s plant used parabolic troughs to power a 45–52 kilowatts (60–70 hp) engine that pumped more than 22,000 litres (4,800 imp gal; 5,800 US gal) of water per minute from the Nile River to adjacent cotton fields. Although the outbreak of World War I and the discovery of cheap oil in the 1930s discouraged the advancement of solar energy, Shuman’s vision and basic design were resurrected in the 1970s with a new wave of interest in solar thermal energy. In 1916 Shuman was quoted in the media advocating solar energy's utilization, saying:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did Shuman build the world's first solar thermal power station?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Maadi, Egypt'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",63]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce5e5baab44d1400b88703'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many liters of water per minute did Shuman's engine pump in litres?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'22,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",205]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce5e5baab44d1400b88704'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what decade were Shuman's ideas about solar energy revived?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the 1970s'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",495]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce5e5baab44d1400b88705'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the first solar thermal power plant built?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Maadi, Egypt'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",63]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfe88d234ae51400d9c073'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was used to power the plants engine?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'parabolic troughs'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",120]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfe88d234ae51400d9c074'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'From what river did the engine pump water?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Nile River'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",278]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfe88d234ae51400d9c075'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What slowed down the growth of solar energy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the outbreak of World War I and the discovery of cheap oil'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",325]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfe88d234ae51400d9c076'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the interest in solar energy restored?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the 1970s'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",495]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfe88d234ae51400d9c077'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Solar hot water systems use sunlight to heat water. In low geographical latitudes (below 40 degrees) from 60 to 70% of the domestic hot water use with temperatures up to 60 °C can be provided by solar heating systems. The most common types of solar water heaters are evacuated tube collectors (44%) and glazed flat plate collectors (34%) generally used for domestic hot water; and unglazed plastic collectors (21%) used mainly to heat swimming pools.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'According to Shuman, up to what percentage of domestic hot water can be  provided by solar heating systems?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'70'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",113]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce5e92aab44d1400b88709'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do Solar hot water systems use to heat water?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'sunlight'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",29]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfe96c234ae51400d9c091'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much hot water can be produced by solar heating systems in low geographical latitudes?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'60 to 70% of the domestic hot water'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",107]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfe96c234ae51400d9c092'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a common type of solar water heater?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'evacuated tube collectors'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",268]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfe96c234ae51400d9c093'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of solar water heater is used to heat pools?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'unglazed plastic collectors'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",382]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfe96c234ae51400d9c094'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'As of 2007, the total installed capacity of solar hot water systems is approximately 154 thermal gigawatt (GWth). China is the world leader in their deployment with 70 GWth installed as of 2006 and a long-term goal of 210 GWth by 2020. Israel and Cyprus are the per capita leaders in the use of solar hot water systems with over 90% of homes using them. In the United States, Canada and Australia heating swimming pools is the dominant application of solar hot water with an installed capacity of 18 GWth as of 2005.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the total capacity of solar hot water systems in 2007 in gigawatts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'154'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",86]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce5f4aaab44d1400b8870b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Over 90% of homes use solar hot water systems in which two countries?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Israel and Cyprus'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",237]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce5f4aaab44d1400b8870c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the capacity of a solar hot water system?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'approximately 154 thermal gigawatt'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",72]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfea9a234ae51400d9c0ab'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What country is the leader in the implementation of solar powered hot water systems?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'China'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",115]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfea9a234ae51400d9c0ac'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percentage of households use solar hot water systems in Israel and Cyprus?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'over 90%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",325]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfea9a234ae51400d9c0ad'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what countries is the use to solar hot water used mainly for w=swimming pools?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'United States, Canada and Australia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",362]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfea9a234ae51400d9c0ae'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In the United States, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems account for 30% (4.65 EJ\/yr) of the energy used in commercial buildings and nearly 50% (10.1 EJ\/yr) of the energy used in residential buildings. Solar heating, cooling and ventilation technologies can be used to offset a portion of this energy.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percentage of energy in commercial buildings comes from HVAC systems?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'50'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",163]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce5f72aab44d1400b8870f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much energy does an HVAC system use in commercial locations?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'30% (4.65 EJ\/yr)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",92]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfebbd234ae51400d9c0c7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much energy does an HVAC system use in residential locations?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'50% (10.1 EJ\/yr)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",163]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfebbd234ae51400d9c0c8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What can be used to balance out a portion of the energy used by HVAC systems?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Solar heating, cooling and ventilation technologies'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",225]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfebbd234ae51400d9c0c9'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Thermal mass is any material that can be used to store heat—heat from the Sun in the case of solar energy. Common thermal mass materials include stone, cement and water. Historically they have been used in arid climates or warm temperate regions to keep buildings cool by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night. However, they can be used in cold temperate areas to maintain warmth as well. The size and placement of thermal mass depend on several factors such as climate, daylighting and shading conditions. When properly incorporated, thermal mass maintains space temperatures in a comfortable range and reduces the need for auxiliary heating and cooling equipment.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Materials that can be used to store heat are known as what kind of mass?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Thermal'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce5ff2aab44d1400b88711'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is thermal mass?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'any material that can be used to store heat'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",17]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfee97234ae51400d9c103'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are typical thermal mass material?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'stone, cement and water'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",146]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfee97234ae51400d9c104'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How is thermal mass used to keep buildings cool?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",270]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfee97234ae51400d9c105'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a something that determines the size of thermal mass?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'climates'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",212]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfee97234ae51400d9c106'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does thermal mass reduce the need for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'auxiliary heating and cooling equipment'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",686]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfee97234ae51400d9c107'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'A solar chimney (or thermal chimney, in this context) is a passive solar ventilation system composed of a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building. As the chimney warms, the air inside is heated causing an updraft that pulls air through the building. Performance can be improved by using glazing and thermal mass materials in a way that mimics greenhouses.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of system is a solar chimney?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'passive solar ventilation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",60]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce602faab44d1400b88713'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a solar chimney?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a passive solar ventilation system'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",58]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff05a234ae51400d9c11d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a solar chimney made of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",105]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff05a234ae51400d9c11e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How can the performance of a solar chimney be improved?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'by using glazing and thermal mass materials in a way that mimics greenhouses'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",305]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff05a234ae51400d9c11f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Deciduous trees and plants have been promoted as a means of controlling solar heating and cooling. When planted on the southern side of a building in the northern hemisphere or the northern side in the southern hemisphere, their leaves provide shade during the summer, while the bare limbs allow light to pass during the winter. Since bare, leafless trees shade 1\/3 to 1\/2 of incident solar radiation, there is a balance between the benefits of summer shading and the corresponding loss of winter heating. In climates with significant heating loads, deciduous trees should not be planted on the Equator facing side of a building because they will interfere with winter solar availability. They can, however, be used on the east and west sides to provide a degree of summer shading without appreciably affecting winter solar gain.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The placement of deciduous trees on the Equator facing side of a building can have a negative effect on solar availability in which season?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'winter'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",322]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce60e4aab44d1400b88715'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is something that is used to control solar heating and cooling?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'trees and plants'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",11]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff48f234ae51400d9c159'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much solar radiation is blocked by leafless trees?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1\/3 to 1\/2'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",363]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff48f234ae51400d9c15a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why should trees not be planted on the side of a building facing the equator?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'they will interfere with winter solar availability'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",638]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff48f234ae51400d9c15b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What side of a building should trees be planted without greatly affecting solar gain in the winter?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'east and west'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",724]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff48f234ae51400d9c15c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Solar cookers use sunlight for cooking, drying and pasteurization. They can be grouped into three broad categories: box cookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers. The simplest solar cooker is the box cooker first built by Horace de Saussure in 1767. A basic box cooker consists of an insulated container with a transparent lid. It can be used effectively with partially overcast skies and will typically reach temperatures of 90–150 °C (194–302 °F). Panel cookers use a reflective panel to direct sunlight onto an insulated container and reach temperatures comparable to box cookers. Reflector cookers use various concentrating geometries (dish, trough, Fresnel mirrors) to focus light on a cooking container. These cookers reach temperatures of 315 °C (599 °F) and above but require direct light to function properly and must be repositioned to track the Sun.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Horace de Saussure built the first box cooker in what year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1767'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",248]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce61a4aab44d1400b88718'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Reflector cookers can reach temperatures in Celsius of up to what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'315'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",750]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce61a4aab44d1400b88719'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are solar cookers used for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'cooking, drying and pasteurization'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",32]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff5ff234ae51400d9c175'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the 3 main categories of solar cookers?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'box cookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",117]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff5ff234ae51400d9c176'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who created the box cooker?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Horace de Saussure'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",226]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff5ff234ae51400d9c177'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the typical temperature range for a box cooker?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'90–150 °C (194–302 °F)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",430]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff5ff234ae51400d9c178'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do reflector cookers require to function?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'direct light'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",788]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff5ff234ae51400d9c179'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Solar concentrating technologies such as parabolic dish, trough and Scheffler reflectors can provide process heat for commercial and industrial applications. The first commercial system was the Solar Total Energy Project (STEP) in Shenandoah, Georgia, USA where a field of 114 parabolic dishes provided 50% of the process heating, air conditioning and electrical requirements for a clothing factory. This grid-connected cogeneration system provided 400 kW of electricity plus thermal energy in the form of 401 kW steam and 468 kW chilled water, and had a one-hour peak load thermal storage. Evaporation ponds are shallow pools that concentrate dissolved solids through evaporation. The use of evaporation ponds to obtain salt from sea water is one of the oldest applications of solar energy. Modern uses include concentrating brine solutions used in leach mining and removing dissolved solids from waste streams. Clothes lines, clotheshorses, and clothes racks dry clothes through evaporation by wind and sunlight without consuming electricity or gas. In some states of the United States legislation protects the \"right to dry\" clothes. Unglazed transpired collectors (UTC) are perforated sun-facing walls used for preheating ventilation air. UTCs can raise the incoming air temperature up to 22 °C (40 °F) and deliver outlet temperatures of 45–60 °C (113–140 °F). The short payback period of transpired collectors (3 to 12 years) makes them a more cost-effective alternative than glazed collection systems. As of 2003, over 80 systems with a combined collector area of 35,000 square metres (380,000 sq ft) had been installed worldwide, including an 860 m2 (9,300 sq ft) collector in Costa Rica used for drying coffee beans and a 1,300 m2 (14,000 sq ft) collector in Coimbatore, India, used for drying marigolds.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Solar Total Energy Project had a field of how many parabolic dishes?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'114'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",274]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce6232aab44d1400b8871d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Are transpired collectors more or less cost-effective than glazed collection systems?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'more'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1445]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce6232aab44d1400b8871e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are some examples of solar concentrating technologies?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'parabolic dish, trough and Scheffler reflectors'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",42]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff819234ae51400d9c1a9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the first commercial solar concentrating system?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Solar Total Energy Project (STEP) in Shenandoah, Georgia, USA'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",195]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff819234ae51400d9c1aa'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is one of the oldest uses of solar energy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'use of evaporation ponds to obtain salt from sea water'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",687]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff819234ae51400d9c1ab'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are some items used to dry clothes without the use of electricity?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Clothes lines, clotheshorses, and clothes racks'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",914]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff819234ae51400d9c1ac'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are Unglazed transpired collectors?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'perforated sun-facing walls used for preheating ventilation air'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1179]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cff819234ae51400d9c1ad'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Solar distillation can be used to make saline or brackish water potable. The first recorded instance of this was by 16th-century Arab alchemists. A large-scale solar distillation project was first constructed in 1872 in the Chilean mining town of Las Salinas. The plant, which had solar collection area of 4,700 m2 (51,000 sq ft), could produce up to 22,700 L (5,000 imp gal; 6,000 US gal) per day and operate for 40 years. Individual still designs include single-slope, double-slope (or greenhouse type), vertical, conical, inverted absorber, multi-wick, and multiple effect. These stills can operate in passive, active, or hybrid modes. Double-slope stills are the most economical for decentralized domestic purposes, while active multiple effect units are more suitable for large-scale applications.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was a large scale solar distillation project constructed in Las Salinas?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1872'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",213]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce6382aab44d1400b88732'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is used to make saline or brackish water drinkable?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Solar distillation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d0007f234ae51400d9c243'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'By who was the first record of solar distillation done by?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'16th-century Arab alchemists'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",117]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d0007f234ae51400d9c244'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the first large solar distillation plant created?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1872'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",213]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d0007f234ae51400d9c245'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much water was produced by the plant?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'22,700 L (5,000 imp gal; 6,000 US gal) per day'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",352]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d0007f234ae51400d9c246'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is an example of a solar distillation design?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'single-slope'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",458]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d0007f234ae51400d9c247'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Solar water disinfection (SODIS) involves exposing water-filled plastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles to sunlight for several hours. Exposure times vary depending on weather and climate from a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions. It is recommended by the World Health Organization as a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage. Over two million people in developing countries use this method for their daily drinking water.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Solar water disinfection is recommended by which organization?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the World Health Organization'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",293]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce64a8aab44d1400b88745'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How long should the plastic bottles filled with water be exposed to sunlight during Solar water disinfection?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",203]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d004ab234ae51400d9c25f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does the World Health Organization say about Solar water disinfection?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",326]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d004ab234ae51400d9c260'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people use Solar water disinfection to disinfect their drinking water?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Over two million people in developing countries'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",390]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d004ab234ae51400d9c261'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Solar energy may be used in a water stabilisation pond to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity. A further environmental advantage is that algae grow in such ponds and consume carbon dioxide in photosynthesis, although algae may produce toxic chemicals that make the water unusable.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a possible negative effect of algae in water stabilization ponds?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'toxic chemicals'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",251]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce659aaab44d1400b88749'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'For what reason would solar energy be used in a water stabilisation pond?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",56]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d0051e234ae51400d9c26f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a reason why the water from a water stabilisation pond may be unusable?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'algae may produce toxic chemicals'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",233]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d0051e234ae51400d9c270'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Solar power is anticipated to become the world's largest source of electricity by 2050, with solar photovoltaics and concentrated solar power contributing 16 and 11 percent to the global overall consumption, respectively.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'By what year is solar power expected to become the world's greatest source of electricity?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2050'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",83]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce6629aab44d1400b8874d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When is solar power is foreseen to become the largest source of electricity?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2050'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",83]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d00697234ae51400d9c297'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Commercial CSP plants were first developed in the 1980s. Since 1985 the eventually 354 MW SEGS CSP installation, in the Mojave Desert of California, is the largest solar power plant in the world. Other large CSP plants include the 150 MW Solnova Solar Power Station and the 100 MW Andasol solar power station, both in Spain. The 250 MW Agua Caliente Solar Project, in the United States, and the 221 MW Charanka Solar Park in India, are the world’s largest photovoltaic plants. Solar projects exceeding 1 GW are being developed, but most of the deployed photovoltaics are in small rooftop arrays of less than 5 kW, which are grid connected using net metering and\/or a feed-in tariff. In 2013 solar generated less than 1% of the worlds total grid electricity.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The largest solar power plant in the world is located in what desert?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Mojave Desert'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",117]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce666caab44d1400b88755'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Less than 1% of the world's total grid electricity was generated by solar energy in what year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2013'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",687]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce666caab44d1400b88756'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the largest solar power plant in the world?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'354 MW SEGS CSP'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",84]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d074ff234ae51400d9c2ee'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where is the largest solar power plant in the world located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mojave Desert of California'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",121]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d074ff234ae51400d9c2ef'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the largest photovoltaic solar power plants?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The 250 MW Agua Caliente Solar Project, in the United States, and the 221 MW Charanka Solar Park in India'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",326]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d074ff234ae51400d9c2f0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In the last two decades, photovoltaics (PV), also known as solar PV, has evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source. A solar cell is a device that converts light directly into electricity using the photoelectric effect. The first solar cell was constructed by Charles Fritts in the 1880s. In 1931 a German engineer, Dr Bruno Lange, developed a photo cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide. Although the prototype selenium cells converted less than 1% of incident light into electricity, both Ernst Werner von Siemens and James Clerk Maxwell recognized the importance of this discovery. Following the work of Russell Ohl in the 1940s, researchers Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin created the crystalline silicon solar cell in 1954. These early solar cells cost 286 USD\/watt and reached efficiencies of 4.5–6%. By 2012 available efficiencies exceed 20% and the maximum efficiency of research photovoltaics is over 40%.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In the 1880s, who constructed the first solar cell?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Charles Fritts'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",328]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce66aeaab44d1400b88759'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was the crystalline silicon solar cell constructed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1954'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",820]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce66aeaab44d1400b8875a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What has happened to photovoltaic in the past 20 years?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",74]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d07aa6234ae51400d9c314'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a solar cell?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a device that converts light directly into electricity'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",201]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d07aa6234ae51400d9c315'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who created the first solar cell?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Charles Fritts'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",328]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d07aa6234ae51400d9c316'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who created the first solar cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Dr Bruno Lange'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",384]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d07aa6234ae51400d9c317'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who created the crystalline silicon solar cell?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",727]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d07aa6234ae51400d9c318'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant. A wide range of concentrating technologies exists; the most developed are the parabolic trough, the concentrating linear fresnel reflector, the Stirling dish and the solar power tower. Various techniques are used to track the Sun and focus light. In all of these systems a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight, and is then used for power generation or energy storage.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In all the different CSP systems, concentrated sunlight is used to heat what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a working fluid'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",492]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce66e4aab44d1400b8875d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do Concentrating Solar Power systems use?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'lenses or mirrors and tracking systems'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",45]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d07c41234ae51400d9c31e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the heat generated from a Concentrating Solar Power system used for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a heat source for a conventional power plant'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",175]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d07c41234ae51400d9c31f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is one of the most developed Concentrating Solar Power technologies?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Stirling dish'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",361]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d07c41234ae51400d9c320'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do Concentrating Solar Power technologies have in common?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",492]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d07c41234ae51400d9c321'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The common features of passive solar architecture are orientation relative to the Sun, compact proportion (a low surface area to volume ratio), selective shading (overhangs) and thermal mass. When these features are tailored to the local climate and environment they can produce well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range. Socrates' Megaron House is a classic example of passive solar design. The most recent approaches to solar design use computer modeling tying together solar lighting, heating and ventilation systems in an integrated solar design package. Active solar equipment such as pumps, fans and switchable windows can complement passive design and improve system performance.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Socrate's what is a classic example of passive solar design?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Megaron House'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",352]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce6ea0aab44d1400b88785'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a common feature of passive solar architecture?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'orientation relative to the Sun'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",55]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d08052234ae51400d9c32c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is produced when the features of passive solar architecture are customized to the environment?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",280]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d08052234ae51400d9c32d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is an example of passive solar design?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Socrates' Megaron House'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",342]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d08052234ae51400d9c32e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of equipment can improve system performance?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'pumps, fans and switchable windows'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",610]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d08052234ae51400d9c32f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Urban heat islands (UHI) are metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than that of the surrounding environment. The higher temperatures are a result of increased absorption of the Solar light by urban materials such as asphalt and concrete, which have lower albedos and higher heat capacities than those in the natural environment. A straightforward method of counteracting the UHI effect is to paint buildings and roads white and plant trees. Using these methods, a hypothetical \"cool communities\" program in Los Angeles has projected that urban temperatures could be reduced by approximately 3 °C at an estimated cost of US$1 billion, giving estimated total annual benefits of US$530 million from reduced air-conditioning costs and healthcare savings.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'UHI is an abbreviation of what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Urban heat islands'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce6efbaab44d1400b88787'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'A program in Los Angeles believes that with $1 billion, city temperatures could be reduced by approximately how many degrees in Celsius?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'3'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",598]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce6efbaab44d1400b88788'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than the surrounding areas called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Urban heat islands'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d0817d234ae51400d9c334'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What materials absorb sunlight and create higher temperatures than natural materials?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'asphalt and concrete'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",223]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d0817d234ae51400d9c335'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a way to reduce the high temperatures created in urban heat islands?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'paint buildings and roads white and plant trees'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",399]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d0817d234ae51400d9c336'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Agriculture and horticulture seek to optimize the capture of solar energy in order to optimize the productivity of plants. Techniques such as timed planting cycles, tailored row orientation, staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties can improve crop yields. While sunlight is generally considered a plentiful resource, the exceptions highlight the importance of solar energy to agriculture. During the short growing seasons of the Little Ice Age, French and English farmers employed fruit walls to maximize the collection of solar energy. These walls acted as thermal masses and accelerated ripening by keeping plants warm. Early fruit walls were built perpendicular to the ground and facing south, but over time, sloping walls were developed to make better use of sunlight. In 1699, Nicolas Fatio de Duillier even suggested using a tracking mechanism which could pivot to follow the Sun. Applications of solar energy in agriculture aside from growing crops include pumping water, drying crops, brooding chicks and drying chicken manure. More recently the technology has been embraced by vinters, who use the energy generated by solar panels to power grape presses.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'During the Little Ice Age, what did English and French farmers use to increase collection of solar energy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'fruit walls'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",507]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce7352aab44d1400b887a3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Vinters have adopted solar technology to do what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'power grape presses'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1169]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce7352aab44d1400b887a4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why do agriculture and horticulture seek to make the most use of the solar energy captured?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'to optimize the productivity of plants'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",84]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d086c9234ae51400d9c340'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are some techniques used to improve crop production?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'timed planting cycles, tailored row orientation, staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",143]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d086c9234ae51400d9c341'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did French and English farmers do during the Little Ice Age to gain more solar energy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'employed fruit walls'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",498]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d086c9234ae51400d9c342'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the purpose of the fruit walls built by French and English farmers?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'acted as thermal masses and accelerated ripening by keeping plants warm'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",575]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d086c9234ae51400d9c343'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Greenhouses convert solar light to heat, enabling year-round production and the growth (in enclosed environments) of specialty crops and other plants not naturally suited to the local climate. Primitive greenhouses were first used during Roman times to produce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emperor Tiberius. The first modern greenhouses were built in Europe in the 16th century to keep exotic plants brought back from explorations abroad. Greenhouses remain an important part of horticulture today, and plastic transparent materials have also been used to similar effect in polytunnels and row covers.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When were the first greenhouses used?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Roman times'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",239]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce7376aab44d1400b887a7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what century were the first modern greenhouses constructed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the 16th'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",368]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce7376aab44d1400b887a8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do greenhouses do with solar energy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'convert solar light to heat'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",13]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d0875b234ae51400d9c348'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is one purpose of a greenhouse?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'enabling year-round production and the growth (in enclosed environments) of specialty crops'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",42]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d0875b234ae51400d9c349'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was one of the first uses of a greenhouse?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'produce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emperor Tiberius'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",254]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d0875b234ae51400d9c34a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where were the first modern greenhouses built?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Europe'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",358]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d0875b234ae51400d9c34b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Development of a solar-powered car has been an engineering goal since the 1980s. The World Solar Challenge is a biannual solar-powered car race, where teams from universities and enterprises compete over 3,021 kilometres (1,877 mi) across central Australia from Darwin to Adelaide. In 1987, when it was founded, the winner's average speed was 67 kilometres per hour (42 mph) and by 2007 the winner's average speed had improved to 90.87 kilometres per hour (56.46 mph). The North American Solar Challenge and the planned South African Solar Challenge are comparable competitions that reflect an international interest in the engineering and development of solar powered vehicles.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the solar powered car race held every two years?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The World Solar Challenge'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",82]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce759eaab44d1400b887b9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the winner of the World Solar Challenge's average speed in 2007 in km\/h?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'90.87'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",431]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce759eaab44d1400b887ba'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is The World Solar Challenge?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a biannual solar-powered car race'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",111]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d0880f234ae51400d9c350'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was The World Solar Challenge started?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1987'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",286]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d0880f234ae51400d9c351'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the average speed of a winning solar powered car in 1987?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'67 kilometres per hour (42 mph)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",344]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d0880f234ae51400d9c352'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the average speed of a winning solar powered car by 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'90.87 kilometres per hour (56.46 mph)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",431]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d0880f234ae51400d9c353'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are some other similar car races that use solar powered vehicles?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The North American Solar Challenge and the planned South African Solar Challenge'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",470]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d0880f234ae51400d9c354'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1975, the first practical solar boat was constructed in England. By 1995, passenger boats incorporating PV panels began appearing and are now used extensively. In 1996, Kenichi Horie made the first solar powered crossing of the Pacific Ocean, and the sun21 catamaran made the first solar powered crossing of the Atlantic Ocean in the winter of 2006–2007. There were plans to circumnavigate the globe in 2010.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The first practical solar boat was constructed in what year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1975'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce75e2aab44d1400b887c7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the first solar powered boat made?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1975'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d088be234ae51400d9c35a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who first crossed the Pacific ocean using a solar powered boat?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Kenichi Horie'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",173]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d088be234ae51400d9c35b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the first solar powered boat that crossed the Atlantic ocean?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the sun21 catamaran'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",251]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d088be234ae51400d9c35c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1974, the unmanned AstroFlight Sunrise plane made the first solar flight. On 29 April 1979, the Solar Riser made the first flight in a solar-powered, fully controlled, man carrying flying machine, reaching an altitude of 40 feet (12 m). In 1980, the Gossamer Penguin made the first piloted flights powered solely by photovoltaics. This was quickly followed by the Solar Challenger which crossed the English Channel in July 1981. In 1990 Eric Scott Raymond in 21 hops flew from California to North Carolina using solar power. Developments then turned back to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) with the Pathfinder (1997) and subsequent designs, culminating in the Helios which set the altitude record for a non-rocket-propelled aircraft at 29,524 metres (96,864 ft) in 2001. The Zephyr, developed by BAE Systems, is the latest in a line of record-breaking solar aircraft, making a 54-hour flight in 2007, and month-long flights were envisioned by 2010. As of 2015, Solar Impulse, an electric aircraft, is currently circumnavigating the globe. It is a single-seat plane powered by solar cells and capable of taking off under its own power. The designed allows the aircraft to remain airborne for 36 hours.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What altitude did the Solar Riser reach in feet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'40'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",225]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce7645aab44d1400b887c9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the aircraft circling the globe in 2015 via solar power?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Solar Impulse'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",964]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce7645aab44d1400b887ca'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the first unmanned flight by a solar powered plane made?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1974'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d089e6234ae51400d9c360'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the first solar powered manned flight made?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'29 April 1979'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",81]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d089e6234ae51400d9c361'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Solar Challenger cross the English Channel?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'July 1981'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",422]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d089e6234ae51400d9c362'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did Eric Scott Raymond fly using a solar powered plane in 1990?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'California to North Carolina'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",481]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d089e6234ae51400d9c363'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How long is the solar powered plane Solar Impulse able to remain in the air?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'36 hours'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1194]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d089e6234ae51400d9c364'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Solar chemical processes use solar energy to drive chemical reactions. These processes offset energy that would otherwise come from a fossil fuel source and can also convert solar energy into storable and transportable fuels. Solar induced chemical reactions can be divided into thermochemical or photochemical. A variety of fuels can be produced by artificial photosynthesis. The multielectron catalytic chemistry involved in making carbon-based fuels (such as methanol) from reduction of carbon dioxide is challenging; a feasible alternative is hydrogen production from protons, though use of water as the source of electrons (as plants do) requires mastering the multielectron oxidation of two water molecules to molecular oxygen. Some have envisaged working solar fuel plants in coastal metropolitan areas by 2050 –  the splitting of sea water providing hydrogen to be run through adjacent fuel-cell electric power plants and the pure water by-product going directly into the municipal water system. Another vision involves all human structures covering the earth's surface (i.e., roads, vehicles and buildings) doing photosynthesis more efficiently than plants.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a possible alternative to making carbon-based fuels from reduction of carbon dioxide?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'hydrogen production from protons'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",548]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce771daab44d1400b887cf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What process converts solar energy into storable and transportable fuels?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Solar chemical processes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d08e3e234ae51400d9c384'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What solar process can be used to produce different fuels?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'artificial photosynthesis'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",351]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d08e3e234ae51400d9c385'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Hydrogen production technologies been a significant area of solar chemical research since the 1970s. Aside from electrolysis driven by photovoltaic or photochemical cells, several thermochemical processes have also been explored. One such route uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperatures (2,300–2,600 °C or 4,200–4,700 °F). Another approach uses the heat from solar concentrators to drive the steam reformation of natural gas thereby increasing the overall hydrogen yield compared to conventional reforming methods. Thermochemical cycles characterized by the decomposition and regeneration of reactants present another avenue for hydrogen production. The Solzinc process under development at the Weizmann Institute uses a 1 MW solar furnace to decompose zinc oxide (ZnO) at temperatures above 1,200 °C (2,200 °F). 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Thermal storage systems generally use readily available materials with high specific heat capacities such as water, earth and stone. Well-designed systems can lower peak demand, shift time-of-use to off-peak hours and reduce overall heating and cooling requirements.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what form do thermal mass systems store solar energy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'heat'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",60]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce79c4aab44d1400b887e1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the system called that can store solar energy in the form of heat?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Thermal mass systems'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d09004234ae51400d9c38e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are some of the materials used in thermal storage systems?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'water, earth and stone'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",248]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d09004234ae51400d9c38f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is something that can be accomplished by a thermal mass system?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'reduce overall heating and cooling requirements'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",357]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d09004234ae51400d9c390'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Phase change materials such as paraffin wax and Glauber's salt are another thermal storage media. These materials are inexpensive, readily available, and can deliver domestically useful temperatures (approximately 64 °C or 147 °F). The \"Dover House\" (in Dover, Massachusetts) was the first to use a Glauber's salt heating system, in 1948. Solar energy can also be stored at high temperatures using molten salts. Salts are an effective storage medium because they are low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems. 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With grid-tied systems, excess electricity can be sent to the transmission grid, while standard grid electricity can be used to meet shortfalls. Net metering programs give household systems a credit for any electricity they deliver to the grid. This is handled by 'rolling back' the meter whenever the home produces more electricity than it consumes. If the net electricity use is below zero, the utility then rolls over the kilowatt hour credit to the next month. Other approaches involve the use of two meters, to measure electricity consumed vs. electricity produced. This is less common due to the increased installation cost of the second meter. Most standard meters accurately measure in both directions, making a second meter unnecessary.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where do off-grid PV systems store excess electricity?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'rechargeable batteries'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",45]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce7ba4aab44d1400b887ed'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do off-grid PV systems use to store excess electricity?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'rechargeable batteries'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",45]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d09249234ae51400d9c39e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the programs that gives credit to households for delivering electricity to the grid called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Net metering programs'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",242]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d09249234ae51400d9c39f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How is the credit to households accomplished?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'by 'rolling back' the meter whenever the home produces more electricity than it consumes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",358]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d09249234ae51400d9c3a0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why is a second meter usually unnecessary to monitor electricity use?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Most standard meters accurately measure in both directions'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",748]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d09249234ae51400d9c3a1'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Pumped-storage hydroelectricity stores energy in the form of water pumped when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one. The energy is recovered when demand is high by releasing the water, with the pump becoming a hydroelectric power generator.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When water is released due to high demand, the pump become swhat?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a hydroelectric power generator'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",251]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce7bd2aab44d1400b887f1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Pumped-storage hydroelectricity stores energy in what form?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'water pumped when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",62]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d092a1234ae51400d9c3a6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How is the energy stored by pumped-storage hydroelectricity recovered?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'by releasing the water, with the pump becoming a hydroelectric power generator'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",204]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d092a1234ae51400d9c3a7'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies. Deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan. Other efforts included the formation of research facilities in the US (SERI, now NREL), Japan (NEDO), and Germany (Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The oil embargo in what year was a contributing factor to the reorganization of energy policies?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1973'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce7c26aab44d1400b887fb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What brought attention to solar technologies in the 1970s?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d097fb234ae51400d9c3ae'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the names of some of the incentive programs used to promote solar technology?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",229]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d097fb234ae51400d9c3af'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the solar energy research facility in the US?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'SERI, now NREL'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",390]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d097fb234ae51400d9c3b0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the solar energy research facility in Japan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'NEDO'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",414]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d097fb234ae51400d9c3b1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the solar energy research facility in Germany?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",434]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d097fb234ae51400d9c3b2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Commercial solar water heaters began appearing in the United States in the 1890s. These systems saw increasing use until the 1920s but were gradually replaced by cheaper and more reliable heating fuels. As with photovoltaics, solar water heating attracted renewed attention as a result of the oil crises in the 1970s but interest subsided in the 1980s due to falling petroleum prices. Development in the solar water heating sector progressed steadily throughout the 1990s and growth rates have averaged 20% per year since 1999. Although generally underestimated, solar water heating and cooling is by far the most widely deployed solar technology with an estimated capacity of 154 GW as of 2007.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The solar water heaters introduced in the US in the 1890s saw growth until what time period?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the 1920s'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",122]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce7c97aab44d1400b88801'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Since 1999, what average rate has the solar water heating sector progressed at?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'20% per year'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",504]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce7c97aab44d1400b88802'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the use of solar water heaters in the US first begin?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'in the 1890s'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",69]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d098d8234ae51400d9c3b8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why did interest in solar water heating decrease in the 1980s?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'falling petroleum prices'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",360]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d098d8234ae51400d9c3b9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Growth of solar water heating development has averaged how much per year since 1999'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'20%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",504]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d098d8234ae51400d9c3ba'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the estimated capacity of solar water heating and cooling in 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'154 GW'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",678]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d098d8234ae51400d9c3bb'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The International Energy Agency has said that solar energy can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which organization believes that solar energy can solve some of our most pressing issues?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The International Energy Agency'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce7cbbaab44d1400b88805'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who said that solar energy can help solve some of the most urgent problems in the world?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The International Energy Agency'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d0990e234ae51400d9c3c0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The International Organization for Standardization has established a number of standards relating to solar energy equipment. For example, ISO 9050 relates to glass in building while ISO 10217 relates to the materials used in solar water heaters.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'ISO 9050 relates to standards for what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'glass in building'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",159]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce7d1aaab44d1400b88809'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'ISO 10217 relates to standards for what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'materials used in solar water heaters'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",208]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce7d1aaab44d1400b8880a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the standard related to glass in building?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ISO 9050'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",139]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d09a77234ae51400d9c3c6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the standard related to the materials used in solar water heaters?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ISO 10217'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",183]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d09a77234ae51400d9c3c7'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the technologies used to capture solar energy characterized as?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'passive solar or active solar'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",104]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce9211aab44d1400b88893'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are some active solar techniques used to harness solar energy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",271]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce9211aab44d1400b88894'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is an example of a passive solar technique?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'orienting a building to the Sun'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",398]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce9211aab44d1400b88895'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The large magnitude of solar energy available makes it a highly appealing source of electricity. The United Nations Development Programme in its 2000 World Energy Assessment found that the annual potential of solar energy was 1,575–49,837 exajoules (EJ). This is several times larger than the total world energy consumption, which was 559.8 EJ in 2012.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the total worldwide energy consumption in 2012?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'559.8 EJ'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",336]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce9464aab44d1400b88899'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is solar energy's yearly potential?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1,575–49,837 exajoules (EJ)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",227]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce9464aab44d1400b8889a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What makes solar energy an appealing source of electricity>'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The large magnitude of solar energy available'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce9464aab44d1400b8889b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who estimated the annual potential of solar energy in 2000?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The United Nations Development Programme'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",98]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ce9464aab44d1400b8889c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 2011, the International Energy Agency said that \"the development of affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits. It will increase countries’ energy security through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource, enhance sustainability, reduce pollution, lower the costs of mitigating global warming, and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise. These advantages are global. Hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning investments; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How will solar energy increase energy security?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",215]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfb40b234ae51400d9bea3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What costs will solar energy lower?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the costs of mitigating global warming'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",352]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfb40b234ae51400d9bea4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What should the cost of incentives for producing solar energy be considered?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'learning investments'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",558]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfb40b234ae51400d9bea5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What effect will solar energy have on the price of fossil fuels?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",396]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfb40b234ae51400d9bea6'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The potential solar energy that could be used by humans differs from the amount of solar energy present near the surface of the planet because factors such as geography, time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans limits the amount of solar energy that we can acquire.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why does the amount of usable solar energy differ from the amount near the planets surface?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'geography, time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",160]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfbb5c234ae51400d9bf29'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Geography effects solar energy potential because areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation. However, the use of photovoltaics that can follow the position of the sun can significantly increase the solar energy potential in areas that are farther from the equator. Time variation effects the potential of solar energy because during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the Earth for solar panels to absorb. This limits the amount of energy that solar panels can absorb in one day. Cloud cover can effect the potential of solar panels because clouds block incoming light from the sun and reduce the light available for solar cells.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why does geography have an effect of the amount of solar energy available?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",50]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfbc7f234ae51400d9bf33'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the process called that can increase solar energy in areas further away from the earth's equator?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'photovoltaics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",149]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfbc7f234ae51400d9bf34'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why does time have an effect of the amount of available solar energy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the Earth for solar panels to absorb'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",362]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfbc7f234ae51400d9bf35'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What effect does cloud coverage have on the amount of solar energy available?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'clouds block incoming light from the sun and reduce the light available for solar cells'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",606]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfbc7f234ae51400d9bf36'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In addition, land availability has a large effect on the available solar energy because solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels. Roofs have been found to be a suitable place for solar cells, as many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly from their homes this way. Other areas that are suitable for solar cells are lands that are unowned by businesses where solar plants can be established.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why does land availability have an effect on solar energy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",89]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfbd75234ae51400d9bf3d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why are roofs a good place for solar panels?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly from their homes this way'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",241]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfbd75234ae51400d9bf3e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 2000, the United Nations Development Programme, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and World Energy Council published an estimate of the potential solar energy that could be used by humans each year that took into account factors such as insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans. The estimate found that solar energy has a global potential of 1,575–49,837 EJ per year (see table below).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What factors were taken into account in the estimate published in 2000 on solar energy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",253]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfe547234ae51400d9c029'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the total potential of solar energy found in the estimate?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1,575–49,837 EJ per year'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",380]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cfe547234ae51400d9c02a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). CSP systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. PV converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is solar power?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'conversion of sunlight into electricity'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",20]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d005e1234ae51400d9c287'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How is sunlight converted into electricity?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",61]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d005e1234ae51400d9c288'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does a concentrated solar power system use?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'lenses or mirrors and tracking systems'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",171]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d005e1234ae51400d9c289'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the purpose of a concentrated solar power system?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",213]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d005e1234ae51400d9c28a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What method does the photovoltaics system use to turn light into electricity?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'photoelectric effect'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",313]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d005e1234ae51400d9c28b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Sunlight has influenced building design since the beginning of architectural history. Advanced solar architecture and urban planning methods were first employed by the Greeks and Chinese, who oriented their buildings toward the south to provide light and warmth.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What has influenced the design since the beginning of architectural history?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sunlight'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d07d26234ae51400d9c326'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who first utilized solar architecture?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Greeks and Chinese'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",169]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d07d26234ae51400d9c327'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which direction were the buildings built by the Greeks and Chinese facing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'toward the south'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",218]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d07d26234ae51400d9c328'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'A solar balloon is a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air. As sunlight shines on the balloon, the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force, much like an artificially heated hot air balloon. Some solar balloons are large enough for human flight, but usage is generally limited to the toy market as the surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a solar balloon?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",20]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d08aa8234ae51400d9c36a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What happens when sunlight shines on a solar balloon?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",105]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d08aa8234ae51400d9c36b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the use of solar balloons typically limited to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the toy market'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",315]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d08aa8234ae51400d9c36c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why is the use of solar balloons typically limited to the toy market?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",333]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d08aa8234ae51400d9c36d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Beginning with the surge in coal use which accompanied the Industrial Revolution, energy consumption has steadily transitioned from wood and biomass to fossil fuels. The early development of solar technologies starting in the 1860s was driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce. However, development of solar technologies stagnated in the early 20th century in the face of the increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why was solar technology developed in the 1860s?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",237]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d09354234ae51400d9c3aa'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What slowed the development of solar technologies in the early 20th century?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",396]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d09354234ae51400d9c3ab'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 2011, a report by the International Energy Agency found that solar energy technologies such as photovoltaics, solar hot water and concentrated solar power could provide a third of the world’s energy by 2060 if politicians commit to limiting climate change. The energy from the sun could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters. \"The strength of solar is the incredible variety and flexibility of applications, from small scale to big scale\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'According to a report in 2011, by what year could solar energy provide a third of the world's energy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2060'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",206]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d09a0e234ae51400d9c3c2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What could the sun's energy do to help limit climate change?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",285]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d09a0e234ae51400d9c3c3'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Solar energy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The territory that now constitutes Tajikistan was previously home to several ancient cultures, including the city of Sarazm of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures, including the Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism. The area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire. As a result of the breakup of the Soviet Union, Tajikistan became an independent nation in 1991. A civil war was fought almost immediately after independence, lasting from 1992 to 1997. Since the end of the war, newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country's economy to grow.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are some of the empires and dynasties that have also ruled over this land?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",435]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335842d058e614000b588e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What other culutres has ruled the area?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",257]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335842d058e614000b588d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the territory of Tajikistan during the Neolithic and the Bronze Age?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'city of Sarazm'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",110]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335842d058e614000b588c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Tajikistan become an independent nation?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1991'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",655]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335842d058e614000b588f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What years did the civil war take place?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1992 to 1997'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",736]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335842d058e614000b5890'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What were some of the different kindoms and people that called Tajikistan home?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",257]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733eb534776f419006614ef'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are some of the empires and dynasties that ruled this lane?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",431]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733eb534776f419006614f0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did Tajikistan become an independant nation?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1991'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",655]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733eb534776f419006614f1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What years did the war last through?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1992 to 1997'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",736]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733eb534776f419006614f2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Tajikistan'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Tajiks began to be conscripted into the Soviet Army in 1939 and during World War II around 260,000 Tajik citizens fought against Germany, Finland and Japan. Between 60,000(4%) and 120,000(8%) of Tajikistan's 1,530,000 citizens were killed during World War II. Following the war and Stalin's reign attempts were made to further expand the agriculture and industry of Tajikistan. During 1957–58 Nikita Khrushchev's Virgin Lands Campaign focused attention on Tajikistan, where living conditions, education and industry lagged behind the other Soviet Republics. In the 1980s, Tajikistan had the lowest household saving rate in the USSR, the lowest percentage of households in the two top per capita income groups, and the lowest rate of university graduates per 1000 people. By the late 1980s Tajik nationalists were calling for increased rights. Real disturbances did not occur within the republic until 1990. The following year, the Soviet Union collapsed, and Tajikistan declared its independence.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Tajiks start being part of the Soviet Army?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1939'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",56]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733acebd058e614000b600b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many Tajik troops fought against Germany, Finland and Japan during WWII?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'260,000 Tajik'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",92]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733acebd058e614000b600c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percent of Tajiks were killed during the war?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Between 60,000(4%) and 120,000(8%)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",158]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733acebd058e614000b600d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was not developing as fast as other Soviet Republics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'living conditions, education and industry'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",475]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733acebd058e614000b600e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Tajikistan'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The nation almost immediately fell into civil war that involved various factions fighting one another; these factions were often distinguished by clan loyalties. More than 500,000 residents fled during this time because of persecution, increased poverty and better economic opportunities in the West or in other former Soviet republics. Emomali Rahmon came to power in 1992, defeating former prime minister Abdumalik Abdullajanov in a November presidential election with 58% of the vote. The elections took place shortly after the end of the war, and Tajikistan was in a state of complete devastation. The estimated dead numbered over 100,000. Around 1.2 million people were refugees inside and outside of the country. In 1997, a ceasefire was reached between Rahmon and opposition parties under the guidance of Gerd D. Merrem, Special Representative to the Secretary General, a result widely praised as a successful United Nations peace keeping initiative. The ceasefire guaranteed 30% of ministerial positions would go to the opposition. Elections were held in 1999, though they were criticized by opposition parties and foreign observers as unfair and Rahmon was re-elected with 98% of the vote. Elections in 2006 were again won by Rahmon (with 79% of the vote) and he began his third term in office. Several opposition parties boycotted the 2006 election and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) criticized it, although observers from the Commonwealth of Independent States claimed the elections were legal and transparent. Rahmon's administration came under further criticism from the OSCE in October 2010 for its censorship and repression of the media. The OSCE claimed that the Tajik Government censored Tajik and foreign websites and instituted tax inspections on independent printing houses that led to the cessation of printing activities for a number of independent newspapers.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How were the different factions distinguished from eachother?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'by clan loyalties'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",144]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733af0cd058e614000b603d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the ceasefire guaranteed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'30% of ministerial positions would go to the opposition'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",984]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733af0cd058e614000b6040'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who came into power in 1992?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Emomali Rahmon'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",338]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733af0cd058e614000b603f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why did more than half a million people flee?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'because of persecution, increased poverty and better economic opportunities'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",213]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733af0cd058e614000b603e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Tajikistan'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Russian border troops were stationed along the Tajik–Afghan border until summer 2005. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, French troops have been stationed at the Dushanbe Airport in support of air operations of NATO's International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. United States Army and Marine Corps personnel periodically visit Tajikistan to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration. The Government of India rebuilt the Ayni Air Base, a military airport located 15 km southwest of Dushanbe, at a cost of $70 million, completing the repairs in September 2010. It is now the main base of the Tajikistan air force. There have been talks with Russia concerning use of the Ayni facility, and Russia continues to maintain a large base on the outskirts of Dushanbe.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was stationed along the boarder?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Russian border troops'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b06ad058e614000b6059'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where have French Troops been stationed since September 11, 2001?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'at the Dushanbe Airport'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",159]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b06ad058e614000b605a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where is the main base for the Tajikistan air force?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'t located 15 km southwest of Dushanbe'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",490]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b06ad058e614000b605c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why do US troops visit Tajikistan every so often?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",354]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b06ad058e614000b605b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Tajikistan'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 2010, there were concerns among Tajik officials that Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August, an ambush that killed 28 Tajik soldiers in the Rasht Valley in September, and another ambush in the valley in October that killed 30 soldiers, followed by fighting outside Gharm that left 3 militants dead. To date the country's Interior Ministry asserts that the central government maintains full control over the country's east, and the military operation in the Rasht Valley was concluded in November 2010. However, fighting erupted again in July 2012. In 2015 Russia will send more troops to Tajikistan, as confirmed by a report of STRATFOR (magazine online)'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many solider were killed in September when Islamic militants escaped?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'28 Tajik soldiers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",209]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b195d058e614000b6084'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Russia say they will be sending more troops to Tajikistan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2015'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",645]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b195d058e614000b6086'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the military operation end in Rasht Valley?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'November 2010'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",581]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b195d058e614000b6085'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why was there concerns in 2010?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'that Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",52]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b195d058e614000b6083'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Tajikistan'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Tajikistan is officially a republic, and holds elections for the presidency and parliament, operating under a presidential system. It is, however, a dominant-party system, where the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in Parliament. Emomalii Rahmon has held the office of President of Tajikistan continually since November 1994. The Prime Minister is Kokhir Rasulzoda, the First Deputy Prime Minister is Matlubkhon Davlatov and the two Deputy Prime Ministers are Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of government does Tajikistan have?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a republic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",26]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b38fd058e614000b60ac'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is the prime minister of Tajikistan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Kokhir Rasulzoda'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",386]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b390d058e614000b60af'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who are the Deputy Prime Ministers?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",498]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b390d058e614000b60b0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was Emomalii Rahmon elected president?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'November 1994'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",349]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b38fd058e614000b60ae'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of system is a dominant-party system?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'where the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in Parliament'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",173]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b38fd058e614000b60ad'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Tajikistan'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Freedom of the press is ostensibly officially guaranteed by the government, but independent press outlets remain restricted, as does a substantial amount of web content. According to the Institute for War & Peace Reporting, access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta.tj, Tjknews.com, ferghana.ru, centrasia.ru and journalists are often obstructed from reporting on controversial events. In practice, no public criticism of the regime is tolerated and all direct protest is severely suppressed and does not receive coverage in the local media.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Even though Tajikistan has freedom of the press, what is the problem with it?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'independent press outlets remain restricted'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",81]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b523d058e614000b60e2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is not tolerated by the government in respect to media?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'no public criticism of the regime is tolerated'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",423]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b523d058e614000b60e4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is not covered by local media?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'all direct protest is severely suppressed'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",474]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b523d058e614000b60e5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What access is blocked?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta.tj, Tjknews.com, ferghana.ru, centrasia.ru'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",225]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b523d058e614000b60e3'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Tajikistan'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Tajikistan is landlocked, and is the smallest nation in Central Asia by area. It lies mostly between latitudes 36° and 41° N (a small area is north of 41°), and longitudes 67° and 75° E (a small area is east of 75°). It is covered by mountains of the Pamir range, and more than fifty percent of the country is over 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) above sea level. The only major areas of lower land are in the north (part of the Fergana Valley), and in the southern Kofarnihon and Vakhsh river valleys, which form the Amu Darya. Dushanbe is located on the southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the smalled nation in the Central Asia area?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tajikistan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b5a64776f419006610fb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What mountian range runs through Tajikistan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Pamir range'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",248]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b5a64776f419006610fd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where is Dushanbe located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'on the southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",542]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b5a64776f419006610ff'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where exactly is Tajikistan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'between latitudes 36° and 41° N (a small area is north of 41°), and longitudes 67° and 75° E (a small area is east of 75°)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",94]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b5a64776f419006610fc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What area is under sea level?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'in the north (part of the Fergana Valley), and in the southern Kofarnihon and Vakhsh river valleys'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",396]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b5a64776f419006610fe'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Tajikistan'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Tajikistan means the \"Land of the Tajiks\". The suffix \"-stan\" (Persian: ـستان‎‎ -stān) is Persian for \"place of\" or \"country\" and Tajik is, most likely, the name of a pre-Islamic (before the seventh century A.D.) tribe. According to the Library of Congress's 1997 Country Study of Tajikistan, it is difficult to definitively state the origins of the word \"Tajik\" because the term is \"embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did the word Tajik come from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the name of a pre-Islamic (before the seventh century A.D.) tribe'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",154]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573358b94776f41900660866'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does Tajikistan mean?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"Land of the Tajiks\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",22]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573358b94776f41900660864'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does the suffix -stan mean?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"place of\" or \"country\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",103]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573358b94776f41900660865'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why is it hard to find the origin of the word Tajik?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'because the term is \"embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia.\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",364]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573358b94776f41900660867'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Tajikistan'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'It was temporarily under the control of the Tibetan empire and Chinese from 650–680 and then under the control of the Umayyads in 710. The Samanid Empire, 819 to 999, restored Persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara (both cities are today part of Uzbekistan) which became the cultural centers of Iran and the region was known as Khorasan. The Kara-Khanid Khanate conquered Transoxania (which corresponds approximately with modern-day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, southern Kyrgyzstan and southwest Kazakhstan) and ruled between 999–1211. Their arrival in Transoxania signaled a definitive shift from Iranian to Turkic predominance in Central Asia, but gradually the Kara-khanids became assimilated into the Perso-Arab Muslim culture of the region.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the region under Tibetan empire and the CHinese?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'650–680'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",77]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573366944776f419006609f5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who took control of the regin in 710?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Umayyads'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",119]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573366944776f419006609f6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who restored Persian control of the region?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Samanid Empire,'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",136]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573366944776f419006609f7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the region when it was the cultural center of Iran?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Khorasan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",369]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573366944776f419006609f8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the region under Tibetan empire and the CHinese?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'650–680'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",77]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573366934776f419006609ed'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who took control of the regin in 710?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Umayyads'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",119]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573366934776f419006609ee'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the region under Tibetan empire and the CHinese?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'650–680'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",77]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336693d058e614000b5a2b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who restored Persian control of the region?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Samanid Empire,'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",136]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573366934776f419006609ef'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who took control of the regin in 710?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Umayyads'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",119]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336693d058e614000b5a2c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who restored Persian control of the region?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Samanid Empire,'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",136]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336693d058e614000b5a2d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the region when it was the cultural center of Iran?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Khorasan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",369]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336693d058e614000b5a2e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the region when it was the cultural center of Iran?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Khorasan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",369]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573366934776f419006609f0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the land under Tibetan empire and Chinese?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'650–680'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",77]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ebbbd058e614000b65d9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was Tajikistan under Ymayyads contorl?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'710'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",131]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ebbbd058e614000b65da'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who conquered Tansaxania?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Kara-Khanid Khanate'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",379]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ebbbd058e614000b65db'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Samanid Empire rule the land?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Samanid Empire'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",136]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ebbbd058e614000b65dc'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Tajikistan'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Russian Imperialism led to the Russian Empire's conquest of Central Asia during the late 19th century's Imperial Era. Between 1864 and 1885 Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan, the Tajikistan portion of which had been controlled by the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand. Russia was interested in gaining access to a supply of cotton and in the 1870s attempted to switch cultivation in the region from grain to cotton (a strategy later copied and expanded by the Soviets).[citation needed] By 1885 Tajikistan's territory was either ruled by the Russian Empire or its vassal state, the Emirate of Bukhara, nevertheless Tajiks felt little Russian influence.[citation needed]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Russian Empire take over Central Asia?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'during the late 19th century's Imperial Era'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",74]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57339febd058e614000b5f0e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who controled the Tajikistan portion of Russian Trukestan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",272]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57339febd058e614000b5f10'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Russian interested in Tajikistan area for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'gaining access to a supply of cotton'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",343]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57339febd058e614000b5f11'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Russia do between 1864-1885?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",141]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57339febd058e614000b5f0f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In 1885, who was ruling the Tajikistan area?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Russian Empire or its vassal state, the Emirate of Bukhara'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",587]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57339febd058e614000b5f12'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Tajikistan'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'During the late 19th Century the Jadidists established themselves as an Islamic social movement throughout the region. Although the Jadidists were pro-modernization and not necessarily anti-Russian the Russians viewed the movement as a threat.[citation needed] Russian troops were required to restore order during uprisings against the Khanate of Kokand between 1910 and 1913. Further violence occurred in July 1916 when demonstrators attacked Russian soldiers in Khujand over the threat of forced conscription during World War I. Despite Russian troops quickly bringing Khujand back under control, clashes continued throughout the year in various locations in Tajikistan.[citation needed]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the Jadidists establish themselves as in the late 19th century?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'an Islamic social movement throughout the region'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",70]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733a8d44776f41900660f81'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who were viewed as a threat by the Jadidists?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Russians'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",203]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733a8d44776f41900660f82'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the uprising against the Khanate of Kokand?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'between 1910 and 1913'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",355]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733a8d44776f41900660f83'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why did demonstrators attack Russian soldiers in Khujand?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the threat of forced conscription during World War I'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",478]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733a8d44776f41900660f84'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Tajikistan'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'After the Russian Revolution of 1917 guerrillas throughout Central Asia, known as basmachi, waged a war against Bolshevik armies in a futile attempt to maintain independence. The Bolsheviks prevailed after a four-year war, in which mosques and villages were burned down and the population heavily suppressed. Soviet authorities started a campaign of secularization, practicing Islam, Judaism, and Christianity was discouraged and repressed, and many mosques, churches, and synagogues were closed. As a consequence of the conflict and Soviet agriculture policies, Central Asia, Tajikistan included, suffered a famine that claimed many lives.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who went to war against Bolshevick armies?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'guerrillas throughout Central Asia, known as basmachi'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",38]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733aa16d058e614000b5fb7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did they go to war against Bolshevick?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'to maintain independence'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",150]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733aa16d058e614000b5fb8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who won the war?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Bolsheviks'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",176]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733aa16d058e614000b5fb9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What religions were discourages so their places of worship were closed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Islam, Judaism, and Christianity'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",378]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733aa16d058e614000b5fba'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Tajikistan'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1924, the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was created as a part of Uzbekistan, but in 1929 the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik SSR) was made a separate constituent republic, however the predominantly ethnic Tajik cities of Samarkand and Bukhara remained in the Uzbek SSR. Between 1927 and 1934, collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place, especially in the southern region. Soviet collectivization policy brought violence against peasants and forced resettlement occurred throughout Tajikistan. Consequently, some peasants fought collectivization and revived the Basmachi movement. Some small scale industrial development also occurred during this time along with the expansion of irrigation infrastructure.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In 1924, what was created as part of Uzbekistan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",14]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ab4ad058e614000b5fd2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the expansion of cotton and agriculture mainly?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'in the southern region'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",415]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ab4ad058e614000b5fd4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What happeded between 1927-1934?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",317]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ab4ad058e614000b5fd3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What forced resettlement throughout Tajikistan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Soviet collectivization policy brought violence against peasants and forced resettlement'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",439]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ab4ad058e614000b5fd5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Tajikistan'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Two rounds of Soviet purges directed by Moscow (1927–1934 and 1937–1938) resulted in the expulsion of nearly 10,000 people, from all levels of the Communist Party of Tajikistan. Ethnic Russians were sent in to replace those expelled and subsequently Russians dominated party positions at all levels, including the top position of first secretary. Between 1926 and 1959 the proportion of Russians among Tajikistan's population grew from less than 1% to 13%. Bobojon Ghafurov, Tajikistan's First Secretary of the Communist Party of Tajikistan from 1946–1956 was the only Tajikistani politician of significance outside of the country during the Soviet Era. He was followed in office by Tursun Uljabayev (1956–61), Jabbor Rasulov (1961–1982), and Rahmon Nabiyev (1982–1985, 1991–1992).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who directed the purges of Soviets?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Moscow'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",41]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733abe2d058e614000b5fe4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people were expelled??'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'nearly 10,000 people'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",103]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733abe2d058e614000b5fe5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who were sent to replace the expelled positions?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ethnic Russians'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",179]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733abe2d058e614000b5fe6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the population of Russians do between 1926-1959?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'grew from less than 1% to 13%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",427]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733abe2d058e614000b5fe8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did this cause when the expelled parties were replaced?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'subsequently Russians dominated party positions at all levels, including the top position of first secretary'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",238]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733abe2d058e614000b5fe7'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Tajikistan'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The parliamentary elections of 2005 aroused many accusations from opposition parties and international observers that President Emomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment. The most recent elections, in February 2010, saw the ruling PDPT lose four seats in Parliament, yet still maintain a comfortable majority. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe election observers said the 2010 polling \"failed to meet many key OSCE commitments\" and that \"these elections failed on many basic democratic standards.\" The government insisted that only minor violations had occurred, which would not affect the will of the Tajik people.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What happened in the Feb 2010 election?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'PDPT lose four seats in Parliament'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",266]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b463d058e614000b60c7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why were parties upset in the 2005 election?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'accusations from opposition parties and international observers that President Emomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",50]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b463d058e614000b60c6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the OSCE say that Tajikistan did?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"failed to meet many key OSCE commitments\" and that \"these elections failed on many basic democratic standards.\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",443]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b463d058e614000b60c8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the Tajikistan governments response?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The government insisted that only minor violations had occurred, which would not affect the will of the Tajik people'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",556]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b463d058e614000b60c9'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Tajikistan'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Tajikistan (i\/tɑːˈdʒiːkᵻstɑːn\/, \/təˈdʒiːkᵻstæn\/, or \/tæˈdʒiːkiːstæn\/; Persian: تاجيكستان‎‎ Тоҷикистон [tɔd͡ʒikɪsˈtɔn]), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (Persian: جمهورى تاجيكستان‎‎ Tajik: Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, Çumhuriji Toçikiston\/Jumhuriyi Tojikiston; Russian: Респу́блика Таджикистан, Respublika Tadzhikistan), is a mountainous, landlocked country in Central Asia with an estimated 8 million people in 2013, and an area of 143,100 km2 (55,300 sq mi). It is bordered by Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east. Pakistan lies to the south, separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor. Traditional homelands of Tajik people included present-day Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Uzbekistan.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where is Tajikistan located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'in Central Asia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",356]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573353674776f4190066083c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people are living in Tajikistan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'8 million people'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",390]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573353674776f4190066083d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the area of Tajikistan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'area of 143,100 km2 (55,300 sq mi)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",423]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573353674776f4190066083e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What country lies to Tajikistans east?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'China'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",556]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573353674776f4190066083f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What seperates Tajikistan and Pakistan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Wakhan Corridor'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",627]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573353674776f41900660840'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What country borders Tajikistan to the east?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'China'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",556]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5731cfe0b9d445190005e580'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people are estimated to live in Tajikistan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'8 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",390]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5731cfe0b9d445190005e57f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the area of Tajikistan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'143,100 km2'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",431]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5731cfe0b9d445190005e581'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What country borders Tajikistan to the south?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Afghanistan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",477]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5731cfe0b9d445190005e582'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What country borders Tajikistan to the west?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Uzbekistan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",503]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5731cfe0b9d445190005e583'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Tajikistan'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The earliest recorded history of the region dates back to about 500 BCE when much, if not all, of modern Tajikistan was part of the Achaemenid Empire. Some authors have also suggested that in the 7th and 6th century BCE parts of modern Tajikistan, including territories in the Zeravshan valley, formed part of Kambojas before it became part of the Achaemenid Empire. After the region's conquest by Alexander the Great it became part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, a successor state of Alexander's empire. Northern Tajikistan (the cities of Khujand and Panjakent) was part of Sogdia, a collection of city-states which was overrun by Scythians and Yuezhi nomadic tribes around 150 BCE. The Silk Road passed through the region and following the expedition of Chinese explorer Zhang Qian during the reign of Wudi (141–87 BCE) commercial relations between Han China and Sogdiana flourished. Sogdians played a major role in facilitating trade and also worked in other capacities, as farmers, carpetweavers, glassmakers, and woodcarvers.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the first recorded history of this region?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'about 500 BCE'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",59]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733625ed058e614000b59a9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was modern Tajikistan part of around 500 BE?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Achaemenid Empire'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",129]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733625ed058e614000b59aa'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who took over the territory and made it part of their empire?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Alexander the Great'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",399]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733625ed058e614000b59ab'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Tajikistan'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Kushan Empire, a collection of Yuezhi tribes, took control of the region in the first century CE and ruled until the 4th century CE during which time Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism were all practiced in the region. Later the Hephthalite Empire, a collection of nomadic tribes, moved into the region and Arabs brought Islam in the early eighth century. Central Asia continued in its role as a commercial crossroads, linking China, the steppes to the north, and the Islamic heartland.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What tribes took control of the region in first centry CE?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Yuezhi tribes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",36]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336314d058e614000b59ca'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was Islam brought to the region?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'in the early eighth century'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",363]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336314d058e614000b59cb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What empire brought Islam practices with them?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hephthalite Empire,'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",265]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336314d058e614000b59cc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What religions were practiced in the region from first centry CE to 4th centry CE?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",155]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336314d058e614000b59c9'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Tajikistan'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Tajikistan's economy grew substantially after the war. The GDP of Tajikistan expanded at an average rate of 9.6% over the period of 2000–2007 according to the World Bank data. This improved Tajikistan's position among other Central Asian countries (namely Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan), which seem to have degraded economically ever since. The primary sources of income in Tajikistan are aluminium production, cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers. Cotton accounts for 60% of agricultural output, supporting 75% of the rural population, and using 45% of irrigated arable land. The aluminium industry is represented by the state-owned Tajik Aluminum Company – the biggest aluminium plant in Central Asia and one of the biggest in the world.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the rate that the GDP expanded?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'an average rate of 9.6%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",90]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733dc45d058e614000b643d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the primary source of income in Tajikistan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'aluminium production, cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",388]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733dc45d058e614000b643e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What accounts for 60% of the agricultural output?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'60%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",483]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733dc45d058e614000b643f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the state owned company that produces aluminium?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tajik Aluminum Company'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",648]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733dc45d058e614000b6440'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Tajikistan'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Tajikistan's rivers, such as the Vakhsh and the Panj, have great hydropower potential, and the government has focused on attracting investment for projects for internal use and electricity exports. Tajikistan is home to the Nurek Dam, the highest dam in the world. Lately, Russia's RAO UES energy giant has been working on the Sangtuda-1 hydroelectric power station (670 MW capacity) commenced operations on 18 January 2008. Other projects at the development stage include Sangtuda-2 by Iran, Zerafshan by the Chinese company SinoHydro, and the Rogun power plant that, at a projected height of 335 metres (1,099 ft), would supersede the Nurek Dam as highest in the world if it is brought to completion. A planned project, CASA 1000, will transmit 1000 MW of surplus electricity from Tajikistan to Pakistan with power transit through Afghanistan. The total length of transmission line is 750 km while the project is planned to be on Public-Private Partnership basis with the support of WB, IFC, ADB and IDB. The project cost is estimated to be around US$865 million. Other energy resources include sizable coal deposits and smaller reserves of natural gas and petroleum.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is trying to attract investments for hydropower in Tajikistan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the government'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",92]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733dd1d4776f419006613a3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is something that the rivers in Tajikistan are good for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'hydropower potential'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",66]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733dd1d4776f419006613a2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the highest dam in the world?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Nurek Dam'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",225]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733dd1d4776f419006613a4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What will the project named CASA 1000 do?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'CASA 1000, will transmit 1000 MW of surplus electricity from Tajikistan to Pakistan with power transit through Afghanistan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",723]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733dd1d4776f419006613a5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Tajikistan'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'According to some estimates about 20% of the population lives on less than US$1.25 per day. Migration from Tajikistan and the consequent remittances have been unprecedented in their magnitude and economic impact. In 2010, remittances from Tajik labour migrants totaled an estimated $2.1 billion US dollars, an increase from 2009. Tajikistan has achieved transition from a planned to a market economy without substantial and protracted recourse to aid (of which it by now receives only negligible amounts), and by purely market-based means, simply by exporting its main commodity of comparative advantage — cheap labor. The World Bank Tajikistan Policy Note 2006 concludes that remittances have played an important role as one of the drivers of Tajikistan's robust economic growth during the past several years, have increased incomes, and as a result helped significantly reduce poverty.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the average amount lived on per day?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'US$1.25 per day'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",76]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733de6d4776f419006613bf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the total for the remittances from Tajik migrans?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'estimated $2.1 billion US dollars'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",273]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733de6d4776f419006613c0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How did Tajikistan change their economy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'by purely market-based means, simply by exporting its main commodity of comparative advantage — cheap labor'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",511]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733de6d4776f419006613c1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What has been one of the drivers of Tajikistan's robust economic growth?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'remittances'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",678]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733de6d4776f419006613c2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Tajikistan'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Drug trafficking is the major illegal source of income in Tajikistan as it is an important transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; some opium poppy is also raised locally for the domestic market. However, with the increasing assistance from international organizations, such as UNODC, and cooperation with the US, Russian, EU and Afghan authorities a level of progress on the fight against illegal drug-trafficking is being achieved. Tajikistan holds third place in the world for heroin and raw opium confiscations (1216.3 kg of heroin and 267.8 kg of raw opium in the first half of 2006). Drug money corrupts the country's government; according to some experts the well-known personalities that fought on both sides of the civil war and have held the positions in the government after the armistice was signed are now involved in the drug trade. UNODC is working with Tajikistan to strengthen border crossings, provide training, and set up joint interdiction teams. It also helped to establish Tajikistani Drug Control Agency.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is raised locally for the domestic market?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'opium poppy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",203]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e4294776f41900661436'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What all has helped with the fight against drugs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'with the increasing assistance from international organizations, such as UNODC, and cooperation with the US, Russian, EU and Afghan authorities'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",272]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e4294776f41900661437'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Tajikistan is thrid in the world for what type of confiscations?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'heroin and raw opium confiscations'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",547]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e4294776f41900661438'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is UNODC helping Tajikistan with to help the war on drugs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'strengthen border crossings, provide training, and set up joint interdiction teams. It also helped to establish Tajikistani Drug Control Agency'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",950]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e4294776f41900661439'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Tajikistan'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'As a landlocked country Tajikistan has no ports and the majority of transportation is via roads, air, and rail. In recent years Tajikistan has pursued agreements with Iran and Pakistan to gain port access in those countries via Afghanistan. In 2009, an agreement was made between Tajikistan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan to improve and build a 1,300 km (810 mi) highway and rail system connecting the three countries to Pakistan's ports. The proposed route would go through the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in the eastern part of the country. And in 2012, the presidents of Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and Iran signed an agreement to construct roads and railways as well as oil, gas, and water pipelines to connect the three countries.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the majority of transportation options?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'via roads, air, and rail.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",87]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e4e7d058e614000b64fe'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What countries had Tajikistan been working with to use ports?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Iran and Pakistan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",168]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e4e7d058e614000b64ff'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What countries did Tajikistan agree with to build a highway and a rail way?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tajikistan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",281]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e4e7d058e614000b6500'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year was the agreement signed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2012'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",556]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e4e7d058e614000b6501'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Tajikistan'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 2009 Tajikistan had 26 airports, 18 of which had paved runways, of which two had runways longer than 3,000 meters. The country's main airport is Dushanbe International Airport which as of April 2015, had regularly scheduled flights to major cities in Russia, Central Asia, as well as Delhi, Dubai, Frankfurt, Istanbul, Kabul, Tehran, and Ürümqi amongst others. There are also international flights, mainly to Russia, from Khujand Airport in the northern part of the country as well as limited international services from Kulob Airport, and Qurghonteppa International Airport. Khorog Airport is a domestic airport and also the only airport in the sparsely populated eastern half of the country.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many airports does Tajikistan have?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'26 airports'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",24]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e573d058e614000b6515'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the country's main airport?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Dushanbe International Airport'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",149]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e573d058e614000b6516'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where are the international flights maining going to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Russia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",255]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e573d058e614000b6517'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the airport in the eastern half of the country?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Khorog Airport'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",580]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e573d058e614000b6518'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Tajikistan'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Tajikistan has a population of 7,349,145 (July 2009 est.) of which 70% are under the age of 30 and 35% are between the ages of 14 and 30. Tajiks who speak Tajik (a dialect of Persian) are the main ethnic group, although there are sizable minorities of Uzbeks and Russians, whose numbers are declining due to emigration. The Pamiris of Badakhshan, a small population of Yaghnobi people, and a sizeable minority of Ismailis are all considered to belong to the larger group of Tajiks. All citizens of Tajikistan are called Tajikistanis.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is Tajikistans population as of July 2009?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'7,349,145'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",32]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e682d058e614000b652d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percent of the population is under 30 years old?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'70%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",68]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e682d058e614000b652e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percent of the population are between 14 to 30 years old?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'35%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",100]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e682d058e614000b652f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What lanuage do the people of Tajikistan speak?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tajik'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",156]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e682d058e614000b6530'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the citizens of Tajikistan called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tajikistanis'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",521]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e682d058e614000b6531'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Tajikistan'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Pamiri people of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in the southeast, bordering Afghanistan and China, though considered part of the Tajik ethnicity, nevertheless are distinct linguistically and culturally from most Tajiks. In contrast to the mostly Sunni Muslim residents of the rest of Tajikistan, the Pamiris overwhelmingly follow the Ismaili sect of Islam, and speak a number of Eastern Iranian languages, including Shughni, Rushani, Khufi and Wakhi. Isolated in the highest parts of the Pamir Mountains, they have preserved many ancient cultural traditions and folk arts that have been largely lost elsewhere in the country.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What people live in the southeast area of the country?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Pamiri people'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e78f4776f41900661493'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How are they different than most Tajiks?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'distinct linguistically and culturally'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",174]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e78f4776f41900661494'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What mountians do the Pamiri people call home?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pamir Mountains'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",499]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e78f4776f41900661495'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Tajikistan'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Sunni Islam of the Hanafi school has been officially recognized by the government since 2009. Tajikistan considers itself a secular state with a Constitution providing for freedom of religion. The Government has declared two Islamic holidays, Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon, as state holidays. According to a U.S. State Department release and Pew research group, the population of Tajikistan is 98% Muslim. Approximately 87%–95% of them are Sunni and roughly 3% are Shia and roughly 7% are non-denominational Muslims. The remaining 2% of the population are followers of Russian Orthodoxy, Protestantism, Zoroastrianism and Buddhism. A great majority of Muslims fast during Ramadan, although only about one third in the countryside and 10% in the cities observe daily prayer and dietary restrictions.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What school has been recognized by the government?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sunni Islam of the Hanafi'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e80f4776f41900661499'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of state does Tajikistan see itself as?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a secular state with a Constitution providing for freedom of religion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",123]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e80f4776f4190066149a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the two national Islamic holidays?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",244]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e80f4776f4190066149b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percent of the population is muslim?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'98%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",391]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e80f4776f4190066149c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Tajikistan'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Relationships between religious groups are generally amicable, although there is some concern among mainstream Muslim leaders[who?] that minority religious groups undermine national unity. There is a concern for religious institutions becoming active in the political sphere. The Islamic Renaissance Party (IRP), a major combatant in the 1992–1997 Civil War and then-proponent of the creation of an Islamic state in Tajikistan, constitutes no more than 30% of the government by statute. Membership in Hizb ut-Tahrir, a militant Islamic party which today aims for an overthrow of secular governments and the unification of Tajiks under one Islamic state, is illegal and members are subject to arrest and imprisonment. Numbers of large mosques appropriate for Friday prayers are limited and some[who?] feel this is discriminatory.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of religions concerns are there?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'minority religious groups undermine national unity'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",138]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e8cad058e614000b6566'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What concerns for the religions institutions are there?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a concern for religious institutions becoming active in the political sphere'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",199]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e8cad058e614000b6567'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the militant Islamic party in Tajikistan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hizb ut-Tahrir'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",502]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e8cad058e614000b6568'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does the Hizb ut-Tahrir aim for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'aims for an overthrow of secular governments and the unification of Tajiks under one Islamic state'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",555]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e8cad058e614000b6569'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Tajikistan'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'By law, religious communities must register by the State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities. Registration with the SCRA requires a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location. Religious groups who do not have a physical structure are not allowed to gather publicly for prayer. Failure to register can result in large fines and closure of place of worship. There are reports that registration on the local level is sometimes difficult to obtain. People under the age of 18 are also barred from public religious practice.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do religions communities have to register with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",52]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e94ad058e614000b657d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does the SCRA require?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",160]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e94ad058e614000b657e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do you have to have to gather for public prayer?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a physical structure'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",298]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e94ad058e614000b657f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What can happen if you do not register?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'can result in large fines and closure of place of worship'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",386]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e94ad058e614000b6580'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Tajikistan'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Despite repeated efforts by the Tajik government to improve and expand health care, the system remains extremely underdeveloped and poor, with severe shortages of medical supplies. The state's Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare reported that 104,272 disabled people are registered in Tajikistan (2000). This group of people suffers most from poverty in Tajikistan. The government of Tajikistan and the World Bank considered activities to support this part of the population described in the World Bank's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. Public expenditure on health was at 1% of the GDP in 2004.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is wrong with the health care system in Tajikistan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","', the system remains extremely underdeveloped and poor, with severe shortages of medical supplies'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",83]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ea75d058e614000b65a3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many disabled people are registered in Tajikistan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'104,272'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",245]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ea75d058e614000b65a4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percent of the GDP was spent on health?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",577]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ea75d058e614000b65a5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the paper that the World Bank and Tajikistan came up with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'World Bank's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",494]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ea75d058e614000b65a6'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Tajikistan'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Public education in Tajikistan consists of 11 years of primary and secondary education but the government has plans to implement a 12-year system in 2016. There is a relatively large number of tertiary education institutions including Khujand State University which has 76 departments in 15 faculties, Tajikistan State University of Law, Business, & Politics, Khorugh State University, Agricultural University of Tajikistan, Tajik State National University, and several other institutions. Most, but not all, universities were established during the Soviet Era. As of 2008[update] tertiary education enrollment was 17%, significantly below the sub-regional average of 37%. Many Tajiks left the education system due to low demand in the labor market for people with extensive educational training or professional skills.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many years of school are there in the Tajikistan school system?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'11 years of primary and secondary education'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",44]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ead8d058e614000b65b0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do they want to impliment in 2016?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a 12-year system'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",130]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ead8d058e614000b65b1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of one of the tertiary education institutions?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Khujand State University'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",236]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ead8d058e614000b65b2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the percent of tertiary education enrollment?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'17%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",616]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ead8d058e614000b65b3'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Tajikistan'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Anthropology is the study of humans and their societies in the past and present. Its main subdivisions are social anthropology and cultural anthropology, which describes the workings of societies around the world, linguistic anthropology, which investigates the influence of language in social life, and biological or physical anthropology, which concerns long-term development of the human organism. Archaeology, which studies past human cultures through investigation of physical evidence, is thought of as a branch of anthropology in the United States, while in Europe, it is viewed as a discipline in its own right, or grouped under other related disciplines such as history.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is anthropology a study of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'humans and their societies'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",30]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733a866d058e614000b5f91'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of anthropology describes the workings of societies around the world?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'social'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",108]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733a866d058e614000b5f92'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What investigates the influence of language in social life?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'linguistic anthropology'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",215]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733a866d058e614000b5f93'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What subdivision of anthropology concerns itself with the long-term development of the human organism?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'physical'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",319]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733a866d058e614000b5f94'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where is Archaeology considered a branch of anthropology?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'United States'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",542]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733a866d058e614000b5f95'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Anthropology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Similar organizations in other countries followed: The American Anthropological Association in 1902, the Anthropological Society of Madrid (1865), the Anthropological Society of Vienna (1870), the Italian Society of Anthropology and Ethnology (1871), and many others subsequently. The majority of these were evolutionist. One notable exception was the Berlin Society of Anthropology (1869) founded by Rudolph Virchow, known for his vituperative attacks on the evolutionists. Not religious himself, he insisted that Darwin's conclusions lacked empirical foundation.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Vienna created it's society in what year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1870'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",187]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ac79d058e614000b6003'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the Berlin Society of Anthropology founded by Rudolph Virchow?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1869'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",385]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ac79d058e614000b6004'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the American Anthropological Association founded?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1902'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",96]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ac79d058e614000b6001'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Madrid get it's own anthropological society?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1865'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",141]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ac79d058e614000b6002'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Virchow feel Darwin's conclusions lacked?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'empirical foundation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",544]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ac79d058e614000b6005'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Anthropology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'During the last three decades of the 19th century a proliferation of anthropological societies and associations occurred, most independent, most publishing their own journals, and all international in membership and association. The major theorists belonged to these organizations. They supported the gradual osmosis of anthropology curricula into the major institutions of higher learning. By 1898 the American Association for the Advancement of Science was able to report that 48 educational institutions in 13 countries had some curriculum in anthropology. None of the 75 faculty members were under a department named anthropology.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What proliferated in the last three decades of the 19th century?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'anthropological societies'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",70]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ad34d058e614000b6013'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did all the anthropological societies allow their membership to be?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'international'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",185]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ad34d058e614000b6014'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who belonged to these proliferating organizations?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The major theorists'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",230]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ad34d058e614000b6015'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many educational institutions had some curriculum in anthropology by 1898?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'48'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",480]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ad34d058e614000b6016'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many countries were the institutions teaching anthropology located in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'13'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",511]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ad34d058e614000b6017'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Anthropology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Since the work of Franz Boas and Bronisław Malinowski in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, social anthropology in Great Britain and cultural anthropology in the US have been distinguished from other social sciences by its emphasis on cross-cultural comparisons, long-term in-depth examination of context, and the importance it places on participant-observation or experiential immersion in the area of research. Cultural anthropology in particular has emphasized cultural relativism, holism, and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques. This has been particularly prominent in the United States, from Boas' arguments against 19th-century racial ideology, through Margaret Mead's advocacy for gender equality and sexual liberation, to current criticisms of post-colonial oppression and promotion of multiculturalism. Ethnography is one of its primary research designs as well as the text that is generated from anthropological fieldwork.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Bronislaw Malinoswki and Franz Boas do their relevant work?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'late 19th and early 20th centuries'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",62]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ae95d058e614000b6033'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Margaret Mead advocate for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'gender equality and sexual liberation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",707]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ae95d058e614000b6037'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What has cultural anthropology distinguished itself from other social sciences by emphasizing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'cross-cultural comparisons'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",241]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ae95d058e614000b6034'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Boas' argue against?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'19th-century racial ideology'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",640]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ae95d058e614000b6036'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What has cultural anthropology specifically emphasized?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'cultural relativism, holism, and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",470]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ae95d058e614000b6035'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Anthropology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Anthropology is a global discipline where humanities, social, and natural sciences are forced to confront one another. Anthropology builds upon knowledge from natural sciences, including the discoveries about the origin and evolution of Homo sapiens, human physical traits, human behavior, the variations among different groups of humans, how the evolutionary past of Homo sapiens has influenced its social organization and culture, and from social sciences, including the organization of human social and cultural relations, institutions, social conflicts, etc. Early anthropology originated in Classical Greece and Persia and studied and tried to understand observable cultural diversity. As such, anthropology has been central in the development of several new (late 20th century) interdisciplinary fields such as cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What fields are forced to confront one another in anthropology?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'humanities, social, and natural sciences'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",43]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733af354776f4190066101e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What builds upon natural and social sciences?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Anthropology'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",120]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733af354776f4190066101f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of discipline is anthropology?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'global'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",19]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733af354776f4190066101d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did early anthropology originate?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Greece and Persia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",607]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733af354776f41900661020'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What interdisciplinary fields has anthropology been central in the development of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",818]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733af354776f41900661021'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Anthropology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Sociocultural anthropology has been heavily influenced by structuralist and postmodern theories, as well as a shift toward the analysis of modern societies. During the 1970s and 1990s, there was an epistemological shift away from the positivist traditions that had largely informed the discipline.[page needed] During this shift, enduring questions about the nature and production of knowledge came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology. In contrast, archaeology and biological anthropology remained largely positivist. Due to this difference in epistemology, the four sub-fields of anthropology have lacked cohesion over the last several decades.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What has sociocultural anthropology been heavily influenced by?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'structuralist and postmodern theories'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",59]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733afdc4776f41900661027'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was there an epistemological shift away from positivist traditions in anthropology?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'During the 1970s and 1990s'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",158]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733afdc4776f41900661028'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What questions came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'nature and production of knowledge'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",360]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733afdc4776f41900661029'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What two fields remained largely positivist? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'archaeology and biological anthropology'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",476]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733afdc4776f4190066102a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What have the four sub-fields of anthropology lacked over the last several decades?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'cohesion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",633]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733afdc4776f4190066102b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Anthropology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Sociocultural anthropology draws together the principle axes of cultural anthropology and social anthropology. Cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them, while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among persons and groups. Cultural anthropology is more related to philosophy, literature and the arts (how one's culture affects experience for self and group, contributing to more complete understanding of the people's knowledge, customs, and institutions), while social anthropology is more related to sociology and history. in that it helps develop understanding of social structures, typically of others and other populations (such as minorities, subgroups, dissidents, etc.). 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Accepting other cultures in their own terms moderates reductionism in cross-cultural comparison. This project is often accommodated in the field of ethnography. Ethnography can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research, i.e. an ethnographic monograph. As methodology, ethnography is based upon long-term fieldwork within a community or other research site. Participant observation is one of the foundational methods of social and cultural anthropology. Ethnology involves the systematic comparison of different cultures. 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Sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution, patterns of consumption and exchange, material culture, technology, infrastructure, gender relations, ethnicity, childrearing and socialization, religion, myth, symbols, values, etiquette, worldview, sports, music, nutrition, recreation, games, food, festivals, and language (which is also the object of study in linguistic anthropology).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why type of anthropology is the study of social organization a central focus of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sociocultural'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",129]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b22f4776f41900661071'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What patterns does sociocultural anthropology get up in the morning to learn about?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'consumption and exchange'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",246]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b22f4776f41900661073'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a human universal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'kinship'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",99]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b22f4776f41900661075'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the object of study for linguistic anthropology?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'language'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",500]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b22f4776f41900661074'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why type of conflict is sociocultural anthropology interested in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'resolution'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",222]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b22f4776f41900661072'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Anthropology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Archaeology is the study of the human past through its material remains. Artifacts, faunal remains, and human altered landscapes are evidence of the cultural and material lives of past societies. Archaeologists examine these material remains in order to deduce patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices. Ethnoarchaeology is a type of archaeology that studies the practices and material remains of living human groups in order to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups, who are presumed to have lived in similar ways.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What field studies human's past through material remains?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Archaeology'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b2e14776f41900661085'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What can archaeologists deduce from material remains?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'human behavior and cultural practices'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",279]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b2e14776f41900661087'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do Ethnoarchaeologists gain a better understanding of by studying living human groups?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'past human groups'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",502]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b2e14776f41900661088'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How are long dead human groups presumed to have lived and behaved as compared to still living populations?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'in similar ways'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",552]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b2e14776f41900661089'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are artifacts, faunal remains and human altered landscapes the evidence of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'cultural and material lives of past societies'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",150]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b2e14776f41900661086'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Anthropology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Linguistic anthropology (also called anthropological linguistics) seeks to understand the processes of human communications, verbal and non-verbal, variation in language across time and space, the social uses of language, and the relationship between language and culture. It is the branch of anthropology that brings linguistic methods to bear on anthropological problems, linking the analysis of linguistic forms and processes to the interpretation of sociocultural processes. Linguistic anthropologists often draw on related fields including sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What problems does linguistic anthropology bring linguistic methods to bear on?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'anthropological'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",349]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b36dd058e614000b60a5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the analysis of linguistic forms and processes linked to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'interpretation of sociocultural processes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",437]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b36dd058e614000b60a6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What subdivision of anthropology seeks to understand the process of human communications?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Linguistic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b36dd058e614000b60a4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What related fields do linguistic anthropologists draw on?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",546]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b36dd058e614000b60a7'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Anthropology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'One of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of 'art' as a cultural phenomenon. Several anthropologists have noted that the Western categories of 'painting', 'sculpture', or 'literature', conceived as independent artistic activities, do not exist, or exist in a significantly different form, in most non-Western contexts. To surmount this difficulty, anthropologists of art have focused on formal features in objects which, without exclusively being 'artistic', have certain evident 'aesthetic' qualities. Boas' Primitive Art, Claude Lévi-Strauss' The Way of the Masks (1982) or Geertz's 'Art as Cultural System' (1983) are some examples in this trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of culturally specific 'aesthetics'.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a cultural phenomenon? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'art'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",52]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b425d058e614000b60bc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What have several anthropologists noted about Western artistic endeavors and their place in non-Western contexts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'do not exist'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",271]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b425d058e614000b60bd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What formal features in objects do anthropologists of art focus on?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'evident 'aesthetic' qualities'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",512]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b425d058e614000b60be'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was Art as Cultural System penned?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1983'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",651]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b425d058e614000b60bf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'culturally specific 'aesthetics''"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",752]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b425d058e614000b60c0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Anthropology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Sporadic use of the term for some of the subject matter occurred subsequently, such as the use by Étienne Serres in 1838 to describe the natural history, or paleontology, of man, based on comparative anatomy, and the creation of a chair in anthropology and ethnography in 1850 at the National Museum of Natural History (France) by Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages de Bréau. Various short-lived organizations of anthropologists had already been formed. The Société Ethnologique de Paris, the first to use Ethnology, was formed in 1839. Its members were primarily anti-slavery activists. When slavery was abolished in France in 1848 the Société was abandoned.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who used the term anthropology to describe the natural history of man?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Étienne Serres'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",99]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733a9144776f41900660f8c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was anthropology used as a term for comparative anatomy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1838'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",117]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733a9144776f41900660f8d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was a chair created for anthropology at the National Museum of Natural History?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1850'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",273]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733a9144776f41900660f8e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where is the National Museum of Natural History located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'France'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",321]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733a9144776f41900660f8f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What organization was formed by members whose primary objective was the abolishment of slavery?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Société Ethnologique de Paris'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",457]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733a9144776f41900660f90'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Anthropology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Anthropology and many other current fields are the intellectual results of the comparative methods developed in the earlier 19th century. Theorists in such diverse fields as anatomy, linguistics, and Ethnology, making feature-by-feature comparisons of their subject matters, were beginning to suspect that similarities between animals, languages, and folkways were the result of processes or laws unknown to them then. For them, the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species was the epiphany of everything they had begun to suspect. Darwin himself arrived at his conclusions through comparison of species he had seen in agronomy and in the wild.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is anthropology the intellectual results of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'comparative methods'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",80]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733a9b5d058e614000b5fa8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What were theorists in diverse fields beginning to notice between animals and languages?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'similarities'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",307]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733a9b5d058e614000b5fa9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the theorists suspect these patterns were the result of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'processes or laws unknown to them then'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",380]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733a9b5d058e614000b5faa'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Darwin's On The Origin of Species for theorists?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'epiphany'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",499]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733a9b5d058e614000b5fab'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How did Darwin arrive at his conclusions?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'comparison of species'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",599]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733a9b5d058e614000b5fac'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Anthropology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Darwin and Wallace unveiled evolution in the late 1850s. There was an immediate rush to bring it into the social sciences. Paul Broca in Paris was in the process of breaking away from the Société de biologie to form the first of the explicitly anthropological societies, the Société d'Anthropologie de Paris, meeting for the first time in Paris in 1859.[n 4] When he read Darwin he became an immediate convert to Transformisme, as the French called evolutionism. His definition now became \"the study of the human group, considered as a whole, in its details, and in relation to the rest of nature\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Wallace and Darwin unveil the theory of evolution?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'late 1850s.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",46]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733aa144776f41900660fa3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was there a rush to do with the theory of evolution?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'bring it into the social sciences'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",89]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733aa144776f41900660fa4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did Paul Broca reside?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Paris'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",138]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733aa144776f41900660fa5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What organization was Broca in the process of disentangling himself from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Société de biologie'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",189]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733aa144776f41900660fa6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the French call evolutionism?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Transformisme'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",414]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733aa144776f41900660fa7'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Anthropology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Broca, being what today would be called a neurosurgeon, had taken an interest in the pathology of speech. He wanted to localize the difference between man and the other animals, which appeared to reside in speech. He discovered the speech center of the human brain, today called Broca's area after him. His interest was mainly in Biological anthropology, but a German philosopher specializing in psychology, Theodor Waitz, took up the theme of general and social anthropology in his six-volume work, entitled Die Anthropologie der Naturvölker, 1859–1864. The title was soon translated as \"The Anthropology of Primitive Peoples\". 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By nature he meant matter animated by \"the Divine breath\"; i.e., he was an animist. Following Broca's lead, Waitz points out that anthropology is a new field, which would gather material from other fields, but would differ from them in the use of comparative anatomy, physiology, and psychology to differentiate man from \"the animals nearest to him\". He stresses that the data of comparison must be empirical, gathered by experimentation. The history of civilization as well as ethnology are to be brought into the comparison. It is to be presumed fundamentally that the species, man, is a unity, and that \"the same laws of thought are applicable to all men\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How did Waitz define anthropology?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the science of the nature of man'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",32]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ab114776f41900660fb5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What philosophical perspective did Waitz hold?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'an animist'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",139]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ab114776f41900660fb6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What would anthropology use to differentiate man from the animals nearest him?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'comparative anatomy, physiology, and psychology'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",314]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ab114776f41900660fb7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Waitz stress that the data of comparison must be?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'empirical'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",466]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ab114776f41900660fb8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What history was to be brought into the comparison?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'civilization'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",521]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ab114776f41900660fb9'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Anthropology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Waitz was influential among the British ethnologists. In 1863 the explorer Richard Francis Burton and the speech therapist James Hunt broke away from the Ethnological Society of London to form the Anthropological Society of London, which henceforward would follow the path of the new anthropology rather than just ethnology. It was the 2nd society dedicated to general anthropology in existence. Representatives from the French Société were present, though not Broca. In his keynote address, printed in the first volume of its new publication, The Anthropological Review, Hunt stressed the work of Waitz, adopting his definitions as a standard.[n 5] Among the first associates were the young Edward Burnett Tylor, inventor of cultural anthropology, and his brother Alfred Tylor, a geologist. Previously Edward had referred to himself as an ethnologist; subsequently, an anthropologist.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was Waitz influential among?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'British ethnologists'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",33]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733abaed058e614000b5fda'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did Richard Francis Burton break away from the Ethnological Society of London?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1863'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",58]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733abaed058e614000b5fdb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What path of exploration did the Anthropological Society of London follow?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'anthropology'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",285]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733abaed058e614000b5fdc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Representatives from where were present in the Anthropological Society of London?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'French Société'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",422]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733abaed058e614000b5fdd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Whose work did Hunt stress in the first volume of The Anthropological Review?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Waitz'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",599]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733abaed058e614000b5fde'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Anthropology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'This meagre statistic expanded in the 20th century to comprise anthropology departments in the majority of the world's higher educational institutions, many thousands in number. Anthropology has diversified from a few major subdivisions to dozens more. Practical anthropology, the use of anthropological knowledge and technique to solve specific problems, has arrived; for example, the presence of buried victims might stimulate the use of a forensic archaeologist to recreate the final scene. Organization has reached global level. For example, the World Council of Anthropological Associations (WCAA), \"a network of national, regional and international associations that aims to promote worldwide communication and cooperation in anthropology\", currently contains members from about three dozen nations.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the 20th century see the expansion of anthropology departments into?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'majority of the world's higher educational institutions'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",96]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733addf4776f41900661009'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was anthropology diversified into dozens of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'subdivisions'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",225]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733addf4776f4190066100a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of anthropology is used to solve specific problems?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Practical'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",254]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733addf4776f4190066100b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does a forensic archaeologist become stimulated to do in the presence of buried victims?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'recreate the final scene'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",469]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733addf4776f4190066100c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'From how many nations does the WCAA boast members from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'about three dozen'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",780]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733addf4776f4190066100d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Anthropology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Media anthropology (also known as anthropology of media or mass media) emphasizes ethnographic studies as a means of understanding producers, audiences, and other cultural and social aspects of mass media. The types of ethnographic contexts explored range from contexts of media production (e.g., ethnographies of newsrooms in newspapers, journalists in the field, film production) to contexts of media reception, following audiences in their everyday responses to media. Other types include cyber anthropology, a relatively new area of internet research, as well as ethnographies of other areas of research which happen to involve media, such as development work, social movements, or health education. 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While the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film, visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation, including areas such as performance, museums, art, and the production and reception of mass media. 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It has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics, of which it is highly critical. Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology begin with the Polish-British founder of Anthropology, Bronislaw Malinowski, and his French compatriot, Marcel Mauss, on the nature of gift-giving exchange (or reciprocity) as an alternative to market exchange. Economic Anthropology remains, for the most part, focused upon exchange. The school of thought derived from Marx and known as Political Economy focuses on production, in contrast. 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Political Economy introduced questions of history and colonialism to ahistorical anthropological theories of social structure and culture. Three main areas of interest rapidly developed. The first of these areas was concerned with the \"pre-capitalist\" societies that were subject to evolutionary \"tribal\" stereotypes. Sahlins work on Hunter-gatherers as the 'original affluent society' did much to dissipate that image. The second area was concerned with the vast majority of the world's population at the time, the peasantry, many of whom were involved in complex revolutionary wars such as in Vietnam. The third area was on colonialism, imperialism, and the creation of the capitalist world-system. 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The kind of issues addressed and implications for the approach simply involve pondering why, if a key development goal is to alleviate poverty, is poverty increasing? Why is there such a gap between plans and outcomes? Why are those working in development so willing to disregard history and the lessons it might offer? Why is development so externally driven rather than having an internal basis? 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Over its history, anthropology has developed a number of related concepts and terms, such as \"descent\", \"descent groups\", \"lineages\", \"affines\", \"cognates\", and even \"fictive kinship\". 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Political anthropology developed as a discipline concerned primarily with politics in stateless societies, a new development started from the 1960s, and is still unfolding: anthropologists started increasingly to study more \"complex\" social settings in which the presence of states, bureaucracies and markets entered both ethnographic accounts and analysis of local phenomena. The turn towards complex societies meant that political themes were taken up at two main levels. First of all, anthropologists continued to study political organization and political phenomena that lay outside the state-regulated sphere (as in patron-client relations or tribal political organization). Second of all, anthropologists slowly started to develop a disciplinary concern with states and their institutions (and of course on the relationship between formal and informal political institutions). An anthropology of the state developed, and it is a most thriving field today. Geertz' comparative work on \"Negara\", the Balinese state is an early, famous example.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of anthropology is interested in the structure of political systems?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Political'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e009d058e614000b6487'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'From what basis do political anthropologists examine the structure of political systems?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'structure of societies'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",101]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e009d058e614000b6488'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the new development of a stateless society come about?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the 1960s'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",263]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e009d058e614000b6489'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The presence of states, bureaucracies and markets makes for what type of social setting?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"complex\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",349]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e009d058e614000b648a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did a comparative work on a Balinese state?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Geertz'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1087]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e009d058e614000b648b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Anthropology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Cyborg anthropology originated as a sub-focus group within the American Anthropological Association's annual meeting in 1993. The sub-group was very closely related to STS and the Society for the Social Studies of Science. Donna Haraway's 1985 Cyborg Manifesto could be considered the founding document of cyborg anthropology by first exploring the philosophical and sociological ramifications of the term. Cyborg anthropology studies humankind and its relations with the technological systems it has built, specifically modern technological systems that have reflexively shaped notions of what it means to be human beings.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of anthropology originated as a sub-focus group?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Cyborg'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e0d64776f419006613fc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the division of cyborg anthropology originate?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1993'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",121]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e0d64776f419006613fd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What the sub-group of cyborg anthropology very closely related to, in addition to STS?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Society for the Social Studies of Science'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",177]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e0d64776f419006613fe'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who published a Cyborg Manifesto?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Donna Haraway'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",224]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e0d64776f419006613ff'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does cyborg anthropology study about humankind and technological systems humans have built?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'its relations'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",450]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e0d64776f41900661400'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Anthropology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Environmental anthropology is a sub-specialty within the field of anthropology that takes an active role in examining the relationships between humans and their environment across space and time. The contemporary perspective of environmental anthropology, and arguably at least the backdrop, if not the focus of most of the ethnographies and cultural fieldworks of today, is political ecology. Many characterize this new perspective as more informed with culture, politics and power, globalization, localized issues, and more. The focus and data interpretation is often used for arguments for\/against or creation of policy, and to prevent corporate exploitation and damage of land. Often, the observer has become an active part of the struggle either directly (organizing, participation) or indirectly (articles, documentaries, books, ethnographies). Such is the case with environmental justice advocate Melissa Checker and her relationship with the people of Hyde Park.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which sub-specialty of anthropology takes an active role in looking at how humans interact with their environment?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Environmental'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e26ad058e614000b64b8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the focus of most of the field work in environmental anthropology today?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'political ecology'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",376]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e26ad058e614000b64b9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do many characterize the new perspective as being more informed with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'culture, politics and power, globalization, localized issues, and more.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",456]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e26ad058e614000b64ba'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The data interpretation of environmental anthropology can be used to prevent what type of exploitation?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'corporate'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",640]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e26ad058e614000b64bb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who does Melissa Checker have a relationship with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'people of Hyde Park'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",951]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e26ad058e614000b64bc'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Anthropology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Ethnohistory is the study of ethnographic cultures and indigenous customs by examining historical records. It is also the study of the history of various ethnic groups that may or may not exist today. Ethnohistory uses both historical and ethnographic data as its foundation. Its historical methods and materials go beyond the standard use of documents and manuscripts. Practitioners recognize the utility of such source material as maps, music, paintings, photography, folklore, oral tradition, site exploration, archaeological materials, museum collections, enduring customs, language, and place names.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How does an someone interested in ethnohistory learn more about cultures and customs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'by examining historical records'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",75]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e37ad058e614000b64d6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Ethnohistory can study the history of what types of groups which may or may not exist today?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ethnic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",155]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e37ad058e614000b64d7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does ethnohistory use both historical and ethnographic data as?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'its foundation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",261]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e37ad058e614000b64d8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do the methods of ethnohistory go beyond the standard use of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'documents and manuscripts'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",344]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e37ad058e614000b64d9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who recognizes the utility of music, folkore and language?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Practitioners'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",371]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e37ad058e614000b64da'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Anthropology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Urban anthropology is concerned with issues of urbanization, poverty, and neoliberalism. Ulf Hannerz quotes a 1960s remark that traditional anthropologists were \"a notoriously agoraphobic lot, anti-urban by definition\". Various social processes in the Western World as well as in the \"Third World\" (the latter being the habitual focus of attention of anthropologists) brought the attention of \"specialists in 'other cultures'\" closer to their homes. There are two principle approaches in urban anthropology: by examining the types of cities or examining the social issues within the cities. These two methods are overlapping and dependent of each other. By defining different types of cities, one would use social factors as well as economic and political factors to categorize the cities. 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'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'notoriously agoraphobic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",165]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e44a4776f41900661440'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many principles approaches are there in urban anthropology?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'two'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",461]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e44a4776f41900661441'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'One would be studying how the dynamic of a city is affected if one were looking directly at different what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'social issues'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",828]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e44a4776f41900661442'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Anthropology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Anthrozoology (also known as \"human–animal studies\") is the study of interaction between living things. It is a burgeoning interdisciplinary field that overlaps with a number of other disciplines, including anthropology, ethology, medicine, psychology, veterinary medicine and zoology. A major focus of anthrozoologic research is the quantifying of the positive effects of human-animal relationships on either party and the study of their interactions. It includes scholars from a diverse range of fields, including anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy.[n 7]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is Anthrozoology also known as?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'human–animal studies'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",31]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e5704776f41900661451'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the study of interaction between living things?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Anthrozoology'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e5704776f41900661452'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does the field of anthrozoology overlap with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'number of other disciplines'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",169]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e5704776f41900661453'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of effects are a major focus of the anthrozoologic research?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'positive'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",354]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e5704776f41900661454'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are some of the diverse range of fields scholars come to Anthrozoology from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",517]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e5704776f41900661455'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Anthropology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Evolutionary anthropology is the interdisciplinary study of the evolution of human physiology and human behaviour and the relation between hominins and non-hominin primates. 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Topics like racism, slavery, and human sacrifice attract anthropological attention and theories ranging from nutritional deficiencies to genes to acculturation have been proposed, not to mention theories of colonialism and many others as root causes of Man's inhumanity to man. To illustrate the depth of an anthropological approach, one can take just one of these topics, such as \"racism\" and find thousands of anthropological references, stretching across all the major and minor sub-fields.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of anthropology commitment is noticing and documenting genocide?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ethical'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e7c4d058e614000b6557'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the proper term for circumcision?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'mutilation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",101]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e7c4d058e614000b6558'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are good topics to attract the attention of an anthropologist?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'racism, slavery, and human sacrifice'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",179]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e7c4d058e614000b6559'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Nutritional deficiencies and colonialism are just two theories of the root cause of Man's inhumanity towards whom?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'man'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",440]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e7c4d058e614000b655a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why can one find thousands of anthropological references to the topics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'depth of an anthropological approach'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",463]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e7c4d058e614000b655b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Anthropology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'But by the 1940s, many of Boas' anthropologist contemporaries were active in the allied war effort against the \"Axis\" (Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan). Many served in the armed forces, while others worked in intelligence (for example, Office of Strategic Services and the Office of War Information). At the same time, David H. 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The AAA's current 'Statement of Professional Responsibility' clearly states that \"in relation with their own government and with host governments ... no secret research, no secret reports or debriefings of any kind should be agreed to or given.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do groups of anthropologists object to the use of anthropology for benefit of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the state'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",96]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ea234776f419006614d3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of briefings are forbidden for members of certain anthropologist bodies to give?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'secret'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",185]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ea234776f419006614d4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What has the ASA identified as being ethically dangerous?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'certain scholarship'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",289]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ea234776f419006614d5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who penned a \"Statement of Professional Responsibility\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The AAA'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",330]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ea234776f419006614d6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Secret research and reports are things which should never be what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'given'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",568]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ea234776f419006614d7'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Anthropology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Anthropologists, along with other social scientists, are working with the US military as part of the US Army's strategy in Afghanistan. The Christian Science Monitor reports that \"Counterinsurgency efforts focus on better grasping and meeting local needs\" in Afghanistan, under the Human Terrain System (HTS) program; in addition, HTS teams are working with the US military in Iraq. In 2009, the American Anthropological Association's Commission on the Engagement of Anthropology with the US Security and Intelligence Communities released its final report concluding, in part, that, \"When ethnographic investigation is determined by military missions, not subject to external review, where data collection occurs in the context of war, integrated into the goals of counterinsurgency, and in a potentially coercive environment – all characteristic factors of the HTS concept and its application – it can no longer be considered a legitimate professional exercise of anthropology. In summary, while we stress that constructive engagement between anthropology and the military is possible, CEAUSSIC suggests that the AAA emphasize the incompatibility of HTS with disciplinary ethics and practice for job seekers and that it further recognize the problem of allowing HTS to define the meaning of \"anthropology\" within DoD.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who are anthropologists working with along with other social scientists? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the US military'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",71]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733eb08d058e614000b65b8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the anthropologists part of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'US Army's strategy in Afghanistan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",102]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733eb08d058e614000b65b9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What efforts focus on better understanding and meeting of local needs in Afghanistan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Counterinsurgency'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",181]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733eb08d058e614000b65ba'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where are HTS teams working with the military in addition to Afghanistan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Iraq'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",378]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733eb08d058e614000b65bb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does the AAA feel is incompatible with working with the military?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ethics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1174]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733eb08d058e614000b65bc'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Anthropology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Biological anthropologists are interested in both human variation and in the possibility of human universals (behaviors, ideas or concepts shared by virtually all human cultures). They use many different methods of study, but modern population genetics, participant observation and other techniques often take anthropologists \"into the field,\" which means traveling to a community in its own setting, to do something called \"fieldwork.\" On the biological or physical side, human measurements, genetic samples, nutritional data may be gathered and published as articles or monographs.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of anthropologist is interested in human variation?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Biological'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ebf24776f41900661507'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What would an idea shared by virtually all human cultures be considered?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'human universals'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",93]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ebf24776f41900661508'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where can participant observation take an anthropologist?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'into the field'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",328]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ebf24776f41900661509'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'To be able to do fieldwork, an anthropologist must first travel to what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a community in its own setting'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",370]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ebf24776f4190066150a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Articles can published once what type of samples have been taken?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'genetic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",494]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ebf24776f4190066150b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Anthropology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Along with dividing up their project by theoretical emphasis, anthropologists typically divide the world up into relevant time periods and geographic regions. Human time on Earth is divided up into relevant cultural traditions based on material, such as the Paleolithic and the Neolithic, of particular use in archaeology.[citation needed] Further cultural subdivisions according to tool types, such as Olduwan or Mousterian or Levalloisian help archaeologists and other anthropologists in understanding major trends in the human past.[citation needed] Anthropologists and geographers share approaches to Culture regions as well, since mapping cultures is central to both sciences. By making comparisons across cultural traditions (time-based) and cultural regions (space-based), anthropologists have developed various kinds of comparative method, a central part of their science.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How do anthropologists typically like to divide up the world?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'relevant time periods and geographic regions'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",114]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ec8ed058e614000b65f0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How has human time on Earth been divided up?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'cultural traditions based on material'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",208]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ec8ed058e614000b65f1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Olduwan, Mousterian, and Levalloisian are all types of what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'tool'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",384]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ec8ed058e614000b65f2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Mapping cultures is central to both the sciences of anthropologists and who else?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'geographers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",574]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ec8ed058e614000b65f3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a central part of the science of anthropology?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'comparative method'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",829]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ec8ed058e614000b65f4'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Anthropology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Some authors argue that anthropology originated and developed as the study of \"other cultures\", both in terms of time (past societies) and space (non-European\/non-Western societies). For example, the classic of urban anthropology, Ulf Hannerz in the introduction to his seminal Exploring the City: Inquiries Toward an Urban Anthropology mentions that the \"Third World\" had habitually received most of attention; anthropologists who traditionally specialized in \"other cultures\" looked for them far away and started to look \"across the tracks\" only in late 1960s.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do some authors state anthropology developed as the study of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"other cultures'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",79]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733edbe4776f4190066152f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'A past society would be an other culture separated by what temporal aspect?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'time'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",114]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733edbe4776f41900661530'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What other cultures are said to be separated by space, what is actually meant?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'non-European\/non-Western societies'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",147]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733edbe4776f41900661531'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who published a book with unnecessarily long title, \"Exploring the City: Inquires Toward an Urban Anthropology\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ulf Hannerz'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",232]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733edbe4776f41900661532'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did anthropologists stop looking for cultures far away and instead began to \"look across the tracks\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'only in late 1960s'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",544]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733edbe4776f41900661533'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Anthropology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Since the 1980s it has become common for social and cultural anthropologists to set ethnographic research in the North Atlantic region, frequently examining the connections between locations rather than limiting research to a single locale. There has also been a related shift toward broadening the focus beyond the daily life of ordinary people; increasingly, research is set in settings such as scientific laboratories, social movements, governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What has become common for social anthropologists to do since the 1980s?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'set ethnographic research in the North Atlantic region'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",81]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733eecdd058e614000b6617'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Setting research in the North Atlantic region allows looking at connections between locations rather than being limited to what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'research to a single locale'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",213]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733eecdd058e614000b6618'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What has there been a shift toward broadening the focus beyond?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'daily life of ordinary people'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",317]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733eecdd058e614000b6619'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What setting have anthropologists done more research in recently?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'scientific laboratories'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",398]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733eecdd058e614000b661a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses are all settings which are fair game to do what in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'research'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",362]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733eecdd058e614000b661b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Anthropology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Following the earthquake, Joseph I gave his Prime Minister even more power, and Sebastião de Melo became a powerful, progressive dictator. As his power grew, his enemies increased in number, and bitter disputes with the high nobility became frequent. In 1758 Joseph I was wounded in an attempted assassination. The Távora family and the Duke of Aveiro were implicated and executed after a quick trial. The Jesuits were expelled from the country and their assets confiscated by the crown. Sebastião de Melo prosecuted every person involved, even women and children. This was the final stroke that broke the power of the aristocracy. Joseph I made his loyal minister Count of Oeiras in 1759.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What happened to Joseph I in 1758?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'wounded in an attempted assassination'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",273]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ad50d058e614000b601d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was implicated in the attempted assassination of Joseph I?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Távora family and the Duke of Aveiro'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",312]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ad50d058e614000b601e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was expelled from the country after the assassination attempt on Joseph I?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Jesuits'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",403]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ad50d058e614000b601f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did Joseph I make his minister the Count of Oeiras?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1759'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",685]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ad50d058e614000b6021'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What act finally broke the power of the aristocracy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sebastião de Melo prosecuted every person involved, even women and children'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",489]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ad50d058e614000b6020'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Following the Távora affair, the new Count of Oeiras knew no opposition. Made \"Marquis of Pombal\" in 1770, he effectively ruled Portugal until Joseph I's death in 1779. However, historians also argue that Pombal’s \"enlightenment,\" while far-reaching, was primarily a mechanism for enhancing autocracy at the expense of individual liberty and especially an apparatus for crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial economic exploitation as well as intensifying book censorship and consolidating personal control and profit.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which year was the Count of Oeiras made the Marquis of Pambal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1770'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",102]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733afe1d058e614000b6050'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How long did the Marquis of Pombal rule Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'until Joseph I's death in 1779'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",138]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733afe1d058e614000b6051'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Pombal's enlightenment promote at the expense of individual liberty?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'autocracy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",292]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733afe1d058e614000b6052'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Was the new Count of Oeiras opposed by anyone after the Tavora affair?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'knew no opposition'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",54]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733afe1d058e614000b604f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Pombal's \"enlightenment\" an apparatus for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial economic exploitation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",371]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733afe1d058e614000b6053'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'With the occupation by Napoleon, Portugal began a slow but inexorable decline that lasted until the 20th century. This decline was hastened by the independence in 1822 of the country's largest colonial possession, Brazil. In 1807, as Napoleon's army closed in on Lisbon, the Prince Regent João VI of Portugal transferred his court to Brazil and established Rio de Janeiro as the capital of the Portuguese Empire. In 1815, Brazil was declared a Kingdom and the Kingdom of Portugal was united with it, forming a pluricontinental State, the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Under whose occupation did Portugal begin a slow decline?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Napoleon'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",24]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b1924776f41900661055'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did Brazil become independent from Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1822'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",164]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b1924776f41900661057'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'To where did Prince Regent Joao VI of Portugal transfer his court?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Brazil'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",335]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b1924776f41900661058'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the pluricontinental state formed by Portugal and Brazil in 1815?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",539]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b1924776f41900661059'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How long did Portugal's decline last?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'until the 20th century'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",91]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b1924776f41900661056'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'As a result of the change in its status and the arrival of the Portuguese royal family, Brazilian administrative, civic, economical, military, educational, and scientific apparatus were expanded and highly modernized. Portuguese and their allied British troops fought against the French Invasion of Portugal and by 1815 the situation in Europe had cooled down sufficiently that João VI would have been able to return safely to Lisbon. However, the King of Portugal remained in Brazil until the Liberal Revolution of 1820, which started in Porto, demanded his return to Lisbon in 1821.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Portugese and British troops fought against the invasion of which country?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'French'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",281]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b2a64776f4190066107c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Until when did the King of Portugal remain in Brazil?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'until the Liberal Revolution of 1820'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",485]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b2a64776f4190066107e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did the Liberal Revolution of 1820 begin?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Porto'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",540]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b2a64776f4190066107f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'By what year had the situation in Europe cool down enough so that Joao VI would have been able to safely return to Lisbon?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1815'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",316]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b2a64776f4190066107d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What provoked the modernization and expansion of the Brazilian administrative, civic, economical, military, educational, and scientific apparatus?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the change in its status and the arrival of the Portuguese royal family'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",16]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b2a64776f4190066107b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'With the Conference of Berlin of 1884, Portuguese Africa territories had their borders formally established on request of Portugal in order to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa. Portuguese Africa's cities and towns like Nova Lisboa, Sá da Bandeira, Silva Porto, Malanje, Tete, Vila Junqueiro, Vila Pery and Vila Cabral were founded or redeveloped inland during this period and beyond. New coastal towns like Beira, Moçâmedes, Lobito, João Belo, Nacala and Porto Amélia were also founded. Even before the turn of the 20th century, railway tracks as the Benguela railway in Angola, and the Beira railway in Mozambique, started to be built to link coastal areas and selected inland regions.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When were railroad tracks being installed Portugese Africa?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'before the turn of the 20th century'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",575]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b49a4776f419006610c3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the Conference of Berlin held?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1884'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",34]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b49a4776f419006610bf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'During what period were the Portugese Africa's cities founded or redeveloped?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Scramble for Africa'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",239]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b49a4776f419006610c1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why were the Portugese Africa territories' borders formally established?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",141]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b49a4776f419006610c0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What new Portugese Africa's coastal towns were developed during the Scramble for Africa?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Beira, Moçâmedes, Lobito, João Belo, Nacala and Porto Amélia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",490]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b49a4776f419006610c2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On 1 February 1908, the king Dom Carlos I of Portugal and his heir apparent, Prince Royal Dom Luís Filipe, Duke of Braganza, were murdered in Lisbon. Under his rule, Portugal had twice been declared bankrupt – on 14 June 1892, and again on 10 May 1902 – causing social turmoil, economic disturbances, protests, revolts and criticism of the monarchy. Manuel II of Portugal became the new king, but was eventually overthrown by the 5 October 1910 revolution, which abolished the regime and instated republicanism in Portugal. Political instability and economic weaknesses were fertile ground for chaos and unrest during the Portuguese First Republic. These conditions would lead to the failed Monarchy of the North, 28 May 1926 coup d'état, and the creation of the National Dictatorship (Ditadura Nacional).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what day were King Dom Carlos I and and his heir, Prince Royal Dom Luis Filipe, Duke of Braganza, murdered?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1 February 1908'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b5944776f419006610f1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Under the rule of King Dom Carlos I, on what two days was Portugal declared bankrupt?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'on 14 June 1892, and again on 10 May 1902'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",211]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b5944776f419006610f2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who succeeded King Dom Carlos I as king?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Manuel II of Portugal'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",351]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b5944776f419006610f3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what day was King Manuel II overthrown?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'5 October 1910'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",431]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b5944776f419006610f4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'During the Portuguese First Republic, what creating a fertile ground for chaos and unrest?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Political instability and economic weaknesses'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",525]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b5944776f419006610f5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'This in turn led to the establishment of the right-wing dictatorship of the Estado Novo under António de Oliveira Salazar in 1933. Portugal was one of only five European countries to remain neutral in World War II. From the 1940s to the 1960s, Portugal was a founding member of NATO, OECD and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). Gradually, new economic development projects and relocation of mainland Portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in Africa were initiated, with Angola and Mozambique, as the largest and richest overseas territories, being the main targets of those initiatives. These actions were used to affirm Portugal's status as a transcontinental nation and not as a colonial empire.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who led the Estado Novo?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'António de Oliveira Salazar'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",95]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b70fd058e614000b612a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was the Estado Novo established?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1933'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",126]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b70fd058e614000b612b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many European countries remained neutral throughout World War II?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'five'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",157]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b70fd058e614000b612c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What action affirmed Portugal's status as a transcontinental nation?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'relocation of mainland Portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in Africa'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",387]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733b70fd058e614000b612d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Portugal maintains a unitary semi-presidential republican form of government and is a developed country with an advanced economy, and a high living standard, having the 18th highest Social Progress in the world, putting it ahead of other Western European countries like France, Spain and Italy. It is a member of numerous international organizations, including the United Nations, the European Union, the Eurozone, OECD, NATO and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. Portugal is also known for having decriminalized the usage of all common drugs in 2001, the first country in the world to do so. However, drugs are still illegal in Portugal.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are three international organizations that Portugal belongs to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'United Nations, the European Union, the Eurozone, OECD, NATO and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",366]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333879d058e614000b578d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What form of government does Portugal maintain?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'unitary semi-presidential republican'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",22]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333879d058e614000b578a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is Portugal's Social Progress ranking?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'18th highest'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",170]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333879d058e614000b578b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which three Western European countries have a lower Social Progress ranking than Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'France, Spain and Italy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",271]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333879d058e614000b578c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In 2001, Portugal was the first country in the world to do what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'decriminalized the usage of all common drugs'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",513]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333879d058e614000b578e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Pelayos' plan was to use the Cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors. He then aimed to regroup the Iberian Peninsula's Christian armies and use the Cantabrian mountains as a springboard from which to regain their lands from the Moors. In the process, after defeating the Moors in the Battle of Covadonga in 722 AD, Pelayos was proclaimed king, thus founding the Christian Kingdom of Asturias and starting the war of Christian reconquest known in Portuguese as the Reconquista Cristã.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Pelayos' plan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'to use the Cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",19]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733429d4776f419006607c8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Against which group of people was Pelayos fighting?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Moors'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",270]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733429d4776f419006607c9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which battle did Pelayos defeat the Moors?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Battle of Covadonga'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",326]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733429d4776f419006607ca'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which year was Pelayos proclaimed king?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'722 AD'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",349]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733429d4776f419006607cb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the war of Christian reconquest, started by Pelayos, known as in Portugese?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Reconquista Cristã'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",506]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733429d4776f419006607cc'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'After annexing the County of Portugal into one of the several counties that made up the Kingdom of Asturias, King Alfonso III of Asturias knighted Vimara Peres, in 868 AD, as the First Count of Portus Cale (Portugal). The region became known as Portucale, Portugale, and simultaneously Portugália — the County of Portugal. Later the Kingdom of Asturias was divided into a number of Christian Kingdoms in Northern Spain due to dynastic divisions of inheritance among the kings offspring. With the forced abdication of Alfonso III \"the Great\" of Asturias by his sons in 910, the Kingdom of Asturias split into three separate kingdoms of León, Galicia and Asturias. The three kingdoms were eventually reunited in 924 (León and Galicia in 914, Asturias later) under the crown of León.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why was the Kingdom of Asturias divided?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'dynastic divisions of inheritance among the kings offspring'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",427]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733445dd058e614000b5808'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who annexed the County of Portugal into the Kingdom of Asturias?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'King Alfonso III'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",110]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733445dd058e614000b5804'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which year was Vimara Peres knighted?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'868 AD'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",165]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733445dd058e614000b5805'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Vimara knighted as?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'First Count of Portus Cale'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",180]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733445dd058e614000b5806'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What three names did Portugal become known as after Vimara Peres was knighted?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Portucale, Portugale, and simultaneously Portugália'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",246]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733445dd058e614000b5807'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'During the century of internecine struggles for dominance among the Northern Christians kingdoms, the County of Portugal, formed the southern portion of the Kingdom of Galicia. At times the Kingdom of Galicia existed independently for short periods, but usually formed an important part of the Kingdom of Leon. Throughout this period, the people of County of Portugal as Galicians found themselves struggling to maintain the autonomy of Galicia with its distinct language and culture (Galician-Portuguese) from the Leonese culture, whenever the status of the Kingdom of Galicia changed in relation to the Kingdom of Leon. As a result of political division, Galician-Portuguese lost its unity when the County of Portugal separated from the Kingdom of Galicia (a dependent kingdom of Leon) to establish the Kingdom of Portugal. The Galician and Portuguese versions of the language then diverged over time as they followed independent evolutionary paths. This began occurring when the Kingdom of Leon and the Kingdom of Castile united and the Castilian Language (known as Spanish) slowly over the centuries began influencing the Galician Language and then trying to replace it. The same thing happened to Astur-Leonese Language to the point where it is greatly reduced or completely replaced by the Castilian (Spanish Language).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'During the internecine struggles, what did the the people of Country of Portugal struggle with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'maintain the autonomy of Galicia with its distinct language and culture (Galician-Portuguese) from the Leonese culture'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",413]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573348bd4776f419006607f6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The County of Portugal separated from the Kingdom of Galicia to establish what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Kingdom of Portugal'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",802]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573348bd4776f419006607f7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Portugese diverged from which language? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Galician'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",831]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573348bd4776f419006607f8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the Castilian Lanugage known as?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Spanish'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1070]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573348bd4776f419006607f9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'By which language was the Astur-Leonese replaced?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Castilian (Spanish Language)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1297]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573348bd4776f419006607fa'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1738, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal, began a diplomatic career as the Portuguese Ambassador in London and later in Vienna. The Queen consort of Portugal, Archduchess Maria Anne Josefa of Austria, was fond of Melo; and after his first wife died, she arranged the widowed de Melo's second marriage to the daughter of the Austrian Field Marshal Leopold Josef, Count von Daun. King John V of Portugal, however, was not pleased and recalled Melo to Portugal in 1749. John V died the following year and his son, Joseph I of Portugal, was crowned. In contrast to his father, Joseph I was fond of de Melo, and with the Queen Mother's approval, he appointed Melo as Minister of Foreign Affairs.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was de Melo's second marriage to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the daughter of the Austrian Field Marshal Leopold Josef, Count von Daun'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",330]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573356a5d058e614000b587b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the 1st Marquis of Pombal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",10]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573356a5d058e614000b5878'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What title did Archduchess Maria Anne Josefa hold?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Queen consort of Portugal'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",158]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573356a5d058e614000b5879'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who arranged the widow de Melo's second marriage?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Queen consort of Portugal'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",158]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573356a5d058e614000b587a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was not pleased by de Melo's second marriage?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'King John V of Portugal'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",404]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573356a5d058e614000b587c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Despite the calamity and huge death toll, Lisbon suffered no epidemics and within less than one year was already being rebuilt. The new city centre of Lisbon was designed to resist subsequent earthquakes. Architectural models were built for tests, and the effects of an earthquake were simulated by marching troops around the models. The buildings and big squares of the Pombaline City Centre still remain as one of Lisbon's tourist attractions. Sebastião de Melo also made an important contribution to the study of seismology by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of natural disaster was the city center of Lisbon designed to resist?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'earthquakes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",193]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733a8ffd058e614000b5f9b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How were earthquakes simulated on the architectural models?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'marching troops around the models'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",300]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733a8ffd058e614000b5f9c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Did Lisbon suffer any epidemics from the calamity?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Lisbon suffered no epidemics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",43]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733a8ffd058e614000b5f9f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are some of Lisbon's tourist attractions?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The buildings and big squares of the Pombaline City Centre'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",335]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733a8ffd058e614000b5f9d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How did de Melo contribute to the study of seismology?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",528]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733a8ffd058e614000b5f9e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Portugal (Portuguese: [puɾtuˈɣaɫ]), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa), is a country on the Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe. It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, being bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Portugal–Spain border is 1,214 km (754 mi) long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union. The republic also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, both autonomous regions with their own regional governments.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the official name of Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Portuguese Republic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",52]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573323754776f419006606fe'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where is Portugal located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",128]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573323754776f419006606ff'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which ocean does Portugal border?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Atlantic Ocean'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",243]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573323754776f41900660700'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How long is the Portugal-Spain border?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1,214 km (754 mi)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",345]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573323754776f41900660701'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What two autonomous regions have their own governments in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Azores and Madeira'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",503]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573323754776f41900660702'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the official name of Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Portuguese Republic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",52]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57326292e17f3d1400422929'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where is Portugal located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",128]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57326292e17f3d140042292a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What other country does Portugal border?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Spain'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",287]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57326292e17f3d140042292c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What ocean does Portugal border?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Atlantic Ocean'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",243]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57326292e17f3d140042292b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Portugal–Spain'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",320]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57326292e17f3d140042292d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The land within the borders of current Portugal has been continuously settled and fought over since prehistoric times. The Celts and the Romans were followed by the Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples, who were themselves later invaded by the Moors. These Muslim peoples were eventually expelled during the Christian Reconquista of the peninsula. By 1139, Portugal had established itself as a kingdom independent from León. In the 15th and 16th centuries, as the result of pioneering the Age of Discovery, Portugal expanded Western influence and established the first global empire, becoming one of the world's major economic, political and military powers.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who were the first inhabitants of Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Celts and the Romans'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",120]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573324834776f41900660708'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which two groups followed the first inhabitants?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",166]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573324834776f41900660709'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'By what year had Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1139'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",357]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573324834776f4190066070a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What age did Portugal pioneer?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Age of Discovery'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",495]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573324834776f4190066070b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which centuries did Portugal establish the first global empire?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'15th and 16th centuries'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",438]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573324834776f4190066070c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Portugal lost much of its wealth and status with the destruction of Lisbon in a 1755 earthquake, occupation during the Napoleonic Wars, and the independence of Brazil, its wealthiest colony, in 1822. After the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established, later being superseded by the \"Estado Novo\" right-wing authoritarian regime. Democracy was restored after the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution in 1974. Shortly after, independence was granted to all its colonies, with the exception of Macau, which was handed over to China in 1999. This marked the end of the longest-lived European colonial empire, leaving a profound cultural and architectural influence across the globe and a legacy of over 250 million Portuguese speakers today.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In Portugal, which city was destroyed in the 1755 earthquake?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Lisbon'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",69]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573325c6d058e614000b573a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which year did Brazel become independent?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1822'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",195]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573325c6d058e614000b573b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which year was the Portugal monarchy deposed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1910'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",211]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573325c6d058e614000b573c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which Portugese colony was lost to China in 1999?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Macau'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",575]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573325c6d058e614000b573d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many Portugese speakers are there today?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'250 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",783]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573325c6d058e614000b573e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The early history of Portugal is shared with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula located in South Western Europe. The name of Portugal derives from the joined Romano-Celtic name Portus Cale. The region was settled by Pre-Celts and Celts, giving origin to peoples like the Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes, visited by Phoenicians and Carthaginians, incorporated in the Roman Republic dominions as Lusitania and part of Gallaecia, after 45 BC until 298 AD, settled again by Suebi, Buri, and Visigoths, and conquered by Moors. Other influences include some 5th-century vestiges of Alan settlement, which were found in Alenquer (old Germanic Alankerk, from Alan+kerk; meaning church of the Alan (people), Coimbra and Lisbon.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'From what name is Portugal derived?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Portus Cale'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",177]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333d75d058e614000b57a4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'By what group was the Portugal region settled?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pre-Celts and Celts'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",216]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333d75d058e614000b57a5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'To what four peoples did the settlement of Portugal give rise?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",271]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333d75d058e614000b57a6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'During what years was the Portugal region incorporated in the Roman Republic?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'45 BC until 298 AD'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",444]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333d75d058e614000b57a7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'From what old Germanic word is Alenquer originate?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Alankerk'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",647]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333d75d058e614000b57a8'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 27 BC, Lusitania gained the status of Roman province. Later, a northern province of Lusitania was formed, known as Gallaecia, with capital in Bracara Augusta, today's Braga. There are still many ruins of castros (hill forts) all over modern Portugal and remains of Castro culture. Numerous Roman sites are scattered around present-day Portugal, some urban remains are quite large, like Conímbriga and Mirobriga. The former, beyond being one of the largest Roman settlements in Portugal, is also classified as a National Monument. Conímbriga lies 16 km from Coimbra which by its turn was the ancient Aeminium). The site also has a museum that displays objects found by archaeologists during their excavations.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did Lusitania become a Roman province?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'27 BC'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333e3fd058e614000b57b4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the Northern province of Lusitania known as?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Gallaecia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",119]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333e3fd058e614000b57b5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are two large Roman sites that still exist today in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Conímbriga and Mirobriga'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",390]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333e3fd058e614000b57b7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are castros?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'hill forts'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",217]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333e3fd058e614000b57b6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How far apart are Conimbriga and Coimbra?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'16 km'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",550]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333e3fd058e614000b57b8'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'After defeating the Visigoths in only a few months, the Umayyad Caliphate started expanding rapidly in the peninsula. Beginning in 711, the land that is now Portugal became part of the vast Umayyad Caliphate's empire of Damascus, which stretched from the Indus river in the Indian sub-continent (now Pakistan) up to the South of France, until its collapse in 750. That year the west of the empire gained its independence under Abd-ar-Rahman I with the establishment of the Emirate of Córdoba. After almost two centuries, the Emirate became the Caliphate of Córdoba in 929, until its dissolution a century later in 1031 into no less than 23 small kingdoms, called Taifa kingdoms.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How long did it take the Umayyad Caliphate to defeat the Visigoths?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a few months'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",39]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333f25d058e614000b57be'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did Portugal become a part of Umayyad Caliphate's empire?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'711'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",132]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333f25d058e614000b57bf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which year did Umayyad Caliphate's empire collapse?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'750'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",360]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333f25d058e614000b57c0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Under whom did the Western part of Umayyad Caliphate's empire gain its independence?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Abd-ar-Rahman'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",428]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333f25d058e614000b57c1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How long did it take the Emirate to become the Caliphate of Codoba?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'almost two centuries'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",500]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333f25d058e614000b57c2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The governors of the taifas each proclaimed themselves Emir of their provinces and established diplomatic relations with the Christian kingdoms of the north. Most of Portugal fell into the hands of the Taifa of Badajoz of the Aftasid Dynasty, and after a short spell of an ephemeral Taifa of Lisbon in 1022, fell under the dominion of the Taifa of Seville of the Abbadids poets. The Taifa period ended with the conquest of the Almoravids who came from Morocco in 1086 winning a decisive victory at the Battle of Sagrajas, followed a century later in 1147, after the second period of Taifa, by the Almohads, also from Marrakesh.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What were the governors of the taifas called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Emir'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",56]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57334124d058e614000b57dc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which which kingdoms did the taifas establish diplomatic relations?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Christian kingdoms of the north'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",122]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57334124d058e614000b57dd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'To which taifa did most of Portugal fall into?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Taifa of Badajoz'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",203]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57334124d058e614000b57de'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which year did the taifa period end?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1086'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",464]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57334124d058e614000b57df'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which battle took place in 1147?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Battle of Sagrajas'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",503]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57334124d058e614000b57e0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Muslim population of the region consisted mainly of native Iberian converts to Islam (the so-called Muwallad or Muladi) and to a lesser extent Berbers and Arabs. The Arabs were principally noblemen from Oman; and though few in numbers, they constituted the elite of the population. The Berbers were originally from the Atlas mountains and Rif mountains of North Africa and were essentially nomads. In Portugal, the Muslim population (or \"Moors\"), relatively small in numbers, stayed in the Algarve region, and south of the Tagus. Today, there are approximately 800 words in the Portuguese language of Arabic origin. The Muslims were expelled from Portugal 300 years earlier than in neighbouring Spain, which is reflected both in Portuguese culture and the language, which is mostly Celtiberian and Vulgar Latin.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are converts to Islam called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Muwallad or Muladi'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",105]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573341b6d058e614000b57e6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did the Arabs principally consist of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'noblemen from Oman'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",194]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573341b6d058e614000b57e7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where were the Berbers originally from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Atlas mountains and Rif mountains of North Africa'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",324]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573341b6d058e614000b57e8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which region of Portugal did the Muslim population stay?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Algarve region, and south of the Tagus'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",495]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573341b6d058e614000b57e9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many modern Portugese words have Arabic origins?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'800'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",566]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573341b6d058e614000b57ea'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'A year before Alfonso III \"the Great\" of Asturias death, three of Alfonso's sons rose in rebellion and forced him to abdicate, partitioning the kingdom among them. The eldest son, García, became king of León. The second son, Ordoño, reigned in Galicia, while the third, Fruela, received Asturias with Oviedo as his capital. Alfonso died in Zamora, probably in 910. His former realm would be reunited when first García died childless and León passed to Ordoño. He in turn died when his children were too young to ascend; Fruela became king of a reunited crown. His death the next year initiated a series of internecine struggles that led to unstable succession for over a century. It continued under that name[clarification needed] until incorporated into the Kingdom of Castile in 1230, after Ferdinand III became joint king of the two kingdoms. This was done to avoid dynastic feuds and to maintain the Christian Kingdoms strong enough to prevent complete Muslim take over of the Iberian Peninsula and to further the Reconquista of Iberia by Christian armies.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the eldest son of Alfonso III and what did he become king of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'García, became king of León'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",181]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57334596d058e614000b5818'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the second son of Alfonso III and what did he become king of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ordoño, reigned in Galicia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",226]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57334596d058e614000b5819'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was Alfonso III's third son and what area did he receive?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Fruela, received Asturias with Oviedo as his capital'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",271]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57334596d058e614000b581a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which year did Alfonso III likely die?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'910'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",361]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57334596d058e614000b581b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which year was the Kingdom of Castile formed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1230'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",782]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57334596d058e614000b581c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1348 and 1349 Portugal, like the rest of Europe, was devastated by the Black Death. In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with England, which is the longest-standing alliance in the world. This alliance served both nations' interests throughout history and is regarded by many as the predecessor to NATO. Over time this went way beyond geo-political and military cooperation (protecting both nations' interests in Africa, the Americas and Asia against French, Spanish and Dutch rivals) and maintained strong trade and cultural ties between the two old European allies. Particularly in the Oporto region, there is visible English influence to this day.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which years were plagued by the Black Death?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1348 and 1349'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733496fd058e614000b582c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with which country?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'England'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",128]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733496fd058e614000b582d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the longest standing alliance in the world?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Portugal made an alliance with England'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",97]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733496fd058e614000b582e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Portugal-English alliance served as the predecessor to what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'NATO'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",300]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733496fd058e614000b582f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which Portugese region is there still visible English influence?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Oporto region'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",590]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733496fd058e614000b5830'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Portugal spearheaded European exploration of the world and the Age of Discovery. Prince Henry the Navigator, son of King João I, became the main sponsor and patron of this endeavour. During this period, Portugal explored the Atlantic Ocean, discovering several Atlantic archipelagos like the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde, explored the African coast, colonized selected areas of Africa, discovered an eastern route to India via the Cape of Good Hope, discovered Brazil, explored the Indian Ocean, established trading routes throughout most of southern Asia, and sent the first direct European maritime trade and diplomatic missions to China and Japan.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What European age did Portugal spearhead?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Age of Discovery'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",60]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57334d274776f4190066081e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the Father of Prince Henry the Navigator?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'King João I'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",117]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57334d274776f4190066081f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which three Atlantic archipelagos did Portugal discover?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",293]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57334d274776f41900660820'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'By which path did Portugal discover a route to India?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Cape of Good Hope'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",435]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57334d274776f41900660821'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What South American country did Portugal discover?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Brazil'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",465]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57334d274776f41900660822'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'As the King's confidence in de Melo increased, the King entrusted him with more control of the state. By 1755, Sebastião de Melo was made Prime Minister. Impressed by British economic success that he had witnessed from the Ambassador, he successfully implemented similar economic policies in Portugal. He abolished slavery in Portugal and in the Portuguese colonies in India; reorganized the army and the navy; restructured the University of Coimbra, and ended discrimination against different Christian sects in Portugal.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Did the King's confidence in de Melo increase or decrease?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'increased'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",37]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573357944776f4190066085a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What title was given to de Melo in 1755?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Prime Minister'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",139]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573357944776f4190066085b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'With whose economic success was de Melo impressed with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'British'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",168]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573357944776f4190066085c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who abolished slavery in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sebastião de Melo'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",112]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573357944776f4190066085d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who ended discrimination against difference Christian sects in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sebastião de Melo'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",112]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573357944776f4190066085e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'But Sebastião de Melo's greatest reforms were economic and financial, with the creation of several companies and guilds to regulate every commercial activity. He demarcated the region for production of Port to ensure the wine's quality, and this was the first attempt to control wine quality and production in Europe. He ruled with a strong hand by imposing strict law upon all classes of Portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class, along with a widespread review of the country's tax system. These reforms gained him enemies in the upper classes, especially among the high nobility, who despised him as a social upstart.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What were de Melo's greatest reforms?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'economic and financial'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",47]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573360d64776f41900660928'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why did e Melo demarcate the region for production of Port?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'to ensure the wine's quality'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",208]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573360d64776f41900660929'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Among which class did de Melo's reforms gain him the most enemies?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'especially among the high nobility'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",577]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573360d64776f4190066092b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the first person to try to ensure the wine's quality in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sebastião de Melo'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573360d64776f4190066092c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Did de Melo impose strict laws only on one class of people?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'upon all classes of Portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",370]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573360d64776f4190066092a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Portuguese government and army successfully resisted the decolonization of its overseas territories until April 1974, when a bloodless left-wing military coup in Lisbon, known as the Carnation Revolution, led the way for the independence of the overseas territories in Africa and Asia, as well as for the restoration of democracy after two years of a transitional period known as PREC (Processo Revolucionário Em Curso). This period was characterized by social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces. The retreat from the overseas territories and the acceptance of its independence terms by Portuguese head representatives for overseas negotiations, which would create independent states in 1975, prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens from Portugal's African territories (mostly from Portuguese Angola and Mozambique).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Until when did the Portuguese government resist decolonization of their overseas territories?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'April 1974'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",111]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c3a6d058e614000b61e9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the Carnation Revolution?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'left-wing military coup in Lisbon'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",140]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c3a6d058e614000b61ea'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'By what was the PREC characterized by?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",459]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c3a6d058e614000b61eb'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The country continued to be governed by a Junta de Salvação Nacional until the Portuguese legislative election of 1976. It was won by the Portuguese Socialist Party (PS) and Mário Soares, its leader, became Prime Minister of the 1st Constitutional Government on 23 July. Mário Soares would be Prime Minister from 1976 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1985. In this capacity Soares tried to resume the economic growth and development record that had been achieved before the Carnation Revolution, during the last decade of the previous regime. He initiated the process of accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) by starting accession negotiations as early as 1977.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What entity governed Portugal until 1976?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Junta de Salvação Nacional'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",43]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c432d058e614000b61f7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which party won the Portuguese election in 1976?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Socialist Party'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",150]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c432d058e614000b61f8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who became the Prime Minister of Portugal in 1976?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mário Soares'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",175]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c432d058e614000b61f9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Through what years was Mario Soares the Portuguese Prime Minister?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1976 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1985'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",314]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c432d058e614000b61fa'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The country bounced between socialism and adherence to the neoliberal model. Land reform and nationalizations were enforced; the Portuguese Constitution (approved in 1976) was rewritten in order to accommodate socialist and communist principles. Until the constitutional revisions of 1982 and 1989, the constitution was a highly charged ideological document with numerous references to socialism, the rights of workers, and the desirability of a socialist economy. Portugal's economic situation after its transition to democracy, obliged the government to pursue International Monetary Fund (IMF)-monitored stabilization programs in 1977–78 and 1983–85.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Between which two political ideals did Portugal bounce between?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'socialism and adherence to the neoliberal model'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",29]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c8a94776f41900661226'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was the Portuguese Constitution approved?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1976'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",167]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c8a94776f41900661227'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'For what reasons were the Portuguese Constitution rewritten?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'to accommodate socialist and communist principles'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",196]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c8a94776f41900661228'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Portugal is defined as a Mediterranean climate (Csa in the South, interior, and Douro region; Csb in the North, Central Portugal and coastal Alentejo; mixed oceanic climate along the northern half of the coastline and also Semi-arid climate or Steppe climate (BSk in certain parts of Beja district far South) according to the Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification), and is one of the warmest European countries: the annual average temperature in mainland Portugal varies from 8–12 °C (46.4–53.6 °F) in the mountainous interior north to 16–19 °C (60.8–66.2 °F) in the south and on the Guadiana river basin. The Algarve, separated from the Alentejo region by mountains reaching up to 900 metres (3,000 ft) in Alto de Fóia, has a climate similar to that of the southern coastal areas of Spain or Southwest Australia.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of climate does Portugal have?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mediterranean'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",26]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c9d54776f41900661234'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In the mountainous interior north of Portugal, between what degrees is the average temperature?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'8–12 °C (46.4–53.6 °F)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",476]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c9d54776f41900661235'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In the south of Portugal and on the Guadiana river basin, between what degrees does the average temperature fluctuate?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'16–19 °C (60.8–66.2 °F)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",536]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c9d54776f41900661236'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How high do the mountains between Algarve and the Alentejo region reach?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'900 metres (3,000 ft)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",682]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733c9d54776f41900661237'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Both the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira have a subtropical climate, although variations between islands exist, making weather predictions very difficult (owing to rough topography). The Madeira and Azorean archipelagos have a narrower temperature range, with annual average temperatures exceeding 20 °C (68 °F) along the coast (according to the Portuguese Meteorological Institute). Some islands in Azores do have drier months in the summer. Consequently, the island of the Azores have been identified as having a Mediterranean climate (both Csa and Csb types), while some islands (such as Flores or Corvo) are classified as Maritime Temperate (Cfb) and Humid subtropical (Cfa), respectively, according to Köppen-Geiger classification.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of climate do the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira have?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'subtropical'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",56]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ca654776f4190066123c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What makes weather predictions difficult in the archipelago region?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'rough topography'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",172]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ca654776f4190066123d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of climate does the island of the Azores have?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mediterranean'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",523]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ca654776f4190066123e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Despite the fact that humans have occupied the territory of Portugal for thousands of years, something still remains of the original vegetation. In Gerês both deciduous and coniferous forests can be found, an extremely rare worldwide mature mediterranean forest remain in some parts of the Arrábida mountain and a subtropical laurissilva forest, dating back to the Tertiary period, covers its largest continuous area in the world in the Madeira main island. Due to the human population decrease and rural exodus, Pyrenean oak and other local native trees are colonizing many abandoned areas. Boar, Iberian red deer, roe deer, Iberian wild goat, for example, are reported to be expanding greatly, during the last decades. Boars were found recently roaming at night inside large urban areas, like in Setubal. Protected areas of Portugal include one national park (Portuguese: Parque Nacional), 12 natural parks (Portuguese: Parque Natural), nine natural reserves (Portuguese: Reserva Natural), five natural monuments (Portuguese: Monumento Natural), and seven protected landscapes (Portuguese: Paisagem Protegida), which include the Parque Nacional da Peneda-Gerês, the Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela and the Paul d'Arzila.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What two types of forests can be found in Geres?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'deciduous and coniferous'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",160]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733deb64776f419006613cc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'To what period does the laurissilva forest date back to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Tertiary period'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",362]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733deb64776f419006613cd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of oak tree is colonizing many abandoned areas in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pyrenean'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",514]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733deb64776f419006613ce'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What wild animal was recently found roaming urban areas in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Boars'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",722]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733deb64776f419006613cf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many national parks does Portugal have?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'12'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",893]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733deb64776f419006613d0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Laurisilva is a unique type of subtropical rainforest found in few areas of Europe and the world: in the Azores, and in particular on the island of Madeira, there are large forests of endemic Laurisilva forests (the latter protected as a natural heritage preserve). There are several species of diverse mammalian fauna, including the fox, badger, iberian lynx, iberian wolf, wild goat (Capra pyrenaica), wild cat (Felis silvestris), hare, weasel, polecat, chameleon, mongoose, civet, brown bear[citation needed] (spotted near Rio Minho, close to Peneda-Gerês) and many others. Portugal is an important stopover for migratory birds, in places such as Cape St. Vincent or the Monchique mountains, where thousands of birds cross from Europe to Africa during the autumn or in the spring (return migration).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is Laurisilva?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a unique type of subtropical rainforest'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",15]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e2c24776f41900661422'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are some examples of  mammalian fauna found in Laurisilva forests?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'fox, badger, iberian lynx, iberian wolf, wild goat (Capra pyrenaica), wild cat (Felis silvestris), hare, weasel, polecat, chameleon, mongoose, civet, brown bear'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",335]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e2c24776f41900661423'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of animal crosses between Europe and Africa during the Autumn?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'migratory birds'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",616]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e2c24776f41900661424'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'There are more than 100 freshwater fish species, varying from the giant European catfish (in the Tagus International Natural Park) to some small and endemic species that live only in small lakes (along the western portion of country, for example). Some of these rare and specific species are highly endangered because of habitat loss, pollution and drought. Up-welling along the west coast of Portugal makes the sea extremely rich in nutrients and diverse species of marine fish; the Portuguese marine waters are one of the richest in the world. Marine fish species are more common, and include thousands of species, such as the sardine (Sardina pilchardus), tuna and Atlantic mackerel. Bioluminescent species are also well represented (including species in different colour spectrum and forms), like the glowing plankton that are possible to observe in some beaches.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many freshwater fish species can be found in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'more than 100'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",11]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e6d34776f4190066147c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In Portugal, where can you find the giant European catfish?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'in the Tagus International Natural Park'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",91]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e6d34776f4190066147d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why are some species becoming endangered in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'because of habitat loss, pollution and drought'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",311]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e6d34776f4190066147e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of glowing species can be found on some beaches in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'plankton'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",814]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733e6d34776f4190066147f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The President, who is elected to a five-year term, has an executive role: the current President is Aníbal Cavaco Silva. The Assembly of the Republic is a single chamber parliament composed of 230 deputies elected for a four-year term. The Government is headed by the Prime Minister (currently António Costa) and includes Ministers and Secretaries of State. The Courts are organized into several levels, among the judicial, administrative and fiscal branches. The Supreme Courts are institutions of last resort\/appeal. A thirteen-member Constitutional Court oversees the constitutionality of the laws.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'For how many years is the Portugal president elected?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'five'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",36]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ecdb4776f41900661520'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is the current president of Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Aníbal Cavaco Silva'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",100]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ecdb4776f41900661521'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many deputies make up the Assembly of the Republic?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'230'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",193]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ecdb4776f41900661522'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'For how long of a term are deputies elected?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'four-year'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",220]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ecdb4776f41900661523'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many members sit on the Constitutional Court?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'thirteen'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",521]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ecdb4776f41900661524'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Portugal operates a multi-party system of competitive legislatures\/local administrative governments at the national-, regional- and local-levels. The Assembly of the Republic, Regional Assemblies and local municipalities and parishes, are dominated by two political parties, the Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party, in addition to the Unitary Democratic Coalition (Portuguese Communist Party and Ecologist Party \"The Greens\"), the Left Bloc and the Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party, which garner between 5 and 15% of the vote regularly.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What two political parties dominate Portugal's government?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",280]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ee08d058e614000b660f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'At what three levels does the Portugal government operate?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'national-, regional- and local-levels'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",108]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ee08d058e614000b6610'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What other political groups exist other than the two dominant ones?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Unitary Democratic Coalition (Portuguese Communist Party and Ecologist Party \"The Greens\"), the Left Bloc and the Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",348]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ee08d058e614000b6611'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percentage of the vote do the non-dominant parties get?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'5 and 15%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",530]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ee08d058e614000b6612'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Head of State of Portugal is the President of the Republic, elected to a five-year term by direct, universal suffrage. He or she has also supervision and reserve powers. These powers are often compared[by whom?] with the \"moderator power\" that was held by the King in the Portuguese Constitutional Monarchy.[citation needed] Presidential powers include the appointment of the Prime Minister and the other members of the Government (where the President takes into account the results of legislative elections); dismissing the Prime Minister; dissolving the Assembly of the Republic (to call early elections); vetoing legislation (which may be overridden by the Assembly with a supermajority); and declaring a state of war or siege. The President is also the ex officio Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is the Head of State of Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'President of the Republic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",38]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ef714776f41900661557'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'For how many years does each term of the President of the Republic last?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'five'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",78]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ef714776f41900661558'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'By what means is the President of the Republic elected?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'by direct, universal suffrage'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",93]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ef714776f41900661559'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who has the power to appoint and dismiss the Prime Minister?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'President of the Republic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",38]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733ef714776f4190066155a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Council of Ministers – under the presidency of the Prime Minister (or the President of Portugal at the latter's request) and the Ministers (may also include one or more Deputy Prime Ministers) – acts as the cabinet. Each government is required to define the broad outline of its policies in a programme, and present it to the Assembly for a mandatory period of debate. The failure of the Assembly to reject the government programme by an absolute majority of deputies confirms the cabinet in office.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What group acts as the presidential cabinet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Council of Ministers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f0774776f4190066156d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What process is required of each government's policies?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'define the broad outline of its policies in a programme, and present it to the Assembly for a mandatory period of debate'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",252]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f0774776f4190066156e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is needed to reject a cabinet's policy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'an absolute majority of deputies'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",440]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f0774776f4190066156f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Portuguese law applied in the former colonies and territories and continues to be the major influence for those countries. Portugal's main police organizations are the Guarda Nacional Republicana – GNR (National Republican Guard), a gendarmerie; the Polícia de Segurança Pública – PSP (Public Security Police), a civilian police force who work in urban areas; and the Polícia Judiciária – PJ (Judicial Police), a highly specialized criminal investigation police that is overseen by the Public Ministry.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Portuguese law continues to be a major influence for what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'former colonies and territories'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",31]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f165d058e614000b663b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the Policia de Seguranca Publica - PSP (Public Security Police)?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a civilian police force who work in urban areas'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",312]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f165d058e614000b663c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the Policia Judiciaria - PJ (Judicial Police)?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a highly specialized criminal investigation police'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",412]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f165d058e614000b663d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which entity oversees the Judicial Police?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Public Ministry.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",483]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f165d058e614000b663e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Portugal has arguably the most liberal laws concerning possession of illicit drugs in the Western world. In 2001, Portugal decriminalized possession of effectively all drugs that are still illegal in other developed nations including, but not limited to, cannabis, cocaine, heroin, and LSD. While possession is legal, trafficking and possession of more than \"10 days worth of personal use\" are still punishable by jail time and fines. People caught with small amounts of any drug are given the choice to go to a rehab facility, and may refuse treatment without consequences. Despite criticism from other European nations, who stated Portugal's drug consumption would tremendously increase, overall drug use has declined along with the number of HIV infection cases, which had dropped 50 percent by 2009. Drug use among 16- to 18-year-olds also declined, however the use of marijuana rose only slightly among that age group.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which year did Portugal decriminalize drug possession?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2001'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",109]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f2454776f4190066157b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much of a drug is legal to possess?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'10 days worth of personal use'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",360]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f2454776f4190066157c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What option is allowed to those caught with small amounts of drugs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'go to a rehab facility'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",505]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f2454776f4190066157d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'By 2009, by how much had the rate of HIV infection decreased?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'50 percent'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",785]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f2454776f4190066157e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Administratively, Portugal is divided into 308 municipalities (Portuguese: municípios or concelhos), which after a reform in 2013 are subdivided into 3,092 civil parishes (Portuguese: freguesia). Operationally, the municipality and civil parish, along with the national government, are the only legally identifiable local administrative units identified by the government of Portugal (for example, cities, towns or villages have no standing in law, although may be used as catchment for the defining services). For statistical purposes the Portuguese government also identifies NUTS, inter-municipal communities and informally, the district system, used until European integration (and being phased-out by the national government).[original research?] Continental Portugal is agglomerated into 18 districts, while the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are governed as autonomous regions; the largest units, established since 1976, are either mainland Portugal (Portuguese: Portugal Continental) and the autonomous regions of Portugal (Azores and Madeira).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many municipalities is Portugal divided into?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'308'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",44]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f2d64776f41900661583'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many civil parishes are the Portuguese municipalities divided into?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'3,092'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",151]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f2d64776f41900661584'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many districts is the continental Portugal divided into?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'18'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",795]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f2d64776f41900661585'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The armed forces have three branches: Navy, Army and Air Force. They serve primarily as a self-defense force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and provide humanitarian assistance and security at home and abroad. As of 2008, the three branches numbered 39,200 active personnel including 7,500 women. Portuguese military expenditure in 2009 was $5.2 billion, representing 2.1 percent of GDP. Military conscription was abolished in 2004. The minimum age for voluntary recruitment is 18 years.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many branches make up the Portuguese armed forces?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'three'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",23]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f37ed058e614000b664f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the branches of the Portuguese armed forces?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Navy, Army and Air Force'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",39]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f37ed058e614000b6650'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the primary purpose of the Portuguese armed forces?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'primarily as a self-defense force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and provide humanitarian assistance and security'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",76]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f37ed058e614000b6651'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many women were in the Portuguese armed forces in 2008?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'7,500'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",322]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f37ed058e614000b6652'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much money was spent on the Portuguese armed forced in 2009?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$5.2 billion, representing 2.1 percent of GDP'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",379]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f37ed058e614000b6653'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Army (21,000 personnel) comprises three brigades and other small units. An infantry brigade (mainly equipped with Pandur II APC), a mechanized brigade (mainly equipped with Leopard 2 A6 tanks and M113 APC) and a Rapid Reaction Brigade (consisting of paratroopers, commandos and rangers). The Navy (10,700 personnel, of which 1,580 are marines) has five frigates, seven corvettes, two submarines, and 28 patrol and auxiliary vessels. The Air Force (7,500 personnel) has the Lockheed F-16 Fighting Falcon and the Dassault\/Dornier Alpha Jet as the main combat aircraft.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the number of personnel in the army?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'21,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",11]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f4004776f41900661599'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'With what is the infantry brigade mainly equipped with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pandur II APC'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",119]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f4004776f4190066159a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the mechanized brigade mainly equipped with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Leopard 2 A6 tanks and M113 APC'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",178]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f4004776f4190066159b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does the Rapid Reaction Brigade consist of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'paratroopers, commandos and rangers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",255]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f4004776f4190066159c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many personnel does the Navy have?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'10,700'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",303]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f4004776f4190066159d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In the 20th century, Portugal engaged in two major conflicts: World War I and the Portuguese Colonial War (1961–1974). After the end of the Portuguese Empire in 1975, the Portuguese Armed Forces have participated in peacekeeping missions in East Timor, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq (Nasiriyah) and Lebanon. Portugal also conducted several independent unilateral military operations abroad, as were the cases of the interventions of the Portuguese Armed Forces in Angola in 1992 and in Guinea-Bissau in 1998 with the main objectives of protecting and withdrawing of Portuguese and foreign citizens threatened by local civil conflicts.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what two major conflicts did Portugal engage in during the 20th century?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'World War I and the Portuguese Colonial War'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",63]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f568d058e614000b667f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'During which years was the Portuguese Colonial War fought?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1961–1974'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",108]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f568d058e614000b6680'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what countries have the Portuguese Armed Forces participated in peacekeeping missions?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'East Timor, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq (Nasiriyah) and Lebanon'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",242]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f568d058e614000b6681'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are two examples of independent Portuguese unilateral military operations conducted abroad?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Angola in 1992 and in Guinea-Bissau in 1998'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",478]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f568d058e614000b6682'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'After the bailout was announced, the Portuguese government headed by Pedro Passos Coelho managed to implement measures with the intention of improve the State's financial situation, including tax hikes, a freeze of civil service-related lower-wages and cuts of higher-wages by 14.3%, on top of the government's spending cuts. The Portuguese government also agreed to eliminate its golden share in Portugal Telecom which gave it veto power over vital decisions. In 2012, all public servants had already seen an average wage cut of 20% relative to their 2010 baseline, with cuts reaching 25% for those earning more than 1,500 euro per month.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who headed the government after the bailout was announced?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pedro Passos Coelho'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",70]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f61bd058e614000b6687'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the purpose of the Portuguese bailout?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'improve the State's financial situation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",142]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f61bd058e614000b6688'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How was the Portuguese bailout implemented?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'tax hikes, a freeze of civil service-related lower-wages and cuts of higher-wages by 14.3%, on top of the government's spending cuts'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",193]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f61bd058e614000b6689'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Between 2010 and 2012, by what percentage were the wages of public servants cut?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'20%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",531]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f61bd058e614000b668a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'A report released in January 2011 by the Diário de Notícias and published in Portugal by Gradiva, had demonstrated that in the period between the Carnation Revolution in 1974 and 2010, the democratic Portuguese Republic governments encouraged over-expenditure and investment bubbles through unclear Public–private partnerships and funding of numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms. This allowed considerable slippage in state-managed public works and inflated top management and head officer bonuses and wages. Persistent and lasting recruitment policies boosted the number of redundant public servants. Risky credit, public debt creation, and European structural and cohesion funds were mismanaged across almost four decades.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which year did the Carnation Revolution take place?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1974'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",171]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f743d058e614000b6699'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Between 1974 and 2010, how did the Portuguese government encourage over-expenditure and investment bubbles?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'unclear Public–private partnerships and funding of numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",292]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f743d058e614000b669a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'By whom was a report published in 2011 that demonstrated the Portuguese government encouraged over-expenditure and investment bubbles?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Diário de Notícias'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",42]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f743d058e614000b669b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'After the financial crisis of 2007–08, it was known in 2008–2009 that two Portuguese banks (Banco Português de Negócios (BPN) and Banco Privado Português (BPP)) had been accumulating losses for years due to bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud. The case of BPN was particularly serious because of its size, market share, and the political implications - Portugal's then current President, Cavaco Silva, and some of his political allies, maintained personal and business relationships with the bank and its CEO, who was eventually charged and arrested for fraud and other crimes. In the grounds of avoiding a potentially serious financial crisis in the Portuguese economy, the Portuguese government decided to give them a bailout, eventually at a future loss to taxpayers and to the Portuguese people in general.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what two years was there a financial crisis?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2007–08'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",31]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f808d058e614000b66b1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which two Portuguese banks had been accumulating losses for years?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Banco Português de Negócios (BPN) and Banco Privado Português (BPP)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",93]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f808d058e614000b66b2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What caused BPN and BPP to accumulate losses?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",208]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f808d058e614000b66b3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why was the case of BPN more serious?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'its size, market share, and the political implications'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",312]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f808d058e614000b66b4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what charge was BPN's CEO arrested?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'fraud'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",570]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f808d058e614000b66b5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Portuguese currency is the euro (€), which replaced the Portuguese Escudo, and the country was one of the original member states of the eurozone. Portugal's central bank is the Banco de Portugal, an integral part of the European System of Central Banks. Most industries, businesses and financial institutions are concentrated in the Lisbon and Porto metropolitan areas—the Setúbal, Aveiro, Braga, Coimbra and Leiria districts are the biggest economic centres outside these two main areas.[citation needed] According to World Travel Awards, Portugal is the Europe's Leading Golf Destination 2012 and 2013.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What currency does Portugal use?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the euro (€)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",28]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f8f0d058e614000b66cf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What currency did the euro replace in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Portuguese Escudo'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",61]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f8f0d058e614000b66d0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of Portugal's central bank?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Banco de Portugal'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",182]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f8f0d058e614000b66d1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what two areas are most Portuguese industries, businesses, and financial institutions concentrated?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Lisbon and Porto metropolitan areas'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",338]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f8f0d058e614000b66d2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'According to World Travel Awards, for what activity is Portugal known as Europe's leading destination?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Golf'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",578]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f8f0d058e614000b66d3'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Since the Carnation Revolution of 1974, which culminated in the end of one of Portugal's most notable phases of economic expansion (that started in the 1960s), a significant change has occurred in the nation's annual economic growth.[citation needed] After the turmoil of the 1974 revolution and the PREC period, Portugal tried to adapt to a changing modern global economy, a process that continues in 2013. Since the 1990s, Portugal's public consumption-based economic development model has been slowly changing to a system that is focused on exports, private investment and the development of the high-tech sector. Consequently, business services have overtaken more traditional industries such as textiles, clothing, footwear and cork (Portugal is the world's leading cork producer), wood products and beverages.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which year did the Carnation Revolution take place?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1974'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",35]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f9cfd058e614000b66eb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What period followed the Carnation Revolution?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'PREC period'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",301]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f9cfd058e614000b66ec'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Since the 90's, how has Portugal's economic development model been changing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'changing to a system that is focused on exports, private investment and the development of the high-tech sector'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",505]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f9cfd058e614000b66ed'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the more traditional industries that have existed in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'textiles, clothing, footwear and cork'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",701]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f9cfd058e614000b66ee'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is Portugal the world's leading producer of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'cork'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",772]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733f9cfd058e614000b66ef'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In the second decade of the 21st century the Portuguese economy suffered its most severe recession since the 1970s resulting in the country having to be bailed out by the European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund. The bailout, agreed to in 2011, required Portugal to enter into a range of austerity measures in exchange for funding support of €78 billion. In May 2014 the country exited the bailout but reaffirmed its commitment to maintaining its reformist momentum. At the time of exiting the bailout the economy had contracted by 0.7% in the first quarter of 2014, however unemployment, while still high had fallen to 15.3 percent.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'By what entities was the Portuguese economy bailed out?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",172]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733fa9a4776f41900661625'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was the economic bailout agreed to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2011'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",274]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733fa9a4776f41900661626'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much money was agreed to in the financial bailout?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'€78 billion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",377]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733fa9a4776f41900661627'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Portugal exit the bailout?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'May 2014'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",393]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733fa9a4776f41900661628'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'By the time Portugal exited the bailout, to what percentage had the unemployment rate fallen?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'15.3 percent'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",655]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733fa9a4776f41900661629'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Agriculture in Portugal is based on small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units. However, the sector also includes larger scale intensive farming export-oriented agrobusinesses backed by companies (like Grupo RAR's Vitacress, Sovena, Lactogal, Vale da Rosa, Companhia das Lezírias and Valouro). The country produces a wide variety of crops and livestock products, including tomatoes, citrus, green vegetables, rice, corn, barley, olives, oilseeds, nuts, cherries, bilberry, table grapes, edible mushrooms, dairy products, poultry and beef.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Upon what is Portuguese agriculture based?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",37]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573402d3d058e614000b67a1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What types of companies back more large scale, export-oriented agrobusinesses in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Grupo RAR's Vitacress, Sovena, Lactogal, Vale da Rosa, Companhia das Lezírias and Valouro'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",211]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573402d3d058e614000b67a2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What types of crops does Portugal produce?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'tomatoes, citrus, green vegetables, rice, corn, barley, olives, oilseeds, nuts, cherries, bilberry, table grapes, edible mushrooms'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",382]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573402d3d058e614000b67a3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What types of livestock products does Portugal produce?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'dairy products, poultry and beef'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",514]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573402d3d058e614000b67a4'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Traditionally a sea-power, Portugal has had a strong tradition in the Portuguese fishing sector and is one of the countries with the highest fish consumption per capita. The main landing sites in Portugal (including Azores and Madeira), according to total landings in weight by year, are the harbours of Matosinhos, Peniche, Olhão, Sesimbra, Figueira da Foz, Sines, Portimão and Madeira. Portuguese processed fish products are exported through several companies, under a number of different brands and registered trademarks, such as Ramirez (the world’s oldest active canned fish producer), Bom Petisco, Nero, Combate, Comur, General, Líder, Manná, Murtosa, Pescador, Pitéu, Tenório, Torreira and Vasco da Gama.[citation needed]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which company is the world's oldest canned fish producer?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ramirez'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",534]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340470d058e614000b67c3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the names of various companies that produce and export fish products?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Bom Petisco, Nero, Combate, Comur, General, Líder, Manná, Murtosa, Pescador, Pitéu, Tenório, Torreira and Vasco da Gama'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",592]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340470d058e614000b67c4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What food does Portugal have one of the highest rates of consumption of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'fish'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",142]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340470d058e614000b67c5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Portugal is a significant European minerals producer and is ranked among Europe's leading copper producers. The nation is also a notable producer of tin, tungsten and uranium. However, the country lacks the potential to conduct hydrocarbon exploration and aluminium, a limitation that has hindered the development of Portugal's mining and metallurgy sectors. Although the country has vast iron and coal reserves—mainly in the north—after the 1974 revolution and the consequent economic globalization, low competitiveness forced a decrease in the extraction activity for these minerals. The Panasqueira and Neves-Corvo mines are among the most recognised Portuguese mines that are still in operation.[citation needed]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What mineral is Portugal ranked as a leading European producer of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'copper'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",91]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573405584776f4190066170d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are three types of minerals Portugal is a notable producer of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'tin, tungsten and uranium'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",150]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573405584776f4190066170e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of exploration does Portugal lack the potential for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'hydrocarbon'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",229]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573405584776f4190066170f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which region does Portugal have vast reserves of iron and coal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'north'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",427]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573405584776f41900661710'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What event triggered a decrease in the extraction of Portugal's natural resources?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1974 revolution and the consequent economic globalization'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",443]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573405584776f41900661711'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Industry is diversified, ranging from automotive (Volkswagen Autoeuropa and Peugeot Citroen), aerospace (Embraer and OGMA), electronics and textiles, to food, chemicals, cement and wood pulp. Volkswagen Group's AutoEuropa motor vehicle assembly plant in Palmela is among the largest foreign direct investment projects in Portugal. Modern non-traditional technology-based industries, such as aerospace, biotechnology and information technology, have been developed in several locations across the country. Alverca, Covilhã, Évora, and Ponte de Sor are the main centres of the Portuguese aerospace industry, which is led by Brazil-based company Embraer and the Portuguese company OGMA. Following the turn of the 21st century, many major biotechnology and information technology industries have been founded, and are concentrated in the metropolitan areas of Lisbon, Porto, Braga, Coimbra and Aveiro.[citation needed]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What automotive brands exist in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Volkswagen Autoeuropa and Peugeot Citroen'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",51]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734061fd058e614000b67ed'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What aerospace companies exist in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Embraer and OGMA'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",106]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734061fd058e614000b67ee'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where is Volkswagen Group's AutoEuropa assembly plant located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Palmela'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",255]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734061fd058e614000b67ef'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the main centers for the Portuguese aerospace industries?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Alverca, Covilhã, Évora, and Ponte de Sor'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",506]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734061fd058e614000b67f0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where are the main centers of the biotech and IT industries located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Lisbon, Porto, Braga, Coimbra and Aveiro'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",857]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734061fd058e614000b67f1'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Travel and tourism continue to be extremely important for Portugal, with visitor numbers forecast to increase significantly in the future.[citation needed] However, the increasing competition from Eastern European destinations continues to develop, with the presence of similar attractions that are often cheaper in countries such as Croatia. Consequently, it has been necessary for the country to focus upon its niche attractions, such as health, nature and rural tourism, to stay ahead of its competitors.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Portuguese tourist numbers are expected to do what in the future?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'increase'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",102]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573406cd4776f41900661729'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'With what area does Portugal compete with for tourists?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Eastern European destinations'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",198]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573406cd4776f4190066172a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How does Portugal compete with other areas for tourists?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'focus upon its niche attractions'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",399]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573406cd4776f4190066172b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What attractions does Portugal have to offer tourists?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'health, nature and rural tourism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",441]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573406cd4776f4190066172c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The poor performance of the Portuguese economy was explored in April 2007 by The Economist, which described Portugal as \"a new sick man of Europe\". From 2002 to 2007, the number of unemployed increased by 65% (270,500 unemployed citizens in 2002, 448,600 unemployed citizens in 2007). By early December 2009, the unemployment rate had reached 10.2% – a 23-year record high. In December 2009, ratings agency Standard & Poor's lowered its long-term credit assessment of Portugal to \"negative\" from \"stable,\" voicing pessimism on the country's structural weaknesses in the economy and weak competitiveness that would hamper growth and the capacity to strengthen its public finances and reduce debt. In July 2011, ratings agency Moody's downgraded its long-term credit assessment of Portugal after warning of deteriorating risk of default in March 2011.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What magazine described Portugal as \"a new sick man of Europe?\"'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Economist'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",78]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573407b6d058e614000b6809'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Between 2002 and 2007, by what percentage did the rate of unemployment change?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'65%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",206]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573407b6d058e614000b680a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percentage did the unemployment rate reach in December, 2009?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'10.2%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",344]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573407b6d058e614000b680b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In 2009, what rating did Standard & Poor's assign to Portugal's long-term credit assessment?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'negative'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",482]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573407b6d058e614000b680c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which year did Moody's downgrade Portugal's long-term credit assessment?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2011'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",705]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573407b6d058e614000b680d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On 6 April 2011, after his proposed \"Plan for Stability and Growth IV\" (PEC IV) was rejected by the Parliament, Prime Minister José Sócrates announced on national television that the country would request financial assistance from the IMF and the European Financial Stability Facility, as Greece and the Republic of Ireland had done previously. It was the third time that the Portuguese government had requested external financial aid from the IMF—the first occasion occurred in the late 1970s following the Carnation's Revolution. In October 2011, Moody's Investor Services downgraded nine Portuguese banks due to financial weakness.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Prime Minister Jose Socrates announce on April 6, 2011?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'that the country would request financial assistance from the IMF and the European Financial Stability Facility'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",175]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340865d058e614000b6823'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many times has Portugal requested external financial support?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'third'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",357]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340865d058e614000b6824'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What provoked the first request from Portugal for financial support?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Carnation's Revolution'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",509]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340865d058e614000b6825'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'For what reason did Moody's Investor Services downgrade nine Portuguese banks in 2011?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'financial weakness'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",616]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340865d058e614000b6826'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 2005, the number of public employees per thousand inhabitants in the Portuguese government (70.8) was above the European Union average (62.4 per thousand inhabitants). By EU and USA standards, Portugal's justice system was internationally known as being slow and inefficient, and by 2011 it was the second slowest in Western Europe (after Italy); conversely, Portugal has one of the highest rates of judges and prosecutors—over 30 per 100,000 people. The entire Portuguese public service has been known for its mismanagement, useless redundancies, waste, excess of bureaucracy and a general lack of productivity in certain sectors, particularly in justice.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In 2005, how many public employees did Portugal have for every thousand inhabitants?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'70.8'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",96]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573409cd4776f41900661773'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the average number of public employees per every thousand inhabitants for the European Union in 2005?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'62.4'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",140]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573409cd4776f41900661774'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In comparison to EU and USA standards, how was Portugal's justice system regarded?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'slow and inefficient'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",258]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573409cd4776f41900661775'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which country had the slowest criminal justice system in Western Europe in 2005?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Italy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",343]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573409cd4776f41900661776'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many judges and prosecutors does Portugal have per 100,000 inhabitants?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'over 30'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",427]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573409cd4776f41900661777'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In the first week of May 2013, Prime Minister Passos Coelho announced a significant government plan for the public sector, whereby 30,000 jobs will be cut and the number of weekly working hours will be increased from 35 to 40 hours. Coelho reaffirmed the announcement by explaining that austerity measures are necessary if Portugal seeks to avoid another monetary bailout grant from the European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund—the overall plan intends to enact further cuts of €4.8 billion over a three-year period.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the Portugal Prime Minister in 2013?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Passos Coelho'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",47]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340ab4d058e614000b6861'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the Prime Minister announce during the first week of May in 2013?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'significant government plan for the public sector, whereby 30,000 jobs will be cut and the number of weekly working hours will be increased from 35 to 40 hours'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",73]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340ab4d058e614000b6862'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'For what reason did Prime Minister Passos Coelho justify cutting 30000 jobs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'austerity measures are necessary if Portugal seeks to avoid another monetary bailout grant'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",288]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340ab4d058e614000b6863'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'From which entities did Portugal seek a monetary bailout from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",388]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340ab4d058e614000b6864'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Passos Coelho also announced that the retirement age will be increased from 65 to 66, announced cuts in the pensions, unemployment benefits, health, education and science expenses, abolished the English obligatory classes in Basic Education, but kept the pensions of the judges, diplomats untouched and didn't raise the retirement age of the military and police forces. He has, however, cut meaningfully the politicians salaries. These policies have led to social unrest and to confrontations between several institutions, namely between the Government and the Constitutional Court. Several individualities belonging to the parties that support the government have also raised their voices against the policies that have been taken in order to try to solve the financial crisis.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'To what age did Passos Coelho increase the retirement age?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'66'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",83]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340b90d058e614000b6879'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'To what did Passos Coelho announce cuts to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'pensions, unemployment benefits, health, education and science expenses'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",109]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340b90d058e614000b687a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which obligatory class was abolished from Basic Education?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'English'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",196]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340b90d058e614000b687b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the instituting of these policies lead to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'social unrest and to confrontations between several institutions'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",458]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340b90d058e614000b687c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'After years of high increase, the unemployment in Portugal has been in a continuous falling trend since the third quarter of 2014, decreasing from a peak of 17.7% achieved in the early 2013 to a rate of 11.9% in the second quarter of 2015. However, it is high still high compared with what was the normal average Portuguese unemployment rate in the past. In the second quarter of 2008 the unemployment rate was 7.3%, but the rate immediately rose the following period. By December 2009, unemployment had surpassed the 10% mark nationwide in the wake of worldwide events, by 2010, the rate was around 11% and in 2011 it was above 12%.[citation needed] The first quarter of 2013 signified a new unemployment rate record for Portugal, as it reached 17.7%— up from 17% in the previous quarter — and the Government has predicted an 18.5% unemployment rate in 2014. However, in the third quarter of the same year, it has surprisingly declined to a rate of 15.6%. From then on, the unemployment downtrend continued, declining to 13.9% in the second semester of 2014 and to 11.9% in the second quarter of 2015.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Since when has the Portugal unemployment rate been in a falling trend?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'third quarter of 2014'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",109]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340c13d058e614000b688b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'To what percentage did the unemployment rate peak at?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'17.7%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",158]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340c13d058e614000b688c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In the second quarter of 2008, what was the Portuguese unemployment rate?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'7.3%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",412]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340c13d058e614000b688d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'By when did the Portuguese unemployment rate pass the 10% mark?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'December 2009'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",473]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340c13d058e614000b688e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Tourist hotspots in Portugal are Lisbon, Algarve, Madeira, Porto and the city of Coimbra, also, between 4-5 million religious pilgrims visit Fátima each year, where apparitions of the Blessed Virgin Mary to three shepherd children reportedly took place in 1917. The Sanctuary of Fátima is one of the largest Roman Catholic shrines in the world. The Portuguese government continues to promote and develop new tourist destinations, such as the Douro Valley, the island of Porto Santo, and Alentejo. Lisbon is the 16th European city which attracts the most tourists (with seven million tourists occupying the city's hotels in 2006, a number that grew 11.8% compared to previous year). Lisbon in recent years surpassed the Algarve as the leading tourist region in Portugal. Porto and Northern Portugal, especially the urban areas north of Douro River valley, was the tourist destination which grew most (11.9%) in 2006, surpassing Madeira (in 2010), as the third most visited destination.[citation needed]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the tourist hotspots in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Lisbon, Algarve, Madeira, Porto and the city of Coimbra'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",34]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340cf1d058e614000b689d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where do 4-5 million religious pilgrims visit in Portugal every year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Fátima'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",142]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340cf1d058e614000b689e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What apparitions reportedly took place in 1917?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Blessed Virgin Mary to three shepherd children'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",185]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340cf1d058e614000b689f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What tourist destinations are the Portuguese government continuing to promote and develop?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Douro Valley, the island of Porto Santo, and Alentejo'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",443]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340cf1d058e614000b68a0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the 16th European city to attract the most tourists?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Lisbon'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",498]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340cf1d058e614000b68a1'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'By the early 1970s Portugal's fast economic growth with increasing consumption and purchase of new automobiles set the priority for improvements in transportation. Again in the 1990s, after joining the European Economic Community, the country built many new motorways. Today, the country has a 68,732 km (42,708 mi) road network, of which almost 3,000 km (1,864 mi) are part of system of 44 motorways. Opened in 1944, the first motorway (which linked Lisbon to the National Stadium) was an innovative project that made Portugal among one of the first countries in the world to establish a motorway (this roadway eventually became the Lisbon-Cascais highway, or A5). But, although a few other tracts were created (around 1960 and 1970), it was only after the beginning of the 1980s that large-scale motorway construction was implemented. In 1972, Brisa, the highway concessionaire, was founded to handle the management of many of the regions motorways. On many highways, toll needs to be paid, see Via Verde. Vasco da Gama bridge is the longest bridge in Europe.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What prompted transportation improvements in Portugal in the 1970's?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'fast economic growth with increasing consumption and purchase of new automobiles'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",31]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340d8cd058e614000b68a7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'After joining the European Economic Community in the 90's, what did Portugal begin building?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'new motorways'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",255]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340d8cd058e614000b68a8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How long is Portugal's total road network?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'68,732 km (42,708 mi)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",295]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340d8cd058e614000b68a9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which year was the first motorway opened in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1944'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",413]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340d8cd058e614000b68aa'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Continental Portugal's 89,015 km2 (34,369 sq mi) territory is serviced by four international airports located near the principal cities of Lisbon, Porto, Faro and Beja. Lisbon's geographical position makes it a stopover for many foreign airlines at several airports within the country. The primary flag-carrier is TAP Portugal, although many other domestic airlines provide services within and without the country. The government decided to build a new airport outside Lisbon, in Alcochete, to replace Lisbon Portela Airport, though this plan has been stalled due to the austerity. Currently, the most important airports are in Lisbon, Porto, Faro, Funchal (Madeira), and Ponta Delgada (Azores), managed by the national airport authority group ANA – Aeroportos de Portugal.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much land does the Continental Portugal cover?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'89,015 km2 (34,369 sq mi)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",24]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340e1cd058e614000b68af'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many national airports does Portugal have?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'four'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",75]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340e1cd058e614000b68b0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Near what cities are the Portuguese airports located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Lisbon, Porto, Faro and Beja'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",140]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340e1cd058e614000b68b1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why is Lisbon a popular stopover for many foreign airlines?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'geographical position'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",179]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340e1cd058e614000b68b2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the primary flag-carrier in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'TAP Portugal'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",315]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340e1cd058e614000b68b3'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'A national railway system that extends throughout the country and into Spain, is supported and administered by Comboios de Portugal. Rail transport of passengers and goods is derived using the 2,791 km (1,734 mi) of railway lines currently in service, of which 1,430 km (889 mi) are electrified and about 900 km (559 mi) allow train speeds greater than 120 km\/h (75 mph). The railway network is managed by the REFER while the transport of passengers and goods are the responsibility of Comboios de Portugal (CP), both public companies. In 2006 the CP carried 133 million passengers and 9,750,000 t (9,600,000 long tons; 10,700,000 short tons) of goods.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Into what country does Portugal's railway system expand?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Spain'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",72]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340eded058e614000b68c3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What entity supports and administrates Portugal's railway system?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Comboios de Portugal'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",112]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340eded058e614000b68c4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How long is the total railway system in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2,791 km (1,734 mi)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",194]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340eded058e614000b68c5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How long is the amount of railway lines that are electrified?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1,430 km (889 mi)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",262]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340eded058e614000b68c6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How long is the amount of railway lines that permit speeds greater than 120 km\/h?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'900 km (559 mi)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",306]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57340eded058e614000b68c7'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The two largest metropolitan areas have subway systems: Lisbon Metro and Metro Sul do Tejo in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area and Porto Metro in the Porto Metropolitan Area, each with more than 35 km (22 mi) of lines. In Portugal, Lisbon tram services have been supplied by the Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa (Carris), for over a century. In Porto, a tram network, of which only a tourist line on the shores of the Douro remain, began construction on 12 September 1895 (a first for the Iberian Peninsula). All major cities and towns have their own local urban transport network, as well as taxi services.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the two subway systems in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Lisbon Metro and Metro Sul do Tejo in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area and Porto Metro in the Porto Metropolitan Area'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",57]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341210d058e614000b68e2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How long are each of the subway systems?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'more than 35 km (22 mi)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",182]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341210d058e614000b68e3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'By what company have the Lisbon tram services been supplies by?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa (Carris)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",276]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341210d058e614000b68e4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'For how long has the Libon tram service existed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'over a century'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",329]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341210d058e614000b68e5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Scientific and technological research activities in Portugal are mainly conducted within a network of R&D units belonging to public universities and state-managed autonomous research institutions like the INETI – Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovação and the INRB – Instituto Nacional dos Recursos Biológicos. The funding and management of this research system is mainly conducted under the authority of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education (MCTES) itself and the MCTES's Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT). The largest R&D units of the public universities by volume of research grants and peer-reviewed publications, include biosciences research institutions like the Instituto de Medicina Molecular, the Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, the IPATIMUP, the Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular and the Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what type of network are most scientific research studies conducted in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'R&D units belonging to public universities and state-managed autonomous research institutions'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",103]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573412ccd058e614000b68ea'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is one example of a state-managed autonomous research institution?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'INETI – Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovação'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",206]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573412ccd058e614000b68eb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'By which ministry is authority granted for funding and managing Portugal's research system?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education (MCTES)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",427]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573412ccd058e614000b68ec'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Among the largest non-state-run research institutions in Portugal are the Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência and the Champalimaud Foundation, a neuroscience and oncology research centre, which in addition awards every year one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world. A number of both national and multinational high-tech and industrial companies, are also responsible for research and development projects. One of the oldest learned societies of Portugal is the Sciences Academy of Lisbon, founded in 1779.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are two of the large non-state run research institutions in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência and the Champalimaud Foundation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",75]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734135cd058e614000b68f4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the Champalimaud Foundation?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'neuroscience and oncology research centre'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",142]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734135cd058e614000b68f5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does the Champalimaud Foundation award every year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",221]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734135cd058e614000b68f6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was the Sciences Academy of Lisbon founded?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1779'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",525]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734135cd058e614000b68f7'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Portugal has the largest aquarium in Europe, the Lisbon Oceanarium, and the Portuguese have several other notable organizations focused on science-related exhibits and divulgation, like the state agency Ciência Viva, a programme of the Portuguese Ministry of Science and Technology to the promotion of a scientific and technological culture among the Portuguese population, the Science Museum of the University of Coimbra, the National Museum of Natural History at the University of Lisbon, and the Visionarium.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the largest European aquarium?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Lisbon Oceanarium'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",50]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573413df4776f41900661807'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does the state agency Ciencia Viva promote?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'scientific and technological culture among the Portuguese population'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",305]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573413df4776f41900661808'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are some examples of notable organizations focused on scientific exhibitions?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Science Museum of the University of Coimbra, the National Museum of Natural History at the University of Lisbon, and the Visionarium'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",379]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573413df4776f41900661809'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'With the emergence and growth of several science parks throughout the world that helped create many thousands of scientific, technological and knowledge-based businesses, Portugal started to develop several science parks across the country. These include the Taguspark (in Oeiras), the Coimbra iParque (in Coimbra), the biocant (in Cantanhede), the Madeira Tecnopolo (in Funchal), Sines Tecnopolo (in Sines), Tecmaia (in Maia) and Parkurbis (in Covilhã). Companies locate in the Portuguese science parks to take advantage of a variety of services ranging from financial and legal advice through to marketing and technological support.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was responsible for creating thousands of scientific, technological, and knowledge-based businesses?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the emergence and growth of several science parks throughout the world'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",6]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573414b84776f41900661813'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are some examples of the science parks being built in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Taguspark (in Oeiras), the Coimbra iParque (in Coimbra), the biocant (in Cantanhede), the Madeira Tecnopolo (in Funchal)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",260]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573414b84776f41900661814'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'For what reason to companies locate in the Portuguese science parks?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'take advantage of a variety of services ranging from financial and legal advice through to marketing and technological support'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",508]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573414b84776f41900661815'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Portugal has considerable resources of wind and river power, the two most cost-effective renewable sources. Since the turn of the 21st century, there has been a trend towards the development of a renewable resource industry and reduction of both consumption and use of fossil fuel resources. In 2006, the world's largest solar power plant at that date, the Moura Photovoltaic Power Station, began operating near Moura, in the south, while the world's first commercial wave power farm, the Aguçadoura Wave Farm, opened in the Norte region (2008). By the end of 2006, 66% of the country's electrical production was from coal and fuel power plants, while 29% were derived from hydroelectric dams, and 6% by wind energy.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the two most considerable sources of renewable energy in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'wind and river power'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",40]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573415824776f41900661823'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was Moura Photovoltaic Power Station located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Moura, in the south'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",413]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573415824776f41900661824'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the Agucadoura Wave Farm located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Norte region'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",526]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573415824776f41900661825'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'By the end of 2006, what percentage of Portugal's energy production was from renewable sources?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'29%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",653]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573415824776f41900661826'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Portugal’s national energy transmission company, Redes Energéticas Nacionais (REN), uses sophisticated modeling to predict weather, especially wind patterns, and computer programs to calculate energy from the various renewable-energy plants. Before the solar\/wind revolution, Portugal had generated electricity from hydropower plants on its rivers for decades. New programs combine wind and water: wind-driven turbines pump water uphill at night, the most blustery period; then the water flows downhill by day, generating electricity, when consumer demand is highest. Portugal’s distribution system is also now a two-way street. Instead of just delivering electricity, it draws electricity from even the smallest generators, like rooftop solar panels. The government aggressively encouraged such contributions by setting a premium price for those who buy rooftop-generated solar electricity.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of Portugal's national energy transmission company?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Redes Energéticas Nacionais (REN)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",50]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573416864776f4190066182b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does REN do?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'uses sophisticated modeling to predict weather, especially wind patterns, and computer programs to calculate energy from the various renewable-energy plants'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",85]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573416864776f4190066182c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Through what renewable resource had Portugal generated electricity before the solar\/wind revolution?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'hydropower plants on its rivers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",317]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573416864776f4190066182d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is used to pump water uphill in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'wind-driven turbines'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",399]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573416864776f4190066182e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How did the Portuguese government encourage rooftop solar panels?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'setting a premium price'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",814]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573416864776f4190066182f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Statistics Portugal (Portuguese: INE - Instituto Nacional de Estatística) estimates that, according to the 2011 census, the population was 10,562,178 (of which 52% was female, 48% was male). This population has been relatively homogeneous for most of its history: a single religion (Catholicism) and a single language have contributed to this ethnic and national unity, namely after the expulsion of the Moors and Jews. A considerable number of Moors and Jews, nevertheless, stayed in Portugal, under the condition that they converted to Catholicism, and afterwards they were known as Mouriscos (former Muslims) and Cristãos Novos (New Christians or former Jews) some of whom may have continued to observe rabbinic Judaism in secret, as in the case of the secret Jews of Belmonte, who now observe the Jewish faith openly. After 1772 the distinction between Old and New Christians was abolished by decree. Some famous Portuguese New Christians were the mathematician Pedro Nunes and the physician and naturalist Garcia de Orta.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the Portuguese population in 2011?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'10,562,178'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",144]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573417154776f41900661845'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percentage of the Portuguese population in 2011 was female?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'52%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",165]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573417154776f41900661846'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percentage of the Portuguese population in 2011 was male?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'48%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",181]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573417154776f41900661847'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the dominant religion in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Catholicism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",288]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573417154776f41900661848'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What were the Moors who converted to Catholicism known as?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mouriscos'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",590]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573417154776f41900661849'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The most important demographic influence in the modern Portuguese seems to be the oldest one; current interpretation of Y-chromosome and mtDNA data suggests that the Portuguese have their origin in Paleolithic peoples that began arriving to the European continent around 45,000 years ago. All subsequent migrations did leave an impact, genetically and culturally, but the main population source of the Portuguese is still Paleolithic. Genetic studies show Portuguese populations not to be significantly different from other European populations.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what group of people do the Portuguese have their origin?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Paleolithic peoples'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",199]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734188e4776f41900661861'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did people first start arriving in the European continent?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'45,000 years ago'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",272]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734188e4776f41900661862'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the main population source of the Portuguese people?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Paleolithic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",423]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734188e4776f41900661863'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Portugal's colonial history has long since been a cornerstone of its national identity, as has its geographic position at the south-western corner of Europe, looking out into the Atlantic Ocean. It was one of the last western colonial European powers to give up its overseas territories (among them Angola and Mozambique in 1975), turning over the administration of Macau to the People's Republic of China at the end of 1999. Consequently, it has both influenced and been influenced by cultures from former colonies or dependencies, resulting in immigration from these former territories for both economic and\/or personal reasons. Portugal, long a country of emigration (the vast majority of Brazilians have Portuguese ancestry), has now become a country of net immigration, and not just from the last Indian (Portuguese until 1961), African (Portuguese until 1975), and Far East Asian (Portuguese until 1999) overseas territories. An estimated 800,000 Portuguese returned to Portugal as the country's African possessions gained independence in 1975. By 2007, Portugal had 10,617,575 inhabitants of whom about 332,137 were legal immigrants.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the cornerstone of Portugal's national identity?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'colonial history'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",12]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734195bd058e614000b694a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which ocean does Portugal border?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Atlantic Ocean'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",180]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734195bd058e614000b694b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What were two of the last territories Portugal gave up?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Angola and Mozambique'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",300]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734195bd058e614000b694c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The vast majority of Brazilians have what ancestry in common?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Portuguese'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",709]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734195bd058e614000b694d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many inhabitants did Portugal have by 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'10,617,575'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1074]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734195bd058e614000b694e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'According to the 2011 Census, 81.0% of the Portuguese population are Roman Catholic. The country has small Protestant, Latter-day Saint, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Eastern Orthodox Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Baha'i, Buddhist, Jewish and Spiritist communities. Influences from African Traditional Religion and Chinese Traditional Religion are also felt among many people, particularly in fields related with Traditional Chinese Medicine and African Witch Doctors. Some 6.8% of the population declared themselves to be non-religious, and 8.3% did not give any answer about their religion.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percentage of the Portuguese people are Roman Catholic?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'81.0%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",31]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341a094776f41900661873'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What other religious communities exist in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Protestant, Latter-day Saint, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Eastern Orthodox Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Baha'i, Buddhist, Jewish and Spiritist'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",108]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341a094776f41900661874'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percentage of the Portuguese people identify as non-religious?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'6.8%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",465]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341a094776f41900661875'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percentage of the Portuguese population did not give an answer for their religion in the 2011 census?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'8.3%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",533]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341a094776f41900661876'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Many Portuguese holidays, festivals and traditions have a Christian origin or connotation. Although relations between the Portuguese state and the Roman Catholic Church were generally amiable and stable since the earliest years of the Portuguese nation, their relative power fluctuated. In the 13th and 14th centuries, the church enjoyed both riches and power stemming from its role in the reconquest, its close identification with early Portuguese nationalism and the foundation of the Portuguese educational system, including the first university. The growth of the Portuguese overseas empire made its missionaries important agents of colonization, with important roles in the education and evangelization of people from all the inhabited continents. The growth of liberal and nascent republican movements during the eras leading to the formation of the First Portuguese Republic (1910–26) changed the role and importance of organized religion.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what religion do many Portuguese holidays and festivals find their origin?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Christian'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",59]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341cfc4776f419006618a1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what centuries did the Roman Catholic Church play a role in the reconquest?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'13th and 14th'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",295]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341cfc4776f419006618a2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What changed the role and importance of organized religion in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'formation of the First Portuguese Republic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",840]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341cfc4776f419006618a3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'During what years did the formation of the First Portuguese Republic take place?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1910–26'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",884]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341cfc4776f419006618a4'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Within the white inescutcheon, the five quinas (small blue shields) with their five white bezants representing the five wounds of Christ (Portuguese: Cinco Chagas) when crucified and are popularly associated with the \"Miracle of Ourique\". The story associated with this miracle tells that before the Battle of Ourique (25 July 1139), an old hermit appeared before Count Afonso Henriques (future Afonso I) as a divine messenger. He foretold Afonso's victory and assured him that God was watching over him and his peers. The messenger advised him to walk away from his camp, alone, if he heard a nearby chapel bell tolling, in the following night. In doing so, he witnessed an apparition of Jesus on the cross. Ecstatic, Afonso heard Jesus promising victories for the coming battles, as well as God's wish to act through Afonso, and his descendants, in order to create an empire which would carry His name to unknown lands, thus choosing the Portuguese to perform great tasks.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what date did the Battle of Ourique take place?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'25 July 1139'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",320]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341dde4776f419006618bd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Afonso heard Jesus promising what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'victories for the coming battles, as well as God's wish to act through Afonso'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",749]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341dde4776f419006618be'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why did God want to act through Afonso?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'in order to create an empire which would carry His name to unknown lands'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",849]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341dde4776f419006618bf'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Portuguese is the official language of Portugal. Portuguese is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia and Northern Portugal, originating from Galician-Portuguese, which was the common language of the Galician and Portuguese people until the independence of Portugal. Particularly in the North of Portugal, there are still many similarities between the Galician culture and the Portuguese culture. Galicia is a consultative observer of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. According to the Ethnologue of Languages, Portuguese and Spanish have a lexical similarity of 89% - educated speakers of each language can communicate easily with one another.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the official name of Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Portuguese'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341fcf4776f419006618cb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of language is Portuguese?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Romance'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",66]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341fcf4776f419006618cc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did Portuguese originate?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Galicia and Northern Portugal'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",114]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341fcf4776f419006618cd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the common name of the Galician and Portuguese people?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Galician-Portuguese'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",162]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57341fcf4776f419006618ce'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Portuguese language is derived from the Latin spoken by the romanized Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula around 2000 years ago—particularly the Celts, Tartessians, Lusitanians and Iberians. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the language spread worldwide as Portugal established a colonial and commercial empire between 1415 and 1999. Portuguese is now spoken as a native language in five different continents, with Brazil accounting for the largest number of native Portuguese speakers of any country (200 million speakers in 2012).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'From what language is Portuguese derived?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Latin'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",45]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342084d058e614000b698c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'By what group of people is Portuguese derived?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",75]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342084d058e614000b698d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Between what years did Portugal establish a colonial and commercial empire?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1415 and 1999'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",330]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342084d058e614000b698e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In how many continents is Portuguese spoken as a native language?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'five'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",394]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342084d058e614000b698f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What country has the largest number of native Portuguese speakers?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Brazil'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",426]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342084d058e614000b6990'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The total adult literacy rate is 99 percent. Portuguese primary school enrollments are close to 100 percent. According to the OECD's Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2009, the average Portuguese 15-year-old student, when rated in terms of reading literacy, mathematics and science knowledge, is placed at the same level as those students from the United States, Sweden, Germany, Ireland, France, Denmark, United Kingdom, Hungary and Taipei, with 489 points (493 is the average). Over 35% of college-age citizens (20 years old) attend one of the country's higher education institutions (compared with 50% in the United States and 35% in the OECD countries). In addition to being a destination for international students, Portugal is also among the top places of origin for international students. All higher education students, both domestic and international, totaled 380,937 in 2005.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the adult literacy rate in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'99 percent'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",34]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734210b4776f419006618f3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Portuguese primary school enrollment is close to what percent?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'100 percent'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",97]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734210b4776f419006618f4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percentage of college-age citizens attend a higher education institution in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Over 35%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",501]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734210b4776f419006618f5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percentage of college-age citizens attend a higher education institution in the United States?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'50%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",622]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734210b4776f419006618f6'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Portuguese universities have existed since 1290. The oldest Portuguese university was first established in Lisbon before moving to Coimbra. Historically, within the scope of the Portuguese Empire, the Portuguese founded the oldest engineering school of the Americas (the Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificação e Desenho of Rio de Janeiro) in 1792, as well as the oldest medical college in Asia (the Escola Médico-Cirúrgica of Goa) in 1842. The largest university in Portugal is the University of Lisbon.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Since when have Portuguese universities existed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1290'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",44]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342171d058e614000b69a0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the oldest Portuguese university established?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Lisbon'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",108]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342171d058e614000b69a1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did the oldest Portuguese university relocate to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Coimbra'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",132]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342171d058e614000b69a2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the oldest engineering school of the Americas?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificação e Desenho of Rio de Janeiro'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",268]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342171d058e614000b69a3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the oldest medical college in Asia?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Escola Médico-Cirúrgica of Goa'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",399]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342171d058e614000b69a4'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Bologna process has been adopted, since 2006, by Portuguese universities and poly-technical institutes. Higher education in state-run educational establishments is provided on a competitive basis, a system of numerus clausus is enforced through a national database on student admissions. However, every higher education institution offers also a number of additional vacant places through other extraordinary admission processes for sportsmen, mature applicants (over 23 years old), international students, foreign students from the Lusosphere, degree owners from other institutions, students from other institutions (academic transfer), former students (readmission), and course change, which are subject to specific standards and regulations set by each institution or course department. Most student costs are supported with public money. However, with the increasing tuition fees a student has to pay to attend a Portuguese state-run higher education institution and the attraction of new types of students (many as part-time students or in evening classes) like employees, businessmen, parents, and pensioners, many departments make a substantial profit from every additional student enrolled in courses, with benefits for the college or university's gross tuition revenue and without loss of educational quality (teacher per student, computer per student, classroom size per student, etc.).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the Bologna process adopted?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2006'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",45]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573422234776f4190066190d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are most higher education student costs supported with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'public money'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",833]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573422234776f4190066190e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Over what age are higher education applicants considered mature?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'over 23 years old'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",468]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573422234776f4190066190f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Ministry of Health is responsible for developing health policy as well as managing the SNS. Five regional health administrations are in charge of implementing the national health policy objectives, developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery. Decentralization efforts have aimed at shifting financial and management responsibility to the regional level. In practice, however, the autonomy of regional health administrations over budget setting and spending has been limited to primary care.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the Ministry of Health responsible for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'developing health policy as well as managing the SNS'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",43]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342458d058e614000b69ee'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many regional health administrations exist in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Five'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",97]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342458d058e614000b69ef'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the regional health administrations in charge of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'implementing the national health policy objectives, developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",151]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342458d058e614000b69f0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Similar to the other Eur-A countries, most Portuguese die from noncommunicable diseases. Mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is higher than in the eurozone, but its two main components, ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, display inverse trends compared with the Eur-A, with cerebrovascular disease being the single biggest killer in Portugal (17%). Portuguese people die 12% less often from cancer than in the Eur-A, but mortality is not declining as rapidly as in the Eur-A. Cancer is more frequent among children as well as among women younger than 44 years. Although lung cancer (slowly increasing among women) and breast cancer (decreasing rapidly) are scarcer, cancer of the cervix and the prostate are more frequent. Portugal has the highest mortality rate for diabetes in the Eur-A, with a sharp increase since the 1980s.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do most Portuguese people die from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'noncommunicable diseases'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",64]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342503d058e614000b69f4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the two main components of cardiovascular disease?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",196]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342503d058e614000b69f5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the biggest killer in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'cerebrovascular disease'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",302]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342503d058e614000b69f6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percentage of Portuguese people die less often from cancer than in the Eur-A?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'12%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",399]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342503d058e614000b69f7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is cancer more common among in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'children as well as among women younger than 44 years'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",534]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342503d058e614000b69f8'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'People are usually well informed about their health status, the positive and negative effects of their behaviour on their health and their use of health care services. Yet their perceptions of their health can differ from what administrative and examination-based data show about levels of illness within populations. Thus, survey results based on self-reporting at the household level complement other data on health status and the use of services. Only one third of adults rated their health as good or very good in Portugal (Kasmel et al., 2004). This is the lowest of the Eur-A countries reporting and reflects the relatively adverse situation of the country in terms of mortality and selected morbidity.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What survey results complement on data on health status?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'self-reporting at the household level'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",349]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573425ecd058e614000b6a08'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What number of Portuguese adults rated their health as good or very good?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'one third'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",456]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573425ecd058e614000b6a09'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Portugal has developed a specific culture while being influenced by various civilizations that have crossed the Mediterranean and the European continent, or were introduced when it played an active role during the Age of Discovery. In the 1990s and 2000s (decade), Portugal modernized its public cultural facilities, in addition to the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established in 1956 in Lisbon. These include the Belém Cultural Centre in Lisbon, Serralves Foundation and the Casa da Música, both in Porto, as well as new public cultural facilities like municipal libraries and concert halls that were built or renovated in many municipalities across the country. Portugal is home to fifteen UNESCO World Heritage Sites, ranking it 8th in Europe and 17th in the world.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Portugal modernized its public cultural facilities during what two decades?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1990s and 2000s'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",240]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573426c64776f41900661987'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1956'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",383]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573426c64776f41900661988'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Lisbon'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",391]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573426c64776f41900661989'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are some examples of Portugal's public cultural facilities?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Belém Cultural Centre in Lisbon, Serralves Foundation and the Casa da Música'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",417]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573426c64776f4190066198a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many UNESCO World Heritage Sites is Portugal home to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'fifteen'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",687]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573426c64776f4190066198b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Traditional architecture is distinctive and include the Manueline, also known as Portuguese late Gothic, a sumptuous, composite Portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century. A 20th-century interpretation of traditional architecture, Soft Portuguese style, appears extensively in major cities, especially Lisbon. Modern Portugal has given the world renowned architects like Eduardo Souto de Moura, Álvaro Siza Vieira (both Pritzker Prize winners) and Gonçalo Byrne. In Portugal Tomás Taveira is also noteworthy, particularly for stadium design.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the Manueline style also known as?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Portuguese late Gothic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",82]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734275c4776f41900661991'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the Manueline style?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a sumptuous, composite Portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",106]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734275c4776f41900661992'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is Soft Portuguese style?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'A 20th-century interpretation of traditional architecture'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",219]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734275c4776f41900661993'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who are some of the most renowned architects to come from Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Eduardo Souto de Moura, Álvaro Siza Vieira (both Pritzker Prize winners) and Gonçalo Byrne'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",418]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734275c4776f41900661994'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'For what is Tomas Taveira particularly noteworthy for in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'stadium design'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",573]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5734275c4776f41900661995'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Portuguese cinema has a long tradition, reaching back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century. Portuguese film directors such as Arthur Duarte, António Lopes Ribeiro, António Reis, Pedro Costa, Manoel de Oliveira, João César Monteiro, António-Pedro Vasconcelos, Fernando Lopes, João Botelho and Leonel Vieira, are among those that gained notability. Noted Portuguese film actors include Joaquim de Almeida, Daniela Ruah, Maria de Medeiros, Diogo Infante, Soraia Chaves, Ribeirinho, Lúcia Moniz, and Diogo Morgado.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which period was cinema born?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'late 19th century'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",89]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573427dad058e614000b6a34'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who are some examples of Portuguese film directors?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Arthur Duarte, António Lopes Ribeiro, António Reis, Pedro Costa, Manoel de Oliveira, João César Monteiro, António-Pedro Vasconcelos, Fernando Lopes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",142]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573427dad058e614000b6a35'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who are some noted Portuguese actors?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Joaquim de Almeida, Daniela Ruah, Maria de Medeiros, Diogo Infante, Soraia Chaves, Ribeirinho, Lúcia Moniz, and Diogo Morgado'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",400]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573427dad058e614000b6a36'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which period was cinema born?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'late 19th century'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",89]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573427dc4776f419006619af'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who are some examples of Portuguese film directors?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Arthur Duarte, António Lopes Ribeiro, António Reis, Pedro Costa, Manoel de Oliveira, João César Monteiro, António-Pedro Vasconcelos, Fernando Lopes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",142]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573427dc4776f419006619b0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who are some noted Portuguese actors?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Joaquim de Almeida, Daniela Ruah, Maria de Medeiros, Diogo Infante, Soraia Chaves, Ribeirinho, Lúcia Moniz, and Diogo Morgado'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",400]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573427dc4776f419006619b1'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Adventurer and poet Luís de Camões (c. 1524–1580) wrote the epic poem \"Os Lusíadas\" (The Lusiads), with Virgil's Aeneid as his main influence. Modern Portuguese poetry is rooted in neoclassic and contemporary styles, as exemplified by Fernando Pessoa (1888–1935). Modern Portuguese literature is represented by authors such as Almeida Garrett, Camilo Castelo Branco, Eça de Queiroz, Fernando Pessoa, Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, António Lobo Antunes and Miguel Torga. Particularly popular and distinguished is José Saramago, recipient of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Literature.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was Luís de Camões?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Adventurer and poet'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342888d058e614000b6a50'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What epic poem did Luís de Camões write?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"Os Lusíadas\" (The Lusiads)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",71]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342888d058e614000b6a51'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Luís de Camões main influence?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Virgil's Aeneid'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",105]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342888d058e614000b6a52'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What styles are modern Portuguese poetry rooted in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'neoclassic and contemporary styles'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",182]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342888d058e614000b6a53'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who are some modern Portuguese authors?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Almeida Garrett, Camilo Castelo Branco, Eça de Queiroz, Fernando Pessoa, Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, António Lobo Antunes and Miguel Torga'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",328]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342888d058e614000b6a54'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Portuguese cuisine is diverse. The Portuguese consume a lot of dry cod (bacalhau in Portuguese), for which there are hundreds of recipes. There are more than enough bacalhau dishes for each day of the year. Two other popular fish recipes are grilled sardines and caldeirada, a potato-based stew that can be made from several types of fish. Typical Portuguese meat recipes, that may be made out of beef, pork, lamb, or chicken, include cozido à portuguesa, feijoada, frango de churrasco, leitão (roast suckling pig) and carne de porco à alentejana. A very popular northern dish is the arroz de sarrabulho (rice stewed in pigs blood) or the arroz de cabidela (rice and chickens meat stewed in chickens blood).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is dry cod known as in Portuguese?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'bacalhau'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",73]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342937d058e614000b6a64'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Other than bacalhau, what are two other popular fish recipes in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'grilled sardines and caldeirada'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",243]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342937d058e614000b6a65'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is caldeirada?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a potato-based stew that can be made from several types of fish'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",276]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342937d058e614000b6a66'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What meats are often used in Portuguese recipes?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'beef, pork, lamb, or chicken'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",398]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342937d058e614000b6a67'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are two popular Northern Portugal dishes?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'arroz de sarrabulho (rice stewed in pigs blood) or the arroz de cabidela (rice and chickens meat stewed in chickens blood)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",585]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342937d058e614000b6a68'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Typical fast food dishes include the Francesinha (Frenchie) from Porto, and bifanas (grilled pork) or prego (grilled beef) sandwiches, which are well known around the country. The Portuguese art of pastry has its origins in the many medieval Catholic monasteries spread widely across the country. These monasteries, using very few ingredients (mostly almonds, flour, eggs and some liquor), managed to create a spectacular wide range of different pastries, of which pastéis de Belém (or pastéis de nata) originally from Lisbon, and ovos moles from Aveiro are examples. Portuguese cuisine is very diverse, with different regions having their own traditional dishes. The Portuguese have a culture of good food, and throughout the country there are myriads of good restaurants and typical small tasquinhas.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are three examples of fast food dishes in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Francesinha (Frenchie) from Porto, and bifanas (grilled pork) or prego (grilled beef) sandwiches'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",38]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573429e3d058e614000b6a78'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where does the Portuguese art of pastry have its origins?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'in the many medieval Catholic monasteries spread widely across the country'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",222]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573429e3d058e614000b6a79'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the main ingredients used to make pastries in the monasteries?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'almonds, flour, eggs and some liquor'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",352]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573429e3d058e614000b6a7a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are two examples of Portuguese pastries?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'pastéis de Belém (or pastéis de nata) originally from Lisbon, and ovos moles from Aveiro'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",466]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573429e3d058e614000b6a7b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Portuguese wines have enjoyed international recognition since the times of the Romans, who associated Portugal with their god Bacchus. Today, the country is known by wine lovers and its wines have won several international prizes. Some of the best Portuguese wines are: Vinho Verde, Vinho Alvarinho, Vinho do Douro, Vinho do Alentejo, Vinho do Dão, Vinho da Bairrada and the sweet: Port Wine, Madeira Wine, the Moscatel from Setúbal and Favaios. Port and Madeira are particularly appreciated in a wide range of places around the world.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Since when have Portuguese wines garnished international recognition?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'since the times of the Romans'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",57]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342a56d058e614000b6a80'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'With which Roman God was Portugal associated with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Bacchus'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",127]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342a56d058e614000b6a81'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are some of the best Portuguese wines?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Vinho Verde, Vinho Alvarinho, Vinho do Douro, Vinho do Alentejo, Vinho do Dão, Vinho da Bairrada and the sweet: Port Wine, Madeira Wine'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",271]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342a56d058e614000b6a82'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which two Portuguese wines are especially enjoyed around the world?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Port and Madeira'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",447]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342a56d058e614000b6a83'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Portugal has several summer music festivals, such as Festival Sudoeste in Zambujeira do Mar, Festival de Paredes de Coura in Paredes de Coura, Festival Vilar de Mouros near Caminha, Boom Festival in Idanha-a-Nova Municipality, Optimus Alive!, Sumol Summer Fest in Ericeira, Rock in Rio Lisboa and Super Bock Super Rock in Greater Lisbon. Out of the summer season, Portugal has a large number of festivals, designed more to an urban audience, like Flowfest or Hip Hop Porto. Furthermore, one of the largest international Goa trance festivals takes place in central Portugal every two years, the Boom Festival, that is also the only festival in Portugal to win international awards: European Festival Award 2010 – Green'n'Clean Festival of the Year and the Greener Festival Award Outstanding 2008 and 2010. There is also the student festivals of Queima das Fitas are major events in a number of cities across Portugal. In 2005, Portugal held the MTV Europe Music Awards, in Pavilhão Atlântico, Lisbon.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are a couple examples of Summer music festivals held in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Festival Sudoeste in Zambujeira do Mar, Festival de Paredes de Coura in Paredes de Coura, Festival Vilar de Mouros near Caminha,'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",54]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342b24d058e614000b6a92'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are a couple examples of non-Summer music festivals in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Flowfest or Hip Hop Porto'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",448]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342b24d058e614000b6a93'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the Boom Festival?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'one of the largest international Goa trance festivals takes place in central Portugal every two years'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",488]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342b24d058e614000b6a94'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What international awards have been won by the Boom Festival?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'European Festival Award 2010 – Green'n'Clean Festival of the Year and the Greener Festival Award Outstanding 2008 and 2010'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",682]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342b24d058e614000b6a95'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which year did Portugal hold the MTV Europe Music Awards?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2005'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",921]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342b24d058e614000b6a96'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In the classical music domain, Portugal is represented by names as the pianists Artur Pizarro, Maria João Pires, Sequeira Costa, the violinists Carlos Damas, Gerardo Ribeiro and in the past by the great cellist Guilhermina Suggia. Notable composers include José Vianna da Motta, Carlos Seixas, João Domingos Bomtempo, João de Sousa Carvalho, Luís de Freitas Branco and his student Joly Braga Santos, Fernando Lopes-Graça, Emmanuel Nunes and Sérgio Azevedo. Similarly, contemporary composers such as Nuno Malo and Miguel d'Oliveira have achieved some international success writing original music for film and television.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are some examples of classical pianists from Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Artur Pizarro, Maria João Pires, Sequeira Costa'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",81]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342bbc4776f419006619f1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are some examples of classical violinists from Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Carlos Damas, Gerardo Ribeiro'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",145]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342bbc4776f419006619f2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who are some notable musical composers from Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'José Vianna da Motta, Carlos Seixas, João Domingos Bomtempo, João de Sousa Carvalho, Luís de Freitas Branco and his student Joly Braga Santos'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",258]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342bbc4776f419006619f3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who are some contemporary composers from Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Nuno Malo and Miguel d'Oliveira'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",500]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342bbc4776f419006619f4'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The 20th century saw the arrival of Modernism, and along with it came the most prominent Portuguese painters: Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso, who was heavily influenced by French painters, particularly by the Delaunays. Among his best-known works is Canção Popular a Russa e o Fígaro. Another great modernist painters\/writers were Carlos Botelho and Almada Negreiros, friend to the poet Fernando Pessoa, who painted his (Pessoa's) portrait. He was deeply influenced by both Cubist and Futurist trends. Prominent international figures in visual arts nowadays include painters Vieira da Silva, Júlio Pomar, Helena Almeida, Joana Vasconcelos, Julião Sarmento and Paula Rego.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which century did Portugal see the arrival of Modernism?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'20th century'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342c97d058e614000b6a9c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'By what group was Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso most heavily influenced by?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'French painters, particularly by the Delaunays'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",166]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342c97d058e614000b6a9d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is one of Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso's best known works?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Canção Popular a Russa e o Fígaro'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",244]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342c97d058e614000b6a9e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who are some of the most prominent modern visual artists in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Vieira da Silva, Júlio Pomar, Helena Almeida, Joana Vasconcelos, Julião Sarmento and Paula Rego'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",569]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342c97d058e614000b6a9f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Football is the most popular sport in Portugal. There are several football competitions ranging from local amateur to world-class professional level. The legendary Eusébio is still a major symbol of Portuguese football history. FIFA World Player of the Year winners Luís Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo who won the FIFA Ballon d'Or for 2013 and 2014, are among the numerous examples of other world-class football players born in Portugal and noted worldwide. Portuguese football managers are also noteworthy, with José Mourinho, André Villas-Boas, Fernando Santos, Carlos Queiroz and Manuel José among the most renowned.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the most popular sport in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Football'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342d5b4776f41900661a17'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is still a major symbol of Portuguese football history?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Eusébio'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",165]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342d5b4776f41900661a18'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who are two examples of the top football players born in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Luís Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",267]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342d5b4776f41900661a19'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What award did both Luís Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo win?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'FIFA World Player of the Year'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",229]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342d5b4776f41900661a1a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who are some of the most renowned football managers in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'José Mourinho, André Villas-Boas, Fernando Santos, Carlos Queiroz and Manuel José'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",510]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342d5b4776f41900661a1b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'SL Benfica, FC Porto, and Sporting CP are the largest sports clubs by popularity and by number of trophies won, often known as \"os três grandes\" (\"the big three\"). They have won eight titles in the European UEFA club competitions, were present in many finals and have been regular contenders in the last stages almost every season. Other than football, many Portuguese sports clubs, including the \"big three\", compete in several other sports events with a varying level of success and popularity, these may include roller hockey, basketball, futsal, handball, and volleyball. The Portuguese Football Federation (FPF)  – Federação Portuguesa de Futebol – annually hosts the Algarve Cup, a prestigious women`s football tournament that has been celebrated in the Algarvian part of Portugal.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the three largest sports clubs by popularity in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'SL Benfica, FC Porto, and Sporting CP'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342e50d058e614000b6aae'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the three largest sports club by popularity in Portugal known as?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"os três grandes\" (\"the big three\")'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",128]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342e50d058e614000b6aaf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many titles in the European UEFA club competitions have \"the big three\" won?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'eight'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",179]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342e50d058e614000b6ab0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Other than football, what other sports are popular in Portugal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'roller hockey, basketball, futsal, handball, and volleyball'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",516]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342e50d058e614000b6ab1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'By what entity is the Algarve Cup hosted?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Portuguese Football Federation (FPF)  – Federação Portuguesa de Futebol'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",581]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57342e50d058e614000b6ab2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Portugal'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Kanye Omari West (\/ˈkɑːnjeɪ\/; born June 8, 1977) is an American hip hop recording artist, record producer, rapper, fashion designer, and entrepreneur. He is among the most acclaimed musicians of the 21st century, attracting both praise and controversy for his work and his outspoken public persona.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year was Kanye born?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1977'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",44]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf4da7aab44d1400b88f86'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of music does Kanye West perform?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'hip hop'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",65]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d0f35817492d1400aab693'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is Kanye West's middle name?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Omari'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",7]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d0f35817492d1400aab694'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When is Kanye West's birthday?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'June 8, 1977'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",36]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d0f35817492d1400aab695'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Raised in Chicago, West briefly attended art school before becoming known as a producer for Roc-A-Fella Records in the early 2000s, producing hit singles for artists such as Jay-Z and Alicia Keys. Intent on pursuing a solo career as a rapper, West released his debut album The College Dropout in 2004 to widespread commercial and critical success, and founded record label GOOD Music. He went on to explore a variety of different musical styles on subsequent albums that included the baroque-inflected Late Registration (2005), the arena-inspired Graduation (2007), and the starkly polarizing 808s & Heartbreak (2008). In 2010, he released his critically acclaimed fifth album, the maximalist My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy, and the following year he collaborated with Jay-Z on the joint LP Watch the Throne (2011). West released his abrasive sixth album, Yeezus, to further critical praise in 2013. 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He has won a total of 21 Grammy Awards, making him one of the most awarded artists of all time and the most Grammy-awarded artist of his age. Three of his albums rank on Rolling Stone's 2012 \"500 Greatest Albums of All Time\" list; two of his albums feature at first and eighth, respectively, in Pitchfork Media's The 100 Best Albums of 2010–2014. He has also been included in a number of Forbes annual lists. 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His parents divorced when he was three and he and his mother moved to Chicago, Illinois. His father, Ray West, is a former Black Panther and was one of the first black photojournalists at The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Ray West was later a Christian counselor, and in 2006, opened the Good Water Store and Café in Lexington Park, Maryland with startup capital from his son. West's mother, Dr. Donda C. (Williams) West, was a professor of English at Clark Atlanta University, and the Chair of the English Department at Chicago State University before retiring to serve as his manager. 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According to his mother, West was the only foreigner in his class, but settled in well and quickly picked up the language, although he has since forgotten most of it. When asked about his grades in high school, West replied, \"I got A's and B's. 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His mother recalled that she first took notice of West's passion for drawing and music when he was in the third grade. Growing up in the city,[which?] West became deeply involved in its hip hop scene. He started rapping in the third grade and began making musical compositions in the seventh grade, eventually selling them to other artists. At age thirteen, West wrote a rap song called \"Green Eggs and Ham\" and began to persuade his mother to pay $25 an hour for time in a recording studio. It was a small, crude basement studio where a microphone hung from the ceiling by a wire clothes hanger. Although this wasn't what West's mother wanted, she nonetheless supported him. West crossed paths with producer\/DJ No I.D., with whom he quickly formed a close friendship. No I.D. soon became West's mentor, and it was from him that West learned how to sample and program beats after he received his first sampler at age 15.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Kanye creating when he was five?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'poetry'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",78]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf5f6daab44d1400b89163'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was one of the first tracks written by Kanye when he was 13?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"Green Eggs and Ham\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",500]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf5f6daab44d1400b89164'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Kanye meet early in his career who later mentored him?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'DJ No I.D.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",822]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf5f6daab44d1400b89165'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What activity did Kanye West start doing when he was five?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'writing poetry'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",70]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d0fccf17492d1400aab6f5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the song he wrote at age thirteen?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Green Eggs and Ham'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",501]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d0fccf17492d1400aab6f7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the producer that helped Kanye West?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'No I.D.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",825]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d0fccf17492d1400aab6f8'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'After graduating from high school, West received a scholarship to attend Chicago's American Academy of Art in 1997 and began taking painting classes, but shortly after transferred to Chicago State University to study English. He soon realized that his busy class schedule was detrimental to his musical work, and at 20 he dropped out of college to pursue his musical dreams. This action greatly displeased his mother, who was also a professor at the university. She later commented, \"It was drummed into my head that college is the ticket to a good life... but some career goals don't require college. 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His first official production credits came at the age of nineteen when he produced eight tracks on Down to Earth, the 1996 debut album of a Chicago rapper named Grav. For a time, West acted as a ghost producer for Deric \"D-Dot\" Angelettie. Because of his association with D-Dot, West wasn't able to release a solo album, so he formed and became a member and producer of the Go-Getters, a late-1990s Chicago rap group composed of him, GLC, Timmy G, Really Doe, and Arrowstar. His group was managed by John \"Monopoly\" Johnson, Don Crowley, and Happy Lewis under the management firm Hustle Period. After attending a series of promotional photo shoots and making some radio appearances, The Go-Getters released their first and only studio album World Record Holders in 1999. The album featured other Chicago-based rappers such as Rhymefest, Mikkey Halsted, Miss Criss, and Shayla G. 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The ninth track from World Party, the last Goodie Mob album to feature the rap group's four founding members prior to their break-up, was co-produced by West with his manager Deric \"D-Dot\" Angelettie. At the close of the millennium, West ended up producing six songs for Tell 'Em Why U Madd, an album that was released by D-Dot under the alias of The Madd Rapper; a fictional character he created for a skit on The Notorious B.I.G.'s second and final studio album Life After Death. 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West came to achieve recognition and is often credited with revitalizing Jay-Z's career with his contributions to the rap mogul's influential 2001 album The Blueprint. The Blueprint is consistently ranked among the greatest hip-hop albums, and the critical and financial success of the album generated substantial interest in West as a producer. Serving as an in-house producer for Roc-A-Fella Records, West produced records for other artists from the label, including Beanie Sigel, Freeway, and Cam'ron. 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Though he had developed his rapping long before he began producing, it was often a challenge for West to be accepted as a rapper, and he struggled to attain a record deal. Multiple record companies ignored him because he did not portray the gangsta image prominent in mainstream hip hop at the time. After a series of meetings with Capitol Records, West was ultimately denied an artist deal.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Although Kanye was achieving fame by producing, what did he actually want to be?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'rapper'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",71]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf626faab44d1400b891b3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What label declined to work with Kanye after many meetings?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Capitol Records'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",411]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf626faab44d1400b891b4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What career was Kanye's ultimate dream?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'rapper'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",71]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d101c417492d1400aab718'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Kanye West not have that made record companies turn him down?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'gangsta image'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",320]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d101c417492d1400aab719'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which record company turned Kanye down after many meetings?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Capitol Records'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",411]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d101c417492d1400aab71a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'According to Capitol Record's A&R, Joe Weinberger, he was approached by West and almost signed a deal with him, but another person in the company convinced Capitol's president not to. Desperate to keep West from defecting to another label, then-label head Damon Dash reluctantly signed West to Roc-A-Fella Records. Jay-Z later admitted that Roc-A-Fella was initially reluctant to support West as a rapper, claiming that many saw him as a producer first and foremost, and that his background contrasted with that of his labelmates.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who almost picked up Kanye but was ultimately swayed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Joe Weinberger'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",36]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf637caab44d1400b891b7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What label finally (although reluctantly) picked up Kanye?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Roc-A-Fella'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",295]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf637caab44d1400b891b8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Kanye's peers see him as while he tried to pursue his rap career?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a producer'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",437]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf637caab44d1400b891b9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What man was almost ready to give Kanye a record deal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Joe Weinberger'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",36]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1021117492d1400aab71e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What record company eventually signed Kanye West?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Roc-A-Fella'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",295]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1021117492d1400aab71f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'West's breakthrough came a year later on October 23, 2002, when, while driving home from a California recording studio after working late, he fell asleep at the wheel and was involved in a near-fatal car crash. The crash left him with a shattered jaw, which had to be wired shut in reconstructive surgery. The accident inspired West; two weeks after being admitted to the hospital, he recorded a song at the Record Plant Studios with his jaw still wired shut. The composition, \"Through The Wire\", expressed West's experience after the accident, and helped lay the foundation for his debut album, as according to West \"all the better artists have expressed what they were going through\". West added that \"the album was my medicine\", as working on the record distracted him from the pain. \"Through The Wire\" was first available on West's Get Well Soon... mixtape, released December 2002. At the same time, West announced that he was working on an album called The College Dropout, whose overall theme was to \"make your own decisions. Don't let society tell you, 'This is what you have to do.'\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What track did Kanye compose and perform while injured from his accident?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Through The Wire'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",479]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf6438aab44d1400b891c8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of Kanye's 2002 mixtape that he wrote while in the hospital?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Get Well Soon...'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",837]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf6438aab44d1400b891c9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'After dropping his mixtape, Kanye revealed the name of his debut album to be what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The College Dropout'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",959]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf6438aab44d1400b891ca'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the date of Kanye's car wreck?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'October 23, 2002'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",42]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1034017492d1400aab722'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What song did Kanye record about his experience with what happened after the wreck?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"Through The Wire\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",478]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1034017492d1400aab723'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the mixtape Kanye released in December of 2002?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Get Well Soon'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",837]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1034017492d1400aab724'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Carrying a Louis Vuitton backpack filled with old disks and demos to the studio and back, West crafted much of his production for his debut album in less than fifteen minutes at a time. He recorded the remainder of the album in Los Angeles while recovering from the car accident. Once he had completed the album, it was leaked months before its release date. However, West decided to use the opportunity to review the album, and The College Dropout was significantly remixed, remastered, and revised before being released. As a result, certain tracks originally destined for the album were subsequently retracted, among them \"Keep the Receipt\" with Ol' Dirty Bastard and \"The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly\" with Consequence. West meticulously refined the production, adding string arrangements, gospel choirs, improved drum programming and new verses. West's perfectionism led The College Dropout to have its release postponed three times from its initial date in August 2003.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What happened to Kanye's debut album that caused him to remaster most of it?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'it was leaked'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",314]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf64d24df3c31400b0d6f3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many times was the release date for Kanye's first album pushed back?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'3'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",973]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf64d24df3c31400b0d6f5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what city did West finish recording his first album?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Los Angeles'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",229]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1042317492d1400aab72e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many times was The College Dropout's release put off?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'3'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",973]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1042317492d1400aab72f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was supposed to be the original release date for The College Dropout?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'August 2003'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",963]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1042317492d1400aab730'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The College Dropout was eventually issued by Roc-A-Fella in February 2004, shooting to number two on the Billboard 200 as his debut single, \"Through the Wire\" peaked at number fifteen on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for five weeks. \"Slow Jamz\", his second single featuring Twista and Jamie Foxx, became an even bigger success: it became the three musicians' first number one hit. The College Dropout received near-universal critical acclaim from contemporary music critics, was voted the top album of the year by two major music publications, and has consistently been ranked among the great hip-hop works and debut albums by artists. \"Jesus Walks\", the album's fourth single, perhaps exposed West to a wider audience; the song's subject matter concerns faith and Christianity. The song nevertheless reached the top 20 of the Billboard pop charts, despite industry executives' predictions that a song containing such blatant declarations of faith would never make it to radio. The College Dropout would eventually be certified triple platinum in the US, and garnered West 10 Grammy nominations, including Album of the Year, and Best Rap Album (which it received). During this period, West also founded GOOD Music, a record label and management company that would go on to house affiliate artists and producers, such as No I.D. and John Legend. At the time, the focal point of West's production style was the use of sped-up vocal samples from soul records. However, partly because of the acclaim of The College Dropout, such sampling had been much copied by others; with that overuse, and also because West felt he had become too dependent on the technique, he decided to find a new sound.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What place on the Billboard chart did Kanye's album debut at?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",70]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf657b4df3c31400b0d6ff'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many publications voted The College Dropout for album of the year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",70]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf657b4df3c31400b0d700'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the single off the debut album that gave Kanye mainstream attention?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jesus Walks'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",636]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf657b4df3c31400b0d701'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What label did Kanye create following the success of his first album's release?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'GOOD Music'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1202]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf657b4df3c31400b0d703'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was The College Dropout finally released?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'February 2004'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",61]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1056017492d1400aab752'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What song was the second released off of Kanye's The College Dropout album?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"Slow Jamz\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",232]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1056017492d1400aab754'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many Grammy nominations did The College Dropout receive?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'10'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",206]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1056017492d1400aab755'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the record label that West founded?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'GOOD Music'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1202]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1056017492d1400aab756'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Beginning his second effort that fall, West would invest two million dollars and take over a year to craft his second album. West was significantly inspired by Roseland NYC Live, a 1998 live album by English trip hop group Portishead, produced with the New York Philharmonic Orchestra. Early in his career, the live album had inspired him to incorporate string arrangements into his hip-hop production. Though West had not been able to afford many live instruments around the time of his debut album, the money from his commercial success enabled him to hire a string orchestra for his second album Late Registration. West collaborated with American film score composer Jon Brion, who served as the album's co-executive producer for several tracks. Although Brion had no prior experience in creating hip-hop records, he and West found that they could productively work together after their first afternoon in the studio where they discovered that neither confined his musical knowledge and vision to one specific genre. Late Registration sold over 2.3 million units in the United States alone by the end of 2005 and was considered by industry observers as the only successful major album release of the fall season, which had been plagued by steadily declining CD sales.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of ensemble did Kanye hire to work on his second album?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'string orchestra'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",562]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf66344df3c31400b0d70a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What composer worked alongside Kanye on the album's production?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jon Brion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",671]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf66344df3c31400b0d70b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of Kanye's second studio album?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Late Registration'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",600]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf66344df3c31400b0d70c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many copies of Late Registration sold in its first year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2.3 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1049]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf66344df3c31400b0d70d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What English music group was an inspiration for Kanye West on his second album?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Portishead'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",224]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1060e17492d1400aab763'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of West's second album?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Late Registration'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",600]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1060e17492d1400aab764'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many copies of Late Registration were sold in the United States?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2.3 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1049]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1060e17492d1400aab765'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'While West had encountered controversy a year prior when he stormed out of the American Music Awards of 2004 after losing Best New Artist, the rapper's first large-scale controversy came just days following Late Registration's release, during a benefit concert for Hurricane Katrina victims. In September 2005, NBC broadcast A Concert for Hurricane Relief, and West was a featured speaker. When West was presenting alongside actor Mike Myers, he deviated from the prepared script. Myers spoke next and continued to read the script. Once it was West's turn to speak again, he said, \"George Bush doesn't care about black people.\" West's comment reached much of the United States, leading to mixed reactions; President Bush would later call it one of the most \"disgusting moments\" of his presidency. West raised further controversy in January 2006 when he posed on the cover of Rolling Stone wearing a crown of thorns.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The loss of which award caused Kanye to leave the American Music Awards?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Best New Artist'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",123]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf67034df3c31400b0d71d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Kanye participated alongside Mike Meyers in a relief benefit show for what natural disaster?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hurricane Katrina'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",266]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf67034df3c31400b0d71e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What magazine did Kanye don a thorn crown for the cover of in 2006?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Rolling Stone'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",876]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf67034df3c31400b0d720'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which AMA category did Kanye lose in 2004?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Best New Artist'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",123]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1071617492d1400aab77e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which actor was alongside Kanye West when he insulted President Bush?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mike Myers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",432]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1071617492d1400aab77f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What magazine did Kanye West pose for in 2006 that caused another controversy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Rolling Stone'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",876]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1071617492d1400aab780'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What broadcast for NBC was Kanye presenting for when he spoke negatively about President Bush?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'A Concert for Hurricane Relief'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",326]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1071617492d1400aab781'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Fresh off spending the previous year touring the world with U2 on their Vertigo Tour, West felt inspired to compose anthemic rap songs that could operate more efficiently in large arenas. To this end, West incorporated the synthesizer into his hip-hop production, utilized slower tempos, and experimented with electronic music and influenced by music of the 1980s. In addition to U2, West drew musical inspiration from arena rock bands such as The Rolling Stones and Led Zeppelin in terms of melody and chord progression. To make his next effort, the third in a planned tetralogy of education-themed studio albums, more introspective and personal in lyricism, West listened to folk and country singer-songwriters Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash in hopes of developing methods to augment his wordplay and storytelling ability.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What band did Kanye tour with for a year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'U2'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",61]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf67ca4df3c31400b0d735'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What setting did Kanye want his next tracks to perform well in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'large arenas'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",175]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf67ca4df3c31400b0d736'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Kanye study in order to develop his lyrical skills?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",714]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf67ca4df3c31400b0d738'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which band did Kanye West travel with for the Vertigo Tour?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'U2'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",61]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1084017492d1400aab7a0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What decade of music inspired Kanye West after his tour with U2?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1980s'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",359]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1084017492d1400aab7a1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Other than U2 and Led Zeppelin, what other band inspired Kanye West?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Rolling Stones'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",445]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1084017492d1400aab7a2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What other country singer besides Johnny Cash did Kanye listen to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Bob Dylan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",714]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1084017492d1400aab7a3'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'West's third studio album, Graduation, garnered major publicity when its release date pitted West in a sales competition against rapper 50 Cent's Curtis. Upon their September 2007 releases, Graduation outsold Curtis by a large margin, debuting at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart and selling 957,000 copies in its first week. Graduation once again continued the string of critical and commercial successes by West, and the album's lead single, \"Stronger\", garnered the rapper his third number-one hit. \"Stronger\", which samples French house duo Daft Punk, has been accredited to not only encouraging other hip-hop artists to incorporate house and electronica elements into their music, but also for playing a part in the revival of disco and electro-infused music in the late 2000s. Ben Detrick of XXL cited the outcome of the sales competition between 50 Cent's Curtis and West's Graduation as being responsible for altering the direction of hip-hop and paving the way for new rappers who didn't follow the hardcore-gangster mold, writing, \"If there was ever a watershed moment to indicate hip-hop's changing direction, it may have come when 50 Cent competed with Kanye in 2007 to see whose album would claim superior sales.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of Kanye's third album?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Graduation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",28]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf68594df3c31400b0d73d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Kanye released Graduation at the same time of what other famous rapper, thus drawing media comparison?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'50 Cent'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",137]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf68594df3c31400b0d73e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many copies did Graduation sell in its first week of release? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'957,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",303]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf68594df3c31400b0d73f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What famous electronic duo did Kanye sample on his third album?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Daft Punk'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",556]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf68594df3c31400b0d740'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of Kanye West's third CD?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Graduation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",28]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1091117492d1400aab7bc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What artist was Kanye's third album release competing against?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'50 Cent'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",137]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1091117492d1400aab7bd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What music group was in Kanye's first release off of Graduation?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Daft Punk'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",556]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1091117492d1400aab7bf'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'West's life took a different direction when his mother, Donda West, died of complications from cosmetic surgery involving abdominoplasty and breast reduction in November 2007. Months later, West and fiancée Alexis Phifer ended their engagement and their long-term intermittent relationship, which had begun in 2002. The events profoundly affected West, who set off for his 2008 Glow in the Dark Tour shortly thereafter. Purportedly because his emotions could not be conveyed through rapping, West decided to sing using the voice audio processor Auto-Tune, which would become a central part of his next effort. West had previously experimented with the technology on his debut album The College Dropout for the background vocals of \"Jesus Walks\" and \"Never Let Me Down.\" Recorded mostly in Honolulu, Hawaii in three weeks, West announced his fourth album, 808s & Heartbreak, at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards, where he performed its lead single, \"Love Lockdown\". Music audiences were taken aback by the uncharacteristic production style and the presence of Auto-Tune, which typified the pre-release response to the record.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Following the loss of his mother, who did Kanye end his long-term relationship with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Alexis Phifer'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",208]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf694f4df3c31400b0d750'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What vocal technology did Kanye pick up for his next set of artistic endeavors?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Auto-Tune'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",546]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf694f4df3c31400b0d751'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did Kanye West's mother pass away?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2007'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",171]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d109f317492d1400aab7ca'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of Kanye's ex-fiance?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Alexis Phifer'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",208]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d109f317492d1400aab7cb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of Kanye's 2008 music tour?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Glow in the Dark Tour'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",379]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d109f317492d1400aab7cc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what state did Kanye West record them majority of his fourth album?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hawaii'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",800]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d109f317492d1400aab7cd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the first song released off of Kanye's fourth album?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"Love Lockdown\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",947]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d109f317492d1400aab7ce'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'808s & Heartbreak, which features extensive use of the eponymous Roland TR-808 drum machine and contains themes of love, loneliness, and heartache, was released by Island Def Jam to capitalize on Thanksgiving weekend in November 2008. Reviews were positive, though slightly more mixed than his previous efforts. Despite this, the record's singles demonstrated outstanding chart performances. Upon its release, the lead single \"Love Lockdown\" debuted at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 and became a \"Hot Shot Debut\", while follow-up single \"Heartless\" performed similarly and became his second consecutive \"Hot Shot Debut\" by debuting at number four on the Billboard Hot 100. While it was criticized prior to release, 808s & Heartbreak had a significant effect on hip-hop music, encouraging other rappers to take more creative risks with their productions.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What label pushed out Kanye's fourth studio album?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Island Def Jam'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",165]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf6a0f4df3c31400b0d757'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which album by Kanye West featured the song \"Love Lockdown\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'808s & Heartbreak'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d10a6617492d1400aab7de'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'808s & Heartbreak was released by what company? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Island Def Jam'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",165]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d460ca2ccc5a1400d83103'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was 808s & Heartbreaks released? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'November 2008'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",221]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d460ca2ccc5a1400d83104'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the second song released off of 808s? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Heartless'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",547]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d460ca2ccc5a1400d83105'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The major usage of musical machine on 808s was described as eponymous?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Roland TR-808 drum machine'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",66]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d460ca2ccc5a1400d83107'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 2012, Rolling Stone journalist Matthew Trammell asserted that the record was ahead of its time and wrote, \"Now that popular music has finally caught up to it, 808s & Heartbreak has revealed itself to be Kanye’s most vulnerable work, and perhaps his most brilliant.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What journalist gave \"808s and Hearbreak\" critical acclimation 4 years after its release?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Matthew Trammell'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",35]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf6aa44df3c31400b0d75f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the journalist that wrote about Kanye's album in 2012?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Matthew Trammell'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",35]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d10ab617492d1400aab7ee'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'West's controversial incident the following year at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards was arguably his biggest controversy, and led to widespread outrage throughout the music industry. During the ceremony, West crashed the stage and grabbed the microphone from winner Taylor Swift in order to proclaim that, instead, Beyoncé's video for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", nominated for the same award, was \"one of the best videos of all time\". He was subsequently withdrawn from the remainder of the show for his actions. West's tour with Lady Gaga was cancelled in response to the controversy, and it was suggested that the incident was partially responsible for 808s & Heartbreak's lack of nominations at the 52nd Grammy Awards.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did Kanye's famous mic-grab incident occur at?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2009 MTV Video Music Awards'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",57]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf6b6f4df3c31400b0d76b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'From who did Kanye grab the mic from to make his statement?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Taylor Swift'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",267]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf6b6f4df3c31400b0d76c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Kanye's tour with what artist was cancelled following his outburst at the VMA's?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Lady Gaga'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",539]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf6b6f4df3c31400b0d76e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did Kanye's biggest controversy so far take place?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2009'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",57]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d10b8517492d1400aab7f0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What artist did Kanye West interrupt Taylor Swift to defend?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Beyoncé'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",316]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d10b8517492d1400aab7f1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which artist was Kanye supposed to tour with, but couldn't due to the Taylor Swift controversy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Lady Gaga'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",539]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d10b8517492d1400aab7f2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What awards ceremony did Kanye not receive any nominations for after the MTV controversy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'52nd Grammy Awards'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",711]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d10b8517492d1400aab7f3'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Following the highly publicized incident, West took a brief break from music and threw himself into fashion, only to hole up in Hawaii for the next few months writing and recording his next album. Importing his favorite producers and artists to work on and inspire his recording, West kept engineers behind the boards 24 hours a day and slept only in increments. Noah Callahan-Bever, a writer for Complex, was present during the sessions and described the \"communal\" atmosphere as thus: \"With the right songs and the right album, he can overcome any and all controversy, and we are here to contribute, challenge, and inspire.\" A variety of artists contributed to the project, including close friends Jay-Z, Kid Cudi and Pusha T, as well as off-the-wall collaborations, such as with Justin Vernon of Bon Iver.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did Kanye base himself to create his next album?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hawaii'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",129]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf6c824df3c31400b0d773'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What industry did Kanye turn to after taking a break from recording music?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'fashion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",101]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d10be817492d1400aab802'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What state did Kanye West hide in while writing his next album?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hawaii'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",129]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d10be817492d1400aab803'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy, West's fifth studio album, was released in November 2010 to rave reviews from critics, many of whom described it as his best work that solidified his comeback. In stark contrast to his previous effort, which featured a minimalist sound, Dark Fantasy adopts a maximalist philosophy and deals with themes of celebrity and excess. The record included the international hit \"All of the Lights\", and Billboard hits \"Power\", \"Monster\", and \"Runaway\", the latter of which accompanied a 35-minute film of the same name. During this time, West initiated the free music program GOOD Fridays through his website, offering a free download of previously unreleased songs each Friday, a portion of which were included on the album. This promotion ran from August 20 - December 17, 2010. Dark Fantasy went on to go platinum in the United States, but its omission as a contender for Album of the Year at the 54th Grammy Awards was viewed as a \"snub\" by several media outlets.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of Kanye's album released in 2010?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf6e364df3c31400b0d78d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What award was My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy omitted from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Album of the Year'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",903]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf6e364df3c31400b0d790'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of Kanye's fifth album?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d10ca817492d1400aab818'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was Kanye West's fifth album debuted? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'November 2010'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",79]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d10ca817492d1400aab819'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What song off of Kanye's fifth album was a hit internationally?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"All of the Lights\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",406]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d10ca817492d1400aab81a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the free music promotion on Kanye's website in 2010?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'GOOD Fridays'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",604]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d10ca817492d1400aab81b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Following a headlining set at Coachella 2011 that was described by The Hollywood Reporter as \"one of greatest hip-hop sets of all time\", West released the collaborative album Watch the Throne with Jay-Z. By employing a sales strategy that released the album digitally weeks before its physical counterpart, Watch the Throne became one of the few major label albums in the Internet age to avoid a leak. \"Niggas in Paris\" became the record's highest charting single, peaking at number five on the Billboard Hot 100. In 2012, West released the compilation album Cruel Summer, a collection of tracks by artists from West's record label GOOD Music. Cruel Summer produced four singles, two of which charted within the top twenty of the Hot 100: \"Mercy\" and \"Clique\". West also directed a film of the same name that premiered at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival in custom pyramid-shaped screening pavilion featuring seven screens.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What festival did Kanye headline in 2011?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Coachella'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",31]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf71134df3c31400b0d7a3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'With what other hiphop artist did Kanye collaborate with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jay-Z'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",198]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf71134df3c31400b0d7a4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did Kanye premier a film directed by himself in 2012?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Cannes Film Festival'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",832]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf71134df3c31400b0d7a5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What event did Kanye headline in 2011?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Coachella'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",31]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d10dc217492d1400aab82e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the joint album Kanye made with Jay Z?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Watch the Throne'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",176]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d10dc217492d1400aab82f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the top single off the album \"Watch the Throne\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"Niggas in Paris\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",403]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d10dc217492d1400aab830'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was \"Cruel Summer\" released?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2012'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",518]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d10dc217492d1400aab831'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What film festival did Kanye West premier a film called \"Cruel Summer\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2012 Cannes Film Festival'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",827]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d10dc217492d1400aab832'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Sessions for West's sixth solo effort begin to take shape in early 2013 in his own personal loft's living room at a Paris hotel. Determined to \"undermine the commercial\", he once again brought together close collaborators and attempted to incorporate Chicago drill, dancehall, acid house, and industrial music. Primarily inspired by architecture, West's perfectionist tendencies led him to contact producer Rick Rubin fifteen days shy of its due date to strip down the record's sound in favor of a more minimalist approach. Initial promotion of his sixth album included worldwide video projections of the album's music and live television performances. Yeezus, West's sixth album, was released June 18, 2013 to rave reviews from critics. It became the rapper's sixth consecutive number one debut, but also marked his lowest solo opening week sales. Def Jam issued \"Black Skinhead\" to radio in July 2013 as the album's lead single. On September 6, 2013, Kanye West announced he would be headlining his first solo tour in five years, to support Yeezus, with fellow American rapper Kendrick Lamar accompanying him along the way.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did Kanye begin production on his sixth album?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Paris'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",117]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf71dc4df3c31400b0d7a9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What became the name of his sixth studio album?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Yeezus'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",654]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf71dc4df3c31400b0d7ac'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Kanye tour alongside of in order to promote the efforts of Yeezus?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Kendrick Lamar'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1080]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf71dc4df3c31400b0d7ad'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did Kanye West begin working on his sixth album?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2013'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",68]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d10ec717492d1400aab85a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the inspiration behind Kanye West's decision to call Rick Rubin?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'architecture'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",334]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d10ec717492d1400aab85b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of Kanye's sixth album?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Yeezus'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",654]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d10ec717492d1400aab85c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what date was Yeezus released?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'June 18, 2013'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",695]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d10ec717492d1400aab85d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What artist did Kanye go on tour with while promoting album number six?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Kendrick Lamar'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1080]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d10ec717492d1400aab85e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In June 2013, West and television personality Kim Kardashian announced the birth of their first child, North. In October 2013, the couple announced their engagement to widespread media attention. November 2013, West stated that he was beginning work on his next studio album, hoping to release it by mid-2014, with production by Rick Rubin and Q-Tip. In December 2013, Adidas announced the beginning of an official apparel collaboration with West, to be premiered the following year. In May 2014, West and Kardashian were married in a private ceremony in Florence, Italy, with a variety of artists and celebrities in attendance. West released a single, \"Only One\", featuring Paul McCartney, on December 31, 2014. \"FourFiveSeconds\", a single jointly produced with Rihanna and McCartney, was released in January 2015. West also appeared on the Saturday Night Live 40th Anniversary Special, where he premiered a new song entitled \"Wolves\", featuring Sia Furler and fellow Chicago rapper, Vic Mensa. In February 2015, West premiered his clothing collaboration with Adidas, entitled Yeezy Season 1, to generally positive reviews. This would include West's Yeezy Boost sneakers. In March 2015, West released the single \"All Day\" featuring Theophilus London, Allan Kingdom and Paul McCartney. West performed the song at the 2015 BRIT Awards with a number of US rappers and UK grime MC's including: Skepta, Wiley, Novelist, Fekky, Krept & Konan, Stormzy, Allan Kingdom, Theophilus London and Vic Mensa. He would premiere the second iteration of his clothing line, Yeezy Season 2, in September 2015 at New York Fashion Week.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of Kanye's first child with Kim Kardashian?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'North'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",104]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf737e4df3c31400b0d7b3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What brand set to collaborate on an apparel line with Kanye?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Adidas'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",370]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf737e4df3c31400b0d7b4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What famous British artist worked with Kanye on multiple singles?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Paul McCartney'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",676]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf737e4df3c31400b0d7b5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did Kanye perform his single \"All Day\" with a menagerie of other artists?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2015 BRIT Awards'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1318]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf737e4df3c31400b0d7b6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is the mother of Kanye's first child?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Kim Kardashian'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",47]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d10fb217492d1400aab876'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is Kanye West's first child's name?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'North'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",104]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d10fb217492d1400aab877'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what Italian city were Kim Kardashian and Kanye West wed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Florence'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",556]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d10fb217492d1400aab878'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What musician joined Kanye West on the song \"Only One\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Paul McCartney'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",676]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d10fb217492d1400aab879'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the Adidas clothing line by Kanye West that he released in 2013?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Yeezy Season 1'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1079]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d10fb217492d1400aab87a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Having initially announced a new album entitled So Help Me God slated for a 2014 release, in March 2015 West announced that the album would instead be tentatively called SWISH. Later that month, West was awarded an honorary doctorate by the School of the Art Institute of Chicago for his contributions to music, fashion, and popular culture, officially making him an honorary DFA. The next month, West headlined at the Glastonbury Festival in the UK, despite a petition signed by almost 135,000 people against his appearance. At one point, he told the audience: \"You are now watching the greatest living rock star on the planet.\" Media outlets, including social media sites such as Twitter, were sharply divided on his performance. NME stated, \"The decision to book West for the slot has proved controversial since its announcement, and the show itself appeared to polarise both Glastonbury goers and those who tuned in to watch on their TVs.\" The publication added that \"he's letting his music speak for and prove itself.\" The Guardian said that \"his set has a potent ferocity – but there are gaps and stutters, and he cuts a strangely lone figure in front of the vast crowd.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Kanye change the title of his next planned album from So Help Me God to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'SWISH'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",171]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf741f4df3c31400b0d7bb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'From which institution did Kanye receive an honorary doctorate?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Art Institute of Chicago'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",256]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf741f4df3c31400b0d7bc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people signed a petition to keep Kanye from performing at Glastonbury Festival?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'135,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",488]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf741f4df3c31400b0d7bd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the original name of Kanye's album \"SWISH\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'So Help Me God'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",49]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1109717492d1400aab88e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What school awarded Kanye west an honorary doctorate?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'School of the Art Institute of Chicago'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",242]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1109717492d1400aab88f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people petitioned his show at the Glastonbury Music Festival in the UK?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'135,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",488]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1109717492d1400aab890'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In December 2015, West released a song titled \"Facts\". He announced in January 2016 on Twitter that SWISH would be released on February 11, after releasing new song \"Real Friends\" and a snippet of \"No More Parties in L.A.\" with Kendrick Lamar. This also revived the GOOD Fridays initiative in which Kanye releases new singles every Friday. On January 26, 2016, West revealed he had renamed the album from SWISH to Waves, and also announced the premier of his Yeezy Season 3 clothing line at Madison Square Garden. In early 2016, several weeks prior to the release of his new album, West became embroiled in a short-lived social media altercation with rapper Wiz Khalifa on Twitter that eventually involved their mutual ex-partner, Amber Rose, who protested to West's mention of her and Khalifa's child. The feud involved allegations by Rose concerning her sexual relationship with West, and received significant media attention. As of February 2, 2016, West and Khalifa had reconciled. Several days ahead of the album's release, West again changed the title, this time to The Life of Pablo. On February 11, West premiered the album at Madison Square Garden as part of the presentation of his Yeezy Season 3 clothing line. Following the preview, West announced that he would be modifying the track list once more before its release to the public, and further delayed its release to finalize the recording of the track \"Waves\" at the behest of co-writer Chance the Rapper. He released the album exclusively on Tidal on 14 February 2016 following a performance on SNL.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the tentative release date announced for Kanye's next studio album?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'February 11'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",128]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf74cf4df3c31400b0d7c1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Kanye's next album renamed again to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Waves'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",415]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf74cf4df3c31400b0d7c2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'With what other rapper did Kanye west have a Twitter feud with in early 2016?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Wiz Khalifa'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",659]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf74cf4df3c31400b0d7c3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What became the final title of Kanye's next album?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Life of Pablo'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1073]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf74cf4df3c31400b0d7c4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What platform was The Life of Pablo officially released on?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tidal'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1509]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf74cf4df3c31400b0d7c5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What song  by West was debuted in December 2015?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"Facts\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",47]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1119817492d1400aab89e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On January 26, 2016, Kanye told the world he changed the name of his next album from SWISH to what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Waves'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",415]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1119817492d1400aab8a0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What artist did Kanye West have a feud with over Amber Rose?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Wiz Khalifa'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",659]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1119817492d1400aab8a1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of Kanye's clothing line premiered at Madison Square Garden?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Yeezy Season 3'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",460]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1119817492d1400aab8a2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'West's musical career has been defined by frequent stylistic shifts, and has seen him develop and explore a variety of different musical approaches and genres throughout his work. When asked about his musical inspirations, he has named A Tribe Called Quest, Stevie Wonder, Michael Jackson, George Michael, LL Cool J, Phil Collins and Madonna as early interests. He has further described musician David Bowie as one of his \"most important inspirations,\" and named producer Puff Daddy as the \"most important cultural figure in my life.\" Early in his career, West pioneered a style of production dubbed \"chipmunk soul\" which utilized pitched-up vocal samples, usually from soul and R&B songs, along with his own drums and instrumentation. His first major release featuring his trademark soulful vocal sampling style was \"This Can't Be Life\", a track from Jay-Z’s The Dynasty: Roc La Familia. West has said that Wu-Tang Clan producer RZA influenced him in his style, and has named Wu-Tang rappers Ghostface Killah and Ol' Dirty Bastard as inspirations. RZA spoke positively of the comparisons, stating in an interview for Rolling Stone, \"All good. I got super respect for Kanye [...] [he] is going to inspire people to be like him.\" West further developed his style on his 2004 debut album, The College Dropout. After a rough version was leaked, he meticulously refined the production, adding string arrangements, gospel choirs, and improved drum programming.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What English musician did Kanye cite as one of his biggest inspirations?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'David Bowie'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",397]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf755f4df3c31400b0d7cb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Kanye has stated that members from which rap group influenced his early style?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Wu-Tang Clan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",909]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf755f4df3c31400b0d7cc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What name did Kanye's early production style coin.'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'chipmunk soul'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",602]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf755f4df3c31400b0d7cd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What artist was named by Kanye West to be his \"most important inspiration\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'David Bowie'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",397]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1126f17492d1400aab8a8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was Kanye's greatest cultural figure?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Puff Daddy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",473]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1126f17492d1400aab8a9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the song that first featured Kanye's \"chipmunk soul\" style?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"This Can't Be Life\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",818]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1126f17492d1400aab8aa'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'For his second album, Late Registration (2005), he collaborated with film score composer Jon Brion and drew influence from non-rap influences such as English trip hop group Portishead. Blending West's primary soulful hip hop production with Brion's elaborate chamber pop orchestration, the album experimentally incorporated a wide array of different genres and prominent orchestral elements, including string arrangements, piano chords, brass flecks, and horn riffs among other symphonic instrumentation. It also incorporated a myriad of foreign and vintage instruments not typical in popular music, let alone hip hop, such as a celesta, harpsichord, Chamberlin, CS-80 analog synthesizer, Chinese bells and berimbau, vibraphones, and marimba. Rolling Stone described Late Registration as West claiming \"the whole world of music as hip-hop turf\" chronicling the album as \"his mad quest to explode every cliché about hip-hop identity.\" Critic Robert Christgau wrote that \"there's never been hip-hop so complex and subtle musically.\" For a period of time, Kanye West stood as the sole current pop star to tour with a string section, as audible on his 2006 live album Late Orchestration.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What composer did Kanye collaborate with for his second record?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jon Brion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",90]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf75e24df3c31400b0d7db'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What classical elements did Brion bring to the production of Kanye's album?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'orchestral elements, including string arrangements, piano chords, brass flecks, and horn riffs among other symphonic instrumentation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",372]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf75e24df3c31400b0d7dc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What sort of orchestra did Kanye tour with while promoting his second album?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a string section'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1113]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf75e24df3c31400b0d7dd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What composer did Kanye West work with for his second album?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jon Brion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",90]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1134017492d1400aab8ae'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What English trip-hop group helped influence Kanye on his second album?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Portishead'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",174]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1134017492d1400aab8af'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'With his third album, Graduation (2007), West moved away from the sound of his previous releases and towards a more atmospheric, rock-tinged, electronic-influenced soundscape. The musical evolution arose from him listening to music genres encompassing European Britpop and Euro-disco, American alternative and indie-rock, and his native Chicago house. Towards this end, West retracted much of the live instrumentation that characterized his previous album and replaced it with heavy, gothic synthesizers, distorted synth-chords, rave stabs, house beats, electro-disco rhythms, and a wide array of modulated electronic noises and digital audio-effects. In addition, West drew musical inspiration from arena rock bands such as The Rolling Stones, U2, and Led Zeppelin in terms of melody and chord progression.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of Kanye's third record?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Graduation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",23]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf76924df3c31400b0d7e1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What musical direction did Kanye take with his third album?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'more atmospheric, rock-tinged, electronic-influenced soundscape'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",112]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf76924df3c31400b0d7e2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Kanye drew inspiration from The Rolling Stones, U2, and Led Zeppelin in what ways?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'melody and chord progression'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",779]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf76924df3c31400b0d7e3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year was Kanye West's third album released?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2007'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",35]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d113b717492d1400aab8b2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'West's fourth studio album, 808s & Heartbreak (2008), marked an even more radical departure from his previous releases, largely abandoning rap and hip hop stylings in favor of a stark electropop sound composed of virtual synthesis, the Roland TR-808 drum machine, and explicitly auto-tuned vocal tracks. Drawing inspiration from artists such as Gary Numan, TJ Swan and Boy George, and maintaining a \"minimal but functional\" approach towards the album's studio production, West explored the electronic feel produced by Auto-Tune and utilized the sounds created by the 808, manipulating its pitch to produce a distorted, electronic sound; he then sought to juxtapose mechanical sounds with the traditional sounds of taiko drums and choir monks. The album's music features austere production and elements such as dense drums, lengthy strings, droning synthesizers, and somber piano, and drew comparisons to the work of 1980s post-punk and new wave groups, with West himself later confessing an affinity with British post-punk group Joy Division. Rolling Stone journalist Matthew Trammell asserted that the record was ahead of its time and wrote in a 2012 article, \"Now that popular music has finally caught up to it, 808s & Heartbreak has revealed itself to be Kanye’s most vulnerable work, and perhaps his most brilliant.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of sound did Kanye abandon a rap and hiphop one for with his fourth album?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'electropop'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",185]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf77214df3c31400b0d7e7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Kanye become inspired by while creating 808s & Heartbreak?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Gary Numan, TJ Swan and Boy George'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",346]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf77214df3c31400b0d7e8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What types of instruments are present on his fourth album?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'dense drums, lengthy strings, droning synthesizers, and somber piano'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",811]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf77214df3c31400b0d7e9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What other artist besides Gary Numan and TJ Swan helped inspire Kanye's fourth album?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Boy George'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",370]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d114a717492d1400aab8b4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What other type of 1980s group was Kanye's fourth album compared to other than new wave?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'post-punk'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",923]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d114a717492d1400aab8b5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The article about Kanye's fourth album written by Matthew Trammell was published in what magazine?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Rolling Stone'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1044]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d114a717492d1400aab8b6'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'West's fifth album, My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy, has been noted by writers for its maximalist aesthetic and its incorporation of elements from West's previous four albums. Entertainment Weekly's Simon Vozick-Levinson perceives that such elements \"all recur at various points\", namely \"the luxurious soul of 2004's The College Dropout, the symphonic pomp of Late Registration, the gloss of 2007's Graduation, and the emotionally exhausted electro of 2008's 808s & Heartbreak\". Sean Fennessey of The Village Voice writes that West \"absorb[ed] the gifts of his handpicked collaborators, and occasionally elevat[ed] them\" on previous studio albums, noting collaborators and elements as Jon Brion for Late Registration, DJ Toomp for Graduation, and Kid Cudi for 808s & Heartbreak.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is Kanye's fifth album titled? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",21]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf776c4df3c31400b0d7ed'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What journalist drew comparisons between My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy and other Kanye albums?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Simon Vozick-Levinson'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",202]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf776c4df3c31400b0d7ee'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What musician collaborated with Kanye West for his album Late Registration?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jon Brion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",689]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1162117492d1400aab8e4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What artist worked with Kanye on his album Graduation?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'DJ Toomp'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",722]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1162117492d1400aab8e5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Kid Cudi joined Kanye for which album?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'808s & Heartbreak'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",463]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1162117492d1400aab8e6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which album by Kanye West has been talked about by writers for having maximalist aesthetic?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",21]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1162117492d1400aab8e7'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Describing his sixth studio album Yeezus (2013) as \"a protest to music,\" West embraced an abrasive style that incorporated industrial music, acid house, dancehall, punk, electro, and Chicago drill. Inspired by the minimalist design of Le Corbusier and primarily electronic in nature, the album features distorted drum machines and \"synthesizers that sound like they're malfunctioning, low-resolution samplers that add a pixelated digital aura to the most analog sounds.\" To this end, the album incorporates glitches reminiscent of CD skips or corrupted MP3's, and Auto-Tuned vocals are modulated to a point in which they are difficult to decipher. It also continues West's practice of eclectic samples: he employs a sample of Nina Simone's \"Strange Fruit,\" an obscure Hindi sample on \"I Am a God\", and a sample of 1970s Hungarian rock group Omega on \"New Slaves\". \"On Sight\" interpolates a melody from \"Sermon (He'll Give Us What We Really Need)\" by the Holy Name of Mary Choral Family. Rolling Stone called the album a \"brilliant, obsessive-compulsive career auto-correct\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Kanye state that Yeezus was?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a protest to music'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",53]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf77e34df3c31400b0d7f1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What artist did Kanye draw inspiration from when crafting Yeezus?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Le Corbusier'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",236]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf77e34df3c31400b0d7f3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was Kanye West's sixth album released?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2013'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",43]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1177617492d1400aab907'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the title of Kanye's sixth album?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Yeezus'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",35]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1177617492d1400aab908'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In September 2005, West announced that he would release his Pastelle Clothing line in spring 2006, claiming \"Now that I have a Grammy under my belt and Late Registration is finished, I am ready to launch my clothing line next spring.\" The line was developed over the following four years – with multiple pieces teased by West himself – before the line was ultimately cancelled in 2009. In 2009, West collaborated with Nike to release his own shoe, the Air Yeezys, with a second version released in 2012. In January 2009, West introduced his first shoe line designed for Louis Vuitton during Paris Fashion Week. The line was released in summer 2009. West has additionally designed shoewear for Bape and Italian shoemaker Giuseppe Zanotti.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Kanye announce he would release after acquiring a Grammy in 2005?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'clothing line'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",208]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf78874df3c31400b0d7f7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What finally become of Kanye's clothing line in 2009?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'cancelled'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",368]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf78874df3c31400b0d7f9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Kanye West annouce his Pastelle Clothing line?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'September 2005'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d118a217492d1400aab91a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year was Kanye's Pastelle Clothing Line scrapped?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2009'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",381]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d118a217492d1400aab91c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What company worked with Kanye in 2009 to create his own shoe line?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Nike'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",419]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d118a217492d1400aab91d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'For what brand did Kanye design a shoe meant for Paris Fashion Week?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Louis Vuitton'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",571]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d118a217492d1400aab91e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On October 1, 2011, Kanye West premiered his women's fashion label, DW Kanye West at Paris Fashion Week. He received support from DSquared2 duo Dean and Dan Caten, Olivier Theyskens, Jeremy Scott, Azzedine Alaïa, and the Olsen twins, who were also in attendance during his show. His debut fashion show received mixed-to-negative reviews, ranging from reserved observations by Style.com to excoriating commentary by The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, the International Herald Tribune, Elleuk.com, The Daily Telegraph, Harper's Bazaar and many others. On March 6, 2012, West premiered a second fashion line at Paris Fashion Week. The line's reception was markedly improved from the previous presentation, with a number of critics heralding West for his \"much improved\" sophomore effort.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Form whom was Kanye's 2011 fashion label designed for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'women'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",46]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf78de4df3c31400b0d7ff'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of reviews did Kanye's fashion line spark?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'mixed-to-negative reviews'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",312]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf78de4df3c31400b0d800'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Kanye debut his second effort in the fashion world?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'March 6, 2012'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",564]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf78de4df3c31400b0d801'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what day was Kanye's women's clothing line debuted?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'October 1, 2011'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1191f17492d1400aab936'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of Kanye West's women's clothing line?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'DW Kanye West'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",69]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1191f17492d1400aab937'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what day was Kanye's women's line premiered at Paris fashion week? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'October 1, 2011'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d461fc2ccc5a1400d83117'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of West's fashion line for women?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'DW Kanye West'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",69]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d461fc2ccc5a1400d83118'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The fashion line shown in Paris received what sort of reviews?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'mixed-to-negative'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",312]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d461fc2ccc5a1400d83119'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what day did West release his second fashion line?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'March 6, 2012'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",564]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d461fc2ccc5a1400d8311a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On December 3, 2013, Adidas officially confirmed a new shoe collaboration deal with West. After months of anticipation and rumors, West confirmed the release of the Adidas Yeezy Boosts with a Twitter announcement directing fans to the domain yeezy.supply. In 2015, West unveiled his Yeezy Season clothing line, premiering Season 1 in collaboration with Adidas early in the year. The release of the Yeezy Boosts and the full Adidas collaboration was showcased in New York City on February 12, 2015, with free streaming to 50 cinemas in 13 countries around the world. An initial release of the Adidas Yeezy Boosts was limited to 9000 pairs to be available only in New York City via the Adidas smartphone app; the Adidas Yeezy Boosts were sold out within 10 minutes. The shoes released worldwide on February 28, 2015, were limited to select boutique stores and the Adidas UK stores. He followed with Season 2 later that year at New York Fashion Week. On February 11, West premiered his Yeezy Season 3 clothing line at Madison Square Garden in conjunction with the previewing of his album The Life of Pablo.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What brand struck a deal with Kanye and sparked a new clothing line?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Adidas'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",22]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf796e4df3c31400b0d805'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many \"seasons\" of clothing did Kanye release?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'3'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",13]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf796e4df3c31400b0d806'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What were the shoes designed by Kanye and released by Adidas called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Adidas Yeezy Boosts'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",166]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf796e4df3c31400b0d807'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many pairs of shoes were sold in the initial release in New York City?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'9000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",628]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf796e4df3c31400b0d808'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What shoe was announced on Twitter by Kanye West?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Adidas Yeezy Boosts'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",166]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d119ff17492d1400aab94d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did Kanye premier his Season line?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2015'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",260]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d119ff17492d1400aab94e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What album release coincided with Kanye's Yeezy Season 3 clothing line?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Life of Pablo'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1086]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d119ff17492d1400aab94f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In August 2008, West revealed plans to open 10 Fatburger restaurants in the Chicago area; the first was set to open in September 2008 in Orland Park. The second followed in January 2009, while a third location is yet to be revealed, although the process is being finalized. His company, KW Foods LLC, bought the rights to the chain in Chicago. Ultimately, in 2009, only two locations actually opened. In February 2011, West shut down the Fatburger located in Orland Park. Later that year, the remaining Beverly location also was shuttered.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What restaurant chain did Kanye aspire to open in his native Chicago?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Fatburger'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",48]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf79be4df3c31400b0d80d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many restaurants did Kanye open?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",11]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf79be4df3c31400b0d80e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What happened to the Fatburger chains that Kanye established?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'shut down'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",425]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf79be4df3c31400b0d80f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the restaurant Kanye annouced he was opening?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Fatburger'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",48]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d11a9217492d1400aab975'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many  of Kanye's Fatburger restaurants were actually opened?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",11]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d11a9217492d1400aab976'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was Kanye's last Fatburger restaurant closed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2011'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",414]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d11a9217492d1400aab977'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of Kanye West's food company?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'KW Foods LLC'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",288]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d11a9217492d1400aab978'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'West founded the record label and production company GOOD Music in 2004, in conjunction with Sony BMG, shortly after releasing his debut album, The College Dropout. John Legend, Common, and West were the label's inaugural artists. The label houses artists including West, Big Sean, Pusha T, Teyana Taylor, Yasiin Bey \/ Mos Def, D'banj and John Legend, and producers including Hudson Mohawke, Q-Tip, Travis Scott, No I.D., Jeff Bhasker, and S1. GOOD Music has released ten albums certified gold or higher by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). In November 2015, West appointed Pusha T the new president of GOOD Music.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Kanye call the label he founded in 2004?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'GOOD Music'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",54]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf7a5a4df3c31400b0d813'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'As of 2015, who did Kanye choose as the new president of GOOD Music?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pusha T'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",283]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf7a5a4df3c31400b0d816'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did Kanye West open his GOOD Music production company and record label?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2004'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",68]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d11bb017492d1400aab999'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What other artist besides Kanye West and Common was among the first to record at GOOD Music?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'John Legend'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",166]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d11bb017492d1400aab99a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Kanye name President of GOOD Music in 2015?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pusha T'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",283]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d11bb017492d1400aab99c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On January 5, 2012, West announced his establishment of the creative content company DONDA, named after his late mother Donda West. In his announcement, West proclaimed that the company would \"pick up where Steve Jobs left off\"; DONDA would operate as \"a design company which will galvanize amazing thinkers in a creative space to bounce their dreams and ideas\" with the \"goal to make products and experiences that people want and can afford.\" West is notoriously secretive about the company's operations, maintaining neither an official website nor a social media presence. In stating DONDA's creative philosophy, West articulated the need to \"put creatives in a room together with like minds\" in order to \"simplify and aesthetically improve everything we see, taste, touch, and feel.\". Contemporary critics have noted the consistent minimalistic aesthetic exhibited throughout DONDA creative projects.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the goal of Kanye's new creative company DONDA?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'to make products and experiences that people want and can afford'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",378]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf7b7e4df3c31400b0d81c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Kanye's creative content company DONDA was named after who?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'mother Donda West'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",114]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d11c3317492d1400aab9af'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what date did Kanye go public with his DONDA company?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'January 5, 2012'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d11c3317492d1400aab9b0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On March 30, 2015, it was announced that West is a co-owner, with various other music artists, in the music streaming service Tidal. The service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music videos. Jay Z acquired the parent company of Tidal, Aspiro, in the first quarter of 2015. Including Beyoncé and Jay-Z, sixteen artist stakeholders (such as Rihanna, Beyoncé, Madonna, Chris Martin, Nicki Minaj and more) co-own Tidal, with the majority owning a 3% equity stake. The idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry, and to rival other streaming services such as Spotify, which have been criticised for their low payout of royalties. \"The challenge is to get everyone to respect music again, to recognize its value\", stated Jay-Z on the release of Tidal.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What platform was Kanye named  a co-owner of in 2015?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tidal'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",127]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf7bf44df3c31400b0d829'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What longtime friend of Kanye acquired Tidal in 2015?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jay-Z'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",314]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf7bf44df3c31400b0d82a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What criticisms of other streaming platforms does Tidal stand to challenge?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'low payout of royalties'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",740]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf7bf44df3c31400b0d82c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What music streaming service is Kanye West a co-owner of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tidal'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",127]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d11c7317492d1400aab9b3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is Tidal's specialization?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'lossless audio and high definition music videos'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",161]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d463112ccc5a1400d8312a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which famous rapper bought Aspiro?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jay Z'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",210]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d463112ccc5a1400d8312b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What music service is a huge competitor for Tidal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Spotify'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",694]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d463112ccc5a1400d8312c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'West, alongside his mother, founded the \"Kanye West Foundation\" in Chicago in 2003, tasked with a mission to battle dropout and illiteracy rates, while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education. In 2007, the West and the Foundation partnered with Strong American Schools as part of their \"Ed in '08\" campaign. As spokesman for the campaign, West appeared in a series of PSAs for the organization, and hosted an inaugural benefit concert in August of that year.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'With the help of his mom, what foundation did Kanye create early in his career?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Kanye West Foundation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",42]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf7c394df3c31400b0d83b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the goal of the Kanye West Foundation?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'battle dropout and illiteracy rates, while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",110]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf7c394df3c31400b0d83c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was founded by Kanye West and his mother?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Kanye West Foundation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",42]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d11ed617492d1400aab9dd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In What year did the Kanye West Foundation Partner with Strong American Schools? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2007'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",256]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4647c2ccc5a1400d83130'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the \"Kanye West Foundation\" founded?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Chicago'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",68]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4647c2ccc5a1400d83131'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What other mission besides dropout and illiteracy rates did the Kanye West Foundation seek to improve?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'music education'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",236]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4647c2ccc5a1400d83132'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What campaign did the Kanye West Foundation partner with in 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"Ed in '08\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",346]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4647c2ccc5a1400d83133'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what month was the inaugural concert held for the \"Ed in '08\" campaign?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'August'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",498]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4647c2ccc5a1400d83134'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 2008, following the death of West's mother, the foundation was rechristened \"The Dr. Donda West Foundation.\"  The foundation ceased operations in 2011.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the Kanye West Foundation renamed to in 2008?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Dr. Donda West Foundation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",81]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf7c634df3c31400b0d83f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did the foundation end its run?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2011'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",150]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf7c634df3c31400b0d840'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did Kanye West's mother pass away? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2008'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d464a92ccc5a1400d8313a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Kanye's foundation was changed to what name following his mother's death? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Dr. Donda West Foundation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",81]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d464a92ccc5a1400d8313b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did the foundation stop operating? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2008'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d464a92ccc5a1400d8313c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'West has additionally appeared and participated in many fundraisers, benefit concerts, and has done community work for Hurricane Katrina relief, the Kanye West Foundation, the Millions More Movement, 100 Black Men of America, a Live Earth concert benefit, World Water Day rally and march, Nike runs, and a MTV special helping young Iraq War veterans who struggle through debt and PTSD a second chance after returning home.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are some charitable efforts Kanye west has participated in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'100 Black Men of America, a Live Earth concert benefit, World Water Day rally'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",201]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf7cb54df3c31400b0d843'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'West has been an outspoken and controversial celebrity throughout his career, receiving both criticism and praise from many, including the mainstream media, other artists and entertainers, and two U.S. presidents. On September 2, 2005, during a benefit concert for Hurricane Katrina relief on NBC, A Concert for Hurricane Relief, West (a featured speaker) accused President George W. Bush of not \"car[ing] about black people\". When West was presenting alongside actor Mike Myers, he deviated from the prepared script to criticize the media's portrayal of hurricane victims, saying:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'During what show did Kanye take an opportunity to criticize the efforts of a U.S. President?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'A Concert for Hurricane Relief'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",299]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf7d1f4df3c31400b0d845'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which U.S. President did Kanye criticize after the events of Hurricane Katrina? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'George W. Bush'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",375]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf7d1f4df3c31400b0d846'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which President did Kanye West accuse of \"Not caring for black people\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'George W. Bush'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",375]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1216117492d1400aaba17'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what day did the Kanye's famous George W. Bush criticism take place?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'September 2, 2005'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",218]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1216117492d1400aaba18'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Myers spoke next and continued to read the script. Once it was West's turn to speak again, he said, \"George Bush doesn't care about black people.\" At this point, telethon producer Rick Kaplan cut off the microphone and then cut away to Chris Tucker, who was unaware of the cut for a few seconds. Still, West's comment reached much of the United States.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What happened after Kanye made his controversial statement?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Rick Kaplan cut off the microphone and then cut away to Chris Tucker'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",181]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf7d414df3c31400b0d849'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Kanye West say doesn't care about black people?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'George Bush'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",102]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d123f217492d1400aaba4f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Bush stated in an interview that the comment was \"one of the most disgusting moments\" of his presidency. In November 2010, in a taped interview with Matt Lauer for the Today show, West expressed regret for his criticism of Bush. \"I would tell George Bush in my moment of frustration, I didn't have the grounds to call him a racist\", he told Lauer. \"I believe that in a situation of high emotion like that we as human beings don't always choose the right words.\" The following day, Bush reacted to the apology in a live interview with Lauer saying he appreciated the rapper's remorse. \"I'm not a hater\", Bush said. \"I don't hate Kanye West. I was talking about an environment in which people were willing to say things that hurt. Nobody wants to be called a racist if in your heart you believe in equality of races.\" Reactions were mixed, but some felt that West had no need to apologize. \"It was not the particulars of your words that mattered, it was the essence of a feeling of the insensitivity towards our communities that many of us have felt for far too long\", argued Def Jam co-founder Russell Simmons. Bush himself was receptive to the apology, saying, \"I appreciate that. It wasn't just Kanye West who was talking like that during Katrina, I cited him as an example, I cited others as an example as well. You know, I appreciate that.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How did George W. Bush describe Kanye's controversial statement?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"one of the most disgusting moments\" of his presidency'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",50]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf7db14df3c31400b0d84b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'To which reporter did Kanye West express regret for his remark about President Bush?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Matt Lauer'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",150]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1247817492d1400aaba5a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In September 2013, West was widely rebuked by human rights groups for performing in Kazakhstan at the wedding of authoritarian President Nursultan Nazarbayev's grandson. He traveled to Kazakhstan, which has one of the poorest human rights records in the world, as a personal guest of Nazarbayev. Other notable Western performers, including Sting, have previously cancelled performances in the country over human rights concerns. West was reportedly paid US$3 million for his performance. West had previously participated in cultural boycotts, joining Shakira and Rage Against The Machine in refusing to perform in Arizona after the 2010 implementation of stop and search laws directed against potential illegal aliens.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Kanye was criticized by human rights groups for performing in what country?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Kazakhstan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",85]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf7e194df3c31400b0d851'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much was Kanye paid to perform in Kazakhstan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$3 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",457]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf7e194df3c31400b0d852'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How is Kazakhstan's human rights record compared to the rest of the world?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'one of the poorest'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",208]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf7e194df3c31400b0d853'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What country's President paid Kanye West to perform at his grandson's wedding?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Kazakhstan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",85]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4662d2ccc5a1400d83140'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Kanye, Shakira, and Rage Against the Machine refused to perform in what state due to a new law against illegal aliens?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Arizona'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",615]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4662d2ccc5a1400d83142'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'For what reason did Sting and other artists cancel their scheduled performances in Kazakhstan? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'human rights concerns'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",407]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4662d2ccc5a1400d83143'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Later in 2013, West launched a tirade on Twitter directed at talk show host Jimmy Kimmel after his ABC program Jimmy Kimmel Live! ran a sketch on September 25 involving two children re-enacting West's recent interview with Zane Lowe for BBC Radio 1 in which he calls himself the biggest rock star on the planet. Kimmel reveals the following night that West called him to demand an apology shortly before taping.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What TV show lampooned one of Kanye's BBC Radio 1 interviews?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jimmy Kimmel Live!'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",112]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf7e584df3c31400b0d857'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Kanye demand from Jimmy Kimmel in regards to the sketch?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'an apology'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",379]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf7e584df3c31400b0d858'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What person was Kanye's rant on Twitter directed at?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jimmy Kimmel'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",77]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4672e2ccc5a1400d83148'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The skit on JImmy Kimmel Live! was a depiction of Kanye West and what reporter?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Zane Lowe'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",224]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4672e2ccc5a1400d83149'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what radio station did Kanye West deem himself \"the biggest rockstar on the planet\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'BBC Radio 1'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",238]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4672e2ccc5a1400d8314a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'During a November 26, 2013 radio interview, West explained why he believed that President Obama had problems pushing policies in Washington: \"Man, let me tell you something about George Bush and oil money and Obama and no money. People want to say Obama can't make these moves or he's not executing. That's because he ain't got those connections. Black people don't have the same level of connections as Jewish people...We ain't Jewish. We don't got family that got money like that.\" In response to his comments, the Anti-Defamation League stated: \"There it goes again, the age-old canard that Jews are all-powerful and control the levers of power in government.\" On December 21, 2013, West backed off of the original comment and told a Chicago radio station that \"I thought I was giving a compliment, but if anything it came off more ignorant. I don’t know how being told you have money is an insult.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What president did Kanye comment on as having trouble pushing policies while in office?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Obama'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",91]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf7f014df3c31400b0d85b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of people did Kanye state had more power than Black people?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jewish people'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",405]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf7f014df3c31400b0d85c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what day did Kanye do an interview about President Obama pushing policies in Washington?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'November 26, 2013'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",10]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d126e117492d1400aaba96'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what day did Kanye take back his original comment about Jews?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'December 21, 2013'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",668]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d126e117492d1400aaba97'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In February 2016, West again became embroiled in controversy when he posted a tweet seemingly asserting Bill Cosby's innocence in the wake of over 50 women making allegations of sexual assault directed at Cosby.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What celebrity knee-deep in controversy did Kanye endorse in a 2016 tweet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Bill Cosby'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",105]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf7f274df3c31400b0d85f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What actor was Kanye defending on Twitter in February 2016?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Bill Cosby'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",105]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1270917492d1400aaba9a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 2004, West had his first of a number of public incidents during his attendance at music award events. At the American Music Awards of 2004, West stormed out of the auditorium after losing Best New Artist to country singer Gretchen Wilson. He later commented, \"I felt like I was definitely robbed [...] I was the best new artist this year.\" After the 2006 Grammy nominations were released, West said he would \"really have a problem\" if he did not win the Album of the Year, saying, \"I don't care what I do, I don't care how much I stunt – you can never take away from the amount of work I put into it. I don't want to hear all of that politically correct stuff.\" On November 2, 2006, when his \"Touch the Sky\" failed to win Best Video at the MTV Europe Music Awards, West went onto the stage as the award was being presented to Justice and Simian for \"We Are Your Friends\" and argued that he should have won the award instead. Hundreds of news outlets worldwide criticized the outburst. On November 7, 2006, West apologized for this outburst publicly during his performance as support act for U2 for their Vertigo concert in Brisbane. He later spoofed the incident on the 33rd season premiere of Saturday Night Live in September 2007.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'To who did Kanye lose the Best New Artist award in 2004?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Gretchen Wilson'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",226]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf7fa24df3c31400b0d861'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The video for what song failed to win an award for again in 2006, leading to an onstage outburst by Kanye?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Touch the Sky'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",697]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf7fa24df3c31400b0d862'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What artist did Kanye West lose \"Best New Artist\" to at the 2004 AMAs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Gretchen Wilson'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",226]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d127d617492d1400aabaac'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which Kanye West video failed to win Best Video at the MTV Europe Music Awards?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Touch the Sky'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",697]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d127d617492d1400aabaad'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what day did Kanye apologize for his ranting at the MTV Europe Awards?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'November 7, 2006'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",992]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d127d617492d1400aabaae'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What show did Kanye perform a spoof about the incident at the MTV Europe Awards?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Saturday Night Live'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1198]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d127d617492d1400aabaaf'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On September 9, 2007, West suggested that his race had something to do with his being overlooked for opening the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards (VMAs) in favor of Britney Spears; he claimed, \"Maybe my skin’s not right.\" West was performing at the event; that night, he lost all five awards that he was nominated for, including Best Male Artist and Video of the Year. After the show, he was visibly upset that he had lost at the VMAs two years in a row, stating that he would not come back to MTV ever again. He also appeared on several radio stations saying that when he made the song \"Stronger\" that it was his dream to open the VMAs with it. He has also stated that Spears has not had a hit in a long period of time and that MTV exploited her for ratings.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Kanye believe was a contributing factor in him not opening for the 2007 MTV VMAs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'race'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",47]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf7ff54df3c31400b0d865'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'With what song did Kanye aspire to open the VMAs with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Stronger'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",584]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf7ff54df3c31400b0d866'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What factor did Kanye West accuse of being the reason for his being excluded for the opening of the 2007 VMAs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'his race'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",43]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1285417492d1400aabac6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What song was Kanye's dream to perform on the VMAs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"Stronger\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",583]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1285417492d1400aabac8'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On September 13, 2009, during the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards while Taylor Swift was accepting her award for Best Female Video for \"You Belong with Me\", West went on stage and grabbed the microphone to proclaim that Beyoncé's video for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", nominated for the same award, was \"one of the best videos of all time\". He was subsequently removed from the remainder of the show for his actions. When Beyoncé later won the award for Best Video of the Year for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", she called Swift up on stage so that she could finish her acceptance speech. West was criticized by various celebrities for the outburst, and by President Barack Obama, who called West a \"jackass\". In addition, West's VMA disruption sparked a large influx of Internet photo memes with blogs, forums and \"tweets\" with the \"Let you finish\" photo-jokes. He posted a Tweet soon after the event where he stated, \"Everybody wanna booooo me but I'm a fan of real pop culture... I'm not crazy y'all, I'm just real.\" He then posted two apologies for the outburst on his personal blog; one on the night of the incident, and the other the following day, when he also apologized during an appearance on The Jay Leno Show. After Swift appeared on The View two days after the outburst, partly to discuss the matter, West called her to apologize personally. Swift said she accepted his apology.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What artist's award reception did Kanye interrupt onstage at the 2009 MTV VMAs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Taylor Swift'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",69]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf80a34df3c31400b0d869'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which U.S. President criticized Kanye for his VMA outburst?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Obama'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",683]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf80a34df3c31400b0d86b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which President called Kanye West a jackass for his behavior at the 2009 VMAs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'President Barack Obama'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",666]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d128e817492d1400aabad5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In September 2010, West wrote a series of apologetic tweets addressed to Swift including \"Beyonce didn't need that. MTV didn't need that and Taylor and her family friends and fans definitely didn't want or need that\" and concluding with \"I'm sorry Taylor.\" He also revealed he had written a song for Swift and if she did not accept the song, he would perform it himself. However, on November 8, 2010, in an interview with a Minnesota radio station, he seemed to recant his past apologies by attempting to describe the act at the 2009 awards show as \"selfless\" and downgrade the perception of disrespect it created. In \"Famous,\" a track from his 2016 album The Life of Pablo, West implies that this incident led to Swift's stardom, rapping, \"I feel like me and Taylor might still have sex\/ Why? I made that bitch famous.\" After some media backlash about the reference, West posted on Twitter \"I did not diss Taylor Swift and I've never dissed her...First thing is I'm an artist and as an artist I will express how I feel with no censorship.\" He continued by adding that he had asked both Swift and his wife, Kim Kardashian, for permission to publish the line.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'To which artist did Kanye profusely apologize to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Taylor Swift'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",908]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf80ec4df3c31400b0d871'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What song did Kanye end up writing that referenced his outburst against Taylor Swift?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Famous'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",620]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf80ec4df3c31400b0d872'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Kanye West post to Twitter apoloizing to Taylor Swift?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'September 2010'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1297b17492d1400aabaf2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Kanye take back his apology to Taylor Swift, saying that he was being \"selfless\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'November 8, 2010'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",384]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1297b17492d1400aabaf3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What album by Kanye was released in 2016?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Life of Pablo'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",657]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1297b17492d1400aabaf4'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On February 8, 2015, at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards, West walked on stage as Beck was accepting his award for Album of the Year and then walked off stage, making everyone think he was joking around. After the awards show, West stated in an interview that he was not joking and that \"Beck needs to respect artistry, he should have given his award to Beyoncé\". On February 26, 2015, he publicly apologized to Beck on Twitter.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which artist's award reception did Kanye interrupt at the 57th Grammy Awards?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Beck'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",80]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf818d234ae51400d9bdc5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'To who did Kanye state that Beck should hand his award over to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Beyoncé'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",352]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf818d234ae51400d9bdc6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What artist's acceptance speech did Kanye interrupt by walking on stage at the 57th Grammys?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Beck'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",80]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d129e517492d1400aabb02'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What day did Kanye apologize to Beck on Twitter?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'February 26, 2015'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",365]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d129e517492d1400aabb03'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On August 30, 2015, West was presented with the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award at the MTV Video Music Awards. In his acceptance speech, he stated, \"Y'all might be thinking right now, 'I wonder did he smoke something before he came out here?' And the answer is: 'Yes, I rolled up a little something. I knocked the edge off.'\" At the end of his speech, he announced, \"I have decided in 2020 to run for president.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What award did Kanye capture at the 2015 MTV VMAs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",49]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf81bf234ae51400d9bdc9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When does Kanye intend to run for president?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2020'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",391]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf81bf234ae51400d9bdca'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What award was presented to Kanye West on August 30, 2015?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",49]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12a1817492d1400aabb1a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Music fans have turned to Change.org around the globe to try and block West's participation at various events. The largest unsuccessful petition has been to the Glastonbury Festival 2015 with 133,000+ voters stating they would prefer a rock band to headline. On July 20, 2015, within five days of West's announcement as the headlining artist of the closing ceremonies of the 2015 Pan American Games, Change.org user XYZ collected over 50,000 signatures for West's removal as headliner citing the headlining artist should be Canadian. In his Pan American Games Closing Ceremony performance, close to the end of his performance, West closed the show by tossing his faulty microphone in the air and walked off stage.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'For what event was the largest amount of signatures collected in an attempt to keep Kanye from performing at it?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Glastonbury Festival 2015'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",162]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf822f234ae51400d9bdcd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was another event that garnered a large amount of protest for Kanye's removal of headliner status?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2015 Pan American Games'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",376]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf822f234ae51400d9bdce'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What website have music fans been using to try to block Kanye West's performance at different events?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Change.org'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",27]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12aa917492d1400aabb22'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What festival was the largest failed petition to keep Kanye from performing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Glastonbury Festival'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",162]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12aa917492d1400aabb23'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many signatures were gathered for Kanye's removal from the 2015 Pan American Games?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'50,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",436]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12aa917492d1400aabb24'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'West began an on-and-off relationship with designer Alexis Phifer in 2002, and they became engaged in August 2006. The pair ended their 18-month engagement in 2008. West subsequently dated model Amber Rose from 2008 until the summer of 2010. West began dating reality star and longtime friend Kim Kardashian in April 2012. West and Kardashian became engaged in October 2013, and married on May 24, 2014 at Fort di Belvedere in Florence, Italy. Their private ceremony was subject to widespread mainstream coverage, with West taking issue with the couple's portrayal in the media. They have two children: daughter North \"Nori\" West (born June 15, 2013) and son Saint West (born December 5, 2015). In April 2015, West and Kardashian traveled to Jerusalem to have North baptized in the Armenian Apostolic Church at the Cathedral of St. James. The couple's high status and respective careers have resulted in their relationship becoming subject to heavy media coverage; The New York Times referred to their marriage as \"a historic blizzard of celebrity.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Kanye's first engagement was to which well-known designer?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Alexis Phifer'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",53]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf829c234ae51400d9bdd1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What model did Kanye begin to date in 2008?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Amber Rose'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",196]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf829c234ae51400d9bdd2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who has Kanye finally settled with an married in 2014?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Kim Kardashian'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",294]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf829c234ae51400d9bdd3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many children does Kanye have with Kim?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",70]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf829c234ae51400d9bdd4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did Kanye West begin his relationship with Alexis Phifer?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2002'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",70]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12b6b17492d1400aabb38'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Alexis Phifer and Kanye West get engaged?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'August 2006'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",103]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12b6b17492d1400aabb39'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Kanye date from 2008 to 2010?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Amber Rose'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",196]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12b6b17492d1400aabb3a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Kanye West start dating Kim Kardashian?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'April 2012'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",312]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12b6b17492d1400aabb3b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where in Jerusalem did Kardashian and West have their daughter North baptised?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Armenian Apostolic Church at the Cathedral of St. James'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",783]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12b6b17492d1400aabb3c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On November 10, 2007, at approximately 7:35 pm, paramedics responding to an emergency call transported West's mother, Donda West, to the nearby Centinela Freeman Hospital in Marina del Rey, California. She was unresponsive in the emergency room, and after resuscitation attempts, doctors pronounced her dead at approximately 8:30 pm, at age 58. The Los Angeles County coroner's office said in January 2008 that West had died of heart disease while suffering \"multiple post-operative factors\" after plastic surgery. She had undergone liposuction and breast reduction. Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Andre Aboolian had refused to do the surgery because West had a health condition that placed her at risk for a heart attack. Aboolian referred her to an internist to investigate her cardiac issue. She never met with the doctor recommended by Aboolian and had the procedures performed by a third doctor, Jan Adams.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How old was Kanye's mother when she died?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'58'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",342]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf8304234ae51400d9bdd9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What doctor did Donda West ignore the recommendation of to invest her heart condition?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Andre Aboolian'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",598]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf8304234ae51400d9bddb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'At approximately what time did paramedics receive the call about Kanye West's mother, Donda?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'7:35 pm'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",40]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12c3d17492d1400aabb4c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What condition along with complications for the plastic surgery caused the death of Donda West?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'heart disease'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",429]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12c3d17492d1400aabb4d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What doctor originally turned Donda West down for her plastic surgery operation?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Andre Aboolian'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",598]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12c3d17492d1400aabb4e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the doctor who performed the surgery that ended up killing Donda West?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jan Adams'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",901]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12c3d17492d1400aabb4f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Adams sent condolences to Donda West's family but declined to publicly discuss the procedure, citing confidentiality. West’s family, through celebrity attorney Ed McPherson, filed complaints with the Medical Board against Adams and Aboolian for violating patient confidentiality following her death. Adams had previously been under scrutiny by the medical board. He appeared on Larry King Live on November 20, 2007, but left before speaking. Two days later, he appeared again, with his attorney, stating he was there to \"defend himself\". He said that the recently released autopsy results \"spoke for themselves\". The final coroner's report January 10, 2008, concluded that Donda West died of \"coronary artery disease and multiple post-operative factors due to or as a consequence of liposuction and mammoplasty\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What talk show did the doctor who performed Donda West's plastic surgery appear on?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Larry King Live'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",379]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf8368234ae51400d9bddf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the final cause of Donda's death determined by the coroner?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"coronary artery disease and multiple post-operative factors due to or as a consequence of liposuction and mammoplasty\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",693]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf8368234ae51400d9bde0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the West's family's attorney during the incident surrounding the death of Donda West?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ed McPherson'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",161]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12d3c17492d1400aabb68'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What reasons did West's family give for filing complaints against Adams and Aboolian?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'violating patient confidentiality'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",246]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12d3c17492d1400aabb69'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what show did Adams appear to \"defend himself\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Larry King Live'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",379]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12d3c17492d1400aabb6a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what day did the final coroner's report show that Donda died from heart disease and complications from surgery?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'January 10, 2008'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",641]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12d3c17492d1400aabb6b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The funeral and burial for Donda West was held in Oklahoma City on November 20, 2007. West played his first concert following the funeral at The O2 in London on November 22. He dedicated a performance of \"Hey Mama\", as well as a cover of Journey's \"Don't Stop Believin'\", to his mother, and did so on all other dates of his Glow in the Dark tour.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was Donda West's funeral?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Oklahoma City'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",51]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf83a7234ae51400d9bde3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What songs did Kanye dedicate to his late mother as his performance at The O2 in London?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"Hey Mama\", as well as a cover of Journey's \"Don't Stop Believin'\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",205]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf83a7234ae51400d9bde4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what city was the funeral and burial for Donda West held?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Oklahoma City'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",51]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12dcf17492d1400aabb78'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what day was the funeral of Donda West?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'November 20, 2007'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",68]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12dcf17492d1400aabb79'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What day was Kanye's first concert after the death of his mother?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'November 22'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",162]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12dcf17492d1400aabb7a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what tour did Kanye perform \"Hey Mama\" and his version of Journey's \"Don't Stop Believing\" in memory of his mother?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Glow in the Dark tour'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",325]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12dcf17492d1400aabb7b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'At a December 2008 press conference in New Zealand, West spoke about his mother's death for the first time. \"It was like losing an arm and a leg and trying to walk through that\", he told reporters.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did Kanye first speak on his mother's death?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'New Zealand'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",40]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf83db234ae51400d9bde7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did Kanye West first speak about his mother's death?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'New Zealand'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",40]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12e3817492d1400aabb81'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed the \"Donda West Law\", legislation which makes it mandatory for patients to provide medical clearance for elective cosmetic surgery.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What famous governor signed legislation in honor of Donda West's death?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",21]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf8400234ae51400d9bde9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What governor passed a law in honor of Donda West?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",21]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12ea017492d1400aabb90'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the law passed by Arnold Schwarzenegger?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"Donda West Law\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",54]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12ea017492d1400aabb91'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In December 2006, Robert \"Evel\" Knievel sued West for trademark infringement in West's video for \"Touch the Sky\". Knievel took issue with a \"sexually charged video\" in which West takes on the persona of \"Evel Kanyevel\" and attempts flying a rocket over a canyon. The suit claimed infringement on Knievel's trademarked name and likeness. Knievel also claimed that the \"vulgar and offensive\" images depicted in the video damaged his reputation. The suit sought monetary damages and an injunction to stop distribution of the video. West's attorneys argued that the music video amounted to satire and therefore was covered under the First Amendment. Just days before his death in November 2007, Knievel amicably settled the suit after being paid a visit from West, saying, \"I thought he was a wonderful guy and quite a gentleman.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What famous stuntman sued Kanye for purported use of his likeness in 2006?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Robert \"Evel\" Knievel'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",19]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf8472234ae51400d9bdeb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the suit settled?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'days before his death in November 2007'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",652]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf8472234ae51400d9bdec'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which celebrity sued West in 2006 for trademark infrigement?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Robert \"Evel\" Knievel'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",19]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12fe017492d1400aabba6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the nickname Kanye West took on in his video \"Touch the Sky\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Evel Kanyevel'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",205]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12fe017492d1400aabba7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Knievel settle the argument with West?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'November 2007'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",677]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d12fe017492d1400aabba8'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On September 11, 2008, West and his road manager\/bodyguard Don \"Don C.\" Crowley were arrested at Los Angeles International Airport and booked on charges of felony vandalism after an altercation with the paparazzi in which West and Crowley broke the photographers' cameras. West was later released from the Los Angeles Police Department's Pacific Division station in Culver City on $20,000 bail bond. On September 26, 2008, the Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office said it would not file felony counts against West over the incident. Instead the case file was forwarded to the city attorney's office, which charged West with one count of misdemeanor vandalism, one count of grand theft and one count of battery and his manager with three counts of each on March 18, 2009. West's and Crowley's arraignment was delayed from an original date of April 14, 2009.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Kanye arrested for in 2008?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'felony vandalism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",157]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf84c1234ae51400d9bdef'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much was Kanye's bail bond?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$20,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",382]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf84c1234ae51400d9bdf0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Kanye finally charged with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'one count of misdemeanor vandalism, one count of grand theft and one count of battery'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",634]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf84c1234ae51400d9bdf1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what day was Kanye West arrested at the Los Angeles International Airport?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'September 11, 2008'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1308d17492d1400aabbb8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What were the charges filed against Kanye West?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'felony vandalism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",157]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1308d17492d1400aabbb9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the bodyguard also accused of vandalism?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Don \"Don C.\" Crowley'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",60]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1308d17492d1400aabbba'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the dollar amount of Kanye's bond?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$20,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",382]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1308d17492d1400aabbbb'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'West was arrested again on November 14, 2008 at the Hilton hotel near Gateshead after another scuffle involving a photographer outside the famous Tup Tup Palace nightclub in Newcastle upon Tyne. He was later released \"with no further action\", according to a police spokesperson.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Kanye second arrest for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'scuffle involving a photographer outside the famous Tup Tup Palace nightclub in Newcastle'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",95]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf84e0234ae51400d9bdf5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the date of Kanye's second arrest?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'November 14, 2008'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",28]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d130f217492d1400aabbc2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was Kanye arrested at for the second time?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hilton hotel near Gateshead'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",53]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d130f217492d1400aabbc3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'At what location did the incident leading to West's second arrest take place?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tup Tup Palace nightclub'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",147]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d130f217492d1400aabbc4'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On July 19, 2013, West was leaving LAX as he was surrounded by dozens of paparazzi. West became increasingly agitated as a photographer, Daniel Ramos, continued to ask him why people were not allowed to speak in his presence. West then says, \"I told you don't talk to me, right? You trying to get me in trouble so I steal off on you and have to pay you like $250,000 and shit.\" Then he allegedly charged the man and grabbed him and his camera. The incident captured by TMZ, took place for a few seconds before a female voice can be heard telling West to stop. West then released the man, and his camera, and drove away from the scene. Medics were later called to the scene on behalf of the photographer who was grabbed. It was reported West could be charged with felony attempted robbery behind the matter. However, the charges were reduced to misdemeanor criminal battery and attempted grand theft. In March 2014, West was sentenced to serve two years' probation for the misdemeanor battery conviction and required to attend 24 anger management sessions, perform 250 hours of community service and pay restitution to Ramos.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What paparazzi member did Kanye attack at LAX in 2013?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Daniel Ramos'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",138]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf85c7234ae51400d9bdf7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Kanye convicted for after his paparazzi attack?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'misdemeanor criminal battery and attempted grand theft'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",845]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf85c7234ae51400d9bdf8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the man who was hassling West outside of LAX that West later attacked?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Daniel Ramos'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",138]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d131ad17492d1400aabbd2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many years' probation was Kanye supposed to serve for this altercation?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",13]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d131ad17492d1400aabbd3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'He had to attend 24 sessions of what kind of therapy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'anger management'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1030]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d131ad17492d1400aabbd4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many hours of community service did Kanye receive?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'250'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",360]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d131ad17492d1400aabbd5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'After the success of his song \"Jesus Walks\" from the album The College Dropout, West was questioned on his beliefs and said, \"I will say that I'm spiritual. I have accepted Jesus as my Savior. And I will say that I fall short every day.\" More recently, in September 2014, West referred to himself as a Christian during one of his concerts.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are Kanye's religious beliefs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Christian'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",303]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf85ec234ae51400d9bdfd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'\"Jesus Walks\" was on which of Kanye's albums?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The College Dropout'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",60]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1320f17492d1400aabbf0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'September of 2014, Kanye called himself a what during one of his concerts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Christian'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",303]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1320f17492d1400aabbf1'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'West is among the most critically acclaimed artists of the twenty-first century, receiving praise from music critics, fans, fellow musicians, artists, and wider cultural figures for his work. AllMusic editor Jason Birchmeier writes of his impact, \"As his career progressed throughout the early 21st century, West shattered certain stereotypes about rappers, becoming a superstar on his own terms without adapting his appearance, his rhetoric, or his music to fit any one musical mold.\" Jon Caramanic of The New York Times said that West has been \"a frequent lightning rod for controversy, a bombastic figure who can count rankling two presidents among his achievements, along with being a reliably dyspeptic presence at award shows (when he attends them).\" Village Voice Media senior editor Ben Westhoff dubbed him the greatest hip hop artist of all time, writing that \"he's made the best albums and changed the game the most, and his music is the most likely to endure,\" while Complex called him the 21st century's \"most important artist of any art form, of any genre.\" The Guardian has compared West to David Bowie, arguing that \"there is nobody else who can sell as many records as West does (30m-odd album sales and counting) while remaining so resolutely experimental and capable of stirring things up culturally and politically.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How is Kanye viewed as a 21st century artist?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'among the most critically acclaimed'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",9]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf86a3234ae51400d9bdff'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What famous English artist was Kanye compared to by The Guardian?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'David Bowie'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1106]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56cf86a3234ae51400d9be00'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What reporter compared Kanye West to a lightning rod?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jon Caramanic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",487]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1328117492d1400aabc02'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who said Kanye West was the greatest hip hop artist of all time?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ben Westhoff'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",792]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1328117492d1400aabc03'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What magazine compared Kanye to David Bowie?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Guardian'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1072]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1328117492d1400aabc04'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Kanye West'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'West's middle-class background, flamboyant fashion sense and outspokenness have additionally set him apart from other rappers. Early in his career, he was among the first rappers to publicly criticize the preponderance of homophobia in hip hop. The sales competition between rapper 50 Cent's Curtis and West's Graduation altered the direction of hip hop and helped pave the way for new rappers who did not follow the hardcore-gangster mold. Rosie Swash of The Guardian viewed the sales competition as a historical moment in hip-hop, because it \"highlighted the diverging facets of hip-hop in the last decade; the former was gangsta rap for the noughties, while West was the thinking man's alternative.\" Rolling Stone credited West with transforming hip hop's mainstream, \"establishing a style of introspective yet glossy rap [...]\", and called him \"as interesting and complicated a pop star as the 2000s produced—a rapper who mastered, upped and moved beyond the hip-hop game, a producer who created a signature sound and then abandoned it to his imitators, a flashy, free-spending sybarite with insightful things to say about college, culture and economics, an egomaniac with more than enough artistic firepower to back it up.\" His 2008 album 808s & Heartbreak polarized both listeners and critics upon its release, but was commercially successful and impacted hip hop and pop stylistically, as it laid the groundwork for a new wave of artists who generally eschewed typical rap braggadocio for intimate subject matter and introspection, including Frank Ocean, The Weeknd, Drake, Future, Kid Cudi, Childish Gambino, Lil Durk, Chief Keef, and Soulja Boy. 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Other practices are Ten Meritorious Deeds including, giving charity to reduce the greediness; following ethical precepts; renouncing conventional living and becoming a monastic; the development of mindfulness and practice of meditation; cultivation of higher wisdom and discernment; study of scriptures; devotional practices; ceremonies; and in the Mahayana tradition, invocation of buddhas and bodhisattvas.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the Three Jewels of the Buddhist tradition?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings), and the Sangha (the community)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",370]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d07602234ae51400d9c2f4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is one of the Ten Meritorious Deeds of Buddhism?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'cultivation of higher wisdom and discernment'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",857]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d07602234ae51400d9c2f5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What other practices do Buddhists adhere to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ten Meritorious Deeds'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",640]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d0e34017492d1400aab682'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is one of the Ten Meritorious Deeds?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'renouncing conventional living and becoming a monastic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",742]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d0e34017492d1400aab683'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Buddhism denies what kind of deity?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'creator'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",198]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1be69e7d4791d009020fe'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Of the Ten Meritorious Deeds, giving charity reduces what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'greediness'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",702]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1be69e7d4791d009020ff'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Invocation of buddhas and bodhisattvas is in what tradition?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mahayana'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",969]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1be69e7d4791d00902101'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'This narrative draws on the Nidānakathā of the Jataka tales of the Theravada, which is ascribed to Buddhaghoṣa in the 5th century CE. 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Then the absence of the first Nidāna—ignorance—leads to the absence of the others.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How are sentient beings freed from suffering?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'by attaining Nirvana'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",106]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d0bd38234ae51400d9c436'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the first Nidāna?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ignorance'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",165]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d0bd38234ae51400d9c437'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The absence of ignorance leads to what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the absence of the others'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",184]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d0bd38234ae51400d9c438'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who always suffers throughout samsara?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sentient beings'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1e8c3e7d4791d00902463'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is suffering also called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'dukkha'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",98]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1e8c3e7d4791d00902464'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How do you free yourself of dukkha?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'attaining Nirvana'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",109]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1e8c3e7d4791d00902465'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the first Nidana?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ignorance'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",165]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1e8c3e7d4791d00902466'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Mahayana Buddhism received significant theoretical grounding from Nagarjuna (perhaps c. 150–250 CE), arguably the most influential scholar within the Mahayana tradition. Nagarjuna's primary contribution to Buddhist philosophy was the systematic exposition of the concept of śūnyatā, or \"emptiness\", widely attested in the Prajñāpāramitā sutras that emerged in his era. The concept of emptiness brings together other key Buddhist doctrines, particularly anatta and dependent origination, to refute the metaphysics of Sarvastivada and Sautrantika (extinct non-Mahayana schools). For Nagarjuna, it is not merely sentient beings that are empty of ātman; all phenomena (dharmas) are without any svabhava (literally \"own-nature\" or \"self-nature\"), and thus without any underlying essence; they are \"empty\" of being independent; thus the heterodox theories of svabhava circulating at the time were refuted on the basis of the doctrines of early Buddhism. Nagarjuna's school of thought is known as the Mādhyamaka. Some of the writings attributed to Nagarjuna made explicit references to Mahayana texts, but his philosophy was argued within the parameters set out by the agamas. He may have arrived at his positions from a desire to achieve a consistent exegesis of the Buddha's doctrine as recorded in the Canon. In the eyes of Nagarjuna the Buddha was not merely a forerunner, but the very founder of the Mādhyamaka system.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Nagarjuna's main contribution was the exposition of the concept of what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'śūnyatā'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",275]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1e9ace7d4791d009024b2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does sunyata mean?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'emptiness'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",288]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1e9ace7d4791d009024b3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Nagarjuna said that sentient beings are empty of what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ātman'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",644]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1e9ace7d4791d009024b4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does dharmas mean?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'phenomena'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",655]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1e9ace7d4791d009024b5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Sarvastivada teachings—which were criticized by Nāgārjuna—were reformulated by scholars such as Vasubandhu and Asanga and were adapted into the Yogacara school. While the Mādhyamaka school held that asserting the existence or non-existence of any ultimately real thing was inappropriate, some exponents of Yogacara asserted that the mind and only the mind is ultimately real (a doctrine known as cittamatra). Not all Yogacarins asserted that mind was truly existent; Vasubandhu and Asanga in particular did not.[web 11] These two schools of thought, in opposition or synthesis, form the basis of subsequent Mahayana metaphysics in the Indo-Tibetan tradition.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What teaching were criticized by Nagarjuna?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sarvastivada teachings'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1eab6e7d4791d00902515'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What scholars reformed Sarvastivada teachings?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Vasubandhu and Asanga'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",97]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1eab6e7d4791d00902516'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the doctrine that says that the mind and only the mind are real?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'cittamatra'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",397]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1eab6e7d4791d00902517'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What Yogacarins asserted that the mind was not truly existent?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Vasubandhu and Asanga'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",97]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1eab6e7d4791d00902518'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Besides emptiness, Mahayana schools often place emphasis on the notions of perfected spiritual insight (prajñāpāramitā) and Buddha-nature (tathāgatagarbha). There are conflicting interpretations of the tathāgatagarbha in Mahāyāna thought. The idea may be traced to Abhidharma, and ultimately to statements of the Buddha in the Nikāyas. In Tibetan Buddhism, according to the Sakya school, tathāgatagarbha is the inseparability of the clarity and emptiness of one's mind. In Nyingma, tathāgatagarbha also generally refers to inseparability of the clarity and emptiness of one's mind. According to the Gelug school, it is the potential for sentient beings to awaken since they are empty (i.e. dependently originated). According to the Jonang school, it refers to the innate qualities of the mind that expresses themselves as omniscience etc. when adventitious obscurations are removed. The \"Tathāgatagarbha Sutras\" are a collection of Mahayana sutras that present a unique model of Buddha-nature. Even though this collection was generally ignored in India, East Asian Buddhism provides some significance to these texts.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does tathagatagarbha mean?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Buddha-nature'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",125]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1ebdfe7d4791d00902577'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'what does prajnaparamita mean?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'perfected spiritual insight'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",76]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1ebdfe7d4791d00902578'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'According to what school is tathgatagarbha the inseparability of clairty and emptiness of one's mind?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sakya'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",375]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1ebdfe7d4791d00902579'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'According to what school does it refer to the innate qualities of the mind that express themselves as omniscience?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jonang'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",733]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1ebdfe7d4791d0090257a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of sutras were generally ignored in india?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'tathāgatagarbha'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",140]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1ebdfe7d4791d0090257b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Nirvana (Sanskrit; Pali: \"Nibbāna\") means \"cessation\", \"extinction\" (of craving and ignorance and therefore suffering and the cycle of involuntary rebirths (saṃsāra)), \"extinguished\", \"quieted\", \"calmed\"; it is also known as \"Awakening\" or \"Enlightenment\" in the West. The term for anybody who has achieved nirvana, including the Buddha, is arahant.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What term means cessation?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Nirvana'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1ec45e7d4791d00902581'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What term means awakening?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'nirvana'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",308]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1ec45e7d4791d00902582'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the term for someone who has achieved nirvana?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'arahant'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",342]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1ec45e7d4791d00902583'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Bodhi (Pāli and Sanskrit, in devanagari: बॊधि) is a term applied to the experience of Awakening of arahants. Bodhi literally means \"awakening\", but it is more commonly translated into English as \"enlightenment\". In Early Buddhism, bodhi carried a meaning synonymous to nirvana, using only some different metaphors to describe the experience, which implies the extinction of raga (greed, craving),[web 12] dosa (hate, aversion)[web 13] and moha (delusion).[web 14] In the later school of Mahayana Buddhism, the status of nirvana was downgraded in some scriptures, coming to refer only to the extinction of greed and hate, implying that delusion was still present in one who attained nirvana, and that one needed to attain bodhi to eradicate delusion:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the term applied to the experience of the awakening of arahants?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Bodhi'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1ece4e7d4791d00902587'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In early Buddhism Bodhi used a meaning synonymous to what word?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'nirvana'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",270]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1ece4e7d4791d00902588'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the term for greed or craving?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'raga'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",375]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1ece4e7d4791d00902589'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'what is the word for hate or aversion?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'dosa'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",406]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1ece4e7d4791d0090258a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does moha mean?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'delusion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",446]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1ece4e7d4791d0090258b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Therefore, according to Mahayana Buddhism, the arahant has attained only nirvana, thus still being subject to delusion, while the bodhisattva not only achieves nirvana but full liberation from delusion as well. He thus attains bodhi and becomes a buddha. In Theravada Buddhism, bodhi and nirvana carry the same meaning as in the early texts, that of being freed from greed, hate and delusion.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What has achieved nirvana and also liberation from delusion?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'bodhisattva'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",131]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1ee4ae7d4791d00902591'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'If bodhi is attained what do you become?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a buddha'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",246]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1ee4ae7d4791d00902592'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In theravada buddhism, bodhi and what term have the same meaning?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'nirvana'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",74]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1ee4ae7d4791d00902593'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The term parinirvana is also encountered in Buddhism, and this generally refers to the complete nirvana attained by the arahant at the moment of death, when the physical body expires.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What term is used for the complete nirvana attained by the arahant at death?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'parinirvana'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",10]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1eeece7d4791d00902597'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'According to Buddhist traditions a Buddha is a fully awakened being who has completely purified his mind of the three poisons of desire, aversion and ignorance. A Buddha is no longer bound by Samsara and has ended the suffering which unawakened people experience in life.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is a fully awakened being who has purified his mind of the three poisons of desire, aversion, and ignorance?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a Buddha'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",34]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1ef6ae7d4791d00902599'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'A Buddha is no longer bound by what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Samsara'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",193]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1ef6ae7d4791d0090259a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do unawakend people experience?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'suffering'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",219]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1ef6ae7d4791d0090259b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Buddhists do not consider Siddhartha Gautama to have been the only Buddha. The Pali Canon refers to many previous ones (see List of the 28 Buddhas), while the Mahayana tradition additionally has many Buddhas of celestial, rather than historical, origin (see Amitabha or Vairocana as examples, for lists of many thousands Buddha names see Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō numbers 439–448). A common Theravada and Mahayana Buddhist belief is that the next Buddha will be one named Maitreya (Pali: Metteyya).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many Buddhas are considered to have existed in the Pali Canon?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'28'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",137]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1f064e7d4791d0090259f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'A Theravada and Mahayana belief is that the next Buddha will be one named what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Maitreya'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",471]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1f064e7d4791d009025a0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Mahayana has many Buddhas of what origin?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'celestial'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",212]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1f064e7d4791d009025a1'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In Theravada doctrine, a person may awaken from the \"sleep of ignorance\" by directly realizing the true nature of reality; such people are called arahants and occasionally buddhas. After numerous lifetimes of spiritual striving, they have reached the end of the cycle of rebirth, no longer reincarnating as human, animal, ghost, or other being. The commentaries to the Pali Canon classify these awakened beings into three types:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'A person can awaken from the \"sleep of ignorance\" by acknowledging the true nature of what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'reality'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",115]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1f14be7d4791d009025a5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'At the end of the cycle of rebirth a person is called what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'arahants'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",147]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1f14be7d4791d009025a6'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Bodhi and nirvana carry the same meaning, that of being freed from craving, hate, and delusion. In attaining bodhi, the arahant has overcome these obstacles. As a further distinction, the extinction of only hatred and greed (in the sensory context) with some residue of delusion, is called anagami.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Nirvana and what term carry the same meaning?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Bodhi'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1f214e7d4791d009025ab'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the term for extinction of only hatred and greed, with residue of delusion?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'anagami'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",291]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1f214e7d4791d009025ac'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In the Mahayana, the Buddha tends not to be viewed as merely human, but as the earthly projection of a beginningless and endless, omnipresent being (see Dharmakaya) beyond the range and reach of thought. Moreover, in certain Mahayana sutras, the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha are viewed essentially as One: all three are seen as the eternal Buddha himself.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In the Mahayana, who is thought to be an omnipresent being?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Buddha'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",22]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1f2b4e7d4791d009025af'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is thought to be beyond the range and reach of thought?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Buddha'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",22]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1f2b4e7d4791d009025b0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what sutras are the Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha viewed as One?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mahayana'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",8]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1f2b4e7d4791d009025b1'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Buddha's death is seen as an illusion, he is living on in other planes of existence, and monks are therefore permitted to offer \"new truths\" based on his input. Mahayana also differs from Theravada in its concept of śūnyatā (that ultimately nothing has existence), and in its belief in bodhisattvas (enlightened people who vow to continue being reborn until all beings can be enlightened).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Buddha's death is seen as an illusion, as he is living in other planes of what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'existence'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",79]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1f365e7d4791d009025b5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is permitted to offer \"new truths\" based on Buddhas input?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'monks'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",94]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1f365e7d4791d009025b6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the term for the idea of ultimately nothing has existance?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'śūnyatā'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",221]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1f365e7d4791d009025b7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who are enlightened people who vow to continue being reborn?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'bodhisattvas'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",291]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1f365e7d4791d009025b8'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'\nThe method of self-exertion or \"self-power\"—without reliance on an external force or being—stands in contrast to another major form of Buddhism, Pure Land, which is characterized by utmost trust in the salvific \"other-power\" of Amitabha Buddha. Pure Land Buddhism is a very widespread and perhaps the most faith-orientated manifestation of Buddhism and centres upon the conviction that faith in Amitabha Buddha and the chanting of homage to his name liberates one at death into the Blissful (安樂), Pure Land (淨土) of Amitabha Buddha. This Buddhic realm is variously construed as a foretaste of Nirvana, or as essentially Nirvana itself. The great vow of Amitabha Buddha to rescue all beings from samsaric suffering is viewed within Pure Land Buddhism as universally efficacious, if only one has faith in the power of that vow or chants his name.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is characterized by the deep truts in the \"other-power\" of Amitabha Buddha'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pure Land'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",147]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1f453e7d4791d009025bd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is perhaps the most faith-oriented for of Buddhism?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pure Land'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",147]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1f453e7d4791d009025be'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What Buddha vowed to rescue all beings from samsaric suffering?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Amitabha'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",230]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1f453e7d4791d009025bf'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Buddhists believe Gautama Buddha was the first to achieve enlightenment in this Buddha era and is therefore credited with the establishment of Buddhism. A Buddha era is the stretch of history during which people remember and practice the teachings of the earliest known Buddha. This Buddha era will end when all the knowledge, evidence and teachings of Gautama Buddha have vanished. This belief therefore maintains that many Buddha eras have started and ended throughout the course of human existence.[web 15][web 16] The Gautama Buddha, therefore, is the Buddha of this era, who taught directly or indirectly to all other Buddhas in it (see types of Buddhas).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is believed to have achieved enlightenment first?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Gautama Buddha'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",19]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1f5e8e7d4791d009025c3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the term for the stretch of history during which people rmember and practice the teachings of the earliest known buddha?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'A Buddha era'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",154]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1f5e8e7d4791d009025c4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is the Buddha of this Buddha era?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Gautama Buddha'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",19]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1f5e8e7d4791d009025c5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who taught directly or indirectly to all other Buddhas?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Gautama Buddha'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",19]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1f5e8e7d4791d009025c6'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In addition, Mahayana Buddhists believe there are innumerable other Buddhas in other universes. A Theravada commentary says that Buddhas arise one at a time in this world element, and not at all in others. The understandings of this matter reflect widely differing interpretations of basic terms, such as \"world realm\", between the various schools of Buddhism.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who believes there are innumerable other Buddhas in other universes?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mahayana Buddhists'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",14]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1f685e7d4791d009025cb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What buddhist belief says that Buddhas come one at a time and not within other eras?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Theravada'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",99]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1f685e7d4791d009025cc'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The idea of the decline and gradual disappearance of the teaching has been influential in East Asian Buddhism. Pure Land Buddhism holds that it has declined to the point where few are capable of following the path, so it may be best to rely on the power of Amitābha.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What form of Buddhism has declined to the point where few are capable of following the path?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pure Land'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",112]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1f878e7d4791d009025cf'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Bodhisattva means \"enlightenment being\", and generally refers to one who is on the path to buddhahood. Traditionally, a bodhisattva is anyone who, motivated by great compassion, has generated bodhicitta, which is a spontaneous wish to attain Buddhahood for the benefit of all sentient beings. Theravada Buddhism primarily uses the term in relation to Gautama Buddha's previous existences, but has traditionally acknowledged and respected the bodhisattva path as well.[web 17]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does Bodhisattva mean?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'enlightenment being'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",20]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1fc6ae7d4791d009025d1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the term for the spontaneous wish to attain Buddhahood for the benefit of all beings?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'bodhicitta'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",193]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1fc6ae7d4791d009025d2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'According to Jan Nattier, the term Mahāyāna \"Great Vehicle\" was originally even an honorary synonym for Bodhisattvayāna \"Bodhisattva Vehicle.\" The Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra, an early and important Mahayana text, contains a simple and brief definition for the term bodhisattva: \"Because he has enlightenment as his aim, a bodhisattva-mahāsattva is so called.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What term means \"great vehicle\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mahayana'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",207]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1fd7ee7d4791d009025d6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is an honorary synonym for Bodhisattvayana?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mahayana'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",207]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1fd7ee7d4791d009025d7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita Sutra is an important text of what type?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mahayana'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",207]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1fd7ee7d4791d009025d8'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Mahayana Buddhism encourages everyone to become bodhisattvas and to take the bodhisattva vow, where the practitioner promises to work for the complete enlightenment of all beings by practicing the six pāramitās. According to Mahayana teachings, these perfections are: dāna, śīla, kṣanti, vīrya, dhyāna, and prajñā.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What buddhism encourages everyone to become bodhisattvas?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mahayana'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1fe20e7d4791d009025dc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the idea there the practitioner promises to work for the complete enlightenment of all beings by practicing the six paramitas?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'bodhisattva vow'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",78]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1fe20e7d4791d009025dd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the six perfections under Mahayana teachings?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'dāna, śīla, kṣanti, vīrya, dhyāna, and prajñā'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",269]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d1fe20e7d4791d009025de'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'A famous saying by the 8th-century Indian Buddhist scholar-saint Shantideva, which the 14th Dalai Lama often cites as his favourite verse, summarizes the Bodhisattva's intention (Bodhicitta) as follows: \"For as long as space endures, and for as long as living beings remain, until then may I too abide to dispel the misery of the world.\"[citation needed]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which Dalai Lama cites Shantideva's famous saying?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the 14th Dalai Lama'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",84]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d20c26e7d4791d0090262c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Devotion is an important part of the practice of most Buddhists. Devotional practices include bowing, offerings, pilgrimage, and chanting. In Pure Land Buddhism, devotion to the Buddha Amitabha is the main practice. In Nichiren Buddhism, devotion to the Lotus Sutra is the main practice.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Devotion is an important part of the practice of most what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Buddhists'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",55]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d20c93e7d4791d0090262f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the devotional practices?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'bowing, offerings, pilgrimage, and chanting'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",95]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d20c93e7d4791d00902630'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Buddhism traditionally incorporates states of meditative absorption (Pali: jhāna; Skt: dhyāna). The most ancient sustained expression of yogic ideas is found in the early sermons of the Buddha. One key innovative teaching of the Buddha was that meditative absorption must be combined with liberating cognition. The difference between the Buddha's teaching and the yoga presented in early Brahminic texts is striking. Meditative states alone are not an end, for according to the Buddha, even the highest meditative state is not liberating. Instead of attaining a complete cessation of thought, some sort of mental activity must take place: a liberating cognition, based on the practice of mindful awareness.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Buddhism traditionally incorporates states of what type of absorption?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'meditative'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",47]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d20db9e7d4791d00902635'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The most acient yogic ideas is found in the early sermons of who?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Buddha'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",183]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d20db9e7d4791d00902636'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The difference between the Buddha's teaching and the yoga presented in what what type of texts is significant?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Brahminic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",389]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d20db9e7d4791d00902637'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'According to the Buddha event he highest meditative state is not what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'liberating'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",290]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d20db9e7d4791d00902638'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Meditation was an aspect of the practice of the yogis in the centuries preceding the Buddha. The Buddha built upon the yogis' concern with introspection and developed their meditative techniques, but rejected their theories of liberation. In Buddhism, mindfulness and clear awareness are to be developed at all times; in pre-Buddhist yogic practices there is no such injunction. A yogi in the Brahmanical tradition is not to practice while defecating, for example, while a Buddhist monastic should do so.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Meditation was an aspect of the practice of who?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the yogis'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",45]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2124ce7d4791d0090263d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In Buddhism, what must be developed at all times?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'mindfulness and clear awareness'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",253]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2124ce7d4791d0090263e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Religious knowledge or \"vision\" was indicated as a result of practice both within and outside of the Buddhist fold. According to the Samaññaphala Sutta, this sort of vision arose for the Buddhist adept as a result of the perfection of \"meditation\" coupled with the perfection of \"discipline\" (Pali sīla; Skt. śīla). Some of the Buddha's meditative techniques were shared with other traditions of his day, but the idea that ethics are causally related to the attainment of \"transcendent wisdom\" (Pali paññā; Skt. prajñā) was original.[web 18]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Religious knowledge is also known as what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'vision'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",25]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d21aa5e7d4791d00902643'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of techniques were shared with other traditions of his day?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'meditative'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",338]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d21aa5e7d4791d00902644'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'There is an idea where ethics are causally related to the attainment of what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'transcendent wisdom'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",474]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d21aa5e7d4791d00902645'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Buddhist texts are probably the earliest describing meditation techniques. They describe meditative practices and states that existed before the Buddha as well as those first developed within Buddhism. Two Upanishads written after the rise of Buddhism do contain full-fledged descriptions of yoga as a means to liberation.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are probably the earliest texts describing meditation techniques?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Buddhist texts'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d21b46e7d4791d00902649'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What describes meditative states exising before the Buddha?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Buddhist texts'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d21b46e7d4791d0090264a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What two items were written after the rise of Buddhism?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Upanishads'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",211]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d21b46e7d4791d0090264b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'While there is no convincing evidence for meditation in pre-Buddhist early Brahminic texts, Wynne argues that formless meditation originated in the Brahminic or Shramanic tradition, based on strong parallels between Upanishadic cosmological statements and the meditative goals of the two teachers of the Buddha as recorded in the early Buddhist texts. He mentions less likely possibilities as well. Having argued that the cosmological statements in the Upanishads also reflect a contemplative tradition, he argues that the Nasadiya Sukta contains evidence for a contemplative tradition, even as early as the late Rig Vedic period.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In pre-buddhist early Brahminic texts there is no evidence for what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'meditation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",43]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d21c3ae7d4791d0090264f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The upanishads statements reflect what type of tradition?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'contemplative'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",480]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d21c3ae7d4791d00902651'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What contains evidence for a contemplative tradition?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Nasadiya Sukta'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",524]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d21c3ae7d4791d00902652'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Traditionally, the first step in most Buddhist schools requires taking refuge in the Three Jewels (Sanskrit: tri-ratna, Pāli: ti-ratana)[web 19] as the foundation of one's religious practice. The practice of taking refuge on behalf of young or even unborn children is mentioned in the Majjhima Nikaya, recognized by most scholars as an early text (cf. Infant baptism). Tibetan Buddhism sometimes adds a fourth refuge, in the lama. In Mahayana, the person who chooses the bodhisattva path makes a vow or pledge, considered the ultimate expression of compassion. In Mahayana, too, the Three Jewels are perceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging essence and as having an irreversible effect: \"The Three Jewels have the quality of excellence. Just as real jewels never change their faculty and goodness, whether praised or reviled, so are the Three Jewels (Refuges), because they have an eternal and immutable essence. These Three Jewels bring a fruition that is changeless, for once one has reached Buddhahood, there is no possibility of falling back to suffering.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the first step in a school of Buddhism?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Three Jewels'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",82]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d21d1fe7d4791d00902657'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What mentions taking refuge on behalf of young or unborn children?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Majjhima Nikaya'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",286]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d21d1fe7d4791d00902658'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of Buddhism adds a fourth refuge?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tibetan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",370]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d21d1fe7d4791d00902659'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Three Jewels are preceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'essence.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",916]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d21d1fe7d4791d0090265a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What has an irreversable effect?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Three Jewels'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",700]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d21d1fe7d4791d0090265b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'According to the scriptures, Gautama Buddha presented himself as a model. The Dharma offers a refuge by providing guidelines for the alleviation of suffering and the attainment of Nirvana. The Sangha is considered to provide a refuge by preserving the authentic teachings of the Buddha and providing further examples that the truth of the Buddha's teachings is attainable.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who presented himself as a model?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Gautama Buddha'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",30]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d21dcce7d4791d00902661'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What offers a refuge by providing guidelines for the alleviation of suffering?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Dharma'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",79]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d21dcce7d4791d00902662'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What provides refuge by preserving the authentic teachings of the Buddha?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sangha'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",194]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d21dcce7d4791d00902663'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Śīla (Sanskrit) or sīla (Pāli) is usually translated into English as \"virtuous behavior\", \"morality\", \"moral discipline\", \"ethics\" or \"precept\". It is an action committed through the body, speech, or mind, and involves an intentional effort. It is one of the three practices (sīla, samādhi, and paññā) and the second pāramitā. It refers to moral purity of thought, word, and deed. The four conditions of śīla are chastity, calmness, quiet, and extinguishment.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is an action committed through the body and involves intentional effort?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Śīla'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d21fd7e7d4791d00902672'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Sila is the second what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'pāramitā'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",318]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d21fd7e7d4791d00902673'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Śīla is the foundation of Samādhi\/Bhāvana (Meditative cultivation) or mind cultivation. Keeping the precepts promotes not only the peace of mind of the cultivator, which is internal, but also peace in the community, which is external. According to the Law of Karma, keeping the precepts is meritorious and it acts as causes that would bring about peaceful and happy effects. Keeping these precepts keeps the cultivator from rebirth in the four woeful realms of existence.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What keeps the cultivator from rebirth in the four realms of existance?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'keeping the precepts'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",267]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2207ee7d4791d0090268d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the foundation of Samadhi\/Bhavana?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Śīla'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2207ee7d4791d0090268e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What promotes not only the peace of mind but also peace in the community?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'keeping the precepts'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",267]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2207ee7d4791d0090268f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Śīla refers to overall principles of ethical behavior. There are several levels of sīla, which correspond to \"basic morality\" (five precepts), \"basic morality with asceticism\" (eight precepts), \"novice monkhood\" (ten precepts) and \"monkhood\" (Vinaya or Patimokkha). Lay people generally undertake to live by the five precepts, which are common to all Buddhist schools. If they wish, they can choose to undertake the eight precepts, which add basic asceticism.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does sila refer to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'overall principles of ethical behavior'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",16]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2392cb329da140004ec14'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Lay people tend to live by the five what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'precepts'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",133]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2392cb329da140004ec15'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Schools can undertake eight precepts, which add basic what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'asceticism.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",449]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2392cb329da140004ec17'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The precepts are not formulated as imperatives, but as training rules that laypeople undertake voluntarily to facilitate practice. In Buddhist thought, the cultivation of dana and ethical conduct themselves refine consciousness to such a level that rebirth in one of the lower heavens is likely, even if there is no further Buddhist practice. There is nothing improper or un-Buddhist about limiting one's aims to this level of attainment.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Precepts are not created as imperatives, but as what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'training rules'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",56]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d23abcb329da140004ec26'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The cultivation of dana and what kind of conduct refine consciousness?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ethical'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",181]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d23abcb329da140004ec27'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Even if there is no further Buddhist practice, what heavens is still likely?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'lower'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",272]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d23abcb329da140004ec28'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In the eight precepts, the third precept on sexual misconduct is made more strict, and becomes a precept of celibacy. The three additional precepts are:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Of the eight precepts which one is on sexual misconduct?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'third'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",28]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d23b26b329da140004ec2e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the third strict precept on sexual misconduct?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a precept of celibacy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",96]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d23b26b329da140004ec2f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The complete list of ten precepts may be observed by laypeople for short periods. For the complete list, the seventh precept is partitioned into two, and a tenth added:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many precepts are on the list?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ten'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",22]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d23c30b329da140004ec3c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In the complete list of precepts, which one is partitioned into two?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'seventh'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",110]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d23c30b329da140004ec3e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Vinaya is the specific moral code for monks and nuns. It includes the Patimokkha, a set of 227 rules for monks in the Theravadin recension. The precise content of the vinayapitaka (scriptures on Vinaya) differs slightly according to different schools, and different schools or subschools set different standards for the degree of adherence to Vinaya. Novice-monks use the ten precepts, which are the basic precepts for monastics.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many basic precepts are there for monastics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the ten precepts'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",369]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d23cc4b329da140004ec42'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the specific moral code for monks and nuns?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'vinaya'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",168]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d23cc4b329da140004ec43'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many rules dows the patimokkha have?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'227'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",92]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d23cc4b329da140004ec44'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the scriptures on vinaya called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'vinayapitaka'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",168]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d23cc4b329da140004ec45'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Regarding the monastic rules, the Buddha constantly reminds his hearers that it is the spirit that counts. On the other hand, the rules themselves are designed to assure a satisfying life, and provide a perfect springboard for the higher attainments. Monastics are instructed by the Buddha to live as \"islands unto themselves\". In this sense, living life as the vinaya prescribes it is, as one scholar puts it: \"more than merely a means to an end: it is very nearly the end in itself.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Regarding the monastic rules, the Buddha reminds his hearers that it is the spirit that what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'counts'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",100]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d23d72b329da140004ec4c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The rules themselves are designed to assure a satisfying what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'life'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",184]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d23d72b329da140004ec4d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The rules are a perfect springboard for what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'higher attainments'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",232]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d23d72b329da140004ec4e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Monastics are instructed by the Buddha to live as what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'islands unto themselves'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",303]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d23d72b329da140004ec4f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In Eastern Buddhism, there is also a distinctive Vinaya and ethics contained within the Mahayana Brahmajala Sutra (not to be confused with the Pali text of that name) for Bodhisattvas, where, for example, the eating of meat is frowned upon and vegetarianism is actively encouraged (see vegetarianism in Buddhism). In Japan, this has almost completely displaced the monastic vinaya, and allows clergy to marry.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Distinctive Vinaya and ethics are contained within what sutra?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mahayana Brahmajala'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",89]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d23eaeb329da140004ec54'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Bodhisattvas are not encouraged to eat what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'meat'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",220]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d23eaeb329da140004ec55'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where is the monastic vinaya displaced and clergy is allowed to marry?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Japan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",318]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d23eaeb329da140004ec57'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Buddhist meditation is fundamentally concerned with two themes: transforming the mind and using it to explore itself and other phenomena. According to Theravada Buddhism the Buddha taught two types of meditation, samatha meditation (Sanskrit: śamatha) and vipassanā meditation (Sanskrit: vipaśyanā). In Chinese Buddhism, these exist (translated chih kuan), but Chán (Zen) meditation is more popular. According to Peter Harvey, whenever Buddhism has been healthy, not only monks, nuns, and married lamas, but also more committed lay people have practiced meditation. According to Routledge's Encyclopedia of Buddhism, in contrast, throughout most of Buddhist history before modern times, serious meditation by lay people has been unusual. The evidence of the early texts suggests that at the time of the Buddha, many male and female lay practitioners did practice meditation, some even to the point of proficiency in all eight jhānas (see the next section regarding these).[note 11]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In Chinese Buddhism what meditation is more popular?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Zen'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",368]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d24042b329da140004ec6a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Evidence has shown some lay people got to proficiency in all eight what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'jhānas'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",927]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d24042b329da140004ec6c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In the language of the Noble Eightfold Path, samyaksamādhi is \"right concentration\". The primary means of cultivating samādhi is meditation. Upon development of samādhi, one's mind becomes purified of defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does the word samyaksamadhi mean?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'right concentration'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",64]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d240dbb329da140004ec76'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Meditation is the primary means of cultivating what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'samādhi'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",52]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d240dbb329da140004ec77'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Upon development of samadhi, a person gets rid of what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",202]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d240dbb329da140004ec78'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Once the meditator achieves a strong and powerful concentration (jhāna, Sanskrit ध्यान dhyāna), his mind is ready to penetrate and gain insight (vipassanā) into the ultimate nature of reality, eventually obtaining release from all suffering. The cultivation of mindfulness is essential to mental concentration, which is needed to achieve insight.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is powerful concentration called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'jhāna'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",66]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2415fb329da140004ec7c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the term when the mind is ready to penetrate and gain insight?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'vipassanā'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",146]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2415fb329da140004ec7d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Mindfulness is essential to concentration, which is neede to achieve what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'insight'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",137]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2415fb329da140004ec7e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Samatha meditation starts from being mindful of an object or idea, which is expanded to one's body, mind and entire surroundings, leading to a state of total concentration and tranquility (jhāna). There are many variations in the style of meditation, from sitting cross-legged or kneeling to chanting or walking. The most common method of meditation is to concentrate on one's breath (anapanasati), because this practice can lead to both samatha and vipassana'.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Samatha meditation starts from being mindful of an object or what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'idea'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",62]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d24217b329da140004ec8a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the term for tranquility?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'jhāna'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",190]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d24217b329da140004ec8b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In Buddhist practice, it is said that while samatha meditation can calm the mind, only vipassanā meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with, which is what leads to insight knowledge (jñāna; Pāli ñāṇa) and understanding (prajñā Pāli paññā), and thus can lead to nirvāṇa (Pāli nibbāna). When one is in jhana, all defilements are suppressed temporarily. Only understanding (prajñā or vipassana) eradicates the defilements completely. Jhanas are also states that Arahants abide in order to rest.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In Buddhism, samatha meditation can calm the what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'mind'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",77]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2429fb329da140004ec92'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Vipassana meditation can reveal how the mind was what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'disturbed'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",137]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2429fb329da140004ec93'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the term for insight knowledge?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'jñāna'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",204]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2429fb329da140004ec94'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the term for understanding?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'prajñā'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",241]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2429fb329da140004ec95'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What eradicates the defilements completely?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'understanding'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",226]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2429fb329da140004ec96'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In Theravāda Buddhism, the cause of human existence and suffering is identified as craving, which carries with it the various defilements. These various defilements are traditionally summed up as greed, hatred and delusion. These are believed deeply rooted afflictions of the mind that create suffering and stress. To be free from suffering and stress, these defilements must be permanently uprooted through internal investigation, analyzing, experiencing, and understanding of the true nature of those defilements by using jhāna, a technique of the Noble Eightfold Path. It then leads the meditator to realize the Four Noble Truths, Enlightenment and Nibbāna. Nibbāna is the ultimate goal of Theravadins.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In Theravada Buddhism, what is the cause of human existence and suffering?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'craving'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",84]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d244ddb329da140004ecb0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does craving carry with it?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'defilements'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",127]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d244ddb329da140004ecb1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Deeply rooted afflictions of the mind create what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'suffering and stress'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",294]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d244ddb329da140004ecb3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the ultimate goal for Theravadins?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Nibbāna'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",653]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d244ddb329da140004ecb4'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Prajñā (Sanskrit) or paññā (Pāli) means wisdom that is based on a realization of dependent origination, The Four Noble Truths and the three marks of existence. Prajñā is the wisdom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about bodhi. It is spoken of as the principal means of attaining nirvāṇa, through its revelation of the true nature of all things as dukkha (unsatisfactoriness), anicca (impermanence) and anatta (not-self). Prajñā is also listed as the sixth of the six pāramitās of the Mahayana.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many Noble Truths are there?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Four'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",109]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d24619b329da140004ecbf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Prajna is the wisom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'bodhi'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",237]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d24619b329da140004ecc0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is listed as the sixth of the six paramitas of the mahayana?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Prajñā'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d24619b329da140004ecc1'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Initially, prajñā is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to sermons (dharma talks), reading, studying, and sometimes reciting Buddhist texts and engaging in discourse. Once the conceptual understanding is attained, it is applied to daily life so that each Buddhist can verify the truth of the Buddha's teaching at a practical level. Notably, one could in theory attain Nirvana at any point of practice, whether deep in meditation, listening to a sermon, conducting the business of one's daily life, or any other activity.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Initially prajna is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'sermons'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",78]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d246e7b329da140004ecce'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In theory when can one attain Nirvana during practice?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'at any point'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",395]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d246e7b329da140004eccf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What can be applied to daily life once it is attained?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'conceptual understanding'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",195]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d246e7b329da140004ecd0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Zen Buddhism (禅), pronounced Chán in Chinese, seon in Korean or zen in Japanese (derived from the Sanskrit term dhyāna, meaning \"meditation\") is a form of Buddhism that became popular in China, Korea and Japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation.[note 12] Zen places less emphasis on scriptures than some other forms of Buddhism and prefers to focus on direct spiritual breakthroughs to truth.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Zen Buddhism is known as what in Korea?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'seon'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",47]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d24773b329da140004ecd4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What form of buddhism lays special emphasis on 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shikantaza or \"just sitting\".[note 13]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Zen Buddhism is divided into how many main schools?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'two'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",30]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2485bb329da140004ece0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which schools of Zen likes the use of meditation on the koan for spiritual breakthroughs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Rinzai'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",48]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2485bb329da140004ece2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Zen Buddhist teaching is often full of paradox, in order to loosen the grip of the ego and to facilitate the penetration into the realm of the True Self or Formless Self, which is equated with the Buddha himself.[note 14] According to Zen master Kosho Uchiyama, when thoughts and fixation on the little \"I\" are transcended, an Awakening to a universal, non-dual Self occurs: \"When we let go of thoughts and wake up to the reality of life that is working beyond them, we discover the Self that is living universal non-dual life (before the separation into two) that pervades all living creatures and all existence.\" Thinking and thought must therefore not be allowed to confine and bind one.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What Buddhist teachings are often full of paradox?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Zen'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d249a4b329da140004ecf1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of self is equated with the Buddha?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'True Self'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",144]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d249a4b329da140004ecf3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is not allowed to confine and bind oneself?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Thinking and thought'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",616]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d249a4b329da140004ecf4'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Though based upon Mahayana, Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism is one of the schools that practice Vajrayana or \"Diamond Vehicle\" (also referred to as Mantrayāna, Tantrayāna, Tantric Buddhism, or esoteric Buddhism). It accepts all the basic concepts of Mahāyāna, but also includes a vast array of spiritual and physical techniques designed to enhance Buddhist practice. Tantric Buddhism is largely concerned with ritual and meditative practices. One component of the Vajrayāna is harnessing psycho-physical energy through ritual, visualization, physical exercises, and meditation as a means of developing the mind. Using these techniques, it is claimed that a practitioner can achieve Buddhahood in one lifetime, or even as little as three years. In the Tibetan tradition, these practices can include sexual yoga, though only for some very advanced practitioners.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of Buddhism is Tibeto-Mongolian based on?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mahayana'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",19]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d24a6fb329da140004ecfd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the English term for Vajrayana?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Diamond Vehicle'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",105]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d24a6fb329da140004ecfe'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of Buddhism is concerned with ritual and meditative practices?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tantric'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",167]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d24a6fb329da140004ecff'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Psycho-physical energy is harnessed through what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ritual'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",292]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d24a6fb329da140004ed00'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Historically, the roots of Buddhism lie in the religious thought of ancient India during the second half of the first millennium BCE. That was a period of social and religious turmoil, as there was significant discontent with the sacrifices and rituals of Vedic Brahmanism.[note 15] It was challenged by numerous new ascetic religious and philosophical groups and teachings that broke with the Brahmanic tradition and rejected the authority of the Vedas and the Brahmans.[note 16] These groups, whose members were known as shramanas, were a continuation of a non-Vedic strand of Indian thought distinct from Indo-Aryan Brahmanism.[note 17] Scholars have reasons to believe that ideas such as samsara, karma (in the sense of the influence of morality on rebirth), and moksha originated in the shramanas, and were later adopted by Brahmin orthodoxy.[note 18][note 19][note 20][note 21][note 22][note 23]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What time period was the beginning of Buddhism?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'second half of the first millennium BCE'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",94]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d24b65b329da140004ed11'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Scholars believe that karma originated in what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the shramanas'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",789]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d24b65b329da140004ed12'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What groups broke with Brahmanic tradition?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'shramanas'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",524]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d24b65b329da140004ed13'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Shramanas were a continuation of what type of trand of Indian thought?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'non-Vedic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",560]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d24b65b329da140004ed14'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'This view is supported by a study of the region where these notions originated. Buddhism arose in Greater Magadha, which stretched from Sravasti, the capital of Kosala in the north-west, to Rajagrha in the south east. This land, to the east of aryavarta, the land of the Aryas, was recognized as non-Vedic. Other Vedic texts reveal a dislike of the people of Magadha, in all probability because the Magadhas at this time were not Brahmanised.[page needed] It was not until the 2nd or 3rd centuries BCE that the eastward spread of Brahmanism into Greater Magadha became significant. Ideas that developed in Greater Magadha prior to this were not subject to Vedic influence. These include rebirth and karmic retribution that appear in a number of movements in Greater Magadha, including Buddhism. These movements inherited notions of rebirth and karmic retribution from an earlier culture[page needed]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Buddhism arose in what area?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Greater Magadha'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",99]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d24c8bb329da140004ed19'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Greater magadha stretched from Sravasti in the north-west to what area in the south-east?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Rajagrha'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",191]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d24c8bb329da140004ed1a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What time period did the eastward spread of Brahmanism start?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2nd or 3rd centuries'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",478]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d24c8bb329da140004ed1b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'At the same time, these movements were influenced by, and in some respects continued, philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition as reflected e.g. in the Upanishads. These movements included, besides Buddhism, various skeptics (such as Sanjaya Belatthiputta), atomists (such as Pakudha Kaccayana), materialists (such as Ajita Kesakambali), antinomians (such as Purana Kassapa); the most important ones in the 5th century BCE were the Ajivikas, who emphasized the rule of fate, the Lokayata (materialists), the Ajnanas (agnostics) and the Jains, who stressed that the soul must be freed from matter. Many of these new movements shared the same conceptual vocabulary—atman (\"Self\"), buddha (\"awakened one\"), dhamma (\"rule\" or \"law\"), karma (\"action\"), nirvana (\"extinguishing\"), samsara (\"eternal recurrence\") and yoga (\"spiritual practice\").[note 24] The shramanas rejected the Veda, and the authority of the brahmans, who claimed they possessed revealed truths not knowable by any ordinary human means. Moreover, they declared that the entire Brahmanical system was fraudulent: a conspiracy of the brahmans to enrich themselves by charging exorbitant fees to perform bogus rites and give useless advice.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Movements were influenced by philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition such as what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'in the Upanishads'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",154]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d24e17b329da140004ed33'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The movement included atomists such as what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pakudha Kaccayana'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",285]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d24e17b329da140004ed34'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the term for agnostics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ajnanas'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",517]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d24e17b329da140004ed36'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What movement focused on the idea that the sould must be freed from matter?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jains'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",545]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d24e17b329da140004ed37'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'A particular criticism of the Buddha was Vedic animal sacrifice.[web 18] He also mocked the Vedic \"hymn of the cosmic man\". However, the Buddha was not anti-Vedic, and declared that the Veda in its true form was declared by \"Kashyapa\" to certain rishis, who by severe penances had acquired the power to see by divine eyes. He names the Vedic rishis, and declared that the original Veda of the rishis[note 25] was altered by a few Brahmins who introduced animal sacrifices. The Buddha says that it was on this alteration of the true Veda that he refused to pay respect to the Vedas of his time. However, he did not denounce the union with Brahman,[note 26] or the idea of the self uniting with the Self. At the same time, the traditional Hindu itself gradually underwent profound changes, transforming it into what is recognized as early Hinduism.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'A criticism the Buddha gave dealing with animals was?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Vedic animal sacrifice'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",42]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d24f27b329da140004ed47'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Buddha mocked what hymn of the Vedic?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'hymn of the cosmic man'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",100]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d24f27b329da140004ed48'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The original Veda of the rishis was altered by a few Brahmins who introduced what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'animal sacrifices'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",455]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d24f27b329da140004ed49'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Buddha refused to pay respect to who, during their time of animal sacrifice?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Vedas'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",576]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d24f27b329da140004ed4a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Information of the oldest teachings may be obtained by analysis of the oldest texts. One method to obtain information on the oldest core of Buddhism is to compare the oldest extant versions of the Theravadin Pali Canon and other texts.[note 27] The reliability of these sources, and the possibility to draw out a core of oldest teachings, is a matter of dispute.[page needed][page needed][page needed][page needed] According to Vetter, inconsistencies remain, and other methods must be applied to resolve those inconsistencies.[note 28]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is in dispute regarding the research into the core of the teachings?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The reliability'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",246]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d25056b329da140004ed51'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'A core problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relation between dhyana and insight. Schmithausen, in his often-cited article On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism notes that the mention of the four noble truths as constituting \"liberating insight\", which is attained after mastering the Rupa Jhanas, is a later addition to texts such as Majjhima Nikaya 36.[page needed]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'A large problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relationship of dhyana and what else?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'insight'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",82]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d25b1c59d6e41400145eea'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Liberating insight is attained after mastering what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Rupa Jhanas'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",362]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d25b1c59d6e41400145eeb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Later edition of texts such as what has the Rupa Jhanas?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Majjhima Nikaya'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",412]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d25b1c59d6e41400145eec'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Bruce Matthews notes that there is no cohesive presentation of karma in the Sutta Pitaka, which may mean that the doctrine was incidental to the main perspective of early Buddhist soteriology. Schmithausen is a notable scholar who has questioned whether karma already played a role in the theory of rebirth of earliest Buddhism.[page needed][note 32] According to Vetter, \"the Buddha at first sought \"the deathless\" (amata\/amrta), which is concerned with the here and now. According to Vetter, only after this realization did he become acquainted with the doctrine of rebirth.\" Bronkhorst disagrees, and concludes that the Buddha \"introduced a concept of karma that differed considerably from the commonly held views of his time.\" According to Bronkhorst, not physical and mental activities as such were seen as responsible for rebirth, but intentions and desire.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'According the Bronkhorst, intentions and desire are responsible for what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'rebirth'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",300]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d25ee359d6e41400145f0c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Bronkhurst says that Buddha had a view of 'what' much different then current day?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'karma'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",64]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d25ee359d6e41400145f0d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'According to Tilmann Vetter, the core of earliest Buddhism is the practice of dhyāna. Bronkhorst agrees that dhyana was a Buddhist invention, whereas Norman notes that \"the Buddha's way to release [...] was by means of meditative practices.\" Discriminating insight into transiency as a separate path to liberation was a later development.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the earliest Buddhism type?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'dhyana'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",110]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d25f6e59d6e41400145f14'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Buddha's way to release was by means of what type of practices? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'meditative'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",220]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d25f6e59d6e41400145f15'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'According to the Mahāsaccakasutta,[note 33] from the fourth jhana the Buddha gained bodhi. Yet, it is not clear what he was awakened to.[page needed] \"Liberating insight\" is a later addition to this text, and reflects a later development and understanding in early Buddhism.[page needed][page needed] The mentioning of the four truths as constituting \"liberating insight\" introduces a logical problem, since the four truths depict a linear path of practice, the knowledge of which is in itself not depicted as being liberating.[note 34]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'From which jhana did Buddha gain bodhi?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'fourth'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",54]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2600c59d6e41400145f18'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'A logic problem arises when noting that the four truths constitute what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'liberating insight'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",353]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2600c59d6e41400145f19'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The four truths depict what type of path of practice?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'linear'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",434]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2600c59d6e41400145f1a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Although \"Nibbāna\" (Sanskrit: Nirvāna) is the common term for the desired goal of this practice, many other terms can be found throughout the Nikayas, which are not specified.[note 35]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the Sanskrit form of Nibbana?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Nirvāna'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",31]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2606959d6e41400145f1e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Many terms for Nibbana can be found throughout the what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Nikayas'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",143]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2606959d6e41400145f1f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The desired goal for buddhism is what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Nirvāna'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",31]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2606959d6e41400145f20'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term \"the middle way\". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'A description of the Buddhist path may have been as simplistic as what term?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the middle way'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",106]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d260ee59d6e41400145f2c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The description of buddhism was broadened resulting in what path?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'eightfold'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",207]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d260ee59d6e41400145f2d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'According to both Bronkhorst and Anderson, the four truths became a substitution for prajna, or \"liberating insight\", in the suttas in those texts where \"liberating insight\" was preceded by the four jhanas. According to Bronkhorst, the four truths may not have been formulated in earliest Buddhism, and did not serve in earliest Buddhism as a description of \"liberating insight\". Gotama's teachings may have been personal, \"adjusted to the need of each person.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Authors Bronkhorst and Anderson claim the four truths bacame a substitution for what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'prajna'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",86]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2641d59d6e41400145f52'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is prajna called in english?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'liberating insight'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",98]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2641d59d6e41400145f53'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Gotamas teachings may have been personal and adjusted to the need of each what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'person'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",414]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2641d59d6e41400145f54'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The three marks of existence may reflect Upanishadic or other influences. K.R. Norman supposes that the these terms were already in use at the Buddha's time, and were familiair to his hearers.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many marks of existence reflect Upanishadic influences?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'three'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2647159d6e41400145f58'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The history of Indian Buddhism may be divided into five periods: Early Buddhism (occasionally called Pre-sectarian Buddhism), Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the Early Buddhist schools, Early Mahayana Buddhism, Later Mahayana Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism (also called Vajrayana Buddhism).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The periods of Buddhisma in India is divided into how many periods?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'five'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",52]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2652a59d6e41400145f5a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the first period of Buddhism called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Early Buddhism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",66]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2652a59d6e41400145f5b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is another name for Nikaya buddhism?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sectarian'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",146]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2652a59d6e41400145f5c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the last period of Buddhism?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Esoteric Buddhism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",262]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2652a59d6e41400145f5d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is Esoteric Buddhism also called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Vajrayana'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",293]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2652a59d6e41400145f5e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Pre-sectarian Buddhism is the earliest phase of Buddhism, recognized by nearly all scholars. Its main scriptures are the Vinaya Pitaka and the four principal Nikayas or Agamas. Certain basic teachings appear in many places throughout the early texts, so most scholars conclude that Gautama Buddha must have taught something similar to the Three marks of existence, the Five Aggregates, dependent origination, karma and rebirth, the Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path, and nirvana. Some scholars disagree, and have proposed many other theories.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Was is the earliest phase of buddhism?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pre-sectarian'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d265eb59d6e41400145f6a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Gautama Buddha most likely taught the idea of Karma and what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'rebirth'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",420]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d265eb59d6e41400145f6c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Gautama buddha taught what Path concept?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Noble Eightfold'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",456]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d265eb59d6e41400145f6d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'According to the scriptures, soon after the parinirvāṇa (from Sanskrit: \"highest extinguishment\") of Gautama Buddha, the first Buddhist council was held. As with any ancient Indian tradition, transmission of teaching was done orally. The primary purpose of the assembly was to collectively recite the teachings to ensure that no errors occurred in oral transmission. In the first council, Ānanda, a cousin of the Buddha and his personal attendant, was called upon to recite the discourses (sūtras, Pāli suttas) of the Buddha, and, according to some sources, the abhidhamma. Upāli, another disciple, recited the monastic rules (vinaya). Most scholars regard the traditional accounts of the council as greatly exaggerated if not entirely fictitious.[note 36]Richard Gombrich noted Sariputta led communal recitations of the Buddha's teaching for preservation in the Buddha's lifetime in Sangiti Sutta (Digha Nikaya #33), and something similar to the First Council must have taken place to compose Buddhist scriptures.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Soon after the parinirvana of Gautama Buddha, what type of council was held?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Buddhist'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",128]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2675b59d6e41400145f72'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was cousin of the Buddha?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ānanda'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",390]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2675b59d6e41400145f73'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the discourses of the Buddha called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'sūtras'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",491]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2675b59d6e41400145f74'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Some sources say that discourse of who else were recited along with Buddha's?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'abhidhamma'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",563]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2675b59d6e41400145f75'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'According to most scholars, at some period after the Second Council the Sangha began to break into separate factions.[note 37] The various accounts differ as to when the actual schisms occurred. According to the Dipavamsa of the Pāli tradition, they started immediately after the Second Council, the Puggalavada tradition places it in 137 AN, the Sarvastivada tradition of Vasumitra says it was in the time of Ashoka and the Mahasanghika tradition places it much later, nearly 100 BCE.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Sangha began to break into separte factions after what council?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Second'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",50]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d267f859d6e41400145f7c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'According to the Dipavamsa they started immediately after what council?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Second Council'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",50]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d267f859d6e41400145f7d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Mahasanghika places the breakup at what time?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'100 BCE'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",478]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d267f859d6e41400145f7e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The root schism was between the Sthaviras and the Mahāsāṅghikas. The fortunate survival of accounts from both sides of the dispute reveals disparate traditions. The Sthavira group offers two quite distinct reasons for the schism. The Dipavamsa of the Theravāda says that the losing party in the Second Council dispute broke away in protest and formed the Mahasanghika. This contradicts the Mahasanghikas' own vinaya, which shows them as on the same, winning side. The Mahāsāṅghikas argued that the Sthaviras were trying to expand the vinaya and may also have challenged what they perceived were excessive claims or inhumanly high criteria for arhatship. Both parties, therefore, appealed to tradition.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The major schism was between the Sthaviras and what other group?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mahasanghikas'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",391]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2693359d6e41400145f8e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Dipavamsa says that the losing party broke away in protest and formed what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mahasanghika'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",356]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2693359d6e41400145f8f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Mahasanghikas argued that the Sthaviras were trying to expand what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the vinaya'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",531]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2693359d6e41400145f90'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Sthaviras gave rise to several schools, one of which was the Theravāda school. Originally, these schisms were caused by disputes over vinaya, and monks following different schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same monasteries, but eventually, by about 100 CE if not earlier, schisms were being caused by doctrinal disagreements too.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who gave rise to the Theravada school?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sthaviras'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d269b759d6e41400145f96'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Monks following different schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'monasteries'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",244]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d269b759d6e41400145f97'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'By the latest at around 100 CE, schisms were being caused by what type of desagreements?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'doctrinal'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",334]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d269b759d6e41400145f98'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Following (or leading up to) the schisms, each Saṅgha started to accumulate an Abhidharma, a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material appearing in the Suttas, according to schematic classifications. These Abhidharma texts do not contain systematic philosophical treatises, but summaries or numerical lists. Scholars generally date these texts to around the 3rd century BCE, 100 to 200 years after the death of the Buddha. Therefore the seven Abhidharma works are generally claimed not to represent the words of the Buddha himself, but those of disciples and great scholars.[note 38] Every school had its own version of the Abhidharma, with different theories and different texts. The different Abhidharmas of the various schools did not agree with each other. Scholars disagree on whether the Mahasanghika school had an Abhidhamma Pitaka or not.[note 38]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Abhidharma'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",80]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d26abd59d6e41400145fa2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The abhidharma texts do not contain treatises, but what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'summaries or numerical lists'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",289]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d26abd59d6e41400145fa3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Abhidharma texts are from what time?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'3rd century BCE'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",369]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d26abd59d6e41400145fa4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'There is a disagreement on whether a school had an Abhidhamma or not, which school is it?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mahasanghika'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",805]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d26abd59d6e41400145fa5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā sūtras, which are among the earliest Mahāyāna sūtras, developed among the Mahāsāṃghika along the Kṛṣṇa River in the Āndhra region of South India.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which sutras are among the earliest Mahayana sutras?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Prajñāpāramitā'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",42]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d26b3159d6e41400145faa'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Prajnaparamita sutras were developed along the krsna river in what region of South India?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Āndhra'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",173]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d26b3159d6e41400145fab'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The earliest Mahāyāna sūtras to include the very first versions of the Prajñāpāramitā genre, along with texts concerning Akṣobhya Buddha, which were probably written down in the 1st century BCE in the south of India. Guang Xing states, \"Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā probably developed among the Mahāsāṃghikas in southern India, in the Āndhra country, on the Kṛṣṇa River.\" A.K. Warder believes that \"the Mahāyāna originated in the south of India and almost certainly in the Āndhra country.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The earliest Mahayana sutra include the very first version of what genre?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Prajñāpāramitā'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",72]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d26bde59d6e41400145fb4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Texts concerning Aksobhya Buddha were written down in what century?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1st century BCE'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",179]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d26bde59d6e41400145fb5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Author Warder believes that the Mahayana originated in the south of India in what area?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Āndhra'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",363]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d26bde59d6e41400145fb6'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Anthony Barber and Sree Padma note that \"historians of Buddhist thought have been aware for quite some time that such pivotally important Mahayana Buddhist thinkers as Nāgārjuna, Dignaga, Candrakīrti, Āryadeva, and Bhavaviveka, among many others, formulated their theories while living in Buddhist communities in Āndhra.\" They note that the ancient Buddhist sites in the lower Kṛṣṇa Valley, including Amaravati, Nāgārjunakoṇḍā and Jaggayyapeṭa \"can be traced to at least the third century BCE, if not earlier.\" Akira Hirakawa notes the \"evidence suggests that many Early Mahayana scriptures originated in South India.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The ancient buddhist site  in the lower Krsna Valley can be traced to at least what century BCE?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'third'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",476]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d26d7d59d6e41400145fc7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Evidence suggests that many Early mahayana scriptures originated in what part of India?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'South'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",606]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d26d7d59d6e41400145fc8'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'There is no evidence that Mahāyāna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Initially it was known as Bodhisattvayāna (the \"Vehicle of the Bodhisattvas\"). Paul Williams has also noted that the Mahāyāna never had nor ever attempted to have a separate Vinaya or ordination lineage from the early schools of Buddhism, and therefore each bhikṣu or bhikṣuṇī adhering to the Mahāyāna formally belonged to an early school. This continues today with the Dharmaguptaka ordination lineage in East Asia, and the Mūlasarvāstivāda ordination lineage in Tibetan Buddhism. Therefore Mahāyāna was never a separate rival sect of the early schools. From Chinese monks visiting India, we now know that both Mahāyāna and non-Mahāyāna monks in India often lived in the same monasteries side by side.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'There is no evidence that Mahayana ever referred to a separate school of what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Buddhism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",89]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d26e4b59d6e41400145fcc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The mahayana never tried to have separte what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Vinaya'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",367]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d26e4b59d6e41400145fcd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'We know that both Mahayana and non Mahayana monks live in the same what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'monasteries'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",870]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d26e4b59d6e41400145fce'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Much of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mahāyāna comes from early Chinese translations of Mahāyāna texts. These Mahāyāna teachings were first propagated into China by Lokakṣema, the first translator of Mahāyāna sūtras into Chinese during the 2nd century CE.[note 39] Some scholars have traditionally considered the earliest Mahāyāna sūtras to include the very first versions of the Prajñāpāramitā series, along with texts concerning Akṣobhya Buddha, which were probably composed in the 1st century BCE in the south of India.[note 40]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Most of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mhayana comes from what type of translations?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Chinese'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",80]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2706859d6e41400145fdc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Mahayana teachings were first propagated into China by who?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Lokakṣema'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",181]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2706859d6e41400145fdd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The earliest Mahayana sutras included the very first versions of what series?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Prajñāpāramitā'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",396]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2706859d6e41400145fde'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Texts concerning Aksobhya Buddha were probably composed in what century BCE?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1st'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",500]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2706859d6e41400145fdf'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'During the period of Late Mahayana Buddhism, four major types of thought developed: Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic as the last and most recent. In India, the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were the Madhyamaka and the later Yogacara. According to Dan Lusthaus, Madhyamaka and Yogacara have a great deal in common, and the commonality stems from early Buddhism. There were no great Indian teachers associated with tathagatagarbha thought.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What four types of thought developed during the period of late mahayna buddhism?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",85]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2726659d6e41400145ff8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the latest thought type?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Buddhist Logic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",128]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2726659d6e41400145ff9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In India the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were Madhyamaka and what else?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Yogacara'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",97]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2726659d6e41400145ffa'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Buddhism may have spread only slowly in India until the time of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka, who was a public supporter of the religion. The support of Aśoka and his descendants led to the construction of more stūpas (Buddhist religious memorials) and to efforts to spread Buddhism throughout the enlarged Maurya empire and even into neighboring lands—particularly to the Iranian-speaking regions of Afghanistan and Central Asia, beyond the Mauryas' northwest border, and to the island of Sri Lanka south of India. These two missions, in opposite directions, would ultimately lead, in the first case to the spread of Buddhism into China, and in the second case, to the emergence of Theravāda Buddhism and its spread from Sri Lanka to the coastal lands of Southeast Asia.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Buddhism may have spread quickly because of what Mauryan emperor?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ashoka'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",85]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2733d59d6e41400146000'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The support of Asoka and his descendants led to what being built more?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'stūpas'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",210]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2733d59d6e41400146001'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does stupas mean in English?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Buddhist religious memorials'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",218]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2733d59d6e41400146002'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'This period marks the first known spread of Buddhism beyond India. According to the edicts of Aśoka, emissaries were sent to various countries west of India to spread Buddhism (Dharma), particularly in eastern provinces of the neighboring Seleucid Empire, and even farther to Hellenistic kingdoms of the Mediterranean. It is a matter of disagreement among scholars whether or not these emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist missionaries.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Emissaries were sent to various countries to what direct from India?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'west'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",144]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d273d059d6e41400146006'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Scholars disagree on whether emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'missionaries'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",427]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d273d059d6e41400146007'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What were the emissaries used for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'to spread Buddhism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",158]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d273d059d6e41400146008'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The gradual spread of Buddhism into adjacent areas meant that it came into contact with new ethnical groups. During this period Buddhism was exposed to a variety of influences, from Persian and Greek civilization, to changing trends in non-Buddhist Indian religions—themselves influenced by Buddhism. Striking examples of this syncretistic development can be seen in the emergence of Greek-speaking Buddhist monarchs in the Indo-Greek Kingdom, and in the development of the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhāra. A Greek king, Menander, has even been immortalized in the Buddhist canon.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The gradual spread of Buddhism exposed it to a variety of influences including what civilization?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Persian and Greek'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",183]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2779759d6e4140014601a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the Greek king immortalized in Buddhist canon?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Menander'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",521]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2779759d6e4140014601c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Theravada school spread south from India in the 3rd century BCE, to Sri Lanka and Thailand and Burma and later also Indonesia. The Dharmagupta school spread (also in 3rd century BCE) north to Kashmir, Gandhara and Bactria (Afghanistan).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Theravada school spread south from india in what century BCE?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'3rd century'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",53]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d277f759d6e41400146020'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Dharmagupta schol spread in what century to Kashmir?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'3rd century'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",53]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d277f759d6e41400146021'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Silk Road transmission of Buddhism to China is most commonly thought to have started in the late 2nd or the 1st century CE, though the literary sources are all open to question.[note 41] The first documented translation efforts by foreign Buddhist monks in China were in the 2nd century CE, probably as a consequence of the expansion of the Kushan Empire into the Chinese territory of the Tarim Basin.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the first documented translation efforts by foreign Buddhist monks in China?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2nd century CE'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",280]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2786c59d6e41400146025'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In the 2nd century CE, Mahayana Sutras spread to China, and then to Korea and Japan, and were translated into Chinese. During the Indian period of Esoteric Buddhism (from the 8th century onwards), Buddhism spread from India to Tibet and Mongolia.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Mahayana Sutras spread to China during what century?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2nd century CE'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",8]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d278ee59d6e41400146028'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What two countries after China was the Mahayana sutras spread?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Korea and Japan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",69]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d278ee59d6e41400146029'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Buddhism apread from India to Tibet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'8th century onwards'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",176]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d278ee59d6e4140014602a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'By the late Middle Ages, Buddhism had become virtually extinct in India, although it continued to exist in surrounding countries. It is now again gaining strength worldwide. China and India are now starting to fund Buddhist shrines in various Asian countries as they compete for influence in the region.[web 20]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'China and India are now starting to fund what type of shrines in various Asian countries?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Buddhist'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",216]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d28a5d59d6e41400146055'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Formal membership varies between communities, but basic lay adherence is often defined in terms of a traditional formula in which the practitioner takes refuge in The Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings of the Buddha), and the Sangha (the Buddhist community). At the present time, the teachings of all three branches of Buddhism have spread throughout the world, and Buddhist texts are increasingly translated into local languages. While in the West Buddhism is often seen as exotic and progressive, in the East it is regarded as familiar and traditional. Buddhists in Asia are frequently well organized and well funded. In countries such as Cambodia and Bhutan, it is recognized as the state religion and receives government support. Modern influences increasingly lead to new forms of Buddhism that significantly depart from traditional beliefs and practices.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the Dharma?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the teachings of the Buddha'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",206]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d28b0659d6e41400146063'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the Sangha?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Buddhist community'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",252]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d28b0659d6e41400146064'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'West Buddhism is often seen as exotic and what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'progressive'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",504]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d28b0659d6e41400146065'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'New forms of Buddhism are created because of what reason?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Modern influences'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",752]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d28b0659d6e41400146066'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'A number of modern movements or tendencies in Buddhism emerged during the second half of the 20th Century, including the Dalit Buddhist movement (also sometimes called 'neo-Buddhism'), Engaged Buddhism, and the further development of various Western Buddhist traditions.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did a number of modern movement in Buddhism emerge?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'second half of the 20th Century'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",75]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d28b6559d6e4140014606c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the Dalit buddhist movement sometimes called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'neo-Buddhism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",170]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d28b6559d6e4140014606d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In the second half of the 20th Century a modern movement in Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai (Value Creation Society) emerged in Japan and spread further to other countries. Soka Gakkai International (SGI) is a lay Buddhist movement linking more than 12 million people around the world, and is currently described as \"the most diverse\" and \"the largest lay Buddhist movement in the world\".[web 21]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What Buddhism emerged in the second half of the 20th century in Japan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",61]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d28bf559d6e4140014607a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does Soka Gakkai mean in English?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Value Creation Society'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",93]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d28bf559d6e4140014607b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What Buddhist movement has linked more than 12 million people?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Soka Gakkai International'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",173]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d28bf559d6e4140014607c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the largest Buddhist movement in the world?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'SGI'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",200]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d28bf559d6e4140014607d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Buddhism is practiced by an estimated 488 million,[web 1] 495 million, or 535 million people as of the 2010s, representing 7% to 8% of the world's total population.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What religion is practiced by an estimated 488 to 535 million people?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Buddhism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d28c4259d6e41400146082'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'China is the country with the largest population of Buddhists, approximately 244 million or 18.2% of its total population.[web 1] They are mostly followers of Chinese schools of Mahayana, making this the largest body of Buddhist traditions. Mahayana, also practiced in broader East Asia, is followed by over half of world Buddhists.[web 1]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What country has the largest population of Buddhists?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'China'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d28c9259d6e41400146086'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many Buddhists are in China?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'244 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",78]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d28c9259d6e41400146087'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'According to a demographic analysis reported by Peter Harvey (2013): Mahayana has 360 million adherents; Theravada has 150 million adherents; and Vajrayana has 18,2 million adherents. Seven million additional Buddhists are found outside of Asia.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How may adherents does Mahayana have?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'360 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",83]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d28ce759d6e41400146092'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many adherents does Thervada have?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'150 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",120]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d28ce759d6e41400146093'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many Buddists are outside of Asia?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Seven million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",185]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d28ce759d6e41400146095'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'According to Johnson and Grim (2013), Buddhism has grown from a total of 138 million adherents in 1910, of which 137 million were in Asia, to 495 million in 2010, of which 487 million are in Asia. According to them, there was a fast annual growth of Buddhism in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon and several Western European countries (1910–2010). More recently (2000–2010), the countries with highest growth rates are Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Iran and some African countries.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many Buddhists were there in 1910?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'138 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",74]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d28d3d59d6e4140014609a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many Buddhists are there in 2010?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'495 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",143]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d28d3d59d6e4140014609b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many buddhists are in Asia?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'487 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",173]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d28d3d59d6e4140014609c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Some scholars[note 44] use other schemes. Buddhists themselves have a variety of other schemes. Hinayana (literally \"lesser vehicle\") is used by Mahayana followers to name the family of early philosophical schools and traditions from which contemporary Theravada emerged, but as this term is rooted in the Mahayana viewpoint and can be considered derogatory, a variety of other terms are increasingly used instead, including Śrāvakayāna, Nikaya Buddhism, early Buddhist schools, sectarian Buddhism, conservative Buddhism, mainstream Buddhism and non-Mahayana Buddhism.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does Hinayana mean in English?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'lesser vehicle'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",118]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d28e7059d6e414001460a8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is used by Mahayana followers to name the early schools?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hinayana'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",97]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d28e7059d6e414001460a9'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Not all traditions of Buddhism share the same philosophical outlook, or treat the same concepts as central. Each tradition, however, does have its own core concepts, and some comparisons can be drawn between them. For example, according to one Buddhist ecumenical organization,[web 23] several concepts common to both major Buddhist branches:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Each tradition has its own core what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'concepts'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",88]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d28ecf59d6e414001460b2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'there are common concepts to both major buddhist branches according to what organization?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Buddhist ecumenical organization'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",245]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d28ecf59d6e414001460b3'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Theravada (\"Doctrine of the Elders\", or \"Ancient Doctrine\") is the oldest surviving Buddhist school. It is relatively conservative, and generally closest to early Buddhism. The name Theravāda comes from the ancestral Sthāvirīya, one of the early Buddhist schools, from which the Theravadins claim descent. After unsuccessfully trying to modify the Vinaya, a small group of \"elderly members\", i.e. sthaviras, broke away from the majority Mahāsāṃghika during the Second Buddhist council, giving rise to the Sthavira sect. Sinhalese Buddhist reformers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries portrayed the Pali Canon as the original version of scripture. 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It has a growing presence in the west.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where is there a growing presence of Theravada?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the west'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",185]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d291c759d6e414001460be'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Theravadin Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth. Monks follow the vinaya: meditating, teaching and serving their lay communities. Laypersons can perform good actions, producing merit.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Theravadin'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2924159d6e414001460c2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Laypersons can perform good actions, producing what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'merit'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",211]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2924159d6e414001460c4'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Mahayana Buddhism flourished in India from the 5th century CE onwards, during the dynasty of the Guptas. Mahāyāna centres of learning were established, the most important one being the Nālandā University in north-eastern India.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the most important Mahayana centre of learning?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Nālandā University'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",186]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2929e59d6e414001460c9'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Mahayana schools recognize all or part of the Mahayana Sutras. Some of these sutras became for Mahayanists a manifestation of the Buddha himself, and faith in and veneration of those texts are stated in some sutras (e.g. the Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra) to lay the foundations for the later attainment of Buddhahood itself.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Mahayana schools recognize all or part of what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mahayana Sutras'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",47]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d293b759d6e414001460cc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'A few of the sutras for Mahayanists became a manifestation of who?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Buddha'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",127]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d293b759d6e414001460cd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Faith in and veneration of Mahayana are stated in what sutras?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",226]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d293b759d6e414001460ce'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Native Mahayana Buddhism is practiced today in China, Japan, Korea, Singapore, parts of Russia and most of Vietnam (also commonly referred to as \"Eastern Buddhism\"). The Buddhism practiced in Tibet, the Himalayan regions, and Mongolia is also Mahayana in origin, but is discussed below under the heading of Vajrayana (also commonly referred to as \"Northern Buddhism\"). There are a variety of strands in Eastern Buddhism, of which \"the Pure Land school of Mahayana is the most widely practised today.\". In most of this area however, they are fused into a single unified form of Buddhism. In Japan in particular, they form separate denominations with the five major ones being: Nichiren, peculiar to Japan; Pure Land; Shingon, a form of Vajrayana; Tendai, and Zen. In Korea, nearly all Buddhists belong to the Chogye school, which is officially Son (Zen), but with substantial elements from other traditions.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Native Mahayana buddhism is also called what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Eastern Buddhism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",147]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2946f59d6e414001460d2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Buddhism practiced in Tibet, the Himalayan regions and Mongolia are often referred to as?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Northern Buddhism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",349]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2946f59d6e414001460d3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the most widely practised Eastern Buddhism?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Pure Land school of Mahayana'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",432]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2946f59d6e414001460d4'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Various classes of Vajrayana literature developed as a result of royal courts sponsoring both Buddhism and Saivism. The Mañjusrimulakalpa, which later came to classified under Kriyatantra, states that mantras taught in the Saiva, Garuda and Vaisnava tantras will be effective if applied by Buddhists since they were all taught originally by Manjushri. The Guhyasiddhi of Padmavajra, a work associated with the Guhyasamaja tradition, prescribes acting as a Saiva guru and initiating members into Saiva Siddhanta scriptures and mandalas. The Samvara tantra texts adopted the pitha list from the Saiva text Tantrasadbhava, introducing a copying error where a deity was mistaken for a place.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The royal courts sponsored both Buddhism and what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Saivism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",108]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2955559d6e414001460e2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Mantras taught in the Saiva, Garuda, and Vaisnava tantra will be effective if applied by who?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Buddhists'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",291]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2955559d6e414001460e3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What work is associated with Guhyasamaja tradition?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Guhyasiddhi of Padmavajra'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",353]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2955559d6e414001460e4'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Buddhist scriptures and other texts exist in great variety. Different schools of Buddhism place varying levels of value on learning the various texts. Some schools venerate certain texts as religious objects in themselves, while others take a more scholastic approach. Buddhist scriptures are mainly written in Pāli, Tibetan, Mongolian, and Chinese. 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However, some scholars have referred to the Vinaya Pitaka and the first four Nikayas of the Sutta Pitaka as the common core of all Buddhist traditions.[page needed] This could be considered misleading, as Mahāyāna considers these merely a preliminary, and not a core, teaching. The Tibetan Buddhists have not even translated most of the āgamas (though theoretically they recognize them) and they play no part in the religious life of either clergy or laity in China and Japan. Other scholars say there is no universally accepted common core. 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More recently, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar attempted to create a single, combined document of Buddhist principles in \"The Buddha and His Dhamma\". 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We have portions of the Tipitakas of the Sārvāstivāda, Dharmaguptaka, Sammitya, Mahāsaṅghika, Kāśyapīya, and Mahīśāsaka schools, most of which survive in Chinese translation only. According to some sources, some early schools of Buddhism had five or seven pitakas.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the only Tipitaka to survive intact in its original language?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pāli Tipitaka'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d29b0e59d6e41400146128'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Is is said that some early schools of buddhism had how many pitakas?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'five or seven'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",462]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d29b0e59d6e41400146129'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'According to the scriptures, soon after the death of the Buddha, the first Buddhist council was held; a monk named Mahākāśyapa (Pāli: Mahākassapa) presided. The goal of the council was to record the Buddha's teachings. Upāli recited the vinaya. Ānanda, the Buddha's personal attendant, was called upon to recite the dhamma. These became the basis of the Tripitaka. However, this record was initially transmitted orally in form of chanting, and was committed to text in the last century BCE. Both the sūtras and the vinaya of every Buddhist school contain a wide variety of elements including discourses on the Dharma, commentaries on other teachings, cosmological and cosmogonical texts, stories of the Gautama Buddha's previous lives, and various other subjects.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which monk presided after the death of the Buddha?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mahākāśyapa'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",116]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d29bca59d6e4140014612c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the goal of the council?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'to record the Buddha's teachings'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",186]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d29bca59d6e4140014612d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'the vinaya was recited by?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Upāli'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",220]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d29bca59d6e4140014612e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the Buddha's personal attendant?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ānanda'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",246]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d29bca59d6e4140014612f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Ananda was called upon to recite what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'dhamma'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",317]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d29bca59d6e41400146130'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Much of the material in the Canon is not specifically \"Theravadin\", but is instead the collection of teachings that this school preserved from the early, non-sectarian body of teachings. According to Peter Harvey, it contains material at odds with later Theravadin orthodoxy. He states: \"The Theravadins, then, may have added texts to the Canon for some time, but they do not appear to have tampered with what they already had from an earlier period.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Much of the material in the Canon is not specifically what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Theravadin'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",56]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d29c7059d6e41400146136'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who may have added texts to the Canon for some time?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Theravadins'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",289]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d29c7059d6e41400146137'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Mahayana sutras are a very broad genre of Buddhist scriptures that the Mahayana Buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of the Buddha. Some adherents of Mahayana accept both the early teachings (including in this the Sarvastivada Abhidharma, which was criticized by Nagarjuna and is in fact opposed to early Buddhist thought) and the Mahayana sutras as authentic teachings of Gautama Buddha, and claim they were designed for different types of persons and different levels of spiritual understanding.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are considered the original teachings of the Buddha?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mahayana sutras'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d29d4659d6e41400146144'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a very broad genre of Buddhist scripture?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mahayana sutras'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d29d4659d6e41400146145'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What teaching was criticized by Nagarjuna?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sarvastivada Abhidharma'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",230]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d29d4659d6e41400146146'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Mahayana sutras often claim to articulate the Buddha's deeper, more advanced doctrines, reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path. That path is explained as being built upon the motivation to liberate all living beings from unhappiness. Hence the name Mahāyāna (lit., the Great Vehicle).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What sutras are reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mahayana'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d29dd059d6e4140014614a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does Mahayana mean?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Great Vehicle'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",282]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d29dd059d6e4140014614b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What path is described as being built upon the motivation to liberate all living beings?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'bodhisattva path'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",127]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d29dd059d6e4140014614c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'According to Mahayana tradition, the Mahayana sutras were transmitted in secret, came from other Buddhas or Bodhisattvas, or were preserved in non-human worlds because human beings at the time could not understand them:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What sutras were transmitted in secret?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mahayana'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",14]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d29e6759d6e41400146150'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What sutras could have been preserved in non-human worlds?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mahayana'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",14]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d29e6759d6e41400146151'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What tradition says that sutras might have come from other Buddhas or Bodhisattvas?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mahayana tradition'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",14]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d29e6759d6e41400146152'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Approximately six hundred Mahayana sutras have survived in Sanskrit or in Chinese or Tibetan translations. In addition, East Asian Buddhism recognizes some sutras regarded by scholars as of Chinese rather than Indian origin.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many Mahayana sutras have survivied in Sanskrit or in Chinese or Tibetan translations?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'six hundred'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",15]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d29ed559d6e41400146156'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What buddhism recognizes sutras of Chinese origin?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'East Asian Buddhism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",121]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d29ed559d6e41400146157'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Generally, scholars conclude that the Mahayana scriptures were composed from the 1st century CE onwards: \"Large numbers of Mahayana sutras were being composed in the period between the beginning of the common era and the fifth century\", five centuries after the historical Gautama Buddha. Some of these had their roots in other scriptures composed in the 1st century BCE. It was not until after the 5th century CE that the Mahayana sutras started to influence the behavior of mainstream Buddhists in India: \"But outside of texts, at least in India, at exactly the same period, very different—in fact seemingly older—ideas and aspirations appear to be motivating actual behavior, and old and established Hinnayana groups appear to be the only ones that are patronized and supported.\" These texts were apparently not universally accepted among Indian Buddhists when they appeared; the pejorative label Hinayana was applied by Mahayana supporters to those who rejected the Mahayana sutras.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Mahayana sutras start to influence the behavior of mainstream buddhists in India?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'after the 5th century CE'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",390]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d29fc959d6e4140014615c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the pejorative label for those that rejected Mahayana sutras?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hinayana'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",901]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d29fc959d6e4140014615d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Only the Theravada school does not include the Mahayana scriptures in its canon. As the modern Theravada school is descended from a branch of Buddhism that diverged and established itself in Sri Lanka prior to the emergence of the Mahayana texts, debate exists as to whether the Theravada were historically included in the hinayana designation; in the modern era, this label is seen as derogatory, and is generally avoided.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What school does not include the Mahayava scriptures in its canon?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Theravada'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",6]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2a05e59d6e41400146162'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The modern Theravada school stablished itself in what country?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sri Lanka'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",192]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2a05e59d6e41400146163'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What Mahayana related label is considered derogatory?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'hinayana'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",324]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2a05e59d6e41400146164'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Scholar Isabelle Onians asserts that although \"the Mahāyāna ... very occasionally referred contemptuously to earlier Buddhism as the Hinayāna, the Inferior Way,\" \"the preponderance of this name in the secondary literature is far out of proportion to occurrences in the Indian texts.\" She notes that the term Śrāvakayāna was \"the more politically correct and much more usual\" term used by Mahāyānists. Jonathan Silk has argued that the term \"Hinayana\" was used to refer to whomever one wanted to criticize on any given occasion, and did not refer to any definite grouping of Buddhists.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The mahayana occasionally referred to early Buddhism as what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hinayana'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",442]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2a16f59d6e41400146168'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What term was more politically correct term for the word Hinayana?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Śrāvakayāna'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",309]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2a16f59d6e4140014616a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Buddhism provides many opportunities for comparative study with a diverse range of subjects. For example, Buddhism's emphasis on the Middle way not only provides a unique guideline for ethics but has also allowed Buddhism to peacefully coexist with various differing beliefs, customs and institutions in countries where it has resided throughout its history. Also, its moral and spiritual parallels with other systems of thought—for example, with various tenets of Christianity—have been subjects of close study. In addition, the Buddhist concept of dependent origination has been compared to modern scientific thought, as well as Western metaphysics.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What provides chances for comparative study with a large range of subjects?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Buddhism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2a28059d6e4140014616e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Buddhism's emphasis on the Middle Way provides a guideline for what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ethics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",186]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2a28059d6e4140014616f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Buddism has what kind of parallels withother systems of thought?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'moral and spiritual'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",370]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2a28059d6e41400146170'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Buddhism had similiar tenets to what other common religion?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Christianity'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",466]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2a28059d6e41400146171'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Buddhist concept of dependent origination has been compared to what modern thought?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'scientific'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",601]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2a28059d6e41400146172'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'There are differences of opinion on the question of whether or not Buddhism should be considered a religion. Many sources commonly refer to Buddhism as a religion. For example:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What school of thought is questioned on whether or not it is a religion?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Buddhism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",68]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2a34459d6e41400146178'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is often referred to as a religion by many sources?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Buddhism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",68]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2a34459d6e41400146179'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Buddhism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'American Idol is an American singing competition series created by Simon Fuller and produced by 19 Entertainment, and is distributed by FremantleMedia North America. It began airing on Fox on June 11, 2002, as an addition to the Idols format based on the British series Pop Idol and has since become one of the most successful shows in the history of American television. The concept of the series is to find new solo recording artists, with the winner being determined by the viewers in America. Winners chosen by viewers through telephone, Internet, and SMS text voting were Kelly Clarkson, Ruben Studdard, Fantasia Barrino, Carrie Underwood, Taylor Hicks, Jordin Sparks, David Cook, Kris Allen, Lee DeWyze, Scotty McCreery, Phillip Phillips, Candice Glover, Caleb Johnson, and Nick Fradiani.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is the creator of American Idol?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Simon Fuller'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",68]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d21eb1e7d4791d00902667'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What company produces American idol?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'19 Entertainment'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",97]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d21eb1e7d4791d00902668'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did American Idol begin airing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2002'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",202]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d21eb1e7d4791d00902669'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What British show is American Idols format based on?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pop Idol'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",271]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d21eb1e7d4791d0090266a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What television network does American Idol air on?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Fox'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",186]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d21eb1e7d4791d0090266b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What company produces American Idol?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'19 Entertainment'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",97]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3661659d6e414001462d7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What British series is American Idols format based on?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pop Idol'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",271]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3661659d6e414001462d8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who created American Idol?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Simon Fuller'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",68]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daebe7e7c41114004b4b15'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who produced American Idol?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'19 Entertainment'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",97]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daebe7e7c41114004b4b16'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did American Idol first air on TV?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'June 11, 2002'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",193]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daebe7e7c41114004b4b18'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What British show was American Idol based on?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pop Idol'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",271]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daebe7e7c41114004b4b19'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'American Idol'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'American Idol employs a panel of judges who critique the contestants' performances. The original judges were record producer and music manager Randy Jackson, pop singer and choreographer Paula Abdul and music executive and manager Simon Cowell. The judging panel for the most recent season consisted of country singer Keith Urban, singer and actress Jennifer Lopez, and jazz singer Harry Connick, Jr. The show was originally hosted by radio personality Ryan Seacrest and comedian Brian Dunkleman, with Seacrest continuing on for the rest of the seasons.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What record producer was an original judge on American Idol?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Randy Jackson'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",144]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2202ce7d4791d00902679'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What comedian was an original host on American Idol? 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'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jennifer Lopez'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",351]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2202ce7d4791d0090267c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was a host on all seasons of American Idol?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ryan Seacrest'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",454]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d2202ce7d4791d0090267d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What comedian was an original host on American Idol?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Brian Dunkleman'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",481]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3665c59d6e414001462e1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What pop singer was an original judge on American Idol?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Paula Abdul'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",188]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3665c59d6e414001462e2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What actress is a judge on the most current season of American Idol?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jennifer Lopez'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",351]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3665c59d6e414001462e3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which original judge was a record producer and music manager?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Randy Jackson'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",144]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daec56e7c41114004b4b1f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which original judge was a choreographer?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Paula Abdul'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",188]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daec56e7c41114004b4b20'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which original judge was a music executive?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Simon Cowell'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",232]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daec56e7c41114004b4b21'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which judge is a country music singer?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Keith Urban'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",319]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daec56e7c41114004b4b22'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which judge is a jazz singer?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Harry Connick, Jr.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",383]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daec56e7c41114004b4b23'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'American Idol'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The success of American Idol has been described as \"unparalleled in broadcasting history\". The series was also said by a rival TV executive to be \"the most impactful show in the history of television\". It has become a recognized springboard for launching the career of many artists as bona fide stars. According to Billboard magazine, in its first ten years, \"Idol has spawned 345 Billboard chart-toppers and a platoon of pop idols, including Kelly Clarkson, Carrie Underwood, Chris Daughtry, Fantasia, Ruben Studdard, Jennifer Hudson, Clay Aiken, Adam Lambert and Jordin Sparks while remaining a TV ratings juggernaut.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many Billboard hits did American Idol produce in its first ten years?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'345'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",378]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d22394e7d4791d0090269b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was a pop idol that started on American Idol?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Kelly Clarkson'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",444]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d22394e7d4791d0090269c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who called American Idol \"the most impactful show in the history of television\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a rival TV executive'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",120]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d22394e7d4791d0090269d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was a pop idol that started on American Idol?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Carrie Underwood'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",460]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d22394e7d4791d0090269e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was a pop idol that started on American Idol?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Fantasia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",494]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d22394e7d4791d0090269f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was a pop idol that started on American Idol?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Carrie Underwood'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",460]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d366bb59d6e414001462ed'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was a pop idol that started on American Idol?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Fantasia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",494]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d366bb59d6e414001462ee'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many Billboard chart toppers did American Idol contestants have within the first ten seasons?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'345'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",378]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daece1e7c41114004b4b29'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who said that American Idol is \"the most impactful show in the history of televsion?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a rival TV executive'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",120]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daece1e7c41114004b4b2a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'American Idol'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'For an unprecedented eight consecutive years, from the 2003–04 television season through the 2010–11 season, either its performance or result show had been ranked number one in U.S. television ratings. The popularity of American Idol however declined, and on May 11, 2015, Fox announced that the series would conclude its run in its fifteenth season.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did FOX announce that American Idol was cancelled?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2015'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",268]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d223d5e7d4791d009026a5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did FOX announce the cancellation of American Idol?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2015'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",268]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d366ee59d6e414001462f4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'For how many seasons did American Idol air? 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Television producer Nigel Lythgoe saw it in Australia and helped bring it over to Britain. Fuller was inspired by the idea from Popstars of employing a panel of judges to select singers in audition. He then added other elements, such as telephone voting by the viewing public (which at the time was already in use in shows such as the Eurovision Song Contest), the drama of backstories and real-life soap opera unfolding in real time. 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However, Rupert Murdoch, head of Fox's parent company, was persuaded to buy the show by his daughter Elisabeth, who was a fan of the British show. The show was renamed American Idol: The Search for a Superstar and debuted in the summer of 2002. Cowell was initially offered the job as showrunner but refused; Lythgoe then took over that position. Much to Cowell's surprise, it became one of the hit shows for the summer that year. The show, with the personal engagement of the viewers with the contestants through voting, and the presence of the acid-tongued Cowell as a judge, grew into a phenomenon. 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The contestants must be legal U.S. residents, cannot have advanced to particular stages of the competition in previous seasons (varies depending on the season, currently by the semi-final stage until season thirteen), and must not hold any current recording or talent representation contract by the semi-final stage (in previous years by the audition stage).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the upper age limit for contestants on American Idol?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'twenty-eight'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",64]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d36a9f59d6e41400146339'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the age limit increased to 28?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'season four'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",215]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daf3c0e7c41114004b4b89'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Currently, contestants can not have a recording track by what stage of the competition? 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Between 10–60 people in each city may make it to Hollywood[citation needed].'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many auditions are there before contestants audition for the judges?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'at least three'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",24]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d36b3d59d6e4140014633f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which audition stage is televised?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the judges'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",439]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d36b3d59d6e41400146340'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many contestants make it through the initial auditions in each city?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a few hundred'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",237]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d36b3d59d6e41400146341'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the only televised portion of the preliminary audition rounds?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'in front of the judges'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",427]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daf479e7c41114004b4b91'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many rounds can a contestant make it through before Hollywood?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'three'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",33]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daf479e7c41114004b4b92'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who do contestants sing for in the second round of cuts during auditions?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'producers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",170]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daf479e7c41114004b4b93'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'If contestants get approval from the judges, where do they go next?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hollywood'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",546]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daf479e7c41114004b4b94'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'American Idol'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Once in Hollywood, the contestants perform individually or in groups in a series of rounds. Until season ten, there were usually three rounds of eliminations in Hollywood. In the first round the contestants emerged in groups but performed individually. For the next round, the contestants put themselves in small groups and perform a song together. In the final round, the contestants perform solo with a song of their choice a cappella or accompanied by a band‍—‌depending on the season. In seasons two and three, contestants were also asked to write original lyrics or melody in an additional round after the first round. In season seven, the group round was eliminated and contestants may, after a first solo performance and on judges approval, skip a second solo round and move directly to the final Hollywood round. In season twelve, the executive producers split up the females and males and chose the members to form the groups in the group round.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which season did not have a group round in Hollywood?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'seven'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",635]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d36bc559d6e41400146346'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which seasons were contestants required to write original lyrics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'two and three'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",501]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d36bc559d6e41400146347'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many Hollywood rounds were there in the first nine seasons?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'usually three'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",122]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d36bc559d6e41400146348'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which season were contestants separated by gender to form groups?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'twelve'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",832]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d36bc559d6e41400146349'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many rounds of cuts were in the Hollywood stage until season ten?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'three'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",130]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daf539e7c41114004b4ba4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was eliminated from the Hollywood round in Season seven?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'groups'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",63]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daf539e7c41114004b4ba5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which seasons did contestants have to write an original lyric or melody?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'seasons two and three'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",493]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daf539e7c41114004b4ba7'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'American Idol'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In seasons ten and eleven, a further round was added in Las Vegas, where the contestants perform in groups based on a theme, followed by one final solo round to determine the semi-finalists. At the end of this stage of the competition, 24 to 36 contestants are selected to move on to the semi-final stage. In season twelve the Las Vegas round became a Sudden Death round, where the judges had to choose five guys and five girls each night (four nights) to make the top twenty. In season thirteen, a new round called \"Hollywood or Home\" was added, where if the judges were uncertain about some contestants, those contestants were required to perform soon after landing in Los Angeles, and those who failed to impress were sent back home before they reached Hollywood.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what city did contestants perform an additional round in seasons ten and eleven?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Las Vegas'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",57]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d36c0559d6e4140014634e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the Las Vegas round called in season twelve?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sudden Death'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",353]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d36c0559d6e4140014634f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which season was the \"Hollywood or Home\" round added to the competition?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'twelve'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",317]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d36c0559d6e41400146350'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'American Idol'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'From the semi-finals onwards, the fate of the contestants is decided by public vote. During the contestant's performance as well as the recap at the end, a toll-free telephone number for each contestant is displayed on the screen. For a two-hour period after the episode ends (up to four hours for the finale) in each US time zone, viewers may call or send a text message to their preferred contestant's telephone number, and each call or text message is registered as a vote for that contestant. Viewers are allowed to vote as many times as they can within the two-hour voting window. However, the show reserves the right to discard votes by power dialers. One or more of the least popular contestants may be eliminated in successive weeks until a winner emerges. Over 110 million votes were cast in the first season, and by season ten the seasonal total had increased to nearly 750 million. Voting via text messaging was made available in the second season when AT&T Wireless joined as a sponsor of the show, and 7.5 million text messages were sent to American Idol that season. The number of text messages rapidly increased, reaching 178 million texts by season eight. Online voting was offered for the first time in season ten. The votes are counted and verified by Telescope Inc.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many text message votes were there in season eight?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'178 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1138]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d36c4859d6e41400146355'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which season was online voting introduced?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ten'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",834]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d36c4859d6e41400146356'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What company counts the votes on American Idol? 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In season one, there were three groups of ten, with the top three contestants from each group making the finals. In seasons two and three, there were four groups of eight, and the top two of each selected. These seasons also featured a wildcard round, where contestants who failed to qualify were given another chance. In season one, only one wildcard contestant was chosen by the judges, giving a total of ten finalists. In seasons two and three, each of the three judges championed one contestant with the public advancing a fourth into the finals, making 12 finalists in all.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many finalists were there on the first season of American Idol?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ten'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",174]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d36ce959d6e4140014635e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the round that gives failed contestants another chance?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'wildcard'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",368]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d36ce959d6e41400146360'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How were the semi-finalists split up to perform in season one?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'three groups of ten'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",158]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daf725e7c41114004b4bc7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How were the semi-finalists split up to perform in seasons two and three?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'four groups of eight'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",282]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daf725e7c41114004b4bc8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the wildcard round become a factor?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'season one'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",135]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daf725e7c41114004b4bc9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many finalists were chosen for season one?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ten'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",174]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daf725e7c41114004b4bca'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many finalists made it to the finals for seasons two and three?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'12'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",690]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daf725e7c41114004b4bcb'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'American Idol'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'From seasons four to seven and nine, the twenty-four semi-finalists were divided by gender in order to ensure an equal gender division in the top twelve. The men and women sang separately on consecutive nights, and the bottom two in each groups were eliminated each week until only six of each remained to form the top twelve.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many semi-finalists were there in season 4?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'twenty-four'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",42]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d36d2859d6e41400146366'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How were the semi-finalists divided in season four?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'by gender'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",82]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d36d2859d6e41400146367'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many men were in the top twelve on season five of American Idol?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'six'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",283]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d36d2859d6e41400146368'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many women were in the top twelve on season nine of American Idol?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'six'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",283]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d36d2859d6e41400146369'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many women were semi-finalists on season six of American Idol?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'twelve'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",147]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d36d2859d6e4140014636a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'American Idol'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The wildcard round returned in season eight, wherein there were three groups of twelve, with three contestants moving forward – the highest male, the highest female, and the next highest-placed singer - for each night, and four wildcards were chosen by the judges to produce a final 13. Starting season ten, the girls and boys perform on separate nights. In seasons ten and eleven, five of each gender were chosen, and three wildcards were chosen by the judges to form a final 13. In season twelve, the top twenty semifinalists were split into gender groups, with five of each gender advancing to form the final 10. In season thirteen, there were thirty semifinalists, but only twenty semifinalists (ten for each gender) were chosen by the judges to perform on the live shows, with five in each gender and three wildcards chosen by the judges composing the final 13.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many wildcards were chosen by the judges in season eight?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'four'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",224]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d36d5f59d6e41400146370'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many wildcard contestants were advanced in the competition in season ten?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'three'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",65]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d36d5f59d6e41400146371'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many women were in the top ten in season twelve?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'five'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",383]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d36d5f59d6e41400146372'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many finalists were there in season eight?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'thirteen'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",627]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d36d5f59d6e41400146373'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What season saw the return of the Wild Card round?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'season eight'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",32]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daf8e2e7c41114004b4bd9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many contestants moved forward from each round?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'three'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",65]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daf8e2e7c41114004b4bdb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many wildcard contestants were chosen?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'four'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",224]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daf8e2e7c41114004b4bdc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many contestants were finalists for season 12?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'10'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",613]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daf8e2e7c41114004b4bdd'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'American Idol'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The finals are broadcast in prime time from CBS Television City in Los Angeles, in front of a live studio audience. The finals lasted eight weeks in season one, eleven weeks in subsequent seasons until seasons ten and eleven which lasted twelve weeks except for season twelve, which lasted ten weeks, and season thirteen, which lasted for thirteen weeks. Each finalist performs songs based on a weekly theme which may be a musical genre such as Motown, disco, or big band, songs by artists such as Michael Jackson, Elvis Presley or The Beatles, or more general themes such as Billboard Number 1 hits or songs from the contestant's year of birth. Contestants usually work with a celebrity mentor related to the theme. In season ten, Jimmy Iovine was brought in as a mentor for the season. Initially the contestants sing one song each week, but this is increased to two songs from top four or five onwards, then three songs for the top two or three.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where studio hosts the live final rounds on American Idol?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'CBS Television City'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",45]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d36db659d6e41400146378'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the mentor on season ten of American Idol? 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Instead, typically the three contestants (two in later rounds) who received the lowest number of votes are called to the center of the stage. One of these three is usually sent to safety; however the two remaining are not necessarily the bottom two. The contestant with the fewest votes is then revealed and eliminated from the competition. A montage of the eliminated contestant's time on the show is played and they give their final performance. However, in season six, during the series' first ever Idol Gives Back episode, no contestant was eliminated, but on the following week, two were sent home. Moreover, starting in season eight, the judges may overturn viewers' decision with a \"Judges' Save\" if they unanimously agree to. \"The save\" can only be used once, and only up through the top five. In the eighth, ninth, tenth, and fourteenth seasons, a double elimination then took place in the week following the activation of the save, but in the eleventh and thirteenth seasons, a regular single elimination took place. 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For seasons one, three through six, and fourteen, it was broadcast from the Dolby Theatre, which has an audience capacity of approximately 3,400. The finale for season two took place at the Gibson Amphitheatre, which has an audience capacity of over 6,000. 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The casting of a popular Idol contestant can lead to significantly increased ticket sales. Other alumni have gone on to work in television and films, the most notable being Jennifer Hudson who, on the recommendation of the Idol vocal coach Debra Byrd, won a role in Dreamgirls and subsequently received an Academy Award for her performance.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which American Idol contestant won an Oscar for Dreamgirls? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jennifer Hudson'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",403]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d3897859d6e414001466a1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What job does Debra Byrd do on American Idol? 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Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly considered that \"As TV, American Idol is crazily entertaining; as music, it's dust-mote inconsequential\". Others, however, thought that \"the most striking aspect of the series was the genuine talent it revealed\". It was also described as a \"sadistic musical bake-off\", and \"a romp in humiliation\". Other aspects of the show have attracted criticisms. The product placement in the show in particular was noted, and some critics were harsh about what they perceived as its blatant commercial calculations – Karla Peterson of The San Diego Union-Tribune charged that American Idol is \"a conniving multimedia monster\" that has \"absorbed the sin of our debauched culture and spit them out in a lump of reconstituted evil\". The decision to send the season one winner to sing the national anthem at the Lincoln Memorial on the first anniversary of the September 11 attacks in 2002 was also poorly received by many. Lisa de Moraes of The Washington Post noted sarcastically that \"The terrorists have won\" and, with a sideswipe at the show's commercialism and voting process, that the decision as to who \"gets to turn this important site into just another cog in the 'Great American Idol Marketing Mandala' is in the hands of the millions of girls who have made American Idol a hit. Them and a handful of phone-redialer geeks who have been clocking up to 10,000 calls each week for their contestant of choice (but who, according to Fox, are in absolutely no way skewing the outcome).\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What publication does Ken Tucker work for? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Entertainment Weekly'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",61]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d389a959d6e414001466a5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did American Idols first winner sing at the Lincoln Memorial in 2002? 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Pop music critic Ann Powers nevertheless suggested that Idol has \"reshaped the American songbook\", \"led us toward a new way of viewing ourselves in relationship to mainstream popular culture\", and connects \"the classic Hollywood dream to the multicentered popular culture of the future.\" Others focused on the personalities in the show; Ramin Setoodeh of Newsweek accused judge Simon Cowell's cruel critiques in the show of helping to establish in the wider world a culture of meanness, that \"Simon Cowell has dragged the rest of us in the mud with him.\" Some such as singer John Mayer disparaged the contestants, suggesting that those who appeared on Idol are not real artists with self-respect.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What publication does Michael Slezak write for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Entertainment Weekly'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",87]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d389de59d6e414001466ab'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was accused of being mean and cruel on American Idol? 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Usher, a mentor on the show, bemoaning the loss of the \"true art form of music\", thought that shows like American Idol made it seem \"so easy that everyone can do it, and that it can happen overnight\", and that \"television is a lie\". Musician Michael Feinstein, while acknowledging that the show had uncovered promising performers, said that American Idol \"isn't really about music. It's about all the bad aspects of the music business – the arrogance of commerce, this sense of 'I know what will make this person a star; artists themselves don't know.' \" That American Idol is seen to be a fast track to success for its contestants has been a cause of resentment for some in the industry. LeAnn Rimes, commenting on Carrie Underwood winning Best Female Artist in Country Music Awards over Faith Hill in 2006, said that \"Carrie has not paid her dues long enough to fully deserve that award\". It is a common theme that has been echoed by many others. Elton John, who had appeared as a mentor in the show but turned down an offer to be a judge on American Idol, commenting on talent shows in general, said that \"there have been some good acts but the only way to sustain a career is to pay your dues in small clubs\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What famous singer declined an offer to be a judge on American Idol after having been a mentor? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Elton John'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1038]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d38a1559d6e414001466b3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did Carrie Underwood win a Country Music Award for Best Female Artist? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2006'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",892]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d38a1559d6e414001466b4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What singer criticized Carrie Underwood for winning a Country Music Award? 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While the industry is divided on the show success, its impact is felt particularly strongly in the country music format. According to a CMT exec, reflecting on the success of Idol alumni in the country genre, \"if you want to try and get famous fast by going to a cattle call audition on TV, Idol reasonably remains the first choice for anyone,\" and that country music and Idol \"go together well\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which music genre has had the most success from American Idol? 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The show was estimated to generate $900 million for the year 2004 through sales of TV ads, albums, merchandise and concert tickets. By season seven, the show was estimated to earn around $900 million from its ad revenue alone, not including ancillary sponsorship deals and other income. One estimate puts the total TV revenue for the first eight seasons of American at $6.4 billion. Sponsors that bought fully integrated packages can expect a variety of promotions of their products on the show, such as product placement, adverts and product promotion integrated into the show, and various promotional opportunities. Other off-air promotional partners pay for the rights to feature \"Idol\" branding on their packaging, products and marketing programs. 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In some cultures, however, dogs are a source of meat.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the most common phrase, or nickname, used by people in the United States to describe dogs in general?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'man's best friend'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",246]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4bb172ccc5a1400d83186'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What moniker has been given to dogs in Western cultures?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'man's best friend'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",246]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9984fdc89441400fdb592'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Dogs are a source of what in some cultures?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'meat'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",335]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9984fdc89441400fdb593'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The term \"domestic dog\" is generally used for both of the domesticated and feral varieties. The English word dog comes from Middle English dogge, from Old English docga, a \"powerful dog breed\". The term may possibly derive from Proto-Germanic *dukkōn, represented in Old English finger-docce (\"finger-muscle\"). The word also shows the familiar petname diminutive -ga also seen in frogga \"frog\", picga \"pig\", stagga \"stag\", wicga \"beetle, worm\", among others. The term dog may ultimately derive from the earliest layer of Proto-Indo-European vocabulary.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the Proto-Germanic word that \"dog\" may have come from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'dukkōn'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",245]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4bc242ccc5a1400d8318b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What may be the earliest vocabulary that the word \"dog\" came from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Proto-Indo-European'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",522]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4bc242ccc5a1400d8318c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where does the word dog originate?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Old English docga'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",152]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d998c8dc89441400fdb597'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Dog could also come from the original layer of what vocabulary?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Proto-Indo-European'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",522]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d998c8dc89441400fdb598'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 14th-century England, hound (from Old English: hund) was the general word for all domestic canines, and dog referred to a subtype of hound, a group including the mastiff. It is believed this \"dog\" type was so common, it eventually became the prototype of the category \"hound\". By the 16th century, dog had become the general word, and hound had begun to refer only to types used for hunting. The word \"hound\" is ultimately derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *kwon- \"dog\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the common 14th-century word for dogs for those who spoke English?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'hound'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",26]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4bcef2ccc5a1400d8319a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What breed was so prolific it became a prototype of hound?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'mastiff.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",166]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4bcef2ccc5a1400d8319b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what century did \"hound\" start to only apply to hunting dogs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'16th'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",288]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4bcef2ccc5a1400d8319c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the common term for all domesticated dogs in England during the 14th century?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'hound'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",26]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d99962dc89441400fdb5a6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the word dog become the common term for canines?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'16th century'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",288]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d99962dc89441400fdb5a7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Hound became the term for dogs who did what activity during this time?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'hunting'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",387]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d99962dc89441400fdb5a8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What Proto-Indo-European word is hound from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'*kwon- \"dog\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",469]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d99962dc89441400fdb5a9'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In breeding circles, a male canine is referred to as a dog, while a female is called a bitch (Middle English bicche, from Old English bicce, ultimately from Old Norse bikkja). A group of offspring is a litter. The father of a litter is called the sire, and the mother is called the dam. Offspring are, in general, called pups or puppies, from French poupée, until they are about a year old. The process of birth is whelping, from the Old English word hwelp.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are a single birth group of puppies of a dog called collectively?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a litter.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",201]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4bdcd2ccc5a1400d831aa'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the male who is father of the pups called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'sire'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",248]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4bdcd2ccc5a1400d831ab'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the French word that \"puppy\" comes from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'poupée'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",351]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4bdcd2ccc5a1400d831ac'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is giving birth to dogs called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'whelping'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",416]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4bdcd2ccc5a1400d831ad'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the English word for female dog that has also become profanity?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'bitch'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",88]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4bdcd2ccc5a1400d831ae'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'A male canine is called a dog while a female canine is called a what in reference to breeding?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'bitch'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",88]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d999dcdc89441400fdb5ae'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are canine offspring referred as?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'litter'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",203]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d999dcdc89441400fdb5af'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the father of a litter referred as?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'sire'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",248]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d999dcdc89441400fdb5b0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the mother of a litter referred as?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'dam'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",283]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d999dcdc89441400fdb5b1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the individual litter canines called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'pups'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",322]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d999dcdc89441400fdb5b2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1758, the taxonomist Linnaeus published in Systema Naturae a categorization of species which included the Canis species. Canis is a Latin word meaning dog, and the list included the dog-like carnivores: the domestic dog, wolves, foxes and jackals. The dog was classified as Canis familiaris, which means \"Dog-family\" or the family dog. On the next page he recorded the wolf as Canis lupus, which means \"Dog-wolf\". In 1978, a review aimed at reducing the number of recognized Canis species proposed that \"Canis dingo is now generally regarded as a distinctive feral domestic dog. Canis familiaris is used for domestic dogs, although taxonomically it should probably be synonymous with Canis lupus.\" In 1982, the first edition of Mammal Species of the World listed Canis familiaris under Canis lupus with the comment: \"Probably ancestor of and conspecific with the domestic dog, familiaris. Canis familiaris has page priority over Canis lupus, but both were published simultaneously in Linnaeus (1758), and Canis lupus has been universally used for this species\", which avoided classifying the wolf as the family dog. The dog is now listed among the many other Latin-named subspecies of Canis lupus as Canis lupus familiaris.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the Latin term for \"dog.?\"'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Canis'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",110]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4befa2ccc5a1400d831b4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year are dogs first listed in Systema Naturae?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1758'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4befa2ccc5a1400d831b5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who published Systema Naturae?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Linnaeus'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",25]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4befa2ccc5a1400d831b6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the modern single English word for Canis lupus?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'wolf'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",373]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4befa2ccc5a1400d831b7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What 1982 publication listed regular family dogs under wolves?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mammal Species of the World'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",732]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4befa2ccc5a1400d831b8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the Latin word for dog?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Canis'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",110]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d99aa4dc89441400fdb5b8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Canis familiaris is the classification for dogs, and is known as what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'family dog'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",328]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d99aa4dc89441400fdb5b9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the Latin name for a wolf?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Canis lupus'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",381]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d99aa4dc89441400fdb5ba'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Feral dogs have what Latin classification?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Canis dingo'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",508]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d99aa4dc89441400fdb5bb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year was Canis familiaris listed under Canis lupus?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1982'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",705]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d99aa4dc89441400fdb5bc'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 2003, the ICZN ruled in its Opinion 2027 that if wild animals and their domesticated derivatives are regarded as one species, then the scientific name of that species is the scientific name of the wild animal. In 2005, the third edition of Mammal Species of the World upheld Opinion 2027 with the name Lupus and the note: \"Includes the domestic dog as a subspecies, with the dingo provisionally separate - artificial variants created by domestication and selective breeding\". However, Canis familiaris is sometimes used due to an ongoing nomenclature debate because wild and domestic animals are separately recognizable entities and that the ICZN allowed users a choice as to which name they could use, and a number of internationally recognized researchers prefer to use Canis familiaris.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year was it decided that if wolves and dogs were one species, then their scientific name is the name of the wild variety?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2003'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4c13d2ccc5a1400d831d2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What 2005 publication in its third edition kept to that ruling?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mammal Species of the World'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",244]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4c13d2ccc5a1400d831d3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What Latin dog term is still used because wild and domesticated dogs are recognizably different?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Canis familiaris.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",776]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4c13d2ccc5a1400d831d4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What official body recognizes both Canis lupus and Canis familiaris?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ICZN'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",14]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4c13d2ccc5a1400d831d5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Many researchers prefer what term?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Canis familiaris.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",776]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4c13d2ccc5a1400d831d6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who ruled in 2003 that scientific names for wild animals share the same scientific name as their domestic counterparts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ICZN'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",14]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d99b58dc89441400fdb5c2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was this decision called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Opinion 2027'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",32]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d99b58dc89441400fdb5c3'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Later genetic studies strongly supported dogs and gray wolves forming two sister monophyletic clades within the one species, and that the common ancestor of dogs and extant wolves is extinct.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What indicated dogs and gray wolves developed as two monophyletic clades?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'genetic studies'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",7]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4c2102ccc5a1400d831ee'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The common relative of dogs and existing wolves is now considered what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'extinct.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",184]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4c2102ccc5a1400d831ef'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The origin of the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris) is not clear. Whole genome sequencing indicates that the dog, the gray wolf and the extinct Taymyr wolf diverged at around the same time 27,000–40,000 years ago. These dates imply that the earliest dogs arose in the time of human hunter-gatherers and not agriculturists. Modern dogs are more closely related to ancient wolf fossils that have been found in Europe than they are to modern gray wolves. Nearly all dog breeds' genetic closeness to the gray wolf are due to admixture, except several Arctic dog breeds are close to the Taimyr wolf of North Asia due to admixture.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Modern dogs likely began when human beings were considered to be what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'hunter-gatherers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",307]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4c3ba2ccc5a1400d831fd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Due to admixture, what species are many Arctic dogs related to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Taimyr wolf of North Asia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",607]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4c3ba2ccc5a1400d831ff'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Rather than with agriculturists, dogs seemingly were during the time of who?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'human hunter-gatherers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",301]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d99c62dc89441400fdb5e2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Most breeds share a genetic likeness to what animal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'gray wolf'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",143]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d99c62dc89441400fdb5e3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Some Arctic breeds are more like what wolf rather than the gray wolf?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Taimyr'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",607]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d99c62dc89441400fdb5e4'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Domestic dogs have been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes. Modern dog breeds show more variation in size, appearance, and behavior than any other domestic animal. Dogs are predators and scavengers, and like many other predatory mammals, the dog has powerful muscles, fused wrist bones, a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance, and teeth for catching and tearing.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What species shows more difference in size, looks and actions than any other?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Modern dog breeds'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",126]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4c4bd2ccc5a1400d8320e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are dog teeth best suited for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'catching and tearing.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",435]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4c4bd2ccc5a1400d8320f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Dogs are considered to be predators and what else?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'scavengers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",253]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4c4bd2ccc5a1400d83210'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What bones in dog legs are fused?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'wrist'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",340]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4c4bd2ccc5a1400d83211'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'A dog's heart and vascular ability if best suited for sprinting and what else?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'endurance'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",410]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4c4bd2ccc5a1400d83212'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are a dog's teeth mainly used for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'catching and tearing'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",435]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d99cfedc89441400fdb5eb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Dogs originated as predators and what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'scavengers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",253]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d99cfedc89441400fdb5ec'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Dogs are highly variable in height and weight. The smallest known adult dog was a Yorkshire Terrier, that stood only 6.3 cm (2.5 in) at the shoulder, 9.5 cm (3.7 in) in length along the head-and-body, and weighed only 113 grams (4.0 oz). The largest known dog was an English Mastiff which weighed 155.6 kg (343 lb) and was 250 cm (98 in) from the snout to the tail. The tallest dog is a Great Dane that stands 106.7 cm (42.0 in) at the shoulder.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Dogs show an extreme range in what two characteristics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'height and weight.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",29]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4d4b82ccc5a1400d8327c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What breed was the largest dog known to have lived?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'English Mastiff'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",268]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d4d4b82ccc5a1400d8327f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the biggest known dog?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'English Mastiff'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",268]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d99d69dc89441400fdb5f4'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties: \"double\" being common with dogs (as well as wolves) originating from colder climates, made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair, or \"single\", with the topcoat only.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which coat is more common with dogs living in colder climates?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'double'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",51]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5aeea1c85041400946db3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Along with a gruff guard hair, what else makes up the double coat?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'soft down hair'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",173]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5aeea1c85041400946db4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the more common coat for dogs from colder climates?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'double'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",51]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d99dcfdc89441400fdb608'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a single coat?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'topcoat only'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",211]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d99dcfdc89441400fdb609'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Domestic dogs often display the remnants of countershading, a common natural camouflage pattern. A countershaded animal will have dark coloring on its upper surfaces and light coloring below, which reduces its general visibility. 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As with many canids, one of the primary functions of a dog's tail is to communicate their emotional state, which can be important in getting along with others. In some hunting dogs, however, the tail is traditionally docked to avoid injuries. In some breeds, such as the Braque du Bourbonnais, puppies can be born with a short tail or no tail at all.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What part of a dog can be straight, curly or cork-screwed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'tails'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",41]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5afb81c85041400946dc2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does a dog communicate with its tail?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'emotional state'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",192]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5afb81c85041400946dc3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What part of a dog can be straight, curled, or cork-screwed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'tails'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",41]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d99ea7dc89441400fdb620'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Some breeds of dogs are prone to certain genetic ailments such as elbow and hip dysplasia, blindness, deafness, pulmonic stenosis, cleft palate, and trick knees. Two serious medical conditions particularly affecting dogs are pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all types and ages, and bloat, which affects the larger breeds or deep-chested dogs. Both of these are acute conditions, and can kill rapidly. 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The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous. Dogs can get it by scavenging in garbage or ashtrays; eating cigars and cigarettes. Signs can be vomiting of large amounts (e.g., from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea. Some other signs are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death. Dogs are highly susceptible to theobromine poisoning, typically from ingestion of chocolate. Theobromine is toxic to dogs because, although the dog's metabolism is capable of breaking down the chemical, the process is so slow that even small amounts of chocolate can be fatal, especially dark chocolate.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Some foods that are okay for people to eat are what to dogs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'toxic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",62]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5ca321c85041400946dd2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Grapes, raisins, onions, garlic and what common sugar alcohol (sweetener) is toxic to dogs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'xylitol'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",232]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5ca321c85041400946dd3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of nut is poisonous to dogs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'macadamia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",216]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5ca321c85041400946dd4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the chemical in chocolate that is poisonous to dogs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'theobromine'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",105]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5ca321c85041400946dd5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Some human foods can be what to dogs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'toxic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",62]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9a199dc89441400fdb64e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What in tobacco can hurt dogs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'nicotine'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",313]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9a199dc89441400fdb64f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What form of chocolate is especially toxic to dogs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'dark'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",891]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9a199dc89441400fdb652'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 2013, a study found that mixed breeds live on average 1.2 years longer than pure breeds, and that increasing body-weight was negatively correlated with longevity (i.e. the heavier the dog the shorter its lifespan).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Mutts, dogs that have several breed characteristics, live how much longer than purebred dogs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1.2 years'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",58]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5cba21c85041400946dde'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Do bigger dogs typically have longer or shorter lives?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'shorter'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",196]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5cba21c85041400946ddf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was a study done that discovered mixed breeds tend to live longer than pure breeds?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2013'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9a21edc89441400fdb65a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Typically, how much longer do mixed breeds live?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1.2 years longer'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",58]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9a21edc89441400fdb65b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds, but for most the median longevity, the age at which half the dogs in a population have died and half are still alive, ranges from 10 to 13 years. Individual dogs may live well beyond the median of their breed.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the median lifespan of canines?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'10 to 13 years.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",188]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5cc661c85041400946de2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The breed with the shortest lifespan (among breeds for which there is a questionnaire survey with a reasonable sample size) is the Dogue de Bordeaux, with a median longevity of about 5.2 years, but several breeds, including Miniature Bull Terriers, Bloodhounds, and Irish Wolfhounds are nearly as short-lived, with median longevities of 6 to 7 years.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the canine breed with shortest median lifespan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Dogue de Bordeaux'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",132]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5cd181c85041400946de4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the median length of life for the canine breed that lives the least amount of years?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'5.2 years'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",184]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5cd181c85041400946de5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the average lifespan of an Irish Wolfhound?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'6 to 7 years.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",338]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5cd181c85041400946de6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which dog has the shortest lifespan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Dogue de Bordeaux'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",132]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9a294dc89441400fdb662'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the average lifespan for a Dogue de Borddeaux?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'5.2 years'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",184]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9a294dc89441400fdb663'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The longest-lived breeds, including Toy Poodles, Japanese Spitz, Border Terriers, and Tibetan Spaniels, have median longevities of 14 to 15 years. The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged. The dog widely reported to be the longest-lived is \"Bluey\", who died in 1939 and was claimed to be 29.5 years old at the time of his death. On 5 December 2011, Pusuke, the world's oldest living dog recognized by Guinness Book of World Records, died aged 26 years and 9 months.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the average length of years of life for canines with long lifespans?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'14 to 15 years.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",132]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5ceda1c85041400946dea'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the canine that is reported to have lived the longest?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Bluey'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",361]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5ceda1c85041400946deb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the dog in the Guinness Book of World Records for longest lived?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pusuke'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",469]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5ceda1c85041400946dec'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did the dog die that is reported to be the longest lived but not officially in a record book?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1939'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",381]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5ceda1c85041400946dee'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the dog who lived to be 29.5 years?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Bluey'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",361]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9a315dc89441400fdb66d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Bluey die?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1939'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",381]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9a315dc89441400fdb66e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did the Guinness Book of World Records say was the oldest dog in 2011?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pusuke'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",469]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9a315dc89441400fdb66f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In domestic dogs, sexual maturity begins to happen around age six to twelve months for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years old for some large breeds. This is the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle. They will experience subsequent estrous cycles biannually, during which the body prepares for pregnancy. At the peak of the cycle, females will come into estrus, being mentally and physically receptive to copulation. Because the ova survive and are capable of being fertilized for a week after ovulation, it is possible for a female to mate with more than one male.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many times per year do female dogs go into heat?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'two'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",153]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5d0101c85041400946df5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does going into heat (estrous) prepare a female dog for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'pregnancy.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",359]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5d0101c85041400946df6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Some larger breeds could take how long to become sexually mature?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'two years'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",153]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9a527dc89441400fdb681'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does a female dog experience at sexual maturity?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'first estrous cycle'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",244]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9a527dc89441400fdb682'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization, with an average of 63 days, although the length of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six puppies, though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog. In general, toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter, while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How long do female dogs carry before delivering puppies?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'58 to 68 days'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",33]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5d0cb1c85041400946dfe'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the average length of dog pregnancy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'63 days'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",87]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5d0cb1c85041400946dff'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the average number of pups in a litter?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'about six'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",169]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5d0cb1c85041400946e00'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'For small dogs, what is the average number of pups in a litter?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'one to four'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",284]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5d0cb1c85041400946e02'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the average for a dog to bear her litter?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'63 days'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",87]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9a582dc89441400fdb68a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the average number of pups per litter?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'six'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",175]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9a582dc89441400fdb68b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Smaller dogs tend to have how many pups per litter?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'one to four'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",284]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9a582dc89441400fdb68c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removal of the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, in order to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive. Because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered, so that they do not have undesired puppies that may have to later be euthanized.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is it called when an animal is altered to prevent procreation?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Neutering'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5d6521c85041400946e16'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'According to the text, what agency recommends altering dogs to prevent pregnancies?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",294]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5d6521c85041400946e17'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is typically surgically removed on male dogs to prevent procreation?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'testicles'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",84]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5d6521c85041400946e18'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is usually removed in female dogs to prevent pregnancy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ovaries and uterus'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",110]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5d6521c85041400946e19'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In neutering, what is removed in a male dog?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'testicles'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",84]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9a7b5dc89441400fdb6b2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In neutering, what is removed in female dogs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ovaries and uterus'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",110]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9a7b5dc89441400fdb6b3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does the ASPCA recommend for dogs who are not used for breeding purposes?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'neutered'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",426]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9a7b5dc89441400fdb6b4'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality, especially in male dogs. Spayed female dogs are less likely to develop some forms of cancer, affecting mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive organs. 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Dogs have been shown to learn by inference. A study with Rico showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Dogs have advanced memory skills. A study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie, \"Chaser\", who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words. Dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing, and to understand human voice commands. Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception. A study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving experiment, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined humans. Another study indicated that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs that are faced with an insoluble version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not. Modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems for them.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the dog that could ID over 200 things?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Rico'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",184]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5d92a1c85041400946e2c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the Border collie that knew over 1000 words?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Chaser'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",518]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5d92a1c85041400946e2d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In addition to interpreting body language and verbal commands dogs can also interpret what two other things?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'gesturing and pointing'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",686]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5d92a1c85041400946e2e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What wild canine did better at a problem-solving experiment?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Australian dingos'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",850]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5d92a1c85041400946e2f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is one thing, according to the text, that domesticated dogs use humans for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'to solve their problems for them.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1298]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5d92a1c85041400946e30'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Perceiving information and retaining it is what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'intelligence'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9aa93dc89441400fdb6c2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many labels does Rico the dog know?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'over 200'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",223]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9aa93dc89441400fdb6c3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of memory skills do dogs have?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'advanced'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",417]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9aa93dc89441400fdb6c4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many words did Chaser know?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'over 1,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",591]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9aa93dc89441400fdb6c5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of the domestic dog (individuals or groups) to internal and\/or external stimuli. As the oldest domesticated species, with estimates ranging from 9,000–30,000 years BCE, the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans. As a result of this physical and social evolution, dogs, more than any other species, have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans and they are uniquely attuned to our behaviors. Behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social-cognitive abilities in the otherwise humble domestic dog. These abilities are not possessed by the dog's closest canine relatives nor by other highly intelligent mammals such as great apes. Rather, these skills parallel some of the social-cognitive skills of human children.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Dogs are estimated to be domesticated as far back as what date range of years on the calendar?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'9,000–30,000 years BCE'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",222]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5da871c85041400946e36'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Dog minds have been shaped by thousands of years of contact with what species?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'humans.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",321]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5da871c85041400946e37'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do some dog skills parallel in human beings?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'social-cognitive skills of human children'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",827]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5da871c85041400946e38'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Dogs are  very well attuned to what other species' behaviors?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'humans.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",321]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5da871c85041400946e39'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Dogs can understand and communicate with what other species?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'humans.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",321]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5da871c85041400946e3a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a dog's responses to stimuli known as?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Dog behavior'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9b01bdc89441400fdb6cc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'More than any other species, dogs are able to do what with people?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'understand and communicate'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",444]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9b01bdc89441400fdb6ce'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Dogs have some social skills that parallel what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'human children'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",854]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9b01bdc89441400fdb6cf'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Dog communication is about how dogs \"speak\" to each other, how they understand messages that humans send to them, and how humans can translate the ideas that dogs are trying to transmit.:xii These communication behaviors include eye gaze, facial expression, vocalization, body posture (including movements of bodies and limbs) and gustatory communication (scents, pheromones and taste). Humans communicate with dogs by using vocalization, hand signals and body posture.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is gustatory communication include in dogs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'scents, pheromones and taste'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",357]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5dcee1c85041400946e4a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'People communicate with dogs by voice commands, body language or posture and what else?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'hand signals'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",440]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5dcee1c85041400946e4b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Eye gaze, vocalization and body posture are examples of what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Dog communication'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9b06edc89441400fdb6de'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In addition to vocalization and body posture, how do people communicate with dogs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'hand signals'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",440]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9b06edc89441400fdb6df'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Despite their close genetic relationship and the ability to inter-breed, there are a number of diagnostic features to distinguish the gray wolves from domestic dogs. Domesticated dogs are clearly distinguishable from wolves by starch gel electrophoresis of red blood cell acid phosphatase. The tympanic bullae are large, convex and almost spherical in gray wolves, while the bullae of dogs are smaller, compressed and slightly crumpled. Compared to equally sized wolves, dogs tend to have 20% smaller skulls and 30% smaller brains.:35 The teeth of gray wolves are also proportionately larger than those of dogs; the premolars and molars of wolves are much less crowded and have more complex cusp patterns. Wolves do not have dewclaws on their back legs, unless there has been admixture with dogs. Dogs lack a functioning pre-caudal gland, and most enter estrus twice yearly, unlike gray wolves which only do so once a year. Dogs require fewer calories to function than wolves. The dog's limp ears may be the result of atrophy of the jaw muscles. The skin of domestic dogs tends to be thicker than that of wolves, with some Inuit tribes favoring the former for use as clothing due to its greater resistance to wear and tear in harsh weather.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which typically has thicker skin, dogs or wolves?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'dogs.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",161]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5debf1c85041400946e53'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Dogs having ears that are not erect may be due to what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'atrophy of the jaw muscles.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1019]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5debf1c85041400946e54'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of features differentiate gray wolves from dogs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'diagnostic features'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",96]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9b374dc89441400fdb6e2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How often do female wolves enter estrus?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'once a year.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",912]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9b374dc89441400fdb6e6'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Unlike other domestic species which were primarily selected for production-related traits, dogs were initially selected for their behaviors. In 2016, a study found that there were only 11 fixed genes that showed variation between wolves and dogs. These gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution, and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication. These genes have been shown to have an impact on the catecholamine synthesis pathway, with the majority of the genes affecting the fight-or-flight response (i.e. selection for tameness), and emotional processing. Dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared to wolves. Some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds, indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and then later in breed formation.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Instead of genetic traits for production, dogs are bred for what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'behaviors.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",131]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5f6b21c85041400946e64'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many \"fixed\" genes demonstrate the differences between the wolf and dog?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'11'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",186]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5f6b21c85041400946e65'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The gene differences indicate what two things done by selection in dogs during breeding for domestication?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'morphology and behavior'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",361]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5f6b21c85041400946e66'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the common trait selected for dogs in overall breeding?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'tameness'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",587]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5f6b21c85041400946e67'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do most dogs show less of than wolves?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'fear and aggression'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",652]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5f6b21c85041400946e68'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Most domestic animals were selected for what traits?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'production-related traits'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",65]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9b439dc89441400fdb6f6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why were dogs initially selected?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'for their behaviors.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",121]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9b439dc89441400fdb6f7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'For wolves and dogs, how many fixed genes show a variation?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'11'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",186]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9b439dc89441400fdb6f8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Dogs show less fear and what as opposed to wolves?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'aggression'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",661]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9b439dc89441400fdb6f9'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The global dog population is estimated at 525 million:225 based on a transparent methodology, as opposed to other estimates where the methodology has not been made available – all dog population estimates are based on regional human population densities and land uses.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the larger count for numbers of dogs considered to populate the planet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'525 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",43]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5f7181c85041400946e6e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many dogs are estimated to be in the world?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'525 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",43]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9b4b3dc89441400fdb704'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are dog population estimates based on other than land uses?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'human population densities'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",228]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9b4b3dc89441400fdb705'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Although large wild dogs, like wolves, are apex predators, they can be killed in territory disputes with wild animals. Furthermore, in areas where both dogs and other large predators live, dogs can be a major food source for big cats or canines. Reports from Croatia indicate wolves kill dogs more frequently than they kill sheep. Wolves in Russia apparently limit feral dog populations. In Wisconsin, more compensation has been paid for dog losses than livestock. Some wolf pairs have been reported to prey on dogs by having one wolf lure the dog out into heavy brush where the second animal waits in ambush. In some instances, wolves have displayed an uncharacteristic fearlessness of humans and buildings when attacking dogs, to the extent that they have to be beaten off or killed.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Like wolves, big domesticated dogs are considered what type of predator?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'apex'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",44]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5f9181c85041400946e7a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Wolves may act in what behavioral manner when attacking dogs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'fearless'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",672]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5f9181c85041400946e7d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What animal is reported to be killed more often than sheep by wolves in Croatia?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'dogs'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",21]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5f9181c85041400946e7e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Like wolves, what kind of predators are large dogs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'apex'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",44]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9b5eddc89441400fdb71a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Dogs die as a result of Croatian wolf encounters more than what kind of animal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'sheep'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",325]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9b5eddc89441400fdb71b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What limits the feral dog population in Russia?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Wolves'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",332]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9b5eddc89441400fdb71c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Coyotes and big cats have also been known to attack dogs. Leopards in particular are known to have a predilection for dogs, and have been recorded to kill and consume them regardless of the dog's size or ferocity. Tigers in Manchuria, Indochina, Indonesia, and Malaysia are reputed to kill dogs with the same vigor as leopards. Striped hyenas are major predators of village dogs in Turkmenistan, India, and the Caucasus. Reptiles such as alligators and pythons have been known to kill and eat dogs.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What large cat has a particular taste for dogs no matter how big the dog is?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'leopards.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",319]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5fa0e1c85041400946e84'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a typical predator of dogs in places such as Turkmenistan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Striped hyenas'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",329]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5fa0e1c85041400946e85'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What two reptiles kill dogs and consume them?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'alligators and pythons'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",439]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5fa0e1c85041400946e86'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What big cat has a tendency to attack dogs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Leopards'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",59]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9b69cdc89441400fdb726'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What big cats in Indonesia also attack dogs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tigers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",215]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9b69cdc89441400fdb727'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of reptiles eat dogs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'alligators and pythons'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",439]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9b69cdc89441400fdb728'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a known predator of village dogs in India?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Striped hyenas'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",329]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9b69cdc89441400fdb729'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Despite their descent from wolves and classification as Carnivora, dogs are variously described in scholarly and other writings as carnivores or omnivores. Unlike obligate carnivores, such as the cat family with its shorter small intestine, dogs can adapt to a wide-ranging diet, and are not dependent on meat-specific protein nor a very high level of protein in order to fulfill their basic dietary requirements. Dogs will healthily digest a variety of foods, including vegetables and grains, and can consume a large proportion of these in their diet. Comparing dogs and wolves, dogs have adaptations in genes involved in starch digestion that contribute to an increased ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Dogs exhibit carnivore as well as what other type of dietary behavior?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'omnivores'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",146]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5fb031c85041400946e8a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Dogs can digest meat as well as what else?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'vegetables and grains'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",472]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5fb031c85041400946e8c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Cats are known as what type of carnivore?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'obligate'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",164]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5fb031c85041400946e8e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Because of what they eat, dogs are classified as what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'carnivores or omnivores'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",132]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9b75edc89441400fdb73a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Dogs do not require a very high level of what when eating?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'protein'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",320]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9b75edc89441400fdb73b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Dogs have genes that allow them to thrive on what when compared to wolves, who cannot?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'starch'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",624]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9b75edc89441400fdb73c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Most breeds of dog are at most a few hundred years old, having been artificially selected for particular morphologies and behaviors by people for specific functional roles. Through this selective breeding, the dog has developed into hundreds of varied breeds, and shows more behavioral and morphological variation than any other land mammal. For example, height measured to the withers ranges from 15.2 centimetres (6.0 in) in the Chihuahua to about 76 cm (30 in) in the Irish Wolfhound; color varies from white through grays (usually called \"blue\") to black, and browns from light (tan) to dark (\"red\" or \"chocolate\") in a wide variation of patterns; coats can be short or long, coarse-haired to wool-like, straight, curly, or smooth. 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Dog types are broad categories based on function, genetics, or characteristics. Dog breeds are groups of animals that possess a set of inherited characteristics that distinguishes them from other animals within the same species. Modern dog breeds are non-scientific classifications of dogs kept by modern kennel clubs.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Natural selection and what makes certain dogs behave certain ways?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'selective breeding'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",68]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5fc2a1c85041400946e9e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What distinguishes different types of dogs from one another?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'breed'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",78]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5fc2a1c85041400946ea0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who keeps classifications of different dog breeds?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'modern kennel clubs.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",498]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5fc2a1c85041400946ea1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is responsible for different dog types and breeds today?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'natural selection and selective breeding'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",46]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9bf08dc89441400fdb774'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Animals that share characteristics that are different than what other animals in that species have is known as what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'breeds'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",192]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9bf08dc89441400fdb775'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Modern dog breeds are what type of classification which is maintained by modern kennel clubs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'non-scientific'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",451]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9bf08dc89441400fdb776'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Purebred dogs of one breed are genetically distinguishable from purebred dogs of other breeds, but the means by which kennel clubs classify dogs is unsystematic. Systematic analyses of the dog genome has revealed only four major types of dogs that can be said to be statistically distinct. These include the \"old world dogs\" (e.g., Malamute and Shar Pei), \"Mastiff\"-type (e.g., English Mastiff), \"herding\"-type (e.g., Border Collie), and \"all others\" (also called \"modern\"- or \"hunting\"-type).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The methods kennel clubs used to classify dogs is what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'unsystematic.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",149]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5ff441c85041400946ea6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'A scientific study of dog genetics has shown only how many  types of dogs being determinably distinct?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'four'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",219]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5ff441c85041400946ea7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What, according to the text, are two examples of \"old world\" dogs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Malamute and Shar Pei'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",333]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5ff441c85041400946ea8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'the Border collie is an example of what type of dog?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'herding'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",398]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d5ff441c85041400946ea9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many main types of dogs are there?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'four'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",219]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9bf81dc89441400fdb784'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of dogs are Shar Peis?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'old world dogs'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",310]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9bf81dc89441400fdb785'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the other modern and hunting types of dogs called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'all others'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",440]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9bf81dc89441400fdb788'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Domestic dogs inherited complex behaviors, such as bite inhibition, from their wolf ancestors, which would have been pack hunters with complex body language. These sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability, playfulness, and ability to fit into human households and social situations, and these attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful species on the planet today.:pages95-136'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is one of the complex behaviors pet dogs have gotten from wolves?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'bite inhibition'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",52]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d600eb1c85041400946eb8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What may make dogs have the ability to be trained by, play with and fit in with people?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",165]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d600eb1c85041400946eb9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Higher social attributes  and human relationships may have caused dogs to reach what as a species?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'one of the most successful species on the planet today.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",432]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d600eb1c85041400946eba'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a complex behavior that dogs inherited from wolves?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'bite inhibition'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",52]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9c0c0dc89441400fdb798'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The dogs' value to early human hunter-gatherers led to them quickly becoming ubiquitous across world cultures. Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship, and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals. This impact on human society has given them the nickname \"man's best friend\" in the Western world. In some cultures, however, dogs are also a source of meat.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Dogs had a worth to what type of early humans?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'hunter-gatherers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",32]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d601b61c85041400946ec8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Dogs have hunted with and done other things for people for a long time, but what is a more recent help to people they provide?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'aiding handicapped individuals.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",267]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d601b61c85041400946eca'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Because of a dog's resourcefulness to people, they have been given what nickname?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'man's best friend'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",357]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9c11cdc89441400fdb79c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Some cultures treat dogs as what rather than companions?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a source of meat'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",439]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9c11cdc89441400fdb79d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Humans would also have derived enormous benefit from the dogs associated with their camps. For instance, dogs would have improved sanitation by cleaning up food scraps. Dogs may have provided warmth, as referred to in the Australian Aboriginal expression \"three dog night\" (an exceptionally cold night), and they would have alerted the camp to the presence of predators or strangers, using their acute hearing to provide an early warning.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did dogs clean up to help with keeping habitations of people clean?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'food scraps.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",157]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d626661c85041400946f36'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do Australian aborigines call a frigid night? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'three dog night'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",257]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d626661c85041400946f37'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did a dog's good hearing help humans with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'early warning.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",425]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d626661c85041400946f38'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How could dogs have helped with sanitation issues in camps?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'cleaning up food scraps'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",145]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9c3c7dc89441400fdb7be'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the Australian Aboriginal expression that indicates a very cold night?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'three dog night'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",257]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9c3c7dc89441400fdb7bf'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Anthropologists believe the most significant benefit would have been the use of dogs' robust sense of smell to assist with the hunt. The relationship between the presence of a dog and success in the hunt is often mentioned as a primary reason for the domestication of the wolf, and a 2004 study of hunter groups with and without a dog gives quantitative support to the hypothesis that the benefits of cooperative hunting was an important factor in wolf domestication.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of hunting is it called when humans and dogs hunt together?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'cooperative hunting'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",402]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d627261c85041400946f3e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year was research completed to demonstrate humans benefited by having dogs hunt with them?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2004'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",285]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d627261c85041400946f3f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What would have been the top benefit for dogs in camps?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'sense of smell'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",94]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9c483dc89441400fdb7ca'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The successful mixing of dogs with hunting is often given as a primary reason for what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the domestication of the wolf'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",248]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9c483dc89441400fdb7cc'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Emigrants from Siberia that walked across the Bering land bridge into North America may have had dogs in their company, and one writer suggests that the use of sled dogs may have been critical to the success of the waves that entered North America roughly 12,000 years ago, although the earliest archaeological evidence of dog-like canids in North America dates from about 9,400 years ago.:104 Dogs were an important part of life for the Athabascan population in North America, and were their only domesticated animal. Dogs also carried much of the load in the migration of the Apache and Navajo tribes 1,400 years ago. Use of dogs as pack animals in these cultures often persisted after the introduction of the horse to North America.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of working dog may have been the reason so many humans were able to get into North America 12,000 tears ago?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'sled dogs'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",161]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d629291c85041400946f48'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did ancient people walk across from Siberia into North America?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Bering land bridge'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",47]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d629291c85041400946f49'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How old are the oldest findings of dogs in North America?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'9,400 years'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",374]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d629291c85041400946f4a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Evidence places dogs in North America when?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'12,000 years ago'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",257]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9c708dc89441400fdb7fa'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Dogs were the only domesticated animals for what North American population?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Athabascan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",439]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9c708dc89441400fdb7fb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Dogs contributed to what migration 1400 years ago?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Apache and Navajo tribes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",579]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9c708dc89441400fdb7fc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'People still used dogs as pack animals even after what other animal began being used for this purpose?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'horse'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",713]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9c708dc89441400fdb7fd'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'\"The most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs\" and the keeping of dogs as companions, particularly by elites, has a long history. (As a possible example, at the Natufian culture site of Ain Mallaha in Israel, dated to 12,000 BC, the remains of an elderly human and a four-to-five-month-old puppy were found buried together). However, pet dog populations grew significantly after World War II as suburbanization increased. In the 1950s and 1960s, dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today (using the expression \"in the doghouse\" to describe exclusion from the group signifies the distance between the doghouse and the home) and were still primarily functional, acting as a guard, children's playmate, or walking companion. From the 1980s, there have been changes in the role of the pet dog, such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians. People and dogs have become increasingly integrated and implicated in each other's lives, to the point where pet dogs actively shape the way a family and home are experienced.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'A grave from 12,000 BC was found to contain an older person and what else?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'puppy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",326]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d62acb1c85041400946f54'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What two species have the most widespread bonding?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'humans and dogs'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",66]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d62acb1c85041400946f55'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did more people begin to keep dogs as pets?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'after World War II'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",409]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d62acb1c85041400946f56'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What decade showed a change in the way people kept dogs as pets?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1980s'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",786]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d62acb1c85041400946f57'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In the 1950s and 1960s most dogs where kept where?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'outside'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",497]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d62acb1c85041400946f58'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Historically, who in particular had dogs as companions?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'elites'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",138]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9c9f6dc89441400fdb818'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Dogs were kept where in the 1950s and 1960s as compared to today?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'outside'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",497]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9c9f6dc89441400fdb81a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the role of dogs change to be more than guardians or walking companions?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1980s'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",786]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9c9f6dc89441400fdb81b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'There have been two major trends in the changing status of pet dogs. The first has been the 'commodification' of the dog, shaping it to conform to human expectations of personality and behaviour. The second has been the broadening of the concept of the family and the home to include dogs-as-dogs within everyday routines and practices.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Shaping dogs to what people want is called what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'commodification'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",94]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d62ba51c85041400946f68'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The idea of what constitutes a family, from the human perspective, has enlarged to include what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'dogs.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",64]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d62ba51c85041400946f69'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many big trends are involved in how much the position of dogs has changed in human civilization?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'two'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",17]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d62ba51c85041400946f6a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When a person shapes a dog to conform to his expectations of behavior, it is called what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'commodification'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",94]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9ca63dc89441400fdb828'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'A second major trend has been increasing the idea of family and home to include dogs in what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'everyday routines'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",305]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9ca63dc89441400fdb829'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'There are a vast range of commodity forms available to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion. The list of goods, services and places available is enormous: from dog perfumes, couture, furniture and housing, to dog groomers, therapists, trainers and caretakers, dog cafes, spas, parks and beaches, and dog hotels, airlines and cemeteries. While dog training as an organized activity can be traced back to the 18th century, in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and urine marking (which dogs do to establish territory through scent), became increasingly incompatible with the new role of a pet dog. Dog training books, classes and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dog continued.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'It is easy to turn a canine into the perfect companion because so much of what is available?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'commodity forms'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",27]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d62c011c85041400946f6e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Dog training can be researched back to what century?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'18th'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",415]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d62c011c85041400946f6f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How do dogs establish their territory as far as scent is concerned?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'urine marking'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",598]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d62c011c85041400946f70'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How far back can dog training be found?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'18th century'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",415]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9cadedc89441400fdb82c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How do dogs mark their territory?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'urine marking'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",598]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9cadedc89441400fdb82d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What has become important to ensure dogs do not do things that humans don't want them to do, such as jumping?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'training'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",355]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9cadedc89441400fdb82e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The majority of contemporary people with dogs describe their pet as part of the family, although some ambivalence about the relationship is evident in the popular reconceptualization of the dog–human family as a pack. A dominance model of dog–human relationships has been promoted by some dog trainers, such as on the television program Dog Whisperer. However it has been disputed that \"trying to achieve status\" is characteristic of dog–human interactions. Pet dogs play an active role in family life; for example, a study of conversations in dog–human families showed how family members use the dog as a resource, talking to the dog, or talking through the dog, to mediate their interactions with each other.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How do most people describe the relationship with their dogs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'part of the family'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",69]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d62ca31c85041400946f74'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What television show uses a dominance model of dog and human relationships?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Dog Whisperer.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",338]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d62ca31c85041400946f75'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Most people today describe their dogs as what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'part of the family'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",69]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9cb52dc89441400fdb83c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What TV show promotes a dominance model for the relationships people have with their dogs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Dog Whisperer'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",338]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9cb52dc89441400fdb83d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Another study of dogs' roles in families showed many dogs have set tasks or routines undertaken as family members, the most common of which was helping with the washing-up by licking the plates in the dishwasher, and bringing in the newspaper from the lawn. Increasingly, human family members are engaging in activities centered on the perceived needs and interests of the dog, or in which the dog is an integral partner, such as dog dancing and dog yoga.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'A study showed that a task dogs do is bringing in what from the lawn?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'newspaper'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",234]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d62d1e1c85041400946f84'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Dogs often help clean in the kitchen by licking what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'plates'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",188]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d62d1e1c85041400946f85'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In addition to dog dancing, what is another activity that families are doing that is centered around their pet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'dog yoga.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",447]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d62d1e1c85041400946f86'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do many dogs have to do in the families where they live?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'set tasks or routines'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",64]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9e5a0dc89441400fdb8c0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are dogs often taught to bring in from outdoors?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the newspaper'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",230]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9e5a0dc89441400fdb8c1'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'According to statistics published by the American Pet Products Manufacturers Association in the National Pet Owner Survey in 2009–2010, it is estimated there are 77.5 million people with pet dogs in the United States. The same survey shows nearly 40% of American households own at least one dog, of which 67% own just one dog, 25% two dogs and nearly 9% more than two dogs. There does not seem to be any gender preference among dogs as pets, as the statistical data reveal an equal number of female and male dog pets. Yet, although several programs are undergoing to promote pet adoption, less than a fifth of the owned dogs come from a shelter.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The National Pet Owner Survey reported how many people had pet dogs in America between 2009 and 2010?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'77.5 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",163]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d62dc31c85041400946f8a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people in the United States are said to own dog?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'77.5 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",163]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9e5dfdc89441400fdb8c6'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The latest study using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to humans and dogs together proved that dogs have same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans to do so. 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They have been bred for herding livestock, hunting (e.g. pointers and hounds), rodent control, guarding, helping fishermen with nets, detection dogs, and pulling loads, in addition to their roles as companions. 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Some dogs owned by epileptics have been shown to alert their handler when the handler shows signs of an impending seizure, sometimes well in advance of onset, allowing the guardian to seek safety, medication, or medical care.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of dogs help people with physical or mental disabilities?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Service dogs'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d62f941c85041400946fae'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Early warning allows epileptics to get to safety, get medication or what else?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'medical care.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",394]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9e67edc89441400fdb8de'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard. As the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog (such as appearance, movement, and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are conformation shows also known as?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'breed shows'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",44]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d62ff01c85041400946fb2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who evaluates dogs at breed shows?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a judge'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",57]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d62ff01c85041400946fb3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the judge looking for in specific breeds?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'conformity with their established breed'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",141]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d62ff01c85041400946fb4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the only standard judged?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'externally observable qualities'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",264]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d62ff01c85041400946fb5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is another word for \"breed shows\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'conformation shows.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",443]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9e6b9dc89441400fdb8e2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the evaluator called in a breed show?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a judge'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",57]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9e6b9dc89441400fdb8e3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The breed standard only is about what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'externally observable qualities'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",264]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9e6b9dc89441400fdb8e4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Abilities and what else are not tested at breed shows?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'health'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",404]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9e6b9dc89441400fdb8e5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Dog meat is consumed in some East Asian countries, including Korea, China, and Vietnam, a practice that dates back to antiquity. It is estimated that 13–16 million dogs are killed and consumed in Asia every year. Other cultures, such as Polynesia and pre-Columbian Mexico, also consumed dog meat in their history. However, Western, South Asian, African, and Middle Eastern cultures, in general, regard consumption of dog meat as taboo. In some places, however, such as in rural areas of Poland, dog fat is believed to have medicinal properties—being good for the lungs for instance. Dog meat is also consumed in some parts of Switzerland. Proponents of eating dog meat have argued that placing a distinction between livestock and dogs is western hypocrisy, and that there is no difference with eating the meat of different animals.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where do some people eat dogs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'East Asian countries'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",30]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d630a31c85041400946fc4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In addition to others, Western culture considers eating dog meat as what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'taboo.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",430]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d630a31c85041400946fc6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In rural Poland areas, what is considered medicinal for lungs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'dog fat'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",496]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d630a31c85041400946fc7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do people who eat dog meat consider Western culture, since people there do eat many different animals?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'western hypocrisy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",739]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d630a31c85041400946fc8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The West, South Asia and Middle East think eating dogs is what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'taboo'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",430]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9e6f0dc89441400fdb8eb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Dog fat in some parts of Poland is thought to have what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'medicinal properties'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",524]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9e6f0dc89441400fdb8ec'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The most popular Korean dog dish is gaejang-guk (also called bosintang), a spicy stew meant to balance the body's heat during the summer months; followers of the custom claim this is done to ensure good health by balancing one's gi, or vital energy of the body. A 19th century version of gaejang-guk explains that the dish is prepared by boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder. Variations of the dish contain chicken and bamboo shoots. While the dishes are still popular in Korea with a segment of the population, dog is not as widely consumed as beef, chicken, and pork.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the best known Korean dish made with dog meat?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'gaejang-guk'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",37]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d6311c1c85041400946fce'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is Gaejang-guk?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a spicy stew'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",74]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d6311c1c85041400946fcf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why do people eat Gaejang-guk in the summer months?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'to balance the body's heat'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",93]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d6311c1c85041400946fd0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is dog meat boiled with to create Gaejang-guk?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'scallions and chili powder.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",361]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d6311c1c85041400946fd1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When is the Korean dog recipe usually eaten?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the summer months'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",127]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9e727dc89441400fdb8f3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are two other ingredients in the dog meat recipe in Korea?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'scallions and chili powder.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",361]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9e727dc89441400fdb8f4'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Citing a 2008 study, the U.S. Center for Disease Control estimated in 2015 that 4.5 million people in the USA are bitten by dogs each year. A 2015 study estimated that 1.8% of the U.S. population is bitten each year. In the 1980s and 1990s the US averaged 17 fatalities per year, while in the 2000s this has increased to 26. 77% of dog bites are from the pet of family or friends, and 50% of attacks occur on the property of the dog's legal owner.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people are bitten by dogs every year in America?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'4.5 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",81]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d631b61c85041400946fd6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'During the 1980s and 1990s, how many people were killed annually because of dog bites?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'17'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",257]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d631b61c85041400946fd7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In the 2000s, how many people died every year because of dog bites?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'26'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",322]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d631b61c85041400946fd8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'According to a 2008 CDC report, how many are bitten in the United States annually?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'4.5 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",81]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9e79adc89441400fdb8f8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What decade saw an increase from 17 to 26 deaths caused by dogs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2000s'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",294]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9e79adc89441400fdb8fa'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'A Colorado study found bites in children were less severe than bites in adults. The incidence of dog bites in the US is 12.9 per 10,000 inhabitants, but for boys aged 5 to 9, the incidence rate is 60.7 per 10,000. Moreover, children have a much higher chance to be bitten in the face or neck. Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'According to a Colorado study, dog bites are what in children as compared to adults?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'less severe'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",47]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d632371c85041400946fe0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Out of 10,000 people, how many people are bitten by dogs in the United States?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'12.9'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",121]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d632371c85041400946fe1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Out of 10,000 boys between five and nine years old, how many are bitten annually by dogs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'60.7'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",198]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d632371c85041400946fe2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Children are often bit where by dogs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the face or neck.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",276]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d632371c85041400946fe3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'A dog scratch can lead to what medical condition?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'infections.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",397]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d632371c85041400946fe4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the study done that showed dog bites were less serious in children than adults?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Colorado'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",3]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9e7e4dc89441400fdb902'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'About 12.9 out of 10,000 are bit by dogs, but what is the number in 10,000 for young boys from 5 to 9?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'60.7'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",198]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9e7e4dc89441400fdb903'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'According to the text, dog scratches can cause what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'infections.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",397]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9e7e4dc89441400fdb905'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In the United States, cats and dogs are a factor in more than 86,000 falls each year. It has been estimated around 2% of dog-related injuries treated in UK hospitals are domestic accidents. The same study found that while dog involvement in road traffic accidents was difficult to quantify, dog-associated road accidents involving injury more commonly involved two-wheeled vehicles.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In addition to dogs, what other animal is responsible for over 86,000 falls every year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'cats'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",23]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d6328b1c85041400946fea'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Vehicle accidents with resulting injuries that involve dogs are more common with what type of vehicle?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'two-wheeled vehicles.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",362]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d6328b1c85041400946fec'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What sort of vehicle is most likely associated with accidents involving dogs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'two-wheeled vehicles'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",362]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9e518dc89441400fdb8bb'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Toxocara canis (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis. In the United States, about 10,000 cases of Toxocara infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected. In Great Britain, 24% of soil samples taken from public parks contained T. canis eggs. Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision. Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the common name of the species that causes Toxocariasis?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'dog roundworm'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",17]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d6339d1c85041400946ff0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How are Toxicara canis infections spread?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'dog feces'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",40]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d6339d1c85041400946ff1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'About how many people get a Toxocara infection each year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'10,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",102]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d6339d1c85041400946ff2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Toxocariasis can lead to what in humans?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'retinal damage and decreased vision.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",342]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d6339d1c85041400946ff4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Toxocariasis is caused by what kind of eggs in dog feces?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'roundworm'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",21]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9d2e5dc89441400fdb856'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percentage of people in America are infected with the Toxocara infection?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'14'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",182]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9d2e5dc89441400fdb857'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many Toxocara infection cases are reported annually in the US?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'10,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",102]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9d2e5dc89441400fdb858'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percentage of soil contained T. canis eggs in Great Britain public parks?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'24'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",240]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9d2e5dc89441400fdb859'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'If toxocariasis is left untreated, what can happen to a person?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'retinal damage and decreased vision'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",342]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9d2e5dc89441400fdb85a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'A 2005 paper states \"recent research has failed to support earlier findings that pet ownership is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, a reduced use of general practitioner services, or any psychological or physical benefits on health for community dwelling older people. Research has, however, pointed to significantly less absenteeism from school through sickness among children who live with pets.\" In one study, new guardians reported a highly significant reduction in minor health problems during the first month following pet acquisition, and this effect was sustained in those with dogs through to the end of the study.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did a publication come out indicating having a pet does not mean lower risk of heart disease in the elderly?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2005'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",3]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d636bb1c85041400946fff'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is lowered in children who have pets?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'absenteeism from school'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",347]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d636bb1c85041400947000'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did a report state that research did not support better health for elderly people who own pets?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2005'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",3]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9db72dc89441400fdb864'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In addition, people with pet dogs took considerably more physical exercise than those with cats and those without pets. The results provide evidence that keeping pets may have positive effects on human health and behaviour, and that for guardians of dogs these effects are relatively long-term. Pet guardianship has also been associated with increased coronary artery disease survival, with human guardians being significantly less likely to die within one year of an acute myocardial infarction than those who did not own dogs.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'People with dogs get more of what than people with cats or no animals?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'exercise'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",67]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d637a01c85041400947005'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'People with dogs do what more than people who have cats or no pets?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'exercise'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",67]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9dc00dc89441400fdb86a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The health benefits of dogs can result from contact with dogs in general, and not solely from having dogs as pets. For example, when in the presence of a pet dog, people show reductions in cardiovascular, behavioral, and psychological indicators of anxiety. Other health benefits are gained from exposure to immune-stimulating microorganisms, which, according to the hygiene hypothesis, can protect against allergies and autoimmune diseases. The benefits of contact with a dog also include social support, as dogs are able to not only provide companionship and social support themselves, but also to act as facilitators of social interactions between humans. One study indicated that wheelchair users experience more positive social interactions with strangers when they are accompanied by a dog than when they are not. 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Animal-assisted intervention research has shown that animal-assisted therapy with a dog can increase social behaviors, such as smiling and laughing, among people with Alzheimer's disease. 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Studies suggesting that there are benefits to physical health and psychological wellbeing have been criticised for being poorly controlled, and finding that \"[t]he health of elderly people is related to their health habits and social supports but not to their ownership of, or attachment to, a companion animal.\" Earlier studies have shown that people who keep pet dogs or cats exhibit better mental and physical health than those who do not, making fewer visits to the doctor and being less likely to be on medication than non-guardians.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Studies that people are better off with dogs have been criticized for being what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'poorly controlled'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",255]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9d357dc89441400fdb860'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'People who have cats or dogs make fewer visits where?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'to the doctor'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",597]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9d357dc89441400fdb861'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dog'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay was run from March 24 until August 8, 2008, prior to the 2008 Summer Olympics, with the theme of \"one world, one dream\". Plans for the relay were announced on April 26, 2007, in Beijing, China. The relay, also called by the organizers as the \"Journey of Harmony\", lasted 129 days and carried the torch 137,000 km (85,000 mi) – the longest distance of any Olympic torch relay since the tradition was started ahead of the 1936 Summer Olympics.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the tradition of people carrying the Olympic torch before the Olympic games begin?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1936 Summer Olympics.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",458]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d89c3ebfea0914004b76f1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many days did people carry the Olympic torch before the 2008 Summer Olympics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'129 days'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",309]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d89c3ebfea0914004b76f2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the theme for the torch relay?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'one world, one dream'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",136]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d89c3ebfea0914004b76f4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the organizers of the torch relay call it?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Journey of Harmony'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",281]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d89c3ebfea0914004b76f5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the 2008 Olympic slogan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'one world, one dream'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",136]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daf2b6e7c41114004b4b6a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where were the details of the torch relay made known?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Beijing, China.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",216]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daf2b6e7c41114004b4b6b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the torch relay referred to as by organizers?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"Journey of Harmony\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",280]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daf2b6e7c41114004b4b6c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many miles was the Olympic torch relayed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'85,000 mi'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",352]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daf2b6e7c41114004b4b6d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'After being lit at the birthplace of the Olympic Games in Olympia, Greece on March 24, the torch traveled to the Panathinaiko Stadium in Athens, and then to Beijing, arriving on March 31. From Beijing, the torch was following a route passing through six continents. The torch has visited cities along the Silk Road, symbolizing ancient links between China and the rest of the world. The relay also included an ascent with the flame to the top of Mount Everest on the border of Nepal and Tibet, China from the Chinese side, which was closed specially for the event.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What day was the Olympic torch lit for the 2008 games?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'March 24'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",78]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d89fbcbfea0914004b76fb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did the Olympics originate?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Olympia, Greece'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",59]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d89fbcbfea0914004b76fc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Olympic torch reach Beijing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'March 31'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",179]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d89fbcbfea0914004b76fd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many continents did the torch visit after Beijing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'six'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",251]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d89fbcbfea0914004b76fe'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The torch was on what road to symbolize historic links between China and the world?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Silk Road'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",306]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d89fbcbfea0914004b76ff'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the Olympic torch lit?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Olympia, Greece'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",59]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daf3b2e7c41114004b4b7d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What date was the Olympic torch lit?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'March 24'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",78]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daf3b2e7c41114004b4b7e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the stadium in Greece were the torch was taken to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Panathinaiko Stadium'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",114]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daf3b2e7c41114004b4b7f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What date did the Olympic torch arrive at its destination in China?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'March 31.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",179]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daf3b2e7c41114004b4b80'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What mountain was the torch taken up?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mount Everest'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",447]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daf3b2e7c41114004b4b81'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In many cities along the North American and European route, the torch relay was protested by advocates of Tibetan independence, animal rights, and legal online gambling, and people protesting against China's human rights record, resulting in confrontations at a few of the relay locations. These protests, which ranged from hundreds of people in San Francisco, to effectively none in Pyongyang, forced the path of the torch relay to be changed or shortened on a number of occasions. The torch was extinguished by Chinese security officials several times during the Paris leg for security reasons, and once in protest in Paris.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people protested on the San Francisco torch route?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'hundreds'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",325]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8a0ddbfea0914004b7706'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people protested at the Pyongyang torch route?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'effectively none'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",365]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8a0ddbfea0914004b7707'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What were some groups doing along the torch route that was not supportive of the Olympics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'protesting'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",182]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daf4e0e7c41114004b4b9b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who put out the torch along the route for protection?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Chinese security officials'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",514]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daf4e0e7c41114004b4b9d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The attacks on the torch in London and Paris were described as \"despicable\" by the Chinese government, condemning them as \"deliberate disruptions... who gave no thought to the Olympic spirit or the laws of Britain and France\" and who \"tarnish the lofty Olympic spirit\", and vowed they would continue with the relay and not allow the protests to \"impede the Olympic spirit\". Large-scale counter-protests by overseas Chinese and foreign-based Chinese nationals became prevalent in later segments of the relay. In San Francisco, the number of supporters were much more than the number of protesters, and in Australia, Japan, South Korea, the counter-protesters overwhelmed the protesters. A couple of skirmishes between the protesters and supporters were reported. No major protests were visible in the Latin America, Africa, and Western Asia legs of the torch relay.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who condemned the various attacks on the torch relay route?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Chinese government'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",80]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8a732bfea0914004b770f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In San Francisco, who had a larger presence than the protesters? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'supporters'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",541]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8a732bfea0914004b7711'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who overwhelmed the protesters in Japan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'counter-protesters'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",640]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8a732bfea0914004b7712'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who amassed in large scale against protesters?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'counter-protesters'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",640]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daf68de7c41114004b4bbf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was said to have occurred between some supporters and protesters?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'skirmishes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",699]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daf68de7c41114004b4bc1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What three areas of the globe were protests reported as not big?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Latin America, Africa, and Western Asia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",801]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daf68de7c41114004b4bc2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Prompted by the chaotic torch relays in Western Europe and North America, the president of the International Olympic Committee, Jacques Rogge described the situation as a \"crisis\" for the organization and stated that any athletes displaying Tibetan flags at Olympic venues could be expelled from the games. though he stopped short of cancelling the relay altogether despite calls to do so by some IOC members. The outcome of the relay influenced the IOC's decision to scrap global relays in future editions of the games.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is the president of the International Olympic Committee?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jacques Rogge'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",129]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8a84abfea0914004b7719'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Athletes wearing what kind of flag at any Olympic venue faced the possibility of expulsion from the Olympics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tibetan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",242]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8a84abfea0914004b771b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Because of the relay issues, IOC decided to no longer have what in subsequent Olympics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'global relays'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",475]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8a84abfea0914004b771d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the man who said the protesting of the torch relay as a \"crisis\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jacques Rogge'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",129]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daf993e7c41114004b4bed'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What could happen to Olympic sports participants who showed a Tibetan flag at events?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'could be expelled'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",274]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daf993e7c41114004b4bee'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who asked that the torch relay be ended?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'IOC members.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",398]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daf993e7c41114004b4bef'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was halted with the torch relay for future Olympics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'global relays'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",475]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56daf993e7c41114004b4bf0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In June 2008, the Beijing Games' Organizing Committee announced that the planned international torch relay for the Paralympic Games had been cancelled. The Committee stated that the relay was being cancelled to enable the Chinese government to \"focus on the rescue and relief work\" following the Sichuan earthquake.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The international torch relay was canceled for what event in June 2008?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Paralympic Games'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",116]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8d444bfea0914004b7723'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'For what events was the torch relay decided to not be held?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Paralympic Games'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",116]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dafa15e7c41114004b4bf5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Olympic Torch is based on traditional scrolls and uses a traditional Chinese design known as \"Lucky Cloud\". It is made from aluminum. It is 72 centimetres high and weighs 985 grams. The torch is designed to remain lit in 65 kilometre per hour (37 mile per hour) winds, and in rain of up to 50 millimetres (2 inches) per hour. An ignition key is used to ignite and extinguish the flame. The torch is fueled by cans of propane. Each can will light the torch for 15 minutes. It is designed by a team from Lenovo Group. 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Air China was chosen by the Beijing Committees of the Olympic Game as the designated Olympic torch carrier in March 2008 for its long-standing participation in the Olympic cause. The plane traveled a total of 137,000 km (85,000 mi) for a duration of 130 days through 21 countries and regions.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When it was necessary for the Olympic Torch to be on an airplane, which one was used?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a chartered Air China Airbus A330'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",67]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8d5babfea0914004b7735'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What color was the chartered plane?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'red and yellow'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",137]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8d5babfea0914004b7736'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was it decided that Air China would be the official torch carrier?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'March 2008'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",291]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8d5babfea0914004b7737'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many days did the plane travel?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'130 days'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",431]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8d5babfea0914004b7739'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of aircraft did the Torch team travel in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Airbus A330'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",89]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dafc53e7c41114004b4c07'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What colors was the aircraft painted?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'red and yellow'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",137]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dafc53e7c41114004b4c08'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the airline that transported the Olympic Torch?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Air China'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",79]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dafc53e7c41114004b4c09'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many days did the plane travel with the Torch team?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'130'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",431]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dafc53e7c41114004b4c0a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many different places were visited by the aircraft taking the Torch team?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'21'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",448]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dafc53e7c41114004b4c0b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The route carried the torch through six continents from March 2008 to May 2008 to August 2008. The planned route originally included a stop in Taipei between Ho Chi Minh City and Hong Kong, but there was disagreement in Beijing and Taipei over language used to describe whether it was an international or a domestic part of the route. While the Olympic committees of China and Chinese Taipei reached initial consensus on the approach, the government of the Republic of China in Taiwan intervened, stating that this placement could be interpreted as placing Taiwan on the same level as Hong Kong and Macau, an implication it objected to. The Beijing Organizing Committee attempted to continue negotiation, but further disputes arose over the flag or the anthem of the Republic of China along the 24 km torch route in Taiwan. By the midnight deadline for concluding the negotiation on September 21, 2007, Taiwan and China were unable to come to terms with the issue of the Torch Relay. In the end, both sides of the Taiwan Strait decided to eliminate the Taipei leg.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many continents did the torch visit?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'six'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",37]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8d809dc89441400fdb326'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the stop that was to happen between Ho Chi Minh City and Hong Kong?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Taipei'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",144]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8d809dc89441400fdb327'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Republic of China felt that the wrong decision could place Taiwan on the same level as what two areas?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hong Kong and Macau'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",586]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8d809dc89441400fdb329'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The torch route covered six what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'continents'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",41]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db003ae7c41114004b4c11'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What government disagreed on the language used to describe the torch route?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Taiwan.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",817]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db003ae7c41114004b4c12'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What two places did Taiwan not want to be considered equal with in the language of the torch's route description?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hong Kong and Macau'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",586]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db003ae7c41114004b4c14'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many kilometers was the torch supposed to go through Taiwan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'24'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",796]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db003ae7c41114004b4c15'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","' Greece: On March 24, 2008, the Olympic Flame was ignited at Olympia, Greece, site of the ancient Olympic Games. The actress Maria Nafpliotou, in the role of a High Priestess, ignited the torch of the first torchbearer, a silver medalist of the 2004 Summer Olympics in taekwondo Alexandros Nikolaidis from Greece, who handed the flame over to the second torchbearer, Olympic champion in women's breaststroke Luo Xuejuan from China. Following the recent unrest in Tibet, three members of Reporters Without Borders, including Robert Ménard, breached security and attempted to disrupt a speech by Liu Qi, the head of Beijing's Olympic organising committee during the torch lighting ceremony in Olympia, Greece. The People's Republic of China called this a \"disgraceful\" attempt to sabotage the Olympics. On March 30, 2008 in Athens, during ceremonies marking the handing over of the torch from Greek officials to organizers of the Beijing games, demonstrators shouted 'Free Tibet' and unfurled banners; some 10 of the 15 protesters were taken into police detention. After the hand-off, protests continued internationally, with particularly violent confrontations with police in Nepal.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what date did the Olympic Flame get lit?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'March 24, 2008'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",13]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8d8d0dc89441400fdb330'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did the Olympic Flame get lit?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Olympia, Greece.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",692]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8d8d0dc89441400fdb331'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the first person to carry the torch?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Alexandros Nikolaidis'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",280]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8d8d0dc89441400fdb332'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who initially lit the Olympic Torch?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Maria Nafpliotou'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",126]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8d8d0dc89441400fdb333'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did demonstrators yell for Tibet to be freed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'March 30, 2008'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",805]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8d8d0dc89441400fdb334'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where is the location of the original Olympic events?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Olympia, Greece.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",692]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db0184e7c41114004b4c1b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the woman who lit the torch for the new games?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Maria Nafpliotou'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",126]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db0184e7c41114004b4c1c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What medal did the first torchbearer have from prior games?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'silver'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",223]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db0184e7c41114004b4c1d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the first torchbearer for the 2008 Olympics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Alexandros Nikolaidis'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",280]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db0184e7c41114004b4c1e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What place had police experience violent problems with protesters?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Nepal.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1176]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db0184e7c41114004b4c1f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'\n China: In China, the torch was first welcomed by Politburo Standing Committee member Zhou Yongkang and State Councilor Liu Yandong. It was subsequently passed onto CPC General Secretary Hu Jintao. A call to boycott French hypermart Carrefour from May 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the Chinese over the weekend from April 12, accusing the company's major shareholder, the LVMH Group, of donating funds to the Dalai Lama. There were also calls to extend the boycott to include French luxury goods and cosmetic products. According to the Washington Times on April 15, however, the Chinese government was attempting to \"calm the situation\" through censorship: \"All comments posted on popular Internet forum Sohu.com relating to a boycott of Carrefour have been deleted.\" Chinese protesters organized boycotts of the French-owned retail chain Carrefour in major Chinese cities including Kunming, Hefei and Wuhan, accusing the French nation of pro-secessionist conspiracy and anti-Chinese racism. Some burned French flags, some added Nazism's Swastika to the French flag, and spread short online messages calling for large protests in front of French consulates and embassy. The Carrefour boycott was met with anti-boycott demonstrators who insisted on entering one of the Carrefour stores in Kunming, only to be blocked by boycotters wielding large Chinese flags and hit by water bottles. The BBC reported that hundreds of people demonstrated in Beijing, Wuhan, Hefei, Kunming and Qingdao.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Action was taken to boycott which company?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Carrefour'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",235]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8d9cddc89441400fdb33b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the biggest shareholder of Carrefour?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the LVMH Group'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",418]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8d9cddc89441400fdb33c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did some protesters burn?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the French flag'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1100]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8d9cddc89441400fdb33d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where were anti-protesters blocked from entering a Carrefour store with Chinese flags?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Kunming'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",933]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8d9cddc89441400fdb33e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was said to have given money to the Dalai Lama?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the LVMH Group'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",418]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db02f4e7c41114004b4c38'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What method did the Chinese government use to ease the boycott situation?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'censorship'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",695]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db02f4e7c41114004b4c39'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What French company was being boycotted?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Carrefour'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",235]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db02f4e7c41114004b4c3a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In response to the demonstrations, an editorial in the People's Daily urged Chinese people to \"express [their] patriotic enthusiasm calmly and rationally, and express patriotic aspiration in an orderly and legal manner\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what publication were Chinese people asked to be orderly and legal because of the protests and demonstrations?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'People's Daily'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",56]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8da16dc89441400fdb344'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the publication where Chinese people were advised to be calm and rational about patriotism?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'People's Daily'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",56]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db0372e7c41114004b4c4b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Chinese people were told to show patriotism in an orderly and what manner?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'legal'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",207]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db0372e7c41114004b4c4c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'\n Kazakhstan: The first torchbearer in Almaty, where the Olympic torch arrived for the first time ever on April 2, was the President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbaev. The route ran 20 km from Medeo stadium to Astana Square. There were reports that Uighur activists were arrested and some were deported back to China.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What virgin site did the torch visit on April 2?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Almaty'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",40]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8dab9dc89441400fdb346'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the first person to be handed the torch in Almaty?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Nursultan Nazarbaev.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",148]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8dab9dc89441400fdb347'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is Nursultan Nazarbaev?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the President of Kazakhstan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",120]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8dab9dc89441400fdb348'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The route in Almaty went from Medeo Stadium to where?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Astana Square.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",211]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8dab9dc89441400fdb349'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of activists were arrested in Almaty?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Uighur activists'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",250]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8dab9dc89441400fdb34a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What country did the torch get to for the first time?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Kazakhstan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",3]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db0495e7c41114004b4c4f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the president who was the first torchbearer in Almaty?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Nursultan Nazarbaev.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",148]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db0495e7c41114004b4c50'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the distance in kilometers for the route in Kazakhstan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'20'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",183]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db0495e7c41114004b4c52'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What activists were reported to have been arrested?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Uighur'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",250]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db0495e7c41114004b4c53'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'\n Turkey: The torch relay leg in Istanbul, held on April 3, started on Sultanahmet Square and finished in Taksim Square. Uyghurs living in Turkey protested at Chinese treatment of their compatriots living in Xinjiang. Several protesters who tried to disrupt the relay were promptly arrested by the police.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the torch in Istanbul?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'April 3'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",52]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8dc9cdc89441400fdb350'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did the torch end up in Istanbul?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Taksim Square'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",107]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8dc9cdc89441400fdb351'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did the torch start in Instanbul?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sultanahmet Square'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",72]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8dc9cdc89441400fdb352'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who protested for their compatriots who were in Xinjiang?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Uyghurs living in Turkey'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",122]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8dc9cdc89441400fdb353'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What city was the Olympic Torch at on April 3rd?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Istanbul'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",34]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db0a87e7c41114004b4cb1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the place in the city where the torch relay started in Turkey?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sultanahmet Square'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",72]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db0a87e7c41114004b4cb2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did the torch relay finish in Turkey?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Taksim Square.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",107]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db0a87e7c41114004b4cb3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What people in Turkey protested for their people living in China?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Uyghurs'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",122]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db0a87e7c41114004b4cb4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What happened to protesters who tried to interrupt the carrying of the torch?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'arrested'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",283]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db0a87e7c41114004b4cb5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'\n Russia: On April 5 the Olympic torch arrived at Saint Petersburg, Russia. The length of the torch relay route in the city was 20 km, with the start at the Victory Square and finish at the Palace Square. Mixed martial arts icon and former PRIDE Heavyweight Champion Fedor Emelianenko was one the torch bearers. This gives him the distinction of the being the first active MMA fighter to carry the Olympic flame.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the torch arrive in Saint Petersburg?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'April 5'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",14]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8dd47dc89441400fdb358'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the start of the torch route in Saint Petersburg?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Victory Square'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",158]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8dd47dc89441400fdb35a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did the torch route end in Saint Petersburg?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Palace Square'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",191]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8dd47dc89441400fdb35b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is the first MMA fighter to participate in carrying the Olympic torch?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Fedor Emelianenko'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",268]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8dd47dc89441400fdb35c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where in Russia was the first stop for the relay?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Saint Petersburg'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",51]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db0c05e7c41114004b4cca'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What city location did the torch relay begin in Russia?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Victory Square'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",158]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db0c05e7c41114004b4ccb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the last location for the relay in Russia?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Palace Square.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",191]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db0c05e7c41114004b4ccc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the MMA fighter who carried the torch in Russia?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Fedor Emelianenko'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",268]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db0c05e7c41114004b4ccd'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'\n Great Britain: The torch relay leg held in London, the host city of the 2012 Summer Olympics, on April 6 began at Wembley Stadium, passed through the City of London, and eventually ended at O2 Arena in the eastern part of the city. The 48 km (30 mi) leg took a total of seven and a half hours to complete, and attracted protests by pro-Tibetan independence and pro-Human Rights supporters, prompting changes to the planned route and an unscheduled move onto a bus, which was then briefly halted by protestors. Home Secretary Jacqui Smith has officially complained to Beijing Organising Committee about the conduct of the tracksuit-clad Chinese security guards. The Chinese officials, seen manhandling protesters, were described by both the London Mayor Ken Livingstone and Lord Coe, chairman of the London Olympic Committee as \"thugs\". A Metropolitan police briefing paper revealed that security for the torch relay cost £750,000 and the participation of the Chinese security team had been agreed in advance, despite the Mayor stating, \"We did not know beforehand these thugs were from the security services. Had I known so, we would have said no.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which city hosted the 2012 Summer Olympics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'London'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",46]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8decfdc89441400fdb362'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the torch route begin in London?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'April 6'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",100]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8decfdc89441400fdb363'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much did security cost for the torch relay in London?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'£750,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",924]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8decfdc89441400fdb366'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What city held the Olympics in 2012?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'London'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",46]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db0ce9e7c41114004b4cd3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did the torch relay begin in London for the 2008 Olympics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Wembley Stadium'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",117]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db0ce9e7c41114004b4cd4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did the relay end in London?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'O2 Arena'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",193]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db0ce9e7c41114004b4cd5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many miles was the relay in England?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'30 mi'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",246]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db0ce9e7c41114004b4cd6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What word was used by London officials to describe Chinese security guards for their treatment of protesters?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'thugs'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",831]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db0ce9e7c41114004b4cd7'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Of the 80 torch-bearers in London, Sir Steve Redgrave, who started the relay, mentioned to the media that he had received e-mailed pleas to boycott the event and could \"see why they would like to make an issue\" of it. Francesca Martinez and Richard Vaughan refused to carry the torch, while Konnie Huq decided to carry it and also speak out against China. The pro-Tibetan Member of Parliament Norman Baker asked all bearers to reconsider. Amid pressure from both directions, Prime Minister Gordon Brown welcomed the torch outside 10 Downing Street without holding or touching it. The London relay saw the torch surrounded by what the BBC described as \"a mobile protective ring.\" Protests began as soon as Redgrave started the event, leading to at least thirty-five arrests. In Ladbroke Grove a demonstrator attempted to snatch the torch from Konnie Huq in a momentary struggle, and in a separate incident, a fire extinguisher was set off near the torch. The Chinese ambassador carried the torch through Chinatown after an unpublicized change to the route amid security concerns. The torch made an unscheduled move onto a bus along Fleet Street amid security concerns and efforts to evade the protesters. In an effort to counter the pro-Tibet protesters and show their support for the 2008 Beijing Olympics, more than 2,000 Chinese also gathered on the torch route and demonstrated with signs, banners and Chinese flags. A large number of supporters were concentrated in Trafalgar Square, displaying the Olympic slogan \"One World, One Dream\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many torchbearers took part in the London route?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'80'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",8]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8df98dc89441400fdb36c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the first person to hold the torch for the London route?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sir Steve Redgrave'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",36]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8df98dc89441400fdb36d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Along with Francesca Martinez, who decided to not carry the torch?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Richard Vaughan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",242]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8df98dc89441400fdb36e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was outside at 10 Downing Street to welcome the torch without actually touching it?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Prime Minister Gordon Brown'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",476]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8df98dc89441400fdb36f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who got emails asking him to boycott the torch relay?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sir Steve Redgrave'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",36]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db0de5e7c41114004b4cdd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people carried the torch in England for the 2008 Olympics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'80'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",8]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db0de5e7c41114004b4cde'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What two people in England declined to bear the torch?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Francesca Martinez and Richard Vaughan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",219]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db0de5e7c41114004b4cdf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did Gordon Brown welcome the torch?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'10 Downing Street'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",531]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db0de5e7c41114004b4ce0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was an attempt made to take the torch?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ladbroke Grove'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",778]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db0de5e7c41114004b4ce1'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'\n France: The torch relay leg in Paris, held on April 7, began on the first level of the Eiffel Tower and finished at the Stade Charléty. The relay was initially supposed to cover 28 km, but it was shortened at the demand of Chinese officials following widespread protests by pro-Tibet and human rights activists, who repeatedly attempted to disrupt, hinder or halt the procession. A scheduled ceremony at the town hall was cancelled at the request of the Chinese authorities, and, also at the request of Chinese authorities, the torch finished the relay by bus instead of being carried by athletes. Paris City officials had announced plans to greet the Olympic flame with peaceful protest when the torch was to reach the French capital. The city government attached a banner reading \"Paris defends human rights throughout the world\" to the City Hall, in an attempt to promote values \"of all humanity and of human rights.\" Members from Reporters Without Borders turned out in large numbers to protest. An estimated 3,000 French police protected the Olympic torch relay as it departed from the Eiffel Tower and criss-crossed Paris amid threat of protests. Widespread pro-Tibet protests, including an attempt by more than one demonstrator to extinguish the flame with water or fire extinguishers, prompted relay authorities to put out the flame five times (according to the police authorities in Paris) and load the torch onto a bus, at the demand of Chinese officials. This was later denied by the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, despite video footage broadcast by French television network France 2 which showed Chinese flame attendants extinguishing the torch. Backup flames are with the relay at all times to relight the torch. French judoka and torchbearer David Douillet expressed his annoyance at the Chinese flame attendants who extinguished the torch which he was about to hand over to Teddy Riner: \"I understand they're afraid of everything, but this is just annoying. They extinguished the flame despite the fact that there was no risk, and they could see it and they knew it. I don't know why they did it.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the torch relay in Paris occur?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'April 7'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",49]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8e071dc89441400fdb376'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did the Paris route start for the torch relay?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Eiffel Tower'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",86]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8e071dc89441400fdb377'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Rather than being carried by an athlete, how did the torch end its route in Paris?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'by bus'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",556]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8e071dc89441400fdb379'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The flame of the torch was put out when David Douillet was ready to hand it to who?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Teddy Riner'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1899]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8e071dc89441400fdb37a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What date did the torch relay begin in France?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'April 7'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",49]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db0f17e7c41114004b4ce7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What city in France did the torch relay start at?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Paris'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",34]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db0f17e7c41114004b4ce8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where location was the torch relay started in the city in Paris?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Eiffel Tower'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",90]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db0f17e7c41114004b4ce9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'About how many police were said to have protected the torch in France?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'3,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1016]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db0f17e7c41114004b4cea'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many times was the torch put out in France die to security concerns?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'five'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1344]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db0f17e7c41114004b4ceb'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Chinese officials canceled the torch relay ceremony amidst disruptions, including a Tibetan flag flown from a window in the City Hall by Green Party officials. The third torchbearer in the Paris leg, Jin Jing, who was disabled and carried the torch on a wheelchair, was assaulted several times by unidentified protestors seemingly from the pro-Tibet independent camp. In interviews, Jin Jing said that she was \"tugged at, scratched\" and \"kicked\", but that she \"did not feel the pain at the time.\" She received praise from ethnic Chinese worldwide as \"Angel in Wheelchair\". The Chinese government gave the comment that \"the Chinese respect France a lot\" but \"Paris [has slapped] its own face.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who threw a a Tibetan flag from a City Hall window?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Green Party officials.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",138]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8e127dc89441400fdb380'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which torchbearer was in a wheelchair?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jin Jing'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",201]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8e127dc89441400fdb381'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Jin Jing called by ethnic Chinese?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Angel in Wheelchair'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",552]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8e127dc89441400fdb383'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was stopped due to protest interruptions?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'torch relay ceremony'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",32]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db1b38e7c41114004b4d29'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the handicapped bearer of the torch?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jin Jing'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",201]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db1b38e7c41114004b4d2a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the ethnic Chinese call the disabled torch bearer?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Angel in Wheelchair'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",552]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db1b38e7c41114004b4d2b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who put a flag of Tibet out of the window at City Hall?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Green Party officials.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",138]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db1b38e7c41114004b4d2d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Reporters Without Borders organised several symbolic protests, including scaling the Eiffel Tower to hang a protest banner from it, and hanging an identical banner from the Notre Dame cathedral.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which organization planned several protests?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Reporters Without Borders'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8e18ddc89441400fdb38a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Reporters Without Borders scale in order to put a protest banner on it?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Eiffel Tower'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",82]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8e18ddc89441400fdb38b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which cathedral did Reporters Without Borders hang another protest banner?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Notre Dame cathedral'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",174]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8e18ddc89441400fdb38c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was hung from the Eiffel Tower?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'banner'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",117]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db1ba8e7c41114004b4d39'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who climbed the Eiffel Tower to hang a protest banner?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Reporters Without Borders'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db1ba8e7c41114004b4d3a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where else was a copy of the banner at Eiffel Tower hung?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Notre Dame cathedral.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",174]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db1ba8e7c41114004b4d3b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Several hundred pro-Tibet protesters gathered at the Trocadéro with banners and Tibetan flags, and remained there for a peaceful protest, never approaching the torch relay itself. Among them was Jane Birkin, who spoke to the media about the \"lack of freedom of speech\" in China. Also present was Thupten Gyatso, President of the French Tibetan community, who called upon pro-Tibet demonstrators to \"remain calm, non-violent, peaceful\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did hundreds of pro-Tibet protesters meet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Trocadéro'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",50]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8e40fdc89441400fdb390'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who spoke to the media about China's lack of freedom of speech?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jane Birkin'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",196]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8e40fdc89441400fdb392'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is the President of the French Tibetan community that urged protesters to remain peaceful?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Thupten Gyatso'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",297]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8e40fdc89441400fdb393'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did pro-Tibetan protesters get together?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Trocadéro'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",54]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db1cbee7c41114004b4d5d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Trocadéro was not disruptive of the relay and said to have been what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'peaceful'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",121]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db1cbee7c41114004b4d5e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who, of the Trocadéro protest, spoke to the media?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jane Birkin'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",196]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db1cbee7c41114004b4d5f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the person who spoke to the media at Trocadéro say China lacked?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'freedom of speech'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",251]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db1cbee7c41114004b4d60'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'French members of Parliament and other French politicians also organised a protest. All political parties in Parliament—UMP, Socialists, New Centre, Communists, Democratic Movement (centre) and Greens—jointly requested a pause in the National Assembly's session, which was granted, so that MPs could step outside and unfurl a banner which read \"Respect for Human Rights in China\". The coach containing the torch drove past the National Assembly and the assembled protesting MPs, who shouted \"Freedom for Tibet!\" several times as it passed.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the political parties request a brief stop in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the National Assembly's session'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",231]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8e49edc89441400fdb399'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What text was on the banner that the politicians unrolled outside?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Respect for Human Rights in China'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",346]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8e49edc89441400fdb39a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did MPs yell when the torch passed them?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Freedom for Tibet!'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",493]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8e49edc89441400fdb39b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Various French politicians started protests including members of what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Parliament'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",19]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db1df1e7c41114004b4d7f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'All the French political factions requested a temporary halt to what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'National Assembly's session'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",235]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db1df1e7c41114004b4d80'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why did the banner say that was unveiled during the temporary halt?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Respect for Human Rights in China'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",346]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db1df1e7c41114004b4d81'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the Parliamentary members yell as the relay passed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Freedom for Tibet!'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",493]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db1df1e7c41114004b4d82'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'French police were criticised for their handling of the events, and notably for confiscating Tibetan flags from demonstrators. The newspaper Libération commented: \"The police did so much that only the Chinese were given freedom of expression. The Tibetan flag was forbidden everywhere except on the Trocadéro.\" Minister of the Interior Michèle Alliot-Marie later stated that the police had not been ordered to do so, and that they had acted on their own initiative. A cameraman for France 2 was struck in the face by a police officer, knocked unconscious, and had to be sent to hospital.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did French police take from demonstrators?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tibetan flags'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",94]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8e547dc89441400fdb3a0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which newspaper reported that only the Chinese could express themselves?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Libération'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",142]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8e547dc89441400fdb3a1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the only place the Tibetan flag could be held?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Trocadéro'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",296]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8e547dc89441400fdb3a2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the Minister of the Interior?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Michèle Alliot-Marie'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",337]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8e547dc89441400fdb3a3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did French law enforcement take from protesters?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tibetan flags'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",94]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db1f11e7c41114004b4d9b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the only place Tibetan flags were permitted?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Trocadéro.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",296]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db1f11e7c41114004b4d9c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who said the police acted on their own in taking the flags?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Michèle Alliot-Marie'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",337]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db1f11e7c41114004b4d9d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who rendered a France 2 camera person unconscious?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a police officer'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",518]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db1f11e7c41114004b4d9e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","' United States of America: The torch relay's North American leg occurred in San Francisco, California on April 9. On the day of the relay officials diverted the torch run to an unannounced route. The start was at McCovey Cove, where Norman Bellingham of the U.S. Olympic Committee gave the torch to the first torchbearer, Chinese 1992 Olympic champion swimmer Lin Li. The planned closing ceremony at Justin Herman Plaza was cancelled and instead, a ceremony was held at San Francisco International Airport, where the torch was to leave for Buenos Aires. The route changes allowed the run to avoid large numbers of China supporters and protesters against China. As people found out there would be no closing ceremony at Justin Herman Plaza, there were angry reactions. One demonstrator was quoted as saying that the route changes were an effort to \"thwart any organized protest that had been planned.\" San Francisco Board of Supervisors President Aaron Peskin, a critic of Mayor Gavin Newsom, said that it was a \"cynical plan to please the Bush State Department and the Chinese government because of the incredible influence of money.\" Newsom, on the other hand, said he felt it was in \"everyone's best interest\" and that he believed people had been \"afforded the right to protest and support the torch\" despite the route changes. Peter Ueberroth, head of the U.S. Olympic Committee, praised the route changes, saying, \"The city of San Francisco, from a global perspective, will be applauded.\" People who saw the torch were surprised and cheered as shown from live video of CBS and NBC. The cost to the city for hosting the event was reported to be USD $726,400, nearly half of which has been recovered by private fundraising. Mayor Gavin Newsom said that \"exponential\" costs associated with mass arrests were avoided by his decision to change the route in consultation with police chief Heather Fong.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did the torch start it's North American route?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'San Francisco'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",77]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8e665dc89441400fdb3aa'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What day did the torch arrive in San Francisco?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'April 9'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",106]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8e665dc89441400fdb3ab'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the first North American torchbearer?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Lin Li'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",361]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8e665dc89441400fdb3ac'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The route end was changed from Justin Herman plaza to what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'San Francisco International Airport'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",471]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8e665dc89441400fdb3ad'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the head of the U.S. Olympic Committee?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Peter Ueberroth'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1331]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8e665dc89441400fdb3ae'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What city in the United States held the 2008 Olympic Torch relay?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'San Francisco'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",77]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db205be7c41114004b4dbd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the date of the relay in the United States?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'April 9.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",106]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db205be7c41114004b4dbe'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the person who handed off the torch to the torchbearer in the United States 2008 Olympic relay?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Norman Bellingham'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",234]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db205be7c41114004b4dbf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the location where the relay ending event was canceled?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Justin Herman Plaza'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",401]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db205be7c41114004b4dc0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On April 1, 2008, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors approved a resolution addressing human rights concerns when the Beijing Olympic torch arrives in San Francisco on April 9. The resolution would welcome the torch with \"alarm and protest at the failure of China to meet its past solemn promises to the international community, including the citizens of San Francisco, to cease the egregious and ongoing human rights abuses in China and occupied Tibet.\" On April 8, numerous protests were planned including one at the city's United Nations Plaza led by actor Richard Gere and Archbishop Desmond Tutu.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who approved a resolution concerning human rights on April 1, 2008?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'San Francisco Board of Supervisors'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",23]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8e72adc89441400fdb3b4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The concern was over what in China and Tibet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'human rights abuses'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",409]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8e72adc89441400fdb3b5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What date was the protest which was led by Gere and Tutu?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'April 8'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",462]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8e72adc89441400fdb3b7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was a resolution agreed to about Chinese human rights issues in San Francisco?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'April 1, 2008'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2356e7c41114004b4dfb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who approved the resolution?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'San Francisco Board of Supervisors'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",23]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2356e7c41114004b4dfc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was a protest planned in San Francisco?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'United Nations Plaza'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",530]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2356e7c41114004b4dfe'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What actor was scheduled to attend a San Francisco Olympic protest?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Richard Gere'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",564]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2356e7c41114004b4dff'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Some advocates for Tibet, Darfur, and the spiritual practice Falun Gong, planned to protest the April 9 arrival of the torch in San Francisco. China had already requested the torch route in San Francisco be shortened. On April 7, 2008, two days prior to the actual torch relay, three activists carrying Tibetan flags scaled the suspension cables of the Golden Gate Bridge to unfurl two banners, one saying \"One World, One Dream. Free Tibet\", and the other, \"Free Tibet '08\". Among them was San Francisco resident Laurel Sutherlin, who spoke to the local TV station KPIX-CBS5 live from a cellphone, urging the International Olympic Committee to ask China not to allow the torch to go through Tibet. \"Sutherlin said he was worried that the torch's planned route through Tibet would lead to more arrests and Chinese officials would use force to stifle dissent.\" The three activists and five supporters face charges related to trespassing, conspiracy and causing a public nuisance.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Three protester climbed what to hang two banners on April 7, 2008?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Golden Gate Bridge'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",354]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8e7d8dc89441400fdb3bd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Laurel Sutherlin spoke to which TV station about his concerns?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'KPIX-CBS5'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",566]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8e7d8dc89441400fdb3be'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who asked that the San Francisco relay route be shortened?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'China'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",144]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2495e7c41114004b4e05'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What famous bridge had two banners hung from it by protesters?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Golden Gate Bridge'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",354]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2495e7c41114004b4e06'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who spoke to station KPIX-CBS5 about the bridge banner protests?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Laurel Sutherlin'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",514]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2495e7c41114004b4e07'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many supporters face charges for the bridge stunt?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'five'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",884]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2495e7c41114004b4e08'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many activists may be charged with crimes for the bridge stunt?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'three'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",279]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2495e7c41114004b4e09'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The torch was lit at a park outside at AT&T Park at about 1:17 pm PDT (20:17 UTC), briefly held aloft by American and Chinese Olympic officials. The relay descended into confusion as the first runner in the elaborately planned relay disappeared into a warehouse on a waterfront pier where it stayed for a half-an-hour. There were clashes between thousands of pro-China demonstrators, many of whom said they were bused in by the Chinese Consulate and other pro-China groups, and both pro-Tibet and Darfur protesters. The non-Chinese demonstrators were reported to have been swamped and trailed by angry crowds. Around 2 pm PDT (21:00 UTC), the torch resurfaced about 3 km (1.9 mi) away from the stadium along Van Ness Avenue, a heavily trafficked thoroughfare that was not on official route plans. Television reports showed the flame flanked by motorcycles and uniformed police officers. Two torchbearers carried the flame running slowly behind a truck and surrounded by Olympic security guards. During the torch relay, two torchbearers, Andrew Michael who uses a wheelchair and is the Vice President for Sustainable Development for the Bay Area Council and Director of Partnerships For Change, and an environmental advocate, Majora Carter, managed to display Tibetan flags in protest, resulting in their ejection from the relay. The closing ceremony at Justin Herman Plaza was canceled due to the presence of large numbers of protesters at the site. The torch run ended with a final stretch through San Francisco's Marina district and was then moved by bus to San Francisco International Airport for a makeshift closing ceremony at the terminal, from which the free media was excluded. San Jose Mercury News described the \"deceiving\" event as \"a game of Where's Waldo, played against the landscape of a lovely city.\" International Olympic Committee President Jacques Rogge said the San Francisco relay had \"fortunately\" avoided much of the disruptions that marred the legs in London and Paris, but \"was, however, not the joyous party that we had wished it to be.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did the first relay runner disappear to with the torch??'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a warehouse'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",251]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8e895dc89441400fdb3c5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which wheelchair-bound torchbearer was ejected from the relay for showing a Tibetan flag?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Andrew Michael'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1038]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8e895dc89441400fdb3c8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What wheelchair-bound bearer of the Olympic torch displayed a Tibetan flag?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Andrew Michael'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1038]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2747e7c41114004b4e31'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the last part of the San Francisco torch relay carried through before getting on a bus?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Marina district'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1516]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2747e7c41114004b4e32'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was a makeshift closing ceremony held for the torch relay in San Francisco?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'San Francisco International Airport'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1561]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2747e7c41114004b4e33'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'After the bearer of the torch disappeared into a warehouse, what road did the relay reappear on?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Van Ness Avenue'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",709]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2747e7c41114004b4e34'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","' Argentina: The torch relay leg in Buenos Aires, Argentina, held on April 11, began with an artistic show at the Lola Mora amphitheatre in Costanera Sur. In the end of the show the mayor of Buenos Aires Mauricio Macri gave the torch to the first torchbearer, Carlos Espínola. The leg finished at the Buenos Aires Riding Club in the Palermo district, the last torchbearer being Gabriela Sabatini. The 13.8 km route included landmarks like the obelisk and Plaza de Mayo. The day was marked by several pro-Tibet protests, which included a giant banner reading \"Free Tibet\", and an alternative \"human rights torch\" that was lit by protesters and paraded along the route the flame was to take. Most of these protests were peaceful in nature, and the torch was not impeded. Chinese immigrants also turned out in support of the Games, but only minor scuffles were reported between both groups. Runners surrounded by rows of security carried the Olympic flame past thousands of jubilant Argentines in the most trouble-free torch relay in nearly a week. People showered the parade route with confetti as banks, government offices and businesses took an impromptu half-day holiday for the only Latin American stop on the flame's five-continent journey.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Olympic torch relay begin in Buenos Aires?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'April 11'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",69]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8e922dc89441400fdb3ce'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did the torch route start in Buenos Aires?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Lola Mora amphitheatre'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",110]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8e922dc89441400fdb3cf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the mayor of Buenos Aires?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mauricio Macri'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",204]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d8e922dc89441400fdb3d0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did the Olympic torch relay begin in Argentina?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Buenos Aires'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",36]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2841e7c41114004b4e4f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What place held an opening show for the relay?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Lola Mora amphitheatre'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",114]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2841e7c41114004b4e50'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the mayor who passed off the torch to the first bearer in Argentina?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mauricio Macri'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",204]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2841e7c41114004b4e51'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the first bearer of the torch in Argentina?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Carlos Espínola.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",260]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2841e7c41114004b4e52'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was showered along the route in some places?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'confetti'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1084]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2841e7c41114004b4e53'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Argentine activists told a news conference that they would not try to snuff out the torch's flame as demonstrators had in Paris and London. \"I want to announce that we will not put out the Olympic torch,\" said pro-Tibet activist Jorge Carcavallo. \"We'll be carrying out surprise actions throughout the city of Buenos Aires, but all of these will be peaceful.\" Among other activities, protesters organized an alternative march that went from the Obelisk to the city hall, featuring their own \"Human Rights Torch.\" A giant banner reading \"Free Tibet\" was also displayed on the torch route. According to a representative from the NGO 'Human Rights Torch Relay', their objective was to \"show the contradiction between the Olympic Games and the presence of widespread human rights violations in China\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the activist who promised peaceful protests?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jorge Carcavallo'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",230]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9618ddc89441400fdb3d9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What route was planned for an alternative march?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'from the Obelisk to the city hall'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",437]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9618ddc89441400fdb3da'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was on the banner that was displayed where the torchbearers would carry the torch?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Free Tibet'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",538]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9618ddc89441400fdb3db'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the protester who said they would not try to extinguish the torch?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jorge Carcavallo.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",230]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2941e7c41114004b4e6b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did the other march travel form and to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Obelisk to the city hall'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",446]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2941e7c41114004b4e6c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name given to the torch carried on the alternative march?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Human Rights Torch.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",493]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2941e7c41114004b4e6d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the large banner say that was along the alternative march route?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Free Tibet'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",538]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2941e7c41114004b4e6e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the unsanctioned alternative relay called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Human Rights Torch Relay'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",633]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2941e7c41114004b4e6f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The outreach director of HRTR, Susan Prager, is also the communication director of \"Friends of Falun Gong\", a quasi-government non-profit funded by fmr. Congressman Tom Lanto's wife and Ambassador Mark Palmer of NED. A major setback to the event was caused by footballer Diego Maradona, scheduled to open the relay through Buenos Aires, pulling out in an attempt to avoid the Olympic controversy. Trying to avoid the scenes that marred the relay in the UK, France and the US, the city government designed a complex security operative to protect the torch relay, involving 1200 police officers and 3000 other people, including public employees and volunteers. Overall, the protests were peaceful in nature, although there were a few incidents such as the throwing of several water balloons in an attempt to extinguish the Olympic flame, and minor scuffles between Olympic protesters and supporters from Chinese immigrant communities.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the outreach director of HRTR?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Susan Prager'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",32]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d96652dc89441400fdb3e2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the non profit that was funded by Mark Palmer?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Friends of Falun Gong'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",85]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d96652dc89441400fdb3e3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which footballer decided to not be a torchbearer because of the controversy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Diego Maradona'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",272]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d96652dc89441400fdb3e4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many police officers were in place to avoid controversy along the torch route?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1200'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",573]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d96652dc89441400fdb3e5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was thrown to try and put out the flame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'water balloons'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",775]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d96652dc89441400fdb3e6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is Susan Prager communication director of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Friends of Falun Gong'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",85]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2b7fe7c41114004b4e8d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What football star backed out due to relay controversy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Diego Maradona'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",272]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2b7fe7c41114004b4e8e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many police officers were part of the security operative?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1200'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",573]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2b7fe7c41114004b4e8f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was tossed at the torch trying to put it out?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'water balloons'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",775]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2b7fe7c41114004b4e90'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The protests were considered to be overall what in nature?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'peaceful'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",687]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2b7fe7c41114004b4e91'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","' Tanzania: Dar es Salaam was the torch's only stop in Africa, on April 13. The relay began at the grand terminal of the TAZARA Railway, which was China's largest foreign aid project of the 1970s, and continued for 5 km through the old city to the Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium in Temeke, which was built with Chinese aid in 2005. The torch was lit by Vice-President Ali Mohamed Shein. About a thousand people followed the relay, waving the Olympic flag. The only noted instance of protest was Nobel Peace Prize laureate Wangari Maathai's withdrawal from the list of torchbearers, in protest against human rights abuses in Tibet.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the only African destination for the torch?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Dar es Salaam'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",12]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d966bbdc89441400fdb3ec'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the torch arrive in Dar es Salaam?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'April 13'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",66]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d966bbdc89441400fdb3ed'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did the route start for the torch in Dar es Salaam?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the TAZARA Railway'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",117]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d966bbdc89441400fdb3ee'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the solitary place the relay was held in Africa?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Dar es Salaam'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",12]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2c84e7c41114004b4ea7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the railway where the Olympic torch relay began in Africa?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'TAZARA'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",121]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2c84e7c41114004b4ea8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did the relay terminate in Africa?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",248]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2c84e7c41114004b4ea9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What country paid for the stadium through aid money?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'China'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",147]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2c84e7c41114004b4eaa'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who it the torch in Africa?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Vice-President Ali Mohamed Shein.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",354]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2c84e7c41114004b4eab'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'\n Sultanate of Oman: Muscat was the torch's only stop in the Middle East, on April 14. The relay covered 20 km. No protests or incidents were reported. One of the torchbearers was Syrian actress Sulaf Fawakherji.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which Middle East location was the only area the torch visited?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Muscat'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",22]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9670fdc89441400fdb3f6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the torch arrive in Muscat?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'April 14'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",78]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9670fdc89441400fdb3f8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which actress carried the torch for part of the route?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sulaf Fawakherji'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",196]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9670fdc89441400fdb3f9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the only place the Olympic torch was carried in the Middle East?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Muscat'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",22]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2ce6e7c41114004b4ebf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How far was the relay route in kilometers in the Middle East?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'20'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",106]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2ce6e7c41114004b4ec0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the Syrian actress who was one to bear the torch?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sulaf Fawakherji.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",196]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2ce6e7c41114004b4ec1'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'\n Pakistan: The Olympic torch reached Islamabad for the first time ever on April 16. President Pervez Musharraf and Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani spoke at the opening ceremony of the relay. Security was high, for what one newspaper called the \"most sensitive leg\" of the torch's Olympic journey. The relay was initially supposed to carry the torch around Islamabad, but the entire relay was cancelled due to security concerns regarding \"militant threats or anti-China protests\", and replaced by an indoors ceremony with the torch carried around the track of Jinnah Stadium. In fear of violent protests and bomb attacks, the torch relay in Pakistan took place in a stadium behind closed doors. Although the relay was behind closed doors, thousands of policemen and soldiers guarded the flame. As a consequence, no incidents arose.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the torch arrive in Islamabad?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'April 16'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",76]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d967bbdc89441400fdb3fe'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was an indoor ceremony held since the outdoor relay was cancelled?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jinnah Stadium'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",564]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d967bbdc89441400fdb401'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who spoke at the opening ceremony in Islamabad in addition to President Musharraf?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",117]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d967bbdc89441400fdb402'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did the Olympic torch relay start in Pakistan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Islamabad'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",39]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2d05e7c41114004b4ec5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Instead of a traditinal relay, where was the track the torch was carried in Pakistan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jinnah Stadium.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",564]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2e27e7c41114004b4ee7'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'\n India: Due to concerns about pro-Tibet protests, the relay through New Delhi on April 17 was cut to just 2.3 km (less than 1.5 miles), which was shared amongst 70 runners. It concluded at the India Gate. The event was peaceful due to the public not being allowed at the relay. A total of five intended torchbearers -Kiran Bedi, Soha Ali Khan, Sachin Tendulkar, Bhaichung Bhutia and Sunil Gavaskar- withdrew from the event, citing \"personal reasons\", or, in Bhutia's case, explicitly wishing to \"stand by the people of Tibet and their struggle\" and protest against the PRC \"crackdown\" in Tibet. Indian national football captain, Baichung Bhutia refused to take part in the Indian leg of the torch relay, citing concerns over Tibet. Bhutia, who is Sikkimese, is the first athlete to refuse to run with the torch. Indian film star Aamir Khan states on his personal blog that the \"Olympic Games do not belong to China\" and confirms taking part in the torch relay \"with a prayer in his heart for the people of Tibet, and ... for all people across the world who are victims of human rights violations\". Rahul Gandhi, son of the Congress President Sonia Gandhi and scion of the Nehru-Gandhi family, also refused to carry the torch.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the torch visit New Delhi?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'April 17'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",83]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d96856dc89441400fdb408'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many runners carried the torch in New Delhi?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'70'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",163]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d96856dc89441400fdb40a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which football captain did not participate in the relay to show support for Tibet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Baichung Bhutia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",631]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d96856dc89441400fdb40b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many torchbearers did not participate because of their concerns with Tibet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'five'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",291]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d96856dc89441400fdb40c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did the torch relay happen in India?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'New Delhi'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",70]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2f9be7c41114004b4ef9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How long was the route in India in miles?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1.5'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",126]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2f9be7c41114004b4efa'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many bearers of the torch were used in India?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'70'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",163]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2f9be7c41114004b4efb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many bearers decided not to participate?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'five'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",291]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2f9be7c41114004b4efc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the footballer who refused to be a part of the relay?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Baichung Bhutia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",631]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db2f9be7c41114004b4efd'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Wary of protests, the Indian authorities have decided to shorten the route of the relay in New Delhi, and have given it the security normally associated with Republic Day celebrations, which are considered terrorist targets. Chinese intelligence's expectations of points on the relay route that would be particularly 'vulnerable' to protesters were presented to the Indian ambassador to Beijing, Nirupama Sen. The Indian media responded angrily to the news that the ambassador, a distinguished lady diplomat, was summoned to the Foreign Ministry at 2 am local time; the news was later denied by anonymous sources in Delhi. The Indian media reported that India's Commerce Minister, Kamal Nath, cancelled an official trip to Beijing in protest, though both Nath and Chinese sources have denied it.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The security given to the torch relay in New Delhi is reminiscent of the security of what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Republic Day celebrations'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",159]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d96901dc89441400fdb412'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Chinese presented a list of vulnerable relay locations to who?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Nirupama Sen.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",397]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d96901dc89441400fdb413'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who supposedly cancelled a trip to Beijing in protest?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'India's Commerce Minister'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",655]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d96901dc89441400fdb414'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was said to have canceled an official trip to China in protest?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Kamal Nath'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",682]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db30ebe7c41114004b4f03'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'At what time in the middle of the night was the diplomat summoned?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2 am'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",550]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db30ebe7c41114004b4f04'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Olympic relay had the same security precautions taken as what other special day?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Republic Day'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",159]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db30ebe7c41114004b4f05'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of targets do Republic Day events present as?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'terrorist targets.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",207]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db30ebe7c41114004b4f06'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'India rejected Chinese demands that the torch route be clear of India's 150,000-strong Tibetan exile community, by which they required a ban on congregation near the curtailed 3 km route. In response Indian officials said India was a democracy, and \"a wholesale ban on protests was out of the question\". Contradicting some other reports, Indian officials also refused permission to the \"Olympic Holy Flame Protection Unit\". The combined effect is a \"rapid deterioration\" of relations between India and China. Meanwhile, the Tibetan government in exile, which is based in India, has stated that it did not support the disruption of the Olympic torch relay.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people comprised the Tibetan exile community?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'150,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",73]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d969badc89441400fdb418'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'India refused China's request that the Tibetan exile community be avoided because they said India is what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a democracy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",233]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d969badc89441400fdb419'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where is the exiled Tibetan government?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'India'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d969badc89441400fdb41a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many Tibetan exiles are said to be in India?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'150,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",73]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db3241e7c41114004b4f27'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'A wholesale ban on what was denied?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'protests'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",270]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db3241e7c41114004b4f28'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What Olympic group was denied by India?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Olympic Holy Flame Protection Unit'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",388]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db3241e7c41114004b4f29'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What deteriorated between India and China?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'relations'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",475]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db3241e7c41114004b4f2a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who said they did not support relay interruptions?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Tibetan government in exile'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",521]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db3241e7c41114004b4f2b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The noted Indian social activist and a retired Indian Police Service (IPS) officer Kiran Bedi refused to participate saying \"she doesn’t want to run in the event as ‘caged woman’.\" On April 15, Bollywood actress Soha Ali Khan pulled out of the Olympic torch relay, citing “very strong personal reasons”. On April 16, a protest was organised in Delhi \"against Chinese repression in Tibet\", and was broken up by the police.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did not want to participate in the relay as 'caged woman'?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Kiran Bedi'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",84]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d96a31dc89441400fdb420'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was Bedi retired from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Indian Police Service'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",48]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d96a31dc89441400fdb421'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which actress decided to not participate on April 15?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Soha Ali Khan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",213]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d96a31dc89441400fdb422'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did a protest in Delhi occur to protest against Chinese repression in Tibet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'April 16'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",308]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d96a31dc89441400fdb423'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What retired police officer refused to carry the torch in India?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Kiran Bedi'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",84]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db3337e7c41114004b4f31'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What actress removed herself from participation in the relay?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Soha Ali Khan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",213]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db3337e7c41114004b4f32'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was a protest organized about the Olympic relay in India?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Delhi'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",345]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db3337e7c41114004b4f33'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who disbanded the protest in Delhi?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'police.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",415]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db3337e7c41114004b4f34'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The retired police officer said she would not run as what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'caged woman'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",167]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db3337e7c41114004b4f35'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'\n Thailand: The April 18 relay through Bangkok was the Olympic flame's first visit to Thailand. The relay covered just over 10 km, and included Bangkok's Chinatown. The torch was carried past Democracy Monument, Chitralada Palace and a number of other city landmarks. M.R. Narisa Chakrabongse, Green World Foundation (GWF) chairwoman, withdrew from the torch-running ceremony, protesting against China's actions in Tibet. Several hundred protesters were present, along with Olympic supporters. Thai authorities threatened to arrest foreign protesters and ban them from future entry into Thailand. A coalition of Thai human rights groups announced that it would organise a \"small demonstration\" during the relay, and several hundred people did indeed take part in protests, facing Beijing supporters. Intended torchbearer Mom Rajawongse Narissara Chakrabongse boycotted the relay, to protest against China's actions in Tibet. In Bangkok, students told the media that the Chinese Embassy provided them with transportation and gave them shirts to wear.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Olympic torch reach Bangkok?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'April 18'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",17]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d96ab0dc89441400fdb428'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is the Green World Foundation chairwoman who refused to participate in the relay?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'M.R. Narisa Chakrabongse'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",269]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d96ab0dc89441400fdb42a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The media was told that the Chinese supplied with shirts and transportation?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'students'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",938]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d96ab0dc89441400fdb42b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the torch go through Bankok?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'April 18'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",17]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db3449e7c41114004b4f3b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The relay route was a little over how many kilometers?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'10'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",125]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db3449e7c41114004b4f3c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who were told they would be banned from reentering Thailand?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'foreign protesters'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",533]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db3449e7c41114004b4f3e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What scheduled bearer of the torch boycotted?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mom Rajawongse Narissara Chakrabongse'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",822]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db3449e7c41114004b4f3f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'\n Malaysia: The event was held in the capital city, Kuala Lumpur, on April 21. The 16.5 km long-relay began from the historic Independence Square, passed in front of several city landmarks before coming to an end at the iconic Petronas Twin Towers. Among the landmarks the Olympic flame passed next to were the Parliament House, National Mosque, KL Tower and Merdeka Stadium. A team of 1000 personnel from the Malaysian police Special Action Squad guarded the event and escorted the torchbearers. The last time an Olympic torch relay was held in Malaysia was the 1964 Tokyo edition.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the torch visit Malaysia?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'April 21'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",70]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d96b3edc89441400fdb430'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the capital city of Malaysia?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Kuala Lumpur'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",53]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d96b3edc89441400fdb431'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did the route begin in Malaysia?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Independence Square'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",127]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d96b3edc89441400fdb433'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Prior to the 2008 games, when did Malaysia last see an Olympic torch relay?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1964'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",564]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d96b3edc89441400fdb434'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the location of the start of the relay in Malaysia?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Independence Square'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",127]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db3546e7c41114004b4f46'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did the relay end in Malaysia?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Petronas Twin Towers.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",228]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db3546e7c41114004b4f47'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year was the last torch relay event in Malaysia?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1964'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",564]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db3546e7c41114004b4f48'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many Special Police protected the relay event?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",387]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db3546e7c41114004b4f49'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Just days before the relay supporters of Falun Gong demonstrated in front of the Chinese embassy in the Malaysian capital. As many as 1,000 personnel from the special police unit were expected to be deployed on the day of the relay. A Japanese family with Malaysian citizenship and their 5-year-old child who unfurled a Tibetan flag were hit by a group of Chinese nationals with plastic air-filled batons and heckled by a crowd of Chinese citizens during the confrontation at Independence Square where the relay began, and the Chinese group shouted: \"Taiwan and Tibet belong to China.\" Later during the day, the Chinese volunteers forcefully took away placards from two other Malaysians protesting at the relay. One of the protesting Malaysian was hit in the head.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which supporters protested near the Chinese embassy in Malaysia?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Falun Gong'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",42]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d96bdbdc89441400fdb43a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Supporters of what demonstrated at the Chinese embassy in Malaysia?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Falun Gong'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",42]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db3639e7c41114004b4f4f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What were a Japanese family who unveiled a Tibetan flag hit with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'plastic air-filled batons'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",380]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db3639e7c41114004b4f50'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the Chinese group yell?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Taiwan and Tibet belong to China.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",552]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db3639e7c41114004b4f51'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Chinese volunteers take from two Malaysian demonstrators?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'placards'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",653]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db3639e7c41114004b4f53'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'\n Indonesia: The Olympic flame reached Jakarta on April 22. The original 20 km relay through Jakarta was cancelled due to \"security worries\", at the request of the Chinese embassy, and the torch was instead carried round the city main's stadium, as it had been in Islamabad. Several dozen pro-Tibet protesters gathered near the stadium, and were dispersed by the police. The event was held in the streets around the city main's stadium. The cancelling of the relay through the city itself was decided due to security concerns and at the request of the Chinese embassy. Only invitees and journalists were admitted inside the stadium. Protests took place outside the stadium.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Olympic torch visit Jakarta?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'April 22'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",51]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d96c56dc89441400fdb440'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who requested that the original route be cancelled?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Chinese embassy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",161]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d96c56dc89441400fdb443'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Along with invited people, who were the only other people allowed in the stadium?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'journalists'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",588]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d96c56dc89441400fdb444'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did the torch relay begin in Indonesia?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jakarta'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",40]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db36f7e7c41114004b4f59'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many kilometers was the planned route that was cancelled?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'20'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",74]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db36f7e7c41114004b4f5a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why was the first route not taken?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'security worries'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",124]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db36f7e7c41114004b4f5b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of facility was the torch carried at instead.'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'stadium.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",429]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db36f7e7c41114004b4f5c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did protests occur when non one except invited guests and the press were allowed inside the stadium?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'outside the stadium.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",654]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db36f7e7c41114004b4f5d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'\n Australia: The event was held in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory on April 24, and covered around 16 km of Canberra's central areas, from Reconciliation Place to Commonwealth Park. Upon its arrival in Canberra, the Olympic flame was presented by Chinese officials to local Aboriginal elder Agnes Shea, of the Ngunnawal people. She, in turn, offered them a message stick, as a gift of peace and welcome. Hundreds of pro-Tibet protesters and thousands of Chinese students reportedly attended. Demonstrators and counter-demonstrators were kept apart by the Australian Federal Police. Preparations for the event were marred by a disagreement over the role of the Chinese flame attendants, with Australian and Chinese officials arguing publicly over their function and prerogatives during a press conference.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the torch arrive in Canberra?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'April 24'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",78]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d96d01dc89441400fdb44a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who received the flame from Chinese officials in Canberra?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Agnes Shea'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",299]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d96d01dc89441400fdb44c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Agnes Shea give to the Chinese in return?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a message stick'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",363]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d96d01dc89441400fdb44d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who publicly argued at a press conference?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Australian and Chinese officials'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",699]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d96d01dc89441400fdb44e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the relay held in Australia?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Canberra'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",36]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db37c5e7c41114004b4f63'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many kilometers was the route in Australia?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'16'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",107]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db37c5e7c41114004b4f64'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the location of the beginning of the Olympic torch route in Australia?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Reconciliation Place'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",147]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db37c5e7c41114004b4f65'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who kept the demonstrators separated?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Australian Federal Police.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",563]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db37c5e7c41114004b4f66'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the Aboriginal elder who received the torch from Chinese officials?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Agnes Shea'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",299]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db37c5e7c41114004b4f67'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Following the events in Olympia, there were reports that China requested permission to deploy People's Liberation Army personnel along the relay route to protect the flame in Canberra. Australian authorities stated that such a request, if it were to be made, would be refused. Chinese officials labeled it a rumor. Australian police have been given powers to search relay spectators, following a call by the Chinese Students and Scholars Association for Chinese Australian students to \"go defend our sacred torch\" against \"ethnic degenerate scum and anti-China separatists\". Tony Goh, chairman of the Australian Council of Chinese Organisations, has said the ACCO would be taking \"thousands\" of pro-Beijing demonstrators to Canberra by bus, to support the torch relay. Zhang Rongan, a Chinese Australian student organising pro-Beijing demonstrations, told the press that Chinese diplomats were assisting with the organization of buses, meals and accommodation for pro-Beijing demonstrators, and helping them organise a \"peaceful show of strength\". Foreign Minister Stephen Smith said Chinese officials were urging supporters to \"turn up and put a point of view\", but that he had no objection to it as long as they remained peaceful.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did the Chinese want to deploy to Canberra to protect the flame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'People's Liberation Army personnel'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",95]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d96e76dc89441400fdb454'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Chinese Australian students were told to defend what against scum and separatists?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'sacred torch'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",501]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d96e76dc89441400fdb456'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the chairman of the Australian Council of Chinese Organisations?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tony Goh'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",576]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d96e76dc89441400fdb457'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the Foreign Minister who said he was okay with protests as long as they were peaceful?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Stephen Smith'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1066]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d96e76dc89441400fdb458'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What group did China want along the relay route in Canberra?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'People's Liberation Army'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",95]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db3994e7c41114004b4f6d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was given permission to search attendees of the relay?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Australian police'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",316]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db3994e7c41114004b4f6e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who said that thousands of pro-Beijing supporters would be bused in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tony Goh'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",576]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db3994e7c41114004b4f6f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who told the media that Chinese diplomats were arranging a \"peaceful show of strength\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Zhang Rongan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",770]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db3994e7c41114004b4f70'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the Foreign Minister who indicated Chinese officials wanted supporting demonstrators to show up and show their point of view?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Stephen Smith'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1066]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db3994e7c41114004b4f71'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Intended torchbearer Lin Hatfield Dodds withdrew from the event, explaining that she wished to express concern about China's human rights record. Foreign Minister Stephen Smith said her decision was \"a very good example of peacefully making a point\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who withdrew as a torchbearer because of her concerns about human rights?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Lin Hatfield Dodds'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",22]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d96ec6dc89441400fdb45e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who said Dodds' withdrawal was a good example of peacefully protesting?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Foreign Minister Stephen Smith'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",147]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d96ec6dc89441400fdb45f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who withdrew from the torch event?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Lin Hatfield Dodds'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",22]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db6be6e7c41114004b50d1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the foreign minister that said her decision was a good example of peacefully making a point?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Stephen Smith'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",164]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db6be6e7c41114004b50d3'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Up to 600 pro-Tibet protesters were expected to attend the relay, along with between 2,000 and 10,000 Chinese supporters. Taking note of the high number of Chinese supporters, Ted Quinlan, head of the Canberra torch relay committee, said: \"We didn't expect this reaction from the Chinese community. It is obviously a well-coordinated plan to take the day by weight of numbers. But we have assurances that it will be done peacefully.\". Also, Australia's ACT Chief Minister, Jon Stanhope confirmed that the Chinese embassy was closely involve to ensure that \"pro-China demonstrators vastly outnumbered Tibetan activists.\" Australian freestyle swimmer and five-time Olympic gold medalist Ian Thorpe ended the Australian leg of the torch relay April 24, 2008, touching the flame to light a cauldron after a run that was only marginally marked by protests. People demonstrated both for China and for Tibet. At least five people were arrested during the torch relay. Police said \"the five were arrested for interfering with the event under special powers enacted in the wake of massive protests against Chinese policy toward Tibet.\" At one point, groups of Chinese students surrounded and intimidated pro-Tibet protesters. One person had to be pulled aboard a police launch when a group of pro-Chinese students looked like they might force him into the lake.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the head of the Canberra torch relay committee?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ted Quinlan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",177]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d96fb4dc89441400fdb462'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many supporters of Tibet were expected in Canberra to protest?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'600'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",7]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d96fb4dc89441400fdb464'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'ACT Chief Minister Jon Stanhope said which organization intended to ensure that China supporters outweighed Tibet supporters?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Chinese embassy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",502]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d96fb4dc89441400fdb465'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which athlete carried the torch for the final leg?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ian Thorpe'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",686]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d96fb4dc89441400fdb466'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many supporters of Tibet were expected to attend the torch relay?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Up to 600'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db6c7ce7c41114004b50d7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'It was thought that how many Chinese supporters would attend the torch relay?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'between 2,000 and 10,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",78]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db6c7ce7c41114004b50d8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did not expect that reaction from the Chinese community?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ted Quinlan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",177]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db6c7ce7c41114004b50d9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was involved to ensure the pro Chinese demonstrators outweighed the Tibetan demonstrators?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Chinese embassy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",502]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db6c7ce7c41114004b50da'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'\n Japan: The event was held in Nagano, which hosted the 1998 Winter Olympics, on April 26. Japanese Buddhist temple Zenkō-ji, which was originally scheduled to be the starting point for the Olympic torch relay in Nagano, refused to host the torch and pulled out of the relay plans, amid speculation that monks there sympathized with anti-Chinese government protesters. as well as the risk of disruption by violent protests. Parts of Zenkō-ji temple's main building (Zenkō-ji Hondō), reconstructed in 1707 and one of the National Treasures of Japan, was then vandalized with spraypaint. A new starting point, previously the site of a municipal building and now a parking lot, was chosen by the city. An event the city had planned to hold at the Minami Nagano Sports Park following the torch relay was also canceled out of concern about disruptions caused by demonstrators protesting against China's recent crackdown in Tibet. Thousands of riot police were mobilized to protect the torch along its route. The show of force kept most protesters in check, but slogans shouted by pro-China or pro-Tibet demonstrators, Japanese nationalists, and human rights organizations flooded the air. Five men were arrested and four injured amidst scenes of mob violence. The torch route was packed with mostly peaceful demonstrators. The public was not allowed at the parking lot where the relay started. After the Zenkoji monks held a prayer ceremony for victims of the recent events in Tibet. More than 100 police officers ran with the torch and riot police lined the streets while three helicopters flew above. Only two Chinese guards were allowed to accompany the torch because of Japan's concern over their treatment of demonstrators at previous relays. A man with a Tibetan flag tried to stop the torch at the beginning of the relay but was dragged off by police. Some raw eggs were also thrown from the crowd.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who hosted the 1998 Winter Olympics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Nagano'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",32]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d97098dc89441400fdb46c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the torch arrive in Nagano?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'April 26'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",82]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d97098dc89441400fdb46d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the torch relay held in Japan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Nagano'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",32]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db6d76e7c41114004b50e1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which Olympics did Nagano host?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1998 Winter Olympics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",57]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db6d76e7c41114004b50e2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What location was supposed to be the start of the relay event in Nagano?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Japanese Buddhist temple Zenkō-ji'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",92]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db6d76e7c41114004b50e3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When monks pulled out of the event, where was the new starting point for the relay?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a municipal building'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",632]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db6d76e7c41114004b50e4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many Chinese guards were allowed to go with the torch?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'two'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1604]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db6d76e7c41114004b50e5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","' South Korea: The event was held in Seoul, which hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics, on April 27. Intended torchbearers Choi Seung-kook and Park Won-sun boycotted the event to protest against the Chinese government's crackdown in Tibet. More than 8,000 riot police were deployed to guard the 24-kilometre route, which began at Olympic Park, which was built when Seoul hosted the 1988 Summer Games. On the day of the torch relay in Seoul, Chinese students clashed with protesters, throwing rocks, bottles, and punches. A North Korean defector whose brother defected to China but was captured and executed by the DPRK, attempted to set himself on fire in protest of China's treatment of North Korean refugees. He poured gasoline on himself but police quickly surrounded him and carried him away. Two other demonstrators tried to storm the torch but failed. Fighting broke out near the beginning of the relay between a group of 500 Chinese supporters and approximately 50 protesters who carried a banner that read: \"Free North Korean refugees in China.\" The students threw stones and water bottles as approximately 2,500 police tried to keep the groups separated. Police said they arrested five people, including a Chinese student who was arrested for allegedly throwing rocks. Thousands of Chinese followed the torch on its 4.5 hour journey, some chanting, \"Go China, go Olympics!\" By the end of the relay, Chinese students became violent, and it was reported in Korean media that they were \"lynching\" everyone who was disagreeing with them. One police man was also rushed to hospital after being attacked by Chinese students. On Apr 29, the Secretary of Justice, Kim Kyung Han, told the prime minister that he will find \"every single Chinese who was involved and bring them to justice.\" Later in the day, South Korea's Prosecutor's Office, National Police Agency, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and National Intelligence Service made a joint statement saying that they will be deporting every Chinese student that was involved in the incident. China defended the conduct of the students.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the torch relay event held in South Korea?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Seoul'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",37]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d97163dc89441400fdb476'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Seoul host the Olympics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1988 Summer Olympics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",61]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d97163dc89441400fdb477'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the start point for the relay?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Olympic Park'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",325]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d97163dc89441400fdb479'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who became violent during the relay route and was promised deportation when caught?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Chinese students'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",436]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d97163dc89441400fdb47a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the relay event held in South Korea?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Seoul'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",37]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db6df1e7c41114004b50eb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which Olympics did Seoul host?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1988 Summer Olympics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",61]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db6df1e7c41114004b50ec'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'\n North Korea: The event was held in Pyongyang on April 28. It was the first time that the Olympic torch has traveled to North Korea. A crowd of thousands waving pink paper flowers and small flags with the Beijing Olympics logo were organized by the authoritarian regime watched the beginning of the relay in Pyongyang, some waving Chinese flags. The event was presided over by the head of the country's parliament, Kim Yong Nam. The North, an ally of China, has been critical of disruptions to the torch relay elsewhere and has supported Beijing in its actions against protests in Tibet. Kim passed the torch to the first runner Pak Du Ik, who played on North Korea's 1966 World Cup soccer team, as he began the 19-kilometre route through Pyongyang. The relay began from the large sculpted flame of the obelisk of the Juche Tower, which commemorates the national ideology of Juche, or \"self-reliance\", created by the country's late founding President Kim Il Sung, father of leader Kim Jong Il, who did not attend.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the torch arrive in Pyongyang?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'April 28'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",51]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d971ebdc89441400fdb480'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who presided over the torch event in North Korea?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Kim Yong Nam'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",417]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d971ebdc89441400fdb481'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the first torchbearer in North Korea?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pak Du Ik'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",631]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d971ebdc89441400fdb482'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did the relay start?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Juche Tower'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",816]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d971ebdc89441400fdb484'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the relay event held in North Korea?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pyongyang.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",741]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db6e95e7c41114004b50f5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What date did the torch relay event take place?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'April 28.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",51]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db6e95e7c41114004b50f6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did people in the crowd wave at the beginning of the relay?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'pink paper flowers and small flags'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",163]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db6e95e7c41114004b50f7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the first runner with the torch?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pak Du Ik'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",631]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db6e95e7c41114004b50f8'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The United Nations Organization and its children's agency UNICEF withdrew their staff, saying that it wasn't sure the event would help its mission of raising awareness of conditions for children and amid concerns that the relay would be used as a propaganda stunt. \"It was unconscionable,\" said a UN official who was briefed on the arguments. North Korea is frequently listed among the world’s worst offenders against human rights.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The United Nations Organization and UNICEF felt the relay could be used as what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a propaganda stunt.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",246]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d97261dc89441400fdb48a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'North Korea is often listed among the worst offenders in the world in what regard?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'against human rights.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",411]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d97261dc89441400fdb48b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the children's agency of the United Nations Organization?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'UNICEF'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",59]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db6f0ce7c41114004b50ff'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Both organizations withdrew what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'their staff'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",75]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db6f0ce7c41114004b5100'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the mission of the organizations?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'raising awareness of conditions for children'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",151]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db6f0ce7c41114004b5101'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is often listed amongst the world's worst offenders when it comes to human rights?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'North Korea'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",344]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db6f0ce7c41114004b5102'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","' Vietnam: The event was held in Ho Chi Minh City on April 29. Some 60 torchbearers carried the torch from the downtown Opera House to the Military Zone 7 Competition Hall stadium near Tan Son Nhat International Airport along an undisclosed route. Vietnam is involved in a territorial dispute with China (and other countries) for sovereignty of the Spratly and Paracel Islands; tensions have risen recently[when?] following reports that the Chinese government had established a county-level city named Sansha in the disputed territories, resulting in anti-Chinese demonstrations in December 2007 in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. However to sustain its relationship with China the Vietnamese government has actively sought to head off protests during the torch relay, with Prime Minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng warning government agencies that \"hostile forces\" may try to disrupt the torch relay.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the torch arrive in Vietnam?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'April 29'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",53]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d972eadc89441400fdb48e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the torch event held in Vietnam?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ho Chi Minh City'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",33]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d972eadc89441400fdb48f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many torchbearers carried the torch in Vietnam?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'60'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",68]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d972eadc89441400fdb490'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did the torch event begin in Vietnam?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the downtown Opera House'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",107]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d972eadc89441400fdb491'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did the torch event end?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Military Zone 7 Competition Hall stadium'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",135]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d972eadc89441400fdb492'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the torch event held in Vietnam?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ho Chi Minh City.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",609]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db6ae2e7c41114004b50bd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What areas are involved in the dispute between Vietnam and China?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Spratly and Paracel Islands'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",345]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db6ae2e7c41114004b50be'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Chinese government established what city in this disputed area?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sansha'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",502]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db6ae2e7c41114004b50bf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'As a result, demonstrations were held in what two cities in December 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",599]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db6ae2e7c41114004b50c0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the Prime Minister of Vietnam?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Nguyễn Tấn Dũng'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",785]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db6ae2e7c41114004b50c1'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Prior to the rally, seven anti-China protestors were arrested in Hanoi after unfurling a banner and shouting \"Boycott the Beijing Olympics\" through a loudhailer at a market. A Vietnamese American was deported for planning protests against the torch, while a prominent blogger, Điếu Cày (real name Nguyễn Văn Hải), who blogged about protests around the world and who called for demonstrations in Vietnam, was arrested on charges of tax evasion. Outside Vietnam, there were protests by overseas Vietnamese in Paris, San Francisco and Canberra. Lê Minh Phiếu, a torchbearer who is a Vietnamese law student studying in France, wrote a letter to the president of the International Olympic Committee protesting China's \"politicisation of the Olympics\", citing maps of the torch relay at the official Beijing Olympic website depicting the disputed islands as Chinese territory and posted it on his blog. One day before the relay was to start, the official website appeared to have been updated to remove the disputed islands and dotted lines marking China's maritime claims in the South China Sea.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people protesting China were arrested in Hanoi prior to the rally?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'seven'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",21]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d973fedc89441400fdb498'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which blogger calling for demonstrations was arrested for tax evasion?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Điếu Cày'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",278]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d973fedc89441400fdb499'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which torchbearer sent a letter of protest to the president of the International Olympic Committee?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Lê Minh Phiếu'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",543]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d973fedc89441400fdb49a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many protesters were arrested in Hanoi prior to the rally?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'seven'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",21]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db6b68e7c41114004b50c7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is blogger Điếu Cày's real name?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Nguyễn Văn Hải'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",298]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db6b68e7c41114004b50c8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Though he urged for demonstrations in Vietnam, Nguyễn Văn Hải was charged with what crime?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'tax evasion.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",432]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db6b68e7c41114004b50c9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the torchbearer who wrote a letter to the IOC president about discrepancies on a website?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Lê Minh Phiếu'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",543]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db6b68e7c41114004b50ca'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was removed from the website that Lê Minh Phiếu had written about?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'disputed islands and dotted lines marking China's maritime claims'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1002]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db6b68e7c41114004b50cb'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","' Hong Kong: The event was held in Hong Kong on May 2. In the ceremony held at the Hong Kong Cultural Centre in Tsim Sha Tsui, Chief Executive Donald Tsang handed the torch to the first torchbearer, Olympic medalist Lee Lai Shan. The torch relay then traveled through Nathan Road, Lantau Link, Sha Tin (crossed Shing Mun River via a dragon boat, which had been never used before in the history of Olympic torch relays), Victoria Harbour (crossed by Tin Hau, a VIP vessel managed by the Marine Department) before ending in Golden Bauhinia Square in Wan Chai. A total of 120 torchbearers were selected to participate in the event consisting of celebrities, athletes and pro-Beijing camp politicians. No politicians from the pro-democracy camp were selected as torchbearers. One torchbearer could not participate due to flight delay. It was estimated that more than 200,000 spectators came out and watched the relay. Many enthusiastic supporters wore red shirts and waved large Chinese flags. According to Hong Kong Chief Secretary for Administration Henry Tang, 3,000 police were deployed to ensure order.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the torch arrive in Hong Kong?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'May 2'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",48]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9749adc89441400fdb4a0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the first torchbearer in Hong Kong?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Lee Lai Shan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",216]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9749adc89441400fdb4a1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the torch event started in Hong Kong?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hong Kong Cultural Centre'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",83]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9749adc89441400fdb4a2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did the torch relay end in Hong Kong?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Golden Bauhinia Square in Wan Chai'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",522]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9749adc89441400fdb4a3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many torchbearers participated in the relay event in Hong Kong?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'120'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",569]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9749adc89441400fdb4a4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the relay event held in Hong Kong?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'May 2.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",48]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db7092e7c41114004b5107'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who handed the torch to Lee Lai Shan, the first torchbearer?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Donald Tsang'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",143]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db7092e7c41114004b5108'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was used to get the torch across the Shing Mun River?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a dragon boat'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",331]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db7092e7c41114004b5109'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many torchbearers carried the torch?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'120'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",569]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db7092e7c41114004b510a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The torchbearers included athletes, celebrities and who?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'pro-Beijing camp politicians.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",668]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db7092e7c41114004b510b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'There were several protests along the torch relay route. Members of the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China, including pro-democracy activist Szeto Wah, waved novelty inflatable plastic Olympic flames, which they said symbolised democracy. They wanted accountability for the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 and the implementation of democracy in Hong Kong. Political activist and Legislative Council member Leung Kwok-hung (Longhair) also joined the protest, saying \"I'm very proud that in Hong Kong we still have people brave enough to speak out.\" Pro-democracy activists were overwhelmed by a crowd of torch supporters with insults like \"running dog,\" \"traitor,\" \"get out!,\" and \"I love the Communist Party.\" At the same time, about 10 members of the Civil Human Rights Front had orange banners calling for human rights improvements and universal suffrage. Onlookers were saying \"Aren't you Chinese?\" in Mandarin putonghua as they tried to cover the orange banners with a large Chinese national flag. One woman had an orange sign that said, \"Olympic flame for democracy\", while a man carried a poster with a tank and the slogan \"One world, two dreams\". A university student and former RDHK radio host Christina Chan wrapped the Tibetan snow lion flag around her body and later began waving it. Several onlookers heckled Chan, shouting \"What kind of Chinese are you?\" and \"What a shame!\" In the end, she and some of the protesters were taken away against their will by the authorities via a police vehicle \"for their own protection.\" Chan is currently[when?] suing the Hong Kong government, claiming her human rights were breached. 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However, Galschiøt and two other people were denied entry to Hong Kong on April 26, 2008 due to \"immigration reasons\" and were forced to leave Hong Kong. In response, Lee Cheuk Yan, vice chairman of the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China, said, \"It's outrageous that the government is willing to sacrifice the image of Hong Kong because of the torch relay.\" Hollywood actress Mia Farrow was also briefly questioned at the Hong Kong airport though officials allowed her to enter. She later gave a speech criticizing China's relations with Sudan in Hong Kong, as there was also a small minority of people protesting about China's role in the crisis of Darfur. Legislator Cheung Man Kwong have also said the government's decision allowing Farrow to enter while denying others is a double standard and a violation to Hong Kong's one country, two systems policy.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which group did Jens Galschiøt lead?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Color Orange democracy group'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d97631dc89441400fdb4b4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Galschiøt construct in Hong Kong in reference to the Tiananmen Square protests?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pillar of Shame'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",145]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d97631dc89441400fdb4b5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Galschiøt and two fellow protesters were denied to entry to Hong Kong for what reason?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'immigration reasons'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",345]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d97631dc89441400fdb4b6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which American actress was questioned at the Hong Kong airport?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mia Farrow'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",662]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d97631dc89441400fdb4b7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'A legislator said that by allowing Farrow to enter Hong Kong while denying others was a violation to what policy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'one country, two systems'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1111]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d97631dc89441400fdb4b8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What group did Jens Galschiøt lead?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Color Orange'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db715ce7c41114004b511a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What structure did Jens Galschiøt build to monumentalize the Tianamen Square protests in 1989?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pillar of Shame'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",145]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db715ce7c41114004b511b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why was Jens Galschiøt made to leave Hong Kong?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'immigration reasons'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",345]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db715ce7c41114004b511c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which actress from America was initially held and then gave a speech about China and Sudan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mia Farrow'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",662]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db715ce7c41114004b511d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","' Macao: The event was held in Macau on May 3. It was the first time that the Olympic torch had traveled to Macau. A ceremony was held at Macau Fisherman's Wharf. Afterward, the torch traveled through Macau, passing by a number of landmarks including A-Ma Temple, Macau Tower, Ponte Governador Nobre de Carvalho, Ponte de Sai Van, Macau Cultural Centre, Macau Stadium and then back to the Fisherman's Wharf for the closing ceremony. Parts of the route near Ruins of St. Paul's and Taipa was shortened due to large crowds of supporters blocking narrow streets. A total of 120 torchbearers participated in this event including casino tycoon Stanley Ho. Leong Hong Man and Leong Heng Teng were the first and last torchbearer in the relay respectively. An article published on Macao Daily News criticized that the list of the torchbearers could not fully represent the Macanese and that there were too many non-athletes among the torchbearers. 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Both orchidbbs.com and cyberctm.com Internet forums were shut down from May 2 to 4. This fueled speculation that the shutdowns were targeting speeches against the relay. The head of the Bureau of Telecommunications Regulation has denied that the shutdowns of the websites were politically motivated. About 2,200 police were deployed on the streets, there were no interruptions.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'A Macau citizen was arrested for posting a plea to disrupt the relay on what website?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'cyberctm.com'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",68]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d97744dc89441400fdb4ca'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In addition to cyberctm.com, what other website was shut down for two days?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'orchidbbs.com'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",127]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d97744dc89441400fdb4cb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was arrested on April 26 for posting an online message?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'A Macau resident'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db756ce7c41114004b513d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the message posted?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'cyberctm.com'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",68]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db756ce7c41114004b513e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who denied the shutdown was motivated by politics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The head of the Bureau of Telecommunications Regulation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",292]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db756ce7c41114004b5141'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","' China: The torch returned to China for the first time since April. The torch arrived in Sanya, Hainan on May 4 with celebrations attended by International Olympic Committee (IOC) officials and Chinese big names like Jackie Chan. The entire relay through Mainland China was largely a success with many people welcoming the arrival of the torch along the way.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'After its April departure, when did the torch return to China?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'May 4'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",107]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9779ddc89441400fdb4d0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What actor attended a torch celebration in China?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jackie Chan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",218]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9779ddc89441400fdb4d1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the torch reach Sanya, Hainan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'May 4'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",107]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db75c2e7c41114004b5147'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the last time the torch had been in China?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'April.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",62]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db75c2e7c41114004b5148'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who attended the celebrations?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'IOC'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",176]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db75c2e7c41114004b5149'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which actor also attended the celebrations?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jackie Chan.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",218]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db75c2e7c41114004b514a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The coverage of the events by the media came under scrutiny during the relay. Chinese media coverage of the torch relay has been distinct in a number of ways from coverage elsewhere. Western reporters in Beijing have described Chinese media coverage as partial and censored (for example when Chinese media did not broadcast Reporters Without Borders' disruption of the torch lighting ceremony), whereas Chinese netizens have in turn accused Western media coverage of being biased. The French newspaper Libération was criticised by the Chinese State press agency Xinhua for its allegedly biased reporting; Xinhua suggested that Libération needed \"a stinging slap in the face\" for having \"insulted the Olympic flame\" and \"supported a handful of saboteurs\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Chinese coverage of torch relay events has been accused by Western reporters as being what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'partial and censored'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",254]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d97bf6dc89441400fdb4d4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In turn, Chinese supporters have accused Western media of being what in their coverage?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'biased.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",474]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d97bf6dc89441400fdb4d5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which French newspaper was accused of being biased by Chinese State press agency Xinhua?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Libération'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",503]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d97bf6dc89441400fdb4d6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was under scrutiny?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'media coverage'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",87]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db7278e7c41114004b5123'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Coverage in China is reported to be partial and what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'censored'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",266]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db7278e7c41114004b5124'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What organization interrupted the relay and was not broadcast by the Chinese media?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Reporters Without Borders'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",325]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db7278e7c41114004b5125'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Chinese State Press said what French newspaper was biased?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Libération'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",503]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db7278e7c41114004b5126'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Chinese State Press said the French newspaper was supporting a handful of what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'saboteurs'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",744]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db7278e7c41114004b5127'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In response to pro-Tibet and pro-human rights protests, the Chinese media focused on the more disruptive protesters, referring for example to \"a very small number of 'Tibet independence' secessionists and a handful of so-called human rights-minded NGO activists\" intent on \"disrupting and sabotaging the Beijing Olympic Games\". However, the Chinese media published articles about crowds supporting the torch relay.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the Chinese media focus on as far as human rights protesters?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the more disruptive protesters'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",86]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d97c68dc89441400fdb4dc'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Xinhua and CCTV quoted relay spectators who condemned the protests, to a greater extent than most Western media, but did not quote any alternate viewpoints, providing no coverage of support for the protests by some ordinary citizens in Western countries. It quoted athletes who expressed pride at taking part in the relays, to a greater extent than Western media, but not those who, like Marie-José Pérec, expressed understanding and support for the protestors. The Beijing Organising Committee for the Games mentioned the \"smiling faces of the elderly, children and the artists on the streets\", of cheering and supportive Londoners. 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Despite intended torchbearers Kiran Bedi, Soha Ali Khan, Sachin Tendulkar and Bhaichung Bhutia all withdrawing from the event, the official Chinese website for the relay reported \"Indian torchbearers vow to run for spirit of Olympics\", and quoted torchbearers Manavjit Singh Sandhu, Abhinav Bindra, Ayaan Ali Khan and Rajinder Singh Rahelu all stating that sports and politics should not be mixed.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Though several torchbearers withdrew from the torch relay, the official website for China stated that Indian torch participants vowed to run for what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'spirit of Olympics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",268]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d97d8ddc89441400fdb4e4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Ayaan Ali Khan and Manavjit Singh Sandhu say should not be mixed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'sports and politics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",410]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d97d8ddc89441400fdb4e5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Though four withdrew, it was reported that Indian torchbearers vowed to what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'run for spirit of Olympics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",260]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db76fde7c41114004b515a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Several torchbearers said what two things should not be combined?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'sports and politics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",410]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db76fde7c41114004b515b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Some Western media have reported on Chinese accusations of Western media bias. The Daily Telegraph published an opinion piece by the Chinese ambassador to the United Kingdom, Fu Ying, who accused Western media of \"demonising\" China during their coverage of the torch relays. The Telegraph also asked its readers to send their views in response to the question \"Is the West demonising China?\" The BBC reported on a demonstration in Sydney by Chinese Australians \"voicing support for Beijing amid controversy over Tibet\" and protesting against what they saw as Western media bias. The report showed demonstrators carrying signs which read \"Shame on some Western media\", \"BBC CNN lies too\" and \"Stop media distortion!\". One demonstrator interviewed by the BBC stated: \"I saw some news from CNN, from the BBC, some media [inaudible], and they are just lying.\" Libération also reported that it had been accused of bias by the Chinese media.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which United Kingdom newspaper published a Chinese ambassador's opinion that Western media had demonized China with torch coverage?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Daily Telegraph'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",80]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d97e69dc89441400fdb4ea'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What French newspaper did the Chinese media accuse of bias?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Libération'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",857]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d97e69dc89441400fdb4eb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Some Chinese have accused Western media of what in their reportings?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Western media bias.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",60]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db779ee7c41114004b5163'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the Chinese ambassador to the U.K.?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Fu Ying'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",176]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db779ee7c41114004b5164'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which newspaper published these accusations?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Daily Telegraph'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",80]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db779ee7c41114004b5166'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What other newspaper was accused of bias?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Libération'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",857]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db779ee7c41114004b5167'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On April 17, Xinhua condemned what it called \"biased coverage of the Lhasa riots and the Olympic torch relay by the U.S.-based Cable News Network (CNN)\". The same day, the Chinese government called on CNN to \"apologise\" for having allegedly insulted the Chinese people, and for \"attempting to incite the Chinese people against the government\". CNN issued a statement on April 14, responded to China over 'thugs and goons' comment by Jack Cafferty.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","' Who did Xinhua accuse of biased reporting on April 17?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'CNN'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",148]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d9868bdc89441400fdb4ee'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was accused of bias on April 17 by Xinhua?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'CNN'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",148]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db785ee7c41114004b516d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who wanted CNN to apologize for its insult to Chinese people?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Chinese government'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",169]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db785ee7c41114004b516e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On April 19, the BBC reported that 1,300 people had gathered outside BBC buildings in Manchester and London, protesting against what they described as Western media bias. Several days earlier, the BBC had published an article entitled \"The challenges of reporting in China\", responding to earlier criticism. The BBC's Paul Danahar noted that Chinese people were now \"able to access the BBC News website for the first time, after years of strict censorship\", and that \"many were critical of our coverage\". He provided readers with a reminder of censorship in China, and added: \"People who criticise the media for their coverage in Tibet should acknowledge that we were and still are banned from reporting there.\" He also quoted critical Chinese responses, and invited readers to comment.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What article did BBC put out about China just days earlier?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The challenges of reporting in China'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",237]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d987b2dc89441400fdb4f4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who stated that Chinese people could access the BBC news website after years of not being able to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Paul Danahar'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",319]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d987b2dc89441400fdb4f5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people gathered in protest at these two buildings?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1,300'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",36]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db78b8e7c41114004b5172'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who commented that Chinese people can look at the BBC news site for the first time?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Paul Danahar'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",319]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db78b8e7c41114004b5173'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where is BBC banned from reporting?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tibet'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",631]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db78b8e7c41114004b5174'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On April 20, the People's Daily published a report entitled \"Overseas Chinese rally against biased media coverage, for Olympics\". It included images of Chinese people demonstrating in France, the United Kingdom, Germany and the United States. One picture showed Chinese demonstrators holding a sign which claimed, incorrectly, that the BBC had not reported on Jin Jing. The People's Daily quoted one protestor who claimed the \"BBC on some of the recent events has misled the British public and the rest of the world by providing intensive untruthful reports and biased coverage.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who published \"Overseas Chinese rally against biased media coverage\" on April 20?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'People's Daily'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",18]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d98814dc89441400fdb4fa'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which publication published a report about the Chinese rallying against media bias?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'People's Daily'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",18]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db78e9e7c41114004b5179'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On April 4, it was reported that the Chinese government appeared to be running an anti-CNN website that criticizes the cable network’s coverage of recent events. The site claims to have been created by a Beijing citizen. However, foreign correspondents in Beijing voiced suspicions that Anti-cnn may be a semi-government-made website. A Chinese government spokesman insisted the site was spontaneously set up by a Chinese citizen angered over media coverage.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the Chinese government reported running on April 4?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'an anti-CNN website'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",80]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d98886dc89441400fdb4fe'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who supposedly created the site?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a Beijing citizen.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",203]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d98886dc89441400fdb4ff'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who takes credit for creating the site?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a Beijing citizen.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",203]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db792ce7c41114004b517e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who felt that the government was involved in the website?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'foreign correspondents'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",231]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db792ce7c41114004b517f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Beijing Olympic Organizing Committee sent out a team of 30 unarmed attendants selected from the People's Armed Police to escort the flame throughout its journey. According to Asian Times, sworn in as the \"Beijing Olympic Games Sacred Flame Protection Unit\" during a ceremony in August 2007, their main job is to keep the Olympic flame alight throughout the journey and to assist in transferring the flame between the torches, the lanterns and the cauldrons. They wear matching blue tracksuits and are intended to accompany the torch every step of the way. One of the torch attendants, dubbed \"Second Right Brother,\" has developed a significant online fan-base, particularly among China's female netizens.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many attendants accompanied the flame during it's travels?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'30'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",61]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d98906dc89441400fdb502'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When were the 30 team members sworn in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'August 2007'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",283]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d98906dc89441400fdb503'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What were their official team outfits?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'matching blue tracksuits'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",473]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d98906dc89441400fdb505'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which team member has his own fan following?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Second Right Brother'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",598]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d98906dc89441400fdb506'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many attendants were used from the People's Armed Police for the flame's entire journey?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'30'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",61]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db7a68e7c41114004b5183'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When were these 30 sworn in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'August 2007'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",283]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db7a68e7c41114004b5185'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did these 30 attendants wear?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'blue tracksuits'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",482]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db7a68e7c41114004b5186'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the attendant who has a large fan base called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Second Right Brother'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",598]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db7a68e7c41114004b5187'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In China, a call to boycott French hypermart Carrefour from May 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the Chinese over the weekend from April 12, accusing the company's major shareholder, the LVMH Group, of donating funds to the Dalai Lama. There were also calls to extend the boycott to include French luxury goods and cosmetic products. Chinese protesters organized boycotts of the French-owned retail chain Carrefour in major Chinese cities including Kunming, Hefei and Wuhan, accusing the French nation of pro-secessionist conspiracy and anti-Chinese racism. Some burned French flags, some added Swastika (due to its conotaions with Nazism) to the French flag, and spread short online messages calling for large protests in front of French consulates and embassy. Some shoppers who insisted on entering one of the Carrefour stores in Kunming were blocked by boycotters wielding large Chinese flags and hit by water bottles. Hundreds of people joined Anti-French rallies in Beijing, Wuhan, Hefei, Kunming and Qingdao, which quickly spread to other cities like Xi'an, Harbin and Jinan. Carrefour denied any support or involvement in the Tibetan issue, and had its staff in its Chinese stores wear uniforms emblazoned with the Chinese national flag and caps with Olympic insignia and as well as the words \"Beijing 2008\" to show its support for the games. The effort had to be ceased when the BOCOG deemed the use of official Olympic insignia as illegal and a violation of copyright.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which French company was boycotted?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Carrefour'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",46]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d98998dc89441400fdb518'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Carrefour was boycotted because of which shareholder?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'LVMH Group'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",233]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d98998dc89441400fdb519'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the LVMH Group accused of supporting?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Dalai Lama'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",266]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d98998dc89441400fdb51a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was burned during these boycotts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the French flag'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",689]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d98998dc89441400fdb51b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was accused of helping the Dalai Lama?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'LVMH Group'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",233]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db7bd2e7c41114004b5192'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Boycotters accused France of being pro-seccessionist and what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'anti-Chinese racism.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",583]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db7bd2e7c41114004b5193'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In response to the demonstrations, the Chinese government attempted to calm the situation, possibly fearing the protests may spiral out of control as has happened in recent years, including the anti-Japanese protests in 2005. State media and commentaries began to call for calm, such as an editorial in the People's Daily which urged Chinese people to \"express [their] patriotic enthusiasm calmly and rationally, and express patriotic aspiration in an orderly and legal manner\". The government also began to patrol and censor the internet forums such as Sohu.com, with comments related to the Carrefour boycott removed. In the days prior to the planned boycott, evidence of efforts by Chinese authorities to choke the mass boycott's efforts online became even more evident, including barring searches of words related to the French protests, but protests broke out nonetheless in front of Carrefour's stores at Beijing, Changsha, Fuzhou and Shenyang on May 1.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Chinese government tried to tamper the boycott, trying to avoid a similar outcome to which protests in 2005?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'anti-Japanese protests'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",195]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d98a32dc89441400fdb522'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which newspaper urged citizens to protest peacefully?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'People's Daily'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",308]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d98a32dc89441400fdb523'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which website had mentions of the Carrefour boycott removed by the government?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sohu.com'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",555]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d98a32dc89441400fdb524'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did protests in front of Carrefour's stores occur in China?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'May 1'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",954]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d98a32dc89441400fdb525'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Chinese government did not want a repeat of what protests?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the anti-Japanese protests in 2005.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",191]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db7c39e7c41114004b519b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which newspaper asked the Chinese people to protest peacefully?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'People's Daily'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",308]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db7c39e7c41114004b519c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who removed Carrefour boycott comments from some websites?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Chinese government'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",36]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db7c39e7c41114004b519d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What day did protests occur in front of Carrefour stores?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'May 1.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",954]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db7c39e7c41114004b519f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In Japan, the Mayor of Nagano, Shoichi Washizawa said that it has become a \"great nuisance\" for the city to host the torch relay prior to the Nagano leg. Washizawa's aides said the mayor's remark was not criticism about the relay itself but about the potential disruptions and confusion surrounding it.　A city employee of the Nagano City Office ridiculed the protests in Europe, he said \"They are doing something foolish\", in a televised interview. Nagano City officially apologized later and explained what he had wanted to say was \"Such violent protests were not easy to accept\". Also citing concerns about protests as well as the recent violence in Tibet, a major Buddhist temple in Nagano cancelled its plans to host the opening stage of the Olympic torch relay, this temple was vandalised by an un-identified person the day after in apparent revenge,'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the mayor of Nagano?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Shoichi Washizawa'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",32]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d98b11dc89441400fdb534'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How did Washizawa refer to the city having the torch relay?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'great nuisance'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",77]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d98b11dc89441400fdb535'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was vandalized after a relay event was cancelled there?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a major Buddhist temple'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",660]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56d98b11dc89441400fdb536'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the mayor of Nagano?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Shoichi Washizawa'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",32]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db7c94e7c41114004b51a5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did he call the opportunity for Nagano to host the torch event?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'great nuisance'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",77]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db7c94e7c41114004b51a6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the inital opening ceremony to be held in Nagano?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a major Buddhist temple'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",660]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db7c94e7c41114004b51a7'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Olympic Flame is supposed to remain lit for the whole relay. When the Torch is extinguished at night, on airplanes, in bad weather, or during protests (such as the several occasions in Paris), the Olympic Flame is kept alight in a set of 8 lanterns.[citation needed]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what is the torch flame kept lit when the torch must be off?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'lanterns.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",245]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dafb7de7c41114004b4c03'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The torch is put out at night, on aircraft, during storms and what else?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'during protests'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",140]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dafb7de7c41114004b4c04'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'A union planned to protest at the relay for better living conditions. Hong Kong legislator Michael Mak Kwok-fung and activist Chan Cheong, both members of the League of Social Democrats, were not allowed to enter Macau.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was Michael Mak Kwok-fung?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hong Kong legislator'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",71]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db74fee7c41114004b5138'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Chinese media have also reported on Jin Jing, whom the official Chinese torch relay website described as \"heroic\" and an \"angel\", whereas Western media initially gave her little mention – despite a Chinese claim that \"Chinese Paralympic athlete Jin Jing has garnered much attention from the media\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which athlete did the official website call an angel?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jin Jing'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",37]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db772fe7c41114004b515f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which media outlets gave Jin Jing little notice?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Western media'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",139]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db772fe7c41114004b5160'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Two additional teams of 40 attendants each will accompany the flame on its Mainland China route. This arrangement has however sparked several controversies.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many additional teams will help with the Mainland China route?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Two'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db7a9ee7c41114004b518d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many members are on each of these two teams?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'40'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",25]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56db7a9ee7c41114004b518e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'2008 Summer Olympics torch relay'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The ultimate substantive legacy of Principia Mathematica is mixed. It is generally accepted that Kurt Gödel's incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them, and hence that Principia Mathematica could never achieve its aims. However, Gödel could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell's book. In this way, Principia Mathematica's legacy might be described as its key role in disproving the possibility of achieving its own stated goals. But beyond this somewhat ironic legacy, the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Despite its imperfection, what are now considered valuable achievements of Principia Mathematica?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",683]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57332caa4776f41900660748'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the general consensus of the axioms and inference rules declared in Principia Mathematica? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'mixed'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",61]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57332caa4776f41900660744'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who discovered the incompleteness theorem of 1931?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Kurt Gödel'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",98]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57332caa4776f41900660745'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the incompleteness theorem of 1931 indicate regarding Principia Mathematica?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",173]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57332caa4776f41900660746'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why was Gödels finding ironic?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Gödel could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell's book'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",416]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57332caa4776f41900660747'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was Kurt Godel's incompleteness theorem?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1931'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",137]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57302ed0947a6a140053d242'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Kurt Godel's theorem demonstrate about axioms and the inference rules?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",275]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57302ed0947a6a140053d243'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Godel couldn't have come to his conclusion without what book?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Principia Mathematica'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",512]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57302ed0947a6a140053d244'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Besides logic and epistemology, what else did Principia Mathematica connect?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'metaphysics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",794]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57302ed0947a6a140053d245'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Alfred North Whitehead'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Whitehead's most complete work on education is the 1929 book The Aims of Education and Other Essays, which collected numerous essays and addresses by Whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927. The essay from which Aims of Education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 when Whitehead was president of the London Branch of the Mathematical Association. In it, he cautioned against the teaching of what he called \"inert ideas\" – ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture. 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For Whitehead, education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary, value-free school model – it should be transdisciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Whitehead believe regarding the variety of subjects in education?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",62]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573330eb4776f41900660762'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How did Whitehead propose that students would expand their knowledge beyond the subjects taught in school?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",108]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573330eb4776f41900660763'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Whitehead's general opinion of what the school model should be?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'For Whitehead, education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary, value-free school model'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",251]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573330eb4776f41900660764'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Whitehead's opinion on the inclusion of values and general principles in education?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'it should be transdisciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",357]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573330eb4776f41900660765'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Whitehead's education style was to teach what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a relatively few important concepts'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",91]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57303159a23a5019007fcf51'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What should Whitehead's students organically link due to his teaching methods?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",175]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57303159a23a5019007fcf52'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Whitehead believed education should be the opposite of what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'value-free school model'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",331]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57303159a23a5019007fcf53'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Alfred North Whitehead'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Whitehead did not begin his career as a philosopher. In fact, he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education. Early in his life he showed great interest in and respect for philosophy and metaphysics, but it is evident that he considered himself a rank amateur. In one letter to his friend and former student Bertrand Russell, after discussing whether science aimed to be explanatory or merely descriptive, he wrote: \"This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter.\" Ironically, in later life Whitehead would become one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the extent of Whitehead's education in philosophy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",63]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573332b94776f4190066077e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Whitehead's opinion of his own knowledge of metaphysics in that correspondence?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter.\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",452]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573332b94776f41900660780'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How did Whitehead eventually become regarded in the field of metaphysics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'in later life Whitehead would become one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",595]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573332b94776f41900660781'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'With what friend and former student did Whitehead correspond regarding the goals of science?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Bertrand Russell'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",344]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573332b94776f4190066077f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the highest Whitehead was trained in philosophy? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'undergraduate'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",121]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57303233a23a5019007fcf57'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the relationship between Whitehead and Russell?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'friend and former student'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",318]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57303233a23a5019007fcf59'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Whitehead consider himself as a philosopher? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'rank amateur'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",283]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57303233a23a5019007fcf58'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Whitehead considered as a metaphysician?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",632]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57303233a23a5019007fcf5a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Alfred North Whitehead'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Whitehead was unimpressed by this objection. In the notes of one his students for a 1927 class, Whitehead was quoted as saying: \"Every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislikes metaphysics. What he means is he dislikes having his metaphysics criticized.\" In Whitehead's view, scientists and philosophers make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works all the time, but such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned. While Whitehead acknowledged that \"philosophers can never hope finally to formulate these metaphysical first principles,\" he argued that people need to continually re-imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress, even if that progress remains permanently asymptotic. For this reason Whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What quotation of Whitehead's was noted by a student in 1927?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"Every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislikes metaphysics. 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He also argued that the most basic elements of reality can all be regarded as experiential, indeed that everything is constituted by its experience. He used the term \"experience\" very broadly, so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience. In this, he went against Descartes' separation of two different kinds of real existence, either exclusively material or else exclusively mental. Whitehead referred to his metaphysical system as \"philosophy of organism\", but it would become known more widely as \"process philosophy.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What Cartesian concept did Whitehead believe to be erroneous?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",110]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573338734776f419006607a2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What theory did Whitehead prefer to the Cartesian concept?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'event-based or \"process\" ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",247]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573338734776f419006607a3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How did whitehead define \"experience\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'He used the term \"experience\" very broadly, so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",523]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573338734776f419006607a4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How did Descartes' distinguish types of existence?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'two different kinds of real existence, either exclusively material or else exclusively mental'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",726]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573338734776f419006607a5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How did Whitehead identify his system of metaphysics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"philosophy of organism\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",870]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573338734776f419006607a6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What idea states that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Cartesian idea'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",90]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730956e396df919000961c2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Whitehead rejected the Cartesian idea in favor of what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'an event-based or \"process\" ontology'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",244]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730956e396df919000961c3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Whitehead believed instead of matter existing independently of each other, it did what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'interrelated and dependent'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",331]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730956e396df919000961c4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Whitehead believed that reality should be regarded as what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'experiential'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",452]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730956e396df919000961c5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Whitehead's system as \"philosophy of organism\" became widely known as what term?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'process philosophy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",938]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730956e396df919000961c6'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Alfred North Whitehead'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In Whitehead's view, then, concepts such as \"quality\", \"matter\", and \"form\" are problematic. These \"classical\" concepts fail to adequately account for change, and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world. They are useful abstractions, but are not the world's basic building blocks. What is ordinarily conceived of as a single person, for instance, is philosophically described as a continuum of overlapping events. After all, people change all the time, if only because they have aged by another second and had some further experience. These occasions of experience are logically distinct, but are progressively connected in what Whitehead calls a \"society\" of events. By assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe, materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete (what Whitehead calls the \"fallacy of misplaced concreteness\").'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How did Whitehead define the \"fallacy of misplaced concreteness\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'By assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe, materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",713]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333fbad058e614000b57d6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What basic concepts did Whitehead believe were questionable?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"quality\", \"matter\", and \"form\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",45]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333fbad058e614000b57d2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why did he believe those concepts were inaccurate?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'These \"classical\" concepts fail to adequately account for change, and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",94]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333fbad058e614000b57d3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How did Whitehead classify what is usually seen as an individual person?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a continuum of overlapping events'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",424]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333fbad058e614000b57d4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How did Whitehead refer to the combination of a person's separate experiences?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a \"society\" of events'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",690]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333fbad058e614000b57d5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the concepts quality, matter, and form considered?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"classical\" concepts'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",100]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730991d2461fd1900a9ceef'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Concepts such as quality, matter, and form fail to account for what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'change'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",152]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730991d2461fd1900a9ceed'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What concepts overlook the experiential nature of basic elements?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'quality\", \"matter\", and \"form\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",46]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730991d2461fd1900a9ceee'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does Whitehead call experiences that are progressively connected?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'society'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",693]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730991d2461fd1900a9cef1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Instead of being a single person, what does Whitehead view a person as?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'continuum of overlapping events'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",426]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730991d2461fd1900a9cef0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Alfred North Whitehead'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'To put it another way, a thing or person is often seen as having a \"defining essence\" or a \"core identity\" that is unchanging, and describes what the thing or person really is. In this way of thinking, things and people are seen as fundamentally the same through time, with any changes being qualitative and secondary to their core identity (e.g. \"Mark's hair has turned gray as he has gotten older, but he is still the same person\"). But in Whitehead's cosmology, the only fundamentally existent things are discrete \"occasions of experience\" that overlap one another in time and space, and jointly make up the enduring person or thing. On the other hand, what ordinary thinking often regards as \"the essence of a thing\" or \"the identity\/core of a person\" is an abstract generalization of what is regarded as that person or thing's most important or salient features across time. Identities do not define people, people define identities. Everything changes from moment to moment, and to think of anything as having an \"enduring essence\" misses the fact that \"all things flow\", though it is often a useful way of speaking.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Whitehead believe were essentially the only things that truly exist?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'discrete \"occasions of experience\" that overlap one another in time and space, and jointly make up the enduring person or thing'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",509]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573344744776f419006607de'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Regarding the idea that individuals or objects don't fundamentally change, what terms can be used to describe what an object or individual actually is?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"defining essence\" or a \"core identity\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",68]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573344744776f419006607dc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In that line of thinking, how are changes described?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'qualitative and secondary to their core identity'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",293]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573344744776f419006607dd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The idea that people are unchanging and stay the same even through changes is considered what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'defining essence'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",69]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57309b8f396df91900096206'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In Whitehead's cosmology, what are the only things that fundamentally exist?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'occasions of experience'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",519]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57309b8f396df91900096207'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where do occasions of experience overlap?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'time and space'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",572]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57309b8f396df91900096208'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Instead of having an enduring essence, what does Whitehead believe?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'all things flow\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1061]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57309b8f396df9190009620a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In Whitehead's view, identities do not define people, but what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'people define identities'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",914]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57309b8f396df91900096209'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Alfred North Whitehead'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Whitehead pointed to the limitations of language as one of the main culprits in maintaining a materialistic way of thinking, and acknowledged that it may be difficult to ever wholly move past such ideas in everyday speech. After all, each moment of each person's life can hardly be given a different proper name, and it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things, rather than constantly keeping in mind that each thing is a different thing from what it was a moment ago. Yet the limitations of everyday living and everyday speech should not prevent people from realizing that \"material substances\" or \"essences\" are a convenient generalized description of a continuum of particular, concrete processes. No one questions that a ten-year-old person is quite different by the time he or she turns thirty years old, and in many ways is not the same person at all; Whitehead points out that it is not philosophically or ontologically sound to think that a person is the same from one second to the next.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why did Whitehead think people continued to subscribe to materialistic thinking?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",318]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335187d058e614000b5855'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Whitehead believe regarding factors that limit people's understanding of his concepts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'should not prevent people from realizing that \"material substances\" or \"essences\" are a convenient generalized description of a continuum'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",585]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335187d058e614000b5856'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Whitehead believe was one of the biggest reasons materialistic thinking endured?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'limitations of language'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",26]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335187d058e614000b5854'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Whitehead state about the belief that a person is exactly the same from moment to moment?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'it is not philosophically or ontologically sound'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",941]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335187d058e614000b5857'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why couldn't each moment of each person's life be given a different proper name?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'limitations of language'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",26]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57309dbb8ab72b1400f9c5f1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Whitehead believe was a culprit in maintaining a materialistic way of thinking?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'limitations of language'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",26]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57309dbb8ab72b1400f9c5f0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Whitehead's main philosophy on humans changing is what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'each thing is a different thing from what it was a moment ago'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",463]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57309dbb8ab72b1400f9c5f2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Alfred North Whitehead'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'A second problem with materialism is that it obscures the importance of relations. It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects. Each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things. The idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space, and not necessarily related to anything. But in Whitehead's view, relations take a primary role, perhaps even more important than the relata themselves. A student taking notes in one of Whitehead's fall 1924 classes wrote that:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the general materialistic view of an object?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",154]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573352f9d058e614000b585d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How the fundamental concept of matter influence people to view objects?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space, and not necessarily related to anything'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",250]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573352f9d058e614000b585e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is Whitehead's belief regarding the importance of relations?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'in Whitehead's view, relations take a primary role, perhaps even more important than the relata themselves'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",406]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573352f9d058e614000b585f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the materialistic view of matter in relation to other objects?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",84]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573352f9d058e614000b5860'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is another issue that Whitehead had with materialism?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'it obscures the importance of relations'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",43]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573352f9d058e614000b585c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What obscures the importance of relations according to Whitehead?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'materialism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",23]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57309e35069b5314008321c9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does Materialism see each object as?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'distinct and discrete'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",108]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57309e35069b5314008321ca'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How is each object related to other things?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'externally'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",214]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57309e35069b5314008321cb'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Alfred North Whitehead'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In fact, Whitehead describes any entity as in some sense nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities – its synthesis of and reaction to the world around it. A real thing is just that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it; that is to say, if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity (i.e. it was not related to any other entity), it could not be said to really exist. Relations are not secondary to what a thing is, they are what the thing is.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How does Whitehead characterize anything that exists?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'in some sense nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities – its synthesis of and reaction to the world around it'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",44]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733541ed058e614000b5866'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How does he describe what makes something real?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'A real thing is just that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",192]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733541ed058e614000b5867'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In Whitehead's thinking, what could be said about something that has no effect on any other person or object?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity (i.e. it was not related to any other entity), it could not be said to really exist'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",302]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733541ed058e614000b5868'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Whitehead believe about the concept of relations in the context of defining an entity?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Relations are not secondary to what a thing is, they are what the thing is.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",460]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733541ed058e614000b5869'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Whitehead believes any entity is in some sense what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",58]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57309ede396df91900096218'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'If an object made no difference to any other entity, what could be said about it?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'not be said to really exist.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",431]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57309ede396df91900096219'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'If relations are not secondary to what a thing is, what is it?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'they are what the thing is'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",508]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57309ede396df9190009621a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What makes up the sum of relations to an entity?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'rld around it'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",177]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57309ede396df9190009621b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'A real object forces the universe to do what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'in some way conform to it'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",259]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57309ede396df9190009621c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Alfred North Whitehead'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Isabelle Stengers wrote that \"Whiteheadians are recruited among both philosophers and theologians, and the palette has been enriched by practitioners from the most diverse horizons, from ecology to feminism, practices that unite political struggle and spirituality with the sciences of education.\" Indeed, in recent decades attention to Whitehead's work has become more widespread, with interest extending to intellectuals in Europe and China, and coming from such diverse fields as ecology, physics, biology, education, economics, and psychology. One of the first theologians to attempt to interact with Whitehead's thought was the future Archbishop of Canterbury, William Temple. In Temple's Gifford Lectures of 1932-1934 (subsequently published as \"Nature, Man and God\"), Whitehead is one of a number of philosophers of the emergent evolution approach Temple interacts with. However, it was not until the 1970s and 1980s that Whitehead's thought drew much attention outside of a small group of philosophers and theologians, primarily Americans, and even today he is not considered especially influential outside of relatively specialized circles.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what areas of the world has interest in Whitehead's work spread in recent decades?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Europe and China'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",427]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337336d058e614000b5b27'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was one of the first theologians to try to interact with Whitehead's ideas?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'William Temple'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",667]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337336d058e614000b5b29'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the basis for \"Nature, Man and God\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Temple's Gifford Lectures of 1932-1934'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",686]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337336d058e614000b5b2a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'According to Isabelle Stengers, what are unifying factors in diverse practices (like ecology and feminism) that have become interested in Whitehead's work?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'practices that unite political struggle and spirituality with the sciences of education'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",209]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337336d058e614000b5b26'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What other fields have shown more recent interest in Whitehead's work?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ecology, physics, biology, education, economics, and psychology'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",484]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337336d058e614000b5b28'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Alfred North Whitehead'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Early followers of Whitehead were found primarily at the University of Chicago's Divinity School, where Henry Nelson Wieman initiated an interest in Whitehead's work that would last for about thirty years. Professors such as Wieman, Charles Hartshorne, Bernard Loomer, Bernard Meland, and Daniel Day Williams made Whitehead's philosophy arguably the most important intellectual thread running through the Divinity School. They taught generations of Whitehead scholars, the most notable of which is John B. Cobb, Jr.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where were the first followers mainly found?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'at the University of Chicago's Divinity School'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",51]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337479d058e614000b5b3f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who began the interest in Whitehead at Chicago's Divinity School?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Henry Nelson Wieman'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",105]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337479d058e614000b5b40'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who id the most well-known Whitehead scholar?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'John B. Cobb'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",499]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337479d058e614000b5b42'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What professors established the importance of Whitehead's work?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Wieman, Charles Hartshorne, Bernard Loomer, Bernard Meland, and Daniel Day Williams'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",226]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337479d058e614000b5b41'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Alfred North Whitehead'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'But while Claremont remains the most concentrated hub of Whiteheadian activity, the place where Whitehead's thought currently seems to be growing the most quickly is in China. In order to address the challenges of modernization and industrialization, China has begun to blend traditions of Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism with Whitehead's \"constructive post-modern\" philosophy in order to create an \"ecological civilization.\" To date, the Chinese government has encouraged the building of twenty-three university-based centers for the study of Whitehead's philosophy, and books by process philosophers John Cobb and David Ray Griffin are becoming required reading for Chinese graduate students. Cobb has attributed China's interest in process philosophy partly to Whitehead's stress on the mutual interdependence of humanity and nature, as well as his emphasis on an educational system that includes the teaching of values rather than simply bare facts.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where is interest in Whitehead's work growing the fastest today?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'China'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",170]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733766ed058e614000b5b60'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What challenges are China using Whitehead's ideas to help manage?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'modernization and industrialization'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",215]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733766ed058e614000b5b61'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What types of traditions are China blending with Whitehead's \"constructive post-modern\" philosophy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'traditions of Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",277]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733766ed058e614000b5b62'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What philosphers' writings are becoming required reading for graduate students in China?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'John Cobb and David Ray Griffin'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",606]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733766ed058e614000b5b63'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why does John Cobb believe China has become interested in process philosophy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'interdependence of humanity and nature, as well as his emphasis on an educational system that includes the teaching of values rather than simply bare facts'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",801]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733766ed058e614000b5b64'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Alfred North Whitehead'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Deleuze's and Latour's opinions, however, are minority ones, as Whitehead has not been recognized as particularly influential within the most dominant philosophical schools. It is impossible to say exactly why Whitehead's influence has not been more widespread, but it may be partly due to his metaphysical ideas seeming somewhat counter-intuitive (such as his assertion that matter is an abstraction), or his inclusion of theistic elements in his philosophy, or the perception of metaphysics itself as passé, or simply the sheer difficulty and density of his prose.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'what is an example of Whitehead's ideas being counter-intuitive?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'his assertion that matter is an abstraction'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",358]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337e8f4776f41900660bc9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why do some people believe Whitehead's writings may have restricted his influence?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the sheer difficulty and density of his prose'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",521]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337e8f4776f41900660bcb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a common opinion of metaphysics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'perception of metaphysics itself as passé'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",468]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337e8f4776f41900660bca'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the general opinion of Whitehead in most philosophical schools?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Whitehead has not been recognized as particularly influential within the most dominant philosophical schools'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",65]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337e8f4776f41900660bc8'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Alfred North Whitehead'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'One philosophical school which has historically had a close relationship with process philosophy is American pragmatism. Whitehead himself thought highly of William James and John Dewey, and acknowledged his indebtedness to them in the preface to Process and Reality. Charles Hartshorne (along with Paul Weiss) edited the collected papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, one of the founders of pragmatism. Noted neopragmatist Richard Rorty was in turn a student of Hartshorne. Today, Nicholas Rescher is one example of a philosopher who advocates both process philosophy and pragmatism.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What philosophy is closely related to process philosophy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'American pragmatism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",101]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57338802d058e614000b5cbb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What pragmatists did Whitehead acknowledge in the preface to \"Process and Reality\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'William James and John Dewey'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",158]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57338802d058e614000b5cbc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is a philosopher that promotes process philosophy and pragmatism currently?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Nicholas Rescher'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",480]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57338802d058e614000b5cbf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What founder of pragmatism's collected papers did Charles Hartshorne ans Paul Weiss edit?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Charles Sanders Peirce'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",343]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57338802d058e614000b5cbd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What important neopragmatist was Harthorne's student?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Richard Rorty'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",422]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57338802d058e614000b5cbe'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Alfred North Whitehead'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In physics, Whitehead's thought has had some influence. He articulated a view that might perhaps be regarded as dual to Einstein's general relativity, see Whitehead's theory of gravitation. It has been severely criticized. Yutaka Tanaka, who suggests that the gravitational constant disagrees with experimental findings, proposes that Einstein's work does not actually refute Whitehead's formulation. Whitehead's view has now been rendered obsolete, with the discovery of gravitational waves. They are phenonena observed locally that largely violate the kind of local flatness of space that Whitehead assumes. Consequently, Whitehead's cosmology must be regarded as a local approximation, and his assumption of a uniform spatio-temporal geometry, Minkowskian in particular, as an often-locally-adequate approximation. An exact replacement of Whitehead's cosmology would need to admit a Riemannian geometry. Also, although Whitehead himself gave only secondary consideration to quantum theory, his metaphysics of processes has proved attractive to some physicists in that field. Henry Stapp and David Bohm are among those whose work has been influenced by Whitehead.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How was Whitehead's theory of gravitation received?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'It has been severely criticized'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",191]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573392424776f41900660d83'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What physicists in the field of quantum theory have been influenced by Whitehead?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Henry Stapp and David Bohm'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1079]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573392424776f41900660d87'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What affect  did the discovery of gravitational waves have on Whitehead's theory?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Whitehead's view has now been rendered obsolete, with the discovery of gravitational waves'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",402]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573392424776f41900660d84'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are gravitational waves?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'phenonena observed locally that largely violate the kind of local flatness of space that Whitehead assumes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",503]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573392424776f41900660d85'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How must Whiteheads cosmology now be considered?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Whitehead's cosmology must be regarded as a local approximation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",625]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573392424776f41900660d86'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Alfred North Whitehead'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'This work has been pioneered by John B. Cobb, Jr., whose book Is It Too Late? A Theology of Ecology (1971) was the first single-authored book in environmental ethics. Cobb also co-authored a book with economist Herman Daly entitled For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future (1989), which applied Whitehead's thought to economics, and received the Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order. Cobb followed this with a second book, Sustaining the Common Good: A Christian Perspective on the Global Economy (1994), which aimed to challenge \"economists' zealous faith in the great god of growth.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What award did Cobb and Daly receive for the book?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",411]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733938f4776f41900660dbb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the first book on environmental ethics by an individual author?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Is It Too Late? 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It is used for understanding and evaluating educational curriculum under the assumption that the purpose of education is to \"help a person become whole.\" This work is in part the product of cooperation between Chinese government organizations and the Institute for the Postmodern Development of China.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who established the FEELS model in China?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Xie Bangxiu'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",47]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733948e4776f41900660dd2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does \"FEELS\" stand for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Flexible-goals, Engaged-learner, Embodied-knowledge, Learning-through-interactions, and Supportive-teacher'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",155]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733948e4776f41900660dd3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the purpose of the FEELS model?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'It is used for understanding and evaluating educational curriculum under the assumption that the purpose of education is to \"help a person become whole.\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",263]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733948e4776f41900660dd4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What entities are working together to promote the FEELS model?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Chinese government organizations and the Institute for the Postmodern Development of China'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",473]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733948e4776f41900660dd5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Alfred North Whitehead'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Whitehead has had some influence on philosophy of business administration and organizational theory. This has led in part to a focus on identifying and investigating the effect of temporal events (as opposed to static things) within organizations through an “organization studies” discourse that accommodates a variety of 'weak' and 'strong' process perspectives from a number of philosophers. One of the leading figures having an explicitly Whiteheadian and panexperientialist stance towards management is Mark Dibben, who works in what he calls \"applied process thought\" to articulate a philosophy of management and business administration as part of a wider examination of the social sciences through the lens of process metaphysics. For Dibben, this allows \"a comprehensive exploration of life as perpetually active experiencing, as opposed to occasional – and thoroughly passive – happening.\" Dibben has published two books on applied process thought, Applied Process Thought I: Initial Explorations in Theory and Research (2008), and Applied Process Thought II: Following a Trail Ablaze (2009), as well as other papers in this vein in the fields of philosophy of management and business ethics.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What prominent business professor has been heavily influenced by Whitehead?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mark Dibben'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",508]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733971d4776f41900660e09'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does Dibben call his philosophy on management and business administration?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"applied process thought\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",548]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733971d4776f41900660e0a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what fields has Dibben published two books and other papers?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'philosophy of management and business ethics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1156]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733971d4776f41900660e0c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What business fields has Whitehead influenced?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'philosophy of business administration and organizational theory'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",37]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733971d4776f41900660e08'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'According to Dibben, what are the benefits of applying process metaphysics to examining management and business administration as a component of social science?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'this allows \"a comprehensive exploration of life as perpetually active experiencing, as opposed to occasional – and thoroughly passive – happening.\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",750]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733971d4776f41900660e0b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Alfred North Whitehead'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s, Whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics. He developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy. Whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects, and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes, thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another. Today Whitehead's philosophical works – particularly Process and Reality – are regarded as the foundational texts of process philosophy.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'During which decade did Whitehead's focus start shifting away from mathematics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1910s'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",23]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57331b0dd058e614000b56fa'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'After moving away from mathematics, what subjects did Whitehead explore?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",107]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57331b0dd058e614000b56fb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'As opposed to physical objects, what did Whitehead believe reality is composed of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'processes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",307]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57331b0dd058e614000b56fc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the predominant theory of reality that Whitehead opposed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",455]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57331b0dd058e614000b56fd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What book of Whitehead's is now considered a primary source of process philosophy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Process and Reality'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",604]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57331b0dd058e614000b56fe'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Whitehead first study?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'mathematics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",92]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573013b0b2c2fd140056881d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Whitehead's second area of study?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'philosophy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",107]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573013b0b2c2fd140056881e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Whitehead's final area of study?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'metaphysics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",145]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573013b0b2c2fd140056881f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of system did he develop?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'metaphysical'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",187]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573013b0b2c2fd1400568820'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Whitehead argue reality consists of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'processes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",307]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573013b0b2c2fd1400568821'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Alfred North Whitehead'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Alfred North Whitehead was born in Ramsgate, Kent, England, in 1861. His father, Alfred Whitehead, was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy, a successful school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather. Whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters, but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man. Whitehead's mother was Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster. Whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother, as he never mentioned her in any of his writings, and there is evidence that Whitehead's wife, Evelyn, had a low opinion of her.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was Alfred North Whitehead born?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ramsgate, Kent, England'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",36]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57331bdad058e614000b5704'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was Whitehead born?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1861'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",64]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57331bdad058e614000b5705'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who founded Chatham House Academy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",202]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57331bdad058e614000b5706'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Whitehead's father's profession?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",106]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57331bdad058e614000b5707'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was Whitehead's mother?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",408]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57331bdad058e614000b5708'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was Alfred North Whitehead born? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ramsgate, Kent, England'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",36]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57301444947a6a140053d070'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year was Whitehead born?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1861'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",64]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57301444947a6a140053d071'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Whitehead's father's profession?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'minister and schoolmaster'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",106]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57301444947a6a140053d072'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Whitehead's mother's name?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Maria Sarah Whitehead,'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",408]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57301444947a6a140053d073'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Whitehead's wife's name?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Evelyn'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",624]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57301444947a6a140053d074'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Alfred North Whitehead'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department, help establish a Bachelor of Science degree (previously only Bachelor of Arts degrees had been offered), and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which educational system was Whitehead employed in the late 1910s?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'University of London system'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",141]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57331ea14776f419006606f4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Whitehead's title at the University of London in late 1918?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Dean of the Faculty of Science'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",244]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57331ea14776f419006606f5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Whitehead's last position before he traveled to America?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",408]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57331ea14776f419006606f6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which year did Whitehead relocate to America?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1924'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",526]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57331ea14776f419006606f7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What degree program did Whitehead contribute to establishing at University of London?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Bachelor of Science'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",663]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57331ea14776f419006606f8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Whitehead accept administrative positions?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1918'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730289204bcaa1900d77277'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was he elected at the University of London?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Dean of the Faculty of Science'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",244]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730289204bcaa1900d77279'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did Whitehead accept administrative positions?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'University of London'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",141]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730289204bcaa1900d77278'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Whitehead go to America?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1924'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",526]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730289204bcaa1900d7727a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Alfred North Whitehead'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The two volume biography of Whitehead by Victor Lowe is the most definitive presentation of the life of Whitehead. However, many details of Whitehead's life remain obscure because he left no Nachlass; his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death. Additionally, Whitehead was known for his \"almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy\", and for writing very few personal letters of the kind that would help to gain insight on his life. This led to Lowe himself remarking on the first page of Whitehead's biography, \"No professional biographer in his right mind would touch him.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who authored Whitehead's biography that is considered to be the most reliable description of Whitehead's life?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Victor Lowe'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",42]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57332015d058e614000b570e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why was no Nachlass left behind after Whitehead's death?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",202]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57332015d058e614000b570f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Whitehead's opinion on privacy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",338]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57332015d058e614000b5710'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the author of Whitehead's biography comment on the first page regarding the difficulty of obtaining information about Whitehead?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"No professional biographer in his right mind would touch him.\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",566]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57332015d058e614000b5711'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many volumes is the biography of Whitehead?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'two'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57302ae6b2c2fd14005689bf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who wrote the biography of Whitehead?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Victor Lowe'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",42]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57302ae6b2c2fd14005689c0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Whitehead's wish upon his death for his family?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'all of his papers be destroyed after his death.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",247]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57302ae6b2c2fd14005689c1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Whitehead believe in so profusely that it was difficult to write a biography on him?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'right to privacy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",369]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57302ae6b2c2fd14005689c2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Alfred North Whitehead'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In addition to numerous articles on mathematics, Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject: A Treatise on Universal Algebra (1898), Principia Mathematica (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and An Introduction to Mathematics (1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations. Principia Mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Whitehead's first published book on mathematics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'A Treatise on Universal Algebra'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",100]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733229dd058e614000b5716'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'With what mathematician and philosopher did Whitehead collaborate to write Principia Mathematica?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Bertrand Russell'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",179]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733229dd058e614000b5717'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the intended audience of Whitehead's first two mathematics books?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'professional mathematicians'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",341]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733229dd058e614000b5718'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Whitehead's final book on mathematics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'An Introduction to Mathematics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",255]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733229dd058e614000b5719'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the significance of Principia Mathematica currently?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",538]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733229dd058e614000b571a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Whitehead publish numerous articles about?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'mathematics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",37]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57302b8004bcaa1900d772b9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many books on mathematics did Whitehead write?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'three'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",66]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57302b8004bcaa1900d772ba'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who co-wrote Principia Mathematica with Whitehead?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Bertrand Russell'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",179]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57302b8004bcaa1900d772bb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which of Whitehead's books is known as one of the most important works in mathematical logical?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Principia Mathematica'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",499]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57302b8004bcaa1900d772bc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Whitehead write his first book? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1898'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",133]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57302b8004bcaa1900d772bd'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Alfred North Whitehead'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'At the time structures such as Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions drew attention to the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class. In a review Alexander Macfarlane wrote: \"The main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods, nor generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them, but rather the comparative study of their several structures.\" In a separate review, G. B. 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To add insult to injury, when it came time for publication, the three-volume work was so massive (more than 2,000 pages) and its audience so narrow (professional mathematicians) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds, 300 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell themselves. Despite the initial loss, today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How long did Whitehead and Russell expect to spend creating Principia Mathematica?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a year'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",84]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573326c84776f4190066071c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How long did it actually take to complete Principia Mathematica? 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His philosophical work is generally considered to be among the most difficult to understand in all of the western canon. Even professional philosophers struggled to follow Whitehead's writings. One famous story illustrating the level of difficulty of Whitehead's philosophy centers around the delivery of Whitehead's Gifford lectures in 1927–28 – following Arthur Eddington's lectures of the year previous – which Whitehead would later publish as Process and Reality:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the general opinion of the difficulty level of Whitehead's work in philosophy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'generally considered to be among the most difficult to understand in all of the western canon'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",116]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333a74d058e614000b579e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What lectures did Whitehead present in 1927-28?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Gifford lectures'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",407]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333a74d058e614000b579f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Under what name were those lectures later published?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Process and Reality'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",537]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333a74d058e614000b57a0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who also struggled to follow Whitehead's writings?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'professional philosophers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",216]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573096d2396df919000961d5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Following Arthur Eddington's lectures, what did Whitehead  publish?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Process and Reality'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",537]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573096d2396df919000961d7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Whitehead delivery the Gifford lectures?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1927–28'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",427]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573096d2396df919000961d6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In all of the western canon, what is Whitehead's work considered?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the most difficult to understand'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",149]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573096d2396df919000961d4'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Alfred North Whitehead'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'However, Mathews' frustration with Whitehead's books did not negatively affect his interest. In fact, there were numerous philosophers and theologians at Chicago's Divinity School that perceived the importance of what Whitehead was doing without fully grasping all of the details and implications. In 1927 they invited one of America's only Whitehead experts – Henry Nelson Wieman – to Chicago to give a lecture explaining Whitehead's thought. Wieman's lecture was so brilliant that he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years, and for at least thirty years afterward Chicago's Divinity School was closely associated with Whitehead's thought.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What affect did Matthews' opinion of the difficulty of Whitehead's works have on his interest in them?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mathews' frustration with Whitehead's books did not negatively affect his interest'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",10]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333c754776f419006607b6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How did many philosophers and theologians at Chicago's Divinity School view Whitehead's work?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'perceived the importance of what Whitehead was doing without fully grasping all of the details and implications'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",186]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333c754776f419006607b7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What expert on Whitehead delivered a lecture at the school to explain Whitehead's ideas?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Henry Nelson Wieman'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",362]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333c754776f419006607b8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the result of that lecture?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Wieman's lecture was so brilliant that he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",445]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333c754776f419006607b9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was frustrated in Whitehead's books but still interested?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mathews'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",10]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730976a069b5314008321b9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What school recognized the importance of Whitehead's work?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Chicago's Divinity School'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",155]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730976a069b5314008321ba'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was Henry Nelson Wieman invited to the Chicago Divinity school?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1927'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",302]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730976a069b5314008321bc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was invited to the Chicago Divinity school as one of Whitehead's only experts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Henry Nelson Wieman'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",362]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730976a069b5314008321bb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What happened after Henry Nelson Wieman gave a lecture about Whitehead?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'hired'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",500]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730976a069b5314008321bd'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Alfred North Whitehead'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Wieman's words proved prophetic. Though Process and Reality has been called \"arguably the most impressive single metaphysical text of the twentieth century,\" it has been little-read and little-understood, partly because it demands – as Isabelle Stengers puts it – \"that its readers accept the adventure of the questions that will separate them from every consensus.\" Whitehead questioned western philosophy's most dearly held assumptions about how the universe works, but in doing so he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How has \"Process and Reality\" been described? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"arguably the most impressive single metaphysical text of the twentieth century,\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",77]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333dc4d058e614000b57ae'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Isabelle Stengers say is the reason that \"Process and Reality\" is not commonly read and understood?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'it demands – as Isabelle Stengers puts it – \"that its readers accept the adventure of the questions that will separate them from every consensus.\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",221]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333dc4d058e614000b57af'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What effect did Whitehead have on the future of metaphysics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",485]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333dc4d058e614000b57b0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which publication is considered the most impressive metaphysical text?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Process and Reality'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",41]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573098542461fd1900a9cedb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who thought Process and Reality was little-read because the reader has to separate them from normal thought?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Isabelle Stengers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",237]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573098542461fd1900a9cedc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What philosophy in the west was challenged by Whitehead?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'how the universe works'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",445]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573098542461fd1900a9cedd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Whitehead's philosophy able to anticipate for the 21st century?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'scientific and philosophical problems'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",535]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573098542461fd1900a9cede'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the outcome of anticipating the scientific and philosophical problems Whitehead proposed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'novel solutions'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",585]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573098542461fd1900a9cedf'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Alfred North Whitehead'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'It must be emphasized, however, that an entity is not merely a sum of its relations, but also a valuation of them and reaction to them. For Whitehead, creativity is the absolute principle of existence, and every entity (whether it is a human being, a tree, or an electron) has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities, and is not fully determined by causal or mechanistic laws. Of course, most entities do not have consciousness. As a human being's actions cannot always be predicted, the same can be said of where a tree's roots will grow, or how an electron will move, or whether it will rain tomorrow. Moreover, inability to predict an electron's movement (for instance) is not due to faulty understanding or inadequate technology; rather, the fundamental creativity\/freedom of all entities means that there will always remain phenomena that are unpredictable.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Whitehead believe regarding creativity?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'creativity is the absolute principle of existence'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",152]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573358f2d058e614000b58aa'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'An entity is a sum of relations, a valuation of them and what else?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'reaction to them.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",119]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57309fa8396df91900096222'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Most entities do not have what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'consciousness'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",435]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57309fa8396df91900096223'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'All entities, being unable to predict behavior, are because of what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the fundamental creativity\/freedom of all entities'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",763]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57309fa8396df91900096224'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Not being able to predict what any entity is going to do is what principle b Whitehead?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'creativity is the absolute principle of existence'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",152]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57309fa8396df91900096225'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Other than the combination of its relations, what else defines an entity?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'an entity is not merely a sum of its relations, but also a valuation of them and reaction to them'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",38]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573358f2d058e614000b58a9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Whitehead believe about an entity's relation to other entities?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities, and is not fully determined by causal or mechanistic laws'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",274]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573358f2d058e614000b58ab'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Alfred North Whitehead'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Since Whitehead's metaphysics described a universe in which all entities experience, he needed a new way of describing perception that was not limited to living, self-conscious beings. The term he coined was \"prehension\", which comes from the Latin prehensio, meaning \"to seize.\" The term is meant to indicate a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons. It is also intended to make clear Whitehead's rejection of the theory of representative perception, in which the mind only has private ideas about other entities. For Whitehead, the term \"prehension\" indicates that the perceiver actually incorporates aspects of the perceived thing into itself. In this way, entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations, rather than being independent of them. Further, Whitehead regards perception as occurring in two modes, causal efficacy (or \"physical prehension\") and presentational immediacy (or \"conceptual prehension\").'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the origin of the word \"prehension\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'comes from the Latin prehensio, meaning \"to seize.\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",229]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335ac6d058e614000b58ce'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a basic description of the theory of representative perception?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the mind only has private ideas about other entities'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",520]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335ac6d058e614000b58d0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What term did Whitehead describe that perception is not limited to the living?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'prehension'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",210]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730a0a98ab72b1400f9c614'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What language does the term \"prehensio\" come from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Latin'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",244]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730a0a98ab72b1400f9c615'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does the word \"Prehensio\" translate into?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'to seize'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",270]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730a0a98ab72b1400f9c616'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What entities does the term prehension apply to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'conscious or unconscious'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",344]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730a0a98ab72b1400f9c617'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many modes does perception occur in according to Whitehead?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'two'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",873]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730a0a98ab72b1400f9c618'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is prehension used to define?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",311]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335ac6d058e614000b58cf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does the term \"prehension\" signify regarding an entities perceptions and relations?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations, rather than being independent of them'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",719]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335ac6d058e614000b58d1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Whitehead state are the two types of perception?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'causal efficacy (or \"physical prehension\") and presentational immediacy (or \"conceptual prehension\")'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",884]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335ac6d058e614000b58d2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Alfred North Whitehead'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Whitehead describes causal efficacy as \"the experience dominating the primitive living organisms, which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged, and the fate towards which they go.\" It is, in other words, the sense of causal relations between entities, a feeling of being influenced and affected by the surrounding environment, unmediated by the senses. Presentational immediacy, on the other hand, is what is usually referred to as \"pure sense perception\", unmediated by any causal or symbolic interpretation, even unconscious interpretation. In other words, it is pure appearance, which may or may not be delusive (e.g. mistaking an image in a mirror for \"the real thing\").'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How do the senses affect causal efficacy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'unmediated by the senses'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",344]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335d8dd058e614000b5920'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What can be said about the accuracy of presentational immediacy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'it is pure appearance, which may or may not be delusive'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",576]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335d8dd058e614000b5922'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the term for the experience dominating primitive organisms that have a sense for fate?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'causal efficacy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",21]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730a11b2461fd1900a9cf11'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the other term for \"pure sense perception\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Presentational immediacy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",370]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730a11b2461fd1900a9cf12'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is it called if you mistake a reflection in a mirror for the real thing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Presentational immediacy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",370]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730a11b2461fd1900a9cf13'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How does Whitehead define causal efficacy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"the experience dominating the primitive living organisms, which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged, and the fate towards which they go.\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",40]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335d8dd058e614000b591f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How does Whitehead define presentational immediacy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"pure sense perception\", unmediated by any causal or symbolic interpretation, even unconscious interpretation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",449]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335d8dd058e614000b5921'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Alfred North Whitehead'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In higher organisms (like people), these two modes of perception combine into what Whitehead terms \"symbolic reference\", which links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it. By way of illustration, Whitehead uses the example of a person's encounter with a chair. An ordinary person looks up, sees a colored shape, and immediately infers that it is a chair. However, an artist, Whitehead supposes, \"might not have jumped to the notion of a chair\", but instead \"might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape.\" This is not the normal human reaction; most people place objects in categories by habit and instinct, without even thinking about it. Moreover, animals do the same thing. Using the same example, Whitehead points out that a dog \"would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such.\" In this way symbolic reference is a fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other, and that it is in fact the causal relationships that dominate the more basic mentality (as the dog illustrates), while it is the sense perceptions which indicate a higher grade mentality (as the artist illustrates).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which concept does Whitehead state is more dominant in a lower mentality?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'causal relationships'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1127]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335f23d058e614000b5960'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is Whitehead's term for the two modes of perceptions combining?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'symbolic reference'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",101]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730a33f8ab72b1400f9c628'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What dominates more basic mentality in symbolic reference?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'causal relationships'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1127]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730a33f8ab72b1400f9c62a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does symbolic reference link appearance with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'causation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",150]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730a33f8ab72b1400f9c629'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does having sense perceptions conclude about a person?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'higher grade mentality'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1264]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730a33f8ab72b1400f9c62b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the purpose of symbolic reference?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",128]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335f23d058e614000b595c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How does Whitehead describe the process of a typical person noticing a chair?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'An ordinary person looks up, sees a colored shape, and immediately infers that it is a chair'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",348]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335f23d058e614000b595d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How might an artist view a chair differently than a typical person?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape.\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",544]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335f23d058e614000b595e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How does Whitehead say a dog may interpret the presence of a chair?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such.\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",862]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335f23d058e614000b595f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Alfred North Whitehead'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Whitehead makes the startling observation that \"life is comparatively deficient in survival value.\" If humans can only exist for about a hundred years, and rocks for eight hundred million, then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place; as Whitehead humorously notes, \"they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them.\" He then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment, an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three-fold goal of living, living well, and living better. In other words, Whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction. Without such a goal, he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What observation did Whitehead make about life?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"life is comparatively deficient in survival value.\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",48]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573360a4d058e614000b5987'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Whitehead state was the biggest indicator of a higher form of life?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'they are actively engaged in modifying their environment'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",463]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573360a4d058e614000b5989'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Whitehead believe are the goals f life?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'living, living well, and living better'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",594]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573360a4d058e614000b598a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Whitehead believe was the fundamental purpose of life?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'increasing its own satisfaction'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",704]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573360a4d058e614000b598b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Whitehead observes that life is deficient in what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'survival value'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",84]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730a3b12461fd1900a9cf1f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are higher life forms actively engaged in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'modifying their environment'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",492]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730a3b12461fd1900a9cf20'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many goals of living is there?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'three'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",575]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730a3b12461fd1900a9cf21'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Whitehead sees life as directed towards what purpose?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'increasing its own satisfaction'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",704]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730a3b12461fd1900a9cf22'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Without Whitehead's proposed purpose, life would be what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'unintelligible'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",794]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5730a3b12461fd1900a9cf23'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Whitehead's response to questions about why complex life evolved?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them.\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",302]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573360a4d058e614000b5988'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Alfred North Whitehead'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Whitehead's idea of God differs from traditional monotheistic notions. Perhaps his most famous and pointed criticism of the Christian conception of God is that \"the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar.\" Here Whitehead is criticizing Christianity for defining God as primarily a divine king who imposes his will on the world, and whose most important attribute is power. As opposed to the most widely accepted forms of Christianity, Whitehead emphasized an idea of God that he called \"the brief Galilean vision of humility\":'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Whitehead's description of God?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"the brief Galilean vision of humility\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",521]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573361a8d058e614000b59a0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is Whitehead's most well-known critical statement regarding the Christian notion of God?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar.\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",161]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573361a8d058e614000b599e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What qualities dis Whitehead state that Christians attributed to their version of God?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'primarily a divine king who imposes his will on the world, and whose most important attribute is power'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",304]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573361a8d058e614000b599f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Alfred North Whitehead'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'It should be emphasized, however, that for Whitehead God is not necessarily tied to religion. Rather than springing primarily from religious faith, Whitehead saw God as necessary for his metaphysical system. His system required that an order exist among possibilities, an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities. Whitehead posited that these ordered potentials exist in what he called the primordial nature of God. However, Whitehead was also interested in religious experience. This led him to reflect more intensively on what he saw as the second nature of God, the consequent nature. Whitehead's conception of God as a \"dipolar\" entity has called for fresh theological thinking.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Whitehead's belief about God in relation to religion?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'God is not necessarily tied to religion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",54]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573363194776f41900660987'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what did Whitehead believe that those concepts existed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'primordial nature of God'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",430]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573363194776f41900660989'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Whitehead view as the second nature of God?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the consequent nature'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",605]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573363194776f4190066098a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of God did Whitehead believe existed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'dipolar'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",664]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573363194776f4190066098b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why did Whitehead view the existence of God as a necessity for his metaphysical system?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'His system required that an order exist among possibilities, an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",209]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573363194776f41900660988'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Alfred North Whitehead'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'God's consequent nature, on the other hand, is anything but unchanging – it is God's reception of the world's activity. As Whitehead puts it, \"[God] saves the world as it passes into the immediacy of his own life. It is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved.\" In other words, God saves and cherishes all experiences forever, and those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world. In this way, God is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe, lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How does Whitehead define he consequent nature of God?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'God's reception of the world's activity'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",80]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573364444776f4190066099f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does Whitehead say that God does with all experiences?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'God saves and cherishes all experiences forever'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",306]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573364444776f419006609a1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How does Whitehead describe the judgment of God?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'It is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",215]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573364444776f419006609a0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What effect does Whitehead claim that experiences have on God?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",359]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573364444776f419006609a2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What conclusion does Whitehead draw about God's treatment of humans' experiences?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'God is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe, lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",444]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573364444776f419006609a3'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Alfred North Whitehead'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Whitehead thus sees God and the world as fulfilling one another. He sees entities in the world as fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only God can provide by taking them into God's self, thereafter changing God and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time. On the other hand, he sees God as permanent but as deficient in actuality and change: alone, God is merely eternally unrealized possibilities, and requires the world to actualize them. God gives creatures permanence, while the creatures give God actuality and change. Here it is worthwhile to quote Whitehead at length:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what way did Whitehead view God as deficient?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'deficient in actuality and change'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",344]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573366074776f419006609e6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Whitehead claim God would be without the world?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'merely eternally unrealized possibilities'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",393]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573366074776f419006609e7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How does Whitehead view the relationship between God an the world?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Whitehead thus sees God and the world as fulfilling one another'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573366074776f419006609e3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How does he define entities' need for God?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'He sees entities in the world as fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only God can provide'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",66]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573366074776f419006609e4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How dis Whitehead believe God provided permanence to entities?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'by taking them into God's self, thereafter changing God and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",181]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573366074776f419006609e5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Alfred North Whitehead'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'For Whitehead the core of religion was individual. While he acknowledged that individuals cannot ever be fully separated from their society, he argued that life is an internal fact for its own sake before it is an external fact relating to others. His most famous remark on religion is that \"religion is what the individual does with his own solitariness ... and if you are never solitary, you are never religious.\" Whitehead saw religion as a system of general truths that transformed a person's character. He took special care to note that while religion is often a good influence, it is not necessarily good – an idea which he called a \"dangerous delusion\" (e.g., a religion might encourage the violent extermination of a rival religion's adherents).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Whitehead believe was the basis of religion?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'individual'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",40]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573367034776f41900660a0b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is Whitehead's most famous statement on religion?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"religion is what the individual does with his own solitariness ... and if you are never solitary, you are never religious.\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",292]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573367034776f41900660a0c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How did Whitehead define religion?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a system of general truths that transformed a person's character'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",443]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573367034776f41900660a0d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How did Whitehead define \"dangerous delusion\" as it relates to religion?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'while religion is often a good influence, it is not necessarily good'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",543]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573367034776f41900660a0e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Alfred North Whitehead'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'However, while Whitehead saw religion as beginning in solitariness, he also saw religion as necessarily expanding beyond the individual. In keeping with his process metaphysics in which relations are primary, he wrote that religion necessitates the realization of \"the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals.\" In other words, the universe is a community which makes itself whole through the relatedness of each individual entity to all the others – meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone, but only in the context of the universal community. Whitehead writes further that each entity \"can find no such value till it has merged its individual claim with that of the objective universe. Religion is world-loyalty. The spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself.\" In this way the individual and universal\/social aspects of religion are mutually dependent.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what state did Whitehead believe religion began?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'solitariness'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",55]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573368ba4776f41900660a49'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What realization did Whitehead believe religion made necessary?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals.\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",265]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573368ba4776f41900660a4a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Whitehead believe was necessary for an entity to have meaning and value?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone, but only in the context of the universal community'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",525]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573368ba4776f41900660a4b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How does Whitehead describe religion as world-loyalty?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",804]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573368ba4776f41900660a4c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Whitehead believe was the relationship between the individual and social aspects of religion?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the individual and universal\/social aspects of religion are mutually dependent'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",910]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573368ba4776f41900660a4d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Alfred North Whitehead'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Overall, however, Whitehead's influence is very difficult to characterize. In English-speaking countries, his primary works are little-studied outside of Claremont and a select number of liberal graduate-level theology and philosophy programs. Outside of these circles his influence is relatively small and diffuse, and has tended to come chiefly through the work of his students and admirers rather than Whitehead himself. For instance, Whitehead was a teacher and long-time friend and collaborator of Bertrand Russell, and he also taught and supervised the dissertation of Willard Van Orman Quine, both of whom are important figures in analytic philosophy – the dominant strain of philosophy in English-speaking countries in the 20th century. Whitehead has also had high-profile admirers in the continental tradition, such as French post-structuralist philosopher Gilles Deleuze, who once dryly remarked of Whitehead that \"he stands provisionally as the last great Anglo-American philosopher before Wittgenstein's disciples spread their misty confusion, sufficiency, and terror.\" French sociologist and anthropologist Bruno Latour even went so far as to call Whitehead \"the greatest philosopher of the 20th century.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where has interest outside of those areas mainly come from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'through the work of his students and admirers rather'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",348]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337cc94776f41900660ba8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What French sociologist and anthropologist stated that Whitehead was \"the greatest philosopher of the 20th century\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Bruno Latour'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1121]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337cc94776f41900660bab'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where are Whitehead's works primarily studied in English-speaking countries?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Claremont and a select number of liberal graduate-level theology and philosophy programs'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",155]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337cc94776f41900660ba7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who are two of Whitehead's students that have gone on to become renowned in the field of analytic philosophy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Bertrand Russell, and he also taught and supervised the dissertation of Willard Van Orman Quine'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",504]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337cc94776f41900660ba9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Gilles Deleuze say about Whitehead?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"he stands provisionally as the last great Anglo-American philosopher before Wittgenstein's disciples spread their misty confusion, sufficiency, and terror.\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",925]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337cc94776f41900660baa'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Alfred North Whitehead'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Historically Whitehead's work has been most influential in the field of American progressive theology. The most important early proponent of Whitehead's thought in a theological context was Charles Hartshorne, who spent a semester at Harvard as Whitehead's teaching assistant in 1925, and is widely credited with developing Whitehead's process philosophy into a full-blown process theology. Other notable process theologians include John B. Cobb, Jr., David Ray Griffin, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, C. Robert Mesle, Roland Faber, and Catherine Keller.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what field of study has Whitehead's work been most influential in the United States?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'American progressive theology'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",73]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733801f4776f41900660c03'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the most important early supporter of Whitehead's work in the context of theology?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Charles Hartshorne'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",191]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733801f4776f41900660c04'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What advancement of Whitehead's process philosophy is attributed to Charles Hartshorne?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'developing Whitehead's process philosophy into a full-blown process theology'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",314]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733801f4776f41900660c05'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who are some other distinguished process theologians?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'John B. Cobb, Jr., David Ray Griffin, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, C. Robert Mesle, Roland Faber, and Catherine Keller'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",434]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733801f4776f41900660c06'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Alfred North Whitehead'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Process theology typically stresses God's relational nature. Rather than seeing God as impassive or emotionless, process theologians view God as \"the fellow sufferer who understands\", and as the being who is supremely affected by temporal events. Hartshorne points out that people would not praise a human ruler who was unaffected by either the joys or sorrows of his followers – so why would this be a praise-worthy quality in God? Instead, as the being who is most affected by the world, God is the being who can most appropriately respond to the world. However, process theology has been formulated in a wide variety of ways. C. Robert Mesle, for instance, advocates a \"process naturalism\", i.e. a process theology without God.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What aspect of God is usually emphasized in process theology?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'God's relational nature'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",37]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573384984776f41900660c71'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How is God usually perceived by process theologians?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"the fellow sufferer who understands\", and as the being who is supremely affected by temporal events'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",146]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573384984776f41900660c72'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why did Hartshorne feel that God must be affected by people?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'people would not praise a human ruler who was unaffected by either the joys or sorrows of his followers – so why would this be a praise-worthy quality in God?'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",275]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573384984776f41900660c73'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why would God being substantially affected by the world be beneficial?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'as the being who is most affected by the world, God is the being who can most appropriately respond to the world'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",443]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573384984776f41900660c74'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of process theology does C. Robert Mesle promote?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"process naturalism\", i.e. a process theology without God.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",673]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573384984776f41900660c75'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Alfred North Whitehead'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In fact, process theology is difficult to define because process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests. John B. Cobb, Jr. is a process theologian who has also written books on biology and economics. Roland Faber and Catherine Keller integrate Whitehead with poststructuralist, postcolonialist, and feminist theory. Charles Birch was both a theologian and a geneticist. Franklin I. Gamwell writes on theology and political theory. In Syntheism - Creating God in The Internet Age, futurologists Alexander Bard and Jan Söderqvist repeatedly credit Whitehead for the process theology they see rising out of the participatory culture expected to dominate the digital era.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What subjects has John B. Cobb, Jr. written books on other than process theology?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'biology and economics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",217]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573386274776f41900660c92'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What theories do Roland Faber and Catherine Keller combine with Whitehead's ideas?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'poststructuralist, postcolonialist, and feminist theory'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",299]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573386274776f41900660c93'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Charles Birch's profession besides theologian?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'geneticist'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",398]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573386274776f41900660c94'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who authored \"Syntheism - Creating God in the Internet Age\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Alexander Bard and Jan Söderqvist'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",534]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573386274776f41900660c95'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why is there difficulty in defining process theology ?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",58]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573386274776f41900660c91'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Alfred North Whitehead'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Whitehead also described religion more technically as \"an ultimate craving to infuse into the insistent particularity of emotion that non-temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone.\" In other words, religion takes deeply felt emotions and contextualizes them within a system of general truths about the world, helping people to identify their wider meaning and significance. For Whitehead, religion served as a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society. It is the task of religion to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Whitehead's technical definition of religion?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"an ultimate craving to infuse into the insistent particularity of emotion that non-temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone.\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",55]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573369bd4776f41900660a6a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Whitehead believe religion did with strong emotions?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'religion takes deeply felt emotions and contextualizes them within a system of general truths about the world'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",229]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573369bd4776f41900660a6b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What purpose did Whitehead believe religion served?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",439]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573369bd4776f41900660a6c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Whitehead believe was the job of religion regarding philosophy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'It is the task of religion to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",530]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573369bd4776f41900660a6d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Alfred North Whitehead'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Margaret Stout and Carrie M. Staton have also written recently on the mutual influence of Whitehead and Mary Parker Follett, a pioneer in the fields of organizational theory and organizational behavior. Stout and Staton see both Whitehead and Follett as sharing an ontology that \"understands becoming as a relational process; difference as being related, yet unique; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference.\" This connection is further analyzed by Stout and Jeannine M. Love in Integrative Process: Follettian Thinking from Ontology to Administration '"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is Mary Parker Follett known for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'pioneer in the fields of organizational theory and organizational behavior'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",128]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57339840d058e614000b5e4c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do Margaret Stout and Carrie M. Staton view as commonalities between Whitehead and Follett?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ontology that \"understands becoming as a relational process; difference as being related, yet unique; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference.\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",266]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57339840d058e614000b5e4d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What book did Stout and Jeanine M. Love author that further examines the on between Whitehead and Follett?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Integrative Process: Follettian Thinking from Ontology to Administration'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",493]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57339840d058e614000b5e4e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Alfred North Whitehead'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Moreover, a conflict of interest between professional investment managers and their institutional clients, combined with a global glut in investment capital, led to bad investments by asset managers in over-priced credit assets. Professional investment managers generally are compensated based on the volume of client assets under management. There is, therefore, an incentive for asset managers to expand their assets under management in order to maximize their compensation. As the glut in global investment capital caused the yields on credit assets to decline, asset managers were faced with the choice of either investing in assets where returns did not reflect true credit risk or returning funds to clients. Many asset managers chose to continue to invest client funds in over-priced (under-yielding) investments, to the detriment of their clients, in order to maintain their assets under management. This choice was supported by a \"plausible deniability\" of the risks associated with subprime-based credit assets because the loss experience with early \"vintages\" of subprime loans was so low.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did many asset managers decide to do to the detriment of their clients?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'continue to invest client funds in over-priced (under-yielding) investments'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",745]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573354414776f41900660849'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What led to bad investments by asset managers in over-priced credit assets?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a conflict of interest'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",11]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573354414776f41900660846'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is compensated based on the volume of client assets they have under management?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Professional investment managers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",230]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573354414776f41900660847'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the incentive for asset managers to expand their assets under management?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'to maximize their compensation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",446]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573354414776f41900660848'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What rationale did asset managers who continued to invest in over-priced investments to the detriment of their clients use?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'plausible deniability'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",941]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573354414776f4190066084a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The first visible institution to run into trouble in the United States was the Southern California–based IndyMac, a spin-off of Countrywide Financial. Before its failure, IndyMac Bank was the largest savings and loan association in the Los Angeles market and the seventh largest mortgage originator in the United States. The failure of IndyMac Bank on July 11, 2008, was the fourth largest bank failure in United States history up until the crisis precipitated even larger failures, and the second largest failure of a regulated thrift. IndyMac Bank's parent corporation was IndyMac Bancorp until the FDIC seized IndyMac Bank. IndyMac Bancorp filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in July 2008.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was Southern California-based IndyMac a spin-off of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Countrywide Financial'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",129]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733679bd058e614000b5a4f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what date did IndyMac fail?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'July 11, 2008'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",353]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733679bd058e614000b5a51'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which financial institution was the first one visible to run into trouble in the United States?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'IndyMac'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",106]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733679bd058e614000b5a4e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Before its failure, which savings and loan association was the seventh largest mortgage originator in the United States?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'IndyMac Bank'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",172]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733679bd058e614000b5a50'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was IndyMac's parent corporation?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'IndyMac Bancorp'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",576]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733679bd058e614000b5a52'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'IndyMac reported that during April 2008, Moody's and Standard & Poor's downgraded the ratings on a significant number of Mortgage-backed security (MBS) bonds including $160 million of those issued by IndyMac and which the bank retained in its MBS portfolio. IndyMac concluded that these downgrades would have negatively impacted the Company's risk-based capital ratio as of June 30, 2008. Had these lowered ratings been in effect at March 31, 2008, IndyMac concluded that the bank's capital ratio would have been 9.27% total risk-based. IndyMac warned that if its regulators found its capital position to have fallen below \"well capitalized\" (minimum 10% risk-based capital ratio) to \"adequately capitalized\" (8–10% risk-based capital ratio) the bank might no longer be able to use brokered deposits as a source of funds.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Moody's and Standard & Poor downgrade a significant number of IndyMac's MBS bonds?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'April 2008'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",30]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336a43d058e614000b5aa7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'If IndyMac's downgraded MBS bond ratings had been in effect at March 31, 2008, what would the bank's capital ratio have been?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'9.27%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",514]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336a43d058e614000b5aaa'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the value of IndyMac's MBS bonds retained in its MBS portfolio that were downgraded in April 2008?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$160 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",169]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336a43d058e614000b5aa8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was one of the agencies that downgraded a significant number of IndyMac's MBS bonds in April 2008?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Moody's'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",42]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336a43d058e614000b5aa9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a well capitalized ratio?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'minimum 10% risk-based'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",644]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336a43d058e614000b5aab'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Senator Charles Schumer (D-NY) would later point out that brokered deposits made up more than 37 percent of IndyMac's total deposits and ask the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) whether it had considered ordering IndyMac to reduce its reliance on these deposits. With $18.9 billion in total deposits reported on March 31, Senator Schumer would have been referring to a little over $7 billion in brokered deposits. While the breakout of maturities of these deposits is not known exactly, a simple averaging would have put the threat of brokered deposits loss to IndyMac at $500 million a month, had the regulator disallowed IndyMac from acquiring new brokered deposits on June 30.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is the Senator that asked FDIC if it had considered ordering IndyMac to reduce its reliance on brokered deposits?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Charles Schumer (D-NY)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",9]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336bbb4776f41900660a89'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does the abbreviation FDIC stand for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",146]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336bbb4776f41900660a8a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much of IndyMac's total deposits of $18.9 billion on March 31, 2008 were considered brokered deposits?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a little over $7 billion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",380]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336bbb4776f41900660a8b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Had the FDIC disallowed IndyMac from acquiring new brokered deposits on this date, the threat of brokered deposit losses would have been $500 million a month?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'June 30'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",684]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336bbb4776f41900660a8c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much was the threat of brokered deposit losses per month to IndyMac?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$500 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",585]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336bbb4776f41900660a8d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'When home prices declined in the latter half of 2007 and the secondary mortgage market collapsed, IndyMac was forced to hold $10.7 billion of loans it could not sell in the secondary market. Its reduced liquidity was further exacerbated in late June 2008 when account holders withdrew $1.55 billion or about 7.5% of IndyMac's deposits. This “run” on the thrift followed the public release of a letter from Senator Charles Schumer to the FDIC and OTS. The letter outlined the Senator’s concerns with IndyMac. While the run was a contributing factor in the timing of IndyMac’s demise, the underlying cause of the failure was the unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much in deposits did account holders withdraw from IndyMac in late June 2008?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$1.55 billion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",286]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336d734776f41900660aa7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percent of IndyMac's deposits were withdrawn by account holders in late June 2008?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'7.5%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",309]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336d734776f41900660aa8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the value of loans IndyMac was forced to hold when the secondary mortgage market collapsed in late 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$10.7 billion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",126]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336d734776f41900660aa6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is the Senator that released a letter to the FDIC and OTS that prompted a \"run\" on IndyMac?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Charles Schumer'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",415]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336d734776f41900660aa9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the underlying cause of the failure on IndyMac?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",628]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336d734776f41900660aaa'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On July 11, 2008, citing liquidity concerns, the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship. A bridge bank, IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB, was established to assume control of IndyMac Bank's assets, its secured liabilities, and its insured deposit accounts. The FDIC announced plans to open IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB on July 14, 2008. Until then, depositors would have access their insured deposits through ATMs, their existing checks, and their existing debit cards. Telephone and Internet account access was restored when the bank reopened. The FDIC guarantees the funds of all insured accounts up to US$100,000, and has declared a special advance dividend to the roughly 10,000 depositors with funds in excess of the insured amount, guaranteeing 50% of any amounts in excess of $100,000. Yet, even with the pending sale of Indymac to IMB Management Holdings, an estimated 10,000 uninsured depositors of Indymac are still at a loss of over $270 million.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the bridge bank established to assume control of IndyMac Bank's assets, liabilities and deposit accounts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",109]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336e80d058e614000b5af2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the maximum amount of funds the FDIC guarantees in insured accounts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'US$100,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",600]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336e80d058e614000b5af4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many IndyMac account holders held funds in excess of the FDIC's insured amount of US$100,000?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'roughly 10,000 depositors'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",663]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336e80d058e614000b5af5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what date did the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'July 11, 2008'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336e80d058e614000b5af1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what date did the FDIC plan to open IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'July 14, 2008'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",317]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336e80d058e614000b5af3'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Initially the companies affected were those directly involved in home construction and mortgage lending such as Northern Rock and Countrywide Financial, as they could no longer obtain financing through the credit markets. Over 100 mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008. Concerns that investment bank Bear Stearns would collapse in March 2008 resulted in its fire-sale to JP Morgan Chase. The financial institution crisis hit its peak in September and October 2008. Several major institutions either failed, were acquired under duress, or were subject to government takeover. These included Lehman Brothers, Merrill Lynch, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Washington Mutual, Wachovia, Citigroup, and AIG. On Oct. 6, 2008, three weeks after Lehman Brothers filed the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history, Lehman's former CEO found himself before Representative Henry A. Waxman, the California Democrat who chaired the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. Fuld said he was a victim of the collapse, blaming a \"crisis of confidence\" in the markets for dooming his firm.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Over 100'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",223]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336f6e4776f41900660acd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is the investment bank that was feared to collapse in March 2008 and was sold in a fire-sale to JP Morgan Chase?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Bear Stearns'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",315]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336f6e4776f41900660ace'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the financial institution crisis hit its peak?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'September and October 2008'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",452]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336f6e4776f41900660acf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Lehman's former CEO appear before Representative Henry A. 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The U.S. government responded by extending insurance for money market accounts analogous to bank deposit insurance via a temporary guarantee and with Federal Reserve programs to purchase commercial paper. The TED spread, an indicator of perceived credit risk in the general economy, spiked up in July 2007, remained volatile for a year, then spiked even higher in September 2008, reaching a record 4.65% on October 10, 2008.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The equivalent of a bank run on which funds occurred in September 2008?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'money market funds'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",106]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733703c4776f41900660ad8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do money market funds frequently invest in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'commercial paper issued by corporations'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",153]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733703c4776f41900660ad9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the financial crisis hit its most critical stage?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'September 2008'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733703c4776f41900660ad7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much was withdrawn from money markets during one week in September 2008?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$144.5 billion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",267]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733703c4776f41900660ada'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the record high for the TED spread on October 10, 2008?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'4.65%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",823]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733703c4776f41900660adb'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Economist Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner explain the credit crisis via the implosion of the shadow banking system, which had grown to nearly equal the importance of the traditional commercial banking sector as described above. Without the ability to obtain investor funds in exchange for most types of mortgage-backed securities or asset-backed commercial paper, investment banks and other entities in the shadow banking system could not provide funds to mortgage firms and other corporations.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Economist Paul Krugman explained the credit crisis via the implosion of which system?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'shadow banking system'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",120]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337227d058e614000b5b19'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the system with nearly equal the importance of traditional commercial banking?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'shadow banking system'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",120]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337227d058e614000b5b1a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The shadow banking system could not provide funds to mortgage firms and other corporations without the ability to obtain which funds?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'investor funds'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",285]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337227d058e614000b5b1b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Timothy Geithner's position during the fall of 2008?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'U.S. Treasury Secretary'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",28]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337227d058e614000b5b1c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'This meant that nearly one-third of the U.S. lending mechanism was frozen and continued to be frozen into June 2009. According to the Brookings Institution, the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of June 2009: \"It would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficient capital to support that additional lending volume\". The authors also indicate that some forms of securitization are \"likely to vanish forever, having been an artifact of excessively loose credit conditions\". While traditional banks have raised their lending standards, it was the collapse of the shadow banking system that is the primary cause of the reduction in funds available for borrowing.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much of the U.S. lending mechanism was frozen until June 2009?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'nearly one-third'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",17]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337343d058e614000b5b30'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the primary cause of the reduction in funds available for borrowing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the collapse of the shadow banking system'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",600]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337343d058e614000b5b31'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What institution reported that the traditional banking systems does not have the capital to close the gap in the lending mechanism?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Brookings Institution'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",135]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337343d058e614000b5b32'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is likely to vanish forever, as a result of excessively loose credit conditions?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'some forms of securitization'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",407]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337343d058e614000b5b33'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'As of June 2009, the Brookings Institution reports that traditional banking system does not have enough of what to close the lending gap?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'capital'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",207]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337343d058e614000b5b34'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'There is a direct relationship between declines in wealth and declines in consumption and business investment, which along with government spending, represent the economic engine. Between June 2007 and November 2008, Americans lost an estimated average of more than a quarter of their collective net worth.[citation needed] By early November 2008, a broad U.S. stock index the S&P 500, was down 45% from its 2007 high. Housing prices had dropped 20% from their 2006 peak, with futures markets signaling a 30–35% potential drop. Total home equity in the United States, which was valued at $13 trillion at its peak in 2006, had dropped to $8.8 trillion by mid-2008 and was still falling in late 2008. Total retirement assets, Americans' second-largest household asset, dropped by 22%, from $10.3 trillion in 2006 to $8 trillion in mid-2008. During the same period, savings and investment assets (apart from retirement savings) lost $1.2 trillion and pension assets lost $1.3 trillion. Taken together, these losses total a staggering $8.3 trillion. Since peaking in the second quarter of 2007, household wealth is down $14 trillion.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much net worth did Americans lose between June 2007 and November 2008?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'more than a quarter'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",257]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573374204776f41900660b02'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In November 2008, how much was the U.S. stock index down from its 2007 high?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'45%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",396]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573374204776f41900660b03'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In November 2008, how much had housing prices drop from their 2006 peak?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'20%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",447]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573374204776f41900660b04'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much was home equity valued in the United States at its peak in 2006?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$13 trillion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",589]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573374204776f41900660b05'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much was home equity valued in the United States in mid-2008?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$8.8 trillion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",638]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573374204776f41900660b06'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In November 2008, economist Dean Baker observed: \"There is a really good reason for tighter credit. Tens of millions of homeowners who had substantial equity in their homes two years ago have little or nothing today. Businesses are facing the worst downturn since the Great Depression. This matters for credit decisions. A homeowner with equity in her home is very unlikely to default on a car loan or credit card debt. They will draw on this equity rather than lose their car and\/or have a default placed on their credit record. On the other hand, a homeowner who has no equity is a serious default risk. In the case of businesses, their creditworthiness depends on their future profits. Profit prospects look much worse in November 2008 than they did in November 2007... While many banks are obviously at the brink, consumers and businesses would be facing a much harder time getting credit right now even if the financial system were rock solid. The problem with the economy is the loss of close to $6 trillion in housing wealth and an even larger amount of stock wealth.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'According to economist Dean Baker, a homeowner who has no equity if this type default risk?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'serious'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",585]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337520d058e614000b5b4c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is one of the major problems with the economy in November 2008?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'loss of close to $6 trillion in housing wealth'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",986]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337520d058e614000b5b4d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many homeowners who had substantial equity in their homes two years ago, have little no equity as of November 2008?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tens of millions'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",101]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337520d058e614000b5b4e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does the creditworthiness of businesses depend on?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'future profits'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",674]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337520d058e614000b5b4f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How did profit prospects for businesses look in November 2008 compared to November 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'much worse'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",712]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337520d058e614000b5b50'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Several commentators have suggested that if the liquidity crisis continues, an extended recession or worse could occur. The continuing development of the crisis has prompted fears of a global economic collapse although there are now many cautiously optimistic forecasters in addition to some prominent sources who remain negative. The financial crisis is likely to yield the biggest banking shakeout since the savings-and-loan meltdown. Investment bank UBS stated on October 6 that 2008 would see a clear global recession, with recovery unlikely for at least two years. Three days later UBS economists announced that the \"beginning of the end\" of the crisis had begun, with the world starting to make the necessary actions to fix the crisis: capital injection by governments; injection made systemically; interest rate cuts to help borrowers. The United Kingdom had started systemic injection, and the world's central banks were now cutting interest rates. UBS emphasized the United States needed to implement systemic injection. UBS further emphasized that this fixes only the financial crisis, but that in economic terms \"the worst is still to come\". UBS quantified their expected recession durations on October 16: the Eurozone's would last two quarters, the United States' would last three quarters, and the United Kingdom's would last four quarters. The economic crisis in Iceland involved all three of the country's major banks. Relative to the size of its economy, Iceland’s banking collapse is the largest suffered by any country in economic history.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In 2008, what type collapse was feared?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'global economic collapse'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",186]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573376974776f41900660b3e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What investment bank stated on October 6 that 2008 would see a global recession lasting for at least two years?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'UBS'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",454]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573376974776f41900660b3f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On October 16, 2008, how long did UBS predict the United States' recession would last?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'three quarters'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1289]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573376974776f41900660b40'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Relative to the size of its economy, what country's banking collapse was the largest experienced by any country in economic history?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Iceland'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1473]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573376974776f41900660b41'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was one of the actions taken by government to fix the financial crisis?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'capital injection'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",743]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573376974776f41900660b42'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Brookings Institution reported in June 2009 that U.S. consumption accounted for more than a third of the growth in global consumption between 2000 and 2007. \"The US economy has been spending too much and borrowing too much for years and the rest of the world depended on the U.S. consumer as a source of global demand.\" With a recession in the U.S. and the increased savings rate of U.S. consumers, declines in growth elsewhere have been dramatic. For the first quarter of 2009, the annualized rate of decline in GDP was 14.4% in Germany, 15.2% in Japan, 7.4% in the UK, 18% in Latvia, 9.8% in the Euro area and 21.5% for Mexico.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'According to The Brookings Institution report in June 2009, how much growth did U.S. consumption account for between 2000 and 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'more than a third'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",85]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573377904776f41900660b4d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'For the first quarter of 2009, what was the annualized rate of decline in GDP in Germany?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'14.4%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",526]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573377904776f41900660b4e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'For the first quarter of 2009, what was the annualized rate of decline in GDP in Mexico?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'21.5%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",617]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573377904776f41900660b4f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who depended on the U.S. consumer as a source of global demand?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the rest of the world'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",242]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573377904776f41900660b50'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is one reason for the decline in growth around the world in 2009?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'recession in the U.S.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",332]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573377904776f41900660b51'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Some developing countries that had seen strong economic growth saw significant slowdowns. For example, growth forecasts in Cambodia show a fall from more than 10% in 2007 to close to zero in 2009, and Kenya may achieve only 3–4% growth in 2009, down from 7% in 2007. According to the research by the Overseas Development Institute, reductions in growth can be attributed to falls in trade, commodity prices, investment and remittances sent from migrant workers (which reached a record $251 billion in 2007, but have fallen in many countries since). This has stark implications and has led to a dramatic rise in the number of households living below the poverty line, be it 300,000 in Bangladesh or 230,000 in Ghana. Especially states with a fragile political system have to fear that investors from Western states withdraw their money because of the crisis. Bruno Wenn of the German DEG recommends to provide a sound economic policymaking and good governance to attract new investors'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the growth forecast for Cambodia in 2009?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'close to zero'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",175]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573378a84776f41900660b57'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much were remittances sent from migrant workers in 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$251 billion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",486]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573378a84776f41900660b58'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people live below the poverty line in Bangladesh?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'300,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",674]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573378a84776f41900660b59'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does Bruno Wenn of the German DEG recommend to attract new investors?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'sound economic policymaking and good governance'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",912]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573378a84776f41900660b5a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'According to Overseas Development Institute, what is one reason for the reduction in growth in developing countries?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'falls in trade'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",375]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573378a84776f41900660b5b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The World Bank reported in February 2009 that the Arab World was far less severely affected by the credit crunch. With generally good balance of payments positions coming into the crisis or with alternative sources of financing for their large current account deficits, such as remittances, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) or foreign aid, Arab countries were able to avoid going to the market in the latter part of 2008. This group is in the best position to absorb the economic shocks. They entered the crisis in exceptionally strong positions. This gives them a significant cushion against the global downturn. The greatest impact of the global economic crisis will come in the form of lower oil prices, which remains the single most important determinant of economic performance. Steadily declining oil prices would force them to draw down reserves and cut down on investments. Significantly lower oil prices could cause a reversal of economic performance as has been the case in past oil shocks. Initial impact will be seen on public finances and employment for foreign workers.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What area of the world was less severely affected by the credit crunch according to The World Bank report In February 2009?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Arab World'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",51]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733797b4776f41900660b6b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does the abbreviation FDI stand for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Foreign Direct Investment'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",292]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733797b4776f41900660b6c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Arab countries entered the financial crisis in exceptionally strong positions giving them a cushion against this?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'global downturn'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",597]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733797b4776f41900660b6d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What will have the greatest impact on the global economic crisis?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'lower oil prices'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",689]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733797b4776f41900660b6e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the single most important determinant of economic performance?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'oil prices'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",803]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733797b4776f41900660b6f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The output of goods and services produced by labor and property located in the United States—decreased at an annual rate of approximately 6% in the fourth quarter of 2008 and first quarter of 2009, versus activity in the year-ago periods. The U.S. unemployment rate increased to 10.1% by October 2009, the highest rate since 1983 and roughly twice the pre-crisis rate. The average hours per work week declined to 33, the lowest level since the government began collecting the data in 1964. With the decline of gross domestic product came the decline in innovation. With fewer resources to risk in creative destruction, the number of patent applications flat-lined. Compared to the previous 5 years of exponential increases in patent application, this stagnation correlates to the similar drop in GDP during the same time period.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the U.S. unemployment rate in October 2009?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'10.1%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",280]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337ebd4776f41900660bdb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the average hours per work week in October 2009?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'33'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",414]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337ebd4776f41900660bdd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the annual rate of decrease for the output of goods and services produced by labor and property in 4Q 2008 and 1Q 2009?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'6%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",139]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337ebd4776f41900660bda'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The U.E. employment rate was 10.2% in October 2009, which was the highest rate since what year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1983'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",326]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337ebd4776f41900660bdc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The decline of gross domestic product also caused a decline in innovation, evidenced by the flat-lining of what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'patent applications'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",634]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337ebd4776f41900660bde'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'European regulators introduced Basel III regulations for banks. It increased capital ratios, limits on leverage, narrow definition of capital (to exclude subordinated debt), limit counter-party risk, and new liquidity requirements. Critics argue that Basel III doesn’t address the problem of faulty risk-weightings. Major banks suffered losses from AAA-rated created by financial engineering (which creates apparently risk-free assets out of high risk collateral) that required less capital according to Basel II. Lending to AA-rated sovereigns has a risk-weight of zero, thus increasing lending to governments and leading to the next crisis. Johan Norberg argues that regulations (Basel III among others) have indeed led to excessive lending to risky governments (see European sovereign-debt crisis) and the ECB pursues even more lending as the solution.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Critics argue that Basel III doesn't address which problem?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'faulty risk-weightings'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",293]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573386814776f41900660ca1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What term describes creating risk-free assets out of high risk collateral?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'financial engineering'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",371]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573386814776f41900660ca4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did European regulators introduce to increase the oversight of banks?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Basel III regulations'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",32]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573386814776f41900660ca0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who argued that regulations led to excessive lending to risky governments?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Johan Norberg'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",644]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573386814776f41900660ca2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was increased by Basel III regulations?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'capital ratios'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",78]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573386814776f41900660ca3'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The U.S. recession that began in December 2007 ended in June 2009, according to the U.S. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) and the financial crisis appears to have ended about the same time. In April 2009 TIME magazine declared \"More Quickly Than It Began, The Banking Crisis Is Over.\" The United States Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission dates the crisis to 2008. President Barack Obama declared on January 27, 2010, \"the markets are now stabilized, and we've recovered most of the money we spent on the banks.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the U.S. recession that began in December 2007 end?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'June 2009'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",57]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573387494776f41900660caf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the financial crisis appear to have ended?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'June 2009'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",57]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573387494776f41900660cb0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When does the United States Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission date the crisis to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2008'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",371]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573387494776f41900660cb3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the article that appeared in TIME magazine in April 2009 declaring the crisis over?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'More Quickly Than It Began, The Banking Crisis Is Over.\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",240]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573387494776f41900660cb1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what date did President Barack Obama declare that the markets are stabilized?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'January 27, 2010'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",412]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573387494776f41900660cb2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Advanced economies led global economic growth prior to the financial crisis with \"emerging\" and \"developing\" economies lagging behind. The crisis completely overturned this relationship. The International Monetary Fund found that \"advanced\" economies accounted for only 31% of global GDP while emerging and developing economies accounted for 69% of global GDP from 2007 to 2014. In the tables, the names of emergent economies are shown in boldface type, while the names of developed economies are in Roman (regular) type.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who led global economic growth after the financial crisis?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"emerging\" and \"developing\" economies'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",82]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573388854776f41900660cb9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much global GDP did emerging and developing economies account for from 2007 to 2014?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'69%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",343]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573388854776f41900660cba'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What relationship between advanced and emerging\/developing was completely overturned by the financial crisis of 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'global economic growth'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",24]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573388854776f41900660cbd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much global GDP did \"advanced\" economies account for from 2007 to 2014?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'31%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",271]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573388854776f41900660cbb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What economies led global economic growth prior to the financial crisis?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Advanced economies'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573388854776f41900660cbc'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Krugman's contention (that the growth of a commercial real estate bubble indicates that U.S. housing policy was not the cause of the crisis) is challenged by additional analysis. After researching the default of commercial loans during the financial crisis, Xudong An and Anthony B. Sanders reported (in December 2010): \"We find limited evidence that substantial deterioration in CMBS [commercial mortgage-backed securities] loan underwriting occurred prior to the crisis.\" Other analysts support the contention that the crisis in commercial real estate and related lending took place after the crisis in residential real estate. Business journalist Kimberly Amadeo reports: \"The first signs of decline in residential real estate occurred in 2006. Three years later, commercial real estate started feeling the effects. Denice A. Gierach, a real estate attorney and CPA, wrote:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who believed that the growth of the commercial real estate bubble indicated that U.S. housing policy was not the cause of the crisis?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Krugman'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57332627d058e614000b5744'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Xudong An and Anthony B. Sanders issue a report about commercial mortgage-backed securities?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'December 2010'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",305]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57332627d058e614000b5745'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'According to business journalist Kimberly Amadeo, when did the first signs of decline in real estate occur?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2006'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",743]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57332627d058e614000b5746'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are CMBS?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'commercial mortgage-backed securities'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",387]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57332627d058e614000b5747'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'According to most analysts, what crisis took place after the crisis in residential real estate?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the crisis in commercial real estate'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",518]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57332627d058e614000b5748'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In a Peabody Award winning program, NPR correspondents argued that a \"Giant Pool of Money\" (represented by $70 trillion in worldwide fixed income investments) sought higher yields than those offered by U.S. Treasury bonds early in the decade. This pool of money had roughly doubled in size from 2000 to 2007, yet the supply of relatively safe, income generating investments had not grown as fast. Investment banks on Wall Street answered this demand with products such as the mortgage-backed security and the collateralized debt obligation that were assigned safe ratings by the credit rating agencies.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is one investment assigned safe ratings by the credit rating agencies?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'collateralized debt obligation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",510]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573328a6d058e614000b574e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much was invested worldwide in fixed income investments?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$70 trillion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",108]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573328a6d058e614000b574f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much did the pool of money invested worldwide in fixed income investments grow in size from 2000 to 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'roughly doubled in size'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",267]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573328a6d058e614000b5750'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is an example of a product Wall Street invented to answer the demand for income generating investments?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'mortgage-backed security'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",477]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573328a6d058e614000b5751'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In the 2000s, investors were seeking higher yields than those offered by this investment?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'U.S. Treasury bonds'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",203]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573328a6d058e614000b5752'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The collateralized debt obligation in particular enabled financial institutions to obtain investor funds to finance subprime and other lending, extending or increasing the housing bubble and generating large fees. This essentially places cash payments from multiple mortgages or other debt obligations into a single pool from which specific securities draw in a specific sequence of priority. Those securities first in line received investment-grade ratings from rating agencies. Securities with lower priority had lower credit ratings but theoretically a higher rate of return on the amount invested.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the securities that enabled financial institutions to obtain investor funds to finance subprime?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'collateralized debt obligation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57332ba74776f41900660730'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the outcome of collateralized debt obligations?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'extending or increasing the housing bubble'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",145]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57332ba74776f41900660731'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type ratings did securities first in line receive from rating agencies?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'investment-grade ratings'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",434]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57332ba74776f41900660732'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type pool do collateralized debt obligations place their payments from mortgages into?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'single pool'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",310]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57332ba74776f41900660733'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What securities had lower credit ratings but potentially a higher rate of return?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Securities with lower priority'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",481]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57332ba74776f41900660734'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'By September 2008, average U.S. housing prices had declined by over 20% from their mid-2006 peak. As prices declined, borrowers with adjustable-rate mortgages could not refinance to avoid the higher payments associated with rising interest rates and began to default. During 2007, lenders began foreclosure proceedings on nearly 1.3 million properties, a 79% increase over 2006. This increased to 2.3 million in 2008, an 81% increase vs. 2007. By August 2008, 9.2% of all U.S. mortgages outstanding were either delinquent or in foreclosure. By September 2009, this had risen to 14.4%.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much had average U.S. housing prices declined by September 2008?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'over 20%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",64]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57332d064776f4190066074e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the peak of U.S. housing prices?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'mid-2006'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",84]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57332d064776f4190066074f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many foreclosure proceedings were initiated by lenders in 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'nearly 1.3 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",323]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57332d064776f41900660750'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the percentage increase on foreclosure proceedings from 2007 to 2008?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'81%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",422]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57332d064776f41900660751'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many U.S. mortgages were either delinquent or in foreclosure by September 2009?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'14.4%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",579]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57332d064776f41900660752'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Lower interest rates encouraged borrowing. From 2000 to 2003, the Federal Reserve lowered the federal funds rate target from 6.5% to 1.0%. This was done to soften the effects of the collapse of the dot-com bubble and the September 2001 terrorist attacks, as well as to combat a perceived risk of deflation. As early as 2002 it was apparent that credit was fueling housing instead of business investment as some economists went so far as to advocate that the Fed \"needs to create a housing bubble to replace the Nasdaq bubble\". 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Financing these deficits required the country to borrow large sums from abroad, much of it from countries running trade surpluses. These were mainly the emerging economies in Asia and oil-exporting nations. The balance of payments identity requires that a country (such as the U.S.) running a current account deficit also have a capital account (investment) surplus of the same amount. Hence large and growing amounts of foreign funds (capital) flowed into the U.S. to finance its imports.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Per Bernanke, how much did the U.S. current account deficit increase between 1996 and 2004?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$650 billion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",94]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573334094776f41900660786'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percentage of GDP was the U.S. current account deficit in 2004?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'5.8%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",121]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573334094776f41900660787'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What emerging economies did the U.S. borrow money from between 1996 and 2004 to finance its imports?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Asia and oil-exporting nations'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",309]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573334094776f41900660788'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type account is needed by the U.S. to balance an account deficit?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'capital account'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",463]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573334094776f41900660789'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did the U.S. obtain capital to finance its imports?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'foreign funds'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",555]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573334094776f4190066078a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Fed then raised the Fed funds rate significantly between July 2004 and July 2006. This contributed to an increase in 1-year and 5-year adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) rates, making ARM interest rate resets more expensive for homeowners. This may have also contributed to the deflating of the housing bubble, as asset prices generally move inversely to interest rates, and it became riskier to speculate in housing. U.S. housing and financial assets dramatically declined in value after the housing bubble burst.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Fed begin raising Fed funds rate significantly?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'July 2004'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",62]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573335cbd058e614000b5780'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does ARM stand for:'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'adjustable-rate mortgage'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",140]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573335cbd058e614000b5781'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How do asset prices generally move in relation to interest rates?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'inversely'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",343]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573335cbd058e614000b5782'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Beginning in July 2004, what did the Fed do to make ARM rates more expensive for homeowners?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'raised the Fed funds rate'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",14]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573335cbd058e614000b5783'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How did U.S. housing and financial assets react to the housing bubble burst?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'dramatically declined in value'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",453]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573335cbd058e614000b5784'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Testimony given to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission by Richard M. Bowen III on events during his tenure as the Business Chief Underwriter for Correspondent Lending in the Consumer Lending Group for Citigroup (where he was responsible for over 220 professional underwriters) suggests that by the final years of the U.S. housing bubble (2006–2007), the collapse of mortgage underwriting standards was endemic. His testimony stated that by 2006, 60% of mortgages purchased by Citi from some 1,600 mortgage companies were \"defective\" (were not underwritten to policy, or did not contain all policy-required documents) – this, despite the fact that each of these 1,600 originators was contractually responsible (certified via representations and warrantees) that its mortgage originations met Citi's standards. Moreover, during 2007, \"defective mortgages (from mortgage originators contractually bound to perform underwriting to Citi's standards) increased... to over 80% of production\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Richard M. Bowen III testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission regarding his tenure at which financial institution?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Citigroup'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",206]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573337db4776f41900660798'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many underwriters was Richard M. Bowen III responsible for at Citigroup?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'220'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",251]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573337db4776f41900660799'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percent of mortgages purchased by Citigroup in 2006 were defective?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'60%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",451]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573337db4776f4190066079a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In 2006, how many mortgage companies were contractually responsible to meet Citi's standards?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1,600'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",666]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573337db4776f4190066079b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'During 2007, what was the percent of defective mortgages not underwritten to Citi's standards?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'over 80%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",966]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573337db4776f4190066079c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In separate testimony to Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, officers of Clayton Holdings—the largest residential loan due diligence and securitization surveillance company in the United States and Europe—testified that Clayton's review of over 900,000 mortgages issued from January 2006 to June 2007 revealed that scarcely 54% of the loans met their originators’ underwriting standards. The analysis (conducted on behalf of 23 investment and commercial banks, including 7 \"too big to fail\" banks) additionally showed that 28% of the sampled loans did not meet the minimal standards of any issuer. Clayton's analysis further showed that 39% of these loans (i.e. those not meeting any issuer's minimal underwriting standards) were subsequently securitized and sold to investors.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the largest residential loan due diligence and securitization surveillance company?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Clayton Holdings'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",75]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733399bd058e614000b5794'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'According to Clayton Holdings, how many mortgages issued from January 2006 to June 2007 met underwriting standards?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'54%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",326]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733399bd058e614000b5795'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many investment and commercial banks were included in Clayton Holdings' analysis of January 2006 to June 2007 loans? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'23'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",427]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733399bd058e614000b5796'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Per Clayton's analysis of loans issued from January 2006 to June 2007, what percent of loans did not meet minimal standards of any issuer?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'28%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",525]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733399bd058e614000b5797'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many mortgage loans did Clayton Holdings review in their analysis?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'900,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",247]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733399bd058e614000b5798'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Predatory lending refers to the practice of unscrupulous lenders, enticing borrowers to enter into \"unsafe\" or \"unsound\" secured loans for inappropriate purposes. A classic bait-and-switch method was used by Countrywide Financial, advertising low interest rates for home refinancing. Such loans were written into extensively detailed contracts, and swapped for more expensive loan products on the day of closing. Whereas the advertisement might state that 1% or 1.5% interest would be charged, the consumer would be put into an adjustable rate mortgage (ARM) in which the interest charged would be greater than the amount of interest paid. This created negative amortization, which the credit consumer might not notice until long after the loan transaction had been consummated.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name for lending that entices borrowers to enter into unsafe secured loans?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Predatory lending'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333ba64776f419006607ac'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What company used a classic bait-and-switch method by advertising low interest rates?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Countrywide Financial'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",209]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333ba64776f419006607ad'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which type loan would the consumer be put into instead of the 1% or 1.5% interest rate loan as advertised?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'adjustable rate mortgage (ARM)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",529]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333ba64776f419006607ae'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was created when the interest charged was greater than the amount of interest paid?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'negative amortization'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",654]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333ba64776f419006607af'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type predatory lending method did Countrywide Financial use?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'classic bait-and-switch'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",166]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333ba64776f419006607b0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Countrywide, sued by California Attorney General Jerry Brown for \"unfair business practices\" and \"false advertising\" was making high cost mortgages \"to homeowners with weak credit, adjustable rate mortgages (ARMs) that allowed homeowners to make interest-only payments\". When housing prices decreased, homeowners in ARMs then had little incentive to pay their monthly payments, since their home equity had disappeared. This caused Countrywide's financial condition to deteriorate, ultimately resulting in a decision by the Office of Thrift Supervision to seize the lender.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who sued Countrywide for unfair business practices and false advertising?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'California Attorney General Jerry Brown'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",22]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333da94776f419006607be'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type mortgages allowed homeowners to make interest-only payments?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'adjustable rate mortgages (ARMs)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",182]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333da94776f419006607bf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What happened to home equity when housing prices decreased?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'disappeared'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",407]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333da94776f419006607c0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who made the decision to seize Countrywide after their financial condition deteriorated?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Office of Thrift Supervision'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",524]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333da94776f419006607c1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type credit did borrowers obtaining mortgages from Countrywide have?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'weak credit'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",169]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333da94776f419006607c2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Critics such as economist Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner have argued that the regulatory framework did not keep pace with financial innovation, such as the increasing importance of the shadow banking system, derivatives and off-balance sheet financing. A recent OECD study suggest that bank regulation based on the Basel accords encourage unconventional business practices and contributed to or even reinforced the financial crisis. In other cases, laws were changed or enforcement weakened in parts of the financial system. Key examples include:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What economist believed that regulations did not keep up with financial innovation?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Paul Krugman'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",27]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333f7dd058e614000b57c8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the U.S. Treasury Secretary dealing with the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Timothy Geithner'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",68]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333f7dd058e614000b57c9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which group's study suggested that Basel accords encourage unconventional business practices?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'OECD'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",290]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333f7dd058e614000b57ca'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'It has been argued that what did not keep up with financial innovation?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'regulatory framework'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",106]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333f7dd058e614000b57cb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What accords possibly contributed to or reinforced the financial crisis?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Basel'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",343]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57333f7dd058e614000b57cc'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Prior to the crisis, financial institutions became highly leveraged, increasing their appetite for risky investments and reducing their resilience in case of losses. Much of this leverage was achieved using complex financial instruments such as off-balance sheet securitization and derivatives, which made it difficult for creditors and regulators to monitor and try to reduce financial institution risk levels. These instruments also made it virtually impossible to reorganize financial institutions in bankruptcy, and contributed to the need for government bailouts.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did financial institutions do prior to the crisis?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'became highly leveraged'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",45]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573342a9d058e614000b57f0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type financial instruments are off-balance sheet securitization and derivatives?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'complex'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",208]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573342a9d058e614000b57f1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who bailed out financial institutions?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'government'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",549]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573342a9d058e614000b57f2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which option was nearly impossible for financial institutions to reorganize under?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'bankruptcy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",505]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573342a9d058e614000b57f3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the type financial instruments that were difficult for creditors and regulators to monitor?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'complex financial instruments'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",208]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573342a9d058e614000b57f4'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'From 2004 to 2007, the top five U.S. investment banks each significantly increased their financial leverage (see diagram), which increased their vulnerability to a financial shock. Changes in capital requirements, intended to keep U.S. banks competitive with their European counterparts, allowed lower risk weightings for AAA securities. The shift from first-loss tranches to AAA tranches was seen by regulators as a risk reduction that compensated the higher leverage. These five institutions reported over $4.1 trillion in debt for fiscal year 2007, about 30% of USA nominal GDP for 2007. Lehman Brothers went bankrupt and was liquidated, Bear Stearns and Merrill Lynch were sold at fire-sale prices, and Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley became commercial banks, subjecting themselves to more stringent regulation. With the exception of Lehman, these companies required or received government support. Lehman reported that it had been in talks with Bank of America and Barclays for the company's possible sale. However, both Barclays and Bank of America ultimately declined to purchase the entire company.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many U.S. investment banks significantly increased their financial leverage from 2004 to 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'five'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",28]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733450ed058e614000b580e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'U.S. investment banks Increased their financial leverage and also increased their vulnerability to what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'financial shock'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",165]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733450ed058e614000b580f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Changes in what intended to keep U.S. banks competitive with their European counterparts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'capital requirements'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",193]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733450ed058e614000b5810'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much debt did the top five U.S. investment banks report in fiscal year 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'over $4.1 trillion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",504]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733450ed058e614000b5811'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What financial institution went bankrupt and was liquidated in 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Lehman Brothers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",592]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733450ed058e614000b5812'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Behavior that may be optimal for an individual (e.g., saving more during adverse economic conditions) can be detrimental if too many individuals pursue the same behavior, as ultimately one person's consumption is another person's income. Too many consumers attempting to save (or pay down debt) simultaneously is called the paradox of thrift and can cause or deepen a recession. Economist Hyman Minsky also described a \"paradox of deleveraging\" as financial institutions that have too much leverage (debt relative to equity) cannot all de-leverage simultaneously without significant declines in the value of their assets.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is an example of something that can be detrimental if too many individuals pursue the same behavior?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'saving more during adverse economic conditions'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",55]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573346cc4776f419006607ec'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is it called when too many consumers attempt to save or pay down debt at the same time?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'paradox of thrift'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",325]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573346cc4776f419006607ed'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What will happen if too many consumers save or pay down debt simultaneously?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'can cause or deepen a recession'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",347]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573346cc4776f419006607ee'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is the economist who described a \"paradox of deleveraging\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hyman Minsky'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",390]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573346cc4776f419006607ef'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Financial institutions cannot all de-leverage simultaneously without a decline in the value of this?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'their assets'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",609]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573346cc4776f419006607f0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'During April 2009, U.S. Federal Reserve vice-chair Janet Yellen discussed these paradoxes: \"Once this massive credit crunch hit, it didn’t take long before we were in a recession. The recession, in turn, deepened the credit crunch as demand and employment fell, and credit losses of financial institutions surged. Indeed, we have been in the grips of precisely this adverse feedback loop for more than a year. A process of balance sheet deleveraging has spread to nearly every corner of the economy. Consumers are pulling back on purchases, especially on durable goods, to build their savings. Businesses are cancelling planned investments and laying off workers to preserve cash. And, financial institutions are shrinking assets to bolster capital and improve their chances of weathering the current storm. Once again, Minsky understood this dynamic. He spoke of the paradox of deleveraging, in which precautions that may be smart for individuals and firms—and indeed essential to return the economy to a normal state—nevertheless magnify the distress of the economy as a whole.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the U.S. Federal Reserve vice-chair in April 2009?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Janet Yellen'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",52]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57334868d058e614000b5822'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What happened soon after the massive credit crunch hit?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'we were in a recession'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",157]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57334868d058e614000b5823'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What deepened the credit crunch when demand and employment fell?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'recession'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",185]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57334868d058e614000b5824'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was one of the actions businesses took to preserve cash?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'cancelling planned investments'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",610]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57334868d058e614000b5825'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What occurred in nearly every corner of the economy after the financial crisis of 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'balance sheet deleveraging'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",424]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57334868d058e614000b5826'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The term financial innovation refers to the ongoing development of financial products designed to achieve particular client objectives, such as offsetting a particular risk exposure (such as the default of a borrower) or to assist with obtaining financing. Examples pertinent to this crisis included: the adjustable-rate mortgage; the bundling of subprime mortgages into mortgage-backed securities (MBS) or collateralized debt obligations (CDO) for sale to investors, a type of securitization; and a form of credit insurance called credit default swaps (CDS). The usage of these products expanded dramatically in the years leading up to the crisis. These products vary in complexity and the ease with which they can be valued on the books of financial institutions.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What term refers to the ongoing development of financial products?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'financial innovation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",10]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573349f34776f41900660800'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is an example of financial innovation pertinent to the financial crisis?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'adjustable-rate mortgage'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",306]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573349f34776f41900660801'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the abbreviation for a form of credit insurance called credit default swaps?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'CDS'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",555]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573349f34776f41900660802'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the financial innovation that bundles subprime mortgages?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'mortgage-backed securities (MBS)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",372]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573349f34776f41900660803'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What happened to the usage of financial innovation products in the years leading up the financial crisis?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'expanded dramatically'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",589]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573349f34776f41900660804'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'CDO issuance grew from an estimated $20 billion in Q1 2004 to its peak of over $180 billion by Q1 2007, then declined back under $20 billion by Q1 2008. Further, the credit quality of CDO's declined from 2000 to 2007, as the level of subprime and other non-prime mortgage debt increased from 5% to 36% of CDO assets. As described in the section on subprime lending, the CDS and portfolio of CDS called synthetic CDO enabled a theoretically infinite amount to be wagered on the finite value of housing loans outstanding, provided that buyers and sellers of the derivatives could be found. For example, buying a CDS to insure a CDO ended up giving the seller the same risk as if they owned the CDO, when those CDO's became worthless.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the issuance of CDO peak?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Q1 2007'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",96]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57334b0b4776f4190066080a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the estimated value of CDO issuance in Q1 2004?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$20 billion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",37]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57334b0b4776f4190066080b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the estimated value of CDO issuance at it's peak in Q1 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'over $180 billion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",75]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57334b0b4776f4190066080c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percent of CDO assets were subprime and other non-prime mortgage debt in 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'36%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",299]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57334b0b4776f4190066080d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the estimated value of CDO issuance in Q1 2008?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'under $20 billion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",124]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57334b0b4776f4190066080e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'This boom in innovative financial products went hand in hand with more complexity. It multiplied the number of actors connected to a single mortgage (including mortgage brokers, specialized originators, the securitizers and their due diligence firms, managing agents and trading desks, and finally investors, insurances and providers of repo funding). With increasing distance from the underlying asset these actors relied more and more on indirect information (including FICO scores on creditworthiness, appraisals and due diligence checks by third party organizations, and most importantly the computer models of rating agencies and risk management desks). Instead of spreading risk this provided the ground for fraudulent acts, misjudgments and finally market collapse. In 2005 a group of computer scientists built a computational model for the mechanism of biased ratings produced by rating agencies, which turned out to be adequate to what actually happened in 2006–2008.[citation needed]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which products created more complexity in the financial markets?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'innovative financial products'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",14]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57334d024776f41900660814'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What effect did the introduction of innovative financial products have on a single mortgage?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'multiplied the number of actors connected'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",87]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57334d024776f41900660815'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did institutions rely more on as increasing distance from underlying assets occurred?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'indirect information'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",441]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57334d024776f41900660816'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a type of indirect information that financial institutions and investors used to judge the risk?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'computer models of rating agencies'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",597]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57334d024776f41900660817'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did a group of computer scientists build a model for ratings produced by rating agencies that turned out to be accurate for what happened in 2006-2008?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2005'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",777]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57334d024776f41900660818'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The pricing of risk refers to the incremental compensation required by investors for taking on additional risk, which may be measured by interest rates or fees. Several scholars have argued that a lack of transparency about banks' risk exposures prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis, enabled the mortgage market to grow larger than it otherwise would have, and made the financial crisis far more disruptive than it would have been if risk levels had been disclosed in a straightforward, readily understandable format.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a measurement of pricing of risk?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'interest rates or fees'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",138]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57334ed54776f41900660828'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the incremental compensation required by investors for taking on addition risk called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'pricing of risk'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57334ed54776f41900660829'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'According to several scholars, what prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'lack of transparency about banks' risk exposures'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",198]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57334ed54776f4190066082a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How should risk levels have been disclosed according to several scholars?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'straightforward, readily understandable format'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",498]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57334ed54776f4190066082b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the outcome of the financial crisis since risk levels were not adequately disclosed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'far more disruptive'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",415]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57334ed54776f4190066082c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'For a variety of reasons, market participants did not accurately measure the risk inherent with financial innovation such as MBS and CDOs or understand its impact on the overall stability of the financial system. For example, the pricing model for CDOs clearly did not reflect the level of risk they introduced into the system. Banks estimated that $450bn of CDO were sold between \"late 2005 to the middle of 2007\"; among the $102bn of those that had been liquidated, JPMorgan estimated that the average recovery rate for \"high quality\" CDOs was approximately 32 cents on the dollar, while the recovery rate for mezzanine CDO was approximately five cents for every dollar.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did market participants fail to measure accurately?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'risk inherent with financial innovation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",78]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335048d058e614000b5836'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the reasons market participants did not understand the impact financial innovation products would have?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a variety of reasons'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335048d058e614000b5837'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much did JPMorgan estimate was the average recovery rate for high quality CDOs that had been liquidated?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'approximately 32 cents on the dollar'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",547]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335048d058e614000b5838'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much did JPMorgan estimate was the average recovery rate for mezzanine CDOs that had been liquidated?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'approximately five cents for every dollar'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",631]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335048d058e614000b5839'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much did banks estimate was the value of CDOs sold between late 2005 to the middle of 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$450bn'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",350]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335048d058e614000b583a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Another example relates to AIG, which insured obligations of various financial institutions through the usage of credit default swaps. The basic CDS transaction involved AIG receiving a premium in exchange for a promise to pay money to party A in the event party B defaulted. However, AIG did not have the financial strength to support its many CDS commitments as the crisis progressed and was taken over by the government in September 2008. U.S. taxpayers provided over $180 billion in government support to AIG during 2008 and early 2009, through which the money flowed to various counterparties to CDS transactions, including many large global financial institutions.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What firm insured obligations of various financial institutions using credit default swaps?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'AIG'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",28]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335128d058e614000b584a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does the abbreviation CDS stand for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'credit default swaps'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",114]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335128d058e614000b584b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the government take over AIG?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'September 2008'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",427]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335128d058e614000b584c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much money did taxpayers provide in government support to AIG during 2008 and early 2009?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'over $180 billion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",467]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335128d058e614000b584d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did AIG receive for promising to pay Party A in the event that Party B defaulted?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a premium'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",185]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335128d058e614000b584e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'As financial assets became more and more complex, and harder and harder to value, investors were reassured by the fact that both the international bond rating agencies and bank regulators, who came to rely on them, accepted as valid some complex mathematical models which theoretically showed the risks were much smaller than they actually proved to be. George Soros commented that \"The super-boom got out of hand when the new products became so complicated that the authorities could no longer calculate the risks and started relying on the risk management methods of the banks themselves. Similarly, the rating agencies relied on the information provided by the originators of synthetic products. It was a shocking abdication of responsibility.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who commented that the super-boom got out of hand when products became so complicated that risk could not be accurately calculated?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'George Soros'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",355]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573352f24776f41900660832'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What happened to financial assets that made them harder to value?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'more complex'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",37]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573352f24776f41900660833'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did rating agencies rely on for information to rate financial innovation products?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the originators of synthetic products'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",661]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573352f24776f41900660834'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When authorities could no longer calculate the risks of complex financial innovation products, who did they rely on for information?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the banks'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",570]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573352f24776f41900660835'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who reassured investors by showing the risk of complex financial innovation products was actually less than they proved to be?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'international bond rating agencies'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",134]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573352f24776f41900660836'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Despite the dominance of the above formula, there are documented attempts of the financial industry, occurring before the crisis, to address the formula limitations, specifically the lack of dependence dynamics and the poor representation of extreme events. The volume \"Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas\", published in 2007 by World Scientific, summarizes a 2006 conference held by Merrill Lynch in London where several practitioners attempted to propose models rectifying some of the copula limitations. See also the article by Donnelly and Embrechts and the book by Brigo, Pallavicini and Torresetti, that reports relevant warnings and research on CDOs appeared in 2006.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who published \"Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas\" in 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'World Scientific'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",333]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733558fd058e614000b586e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did relevant warnings and research on CDOs appear in an article by Donnelly and Embrechts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2006'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",673]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733558fd058e614000b586f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The volume \"Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas\" summarizes a 2006 conference held by what firm in London?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Merrill Lynch'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",388]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733558fd058e614000b5870'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the volume \"Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas\" propose models to rectify?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'some of the copula limitations'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",479]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733558fd058e614000b5871'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did the book by Brigo, Pallavicini and Torresetti report warnings and research on CDOs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2006'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",673]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733558fd058e614000b5872'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner—who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury—placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a \"run\" on the entities in the \"parallel\" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system, but were not subject to the same regulatory controls. Further, these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch, meaning that they borrowed short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term, illiquid and risky assets. This meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging, selling their long-term assets at depressed prices. He described the significance of these entities:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank in June 2008?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Timothy Geithner'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",79]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573357204776f41900660850'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did Timothy Geithner become U.S. Treasury Secretary?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2009'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",103]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573357204776f41900660851'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In a June 2008 speech, Timoty Geithner placed blame for credit market freezing on which system?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"parallel\" banking system'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",249]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573357204776f41900660852'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the \"parallel\" banking system also called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'shadow banking system'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",292]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573357204776f41900660853'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the term defined as being vulnerable by borrowing short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term illiquid and risky assets?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'maturity mismatch'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",508]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573357204776f41900660854'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The securitization markets supported by the shadow banking system started to close down in the spring of 2007 and nearly shut-down in the fall of 2008. More than a third of the private credit markets thus became unavailable as a source of funds. According to the Brookings Institution, the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of June 2009: \"It would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficient capital to support that additional lending volume.\" The authors also indicate that some forms of securitization are \"likely to vanish forever, having been an artifact of excessively loose credit conditions.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the securitization markets supported by the shadow banking systems start to close down?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'spring of 2007'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",96]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733582fd058e614000b5882'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the securitization markets supported by the shadow banking system nearly shut-down completely?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'fall of 2008'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",139]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733582fd058e614000b5883'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much of the private credit markets become unavailable as a source of funds?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'More than a third'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",153]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733582fd058e614000b5884'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the firm who reported that the traditional banking system does not have capital to close the gap as of June 2009?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Brookings Institution'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",264]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733582fd058e614000b5885'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many years would of strong profit would it take to generate enough capital to support additional lending?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a number of years'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",394]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733582fd058e614000b5886'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Economist Mark Zandi testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission in January 2010: \"The securitization markets also remain impaired, as investors anticipate more loan losses. Investors are also uncertain about coming legal and accounting rule changes and regulatory reforms. Private bond issuance of residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities, asset-backed securities, and CDOs peaked in 2006 at close to $2 trillion...In 2009, private issuance was less than $150 billion, and almost all of it was asset-backed issuance supported by the Federal Reserve's TALF program to aid credit card, auto and small-business lenders. Issuance of residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities and CDOs remains dormant.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What economist testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission in January 2010?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mark Zandi'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",11]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573359544776f41900660870'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In January 2010, what markets did Mark Zandi testify about that remain impaired and investors anticipate more loan losses?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'securitization markets'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",97]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573359544776f41900660871'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the value of CDOs at their peak in 2006?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'close to $2 trillion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",416]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573359544776f41900660872'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the private issuance of CDOs in 2009?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'less than $150 billion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",469]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573359544776f41900660873'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Almost all of the asset-backed issuance in 2009 was supported by what Federal Reserve program?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'TALF'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",575]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573359544776f41900660874'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Rapid increases in a number of commodity prices followed the collapse in the housing bubble. The price of oil nearly tripled from $50 to $147 from early 2007 to 2008, before plunging as the financial crisis began to take hold in late 2008. Experts debate the causes, with some attributing it to speculative flow of money from housing and other investments into commodities, some to monetary policy, and some to the increasing feeling of raw materials scarcity in a fast-growing world, leading to long positions taken on those markets, such as Chinese increasing presence in Africa. An increase in oil prices tends to divert a larger share of consumer spending into gasoline, which creates downward pressure on economic growth in oil importing countries, as wealth flows to oil-producing states. A pattern of spiking instability in the price of oil over the decade leading up to the price high of 2008 has been recently identified. The destabilizing effects of this price variance has been proposed as a contributory factor in the financial crisis.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Following the collapse in the housing bubble, what happened to a number of commodity prices?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Rapid increases'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335b42d058e614000b58e1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much did the price of oil increase from early 2007 to 2008?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'nearly tripled from $50 to $147'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",111]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335b42d058e614000b58e2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the price of oil began doing when the financial crisis began to take hold in late 2008?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'plunging'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",175]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335b42d058e614000b58e3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is one of the reasons experts believe contributed to the volatilaty in oil prices in 2008? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'monetary policy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",383]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335b42d058e614000b58e4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Consumers tend to have less money to spend on other goods, when the price of which commodity is higher?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'gasoline'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",666]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335b42d058e614000b58e5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In testimony before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on June 3, 2008, former director of the CFTC Division of Trading & Markets (responsible for enforcement) Michael Greenberger specifically named the Atlanta-based IntercontinentalExchange, founded by Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and BP as playing a key role in speculative run-up of oil futures prices traded off the regulated futures exchanges in London and New York. However, the IntercontinentalExchange (ICE) had been regulated by both European and U.S. authorities since its purchase of the International Petroleum Exchange in 2001. Mr Greenberger was later corrected on this matter.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the former director of the CFTC that testified before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on June 3, 2008?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Michael Greenberger'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",188]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335c77d058e614000b5907'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Michael Greenberger erronesously name as a key player in speculative run-up of oil futures?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'IntercontinentalExchange'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",245]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335c77d058e614000b5908'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who founded the Atlanta-based Intercontinental Exchange?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and BP'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",282]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335c77d058e614000b5909'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who purchased the International Petroleum Exchange in 2001?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'IntercontinentalExchange (ICE)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",465]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335c77d058e614000b590a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where are regulated future exchanges located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'London and New York'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",431]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335c77d058e614000b590b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Feminist economists Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjørnholt argue that the financial crisis and the response to it revealed a crisis of ideas in mainstream economics and within the economics profession, and call for a reshaping of both the economy, economic theory and the economics profession. They argue that such a reshaping should include new advances within feminist economics and ecological economics that take as their starting point the socially responsible, sensible and accountable subject in creating an economy and economic theories that fully acknowledge care for each other as well as the planet.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is one of the feminist economists that believe the financial crisis revealed a crisis of mainstream economics and call for a complete reshaping of the economy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ailsa McKay'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",21]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335ed14776f419006608d5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Feminist economists Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjornhold believe that the financial crisis and response reveal a crisis of ideas in this?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'mainstream economics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",140]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335ed14776f419006608d6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'According to feminist economists McKay and Bjornholt, would type economics should be included in a reshaping?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'feminist economics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",358]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335ed14776f419006608d7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do economists McKay and Bjornholt want to occur in the economy, economic theory, and economics profession?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a reshaping'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",211]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57335ed14776f419006608d8'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Current Governor of the Reserve Bank of India Raghuram Rajan had predicted the crisis in 2005 when he became chief economist at the International Monetary Fund.In 2005, at a celebration honouring Alan Greenspan, who was about to retire as chairman of the US Federal Reserve, Rajan delivered a controversial paper that was critical of the financial sector. In that paper, \"Has Financial Development Made the World Riskier?\", Rajan \"argued that disaster might loom.\" Rajan argued that financial sector managers were encouraged to \"take risks that generate severe adverse consequences with small probability but, in return, offer generous compensation the rest of the time. These risks are known as tail risks. But perhaps the most important concern is whether banks will be able to provide liquidity to financial markets so that if the tail risk does materialise, financial positions can be unwound and losses allocated so that the consequences to the real economy are minimised.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the current Governor of the Reserve Bank of India that predicted the crisis in 2005?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Raghuram Rajan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",47]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573360014776f4190066090a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Raghuram Rajan become chief economist the the International Monetary Fund?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2005'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",90]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573360014776f4190066090b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In 2005, where did Rajan deliver a controversial paper that was critical of the financial paper?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'at a celebration honouring Alan Greenspan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",170]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573360014776f4190066090c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of Raghuram Rajan's controversial paper delivered in 2005?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"Has Financial Development Made the World Riskier?\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",372]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573360014776f4190066090d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are risks called that generate severe adverse consequences with small probability but generous compensation the rest of the time?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'tail risks'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",697]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573360014776f4190066090e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The financial crisis was not widely predicted by mainstream economists except Raghuram Rajan, who instead spoke of the Great Moderation. A number of heterodox economists predicted the crisis, with varying arguments. Dirk Bezemer in his research credits (with supporting argument and estimates of timing) 12 economists with predicting the crisis: Dean Baker (US), Wynne Godley (UK), Fred Harrison (UK), Michael Hudson (US), Eric Janszen (US), Steve Keen (Australia), Jakob Brøchner Madsen & Jens Kjaer Sørensen (Denmark), Kurt Richebächer (US), Nouriel Roubini (US), Peter Schiff (US), and Robert Shiller (US). Examples of other experts who gave indications of a financial crisis have also been given. Not surprisingly, the Austrian economic school regarded the crisis as a vindication and classic example of a predictable credit-fueled bubble that could not forestall the disregarded but inevitable effect of an artificial, manufactured laxity in monetary supply, a perspective that even former Fed Chair Alan Greenspan in Congressional testimony confessed himself forced to return to.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was one of the only mainstream economist to predict the financial crisis?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Raghuram Rajan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",79]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733612b4776f41900660932'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Raghuram Rajan speak of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Great Moderation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",120]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733612b4776f41900660933'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who credit 12 heterodox economists with predicting the crisis in his research credits?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Dirk Bezemer'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",217]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733612b4776f41900660934'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How did the Austrian economic school regard the crisis?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'as a vindication'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",769]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733612b4776f41900660935'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which former Fed Chair confessed in Congressional testimony to being forced to return to lax monetary supply?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Alan Greenspan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1006]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733612b4776f41900660936'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'A cover story in BusinessWeek magazine claims that economists mostly failed to predict the worst international economic crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania's online business journal examines why economists failed to predict a major global financial crisis. Popular articles published in the mass media have led the general public to believe that the majority of economists have failed in their obligation to predict the financial crisis. For example, an article in the New York Times informs that economist Nouriel Roubini warned of such crisis as early as September 2006, and the article goes on to state that the profession of economics is bad at predicting recessions. According to The Guardian, Roubini was ridiculed for predicting a collapse of the housing market and worldwide recession, while The New York Times labelled him \"Dr. Doom\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which magazine ran a cover story claiming that most economists failed to the the financial crisis?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'BusinessWeek'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",18]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733625f4776f41900660962'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The financial crisis of 2007 was the worst economic crisis since which crisis that occurred in the 1930s?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Great Depression'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",138]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733625f4776f41900660963'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which school at University of Pennsylvania examined in their online business journal why economists failed to predict the crisis?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Wharton School'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",169]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733625f4776f41900660964'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which economist did the New York Times state warned of a crisis as early as September 2006?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Nouriel Roubini'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",573]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733625f4776f41900660965'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was economist Roubini called by the New York Times for predicting a collapse of the housing market?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"Dr. Doom\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",898]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733625f4776f41900660966'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Stock trader and financial risk engineer Nassim Nicholas Taleb, author of the 2007 book The Black Swan, spent years warning against the breakdown of the banking system in particular and the economy in general owing to their use of bad risk models and reliance on forecasting, and their reliance on bad models, and framed the problem as part of \"robustness and fragility\". He also took action against the establishment view by making a big financial bet on banking stocks and making a fortune from the crisis (\"They didn't listen, so I took their money\"). According to David Brooks from the New York Times, \"Taleb not only has an explanation for what’s happening, he saw it coming.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who wrote the 2007 book The Black Swan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Nassim Nicholas Taleb'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",42]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573363724776f41900660995'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What journalist from the New York Times stated his believe in Nassim Nicholas Taleb?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'David Brooks'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",569]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573363724776f41900660996'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Nassim Nicholas Taleb warn about for years prior to the financial crisis of 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the breakdown of the banking system'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",133]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573363724776f41900660997'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Nassim Nicholas Taleb make a fortune on by making a big financial bet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'banking stocks'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",457]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573363724776f41900660998'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Market strategist Phil Dow believes distinctions exist \"between the current market malaise\" and the Great Depression. He says the Dow Jones average's fall of more than 50% over a period of 17 months is similar to a 54.7% fall in the Great Depression, followed by a total drop of 89% over the following 16 months. \"It's very troubling if you have a mirror image,\" said Dow. Floyd Norris, the chief financial correspondent of The New York Times, wrote in a blog entry in March 2009 that the decline has not been a mirror image of the Great Depression, explaining that although the decline amounts were nearly the same at the time, the rates of decline had started much faster in 2007, and that the past year had only ranked eighth among the worst recorded years of percentage drops in the Dow. The past two years ranked third, however.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is the market strategist that believes distinctions exist between the current crisis and the Great Depression?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Phil Dow'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",19]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733651b4776f419006609bf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much did the Dow Jones average fall during a period of 17 months?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'50%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",169]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733651b4776f419006609c0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the percentage the Dow Jones fell in the Great Depression?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'54.7%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",216]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733651b4776f419006609c1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the chief financial correspondent of The New York Times in March 2009?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Floyd Norris'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",374]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733651b4776f419006609c2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'One of the first victims was Northern Rock, a medium-sized British bank. The highly leveraged nature of its business led the bank to request security from the Bank of England. This in turn led to investor panic and a bank run in mid-September 2007. Calls by Liberal Democrat Treasury Spokesman Vince Cable to nationalise the institution were initially ignored; in February 2008, however, the British government (having failed to find a private sector buyer) relented, and the bank was taken into public hands. Northern Rock's problems proved to be an early indication of the troubles that would soon befall other banks and financial institutions.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which medium sized British bank was the first victim of the financial crisis?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Northern Rock'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",30]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573365f4d058e614000b5a14'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Northern Rock request security from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Bank of England'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",160]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573365f4d058e614000b5a15'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Northern Rock investors panic and a bank run begin?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'September 2007'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",234]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573365f4d058e614000b5a16'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was Northern Rock taken into public hands?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'February 2008'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",365]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573365f4d058e614000b5a17'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which bank early problems in 2007 were an indicator of the troubles that would soon befall other banks and financial institutions?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Northern Rock'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",511]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573365f4d058e614000b5a18'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'IndyMac often made loans without verification of the borrower’s income or assets, and to borrowers with poor credit histories. Appraisals obtained by IndyMac on underlying collateral were often questionable as well. As an Alt-A lender, IndyMac’s business model was to offer loan products to fit the borrower’s needs, using an extensive array of risky option-adjustable-rate-mortgages (option ARMs), subprime loans, 80\/20 loans, and other nontraditional products. Ultimately, loans were made to many borrowers who simply could not afford to make their payments. The thrift remained profitable only as long as it was able to sell those loans in the secondary mortgage market. IndyMac resisted efforts to regulate its involvement in those loans or tighten their issuing criteria: see the comment by Ruthann Melbourne, Chief Risk Officer, to the regulating agencies.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'IndyMac often made loans without verifying what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the borrower’s income'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",50]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573368994776f41900660a3f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was questionable on IndyMac's underlying collateral?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Appraisals'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",128]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573368994776f41900660a40'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'IndyMac gave loans to borrower's with what type credit histories?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'poor'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",105]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573368994776f41900660a41'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'IndyMac offered this type of questionable loans to borrowers?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'risky'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",346]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573368994776f41900660a42'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'IndyMac resisted efforts by regulators to tighten this criteria of their loans?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'issuing criteria'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",760]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573368994776f41900660a43'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Typical American families did not fare as well, nor did those \"wealthy-but-not wealthiest\" families just beneath the pyramid's top. On the other hand, half of the poorest families did not have wealth declines at all during the crisis. The Federal Reserve surveyed 4,000 households between 2007 and 2009, and found that the total wealth of 63 percent of all Americans declined in that period. 77 percent of the richest families had a decrease in total wealth, while only 50 percent of those on the bottom of the pyramid suffered a decrease.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many of the poorest families did not have any wealth decline during the financial crisis?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'half'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",152]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337fd34776f41900660bf9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In a Federal Reserve survey of 4,000 households, what percent reported wealth decline between 2007 and 2009?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'63'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",340]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337fd34776f41900660bfa'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many of the richest families had a decrease in total wealth between 2007 and 2009?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'77'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",393]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337fd34776f41900660bfb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many families at the bottom of the pyramid had a decrease in total wealth between 2007 and 2009?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'50'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",471]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337fd34776f41900660bfc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which families experienced the least decline in wealth between 2007 and 2009?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'poorest families'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",164]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337fd34776f41900660bfd'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On November 3, 2008, the European Commission at Brussels predicted for 2009 an extremely weak growth of GDP, by 0.1%, for the countries of the Eurozone (France, Germany, Italy, Belgium etc.) and even negative number for the UK (−1.0%), Ireland and Spain. On November 6, the IMF at Washington, D.C., launched numbers predicting a worldwide recession by −0.3% for 2009, averaged over the developed economies. On the same day, the Bank of England and the European Central Bank, respectively, reduced their interest rates from 4.5% down to 3%, and from 3.75% down to 3.25%. As a consequence, starting from November 2008, several countries launched large \"help packages\" for their economies.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On November 3, 2008, who predicted extremely weak GDP growth for the Eurozone in 2009?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'European Commission at Brussels'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",26]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573381524776f41900660c15'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much did the European Commission estimate the GDP growth for Eurozone countries would be in 2009?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'0.1%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",113]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573381524776f41900660c16'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much did the European Commission estimate the GDP growth for the UK would be in 2009?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'−1.0%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",229]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573381524776f41900660c17'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On November 6, in Washington, D.C., who predicted a worldwide recession for 2009?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the IMF'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",271]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573381524776f41900660c18'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On November 5, 2008, the Bank of England reduced their interest rate from 4.5% to what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'3%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",537]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573381524776f41900660c19'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The U.S. Federal Reserve and central banks around the world have taken steps to expand money supplies to avoid the risk of a deflationary spiral, in which lower wages and higher unemployment lead to a self-reinforcing decline in global consumption. In addition, governments have enacted large fiscal stimulus packages, by borrowing and spending to offset the reduction in private sector demand caused by the crisis. The U.S. Federal Reserve's new and expanded liquidity facilities were intended to enable the central bank to fulfill its traditional lender-of-last-resort role during the crisis while mitigating stigma, broadening the set of institutions with access to liquidity, and increasing the flexibility with which institutions could tap such liquidity.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What have central banks around the world done to avoid the risk of a deflationary spiral?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'expand money supplies'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",81]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733823bd058e614000b5c03'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What have governments done to offset the reduction in private sector demand?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'enacted large fiscal stimulus packages'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",280]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733823bd058e614000b5c04'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the U.S. Federal Reserve's traditional role during a crisis?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'lender-of-last-resort'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",550]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733823bd058e614000b5c05'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the U.S. Federal Reserve do to increase access to liquidity?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'expanded liquidity facilities'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",452]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733823bd058e614000b5c06'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type decline does lower wages and higher unemployment lead to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'self-reinforcing decline'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",202]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733823bd058e614000b5c07'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'This credit freeze brought the global financial system to the brink of collapse. The response of the Federal Reserve, the European Central Bank, the Bank of England and other central banks was immediate and dramatic. During the last quarter of 2008, these central banks purchased US$2.5 trillion of government debt and troubled private assets from banks. This was the largest liquidity injection into the credit market, and the largest monetary policy action, in world history. Following a model initiated by the United Kingdom bank rescue package, the governments of European nations and the USA guaranteed the debt issued by their banks and raised the capital of their national banking systems, ultimately purchasing $1.5 trillion newly issued preferred stock in their major banks. In October 2010, Nobel laureate Joseph Stiglitz explained how the U.S. Federal Reserve was implementing another monetary policy —creating currency— as a method to combat the liquidity trap. By creating $600 billion and inserting[clarification needed] this directly into banks, the Federal Reserve intended to spur banks to finance more domestic loans and refinance mortgages. However, banks instead were spending the money in more profitable areas by investing internationally in emerging markets. Banks were also investing in foreign currencies, which Stiglitz and others point out may lead to currency wars while China redirects its currency holdings away from the United States.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What brought the global financial system to the brink of collapse?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'credit freeze'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",6]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733835e4776f41900660c4b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much government debt and troubled private assets did central banks purchase during the last quarter of 2008?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'US$2.5 trillion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",281]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733835e4776f41900660c4c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much preferred stock did governments of European nations and the USA purchase in their major banks?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$1.5 trillion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",720]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733835e4776f41900660c4d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In October 2010, who was the Nobel laureate that explained how the U.S. Federal Reserve was creating currency to combat the liquidity trap?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Joseph Stiglitz'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",817]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733835e4776f41900660c4e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the banks chose to do with the money created by the Federal Reserve instead of financing more domestic loans and refinancing mortgages?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'investing internationally in emerging markets'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1236]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733835e4776f41900660c4f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'United States President Barack Obama and key advisers introduced a series of regulatory proposals in June 2009. The proposals address consumer protection, executive pay, bank financial cushions or capital requirements, expanded regulation of the shadow banking system and derivatives, and enhanced authority for the Federal Reserve to safely wind-down systemically important institutions, among others. In January 2010, Obama proposed additional regulations limiting the ability of banks to engage in proprietary trading. The proposals were dubbed \"The Volcker Rule\", in recognition of Paul Volcker, who has publicly argued for the proposed changes.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was introduced by President Barack Obama in June 2009?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a series of regulatory proposals'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",66]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57338497d058e614000b5c4c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was one of the items important to consumers that was addressed by the new regulatory proposals introduced in June 2009?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'consumer protection'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",135]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57338497d058e614000b5c4d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Regulations were proposed by Obama in January 2010 to limit the ability of banks to engage in which type trading?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'proprietary'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",502]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57338497d058e614000b5c4e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who were proposed new regulations called \"The Volcker Rule\" named after?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Paul Volcker'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",587]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57338497d058e614000b5c4f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who publicly argued for changes limiting the ability of banks to engage in proprietary trading?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Paul Volcker'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",587]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57338497d058e614000b5c50'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The U.S. Senate passed a reform bill in May 2010, following the House which passed a bill in December 2009. These bills must now be reconciled. The New York Times provided a comparative summary of the features of the two bills, which address to varying extent the principles enumerated by the Obama administration. For instance, the Volcker Rule against proprietary trading is not part of the legislation, though in the Senate bill regulators have the discretion but not the obligation to prohibit these trades.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the U.S. Senate first pass a financial reform bill?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'May 2010'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",41]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733857b4776f41900660c89'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the U.S. House first pass a financial reform bill?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'December 2009'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",94]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733857b4776f41900660c8a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What rule against proprietary trading was not part of legislation passed by either the Senate or House?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Volcker Rule'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",334]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733857b4776f41900660c8b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which bill gave regulators the discretion to prohibit proprietary trades?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Senate'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",421]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733857b4776f41900660c8c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'It threatened the collapse of large financial institutions, which was prevented by the bailout of banks by national governments, but stock markets still dropped worldwide. In many areas, the housing market also suffered, resulting in evictions, foreclosures and prolonged unemployment. The crisis played a significant role in the failure of key businesses, declines in consumer wealth estimated in trillions of U.S. dollars, and a downturn in economic activity leading to the 2008–2012 global recession and contributing to the European sovereign-debt crisis. The active phase of the crisis, which manifested as a liquidity crisis, can be dated from August 9, 2007, when BNP Paribas terminated withdrawals from three hedge funds citing \"a complete evaporation of liquidity\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What action in 2007 by national governments prevented the collapse of large financial institutions?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'bailout of banks'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",88]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573257950fdd8d15006c69eb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much estimated consumer wealth was lost as a result of the financial crisis of 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'trillions of U.S. dollars'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",399]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573257950fdd8d15006c69ec'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the date the active phase of the financial crisis began as a liquidity crisis?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'August 9, 2007'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",650]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573257950fdd8d15006c69ed'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did the global recession that followed the financial crisis of 2007 end?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2012'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",482]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573257950fdd8d15006c69ee'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the company that terminated withdrawals from three hedge funds in 2007 citing a liquidity crisis?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'BNP Paribas'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",671]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573257950fdd8d15006c69ef'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The bursting of the U.S. (United States) housing bubble, which peaked in 2004, caused the values of securities tied to U.S. real estate pricing to plummet, damaging financial institutions globally. The financial crisis was triggered by a complex interplay of policies that encouraged home ownership, providing easier access to loans for subprime borrowers, overvaluation of bundled subprime mortgages based on the theory that housing prices would continue to escalate, questionable trading practices on behalf of both buyers and sellers, compensation structures that prioritize short-term deal flow over long-term value creation, and a lack of adequate capital holdings from banks and insurance companies to back the financial commitments they were making. Questions regarding bank solvency, declines in credit availability and damaged investor confidence had an impact on global stock markets, where securities suffered large losses during 2008 and early 2009. Economies worldwide slowed during this period, as credit tightened and international trade declined. Governments and central banks responded with unprecedented fiscal stimulus, monetary policy expansion and institutional bailouts. In the U.S., Congress passed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did the U.S. housing bubble peak?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2004'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",74]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57325b55e17f3d14004228e5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did Congress pass the American Recover and Reinvestment Act?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2009'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1269]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57325b55e17f3d14004228e6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Overvaluation of bundled subprime mortgages was based on the theory that housing prices would continue to do this?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'escalate'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",460]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57325b55e17f3d14004228e7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'One of the causes of the financial crisis was easier access to loans by this type borrower?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'subprime'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",383]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57325b55e17f3d14004228e8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In 2007, banks and insurance companies did not have adequate holdings of which type to back their financial commitments?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'capital'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",654]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57325b55e17f3d14004228e9'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Many causes for the financial crisis have been suggested, with varying weight assigned by experts. The U.S. Senate's Levin–Coburn Report concluded that the crisis was the result of \"high risk, complex financial products; undisclosed conflicts of interest; the failure of regulators, the credit rating agencies, and the market itself to rein in the excesses of Wall Street.\" The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission concluded that the financial crisis was avoidable and was caused by \"widespread failures in financial regulation and supervision\", \"dramatic failures of corporate governance and risk management at many systemically important financial institutions\", \"a combination of excessive borrowing, risky investments, and lack of transparency\" by financial institutions, ill preparation and inconsistent action by government that \"added to the uncertainty and panic\", a \"systemic breakdown in accountability and ethics\", \"collapsing mortgage-lending standards and the mortgage securitization pipeline\", deregulation of over-the-counter derivatives, especially credit default swaps, and \"the failures of credit rating agencies\" to correctly price risk. The 1999 repeal of the Glass-Steagall Act effectively removed the separation between investment banks and depository banks in the United States. Critics argued that credit rating agencies and investors failed to accurately price the risk involved with mortgage-related financial products, and that governments did not adjust their regulatory practices to address 21st-century financial markets. Research into the causes of the financial crisis has also focused on the role of interest rate spreads.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the U.S. Senate report giving their conclusions for the cause of the crisis?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Levin–Coburn Report'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",118]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57325ecbe99e3014001e6728'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which act was repealed in 1999 effectively removing the separation between investment and deposit banks?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Glass-Steagall Act'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1180]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57325ecbe99e3014001e6729'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the commission who concluded the financial crisis was avoidable?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",379]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57325ecbe99e3014001e672a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What agency failed to accurately price risk involved in mortgage-related financial products?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'credit rating agencies'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1322]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57325ecbe99e3014001e672b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What practices should have been adjusted by governments to address 21st-century financial markets?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'regulatory'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1488]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57325ecbe99e3014001e672c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'As part of the housing and credit booms, the number of financial agreements called mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and collateralized debt obligations (CDO), which derived their value from mortgage payments and housing prices, greatly increased. Such financial innovation enabled institutions and investors around the world to invest in the U.S. housing market. As housing prices declined, major global financial institutions that had borrowed and invested heavily in subprime MBS reported significant losses.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are MBS as related to the housing and credit booms?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'mortgage-backed securities'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",84]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573260db0fdd8d15006c6a65'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are CDO as related to the housing and credit booms?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'collateralized debt obligations'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",121]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573260db0fdd8d15006c6a66'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When housing prices declined, who reported significant losses from being heavily invested in subprime MBS?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'major global financial institutions'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",392]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573260db0fdd8d15006c6a67'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who could invest in the U.S. housing market through MBS and CDO?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'institutions and investors around the world'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",282]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573260db0fdd8d15006c6a68'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'MBS and CDO derive their value from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'mortgage payments and housing prices'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",191]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573260db0fdd8d15006c6a69'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Falling prices also resulted in homes worth less than the mortgage loan, providing a financial incentive to enter foreclosure. The ongoing foreclosure epidemic that began in late 2006 in the U.S. continues to drain wealth from consumers and erodes the financial strength of banking institutions. Defaults and losses on other loan types also increased significantly as the crisis expanded from the housing market to other parts of the economy. Total losses are estimated in the trillions of U.S. dollars globally.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much are total losses estimated to be from falling home prices?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'trillions of U.S. dollars'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",478]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573263d4b9d445190005eadc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the financial incentive when a home is worth less than the mortgage loan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'foreclosure'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",115]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573263d4b9d445190005eadd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did the foreclosure epidemic begin?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'late 2006'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",175]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573263d4b9d445190005eadb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What other financial instruments had significant defaults and losses as a result of the crisis expanding from housing to other parts of the economy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'other loan types'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",320]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573263d4b9d445190005eade'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What continues to drain consumer wealth and erode the strength of banks?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'foreclosure epidemic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",140]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573263d4b9d445190005eadf'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'While the housing and credit bubbles were building, a series of factors caused the financial system to both expand and become increasingly fragile, a process called financialization. U.S. Government policy from the 1970s onward has emphasized deregulation to encourage business, which resulted in less oversight of activities and less disclosure of information about new activities undertaken by banks and other evolving financial institutions. Thus, policymakers did not immediately recognize the increasingly important role played by financial institutions such as investment banks and hedge funds, also known as the shadow banking system. Some experts believe these institutions had become as important as commercial (depository) banks in providing credit to the U.S. economy, but they were not subject to the same regulations.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What institutions comprise the shadow banking system?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'investment banks and hedge funds'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",568]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57329eb1cc179a14009dab72'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What institutions are not subject to the same regulations as commercial banks?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'investment banks and hedge funds'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",568]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57329eb1cc179a14009dab73'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What process caused the financial system to both expand and become fragile?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'financialization'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",166]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57329eb1cc179a14009dab74'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What policy has U.S. Government emphasized from the 1970's onward?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'deregulation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",244]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57329eb1cc179a14009dab75'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Since the 1970's, what has emphasized deregulation to encourage business, but resulted in less oversight and less disclosure?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'U.S. Government policy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",184]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57329eb1cc179a14009dab76'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'These institutions, as well as certain regulated banks, had also assumed significant debt burdens while providing the loans described above and did not have a financial cushion sufficient to absorb large loan defaults or MBS losses. These losses impacted the ability of financial institutions to lend, slowing economic activity. Concerns regarding the stability of key financial institutions drove central banks to provide funds to encourage lending and restore faith in the commercial paper markets, which are integral to funding business operations. Governments also bailed out key financial institutions and implemented economic stimulus programs, assuming significant additional financial commitments.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Some regulated banks did not have sufficient financial cushions in place to absorb what losses as a result of the financial crisis of 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'MBS'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",222]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732a8641d5d2e14009ff885'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was a consequence of the large loan defaults and MBS losses in 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'slowing economic activity'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",303]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732a8641d5d2e14009ff886'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who provided funds to encourage lending and restore faith in commercial banks in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'central banks'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",399]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732a8641d5d2e14009ff887'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who bailed out key financial institutions and implemented economic stimulus programs as an answer to the financial crisis of 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Governments'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",553]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732a8641d5d2e14009ff888'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What impacted the ability of financial institutions to lend in the financial crisis of 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'large loan defaults or MBS losses'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",199]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732a8641d5d2e14009ff889'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission reported its findings in January 2011. It concluded that \"the crisis was avoidable and was caused by: widespread failures in financial regulation, including the Federal Reserve’s failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages; dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance including too many financial firms acting recklessly and taking on too much risk; an explosive mix of excessive borrowing and risk by households and Wall Street that put the financial system on a collision course with crisis; key policy makers ill prepared for the crisis, lacking a full understanding of the financial system they oversaw; and systemic breaches in accountability and ethics at all levels\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission report its findings?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'January 2011'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",71]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732aa5bcc179a14009dabdc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was one of  the conclusions of the U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission regarding the financial crisis of 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the crisis was avoidable and was caused by: widespread failures in financial regulation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",104]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732aa5bcc179a14009dabdd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What agency failed to stem the tide of toxic mortgages contributing to the financial crisis of 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Federal Reserve'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",207]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732aa5bcc179a14009dabde'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was not prepared for the financial crisis in 2007 by lacking a full understanding of the financial system?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'key policy makers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",540]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732aa5bcc179a14009dabdf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which business sector contributed to the financial crisis by acting recklessly and taking on too much risk?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'financial firms'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",333]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732aa5bcc179a14009dabe0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'During a period of tough competition between mortgage lenders for revenue and market share, and when the supply of creditworthy borrowers was limited, mortgage lenders relaxed underwriting standards and originated riskier mortgages to less creditworthy borrowers. In the view of some analysts, the relatively conservative government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) policed mortgage originators and maintained relatively high underwriting standards prior to 2003. However, as market power shifted from securitizers to originators and as intense competition from private securitizers undermined GSE power, mortgage standards declined and risky loans proliferated. The worst loans were originated in 2004–2007, the years of the most intense competition between securitizers and the lowest market share for the GSEs.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What caused mortgage lenders to relax underwriting standards and approve riskier mortgages?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'tough competition'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",20]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732ac07328d981900601ffd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year were high underwriting standards relaxed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2003'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",455]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732ac07328d981900601ffe'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What years were the worst mortgage loans originated?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2004–2007'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",695]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732ac07328d981900601fff'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What years had the most intense competition between securitizers and the lowest market share for GSEs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2004–2007'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",695]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732ac07328d981900602000'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who policed mortgage originators and maintained relatively high standards prior to 2003?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",323]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732ac07328d981900602001'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, written by the six Democratic appointees, the minority report, written by 3 of the 4 Republican appointees, studies by Federal Reserve economists, and the work of several independent scholars generally contend that government affordable housing policy was not the primary cause of the financial crisis. Although they concede that governmental policies had some role in causing the crisis, they contend that GSE loans performed better than loans securitized by private investment banks, and performed better than some loans originated by institutions that held loans in their own portfolios. Paul Krugman has even claimed that the GSE never purchased subprime loans – a claim that is widely disputed.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many Democratic appointees wrote the majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'six'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",80]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732add9cc179a14009dabf0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who claimed that the GSE never purchased subprime loans - a claim that is widely disputed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Paul Krugman'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",656]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732add9cc179a14009dabf1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Several reports written by various agencies  concluded that which policy was not the primary cause of the financial crisis?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'government affordable housing policy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",280]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732add9cc179a14009dabf2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'According to reports, which loans performed better than some loans securitized by private investment banks?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'GSE loans'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",472]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732add9cc179a14009dabf4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many Republican appointees wrote the minority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'4'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",148]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732add9cc179a14009dabf3'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In his dissent to the majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, American Enterprise Institute fellow Peter J. Wallison stated his belief that the roots of the financial crisis can be traced directly and primarily to affordable housing policies initiated by HUD in the 1990s and to massive risky loan purchases by government-sponsored entities Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Later, based upon information in the SEC's December 2011 securities fraud case against 6 ex-executives of Fannie and Freddie, Peter Wallison and Edward Pinto estimated that, in 2008, Fannie and Freddie held 13 million substandard loans totaling over $2 trillion.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many estimated substandard loans did Fannie and Freddie have in 2008? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'13 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",597]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732afd2328d981900602008'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the value of the estimated 13 million substandard loans held by Fannie and Freddie in 2008?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'over $2 trillion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",635]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732afd2328d981900602009'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which government-sponsored entities had massive risky loan purchases?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",362]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732afd2328d981900602007'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Peter J. Wallison believes that the one of the roots of the financial crisis can be traced to affordable housing policies by which agency in the 1990s?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'HUD'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",276]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732afd2328d98190060200b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many ex-executives of Fannie and Freddie were named in the SEC's December 2011 securities fraud case?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'6'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",477]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732afd2328d98190060200a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In the early and mid-2000s, the Bush administration called numerous times for investigation into the safety and soundness of the GSEs and their swelling portfolio of subprime mortgages. On September 10, 2003, the House Financial Services Committee held a hearing at the urging of the administration to assess safety and soundness issues and to review a recent report by the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO) that had uncovered accounting discrepancies within the two entities. The hearings never resulted in new legislation or formal investigation of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, as many of the committee members refused to accept the report and instead rebuked OFHEO for their attempt at regulation. Some believe this was an early warning to the systemic risk that the growing market in subprime mortgages posed to the U.S. financial system that went unheeded.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who uncovered accounting discrepancies in Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",375]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732b191d6dcfa19001e8a7d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which administration called for investigation into the soundness of GSEs in the early and mid-2000s?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Bush administration'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",33]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732b191d6dcfa19001e8a7c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what date did the House Financial Services Committee hold a hearing to assess safety and soundness issues regarding Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'September 10, 2003'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",190]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732b191d6dcfa19001e8a7e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the result of the House Financial Services Committee on September 10, 2003 regarding Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The hearings never resulted in new legislation or formal investigation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",499]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732b191d6dcfa19001e8a7f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who rebuked OFHEO in 2003 for their attempt at regulation of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'House Financial Services Committee'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",214]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732b191d6dcfa19001e8a80'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'A 2000 United States Department of the Treasury study of lending trends for 305 cities from 1993 to 1998 showed that $467 billion of mortgage lending was made by Community Reinvestment Act (CRA)-covered lenders into low and mid level income (LMI) borrowers and neighborhoods, representing 10% of all U.S. mortgage lending during the period. The majority of these were prime loans. Sub-prime loans made by CRA-covered institutions constituted a 3% market share of LMI loans in 1998, but in the run-up to the crisis, fully 25% of all sub-prime lending occurred at CRA-covered institutions and another 25% of sub-prime loans had some connection with CRA. In addition, an analysis by the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas in 2009, however, concluded that the CRA was not responsible for the mortgage loan crisis, pointing out that CRA rules have been in place since 1995 whereas the poor lending emerged only a decade later. Furthermore, most sub-prime loans were not made to the LMI borrowers targeted by the CRA, especially in the years 2005–2006 leading up to the crisis. Nor did it find any evidence that lending under the CRA rules increased delinquency rates or that the CRA indirectly influenced independent mortgage lenders to ramp up sub-prime lending.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the value of mortgage lending made by Community Reinvestment Act covered lenders to low and mid level income borrowers and neighborhoods from 1993-1998?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$467 billion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",118]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732b3a5328d981900602017'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percent of mortgage lending was made by Community Reinvestment Act covered lenders from 1993 to 1998?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'10%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",290]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732b3a5328d981900602018'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does CRA stand for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Community Reinvestment Act'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",163]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732b3a5328d981900602019'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percent of sub-prime lending occurred at CRA-covered institutions in the run-up to the financial crisis?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'25%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",522]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732b3a5328d98190060201a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percent of sub-prime loans had some connection with CRA in the run-up to the financial crisis?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'25%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",600]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732b3a5328d98190060201b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'To other analysts the delay between CRA rule changes (in 1995) and the explosion of subprime lending is not surprising, and does not exonerate the CRA. They contend that there were two, connected causes to the crisis: the relaxation of underwriting standards in 1995 and the ultra-low interest rates initiated by the Federal Reserve after the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001. Both causes had to be in place before the crisis could take place. Critics also point out that publicly announced CRA loan commitments were massive, totaling $4.5 trillion in the years between 1994 and 2007. They also argue that the Federal Reserve’s classification of CRA loans as “prime” is based on the faulty and self-serving assumption that high-interest-rate loans (3 percentage points over average) equal “subprime” loans.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did CRA make rule changes to relax underwriting standards?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1995'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",263]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732b589cc179a14009dac1e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much were CRA loan commitments between 1994 and 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$4.5 trillion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",542]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732b589cc179a14009dac1f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the Federal Reserve's assumption regarding what makes a loan subprime?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'high-interest-rate loans (3 percentage points over average)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",730]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732b589cc179a14009dac20'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How did the Federal Reserve classify CRA loans?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'prime'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",667]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732b589cc179a14009dac21'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When were ultra-low interest rates initiated by the Federal Reserve?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'after the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",334]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732b589cc179a14009dac22'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Others have pointed out that there were not enough of these loans made to cause a crisis of this magnitude. In an article in Portfolio Magazine, Michael Lewis spoke with one trader who noted that \"There weren’t enough Americans with [bad] credit taking out [bad loans] to satisfy investors' appetite for the end product.\" Essentially, investment banks and hedge funds used financial innovation to enable large wagers to be made, far beyond the actual value of the underlying mortgage loans, using derivatives called credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What financial innovation enabled investment banks and hedge funds to make large wagers?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",517]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732b89acc179a14009dac32'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and CDOS are all types of what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'derivatives'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",498]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732b89acc179a14009dac33'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which magazine had an article where Michael Lewis spoke with a trader about bad loans?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Portfolio Magazine'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",126]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732b89acc179a14009dac34'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What financial innovation allows investment banks and hedge banks to make large wagers?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'derivatives'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",498]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732b89acc179a14009dac35'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are some names of derivatives?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",517]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732b89acc179a14009dac36'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Countering Krugman, Peter J. Wallison wrote: \"It is not true that every bubble—even a large bubble—has the potential to cause a financial crisis when it deflates.\" Wallison notes that other developed countries had \"large bubbles during the 1997–2007 period\" but \"the losses associated with mortgage delinquencies and defaults when these bubbles deflated were far lower than the losses suffered in the United States when the 1997–2007 [bubble] deflated.\" According to Wallison, the reason the U.S. residential housing bubble (as opposed to other types of bubbles) led to financial crisis was that it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans – generally with low or no downpayments.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Peter J. 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Wallison, why did the U.S. residential housing bubble led to financial crisis?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",597]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732bad2cc179a14009dac3e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Other countries had large residential housing bubbles that deflated during what years?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1997–2007'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",241]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732bad2cc179a14009dac3f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Peter J. Wallison's conclusions regarding the financial crisis are not in agreement with this economist's views?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Krugman'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",12]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5732bad2cc179a14009dac40'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Financial crisis of 2007%E2%80%9308'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Located approximately 250 kilometres (160 mi) east of Puerto Rico and the nearer Virgin Islands, St. Barthélemy lies immediately southeast of the islands of Saint Martin and Anguilla. It is one of the Renaissance Islands. St. Barthélemy is separated from Saint Martin by the Saint-Barthélemy Channel. It lies northeast of Saba and St Eustatius, and north of St Kitts. Some small satellite islets belong to St. Barthélemy including Île Chevreau (Île Bonhomme), Île Frégate, Île Toc Vers, Île Tortue and Gros Îlets (Îlots Syndare). A much bigger islet, Île Fourchue, lies on the north of the island, in the Saint-Barthélemy Channel. Other rocky islets which include Coco, the Roques (or little Turtle rocks), the Goat, and the Sugarloaf.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many Miles East of Puerto Rico is St. Barts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'160'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",39]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573366a64776f419006609fd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What lies between St. Barts and Saint Martin island?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Saint-Barthélemy Channel'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",272]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573366a64776f419006609ff'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does \"Roques\" mean in English?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'little Turtle rocks'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",686]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573366a64776f41900660a01'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'St. Barts is one of the what group of islands?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Renaissance'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",198]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573366a64776f419006609fe'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is Île Frégate in relation to St Barts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'satellite islets'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",380]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573366a64776f41900660a00'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Saint Barth%C3%A9lemy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Residents of Saint-Barthélemy (Saint-Barthélemoise people) are French citizens and work at establishments on the island. Most of them are descendants of the first settlers, of Breton, Norman, Poitevin, Saintongeais and Angevin lineage. French is the native tongue of the population. English is understood in hotels and restaurants, and a small population of Anglophones have been resident in Gustavia for many years. The St. Barthélemy French patois is spoken by some 500–700 people in the leeward portion of the island and is superficially related to Quebec French, whereas Créole French is limited to the windward side. Unlike other populations in the Caribbean, language preference between the Créole and Patois is geographically, and not racially, determined.[page needed]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the people of St. Barts called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Saint-Barthélemoise'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",32]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336c1cd058e614000b5abf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the native language of St. Barts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'French'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",237]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336c1cd058e614000b5ac1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'About how many people speak Patois French in St. Barts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'500–700'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",469]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336c1cd058e614000b5ac3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Of what nation do the people of St. Barts claim citizenship?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'French'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",64]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336c1cd058e614000b5ac0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How does the determination between Patois and Creole French usually determined?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'racially'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",743]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336c1cd058e614000b5ac2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Saint Barth%C3%A9lemy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On 7 February 2007, the French Parliament passed a bill granting COM status to both St. Barthélemy and (separately) to the neighbouring Saint Martin. The new status took effect on 15 July 2007, when the first territorial council was elected, according to the law. The island has a president (elected every five years), a unicameral Territorial Council of nineteen members who are elected by popular vote and serve for five-year terms, and an executive council of seven members. Elections to these councils were first held on 1 July 2007 with the last election in March 2012.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What island besides St. Barts was granted COM status by France in 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Saint Martin'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",137]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336cced058e614000b5ace'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many years does a president have in office in St. Barts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'five'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",307]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336cced058e614000b5ad0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the last election held for the executive council positions?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'in March 2012'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",561]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336cced058e614000b5ad2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the COM status for St. Barts take effect?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'15 July 2007'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",181]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336cced058e614000b5acf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people are on the Territorial Council?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'nineteen'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",356]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336cced058e614000b5ad1'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Saint Barth%C3%A9lemy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'One senator represents the island in the French Senate. The first election was held on 21 September 2008 with the last election in September 2014. St. Barthélemy became an overseas territory of the European Union on 1 January 2012, but the island's inhabitants remain French citizens with EU status holding EU passports. France is responsible for the defence of the island and as such has stationed a security force on the island comprising six policemen and thirteen gendarmes (posted on two-year term).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the last senate election in St. Barts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'September 2014'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",132]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336d79d058e614000b5adf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What organization did St. Barts become a part of in 2012?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the European Union'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",195]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336d79d058e614000b5ae0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many senators represent St. Barts in France?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'One'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336d79d058e614000b5add'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year was the first senate election held for the St. Barts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2008'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",101]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336d79d058e614000b5ade'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many policemen does the French government pay for on St. Barts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'thirteen'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",460]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336d79d058e614000b5ae1'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Saint Barth%C3%A9lemy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Agricultural production on the island is difficult given the dry and rocky terrain, but the early settlers managed to produce vegetables, cotton, pineapples, salt, bananas and also fishing. Sweet potato is also grown in patches. The islanders developed commerce through the port of Gustavia. Duty-free port attractions, retail trade, high-end tourism (mostly from North America) and its luxury hotels and villas have increased the island's prosperity, reflected in the high standard of living of its citizens.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is often difficult on the island?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Agricultural production'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336e0ed058e614000b5ae7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is grown in patches on the island?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sweet potato'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",191]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336e0ed058e614000b5aea'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What seasoning is found naturally on the island?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'salt'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",159]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336e0ed058e614000b5aeb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of activity did early settlers use to get food that didn't involve farming?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'fishing'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",182]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336e0ed058e614000b5ae8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the main commercial port in St. Barts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Gustavia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",283]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336e0ed058e614000b5ae9'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Saint Barth%C3%A9lemy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'International investment and the wealth generated by wealthy tourists explain the high standard of living on the island. St. Barthélemy is considered a playground of the rich and famous,[citation needed] especially as a winter haven, and is known for its beaches, gourmet dining and high-end designers. Most of the food is imported by airplane or boat from the US or France. Tourism attracts about 200,000 visitors every year. As a result, there is a boom in house building activity catering to the tourists and also to the permanent residents of the island, with prices as high as €61,200,000 for a beachfront villa.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'St. Barts is considered a playground for whom?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the rich and famous'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",167]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336eb64776f41900660abf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many tourists visit St. Barts each year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'200,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",399]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336eb64776f41900660ac1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the highest propoerty value recorded in St. Barts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'€61,200,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",583]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336eb64776f41900660ac2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What besides investment is responsible for the high standard of living on the island?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'wealth generated by wealthy tourists'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",34]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336eb64776f41900660abe'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Besides boats how does St. Barts import most of its food?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'by airplane'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",333]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336eb64776f41900660ac0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Saint Barth%C3%A9lemy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'St. Barthélemy has about 25 hotels, most of them with 15 rooms or fewer. The largest has 58 rooms. Hotels are classified in the traditional French manner; 3 Star, 4 Star and 4 Star Luxe. Of particular note are Eden Rock and Cheval Blanc. Hotel Le Toiny, the most expensive hotel on the island, has 12 rooms. Most places of accommodation are in the form of private villas, of which there are some 400 available to rent on the island. The island's tourism industry, though expensive, attracts 70,000 visitors every year to its luxury hotels and villas and another 130,000 people arrive by luxury boats. It also attracts a labour force from Brazil and Portugal to meet the industry needs.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'About how many hotels does St. Barts have?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'25'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",26]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336f3ed058e614000b5b05'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many rooms does the largest hotel in St. Barts have?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'58'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",90]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336f3ed058e614000b5b06'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which country besides Brazil does St. Barts import its labor force from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Portugal'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",650]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336f3ed058e614000b5b09'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many rooms does the most expensive hotel on the island have?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'12'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",299]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336f3ed058e614000b5b07'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'About how many villas are available for rent in St. Barts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'400'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",397]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336f3ed058e614000b5b08'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Saint Barth%C3%A9lemy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'As the terrain is generally arid, the hills have mostly poor soil and support only cacti and succulent plants. During the rainy season the area turns green with vegetation and grass. The eastern part of the island is greener as it receives more rainfall. A 1994 survey has revealed several hundred indigenous species of plants including the naturalized varieties of flora; some growing in irrigated areas while the dry areas are dominated by the cacti variety. Sea grapes and palm trees are a common sight with mangroves and shrubs surviving in the saline coastal swamps. Coconut palm was brought to the island from the Pacific islands. Important plants noted on the island are:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What types of plants are usually found at St. Barts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'succulent'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",94]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733759bd058e614000b5b56'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which half of the island is usually greener due to more rainfall?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The eastern part'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",184]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733759bd058e614000b5b57'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'A 1994 found how many different species of plants native to the island?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'several hundred'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",283]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733759bd058e614000b5b58'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What besides palm trees is a common plant to see in St. Barts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sea grapes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",462]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733759bd058e614000b5b59'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the coconut palm brought to St. Barts from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Pacific islands'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",617]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733759bd058e614000b5b5a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Saint Barth%C3%A9lemy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Other trees of note include the royal palm, sea grape trees in the form of shrubs on the beaches and as 5 to 7 m trees in the interior areas of the island, aloe or aloe vera (brought from the Mediterranean), the night blooming cereus, mamillaria nivosa, yellow prickly pear or barbary fig which was planted as barbed wire defences against invading British army in 1773, Mexican cactus, stapelia gigantea, golden trumpet or yellow bell which was originally from South America, bougainvillea and others.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What plant was brought to St. Barts from the Mediterranean?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'aloe or aloe vera'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",157]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573376314776f41900660b2f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the night blooming flower on St. Barts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'cereus'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",228]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573376314776f41900660b30'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the plant yellow bell brought from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'South America'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",462]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573376314776f41900660b31'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the british army invade the island?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1773'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",365]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573376314776f41900660b32'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of fig grows on the island?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'barbary'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",278]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573376314776f41900660b33'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Saint Barth%C3%A9lemy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Marine mammals are many, such as the dolphins, porpoises and whales, which are seen here during the migration period from December till May. Turtles are a common sight along the coastline of the island. They are a protected species and in the endangered list. It is stated that it will take 15–50 years for this species to attain reproductive age. Though they live in the sea, the females come to the shore to lay eggs and are protected by private societies. Three species of turtles are particularly notable. These are: The leatherback sea turtles which have leather skin instead of a shell and are the largest of the type found here, some times measuring a much as 3 m (average is about 1.5 m) and weighing about 450 kg (jellyfish is their favourite diet); the hawksbill turtles, which have hawk-like beaks and found near reefs, generally about 90 cm in diameter and weigh about 60 kg and their diet consists of crabs and snails; and the green turtles, herbivores which have rounded heads, generally about 90 cm in diameter and live amidst tall sea grasses.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When is the end of the dolphin migration period in St. Barts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'May'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",137]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733796c4776f41900660b61'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When is the beggining of the whale migration season?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'December'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",123]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733796c4776f41900660b62'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What protected species is a common sight along the beaches of St. Barts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Turtles'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",142]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733796c4776f41900660b63'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the favorite prey of leatherback sea turtles?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'jellyfish'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",724]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733796c4776f41900660b64'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where do green turtles live?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'amidst tall sea grasses'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1036]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'5733796c4776f41900660b65'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Saint Barth%C3%A9lemy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The marine life found here consists of anemones, urchins, sea cucumbers, and eels, which all live on the reefs along with turtles, conch and many varieties of marine fishes. The marine aquafauna is rich in conch, which has pearly-pink shells. Its meat is a favourite food supplement item and their shells are a collectors item. Other species of fish which are recorded close to the shore line in shallow waters are: sergeant majors, the blue chromis, brown chromis, surgeon fish; blue tangs and trumpet fish. On the shore are ghost crabs, which always live on the beach in small burrowed tunnels made in sand, and the hermit crabs, which live in land but lay eggs in water and which also eat garbage and sewerage. They spend some months in the sea during and after the hatching season.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What color are conch shells?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'pearly-pink'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",224]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337a234776f41900660b75'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What common sea creature produces a collectable Item?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'conch'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",207]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337a234776f41900660b76'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where are surgeonfish found in St. Barts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'shallow waters'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",397]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337a234776f41900660b77'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of crabs besides hermit crabs are common on the beach in St. Barts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ghost'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",527]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337a234776f41900660b78'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do hermit crabs eat?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'garbage and sewerage'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",693]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337a234776f41900660b79'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Saint Barth%C3%A9lemy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Saint-Barthélemy has a marine nature reserve, known as the Reserve Naturelle that covers 1.200 ha, and is divided into 5 zones all around the island to form a network of protected areas. The Reserve includes the bays of Grand Cul de Sac, Colombier, Marigot, Petit Cul de Sac, Petite Anse as well as waters around offshore rocks such as Les Gross Islets, Pain de Sucre, Tortue and Forchue. The Reserve is designed to protect the islands coral reefs, seagrass and endangered marine species including sea turtles. The Reserve has two levels of protection, the yellow zones of protection where certain non-extractive activities, like snorkeling and boating, are allowed and the red zones of high protection where most activities including SCUBA are restricted in order to protect or recover marine life. Anchoring is prohibited in the Reserve and mooring buoys are in place in some of the protected bays like Colombier'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many hectares does the marine preserve cover?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1.200'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",90]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337ae4d058e614000b5b88'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What general species of animal was the marine reserve designed to protect?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'sea turtles'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",499]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337ae4d058e614000b5b89'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is prohibited in all zones of the marine reserve at St. Barts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Anchoring'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",801]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337ae4d058e614000b5b8a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the sea life reserve named at St. Barts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Reserve Naturelle'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",60]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337ae4d058e614000b5b87'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Colombier Bay has what type of helpful structures placed in the water?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'mooring buoys'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",844]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337ae4d058e614000b5b8b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Saint Barth%C3%A9lemy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Among the notable structures in the town are the three forts built by the Swedes for defense purposes. One of these forts, known as Fort Oscar (formerly Gustav Adolph), which overlooks the sea is located on the far side of La Pointe. However, the ruins have been replaced by a modern military building which now houses the local gendarmerie. The other fort known as Fort Karl now presents a very few ruins. The third fort built by the Swedes is the Fort Gustav, which is also seen in ruins strewn around the weather station and the Light House. The fort built in 1787 over a hill slope has ruins of ramparts, guardhouse, munitions depot, wood-burning oven and so forth.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who built the three forts on St. Barts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Swedes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",71]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573388fa4776f41900660ccd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the former name of Fort Oscar?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Gustav Adolph'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",154]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573388fa4776f41900660cce'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was Fort Gustav built?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1787'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",564]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573388fa4776f41900660ccf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Most of the Forts in St. Barts are now all what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ruins'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",485]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573388fa4776f41900660cd1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what part of the island is Fort Oscar located on the far side of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'La Pointe'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",224]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573388fa4776f41900660cd0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Saint Barth%C3%A9lemy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'French cuisine, West Indian cuisine, Creole cuisine, Italian cuisine and Asian cuisine are common in St. Barthélemy. The island has over 70 restaurants serving many dishes and others are a significant number of gourmet restaurants; many of the finest restaurants are located in the hotels. There are also a number of snack restaurants which the French call \"les snacks\" or \"les petits creux\" which include sandwiches, pizzas and salads. West Indian cuisine, steamed vegetables with fresh fish is common; Creole dishes tend to be spicier. The island hosts gastronomic events throughout the year, with dishes such as spring roll of shrimp and bacon, fresh grilled lobster, Chinese noodle salad with coconut milk, and grilled beef fillet etc.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many restaurants does the island have?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'over 70'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",133]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57338992d058e614000b5cd8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where are most of the nice restaurants located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'in the hotels'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",276]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57338992d058e614000b5cd9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do the French call snack restaurants besides les snacks?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'les petits creux'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",375]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57338992d058e614000b5cda'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Creole food is often what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'spicier'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",530]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57338992d058e614000b5cdb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of cuisine related events does the island host each year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'gastronomic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",556]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57338992d058e614000b5cdc'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Saint Barth%C3%A9lemy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Transat AG2R Race, held every alternate year, is an event which originates in Concarneau in Brittany, France, reaching St. Barthélemy. It is a boat race with boats of 10 m length with a single hull and with essential safety equipment. Each boat is navigated by two sailors. Kitesurfing and other water sports have also become popular on the island in recent years, especially at Grand Cul-de-Sac beach (Baie de Grand Cul de Sac) for windy sports as kitesurfing and Saint Jean Beach ( Baie de Saint Jean), Lorient, Toiny and Anse des Cayes for surfing. Tennis is also popular on the island and it has several tennis clubs, Tennis Clube de Flamboyant in Grand Cul-de-Sac, AJOE Tennis Club in Orient and ASCO in Colombier.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How often is the AG2R Race held?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'every alternate year'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",29]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57338a774776f41900660cea'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where does the AG2R originate from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Concarneau'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",83]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57338a774776f41900660ceb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of vehicles participate in the AG2R Race?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'boats'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",163]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57338a774776f41900660cec'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the size requirement for entry into the AG2R Race?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'10 m'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",172]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57338a774776f41900660ced'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people are in the vehicle for the AG2R Race?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'two'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",266]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57338a774776f41900660cee'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Saint Barth%C3%A9lemy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'St. Barthélemy has a small airport known as Gustaf III Airport on the north coast of the island that is served by small regional commercial aircraft and charters. The nearest airport with a runway length sufficient to land a typical commercial jet airliner is on the neighboring island of Sint Maarten: Princess Juliana International Airport, which acts as a hub, providing connecting flights with regional carriers to St. Barthélemy. Several international airlines and domestic Caribbean airlines operate in this sector.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where is the airport located on the island?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the north coast'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",67]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57338b11d058e614000b5d00'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What other than small commercial aircraft can land at the airport on St. Barts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'charters'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",154]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57338b11d058e614000b5d03'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the nearest large commercial airport?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Princess Juliana International Airport'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",304]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57338b11d058e614000b5d01'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What Island is the nearest major airport located on?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sint Maarten'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",290]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57338b11d058e614000b5d02'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the airport in St. Barts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Gustaf III'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",45]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57338b11d058e614000b5cff'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Saint Barth%C3%A9lemy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Saint-Barthélemy (French: Saint-Barthélemy, French pronunciation: ​[sɛ̃baʁtelemi]), officially the Territorial collectivity of Saint-Barthélemy (French: Collectivité territoriale de Saint-Barthélemy), is an overseas collectivity of France. Often abbreviated to Saint-Barth in French, or St. Barts or St. Barths in English, the indigenous people called the island Ouanalao. St. Barthélemy lies about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southeast of St. Martin and north of St. Kitts. Puerto Rico is 240 kilometres (150 mi) to the west in the Greater Antilles.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What country is Saint-Barthélemy a collectivity of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'France'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",233]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57331e2f4776f419006606ea'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the French abbreviation for Saint-Barthélemy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Saint-Barth'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",262]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57331e2f4776f419006606eb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what language is Saint-Barthélemy abbreviate St. Barts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'English'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",315]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57331e2f4776f419006606ec'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the native peoples of Saint-Barthélemy call the island?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ouanalao'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",364]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57331e2f4776f419006606ed'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which direction is Puerto Rico from the island of Saint-Barthélemy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'west'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",516]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57331e2f4776f419006606ee'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Saint Barth%C3%A9lemy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Saint Barthélemy, a volcanic island fully encircled by shallow reefs, has an area of 25 square kilometres (9.7 sq mi) and a population of 9,035 (Jan. 2011 estimate). Its capital is Gustavia[citation needed], which also contains the main harbour to the island. It is the only Caribbean island which was a Swedish colony for any significant length of time; Guadeloupe was under Swedish rule only briefly at the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Symbolism from the Swedish national arms, the Three Crowns, still appears in the island's coat of arms. The language, cuisine, and culture, however, are distinctly French. The island is a popular tourist destination during the winter holiday season, especially for the rich and famous during the Christmas and new year period.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of island is St. Barts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'volcanic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",21]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336480d058e614000b59fe'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the population of St. Barts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'9,035'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",139]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336480d058e614000b59ff'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the capital of St. Barts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Gustavia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",182]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336480d058e614000b5a00'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What country besides France had colonies on the island for a substantial period of time?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Swedish'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",305]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336480d058e614000b5a01'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When is the busiest time for tourism in St. Barts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the winter holiday season'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",661]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336480d058e614000b5a02'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Saint Barth%C3%A9lemy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Saint Barthélemy was for many years a French commune forming part of Guadeloupe, which is an overseas region and department of France. Through a referendum in 2003, island residents sought separation from the administrative jurisdiction of Guadeloupe, and it was finally accomplished in 2007. The island of Saint Barthélemy became an Overseas Collectivity (COM). A governing territorial council was elected for its administration, which has provided the island with a certain degree of autonomy. The Hotel de Ville, which was the town hall, is now the Hotel de la Collectivité. A senator represents the island in Paris. St. Barthélemy has retained its free port status.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'St. Barts was formerly a part of what French commune?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Guadeloupe'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",70]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573365634776f419006609cb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the residents of St. Barts file for separation from Guadeloupe?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2003'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",160]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573365634776f419006609cc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did St. Barts finally received its independence?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2007'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",288]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573365634776f419006609cd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the current name of the building in St. Barts that serves as town hall?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hotel de la Collectivité'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",553]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573365634776f419006609ce'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who officially represents St. Barts in French legislation? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'A senator'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",579]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573365634776f419006609cf'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Saint Barth%C3%A9lemy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Grande Saline Bay provides temporary anchorage for small vessels while Colombier Bay, to the northwest, has a 4 fathoms patch near mid entrance. In the bight of St. Jean Bay there is a narrow cut through the reef. The north and east sides of the island are fringed, to a short distance from the shore, by a visible coral reef. Reefs are mostly in shallow waters and are clearly visible. The coastal areas abound with beaches and many of these have offshore reefs, some of which are part of a marine reserve.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the deepest bay at St Barts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Colombier Bay'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",72]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573367eed058e614000b5a5b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Grande Saline Bay provides docking for what kind of boats?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'small'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",52]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573367eed058e614000b5a5c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The North and East sides of St. Barts are fringed by what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'visible coral reef'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",308]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573367eed058e614000b5a5d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Reefs are almost always in what type of water?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'shallow'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",348]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573367eed058e614000b5a5e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Some of the offshore reefs of St. Barts are part of what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a marine reserve'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",491]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573367eed058e614000b5a5f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Saint Barth%C3%A9lemy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'There are as many as 22 public beaches (most beaches on St Barthélémy are known as \"Anse de...\" etc. ) of which 15 are considered suitable for swimming. They are categorized and divided into two groups, the leeward side (calm waters protected by the island itself) and windward side (some of which are protected by hills and reefs). The windward beaches are popular for windsurfing. The beach of St Jean is suitable for water sports and facilities have been created for that purpose. The long beach at Lorient has shade and is a quiet beach as compared to St. Jean.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many public beaches are there in St. Barts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'22'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",22]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573368a6d058e614000b5a6b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many beaches in St. Barts are suitable to swim in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'15'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",113]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573368a6d058e614000b5a6c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the portion of the island called that is protected from the sea by the island itself?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'leeward'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",208]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573368a6d058e614000b5a6d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the portion of the island called that is open to the storms and high sea winds?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'windward'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",270]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573368a6d058e614000b5a6e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The windward side of St. Barts is popular for what type of activity?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'windsurfing'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",371]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'573368a6d058e614000b5a6f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Saint Barth%C3%A9lemy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The island covers an area of 25 square kilometres (2,500 ha). The eastern side is wetter than the western. Although the climate is essentially arid, the rainfall does average 1000 mm annually, but with considerable variation over the terrain. Summer is from May to November, which is also the rainy season. Winter from December to April is the dry season. Sunshine is very prominent for nearly the entire year and even during the rainy season. Humidity, however, is not very high due to the winds. The average temperature is around 25 °C with day temperatures rising to 32 °C. The average high and low temperatures in January are 28 °C and 22 °C, respectively, while in July they are 30 °C and 24 °C. The lowest night temperature recorded is 13 °C. The Caribbean sea waters in the vicinity generally maintain a temperature of about 27 °C.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of climate does St. Barts typically have?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'arid'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",144]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336993d058e614000b5a8a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many hectares does the island have in total?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2,500'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",52]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336993d058e614000b5a8b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much average rainfall does St. Barts get per year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1000 mm'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",176]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336993d058e614000b5a8c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When does summer end in St. Barts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'November'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",266]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336993d058e614000b5a8d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the lowest nighttime temperature recorded at St. Barts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'13 °C'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",743]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57336993d058e614000b5a8e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Saint Barth%C3%A9lemy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'When the British invaded the harbour town in 1744[verification needed], the town’s architectural buildings were destroyed[verification needed]. Subsequently, new structures were built in the town around the harbour area[verification needed] and the Swedes had also further added to the architectural beauty of the town in 1785 with more buildings, when they had occupied the town. Earlier to their occupation, the port was known as \"Carénage\". The Swedes renamed it as Gustavia in honour of their king Gustav III. It was then their prime trading center. The port maintained a neutral stance since the Caribbean war was on in the 18th century. They used it as trading post of contraband and the city of Gustavia prospered but this prosperity was short lived.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the British invade the harbour town in St. Barts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1744'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",46]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337b914776f41900660b94'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did the Swedes add more buildings to the harbour town?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1785'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",323]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337b914776f41900660b95'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the port known as prior to the Swedish occupation of St. Barts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Carénage'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",434]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337b914776f41900660b96'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the port changed to after the Swedish occupation?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Gustavia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",470]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337b914776f41900660b97'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What war occurred in the 18th century?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Caribbean war'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",598]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337b914776f41900660b98'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Saint Barth%C3%A9lemy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Musée Territorial de St.-Barthélemy is a historical museum known as the \"St. Barts Municipal Museum\" also called the \"Wall House\" (musée – bibliothèque) in Gustavia, which is located on the far end of La Pointe. The museum is housed in an old stone house, a two-storey building which has been refurbished. The island’s history relating to French, Swedish and British period of occupation is well presented in the museum with photographs, maps and paintings. Also on display are the ancestral costumes, antique tools, models of Creole houses and ancient fishing boats. It also houses a library.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the English name of the historic museum in St. Barts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'St. Barts Municipal Museum'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",74]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337c26d058e614000b5b9f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the French name for the historic museum in St. Barts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Musée Territorial de St.-Barthélemy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337c26d058e614000b5ba0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What town is the Museum located in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Gustavia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",157]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337c26d058e614000b5ba1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Besides the French and Swedish, who else occupied the island?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'British'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",360]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337c26d058e614000b5ba2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of houses are on display at the museum in St. Barts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Creole'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",528]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'57337c26d058e614000b5ba3'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Saint Barth%C3%A9lemy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In modern molecular biology and genetics, the genome is the genetic material of an organism. It consists of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA\/RNA.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what fields of science is the genome studied?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'molecular biology and genetics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",11]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc544814d3a41400c267bf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the content of the human genome?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'DNA'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",109]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc544814d3a41400c267c0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What constitutes the viral genome?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'RNA'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",117]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc544814d3a41400c267c1'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genome'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The term was created in 1920 by Hans Winkler, professor of botany at the University of Hamburg, Germany. The Oxford Dictionary suggests the name to be a blend of the words gene and chromosome. However, see omics for a more thorough discussion. A few related -ome words already existed—such as biome, rhizome, forming a vocabulary into which genome fits systematically.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who coined the word genome?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hans Winkler'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",33]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc54a514d3a41400c267c5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was the word genome first created?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1920'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",25]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc54a514d3a41400c267c6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'At what university was Hans Winkler employed when he created the word genome?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'University of Hamburg'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",74]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc54a514d3a41400c267c7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which two similar words share etymology with genome?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'biome, rhizome'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",294]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc54a514d3a41400c267c8'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genome'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Some organisms have multiple copies of chromosomes: diploid, triploid, tetraploid and so on. In classical genetics, in a sexually reproducing organism (typically eukarya) the gamete has half the number of chromosomes of the somatic cell and the genome is a full set of chromosomes in a diploid cell. The halving of the genetic material in gametes is accomplished by the segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis. In haploid organisms, including cells of bacteria, archaea, and in organelles including mitochondria and chloroplasts, or viruses, that similarly contain genes, the single or set of circular or linear chains of DNA (or RNA for some viruses), likewise constitute the genome. The term genome can be applied specifically to mean what is stored on a complete set of nuclear DNA (i.e., the \"nuclear genome\") but can also be applied to what is stored within organelles that contain their own DNA, as with the \"mitochondrial genome\" or the \"chloroplast genome\". Additionally, the genome can comprise non-chromosomal genetic elements such as viruses, plasmids, and transposable elements.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'A gamate has how many chromosomes relative to a somatic cell?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'half'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",187]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc552f14d3a41400c267cd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What process splits the chromosome between gametes?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'meiosis'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",416]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc552f14d3a41400c267ce'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are two cellular organelles which contain genetic material?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'mitochondria and chloroplasts'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",513]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc552f14d3a41400c267cf'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genome'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'When people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been \"sequenced\", typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome, which together represent both of the possible sexes. Even in species that exist in only one sex, what is described as a \"genome sequence\" may be a composite read from the chromosomes of various individuals. Colloquially, the phrase \"genetic makeup\" is sometimes used to signify the genome of a particular individual or organism.[citation needed] The study of the global properties of genomes of related organisms is usually referred to as genomics, which distinguishes it from genetics which generally studies the properties of single genes or groups of genes.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the science that deals with the common genetic characteristics of related organisms called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'genomics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",657]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc561414d3a41400c267d3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In contrast to genomics, genetics usually studies what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'single genes or groups of genes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",746]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc561414d3a41400c267d4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the catalog of contents of a particular species' genetic makeup?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'sequenced'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",77]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc561414d3a41400c267d5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genome'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox). At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes), almost three times as many as in the human genome.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the relation between the number of base pairs and total complement of genes in a species called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'C-value paradox'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",179]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc56a414d3a41400c267d9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which organism has the most genes?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'trichomoniasis'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",287]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc56a414d3a41400c267da'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many genes is the trichomoniasis estimated to have?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'60,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",253]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc56a414d3a41400c267db'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Relative to the human genome, how many more genes does trichomoniasis have?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'three times'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",353]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc56a414d3a41400c267dc'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genome'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (Bacteriophage MS2). The next year Fred Sanger completed the first DNA-genome sequence: Phage Φ-X174, of 5386 base pairs. The first complete genome sequences among all three domains of life were released within a short period during the mid-1990s: The first bacterial genome to be sequenced was that of Haemophilus influenzae, completed by a team at The Institute for Genomic Research in 1995. A few months later, the first eukaryotic genome was completed, with sequences of the 16 chromosomes of budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae published as the result of a European-led effort begun in the mid-1980s. The first genome sequence for an archaeon, Methanococcus jannaschii, was completed in 1996, again by The Institute for Genomic Research.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the first person to sequence a viral genome?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Walter Fiers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",10]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc575814d3a41400c267e1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which viral genome did Fiers sequence?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Bacteriophage MS2'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",143]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc575814d3a41400c267e2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was first to sequence a DNA-based genome?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Fred Sanger'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",177]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc575814d3a41400c267e3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What organization first sequenced a bacterial genome?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Institute for Genomic Research'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",496]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc575814d3a41400c267e4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was the archaeon genome sequenced?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1996'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",837]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc575814d3a41400c267e5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genome'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The development of new technologies has made it dramatically easier and cheaper to do sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly. The US National Institutes of Health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information. Among the thousands of completed genome sequencing projects include those for rice, a mouse, the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the puffer fish, and the bacteria E. coli. In December 2013, scientists first sequenced the entire genome of a Neanderthal, an extinct species of humans. The genome was extracted from the toe bone of a 130,000-year-old Neanderthal found in a Siberian cave.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which U.S. government agency keeps a large amount of information on genomes?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'US National Institutes of Health'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",167]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc57f714d3a41400c267eb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a mammal whose genome has been sequenced?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'mouse'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",359]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc57f714d3a41400c267ec'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a fish whose genome has been sequenced?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'puffer fish'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",402]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc57f714d3a41400c267ed'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the Neanderthal's genome sequenced?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'December 2013'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",444]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc57f714d3a41400c267ee'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How old in years was the material that was used to sequence the Neanderthal genome?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'130,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",600]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc57f714d3a41400c267ef'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genome'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'New sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a recent development in sequencing methods?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'massive parallel sequencing'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",38]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc587714d3a41400c267f5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which company has led the way in sequencing of individual genetic makeup?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Manteia Predictive Medicine'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",167]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc587714d3a41400c267f6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Whose complete genetic information was recorded in 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'James D. Watson'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",275]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc587714d3a41400c267f7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is Watson famous for helping discover?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the structure of DNA'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",321]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc587714d3a41400c267f8'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genome'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. A fundamental step in the project was the release of a detailed genomic map by Jean Weissenbach and his team at the Genoscope in Paris.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the term for something that lists the important and notable parts of a genome?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'genome map'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",76]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc591114d3a41400c267fd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which group was created to generate a genome map of human genetic material?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Human Genome Project'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",208]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc591114d3a41400c267fe'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Whose genome map greatly aided the Human Genome Project?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jean Weissenbach'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",367]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc591114d3a41400c267ff'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did Weissenbach and his colleagues work?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Genoscope'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",404]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc591114d3a41400c26800'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genome'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Genome composition is used to describe the make up of contents of a haploid genome, which should include genome size, proportions of non-repetitive DNA and repetitive DNA in details. By comparing the genome compositions between genomes, scientists can better understand the evolutionary history of a given genome.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the term that accounts for the constituents of the haploid genome?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Genome composition'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc5baa14d3a41400c26805'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What aspect of a genome can genome compositions help researchers in learning about?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'evolutionary history'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",275]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc5baa14d3a41400c26806'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genome'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'When talking about genome composition, one should distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes as the big differences on contents structure they have. In prokaryotes, most of the genome (85–90%) is non-repetitive DNA, which means coding DNA mainly forms it, while non-coding regions only take a small part. On the contrary, eukaryotes have the feature of exon-intron organization of protein coding genes; the variation of repetitive DNA content in eukaryotes is also extremely high. 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In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, \"genome\" is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is carried in plasmids. 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So although these organisms contain chloroplasts or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part of the genome. In fact, mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the \"mitochondrial genome\". 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The genome size is positively correlated with the morphological complexity among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes; however, after mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above, this correlation is no longer effective. This phenomenon also indicates the mighty influence coming from repetitive DNA act on the genomes.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name for the count of all DNA base pairs in a single haploid genome?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Genome size'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc5de314d3a41400c2681f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does genome size have a direct relationship with in prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'morphological complexity'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",134]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc5de314d3a41400c26820'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What accounts for the breakdown of the relation between genome size and morphological complexity in higher eukaryotes?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'repetitive DNA'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",371]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc5de314d3a41400c26821'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genome'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Since genomes are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multi-cellular organisms (see Developmental biology). 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Some E. coli as prokaryotes only have non-repetitive DNA, lower eukaryotes such as C. elegans and fruit fly, still possess more non-repetitive DNA than repetitive DNA. Higher eukaryotes tend to have more repetitive DNA than non-repetitive ones. In some plants and amphibians, the proportion of non-repetitive DNA is no more than 20%, becoming a minority component.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is an example of an organism which does not contain any repetitive DNA?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'E. coli'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",98]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc600514d3a41400c26835'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are two organisms that have more non-repetitive than repetitive DNA?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'C. elegans and fruit fly'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",176]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc600514d3a41400c26836'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the percentage of non-repetitive DNA in some plant and amphibian genomes?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'20%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",422]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc600514d3a41400c26837'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genome'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The proportion of repetitive DNA is calculated by using length of repetitive DNA divide by genome size. There are two categories of repetitive DNA in genome: tandem repeats and interspersed repeats.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are two types of repetitive DNA found in genomes?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'tandem repeats and interspersed repeats'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",159]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc604614d3a41400c2683b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is found by dividing size of repetitive DNA by length of total genome?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'proportion of repetitive DNA'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc604614d3a41400c2683c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genome'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Tandem repeats are usually caused by slippage during replication, unequal crossing-over and gene conversion, satellite DNA and microsatellites are forms of tandem repeats in the genome. Although tandem repeats count for a significant proportion in genome, the largest proportion in mammalian is the other type, interspersed repeats.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Unequal crossing over can create what type of repetitive DNA?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tandem repeats'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc610914d3a41400c2683f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are two examples of tandem repeats in DNA?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'satellite DNA and microsatellites'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",110]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc610914d3a41400c26840'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the most common type of repetitive DNA in mammals?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'interspersed repeats.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",312]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc610914d3a41400c26841'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genome'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Interspersed repeats mainly come from transposable elements (TEs), but they also include some protein coding gene families and pseudogenes. Transposable elements are able to integrate into the genome at another site within the cell. It is believed that TEs are an important driving force on genome evolution of higher eukaryotes. TEs can be classified into two categories, Class 1 (retrotransposons) and Class 2 (DNA transposons).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the main source of interspersed repeats?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Transposable elements'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",141]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc63c214d3a41400c26845'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do researchers think transposable elements are key factors in when considering higher eukaryotes?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'genome evolution'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",292]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc63c214d3a41400c26846'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the constituents of Class 1 transposable elements?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'retrotransposons'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",383]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc63c214d3a41400c26847'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the constituents of Class 2 transposable elements?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'DNA transposons'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",414]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc63c214d3a41400c26848'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genome'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Retrotransposons can be transcribed into RNA, which are then duplicated at another site into the genome. Retrotransposons can be divided into Long terminal repeats (LTRs) and Non-Long Terminal Repeats (Non-LTR).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of genetic material can be produced from retrotransposons?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'RNA'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",42]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc63f014d3a41400c2684d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genome'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'DNA transposons generally move by \"cut and paste\" in the genome, but duplication has also been observed. Class 2 TEs do not use RNA as intermediate and are popular in bacteria, in metazoan it has also been found.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a term that can describe how DNA transposons move?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'cut and paste'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",36]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc648d14d3a41400c26851'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'DNA transposons do not use which genetic material used by Class 1 TEs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'RNA'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",129]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc648d14d3a41400c26852'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genome'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Genomes are more than the sum of an organism's genes and have traits that may be measured and studied without reference to the details of any particular genes and their products. Researchers compare traits such as chromosome number (karyotype), genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content to determine what mechanisms could have produced the great variety of genomes that exist today (for recent overviews, see Brown 2002; Saccone and Pesole 2003; Benfey and Protopapas 2004; Gibson and Muse 2004; Reese 2004; Gregory 2005).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is another word for the total count of chromosomes?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'karyotype'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",234]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc656c14d3a41400c26857'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Aside from karyotype, what are other genomic traits studied by scientists?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",246]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc656c14d3a41400c26858'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genome'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Duplications play a major role in shaping the genome. Duplication may range from extension of short tandem repeats, to duplication of a cluster of genes, and all the way to duplication of entire chromosomes or even entire genomes. Such duplications are probably fundamental to the creation of genetic novelty.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of generation of genetic material has a big part in making the genome what it is?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Duplications'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc662314d3a41400c2685b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a possible product of duplications?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'genetic novelty'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",294]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc662314d3a41400c2685d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genome'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Horizontal gene transfer is invoked to explain how there is often extreme similarity between small portions of the genomes of two organisms that are otherwise very distantly related. Horizontal gene transfer seems to be common among many microbes. Also, eukaryotic cells seem to have experienced a transfer of some genetic material from their chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes to their nuclear chromosomes.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is an explanation for the resemblance between disparate parts of the genome?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Horizontal gene transfer'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc66bb14d3a41400c26861'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which organisms does horizontal gene transfer appear to occur commonly?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'microbes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",239]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc66bb14d3a41400c26862'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Parts of which organelle genomes are thought to have ended up in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells via transfer?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",344]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc66bb14d3a41400c26863'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Genome'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'A comprehensive school is a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude. This is in contrast to the selective school system, where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria. The term is commonly used in relation to England and Wales, where comprehensive schools were introduced on an experimental basis in the 1940s and became more widespread from 1965. About 90% of British secondary school pupils now attend comprehensive schools. They correspond broadly to the public high school in the United States and Canada and to the German Gesamtschule.[citation needed]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of school does not base its admissions on academic merit?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'comprehensive school'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",3]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc686a14d3a41400c26867'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of school system uses academic success to judge admissions?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'selective school system'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",151]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc686a14d3a41400c26868'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What countries used comprehensive schools extensively?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'England and Wales'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",283]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc686a14d3a41400c26869'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many secondary school students attend comprehensive schools in England?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'90%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",428]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc686a14d3a41400c2686a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the German analogue of the comprehensive school?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Gesamtschule'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",601]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc686a14d3a41400c2686b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Comprehensive school'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Comprehensive schools are primarily about providing an entitlement curriculum to all children, without selection whether due to financial considerations or attainment. A consequence of that is a wider ranging curriculum, including practical subjects such as design and technology and vocational learning, which were less common or non-existent in grammar schools. Providing post-16 education cost-effectively becomes more challenging for smaller comprehensive schools, because of the number of courses needed to cover a broader curriculum with comparatively fewer students. This is why schools have tended to get larger and also why many local authorities have organised secondary education into 11–16 schools, with the post-16 provision provided by Sixth Form colleges and Further Education Colleges. Comprehensive schools do not select their intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude, but there are demographic reasons why the attainment profiles of different schools vary considerably. In addition, government initiatives such as the City Technology Colleges and Specialist schools programmes have made the comprehensive ideal less certain.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are some areas of learning in comprehensive schools that were not found often in grammar schools?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'design and technology and vocational learning'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",259]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc695914d3a41400c26871'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What two kinds of schools were developed in response to the costs of post-16 comprehensive school education?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sixth Form colleges and Further Education Colleges'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",751]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc695914d3a41400c26872'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which types of school projects have called the model of comprehensive schools into question?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'City Technology Colleges and Specialist schools programmes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1052]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc695914d3a41400c26874'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Comprehensive school'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In these schools children could be selected on the basis of curriculum aptitude related to the school's specialism even though the schools do take quotas from each quartile of the attainment range to ensure they were not selective by attainment. A problem with this is whether the quotas should be taken from a normal distribution or from the specific distribution of attainment in the immediate catchment area. In the selective school system, which survives in several parts of the United Kingdom, admission is dependent on selection criteria, most commonly a cognitive test or tests. Although comprehensive schools were introduced to England and Wales in 1965, there are 164 selective grammar schools that are still in operation.[citation needed] (though this is a small number compared to approximately 3500 state secondary schools in England). Most comprehensives are secondary schools for children between the ages of 11 to 16, but in a few areas there are comprehensive middle schools, and in some places the secondary level is divided into two, for students aged 11 to 14 and those aged 14 to 18, roughly corresponding to the US middle school (or junior high school) and high school, respectively. With the advent of key stages in the National Curriculum some local authorities reverted from the Middle School system to 11–16 and 11–18 schools so that the transition between schools corresponds to the end of one key stage and the start of another.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many selective grammar schools are still currently functioning in England and Wales?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'164'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",674]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc6a0914d3a41400c2687a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year were comprehensive schools first created?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1965'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",658]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc6a0914d3a41400c2687b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Comprehensive school'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In principle, comprehensive schools were conceived as \"neighbourhood\" schools for all students in a specified catchment area. Current education reforms with Academies Programme, Free Schools and University Technical Colleges will no doubt have some impact on the comprehensive ideal but it is too early to say to what degree.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a word that can be used to describe the scope of a comprehensive school's intake?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'neighbourhood'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",56]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc6a5c14d3a41400c26881'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are some new initiatives that may impact the concept of comprehensive schools?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Academies Programme, Free Schools and University Technical Colleges'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",158]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc6a5c14d3a41400c26882'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Comprehensive school'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Finland has used comprehensive schools since the 1970s, in the sense that everyone is expected to complete the nine grades of peruskoulu, from the age 7 to 16. The division to lower comprehensive school (grades 1–6, ala-aste, alakoulu) and upper comprehensive school (grades 7–9, yläaste, yläkoulu) has been discontinued.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what decade did Finland begin employing comprehensive schools?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1970s'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",50]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc6ab714d3a41400c26885'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What age ranges does Finnish comprehensive school cover?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'7 to 16'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",152]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc6ab714d3a41400c26886'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Comprehensive school'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Germany has a comprehensive school known as the Gesamtschule. While some German schools such as the Gymnasium and the Realschule have rather strict entrance requirements, the Gesamtschule does not have such requirements. They offer college preparatory classes for the students who are doing well, general education classes for average students, and remedial courses for those who aren't doing that well. In most cases students attending a Gesamtschule may graduate with the Hauptschulabschluss, the Realschulabschluss or the Abitur depending on how well they did in school.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of school is the Gesamtschule?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'comprehensive'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",15]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc6b3914d3a41400c2688d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kinds of courses are offered to students who are not experiencing academic success?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'remedial'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",350]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc6b3914d3a41400c2688f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the different kinds of certificates that Gesamtschule students can earn?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Hauptschulabschluss, the Realschulabschluss or the Abitur'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",471]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc6b3914d3a41400c26890'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Comprehensive school'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The percentage of students attending a Gesamtschule varies by Bundesland. In the State of Brandenburg more than 50% of all students attended a Gesamtschule in 2007, while in the State of Bavaria less than 1% did.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percentage of Brandenburg students went to a Gesamtschule in 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'50%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",113]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc6b6714d3a41400c26895'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percentage of Bavarian students went to a Gesamtschule in 2007?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'less than 1%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",196]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc6b6714d3a41400c26896'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Comprehensive school'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Starting in 2010\/2011, Hauptschulen were merged with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen to form a new type of comprehensive school in the German States of Berlin and Hamburg, called Stadtteilschule in Hamburg and Sekundarschule in Berlin (see: Education in Berlin, Education in Hamburg).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen called in Hamburg?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Stadtteilschule'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",178]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc6cc314d3a41400c26899'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen called in Berlin?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sekundarschule'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",209]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc6cc314d3a41400c2689a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what school year were Hauptschulen first combined with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2010\/2011'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",13]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc6cc314d3a41400c2689b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Comprehensive school'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The \"Mittelschule\" is a school in some States of Germany that offers regular classes and remedial classes but no college preparatory classes. In some States of Germany, the Hauptschule does not exist, and any student who has not been accepted by another school has to attend the Mittelschule. Students may be awarded the Hauptschulabschluss or the Mittlere Reife but not the Abitur.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of classes are not offered in Mittelschule?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'college preparatory classes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",114]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc6dc514d3a41400c2689f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What certificate is not available to Mittelschule students?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Abitur'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",376]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc6dc514d3a41400c268a0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of school is not available in some parts of Germany?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hauptschule'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",174]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc6dc514d3a41400c268a2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Comprehensive school'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Comprehensive schools have been accused of grade inflation after a study revealed that Gymnasium senior students of average mathematical ability found themselves at the very bottom of their class and had an average grade of \"Five\", which means \"Failed\". Gesamtschule senior students of average mathematical ability found themselves in the upper half of their class and had an average grade of \"Three Plus\". When a central Abitur examination was established in the State of North Rhine-Westphalia, it was revealed that Gesamtschule students did worse than could be predicted by their grades or class rank. Barbara Sommer (Christian Democratic Union), Education Minister of North Rhine-Westphalia, commented that: Looking at the performance gap between comprehensives and the Gymnasium [at the Abitur central examination] [...] it is difficult to understand why the Social Democratic Party of Germany wants to do away with the Gymnasium. [...] The comprehensives do not help students achieve [...] I am sick and tired of the comprehensive schools blaming their problems on the social class origins of their students. What kind of attitude is this to blame their own students? She also called the Abitur awarded by the Gymnasium the true Abitur and the Abitur awarded by the Gesamtschule \"Abitur light\". As a reaction, Sigrid Beer (Alliance '90\/The Greens) stated that comprehensives were structurally discriminated against by the government, which favoured the Gymnasiums. She also said that many of the students awarded the Abitur by the comprehensives came from \"underprivileged groups\" and sneering at their performance was a \"piece of impudence\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of misconduct have comprehensive schools been alleged of engaging in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'grade inflation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",44]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc777a14d3a41400c268ab'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which German minister criticized comprehensive schools' ability to help students succeed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Barbara Sommer'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",606]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc777a14d3a41400c268ac'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which German politician defended comprehensive schools?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sigrid Beer'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1317]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc777a14d3a41400c268ad'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which party does Barbara Sommer belong to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Christian Democratic Union'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",622]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc777a14d3a41400c268ae'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which party does Sigrid Beer belong to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Alliance '90\/The Greens'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1330]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc777a14d3a41400c268af'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Comprehensive school'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Gesamtschulen might put bright working class students at risk according to several studies. It could be shown that an achievement gap opens between working class students attending a comprehensive and their middle class peers. Also working class students attending a Gymnasium or a Realschule outperform students from similar backgrounds attending a comprehensive. However it is not students attending a comprehensive, but students attending a Hauptschule, who perform the poorest.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who could be made vulnerable by the Gasemtschulen?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'bright working class students'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",25]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc784714d3a41400c268b5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'From what group does an achievement gap separate working class students at comprehensive schools?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'middle class peers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",208]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc784714d3a41400c268b6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'At which school do students achieve the least success?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hauptschule'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",445]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc784714d3a41400c268b7'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Comprehensive school'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'According to a study done by Helmut Fend (who had always been a fierce proponent of comprehensive schools) revealed that comprehensive schools do not help working class students. He compared alumni of the tripartite system to alumni of comprehensive schools. While working class alumni of comprehensive schools were awarded better school diplomas at age 35, they held similar occupational positions as working class alumni of the tripartite system and were as unlikely to graduate from college.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who conducted a study on comprehensive schools?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Helmut Fend'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",30]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc78b114d3a41400c268bd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'To which system did Fend compare comprehensive school alumni?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'tripartite system'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",206]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc78b114d3a41400c268be'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Comprehensive school'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Gibraltar opened its first comprehensive school in 1972. Between the ages of 12 and 16 two comprehensive schools cater for girls and boys separately. Students may also continue into the sixth form to complete their A-levels.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the first comprehensive school opened in Gibraltar?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1972'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",52]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc790614d3a41400c268c1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where can students go after finishing comprehensive school in Gibraltar?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'sixth form'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",187]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc790614d3a41400c268c3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What examinations do students prepare for in the sixth form?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'A-levels'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",216]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc790614d3a41400c268c4'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Comprehensive school'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Comprehensive schools were introduced into Ireland in 1966 by an initiative by Patrick Hillery, Minister for Education, to give a broader range of education compared to that of the vocational school system, which was then the only system of schools completely controlled by the state. Until then, education in Ireland was largely dominated by religious persuasion, particularly the voluntary secondary school system was a particular realisation of this. The comprehensive school system is still relatively small and to an extent has been superseded by the community school concept. The Irish word for a comprehensive school is a 'scoil chuimsitheach.''"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Ireland first open comprehensive schools?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1966'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",55]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc798714d3a41400c268d1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was responsible for creating comprehensive schools in Ireland?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Patrick Hillery'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",80]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc798714d3a41400c268d2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the only state-run educational system in Ireland prior to comprehensive schools?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'vocational school system'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",182]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc798714d3a41400c268d3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of school has surpassed comprehensive schools in Ireland?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'community school'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",557]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc798714d3a41400c268d4'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Comprehensive school'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In Ireland comprehensive schools were an earlier model of state schools, introduced in the late 1960s and largely replaced by the secular community model of the 1970s. The comprehensive model generally incorporated older schools that were under Roman Catholic or Protestant ownership, and the various denominations still manage the school as patrons or trustees. The state owns the school property, which is vested in the trustees in perpetuity. The model was adopted to make state schools more acceptable to a largely conservative society of the time.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what decade were community schools conceived?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1970s'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",162]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc79fc14d3a41400c268d9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who owns the land on which Irish comprehensive schools are found?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The state'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",364]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc79fc14d3a41400c268db'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Comprehensive school'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The introduction of the community school model in the 1970s controversially removed the denominational basis of the schools, but religious interests were invited to be represented on the Boards of Management. Community schools are divided into two models, the community school vested in the Minister for Education and the community college vested in the local Education and Training Board. Community colleges tended to be amalgamations of unviable local schools under the umbrella of a new community school model, but community schools have tended to be entirely new foundations.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the community school system remove from the comprehensive school model?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the denominational basis of the schools'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",85]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc7a7b14d3a41400c268df'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a term for a grouping of local schools that cannot exist independently?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Community colleges'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",391]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc7a7b14d3a41400c268e1'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Comprehensive school'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The first comprehensives were set up after the Second World War. In 1946, for example, Walworth School was one of five 'experimental' comprehensive schools set up by the London County Council Another early comprehensive school was Holyhead County School in Anglesey in 1949. Other early examples of comprehensive schools included Woodlands Boys School in Coventry (opened in 1954) and Tividale Comprehensive School in Tipton.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was the Walworth School established?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1946'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",69]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc7afb14d3a41400c268e5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who established the Walworth School?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'London County Council'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",171]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc7afb14d3a41400c268e6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What comprehensive school was established in Anglesey?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Holyhead County School'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",232]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc7afb14d3a41400c268e7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was Holyhead County School established?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1949'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",270]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc7afb14d3a41400c268e8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which comprehensive school openend in coventry?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Woodlands Boys School'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",331]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc7afb14d3a41400c268e9'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Comprehensive school'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The largest expansion of comprehensive schools in 1965 resulted from a policy decision taken in 1965 by Anthony Crosland, Secretary of State for Education in the 1964–1970 Labour government. The policy decision was implemented by Circular 10\/65, an instruction to local education authorities to plan for conversion. Students sat the 11+ examination in their last year of primary education and were sent to one of a secondary modern, secondary technical or grammar school depending on their perceived ability. Secondary technical schools were never widely implemented and for 20 years there was a virtual bipartite system which saw fierce competition for the available grammar school places, which varied between 15% and 25% of total secondary places, depending on location.[citation needed]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was responsible for the proliferation of comprehensive schools in 1965?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Anthony Crosland'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",105]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc7c3114d3a41400c268ef'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'what was Anthony Crosland's role in government?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Secretary of State for Education'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",123]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc7c3114d3a41400c268f0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which type of school was not in widespread usage?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Secondary technical schools'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",510]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc7c3114d3a41400c268f2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Comprehensive school'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1970 Margaret Thatcher became Secretary of State for Education of the new Conservative government. She ended the compulsion on local authorities to convert, however, many local authorities were so far down the path that it would have been prohibitively expensive to attempt to reverse the process, and more comprehensive schools were established under Mrs Thatcher than any other education secretary.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was made Secretary of State for Education in 1970?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Margaret Thatcher'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",9]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc7c9d14d3a41400c268ff'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of school did Thatcher end the compulsion for existing schools to convert to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'comprehensive'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",311]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc7c9d14d3a41400c26900'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What party was in power when Margaret Thatcher was made Secretary of State for Education?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Conservative'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",78]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc7c9d14d3a41400c26901'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Comprehensive school'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'By 1975 the majority of local authorities in England and Wales had abandoned the 11-plus examination and moved to a comprehensive system. Over that 10-year period many secondary modern schools and grammar schools were amalgamated to form large neighbourhood comprehensives, whilst a number of new schools were built to accommodate a growing school population. By the mid-1970s the system had been almost fully implemented, with virtually no secondary modern schools remaining. Many grammar schools were either closed or changed to comprehensive status. Some local authorities, including Sandwell and Dudley in the West Midlands, changed all of its state secondary schools to comprehensive schools during the 1970s.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'By what year did the 11-plus exam mainly fall out of use?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1975'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc7d3514d3a41400c26905'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did secondary modern and grammar schools combine to become?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'neighbourhood comprehensives'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",245]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc7d3514d3a41400c26906'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Grammar schools that did not close were converted to what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'comprehensive schools'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",676]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc7d3514d3a41400c26907'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are two locations in which all secondary schools were converted to comprehensives in the '70s?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sandwell and Dudley'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",588]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc7d3514d3a41400c26908'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Comprehensive school'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1976 the future Labour prime minister James Callaghan launched what became known as the 'great debate' on the education system. He went on to list the areas he felt needed closest scrutiny: the case for a core curriculum, the validity and use of informal teaching methods, the role of school inspection and the future of the examination system. Comprehensive school remains the most common type of state secondary school in England, and the only type in Wales. They account for around 90% of pupils, or 64% if one does not count schools with low-level selection. This figure varies by region.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who initiated the scrutiny of the educational system in 1976?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'James Callaghan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",42]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc7d9b14d3a41400c2690d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the only kind of school operating in Wales?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Comprehensive school'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",349]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc7d9b14d3a41400c2690e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which political party was James Callaghan a member of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Labour'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",20]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc7d9b14d3a41400c2690f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Comprehensive school'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Since the 1988 Education Reform Act, parents have a right to choose which school their child should go to or whether to not send them to school at all and to home educate them instead. The concept of \"school choice\" introduces the idea of competition between state schools, a fundamental change to the original \"neighbourhood comprehensive\" model, and is partly intended as a means by which schools that are perceived to be inferior are forced either to improve or, if hardly anyone wants to go there, to close down. Government policy is currently promoting 'specialisation' whereby parents choose a secondary school appropriate for their child's interests and skills. Most initiatives focus on parental choice and information, implementing a pseudo-market incentive to encourage better schools. This logic has underpinned the controversial league tables of school performance.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What law enables parents full control over their child's education?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Education Reform Act'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",16]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc7e1b14d3a41400c26919'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was the Education Reform Act made into law?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1988'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",11]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc7e1b14d3a41400c2691a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What concept does the government currently support for education?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'specialisation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",560]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc7e1b14d3a41400c2691b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Parental choice has informed what controversial practice?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'league tables of school performance'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",842]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc7e1b14d3a41400c2691c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Comprehensive school'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Scotland has a very different educational system from England and Wales, though also based on comprehensive education. It has different ages of transfer, different examinations and a different philosophy of choice and provision. All publicly funded primary and secondary schools are comprehensive. The Scottish Government has rejected plans for specialist schools as of 2005.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'All public primary and secondary schools in Scotland are of what type?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'comprehensive'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",95]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc7e6714d3a41400c26921'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What has Scotland refused to adopt?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'specialist schools'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",346]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc7e6714d3a41400c26922'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was Scotland's latest rejection of the specialist school model?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2005'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",371]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc7e6714d3a41400c26923'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Comprehensive school'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Education in Northern Ireland differs slightly from systems used elsewhere in the United Kingdom, but it is more similar to that used in England and Wales than it is to Scotland.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which country is Northern England's school system most different from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Scotland'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",170]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc7e9a14d3a41400c26927'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which countries have school systems somewhat similar to Northern Ireland?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'England and Wales'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",138]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dc7e9a14d3a41400c26928'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Comprehensive school'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Republic of the Congo (French: République du Congo), also known as Congo, Congo Republic, West Congo[citation needed], or Congo-Brazzaville, is a country located in Central Africa. It is bordered by five countries: Gabon to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south; and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the southwest.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the French term for the Republic of the Congo?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'République du Congo'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",36]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcd9ef9a695914005b944a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which country lies on Congo's northeast border?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Central African Republic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",270]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcd9ef9a695914005b944b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Whic country lies on Congo's western border?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Gabon'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",220]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcd9ef9a695914005b944c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which country lies on Congo's northwest border?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Cameroon'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",239]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcd9ef9a695914005b944d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what part of Africa is the Congo located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Central Africa'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",170]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcd9ef9a695914005b944e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Republic of the Congo'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The region was dominated by Bantu-speaking tribes, who built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. Congo-Brazzaville was formerly part of the French colony of Equatorial Africa. Upon independence in 1960, the former colony of French Congo became the Republic of the Congo. The People's Republic of the Congo was a Marxist–Leninist one-party state from 1970 to 1991. Multi-party elections have been held since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War and President Denis Sassou Nguesso has ruled for 26 of the past 36 years.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What language was spoken in the area that became the Congo?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Bantu'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",29]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcda7b9a695914005b9454'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Congo gain its independence from colonial rule?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1960'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",210]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcda7b9a695914005b9455'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is the ruler of the Congo?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Denis Sassou Nguesso'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",540]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcda7b9a695914005b9457'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What title does Nguesso hold?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'President'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",530]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcda7b9a695914005b9458'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Republic of the Congo'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The political stability and development of hydrocarbon production made Republic of Congo the fourth largest oil producer in the Gulf of Guinea and provided the country with a relative prosperity despite the poor state of its infrastructure and public services and an unequal distribution of oil revenues.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the Congo's rank among other oil generating nations in the Gulf of Guinea?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'fourth'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",94]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcdb2e66d3e219004dab30'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What income is subject to uneven distribution in the Congo?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'oil revenues'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",292]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcdb2e66d3e219004dab31'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Republic of the Congo'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Bantu-speaking peoples who founded tribes during the Bantu expansions largely displaced and absorbed the earliest inhabitants of the region, the Pygmy people, about 1500 BC. The Bakongo, a Bantu ethnic group that also occupied parts of present-day Angola, Gabon, and Democratic Republic of the Congo, formed the basis for ethnic affinities and rivalries among those countries. Several Bantu kingdoms—notably those of the Kongo, the Loango, and the Teke—built trade links leading into the Congo River basin.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What group of people were living in the area that would become the Congo prior to the arrival of Bantu tribes?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pygmy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",146]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcdbe566d3e219004dab35'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Bantu tribes arrive in the area formerly populated by the Pygmy people?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1500 BC'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",166]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcdbe566d3e219004dab36'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Bakongo were a group derived from which tribes?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Bantu'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcdbe566d3e219004dab37'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Republic of the Congo'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão reached the mouth of the Congo in 1484. Commercial relationships quickly grew between the inland Bantu kingdoms and European merchants who traded various commodities, manufactured goods, and people captured from the hinterlands. After centuries as a major hub for transatlantic trade, direct European colonization of the Congo river delta began in the late 19th century, subsequently eroding the power of the Bantu societies in the region.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Whose expedition arrived at the mouth of the Congo River in 1484?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Diogo Cão'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",25]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcdca466d3e219004dab3d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Diogo Cao's nationality?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Portuguese'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcdca466d3e219004dab3e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did European traders exchange with Bantu people?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'commodities, manufactured goods, and people'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",189]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcdca466d3e219004dab3f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did formal colonization of the Congo River delta begin?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'late 19th century'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",387]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcdca466d3e219004dab40'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Colonization reduced the power of what groups in the Congo River basin?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Bantu societies'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",444]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcdca466d3e219004dab41'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Republic of the Congo'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The area north of the Congo River came under French sovereignty in 1880 as a result of Pierre de Brazza's treaty with Makoko of the Bateke. This Congo Colony became known first as French Congo, then as Middle Congo in 1903. In 1908, France organized French Equatorial Africa (AEF), comprising Middle Congo, Gabon, Chad, and Oubangui-Chari (the modern Central African Republic). The French designated Brazzaville as the federal capital. Economic development during the first 50 years of colonial rule in Congo centered on natural-resource extraction. The methods were often brutal: construction of the Congo–Ocean Railroad following World War I has been estimated to have cost at least 14,000 lives.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the French take control of the region to the north of the Congo River?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1880'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",68]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcddb066d3e219004dab47'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who brokered a traty with the Makoko people?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pierre de Brazza'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",88]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcddb066d3e219004dab48'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the French Congo's name changed to in 1903?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Middle Congo'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",203]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcddb066d3e219004dab49'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What group of French colonies was created in 1908?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'French Equatorial Africa'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",251]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcddb066d3e219004dab4a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people are estimated to have died as a result of the creation of the Congo-Ocean Railroad?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'14,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",686]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcddb066d3e219004dab4b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Republic of the Congo'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'During the Nazi occupation of France during World War II, Brazzaville functioned as the symbolic capital of Free France between 1940 and 1943. The Brazzaville Conference of 1944 heralded a period of major reform in French colonial policy. Congo benefited from the postwar expansion of colonial administrative and infrastructure spending as a result of its central geographic location within AEF and the federal capital at Brazzaville. It also received a local legislature after the adoption of the 1946 constitution that established the Fourth Republic.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What served as the capital of France in spirit during the Occupation?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Brazzaville'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",59]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dce55f66d3e219004dab51'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What meeting brought about changes in France's policy towards its colonies?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Brazzaville Conference of 1944'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",148]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dce55f66d3e219004dab52'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Brazzaville get its own local government?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1946'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",499]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dce55f66d3e219004dab53'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the 1946 constitution establish Brazzaville as?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Fourth Republic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",534]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dce55f66d3e219004dab54'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Republic of the Congo'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Following the revision of the French constitution that established the Fifth Republic in 1958, the AEF dissolved into its constituent parts, each of which became an autonomous colony within the French Community. During these reforms, Middle Congo became known as the Republic of the Congo in 1958 and published its first constitution in 1959. Antagonism between the pro-Opangault Mbochis and the pro-Youlou Balalis resulted in a series of riots in Brazzaville in February 1959, which the French Army subdued.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the Fifth Republic founded?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1958'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",90]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dce5b69a695914005b9468'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was disbanded in 1958?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the AEF'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",96]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dce5b69a695914005b9469'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In 1958, what did the Middle Congo change its name to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Republic of the Congo'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",264]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dce5b69a695914005b946a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Congo establish its first constitution?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1959'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",338]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dce5b69a695914005b946b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Republic of the Congo'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Republic of the Congo received full independence from France on August 15, 1960. Fulbert Youlou ruled as the country's first president until labour elements and rival political parties instigated a three-day uprising that ousted him. The Congolese military took charge of the country briefly and installed a civilian provisional government headed by Alphonse Massamba-Débat.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what date was the Congo made fully independent from colonial rule?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'August 15, 1960'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",69]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dceb899a695914005b9472'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the first leader of the independent Congo?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Fulbert Youlou'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",86]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dceb899a695914005b9473'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who replaced Youlou?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Alphonse Massamba-Débat'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",355]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dceb899a695914005b9474'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who were responsible for the revolts that ended with Youlou's removal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'labour elements and rival political parties'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",146]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dceb899a695914005b9475'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who took control of the company during the transition from Youlou to Debat?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Congolese military'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",243]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dceb899a695914005b9476'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Republic of the Congo'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Under the 1963 constitution, Massamba-Débat was elected President for a five-year term. During Massamba-Débat's term in office the regime adopted \"scientific socialism\" as the country's constitutional ideology. In 1965, Congo established relations with the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China, North Korea and North Vietnam. Massamba-Débat's regime also invited several hundred Cuban army troops into the country to train his party's militia units and these troops helped his government survive a coup in 1966 led by paratroopers loyal to future President Marien Ngouabi. Nevertheless, Massamba-Débat was unable to reconcile various institutional, tribal and ideological factions within the country and his regime ended abruptly with a bloodless coup d'état in September 1968.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who became president of the Congo in 1963?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Massamba-Débat'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",30]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcec399a695914005b947c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was a term that could describe the political philosophy of the Congo under Massamba-Debat?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'scientific socialism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",148]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcec399a695914005b947e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Soldiers from which country were brought to the Congo?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Cuban'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",388]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcec399a695914005b947f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Massamba-Debat lose power in the Congo?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'September 1968'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",771]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcec399a695914005b9480'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Republic of the Congo'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Marien Ngouabi, who had participated in the coup, assumed the presidency on December 31, 1968. One year later, President Ngouabi proclaimed Congo Africa's first \"people's republic\", the People's Republic of the Congo, and announced the decision of the National Revolutionary Movement to change its name to the Congolese Labour Party (PCT). Ngouabi survived an attempted coup in 1972 but was assassinated on March 16, 1977. An 11-member Military Committee of the Party (CMP) was then named to head an interim government with Joachim Yhombi-Opango to serve as President of the Republic. Two years later, Yhombi-Opango was forced from power and Denis Sassou Nguesso become the new president.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who became president of the Congo in 1968?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Marien Ngouabi'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcecb79a695914005b9486'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the Congo's name become under Ngouabi?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'People's Republic of the Congo'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",187]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcecb79a695914005b9487'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the National Revolutionary Movement's name become?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Congolese Labour Party'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",311]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcecb79a695914005b9488'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was a coup attempted against Ngouabi?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1972'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",379]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcecb79a695914005b9489'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what date was Ngouabi assassinated?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'March 16, 1977'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",408]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcecb79a695914005b948a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Republic of the Congo'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Sassou Nguesso aligned the country with the Eastern Bloc and signed a twenty-year friendship pact with the Soviet Union. Over the years, Sassou had to rely more on political repression and less on patronage to maintain his dictatorship.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which group of nations did Nguesso side the Congo with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Eastern Bloc'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",45]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dced1b66d3e219004dab59'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which Eastern Bloc nation did Nguesso sign a pact with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Soviet Union'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",104]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dced1b66d3e219004dab5a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a word that can be used to describe Sassou's type of government?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'dictatorship'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",224]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dced1b66d3e219004dab5b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was an important tool of the Sassou government?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'political repression'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",165]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dced1b66d3e219004dab5c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Republic of the Congo'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Pascal Lissouba, who became Congo's first elected president (1992–1997) during the period of multi-party democracy, attempted to implement economic reforms with IMF backing to liberalise the economy. In June 1996 the IMF approved a three-year SDR69.5m (US$100m) enhanced structural adjustment facility (ESAF) and was on the verge of announcing a renewed annual agreement when civil war broke out in Congo in mid-1997.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was elected president of the Congo in 1992?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pascal Lissouba'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcedee9a695914005b9498'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who supported the measures of liberalisation Lissouba tried to employ to reform the economy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'IMF'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",162]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcedee9a695914005b9499'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What interrupted the renewal of the IMF agreement with the Congo?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'civil war'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",377]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcedee9a695914005b949a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does ESAF stand for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'enhanced structural adjustment facility'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",263]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcedee9a695914005b949b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Republic of the Congo'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Congo's democratic progress was derailed in 1997 when Lissouba and Sassou started to fight for power in the civil war. As presidential elections scheduled for July 1997 approached, tensions between the Lissouba and Sassou camps mounted. On June 5, President Lissouba's government forces surrounded Sassou's compound in Brazzaville and Sassou ordered members of his private militia (known as \"Cobras\") to resist. Thus began a four-month conflict that destroyed or damaged much of Brazzaville and caused tens of thousands of civilian deaths. In early October, the Angolan socialist régime began an invasion of Congo to install Sassou in power. In mid-October, the Lissouba government fell. Soon thereafter, Sassou declared himself president.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which two figures clashed over leadership of the Congo in 1997?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Lissouba and Sassou'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",55]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcf6c666d3e219004dab61'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of Sassou's personal army?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Cobras'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",393]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcf6c666d3e219004dab62'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What nationality were the forces that invaded the Congo to assist Sassou in taking control of the country?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Angolan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",563]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcf6c666d3e219004dab64'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what month did Sassou regain the presidency?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'October'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",550]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcf6c666d3e219004dab65'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Republic of the Congo'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In the controversial elections in 2002, Sassou won with almost 90% of the vote cast. His two main rivals, Lissouba and Bernard Kolelas, were prevented from competing and the only remaining credible rival, Andre Milongo, advised his supporters to boycott the elections and then withdrew from the race. A new constitution, agreed upon by referendum in January 2002, granted the president new powers, extended his term to seven years, and introduced a new bicameral assembly. International observers took issue with the organization of the presidential election and the constitutional referendum, both of which were reminiscent in their organization of Congo's era of the one-party state. Following the presidential elections, fighting restarted in the Pool region between government forces and rebels led by Pastor Ntumi; a peace treaty to end the conflict was signed in April 2003.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which politican left the presidential race after supporting a boycott by voters?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Milongo'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",212]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcf81e66d3e219004dab6c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How long did the presidential term become under the new constitution?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'seven years'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",420]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcf81e66d3e219004dab6d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the new constitution ratified?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'January 2002'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",351]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcf81e66d3e219004dab6e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was an end brought to the fighting between the government and Ntumi's rebels?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'April 2003'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",870]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcf81e66d3e219004dab6f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Republic of the Congo'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Sassou also won the following presidential election in July 2009. According to the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights, a non-governmental organization, the election was marked by \"very low\" turnout and \"fraud and irregularities\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who won the presidential election in 2009?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sassou'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcf8689a695914005b94a0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which group provided oversight for the electoral process in 2009?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Congolese Observatory of Human Rights'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",84]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcf8689a695914005b94a1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of turnout did the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights experience in the 2009 elections?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'very low'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",184]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcf8689a695914005b94a2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Republic of the Congo'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Congo-Brazzaville has had a multi-party political system since the early 1990s, although the system is heavily dominated by President Denis Sassou Nguesso; he has lacked serious competition in the presidential elections held under his rule. Sassou Nguesso is backed by his own Congolese Labour Party (French: Parti Congolais du Travail) as well as a range of smaller parties.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of political system has existed in Congo-Brazzaville since the '90s?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'multi-party'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",29]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcf8b79a695914005b94a6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which party does Sassou belong to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Congolese Labour Party'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",278]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcf8b79a695914005b94a7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the French term for Sassou's political party?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Parti Congolais du Travail'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",310]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcf8b79a695914005b94a8'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Republic of the Congo'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Internationally, Sassou's regime has been hit by corruption revelations despite attempts to censor them. One French investigation found over 110 bank accounts and dozens of lavish properties in France; Sassou denounced embezzlement investigations as \"racist\" and \"colonial\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What has Sassou's regime attempted to censor?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'corruption revelations'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",50]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcf91c9a695914005b94ac'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What country found bank accounts and real estate owned by the Sassou regime?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'France'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",195]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcf91c9a695914005b94ad'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Republic of the Congo'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On March 27, 2015 Sassou Nguesso announced that his government would hold a referendum to change the country's 2002 constitution and allow him to run for a third consecutive term in office. On October 25 the government held a referendum to allow Sassou Nguesso to run in the next election. The government claimed that the proposal as approved by 92 percent of voters with 72 percent of eligible voters participating. The opposition, who had boycotted the referendum claimed that the government's statistics were false and that the vote was a sham.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Sassou reveal that there would be a vote to alter the 2002 constitution?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'March 27, 2015'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcfbdd9a695914005b94b2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which term did the new constitution allow Sassou to pursue?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'third'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",157]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcfbdd9a695914005b94b5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Republic of the Congo'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 2008, the main media were owned by the government, but many more privately run forms of media were being created. There is one government-owned television station and around 10 small private television channels.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who controlled the media in the Congo in 2008'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the government'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",39]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcfc1f66d3e219004dab75'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many government TV stations exist?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'one'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",127]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcfc1f66d3e219004dab76'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many smaller stations exist that are not government-run?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'10'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",178]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcfc1f66d3e219004dab77'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Republic of the Congo'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Many Pygmies belong from birth to Bantus in a relationship many refer to as slavery. The Congolese Human Rights Observatory says that the Pygmies are treated as property the same way \"pets\" are. On December 30, 2010, the Congolese parliament adopted a law for the promotion and protection of the rights of indigenous peoples. This law is the first of its kind in Africa, and its adoption is a historic development for indigenous peoples on the continent.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is considered to own members of the Pygmies?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Bantus'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",35]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcfc7b66d3e219004dab7b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The treatment of Pygmies has been compared to the treatment of what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'pets'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",185]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcfc7b66d3e219004dab7c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the government of the Congo pass a law to assist indigenous people?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'December 30, 2010'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",199]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dcfc7b66d3e219004dab7d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Republic of the Congo'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Congo is located in the central-western part of sub-Saharan Africa, along the Equator, lying between latitudes 4°N and 5°S, and longitudes 11° and 19°E. To the south and east of it is the Democratic Republic of Congo. It is also bounded by Gabon to the west, Cameroon and the Central African Republic to the north, and Cabinda (Angola) to the southwest. 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January 12, 1994 devaluation of Franc Zone currencies by 50% resulted in inflation of 46% in 1994, but inflation has subsided since.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did income from petroleum allow the government to fund in the early '80s?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'large-scale development projects'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",83]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd10cc66d3e219004dabb9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the Congo's annual increase in gross domestic product in the early '80s?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'5%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",142]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd10cc66d3e219004dabba'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'By how much were Franc Zone currencies devalued in January of 1994?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'50%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",366]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd10cc66d3e219004dabbb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much inflation did the Congo experience as a result of the devaluation of the Franc?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'46%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",395]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd10cc66d3e219004dabbc'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Republic of the Congo'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Economic reform efforts continued with the support of international organizations, notably the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. 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Public education is theoretically free and mandatory for under-16-year-olds, but in practice, expenses exist. Net primary enrollment rate was 44% in 2005, much less than the 79% in 1991. The country has universities. Education between ages six and sixteen is compulsory. Pupils who complete six years of primary school and seven years of secondary school obtain a baccalaureate. At the university, students can obtain a bachelor's degree in three years and a master's after four. Marien Ngouabi University—which offers courses in medicine, law and several other fields—is the country's only public university. Instruction at all levels is in French, and the educational system as a whole models the French system. The educational infrastructure has been seriously degraded as a result of political and economic crises. There are no seats in most classrooms, forcing children to sit on the floor. Enterprising individuals have set up private schools, but they often lack the technical knowledge and familiarity with the national curriculum to teach effectively. Families frequently enroll their children in private schools only to find they cannot make the payments.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Public schooling is required for people under what age?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'16'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",128]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd1ff566d3e219004dabe9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the school enrollment rate in 2005?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'44%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",207]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd1ff566d3e219004dabea'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do students who finish 13 years of schooling receive?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'baccalaureate'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",429]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd1ff566d3e219004dabeb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What language is used in Congolese schools?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'French'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",707]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd1ff566d3e219004dabed'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Republic of the Congo'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet, and allocates posts to members within the government. In most systems, the prime minister is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet. In a minority of systems, notably in semi-presidential systems of government, a prime minister is the official who is appointed to manage the civil service and execute the directives of the head of state.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What branch of government does the prime minister lead?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'executive'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",64]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd20d966d3e219004dabf3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What group is the prime minister usually in charge of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'cabinet'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",49]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd20d966d3e219004dabf4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In some political models like semi-presidential systems, what does the prime minister manage?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'civil service'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",525]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd20d966d3e219004dabf5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Prime minister'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In parliamentary systems fashioned after the Westminster system, the prime minister is the presiding and actual head of government and head of the executive branch. In such systems, the head of state or the head of state's official representative (i.e. the monarch, president, or governor-general) usually holds a largely ceremonial position, although often with reserve powers.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a parliamentary model on which other systems have been based?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Westminster system'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",46]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd21309a695914005b94fa'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of role is the head of state in Westminster-based parliamentary governments?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ceremonial'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",323]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd21309a695914005b94fb'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Prime minister'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The prime minister is often, but not always, a member of parliament[clarification needed] and is expected with other ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature. In some monarchies the monarch may also exercise executive powers (known as the royal prerogative) that are constitutionally vested in the crown and may be exercised without the approval of parliament.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a central duty of the prime minister?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ensure the passage of bills'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",131]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd219e9a695914005b9500'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is it called when a monarch has a share of executive powers?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'royal prerogative'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",264]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd219e9a695914005b9501'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Using royal prerogative does not require the consent of which body?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'parliament'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",58]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd219e9a695914005b9502'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Prime minister'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'As well as being head of government, a prime minister may have other roles or titles—the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, for example, is also First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service. Prime ministers may take other ministerial posts—for example, during the Second World War, Winston Churchill was also Minister of Defence (although there was then no Ministry of Defence), and in the current cabinet of Israel, Benjamin Netanyahu also serves as Minister of Communications, Foreign Affairs, Regional Cooperation, Economy and Interior'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are two other job titles of the Prime Minister of the  UK?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",149]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd22b366d3e219004dabfb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In addition to being Prime Minister, what other role did Winston Churchill serve during World War II?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Minister of Defence'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",330]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd22b366d3e219004dabfc'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Prime minister'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The first actual usage of the term prime minister or Premier Ministre[citation needed] was used by Cardinal Richelieu when in 1625 he was named to head the royal council as prime minister of France. Louis XIV and his descendants generally attempted to avoid giving this title to their chief ministers.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the title of prime minister first used?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1625'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",127]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd231566d3e219004dac01'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who coined the term prime minister?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Cardinal Richelieu'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",100]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd231566d3e219004dac02'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What country did Richelieu serve as prime minister for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'France'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",192]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd231566d3e219004dac03'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who started a tradition of naming the head ministers something other than prime minister?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Louis XIV'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",200]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd231566d3e219004dac04'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Prime minister'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The term prime minister in the sense that we know it originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to Sir Robert Walpole. Over time, the title became honorific and remains so in the 21st century.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the modern usage of prime minister come into being?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'18th century'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",72]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd23589a695914005b9506'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was referenced as prime minister in a negative manner when the term was first used in its modern sense?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sir Robert Walpole'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",179]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd23589a695914005b9507'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Prime minister'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The monarchs of England and the United Kingdom had ministers in whom they placed special trust and who were regarded as the head of the government. Examples were Thomas Cromwell under Henry VIII; William Cecil, Lord Burghley under Elizabeth I; Clarendon under Charles II and Godolphin under Queen Anne. These ministers held a variety of formal posts, but were commonly known as \"the minister\", the \"chief minister\", the \"first minister\" and finally the \"prime minister\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who occupied the role that would later become prime minister under Henry VIII?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Thomas Cromwell'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",163]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd243f66d3e219004dac09'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who held the equivalent of the post of prime minister under Queen Anne?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Godolphin'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",276]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd243f66d3e219004dac0a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who served as the head minister under Charles II?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Clarendon'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",245]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd243f66d3e219004dac0c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Prime minister'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The power of these ministers depended entirely on the personal favour of the monarch. Although managing the parliament was among the necessary skills of holding high office, they did not depend on a parliamentary majority for their power. Although there was a cabinet, it was appointed entirely by the monarch, and the monarch usually presided over its meetings.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'From whom did ministers derive their power?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the monarch'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",74]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd25349a695914005b950a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was responsible for naming people to serve in the cabinet?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the monarch'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",74]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd25349a695914005b950c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Prime minister'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'When the monarch grew tired of a first minister, he or she could be dismissed, or worse: Cromwell was executed and Clarendon driven into exile when they lost favour. Kings sometimes divided power equally between two or more ministers to prevent one minister from becoming too powerful. Late in Anne's reign, for example, the Tory ministers Harley and St John shared power.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who are the two ministers used by Queen Anne simultaneously?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Harley and St John'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",341]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd25a59a695914005b9511'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was exiled when he lost the favor of the monarch?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Clarendon'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",116]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd25a59a695914005b9513'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Prime minister'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In the mid 17th century, after the English Civil War (1642–1651), Parliament strengthened its position relative to the monarch then gained more power through the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and passage of the Bill of Rights in 1689. The monarch could no longer establish any law or impose any tax without its permission and thus the House of Commons became a part of the government. It is at this point that a modern style of prime minister begins to emerge.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What 1688 event helped the parliament solidy its power against the monarch?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Glorious Revolution'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",163]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd260266d3e219004dac12'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What 1689 law contributed to parliament's growing power?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Bill of Rights'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",210]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd260266d3e219004dac13'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What body was incorporated into the government as a result of the Bill of Rights?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'House of Commons'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",334]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd260266d3e219004dac14'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Prime minister'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'A tipping point in the evolution of the prime ministership came with the death of Anne in 1714 and the accession of George I to the throne. George spoke no English, spent much of his time at his home in Hanover, and had neither knowledge of, nor interest in, the details of English government. In these circumstances it was inevitable that the king's first minister would become the de facto head of the government.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The reign of which king was a turning point in the growth of the position of prime minister?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'George I'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",117]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd26729a695914005b9520'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did Queen Anne die?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1714'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",91]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd26729a695914005b9521'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was George I's home?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hanover'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",204]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd26729a695914005b9522'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Prime minister'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'From 1721 this was the Whig politician Robert Walpole, who held office for twenty-one years. Walpole chaired cabinet meetings, appointed all the other ministers, dispensed the royal patronage and packed the House of Commons with his supporters. Under Walpole, the doctrine of cabinet solidarity developed. Walpole required that no minister other than himself have private dealings with the king, and also that when the cabinet had agreed on a policy, all ministers must defend it in public, or resign. 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George II and George III made strenuous efforts to reclaim the personal power of the monarch, but the increasing complexity and expense of government meant that a minister who could command the loyalty of the Commons was increasingly necessary. The long tenure of the wartime prime minister William Pitt the Younger (1783–1801), combined with the mental illness of George III, consolidated the power of the post. The title was first referred to on government documents during the administration of Benjamin Disraeli but did not appear in the formal British Order of precedence until 1905.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Aside from Walpole, who else denied that there was no such thing as the prime minister?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'parliamentarians and legal scholars'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",85]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd2d7d9a695914005b9530'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which kings tried to get power back to the monarchy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'George II and George III'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",193]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd2d7d9a695914005b9531'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'During whose government did prime minister first see use on official state documents?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Benjamin Disraeli'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",691]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd2d7d9a695914005b9533'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the position of prime minister finally formalized?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1905'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",776]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd2d7d9a695914005b9534'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Prime minister'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'By the late 20th century, the majority of the world's countries had a prime minister or equivalent minister, holding office under either a constitutional monarchy or a ceremonial president. 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See also \"First Minister\", \"Premier\", \"Chief Minister\", \"Chancellor\", \"Taoiseach\", \"Statsminister\" and \"Secretary of State\": alternative titles usually equivalent in meaning to, or translated as, \"prime minister\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Greece, Finland, Romania and Turkey use what kind of government?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'parliamentary republics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",260]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd2f1f9a695914005b9545'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In whic type of government is the leader elected?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'parliamentary republics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",260]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd2f1f9a695914005b9546'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Prime minister'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'This contrasts with the presidential system, in which the president (or equivalent) is both the head of state and the head of the government. 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The head of government of the People's Republic of China is referred to as the Premier of the State Council and the premier of the Republic of China (Taiwan) is also appointed by the president, but requires no approval by the legislature.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the term for the head of China's government?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Premier of the State Council'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",529]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd2f9a66d3e219004dac2b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is another name for the Republic of China?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Taiwan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",600]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd2f9a66d3e219004dac2c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Whose consent is not required for the Taiwanese premier to take office?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'legislature'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",341]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd2f9a66d3e219004dac2d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Prime minister'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Appointment of the prime minister of France requires no approval by the parliament either, but the parliament may force the resignation of the government. In these systems, it is possible for the president and the prime minister to be from different political parties if the legislature is controlled by a party different from that of the president. When it arises, such a state of affairs is usually referred to as (political) cohabitation.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the term for a situation in which the president and prime minister come from different political parties?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'cohabitation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",429]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd2ff966d3e219004dac33'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What can the French parliament cause in order to oust the prime minister?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'resignation of the government'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",125]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd2ff966d3e219004dac34'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Prime minister'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Bangladesh's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister, and also details the process of his\/her appointment and dismissal.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which constitution details the role and abilities of the prime minister?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Bangladesh's'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd304366d3e219004dac37'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What other considerations are included in the constitution of Bangladesh as regards the prime minister?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the process of his\/her appointment and dismissal'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",109]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd304366d3e219004dac38'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Prime minister'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The People's Republic of China constitution set a premier just one place below the National People's Congress in China. Premier read as (Simplified Chinese: 总理; pinyin: Zŏnglĭ) in Chinese.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is directly above the premier in the People's Republic of China?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the National People's Congress'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",80]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd30949a695914005b954c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the pinyin form of premier?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Zŏnglĭ'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",170]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd30949a695914005b954d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Prime minister'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Canada's constitution, being a 'mixed' or hybrid constitution (a constitution that is partly formally codified and partly uncodified) originally did not make any reference whatsoever to a prime minister, with her or his specific duties and method of appointment instead dictated by \"convention\". In the Constitution Act, 1982, passing reference to a \"Prime Minister of Canada\" is added, though only regarding the composition of conferences of federal and provincial first ministers.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which law first referred to the prime minister in Canada?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Constitution Act'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",300]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd310066d3e219004dac3c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the Constitution Act passed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1982'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",322]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd310066d3e219004dac3d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Constitution Act mentions the prime minister in the context of which kinds of other ministers?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'federal and provincial first ministers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",444]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd310066d3e219004dac3e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Prime minister'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Czech Republic's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister of the Czech Republic, and also details the process of his\/her appointment and dismissal.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What document details the role and abilities given to the prime minister of the Czech Republic?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'constitution'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",18]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd312c9a695914005b9558'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Prime minister'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The United Kingdom's constitution, being uncodified and largely unwritten, makes no mention of a prime minister. Though it had de facto existed for centuries, its first mention in official state documents did not occur until the first decade of the twentieth century. Accordingly, it is often said \"not to exist\", indeed there are several instances of parliament declaring this to be the case. The prime minister sits in the cabinet solely by virtue of occupying another office, either First Lord of the Treasury (office in commission), or more rarely Chancellor of the Exchequer (the last of whom was Balfour in 1905).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was prime minister first mentioned in a government document in the UK?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'first decade of the twentieth century'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",230]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd322166d3e219004dac44'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the last prime minister to serve simultaneously as Chancellor of the Exchequer?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Balfour'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",603]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd322166d3e219004dac46'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Balfour last hold the titles of prime minister and Chancellor of the Exchequer?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1905'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",614]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd322166d3e219004dac47'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Prime minister'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Most prime ministers in parliamentary systems are not appointed for a specific term in office and in effect may remain in power through a number of elections and parliaments. For example, Margaret Thatcher was only ever appointed prime minister on one occasion, in 1979. She remained continuously in power until 1990, though she used the assembly of each House of Commons after a general election to reshuffle her cabinet.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which prime minister was appointed only one time?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Margaret Thatcher'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",189]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd328e66d3e219004dac4d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was Thatcher appointed prime minister?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1979'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",266]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd328e66d3e219004dac4e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Thatcher last hold power?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1990'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",313]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd328e66d3e219004dac4f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Margaret Thatcher reconfigure following each general election?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'cabinet'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",415]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd328e66d3e219004dac50'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Prime minister'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Some states, however, do have a term of office of the prime minister linked to the period in office of the parliament. Hence the Irish Taoiseach is formally 'renominated' after every general election. (Some constitutional experts have questioned whether this process is actually in keeping with the provisions of the Irish constitution, which appear to suggest that a taoiseach should remain in office, without the requirement of a renomination, unless s\/he has clearly lost the general election.) The position of prime minister is normally chosen from the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the prime ministerial position in Ireland?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Taoiseach'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",136]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd32e966d3e219004dac55'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'From where is the Irish prime minister usually selected?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",554]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd32e966d3e219004dac56'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When is the Irish Taoiseach renominated?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'after every general election'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",172]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd32e966d3e219004dac57'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Prime minister'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In parliamentary systems, governments are generally required to have the confidence of the lower house of parliament (though a small minority of parliaments, by giving a right to block supply to upper houses, in effect make the cabinet responsible to both houses, though in reality upper houses, even when they have the power, rarely exercise it). Where they lose a vote of confidence, have a motion of no confidence passed against them, or where they lose supply, most constitutional systems require either:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Most parliamentary governments need to have the support of what governmental body?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'lower house of parliament'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",92]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd337966d3e219004dac5b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which political division does not often utilize its power, if it has any?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'upper houses'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",196]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd337966d3e219004dac5c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of referendum can the lower house of parliament take against the government?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'vote of confidence'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",367]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd337966d3e219004dac5d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Prime minister'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The latter in effect allows the government to appeal the opposition of parliament to the electorate. However, in many jurisdictions a head of state may refuse a parliamentary dissolution, requiring the resignation of the prime minister and his or her government. In most modern parliamentary systems, the prime minister is the person who decides when to request a parliamentary dissolution.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who can put a stop the parliamentary attempts at dissovling itself in some areas?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'head of state'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",135]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd34f19a695914005b955a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'If the head of state prevents the dissolution of parliament, what needs to happen?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'resignation of the prime minister and his or her government'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",203]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd34f19a695914005b955b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In contemporary parliamentary governments, which official is usually in charge of asking parliament to dissolve?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'prime minister'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",222]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd34f19a695914005b955c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Prime minister'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Older constitutions often vest this power in the cabinet. In the United Kingdom, for example, the tradition whereby it is the prime minister who requests a dissolution of parliament dates back to 1918. Prior to then, it was the entire government that made the request. Similarly, though the modern 1937 Irish constitution grants to the Taoiseach the right to make the request, the earlier 1922 Irish Free State Constitution vested the power in the Executive Council (the then name for the Irish cabinet).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the convention of prime ministers initiating the dissolution of parliament started?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1918'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",197]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd35839a695914005b9560'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In Ireland, when was the power to dissolve parliament assigned to the prime minister?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1937'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",299]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd35839a695914005b9561'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The 1922 Irish Free State Constitution previously gave what body the power to dissolve parliament?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Executive Council'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",445]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd35839a695914005b9562'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the Executive Council an alternate name for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'cabinet'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",50]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd35839a695914005b9563'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Prime minister'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In Australia, the Prime Minister is expected to step down if s\/he loses the majority support of his\/her party under a spill motion as have many such as Tony Abbott, Julia Gillard and Kevin Rudd.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What process signals the need for the prime minister to resign in Australia?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'spill motion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",119]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd362466d3e219004dac63'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Prime minister'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In the Russian constitution the prime minister is actually titled Chairman of the government while the Irish prime minister is called the Taoiseach (which is rendered into English as prime minister), and in Israel he is Rosh HaMemshalah meaning \"head of the government\". In many cases, though commonly used, \"prime minister\" is not the official title of the office-holder; the Spanish prime minister is the President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the Russian term for prime minister?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Chairman of the government'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",67]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd36749a695914005b9568'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the Israeli term for prime minister?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Rosh HaMemshalah'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",221]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd36749a695914005b9569'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the term used in spain for prime minister?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",408]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd36749a695914005b956a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the Irish term for prime minister?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Taoiseach'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",139]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd36749a695914005b956b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Prime minister'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Other common forms include president of the council of ministers (for example in Italy, Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri), President of the Executive Council, or Minister-President. In the Scandinavian countries the prime minister is called statsminister in the native languages (i.e. minister of state). In federations, the head of government of subnational entities such as provinces is most commonly known as the premier, chief minister, governor or minister-president.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the Italian term for the prime minister?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'president of the council of ministers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",28]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd36df66d3e219004dac67'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the native term for prime minister in Scandinavia?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'statsminister'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",247]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd36df66d3e219004dac68'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Prime minister'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The convention in the English language is to call nearly all national heads of government \"prime minister\" (sometimes modified to the equivalent term of premier), regardless of the correct title of the head of government as applied in his or her respective country. The few exceptions to the rule are Germany and Austria, whose heads of government titles are almost always translated as Chancellor; Monaco, whose head of government is referred to as the Minister of State; and Vatican City, for which the head of government is titled the Secretary of State. In the case of Ireland, the head of government is occasionally referred to as the Taoiseach by English speakers. A stand-out case is the President of Iran, who is not actually a head of state, but the head of the government of Iran. He is referred to as \"president\" in both the Persian and English languages.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a term that is used to mean prime minister?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'premier'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",154]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd374a66d3e219004dac6d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which countries use the term chancellor to denote the head of government?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Germany and Austria'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",302]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd374a66d3e219004dac6e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the head of Monaco's government called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Minister of State'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",455]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd374a66d3e219004dac6f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the term for the highest position in government in Vatican City?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Secretary of State'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",539]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd374a66d3e219004dac70'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the head of Iran's government called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'President'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",696]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd374a66d3e219004dac71'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Prime minister'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In non-Commonwealth countries the prime minister may be entitled to the style of Excellency like a president. In some Commonwealth countries prime ministers and former prime ministers are styled Right Honourable due to their position, for example in the Prime Minister of Canada. In the United Kingdom the prime minister and former prime ministers may appear to also be styled Right Honourable, however this is not due to their position as head of government but as a privilege of being current members of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what kinds of nations can the head of government attain the title of Excellency?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'non-Commonwealth countries'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd37fe66d3e219004dac77'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What honorific title can be given to prime ministers in commonwealth nations?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Right Honourable'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",196]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd37fe66d3e219004dac78'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are British prime ministers part of that grants them the title Right Honourable?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",507]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd37fe66d3e219004dac79'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is an example of a country where prime ministers can be called Right Honourable solely because of their position?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Canada'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",273]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd37fe66d3e219004dac7a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Prime minister'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In the UK, where devolved government is in place, the leaders of the Scottish, Northern Irish and Welsh Governments are styled First Minister. In India, The Prime Minister is referred to as \"Pradhan Mantri\", meaning \"prime minister\". In Pakistan, the prime minister is referred to as \"Wazir-e-Azam\", meaning \"Grand Vizier\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of government is in operation in the United Kingdom?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'devolved'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",18]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd398c66d3e219004dac7f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the heads of government in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'First Minister'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",128]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd398c66d3e219004dac80'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the Indian term for Prime Minister?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pradhan Mantri'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",192]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd398c66d3e219004dac81'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the term for prime minister in Pakistan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Wazir-e-Azam'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",286]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd398c66d3e219004dac82'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does Wazir-e-Azam mean in English?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Grand Vizier'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",310]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd398c66d3e219004dac83'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Prime minister'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Prime Minister's executive office is usually called the Office of the Prime Minister in the case of the Canada and other Commonwealth countries, it is called Cabinet Office in United Kingdom. Some Prime Minister's office do include the role of Cabinet. In other countries, it is called the Prime Minister's Department or the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet as for Australia.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the head of government's office called in Canada?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Office of the Prime Minister'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",61]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd39ee66d3e219004dac89'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the head of government's office called in the UK?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Cabinet Office'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",163]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dd39ee66d3e219004dac8a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Prime minister'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Institute of technology (also: university of technology, polytechnic university, technikon, and technical college) is a designation employed for a wide range of learning institutions awarding different types of degrees and operating often at variable levels of the educational system. It may be an institution of higher education and advanced engineering and scientific research or professional vocational education, specializing in science, engineering, and technology or different sorts of technical subjects. It may also refer to a secondary education school focused in vocational training.[citation needed] The term institute of technology is often abbreviated IT and is not to be confused with information technology.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What's a common abbreviation for the term institute of technology?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'IT'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",666]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dda3d266d3e219004dac8f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The English term polytechnic appeared in the early 19th century, from the French École Polytechnique, an engineering school founded in 1794 in Paris. The French term comes from the Greek πολύ (polú or polý) meaning \"many\" and τεχνικός (tekhnikós) meaning \"arts\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what century did the term polytechnic first show up?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'19th century'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",52]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dda5109a695914005b957c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What school founded in 1794 first used a form of the word polytechnic in its name?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'École Polytechnique'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",82]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dda5109a695914005b957d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What language does the French word polytechnique come from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Greek'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",182]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dda5109a695914005b957e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'While the terms \"institute of technology\" and \"polytechnic\" are synonymous, the preference concerning which one is the preferred term varies from country to country.[citation needed]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What word means the same thing as \"institute of technology\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'polytechnic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",48]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dda5689a695914005b9582'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The institutes of technology and polytechnics have been in existence since at least the 18th century, but became popular after World War II with the expansion of engineering and applied science education, associated with the new needs created by industrialization. The world's first institution of technology, the Berg-Schola (today its legal successor is the University of Miskolc) was founded by the Court Chamber of Vienna in Selmecbánya, Kingdom of Hungary in 1735 in order to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining according to the requirements of the industrial revolution in Hungary. The oldest German Institute of Technology is the Braunschweig University of Technology (founded in 1745 as \"Collegium Carolinum\"). Another exception is the École Polytechnique, which has educated French élites since its foundation in 1794. In some cases, polytechnics or institutes of technology are engineering schools or technical colleges.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the first institute of technology in the world?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Berg-Schola'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",311]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dda6db66d3e219004dac91'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What war led to the increased popularity of institutes of technology and polytechnics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'World War II'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",128]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dda6db66d3e219004dac92'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the founding name of the Braunschweig University of Technology?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Collegium Carolinum'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",715]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dda6db66d3e219004dac93'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was the École Polytechnique founded?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1794'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",841]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dda6db66d3e219004dac94'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In several countries, like Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Turkey, institutes of technology and polytechnics are institutions of higher education, and have been accredited to award academic degrees and doctorates. Famous examples are the Istanbul Technical University, ETH Zurich, İYTE, Delft University of Technology and RWTH Aachen, all considered universities.[citation needed]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of institutions do countries like Germany and Switzerland consider institutes of technology to be?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'institutions of higher education'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",124]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dda8f166d3e219004dac99'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In countries like Iran, Finland, Malaysia, Portugal, Singapore or the United Kingdom, there is often a significant and confused distinction between polytechnics and universities. In the UK a binary system of higher education emerged consisting of universities (research orientation) and Polytechnics (engineering and applied science and professional practice orientation). Polytechnics offered university equivalent degrees from bachelor's, master's and PhD that were validated and governed at the national level by the independent UK Council for National Academic Awards. In 1992 UK Polytechnics were designated as universities which meant they could award their own degrees. The CNAA was disbanded. The UK's first polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution (now the University of Westminster) was founded in 1838 in Regent Street, London. In Ireland the term institute of technology is the more favored synonym of a regional technical college though the latter is the legally correct term; however, Dublin Institute of Technology is a university in all but name as it can confer degrees in accordance with law, Cork Institute of Technology and another of other Institutes of Technology have delegated authority from HETAC to make awards to and including master's degree level—Level 9 of the National Framework for Qualifications (NFQ)—for all areas of study and Doctorate level in a number of others.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year were polytechnics in the UK given the university designation?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1992'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",577]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddaa9b9a695914005b9584'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the Royal Polytechnic Institution now?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'University of Westminster'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",773]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddaa9b9a695914005b9585'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What street is the University of Westminster on?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Regent Street'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",823]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddaa9b9a695914005b9586'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In a number of countries, although being today generally considered similar institutions of higher learning across many countries, polytechnics and institutes of technology used to have a quite different statute among each other, its teaching competences and organizational history. In many cases polytechnic were elite technological universities concentrating on applied science and engineering and may also be a former designation for a vocational institution, before it has been granted the exclusive right to award academic degrees and can be truly called an institute of technology. A number of polytechnics providing higher education is simply a result of a formal upgrading from their original and historical role as intermediate technical education schools. In some situations, former polytechnics or other non-university institutions have emerged solely through an administrative change of statutes, which often included a name change with the introduction of new designations like institute of technology, polytechnic university, university of applied sciences, or university of technology for marketing purposes. Such emergence of so many upgraded polytechnics, former vocational education and technical schools converted into more university-like institutions has caused concern where the lack of specialized intermediate technical professionals lead to industrial skill shortages in some fields, being also associated to an increase of the graduate unemployment rate. This is mostly the case in those countries, where the education system is not controlled by the state and everybody can grant degrees.[citation needed] Evidence have also shown a decline in the general quality of teaching and graduate's preparation for the workplace, due to the fast-paced conversion of that technical institutions to more advanced higher level institutions. Mentz, Kotze and Van der Merwe (2008) argues that all the tools are in place to promote the debate on the place of technology in higher education in general and in Universities of Technology specifically. The aspects of this debate can follow the following lines: • To what degree is technology defined as a concept? • What is the scope of technology discourse? • What is the place and relation of science with technology? • How useful is the Mitcham framework in thinking about technology in South Africa? • Can a measure of cooperation as opposed to competition be achieved amongst higher education institutions? • Who ultimately is responsible for vocational training and what is the role of technology in this?'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What term was used in some countries to describe select universities that focus on technological education in applied science and engineering?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'polytechnics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",132]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddaea49a695914005b958a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'During the 1970s to early 1990s, the term was used to describe state owned and funded technical schools that offered both vocational and higher education. They were part of the College of Advanced Education system. In the 1990s most of these merged with existing universities, or formed new ones of their own. These new universities often took the title University of Technology, for marketing rather than legal purposes. AVCC report The most prominent such university in each state founded the Australian Technology Network a few years later.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What name did some universities switch to in the 1990s for marketing purposes?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'University of Technology'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",355]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddb03066d3e219004dac9b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What system were institutes of technology a part of during the seventies, eighties, and early nineties?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'College of Advanced Education system'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",178]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddb03066d3e219004dac9c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Since the mid-1990s, the term has been applied to some technically minded technical and further education (TAFE) institutes. A recent example is the Melbourne Polytechnic rebranding and repositioning in 2014 from Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE. These primarily offer vocational education, although some like Melbourne Polytechnic are expanding into higher education offering vocationally oriented applied bachelor degress. This usage of the term is most prevalent historically in NSW and the ACT. The new terminology is apt given that this category of institution are becoming very much like the institutes of the 1970s–1990s period.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What's the four-letter abbreviation for technically minded technical and further education institutes?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'TAFE'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",108]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddb0c666d3e219004dac9f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the new name of the Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Melbourne Polytechnic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",150]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddb0c666d3e219004daca0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In Tasmania in 2009 the old college system and TAFE Tasmania have started a 3-year restructure to become the Tasmanian Polytechnic www.polytechnic.tas.edu.au, Tasmanian Skills Institute www.skillsinstitute.tas.edu.au and Tasmanian Academy www.academy.tas.edu.au'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'TAFE Tasmania started a three-year restructuring in what year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2009'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",16]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddb1249a695914005b958c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In the higher education sector, there are seven designated Universities of Technology in Australia (though, note, not all use the phrase \"university of technology\", such as the Universities of Canberra and South Australia, which used to be Colleges of Advanced Education before transitioning into fully-fledged universities with the ability - most important of all - to confer doctorates):'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In Australia, how many universities are recognized as Universities of Technology?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'seven'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",43]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddc59766d3e219004dace3'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Fachhochschule is a German type of tertiary education institution and adopted later in Austria and Switzerland. They do not focus exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees, and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What's the German word for a tertiary education institution?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Fachhochschule'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddc65d9a695914005b95c6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In addition to Bachelor's degrees, what other kind of degree can one earn from a Fachhochschule?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'master's degrees'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",269]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddc65d9a695914005b95c7'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Hogeschool is used in Belgium and in the Netherlands. The hogeschool has many similarities to the Fachhochschule in the German language areas and to the ammattikorkeakoulu in Finland.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What term is used in Belgium and the Netherlands to refer to an institution like a German Fachhochschule?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'hogeschool'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",59]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddc6e69a695914005b95ca'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Hogeschool institutions in the Flemish Community of Belgium (such as the Erasmus Hogeschool Brussel) are currently undergoing a process of academization. They form associations with a university and integrate research into the curriculum, which will allow them to deliver academic master's degrees.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What term refers to the process that a hogeschool undergoes before it's able to award Master's degrees?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'academization'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",140]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddcc4666d3e219004dacf1'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In the Netherlands, four former institutes of technology have become universities over the past decades. These are the current three Technical Universities (at Delft, Eindhoven and Enschede), plus the former agricultural institute in Wageningen. A list of all hogescholen in the Netherlands, including some which might be called polytechnics, can be found here.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many institutes of technology in the Netherlands have converted into full-fledged universities in the past few decades?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'four'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",21]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddcd039a695914005b95dc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many Technical Universities are there in the Netherlands today?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'three'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",128]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddcd039a695914005b95dd'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In Cambodia, there are Institutes of Technology\/Polytechnic Institutes, and Universities that offer instruction in a variety of programs that can lead to: certificates, diplomas, and degrees. Institutes of Technology\/Polytechnic Institutes and Universities tend to be independent institutions.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What country has Institutes of Technology\/Polytechnic Institutes from which students can earn certificates, diplomas, and degrees?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Cambodia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddcee466d3e219004dacf3'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In Canada, there are Affiliate Schools, Colleges, Institutes of Technology\/Polytechnic Institutes, and Universities that offer instruction in a variety of programs that can lead to: engineering and applied science degrees, apprenticeship and trade programs, certificates, and diplomas. Affiliate Schools are polytechnic divisions belonging to a national university and offer select technical and engineering programs. Colleges, Institutes of Technology\/Polytechnic Institutes, and Universities tend to be independent institutions.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are polytechnic divisions of national universities called in Canada?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Affiliate Schools'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",22]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddcf2b66d3e219004dacf5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Credentials are typically conferred at the undergraduate level, however university-affiliated schools like the École de technologie supérieure and the École Polytechnique de Montréal (both of which are located in Quebec), also offer graduate and postgraduate programs, in accordance with provincial higher education guidelines. Canadian higher education institutions, at all levels, undertake directed and applied research with financing allocated through public funding, private equity, or industry sources.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what city is the École Polytechnique de Montréal located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Quebec'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",214]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd0139a695914005b95e8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In addition to private equity and industry sources, what's a third source of research funding for institutions of higher learning in Canada?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'public funding'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",457]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd0139a695914005b95e9'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Some of Canada's most esteemed colleges and polytechnic institutions also partake in collaborative institute-industry projects, leading to technology commercialization, made possible through the scope of Polytechnics Canada; a national alliance of eleven leading research-intensive colleges and institutes of technology.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is Canada's national alliance of 11 research-focused schools called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Polytechnics Canada'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",205]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd1059a695914005b95f2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of projects does Polytechnics Canada sponsor that can lead to technology commercialization?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'collaborative institute-industry projects'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",86]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd1059a695914005b95f3'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'China's modern higher education began in 1895 with the Imperial Tientsin University which was a polytechnic plus a law department. Liberal arts were not offered until three years later at Capital University. To this day, about half of China's elite universities remain essentially polytechnical.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was the Imperial Tientsin University founded in China?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1895'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",42]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd2029a695914005b95f6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the first university to offer courses in liberal arts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Capital University'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",189]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd2029a695914005b95f7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What portion of China's elite universities still have a primary polytechnical focus today?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'half'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",228]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd2029a695914005b95f8'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In Croatia there are many polytechnic institutes and colleges that offer a polytechnic education. The law about polytechnic education in Croatia was passed in 1997.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did Croatia pass a law regarding polytechnic education?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1997'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",160]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd24566d3e219004dad05'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'EPN is known for research and education in the applied science, astronomy, atmospheric physics, engineering and physical sciences. The Geophysics Institute  monitors over the country`s seismic, tectonic and volcanic activity in the continental territory and in the Galápagos Islands.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What institution is in charge of tracking volcanic activity in the Galápagos Islands?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Geophysics Institute'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",132]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd3909a695914005b95fc'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'One of the oldest observatories in South America is the Quito Astronomical Observatory. Founded in 1873 and located 12 minutes south of the Equator in Quito, Ecuador. The Quito Astronomical Observatory is the National Observatory of Ecuador and is located in the Historic Center of Quito and is managed by the National Polytechnic School.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What observatory is the National Observatory of Ecuador?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Quito Astronomical Observatory'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",57]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd49566d3e219004dad07'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What school oversees the Quito Astronomical Observatory?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'National Polytechnic School'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",311]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd49566d3e219004dad08'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the Quito Astronomical Observatory founded?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1873'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",100]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd49566d3e219004dad09'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Nuclear Science Department at EPN is the only one in Ecuador and has the large infrastructure, related to irrradiation factilities like cobalt-60 source and Electron beam processing.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'EPN's Nuclear Science Department is among how many of its kind in Ecuador?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'one'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",51]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd5259a695914005b95fe'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Its mission is to provide high quality education, training and research in the areas of science and technology to produce qualified professionals that can apply their knowledge and skills in the country's development.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'If the mission is achieved, professionals will apply what they've learned to what goal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the country's development'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",192]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd6da66d3e219004dad1d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'MIT raises funds from non-governmental organizations and individuals who support the mission and objectives of the Institute. Tigray Development Association, its supporters, and REST have provided the initial funds for the launching of the Institute. As a result of the unstinting efforts made by the Provisional Governing Board to obtain technical and financial assistance, the Institute has so far secured financial and material support as well as pledges of sponsorship for 50 students, covering their tuition fees, room and board up to graduation. The MIT has also been able to create linkages with some universities and colleges in the United States of America, which have provided manpower and material support to MIT. The institute is governed by a provisional governing board.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'MIT raised money to cover tuition, room and board for what number of students?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'50'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",478]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dddd9d66d3e219004dad4b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Universities of Technology are categorised as universities, are allowed to grant B.Sc. (Tech.), M.Sc. (Tech.), Lic.Sc. (Tech.), Ph.D. and D.Sc.(Tech.) degrees and roughly correspond to Instituts de technologie of French-speaking areas and Technische Universität of Germany in prestige. In addition to universities of technology, some universities, e.g. University of Oulu and Åbo Akademi University, are allowed to grant the B.Sc. (tech.), M.Sc. (tech.) and D.Sc. (Tech.) degrees.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What's the equivalent of Universities of Technology in French-speaking areas?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Instituts de technologie'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",186]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddde4a9a695914005b9626'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Universities of Technology are academically similar to other (non-polytechnic) universities. Prior to Bologna process, M.Sc. (Tech.) required 180 credits, whereas M.Sc. from a normal university required 160 credits. The credits between Universities of Technology and normal universities are comparable.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many credits were needed for an M.Sc. (Tech.) degree before the Bologna Process?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'180'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",143]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dddfb866d3e219004dad65'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many credits were needed for an M.Sc. from a traditional university prior to the Bologna Process?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'160'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",204]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dddfb866d3e219004dad66'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Polytechnic schools are distinct from academic universities in Finland. Ammattikorkeakoulu is the common term in Finland, as is the Swedish alternative \"yrkeshögskola\" – their focus is on studies leading to a degree (for instance insinööri, engineer; in international use, Bachelor of Engineering) in kind different from but in level comparable to an academic bachelor's degree awarded by a university. Since 2006 the polytechnics have offered studies leading to master's degrees (Master of Engineering). After January 1, 2006, some Finnish ammattikorkeakoulus switched the English term \"polytechnic\" to the term \"university of applied sciences\" in the English translations of their legal names. The ammattikorkeakoulu has many similarities to the hogeschool in Belgium and in the Netherlands and to the Fachhochschule in the German language areas.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what country are polytechnic schools designated uniquely from academic universities?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Finland'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",64]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde0a49a695914005b963a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What word means polytechnic school in Finnish?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ammattikorkeakoulus'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",542]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde0a49a695914005b963b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What's the Swedish word for a polytechnic school?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'yrkeshögskola'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",154]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde0a49a695914005b963c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Collegiate universities grouping several engineering schools or multi-site clusters of French grandes écoles provide sciences and technology curricula as autonomous higher education engineering institutes. They include :'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Universities that encompass several engineering schools provide curricula in sciences and what other field?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'technology'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",131]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf07e9a695914005b96f4'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In addition, France's education system includes many institutes of technology, embedded within most French universities. They are referred-to as institut universitaire de technologie (IUT). Instituts universitaires de technologie provide undergraduate technology curricula. 'Polytech institutes', embedded as a part of eleven French universities provide both undergraduate and graduate engineering curricula.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are an institute of technology called in France?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'institut universitaire de technologie'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",146]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf1249a695914005b9702'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What's the three-letter acronym for institut universitaire de technologie?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'IUT'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",185]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf1249a695914005b9703'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In the French-speaking part of Switzerland exists also the term haute école specialisée for a type of institution called Fachhochschule in the German-speaking part of the country. (see below).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What's the term in German for what those in French-speaking Switzerland call haute école specialisée?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Fachhochschule'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",122]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf1d166d3e219004dae41'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Higher education systems, that are influenced by the French education system set at the end of the 18th century, use a terminology derived by reference to the French École polytechnique. Such terms include Écoles Polytechniques (Algeria, Belgium, Canada, France, Switzerland, Tunisia), Escola Politécnica (Brasil, Spain), Polytechnicum (Eastern Europe).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In Eastern Europe, what is the word for an institute of technology?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Polytechnicum'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",323]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf2ba66d3e219004dae4f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What century in France's history included the French École polytechnique that influenced education systems in other countries?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'18th'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",100]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf2ba66d3e219004dae50'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What term in Brasil and Spain refers to a polytechnic institute?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Escola Politécnica'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",287]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf2ba66d3e219004dae51'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Fachhochschulen were first founded in the early 1970s. They do not focus exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees, and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Fachhochschulen first came about in the early years of what decade?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1970s'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",49]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf39a66d3e219004dae59'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Fachhochschulen favor an education in what, as opposed to research?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'teaching'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",248]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf39a66d3e219004dae5a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In addition to technology, Fachhochschulen offer courses in social science, medicine, design, and what other discipline?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'business'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",157]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf39a66d3e219004dae5b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Technische Universität (abbreviation: TU) are the common terms for universities of technology or technical university. These institutions can grant habilitation and doctoral degrees and focus on research.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What's the abbreviation for a Technische Universität?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'TU'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",39]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf4229a695914005b9724'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What's the main focus of a Technische Universität?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'research'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",196]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf4229a695914005b9725'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The nine largest and most renowned Technische Universitäten in Germany have formed TU9 German Institutes of Technology as community of interests. Technische Universitäten normally have faculties or departements of natural sciences and often of economics but can also have units of cultural and social sciences and arts. RWTH Aachen, TU Dresden and TU München also have a faculty of medicine associated with university hospitals (Klinikum Aachen, University Hospital Dresden, Rechts der Isar Hospital).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which department's faculty can be associated with university hospitals?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'medicine'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",383]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf6914396321400ee250d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many Technische Universitäten make up the TU9 German Institutes of Technology?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'nine'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf6914396321400ee250e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'There are 17 universities of technology in Germany with about 290,000 students enrolled. The four states of Bremen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony-Anhalt and Schleswig-Holstein are not operating a Technische Universität. Saxony and Lower Saxony have the highest counts of TUs, while in Saxony three out of four universities are universities of technology.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many institutes of technology are there in Germany?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'17'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",11]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf73e4396321400ee2521'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What's the approximate number of students in Germany who are enrolled in a university of technology?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'290,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",63]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf73e4396321400ee2522'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which German state has the highest ratio of universities of technology to standard universities?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Saxony'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",141]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf73e4396321400ee2523'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Niedersächsische Technische Hochschule is a joint-venture of TU Clausthal, TU Braunschweig and University of Hanover. Some universities in Germany can also be seen as institutes of technology due to comprising a wide spread of technical sciences and having a history as a technical university. Examples are'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What's the joint project of TU Clausthal, TU Braunschweig, and the University of Hanover called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Niedersächsische Technische Hochschule'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf7914396321400ee2527'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In Greece, there are 2 \"Polytechnics\" part of the public higher education in Greece and they confer a 5-year Diplom Uni (300E.C.T.S – I.S.C.E.D. 5A), the National Technical University of Athens and the Technical University of Crete. Also, there are Greek Higher Technological Educational Institutes (Ανώτατα Τεχνολογικά Εκπαιδευτικά Ιδρύματα – Α.T.E.I). After the N.1404\/1983 Higher Education Reform Act (Ν.1404\/1983 - 2916\/2001 - Ν. 3549\/2007 - N. 3685\/2008 - N. 4009\/2011) the Technological Educational Institute constitute, a parallel and equivalent with universities part of the public higher education in Greece. They confer 4-year bachelor's degree (Diplom FH) (240E.C.T.S – I.S.C.E.D. 5A).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What's the name of the Act that changed how Greek public institutes of technology were designated?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Higher Education Reform Act'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",377]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf8adcffd8e1900b4b542'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The first polytechnic in Hong Kong is The Hong Kong Polytechnic, established in 1972 through upgrading the Hong Kong Technical College (Government Trade School before 1947). The second polytechnic, the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong, was founded in 1984. These polytechnics awards diplomas, higher diplomas, as well as academic degrees. Like the United Kingdom, the two polytechnics were granted university status in 1994, and renamed The Hong Kong Polytechnic University and the City University of Hong Kong respectively. The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, a university with a focus in applied science, engineering and business, was founded in 1991.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the very first polytechnic school in Hong Kong?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Hong Kong Polytechnic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",39]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddfa66cffd8e1900b4b546'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the original name of Hong Kong Polytechnic?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hong Kong Technical College'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",108]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddfa66cffd8e1900b4b547'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong founded?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1984'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",249]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddfa66cffd8e1900b4b548'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What Hong Kong university was created in 1991?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hong Kong University of Science and Technology'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",527]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddfa66cffd8e1900b4b549'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the two polytechnic schools in Hong Kong receive status as universities?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1994'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",417]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddfa66cffd8e1900b4b54a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The world's first Institute of Technology the Berg-Schola (Bergschule) established in Selmecbánya, Kingdom of Hungary by the Court Chamber of Vienna in 1735 providing Further education to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining. In 1762 the institute ranked up to be Academia providing Higher Education courses. After the Treaty of Trianon the institute had to be moved to Sopron.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of mining did the world's first institute of technology prepare students for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'copper'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",229]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddfb3dcffd8e1900b4b550'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What's the founding year of the first institute of technology ever?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1735'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",153]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddfb3dcffd8e1900b4b551'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who established the Berg-Schola?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Court Chamber of Vienna'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",126]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddfb3dcffd8e1900b4b552'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'There are 16 autonomous Indian Institutes of Technology in addition to 30 National Institutes of Technology which are Government Institutions. In addition to these there are many other Universities which offer higher technical courses. The Authority over technical education in India is the AICTE.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many private institutes of technology are there in India?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'16'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",11]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddfc5f4396321400ee2529'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many government-affiliated institutes of technology are there in India?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'30'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",72]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddfc5f4396321400ee252a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What organization oversees India's technical education institutions?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'AICTE'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",292]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddfc5f4396321400ee252b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In India there are many polytechnic institutes and collages that offer a polytechnic education. In India a Diploma in Engineering is a specific academic award usually awarded in technical or vocational courses e.g. Engineering, Pharmacy, Designing, etc. These Institutions offer three year diploma in engineering post Tenth class. These institutes have affiliation from state bord of technical education of respective state governments. after which one can apply for post of junior engineer or continue higher studies by appearing for exams of AMIE to become an engineering graduate.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What's the name of the diploma awarded in India for technical or vocational coursework?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Diploma in Engineering'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",108]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddfd9d4396321400ee252f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'There are four public institutes of technology in Indonesia that owned by the government of Indonesia. Other than that, there are hundreds other institute that owned by private or other institutions.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many government-owned public institutes of technology does Indonesia have?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'four'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",11]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddfdffcffd8e1900b4b55a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'However, in Bahasa Indonesia, Politeknik carries a rather different meaning than Institut Teknologi. Politeknik provides vocational education and typically offers three-year Diploma degrees, which is similar to associate degrees, instead of full, four-year bachelor's degree and the more advanced Master's and doctoral degrees being offered by an Institut Teknologi.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Rather than four-year Bachelor's degrees, Politeknik offer a diploma after how many years?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'three'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",164]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddfe9d4396321400ee2539'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Ireland has an \"Institute of Technology\" system, formerly referred to as Regional Technical College (RTCs) system. The terms \"IT\" and \"IT's\" are now widely used to describe an Institute(s) of Technology. These institutions offer sub-degree, degree and post-graduate level studies. Unlike the Irish university system an Institute of Technology also offers sub-degree programmes such as 2-year Higher Certificate programme in various academic fields of study. Some institutions have \"delegated authority\" that allows them to make awards in their own name, after authorisation by the Higher Education & Training Awards Council.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the original name of Ireland's Institute of Technology system?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Regional Technical College'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",74]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de00884396321400ee253b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Dublin Institute of Technology developed separately from the Regional Technical College system, and after several decades of association with the University of Dublin, Trinity College it acquired the authority to confer its own degrees.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What Irish institute of technology evolved independently of the Regional Technical College System?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Dublin Institute of Technology'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de00f74396321400ee253f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In higher education, Politecnico refers to a technical university awarding degrees in engineering. Historically there were two Politecnici, one in each of the two largest industrial cities of the north:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What term in higher education refers to technical universities that award engineering degrees?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Politecnico'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",22]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de02714396321400ee2543'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Traditionally, how many Politecnici were there?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'two'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",124]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de02714396321400ee2544'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 2003, the Ministry of Education, Universities and Research and the Ministry of Economy and Finance jointly established the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (Italian Institute of Technology), headquartered in Genoa with 10 laboratories around Italy, which however focuses on research and does not offer undergraduate degrees.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What city houses the headquarters of the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Genoa'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",211]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de03d2cffd8e1900b4b562'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In Japan, an institute of technology (工業大学, kōgyō daigaku?) is a type of university that specializes in the sciences. See also the Imperial College of Engineering, which was the forerunner of the University of Tokyo's engineering faculty.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What college was the forerunner for the engineering faculty at the University of Tokyo?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Imperial College of Engineering'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",132]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de0948cffd8e1900b4b566'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What area of discipline do Japan's institutes of technology specialize in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'sciences'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",109]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de0948cffd8e1900b4b567'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Polytechnics in Malaysia has been operated for almost 44 years. The institutions provide courses for bachelor's degree & Bachelor of Science (BSc) (offer at Premier Polytechnics for September 2013 intake & 2014 intake), Advanced Diploma, Diploma and Special Skills Certificate. It was established by the Ministry of Education with the help of UNESCO in 1969. The amount of RM24.5 million is used to fund the pioneer of Politeknik Ungku Omar located in Ipoh, Perak from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What country has operated polytechnic institutes for nearly 44 years?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Malaysia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",17]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de0a94cffd8e1900b4b56a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What international organization partnered with Malaysia's Ministry of Education in 1969?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'UNESCO'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",344]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de0a94cffd8e1900b4b56b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what city in the state of Perak is the Politeknik Ungku Omar located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ipoh'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",453]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de0a94cffd8e1900b4b56c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'At present, Malaysia have developed 32 polytechnic at all over states in engineering, agriculture, commerce, hospitality and design courses with 60,840 students in 2009 to 87,440 students in 2012.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many polytechnic institutes does Malaysia have now?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'32'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",37]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de0b054396321400ee256d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many students were enrolled in polytechnic schools in Malaysia in 2009?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'60,840'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",146]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de0b054396321400ee256e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many students were enrolled in polytechnic schools in Malaysia in 2012?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'87,440'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",173]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de0b054396321400ee256f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The only technical university in Mauritius is the University of Technology, Mauritius with its main campus situated in La Tour Koenig, Pointe aux Sables. It has a specialized mission with a technology focus. It applies traditional and beyond traditional approaches to teaching, training, research and consultancy. The university has been founded with the aim to play a key role in the economic and social development of Mauritius through the development of programmes of direct relevance to the country’s needs, for example in areas like technology, sustainable development science, and public sector policy and management.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What's the name of Mauritius's sole technical university?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'University of Technology, Mauritius'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",51]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de0c0dcffd8e1900b4b57a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What's the focus of Mauritius's University of Technology's specialized mission?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'technology'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",191]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de0c0dcffd8e1900b4b57b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'New Zealand polytechnics are established under the Education Act 1989 as amended, and are considered state-owned tertiary institutions along with universities, colleges of education, and wānanga; there is today often much crossover in courses and qualifications offered between all these types of Tertiary Education Institutions. Some have officially taken the title 'institute of technology' which is a term recognized in government strategies equal to that of the term 'polytechnic'. One has opted for the name 'Universal College of Learning' (UCOL), and another 'Unitec New Zealand'. These are legal names but not recognized terms like 'polytechnic' or 'institute of technology'. Many if not all now grant at least bachelor-level degrees.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What country considers their polytechnics, universities, and colleges state-owned institutions?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'New Zealand'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de0d34cffd8e1900b4b588'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does UCOL stand for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Universal College of Learning'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",515]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de0d34cffd8e1900b4b589'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was the Education Act originally passed in New Zealand?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1989'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",66]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de0d34cffd8e1900b4b58a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Since the 1990s, there has been consolidation in New Zealand's state-owned tertiary education system. In the polytechnic sector: Wellington Polytechnic amalgamated with Massey University. The Central Institute of Technology explored a merger with the Waikato Institute of Technology, which was abandoned, but later, after financial concerns, controversially amalgamated with Hutt Valley Polytechnic, which in turn became Wellington Institute of Technology. Some smaller polytechnics in the North Island, such as Waiarapa Polytechnic, amalgamated with UCOL. (The only other amalgamations have been in the colleges of education.)'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What school did Massey University combine with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Wellington Polytechnic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",130]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de11834396321400ee25ad'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what decade did New Zealand's tertiary education institutions begin consolidation?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1990s'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",11]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de11834396321400ee25ae'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What school considered a merger with Waikato Institute of Technology that was later abandoned?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Central Institute of Technology'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",193]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de11834396321400ee25af'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What island was Waiarapa Polytechnic located on before it merged with UCOL?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'North Island'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",491]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de11834396321400ee25b0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Auckland University of Technology is the only polytechnic to have been elevated to university status; while Unitec has had repeated attempts blocked by government policy and consequent decisions; Unitec has not been able to convince the courts to overturn these decisions.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What's the only polytechnic school in New Zealand to be designated a university?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Auckland University of Technology'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de120b4396321400ee25b5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Polytechnic institutes in Pakistan, offer a diploma spanning three years in different branches. Students are admitted to the diploma program based on their results in the 10th grade standardized exams. The main purpose of Polytechnic Institutes is to train people in various trades.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In Pakistan, a student's tests in what grade determine their admission to a diploma program?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'10th'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",176]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de15cd4396321400ee25bd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are people being trained for, mainly, in Pakistan's polytechnic institutes?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'trades'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",280]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de15cd4396321400ee25be'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many years does it usually take to earn a diploma from polytechnic schools in Pakistan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'three'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",66]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de15cd4396321400ee25bf'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'After successfully completing a diploma at a polytechnic, students can gain lateral entry to engineering degree (under graduate) courses called BE, which are conducted by engineering colleges affiliated to universities or University of Engineering & Technology or University of Engineering Sciences.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What two-letter abbreviation is used for undergraduate engineering  courses?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'BE'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",145]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de16894396321400ee25c3'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'University of Engineering & Technology or University of Engineering Sciences are the recognized universities that grant Bachelor's and master's degrees in undergraduate and graduate studies respectively. The Bachelor of Science degree awarded by Universities of Engineering & Technology or University of Engineering Sciences are 4 years full-time program after finishing 13 years of education (international high school certificate) in Pakistan known as F.Sc equivalent to British system A-Level.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What's Pakistan's program called that's comparable to the British A Level?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'F.Sc'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",455]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de1a2a4396321400ee25cd'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Politechnika (translated as a \"technical university\" or \"university of technology\") is a main kind of technical university name in Poland. There are some biggest Polytechnic in Poland:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What word do they use in Poland for an institute of technology?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Politechnika'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de1ac34396321400ee25cf'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The designation \"Institute of Technology\" is not applied at all, being meaningless in Portugal. However, there are higher education educational institutions in Portugal since the 1980s, which are called polytechnics. After 1998 they were upgraded to institutions which are allowed to confer bachelor's degrees (the Portuguese licenciatura). Before then, they only awarded short-cycle degrees which were known as bacharelatos and did not provide further education. After the Bologna Process in 2007, they have been allowed to offer 2nd cycle (master's) degrees to its students. The polytechnical higher education system provides a more practical training and is profession-oriented, while the university higher education system has a strong theoretical basis and is highly research-oriented.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the Portuguese word for the short-cycle degrees awarded prior to 1988?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'bacharelatos'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",413]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de49904396321400ee2780'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What process was instituted in 2007 that brought Master's degrees to the polytechnic education system?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Bologna Process'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",475]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de49904396321400ee2781'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Polytechnics in Singapore provides industry oriented education equivalent to a junior college or sixth form college in the UK. Singapore retains a system similar but not the same as in the United Kingdom from 1970–1992, distinguishing between polytechnics and universities. Unlike the British Polytechnic (United Kingdom) system Singapore Polytechnics do not offer bachelors, masters or PhD degrees. Under this system, most Singaporean students sit for their O-Level examinations after a four or five years of education in secondary school, and apply for a place at either a technical school termed ITE, a polytechnic or a university-preparatory school (a junior college or the Millennia Institute, a centralized institute). Polytechnic graduates may be granted transfer credits when they apply to local and overseas universities, depending on the overall performance in their grades, as well as the university's policies on transfer credits. A few secondary schools are now offering six-year program which leads directly to university entrance.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What's the name of Singapore's centralized institute that students can attend before university?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Millennia Institute'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",679]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4affcffd8e1900b4b7c2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Polytechnics offer three-year diploma courses in fields such as information technology, engineering subjects and other vocational fields, like psychology and nursing. There are 5 polytechnics in Singapore. They are namely:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many polytechnics are there in Singapore?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'5'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",178]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4b924396321400ee279d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many years of study would it take to obtain a degree from a polytechnic in Singapore?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'three'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",20]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4b924396321400ee279e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The world's first institution of technology or technical university with tertiary technical education is the Banská Akadémia in Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia, founded in 1735, Academy since December 13, 1762 established by queen Maria Theresa in order to train specialists of silver and gold mining and metallurgy in neighbourhood. Teaching started in 1764. Later the department of Mathematics, Mechanics and Hydraulics and department of Forestry were settled. University buildings are still at their place today and are used for teaching. University has launched the first book of electrotechnics in the world.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What queen set up the Banská Akadémia?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'queen Maria Theresa'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",221]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4d9ecffd8e1900b4b7e1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year was the Banská Akadémia founded?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1735'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",168]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4d9ecffd8e1900b4b7e2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Banská Akadémia was originally intended for training workers in what two precious metals?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'silver and gold'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",274]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4d9ecffd8e1900b4b7e3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did teaching start at the Banská Akadémia?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1764'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",350]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4d9ecffd8e1900b4b7e4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the university buildings still standing at the Banská Akadémia used for now?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'teaching'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",528]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4d9ecffd8e1900b4b7e5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'South Africa has completed a process of transforming its \"higher education landscape\". Historically a division has existed in South Africa between Universities and Technikons (polytechnics) as well between institutions servicing particular racial and language groupings. In 1993 Technikons were afforded the power to award certain technology degrees.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are polytechnics called in South Africa?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Technikons'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",165]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4fd14396321400ee27d7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did Technikons gain the ability to give out technology degrees?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1993'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",275]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4fd14396321400ee27d8'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Beginning in 2004 former Technikons have either been merged with traditional Universities to form Comprehensive Universities or have become Universities of Technology, however the Universities of Technology have not to date acquired all of the traditional rights and privileges of a University (such as the ability to confer a wide range of degrees).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Technikons start being integrated with traditional South African universities?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2004'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",14]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de50decffd8e1900b4b7fb'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Most of Thailand's institutes of technology were developed from technical colleges, in the past could not grant bachelor's degrees; today, however, they are university level institutions, some of which can grant degrees to the doctoral level. Examples are Pathumwan Institute of Technology (developed from Pathumwan Technical School), King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (Nondhaburi Telecommunications Training Centre), and King Mongkut's Institute of Technology North Bangkok (Thai-German Technical School).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Most institutes of technology in Thailand were born out of what other type of institutions?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'technical colleges'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",65]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de523ccffd8e1900b4b808'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of degree were Thailand's technical colleges historically not allowed to confer?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'bachelor's degrees'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",113]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de523ccffd8e1900b4b809'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What's the new name of Pathumwan Technical School?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pathumwan Institute of Technology'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",257]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de523ccffd8e1900b4b80a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'There are two former institutes of technology, which already changed their name to \"University of Technology\": Rajamangala University of Technology (formerly Institute of Technology and Vocational Education) and King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Thonburi Technology Institute).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the Thonburi Technology Institute become after its name change?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",213]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de52a24396321400ee2803'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the previous name of Rajamangala University of Technology?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Institute of Technology and Vocational Education'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",159]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de52a24396321400ee2804'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Institutes of technology with different origins are Asian Institute of Technology, which developed from SEATO Graduate School of Engineering, and Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, an engineering school of Thammasat University. Suranaree University of Technology is the only government-owned technological university in Thailand that was established (1989) as such; while Mahanakorn University of Technology is the most well known private technological institute. Technology\/Technical colleges in Thailand is associated with bitter rivalries which erupts into frequent off-campus brawls and assassinations of students in public locations that has been going on for nearly a decade, with innocent bystanders also commonly among the injured and the military under martial law still unable to stop them from occurring.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of Thammasat University's engineering school?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",147]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de55694396321400ee2815'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is Thailand's only government-established and owned institute of technology?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Suranaree University of Technology'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",244]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de55694396321400ee2816'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year was Suranaree University of Technology founded?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1989'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",367]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de55694396321400ee2817'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the best-known private institute of technology in Thailand?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mahanakorn University of Technology'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",388]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de55694396321400ee2818'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In Turkey and the Ottoman Empire, the oldest technical university is Istanbul Technical University. Its graduates contributed to a wide variety of activities in scientific research and development. In 1950s, 2 technical universities were opened in Ankara and Trabzon. In recent years, Yildiz University is reorganized as Yildiz Technical University and 2 institutes of technology were founded in Kocaeli and Izmir. In 2010, another technical university named Bursa Technical University was founded in Bursa. Moreover, a sixth technical university is about to be opened in Konya named Konya Technical University.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What institute of technology opened in Bursa in 2010?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Bursa Technical University'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",460]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de57394396321400ee282f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When Konya Technical University opens, how many total institutes of technology will there be in Turkey and the Ottoman Empire?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'six'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",521]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de57394396321400ee2830'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What two cities in Turkey acquired institutes of technology in the 1950s?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ankara and Trabzon'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",249]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de57394396321400ee2831'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Polytechnics were tertiary education teaching institutions in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Since 1970 UK Polytechnics operated under the binary system of education along with universities. Polytechnics offered diplomas and degrees (bachelor's, master's, PhD) validated at the national level by the UK Council for National Academic Awards CNAA. They particularly excelled in engineering and applied science degree courses similar to technological universities in the USA and continental Europe. The comparable institutions in Scotland were collectively referred to as Central Institutions. Britain's first Polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution later known as the Polytechnic of Central London (now the University of Westminster) was established in 1838 at Regent Street in London and its goal was to educate and popularize engineering and scientific knowledge and inventions in Victorian Britain \"at little expense.\" The London Polytechnic led a mass movement to create numerous Polytechnic institutes across the UK in the late 19th Century. Most Polytechnic institutes were established at the centre of major metropolitan cities and their focus was on engineering, applied science and technology education.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did UK polytechnics start functioning in a binary education system?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1970'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",106]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de59f24396321400ee2845'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What organization validates degrees received from polytechnic schools?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the UK Council for National Academic Awards'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",303]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de59f24396321400ee2846'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What two-word term does Scotland use to describe their technological universities?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Central Institutions'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",576]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de59f24396321400ee2847'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the first polytechnic in Britain originally named?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Royal Polytechnic Institution'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",631]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de59f24396321400ee2848'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1956, some colleges of technology received the designation College of Advanced Technology. They became universities in the 1960s meaning they could award their own degrees. The designation \"Institute of Technology\" was occasionally used by polytechnics (Bolton), Central Institutions (Dundee, Robert Gordon's), and postgraduate universities, (Cranfield and Wessex), most of which later adopted the designation University, and there were two \"Institutes of Science and Technology\": UMIST and UWIST, part of the University of Wales. Loughborough University was called Loughborough University of Technology from 1966 to 1996, the only institution in the UK to have had such a designation.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many Institutes of Science and Technology were affiliated with the University of Wales?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'two'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",441]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de5ba04396321400ee284d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name Loughborough University was known by from 1966 to 1996?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Loughborough University of Technology'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",570]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de5ba04396321400ee284e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what decade did colleges of technology gain the University designation?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1960s'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",127]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de5ba04396321400ee284f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Polytechnics were granted university status under the Further and Higher Education Act 1992. This meant that Polytechnics could confer degrees without the oversight of the national CNAA organization. These institutions are sometimes referred to as post-1992 universities.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What act allowed polytechnic schools to become universities?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Further and Higher Education Act 1992'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",51]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de5c204396321400ee2853'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Further and Higher Education Act 1992 allows polytechnics to award degrees without what organization's approval?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'CNAA'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",182]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de5c204396321400ee2854'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Schools called \"technical institute\" or \"technical school\" that were formed in the early 20th century provided further education between high school and University or Polytechnic. Most technical institutes have been merged into regional colleges and some have been designated university colleges if they are associated with a local university.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'If a technical institute is affiliated with a local university, what does its designation become?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'university colleges'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",277]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de5d2a4396321400ee2857'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What century brought the advent of technical schools or technical institutes?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'20th century'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",90]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de5d2a4396321400ee2858'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'A student would attend a technical institute before a university or polytechnic but after what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'high school'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",138]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de5d2a4396321400ee2859'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Polytechnic Institutes are technological universities, many dating back to the mid-19th century. A handful of world-renowned Elite American universities include the phrases \"Institute of Technology\", \"Polytechnic Institute\", \"Polytechnic University\", or similar phrasing in their names; these are generally research-intensive universities with a focus on engineering, science and technology. The earliest and most famous of these institutions are, respectively, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI, 1824), New York University Tandon School of Engineering (1854) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT, 1861). Conversely, schools dubbed \"technical colleges\" or \"technical institutes\" generally provide post-secondary training in technical and mechanical fields, focusing on training vocational skills primarily at a community college level—parallel and sometimes equivalent to the first two years at a bachelor's degree-granting institution.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute founded?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1824'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",502]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de5e5b4396321400ee285d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which of the three earliest technological universities was founded most recently, in 1861?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Massachusetts Institute of Technology'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",573]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de5e5b4396321400ee285e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Institutes of technology in Venezuela were developed in the 1950s as an option for post-secondary education in technical and scientific courses, after the polytechnic French concepts. At that time, technical education was considered essential for the development of a sound middle class economy.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of economy was technical education in Venezuela intended to support?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'middle class'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",275]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de5ef44396321400ee2861'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Venezuela begin to create institutes of technology?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1950s'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",61]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de5ef44396321400ee2862'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Most of these institutes award diplomas after three or three and a half years of education. The Institute of technology implementation (IUT from Instituto universitario de tecnologia on Spanish) began with the creation of the first IUT at Caracas, capital city of Venezuela, called IUT. Dr. Federico Rivero Palacio adopted the French \"Institut Universitaire de Technologie\"s system, using French personnel and study system based on three-year periods, with research and engineering facilities at the same level as the main national universities to obtain French equivalent degrees. This IUT is the first and only one in Venezuela having French equivalent degrees accepted, implementing this system and observing the high-level degrees some other IUT's were created in Venezuela, regardless of this the term IUT was not used appropriately resulting in some institutions with mediocre quality and no equivalent degree in France. Later, some private institutions sprang up using IUT in their names, but they are not regulated by the original French system and award lower quality degrees.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What city in Venezuela had the first IUT?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Caracas'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",240]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de5fbccffd8e1900b4b834'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who pioneered using the French system of technological education?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Dr. Federico Rivero Palacio'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",288]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de5fbccffd8e1900b4b835'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Institute of technology'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Wayback Machine is a digital archive of the World Wide Web and other information on the Internet created by the Internet Archive, a nonprofit organization, based in San Francisco, California, United States. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet. The service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a \"three dimensional index.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where does the information stored on the Wayback Machine come from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'World Wide Web'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",49]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddb46c9a695914005b958e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which company made the Wayback Machine?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Internet Archive'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",117]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddb46c9a695914005b958f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where is Internet Archive headquartered?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'San Francisco'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",170]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddb46c9a695914005b9590'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What individuals founded Internet Archive?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",229]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddb46c9a695914005b9591'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the term used by Internet Archive to describe the Wayback Machine?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'three dimensional index'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",419]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddb46c9a695914005b9592'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Wayback Machine'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Since 1996, they have been archiving cached pages of web sites onto their large cluster of Linux nodes. They revisit sites every few weeks or months and archive a new version if the content has changed. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who are offered a link to do so. The intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. Their grand vision is to archive the entire Internet.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What operating system is used on Wayback Machine's servers?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Linux'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",92]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddb53b66d3e219004daca3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When does Wayback Machine save a copy of a website?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'if the content has changed'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",176]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddb53b66d3e219004daca4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the ultimate aim of the Wayback Machine?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'to archive the entire Internet'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",426]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddb53b66d3e219004daca5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Wayback Machine'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The name Wayback Machine was chosen as a droll reference to a plot device in an animated cartoon series, The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show. In one of the animated cartoon's component segments, Peabody's Improbable History, lead characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman routinely used a time machine called the \"WABAC machine\" (pronounced way-back) to witness, participate in, and, more often than not, alter famous events in history.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What TV show served as inspiration for the Wayback Machine's name?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",106]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddb92966d3e219004daca9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which characters on The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show used a device that allowed them to travel through time?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mr. Peabody and Sherman'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",236]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddb92966d3e219004dacaa'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the machine used by Mr. Peabody and Sherman named?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'WABAC machine'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",302]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddb92966d3e219004dacab'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Wayback Machine'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1996 Brewster Kahle, with Bruce Gilliat, developed software to crawl and download all publicly accessible World Wide Web pages, the Gopher hierarchy, the Netnews (Usenet) bulletin board system, and downloadable software. The information collected by these \"crawlers\" does not include all the information available on the Internet, since much of the data is restricted by the publisher or stored in databases that are not accessible. These \"crawlers\" also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached. To overcome inconsistencies in partially cached web sites, Archive-It.org was developed in 2005 by the Internet Archive as a means of allowing institutions and content creators to voluntarily harvest and preserve collections of digital content, and create digital archives.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the program necessary to crawl and archive the web created?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1996'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddbae166d3e219004dacaf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a term used for programs that automatically visit websites and record the data they find?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'crawlers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",261]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddbae166d3e219004dacb0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What rule do crawlers abide by when determining which sites to record?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'robots exclusion standard'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",471]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddbae166d3e219004dacb1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What site was created to mitigate issues with incomplete copies of websites?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Archive-It.org'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",641]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddbae166d3e219004dacb2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Wayback Machine'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers and scientists to tap into the clunky database. When the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What medium was originally used to keep Internet Archive's data?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'digital tape'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",30]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddbb4b66d3e219004dacb7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who were sometimes permitted to use the Archive's database?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'researchers and scientists'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",92]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddbb4b66d3e219004dacb8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'At what milestone was the archive made public?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'fifth anniversary'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",181]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddbb4b66d3e219004dacb9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the event launching the publicly-available archive held?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'University of California, Berkeley'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",262]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddbb4b66d3e219004dacba'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Wayback Machine'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Snapshots usually become available more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later; it can take twenty-four months or longer.  The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked web site updates are recorded. Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the saved versions of a site called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Snapshots'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddbc0e66d3e219004dacbf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the minimum amount of time that elapses before most snapshots are released for viewing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'six months'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",46]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddbc0e66d3e219004dacc0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What term characterizes the rate at which snapshots are made of websites?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'variable'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",185]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddbc0e66d3e219004dacc1'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Wayback Machine'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. According to Jeff Kaplan of the Internet Archive in November 2010, other sites were still being archived, but more recent captures would become visible only after the next major indexing, an infrequent operation.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did it become a requirement for websites to appear on Open Directory for inclusion in the Archive?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'After August 2008'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddbc9766d3e219004dacc5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who stated that sites not on Open Directory were still being saved but would not be released until the Archive was reindexed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jeff Kaplan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",102]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddbc9766d3e219004dacc6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Kaplan make comments about the status of non-Open Directory sites?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'November 2010'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",141]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddbc9766d3e219004dacc7'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Wayback Machine'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'As of 2009[update], the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month; the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes\/month. The data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In 2009, what size did the data saved by Wayback Machine reach?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'three petabytes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",65]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddbd6d66d3e219004daccb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'As of 2003, what was the rate of increase in the amount of data recorded by the Wayback Machine?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'12 terabytes\/month'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",181]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddbd6d66d3e219004daccc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where does Wayback Machine keep its information stored?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'PetaBox rack systems'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",223]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddbd6d66d3e219004daccd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who makes PetaBox rack systems?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Capricorn Technologies'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",260]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddbd6d66d3e219004dacce'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Wayback Machine'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, and hosts a new data center in a Sun Modular Datacenter on Sun Microsystems' California campus.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Internet Archive chance its platform for data storage?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2009'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddc1d966d3e219004dacd3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which platform did Internet Archive adopt in 2009?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sun Open Storage'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",79]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddc1d966d3e219004dacd4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where does Internet archive run a datacenter?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sun Microsystems' California campus'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",156]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddc1d966d3e219004dacd5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Wayback Machine'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was an upgrade of the Wayback Machine released for testing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2011'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddc21866d3e219004dacd9'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Wayback Machine'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In March 2011, it was said on the Wayback Machine forum that \"The Beta of the new Wayback Machine has a more complete and up-to-date index of all crawled materials into 2010, and will continue to be updated regularly. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a little bit of material past 2008, and no further index updates are planned, as it will be phased out this year\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When were details of the test version of the updated Wayback Machine released?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'March 2011'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddc47666d3e219004dacdd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The older version of Wayback Machine did not have much new data past what year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2008'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",304]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddc47666d3e219004dacde'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The newer version of the Wayback Machine included date up to and including what year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2010'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",170]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddc47666d3e219004dacdf'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Wayback Machine'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In October 2013, the company announced the \"Save a Page\" feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. 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Chordiant Software Inc.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",17]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddc5e59a695914005b95c0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which company thought that Wayback Machine data was important for its argument?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Chordiant'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",33]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddc5e59a695914005b95c1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Chordiant request that the court deactivate on Netbula's website?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the robots.txt file'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",122]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddc5e59a695914005b95c2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Wayback Machine'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbula's web site and that they should have subpoenaed Internet Archive for the pages directly. An employee of Internet Archive filed a sworn statement supporting Chordiant's motion, however, stating that it could not produce the web pages by any other means \"without considerable burden, expense and disruption to its operations.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Netbula believe was the entity that should be responsible for the availability of its snapshots?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Internet Archive'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",139]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddc68966d3e219004dace5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which party did Internet Archive side with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Chordiant'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",247]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddc68966d3e219004dace6'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Wayback Machine'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd in the Northern District of California, San Jose Division, rejected Netbula's arguments and ordered them to disable the robots.txt blockage temporarily in order to allow Chordiant to retrieve the archived pages that they sought.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which judge presided over the Netbula v. Chordiant case?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddc6e266d3e219004daceb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what jurisdiction was the Netbula v. Chordiant case tried?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Northern District of California, San Jose Division'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",38]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddc6e266d3e219004dacec'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which party won its argument regarding Netbula's robots.txt file?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Chordiant'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",201]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddc6e266d3e219004daced'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Wayback Machine'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No. 02 C 3293, 65 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 673 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 15, 2004), a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, perhaps for the first time. Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network. Prior to the trial proceedings, EchoStar indicated that it intended to offer Wayback Machine snapshots as proof of the past content of Telewizja Polska's web site. Telewizja Polska brought a motion in limine to suppress the snapshots on the grounds of hearsay and unauthenticated source, but Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys rejected Telewizja Polska's assertion of hearsay and denied TVP's motion in limine to exclude the evidence at trial. At the trial, however, district Court Judge Ronald Guzman, the trial judge, overruled Magistrate Keys' findings,[citation needed] and held that neither the affidavit of the Internet Archive employee nor the underlying pages (i.e., the Telewizja Polska website) were admissible as evidence. Judge Guzman reasoned that the employee's affidavit contained both hearsay and inconclusive supporting statements, and the purported web page printouts were not self-authenticating.[citation needed]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does Telewizja Polska operate?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'TVP Polonia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",302]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddc9d49a695914005b95cd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is EchoStar's platform?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Dish Network'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",336]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddc9d49a695914005b95ce'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which judge denied Telewizja Polska's attempt to block the use of Internet Archive contents as evidence?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",646]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddc9d49a695914005b95cf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which judge overturned Keys' ruling?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'district Court Judge Ronald Guzman'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",817]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddc9d49a695914005b95d0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Wayback Machine'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Provided some additional requirements are met (e.g. providing an authoritative statement of the archivist), the United States patent office and the European Patent Office will accept date stamps from the Internet Archive as evidence of when a given Web page was accessible to the public. These dates are used to determine if a Web page is available as prior art for instance in examining a patent application.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When are Internet Archive timestamps useful for patent offices?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'in examining a patent application'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",376]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddca9d9a695914005b95d7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is an example of a condition that must be met for the Internet Archive data to be considered acceptable for submission to patent offices in the US and Europe?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'authoritative statement of the archivist'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",66]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddca9d9a695914005b95d8'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Wayback Machine'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'There are technical limitations to archiving a web site, and as a consequence, it is possible for opposing parties in litigation to misuse the results provided by web site archives. This problem can be exacerbated by the practice of submitting screen shots of web pages in complaints, answers, or expert witness reports, when the underlying links are not exposed and therefore, can contain errors. For example, archives such as the Wayback Machine do not fill out forms and therefore, do not include the contents of non-RESTful e-commerce databases in their archives.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of limitations exist in keeping copies of a website?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'technical'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",11]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddcf4166d3e219004dacf7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The omission of what element in screenshots can make them unreliable as evidence?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'underlying links'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",331]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddcf4166d3e219004dacf8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What elements of webpages are not used by Wayback Machine?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'forms'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",465]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddcf4166d3e219004dacf9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of sites contain information that the Wayback Machine does not record?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'e-commerce'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",529]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddcf4166d3e219004dacfa'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Wayback Machine'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In Europe the Wayback Machine could be interpreted as violating copyright laws. Only the content creator can decide where their content is published or duplicated, so the Archive would have to delete pages from its system upon request of the creator. The exclusion policies for the Wayback Machine may be found in the FAQ section of the site. The Wayback Machine also retroactively respects robots.txt files, i.e., pages that currently are blocked to robots on the live web temporarily will be made unavailable from the archives as well.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kinds of laws could the Wayback Machine be viewed as breaking in Europe?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'copyright laws'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",65]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd0509a695914005b95ec'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What would the Internet Archive have to do if requested by someone whose content is available on Wayback Machine?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'delete pages from its system'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",194]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd0509a695914005b95ed'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what part of the website are Wayback Machine's rules regarding removing content?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'FAQ'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",319]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd0509a695914005b95ee'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Wayback Machine'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In late 2002, the Internet Archive removed various sites that were critical of Scientology from the Wayback Machine. An error message stated that this was in response to a \"request by the site owner.\" Later, it was clarified that lawyers from the Church of Scientology had demanded the removal and that the site owners did not want their material removed.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Web pages that contained content critical of what religous movement were taken off of the Internet Archive in 2002?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Scientology'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",80]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd22366d3e219004dacff'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was mistakenly credited for having the sites with criticism of Scientology removed from the Internet Archive?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the site owner'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",185]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd22366d3e219004dad00'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the actual party that requested the critical sites be taken down?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Church of Scientology'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",248]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd22366d3e219004dad01'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Wayback Machine'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 2003, Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey defended a client from a trademark dispute using the Archive's Wayback Machine. The attorneys were able to demonstrate that the claims made by the plaintiff were invalid, based on the content of their web site from several years prior. The plaintiff, Healthcare Advocates, then amended their complaint to include the Internet Archive, accusing the organization of copyright infringement as well as violations of the DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. Healthcare Advocates claimed that, since they had installed a robots.txt file on their web site, even if after the initial lawsuit was filed, the Archive should have removed all previous copies of the plaintiff web site from the Wayback Machine. The lawsuit was settled out of court.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which law firm leveraged Wayback Machine to protect their client in 2003?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",10]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd58e66d3e219004dad0d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which company filed suit against Harding, Earley, Follmer & Frailey's client?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Healthcare Advocates'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",294]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd58e66d3e219004dad0e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Healthcare advocates change their case to include as a defendant?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Internet Archive'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",360]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd58e66d3e219004dad0f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What laws did Healthcare Advocates accuse Internet Archive of having broken?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",455]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd58e66d3e219004dad10'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Wayback Machine'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Robots.txt is used as part of the Robots Exclusion Standard, a voluntary protocol the Internet Archive respects that disallows bots from indexing certain pages delineated by its creator as off-limits. As a result, the Internet Archive has rendered unavailable a number of web sites that now are inaccessible through the Wayback Machine. Currently, the Internet Archive applies robots.txt rules retroactively; if a site blocks the Internet Archive, such as Healthcare Advocates, any previously archived pages from the domain are rendered unavailable as well. In cases of blocked sites, only the robots.txt file is archived.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of protocol is the Robots Exclusion Standard?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'voluntary'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",64]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd60966d3e219004dad15'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What file is utilized to exercise the rights promoted by the Robots Exclusion Standard?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Robots.txt'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd60966d3e219004dad16'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'If a site prevents Internet Archive from recording it, what file is still saved?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Robots.txt'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd60966d3e219004dad17'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Wayback Machine'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Internet Archive states, however, \"Sometimes a website owner will contact us directly and ask us to stop crawling or archiving a site. We comply with these requests.\" In addition, the web site says: \"The Internet Archive is not interested in preserving or offering access to Web sites or other Internet documents of persons who do not want their materials in the collection.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who asserts that they will respond to direct contacts requesting material be removed from the archive?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Internet Archive'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd65866d3e219004dad1b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Wayback Machine'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In December 2005, activist Suzanne Shell filed suit demanding Internet Archive pay her US $100,000 for archiving her web site profane-justice.org between 1999 and 2004. Internet Archive filed a declaratory judgment action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on January 20, 2006, seeking a judicial determination that Internet Archive did not violate Shell's copyright. Shell responded and brought a countersuit against Internet Archive for archiving her site, which she alleges is in violation of her terms of service. On February 13, 2007, a judge for the United States District Court for the District of Colorado dismissed all counterclaims except breach of contract. The Internet Archive did not move to dismiss copyright infringement claims Shell asserted arising out of its copying activities, which would also go forward.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who sued Internet Archive in 2005?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Suzanne Shell'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",28]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd8849a695914005b960c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the URL owned by Suzanne Shell?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'profane-justice.org'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",127]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd8849a695914005b960d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what jurisdiction were Internet Archive's counterclaims filed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Northern District of California'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",267]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd8849a695914005b960f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what jurisdiction where counterclaims nullified by the court?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'District of Colorado'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",635]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd8849a695914005b9610'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Wayback Machine'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On April 25, 2007, Internet Archive and Suzanne Shell jointly announced the settlement of their lawsuit. The Internet Archive said it \"...has no interest in including materials in the Wayback Machine of persons who do not wish to have their Web content archived. We recognize that Ms. Shell has a valid and enforceable copyright in her Web site and we regret that the inclusion of her Web site in the Wayback Machine resulted in this litigation.\" Shell said, \"I respect the historical value of Internet Archive's goal. I never intended to interfere with that goal nor cause it any harm.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Suzanne Shell's suit against Internet Archive come to an end?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'April 25, 2007'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd98d9a695914005b961a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who stated that they had no wish to violate individuals' copyrights?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Internet Archive'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",20]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd98d9a695914005b961b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who stated that they did not want to cause damage to the Internet Archive?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Suzanne Shell'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",41]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd98d9a695914005b961c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Wayback Machine'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 2013–14 a pornographic actor was trying to remove archived images of himself, first by sending multiple DMCA requests to the Archive and then in the Federal Court of Canada.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the first method used by the actor in trying to get his images taken down?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'DMCA requests'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",108]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd9ea66d3e219004dad24'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What legal system did the actor use after filing DMCA petitions?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Federal Court of Canada'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",153]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd9ea66d3e219004dad25'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Wayback Machine'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Dutch Republic, also known as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden), Republic of the United Netherlands or Republic of the Seven United Provinces (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Provinciën), was a republic in Europe existing from 1581, when part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule, until 1795. It preceded the Batavian Republic, the Kingdom of Holland, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands. Alternative names include the United Provinces (Verenigde Provinciën), Federated Dutch Provinces (Foederatae Belgii Provinciae), and Dutch Federation (Belgica Foederata).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are some other names the Dutch Republic is known by?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the United Provinces (Verenigde Provinciën), Federated Dutch Provinces (Foederatae Belgii Provinciae), and Dutch Federation (Belgica Foederata)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",539]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd7179a695914005b9600'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Dutch Republic was a republic of Europe during what time?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'from 1581, when part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule, until 1795'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",280]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd7179a695914005b9601'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What republics did the Dutch Republic come before?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Batavian Republic, the Kingdom of Holland, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",377]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd7179a695914005b9602'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dutch Republic'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Until the 16th century, the Low Countries – corresponding roughly to the present-day Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg – consisted of a number of duchies, counties, and Prince-bishoprics, almost all of which were under the supremacy of the Holy Roman Empire, with the exception of the county of Flanders, which was under the Kingdom of France.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Low Countries were made up of which present day countries?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",86]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd84066d3e219004dad1f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which counties in the Low Countries were not ruled by the Holy Roman Empire?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Flanders'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",299]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd84066d3e219004dad20'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dutch Republic'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Most of the Low Countries had come under the rule of the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg. In 1549 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued the Pragmatic Sanction, which further unified the Seventeen Provinces under his rule. Charles was succeeded by his son, King Philip II of Spain. In 1568 the Netherlands, led by William I of Orange, revolted against Philip II because of high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces. This was the start of the Eighty Years' War.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The majority of the Low Countries were ruled by which houses?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",54]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dddab666d3e219004dad2f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who issued the Pragmatic Sanction?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Holy Roman Emperor Charles V'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",124]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dddab666d3e219004dad30'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did the Netherlands rise up against Philip II?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1568'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",308]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dddab666d3e219004dad31'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why did the people of the Netherlands rise up against Philip II?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",396]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dddab666d3e219004dad32'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dutch Republic'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army. This was followed in 1581 by the Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was the Union of Utrecht signed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1579'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dddb4466d3e219004dad37'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who signed the Union of Utrecht?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",9]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dddb4466d3e219004dad38'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Act of Abjuration'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",211]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dddb4466d3e219004dad39'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was the Act of Abjuration signed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1581'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",203]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dddb4466d3e219004dad3a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the purpose of the Union of Utrecht?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",117]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dddb4466d3e219004dad3b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dutch Republic'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1582 the United Provinces invited Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them; but after a failed attempt to take Antwerp in 1583, the duke left the Netherlands again. After the assassination of William of Orange (10 July 1584), both Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England declined the offer of sovereignty. However, the latter agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England (Treaty of Nonsuch, 1585), and sent the Earl of Leicester as governor-general. This was unsuccessful and in 1588 the provinces became a confederacy. The Union of Utrecht is regarded as the foundation of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, which was not recognized by the Spanish Empire until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did the United Provinces invite Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1582'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dddd6766d3e219004dad41'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did Francis, Duke of Anjou leave the Netherlands?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1583'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",121]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dddd6766d3e219004dad42'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was William of Orange assassinated?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'10 July 1584'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",210]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dddd6766d3e219004dad43'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Elizabeth I'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",254]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dddd6766d3e219004dad44'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did the United Provinces become a confederacy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1588'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",507]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dddd6766d3e219004dad45'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dutch Republic'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French republic. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What events created the Batavian Republic?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",51]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddde4d66d3e219004dad53'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The republican forces fled to which country?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'France'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",373]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddde4d66d3e219004dad54'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland replaced which republic?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Batavian Republic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",107]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddde4d66d3e219004dad55'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dutch Republic'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names \"United Provinces of the Netherlands\" and \"United Netherlands\" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège (the \"Southern provinces\") to become the Kingdom of the Netherlands, informally known as the Kingdom of the United Netherlands, to create a strong buffer state north of France. After Belgium and Luxembourg became independent, the state became unequivocally known as the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as it remains today.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did the Netherlands gain independence from France?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1813'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",54]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dddf3066d3e219004dad59'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What names were used in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"United Provinces of the Netherlands\" and \"United Netherlands\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",104]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dddf3066d3e219004dad5a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed by which countries?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",211]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dddf3066d3e219004dad5b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dutch Republic'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'During the Dutch Golden Age in the late 16th century onward, the Dutch Republic dominated world trade in the 17th century, conquering a vast colonial empire and operating the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation. The County of Holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Dutch Republic dominated world trade during what time?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Dutch Golden Age'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",8]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dddfe89a695914005b9632'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world during the 17th century?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The County of Holland'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",220]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dddfe89a695914005b9633'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dutch Republic'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands, the world's first stock exchange – that of the Dutch East-India Company – went public in six different cities. Later, a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city, so Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles. While the banking system evolved in the Low Countries, it was quickly incorporated by the well-connected English, stimulating English economic output.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the stock exchange founded in the Netherlands?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1602'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",219]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde17c66d3e219004dad85'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which city in the Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Rotterdam'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",263]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde17c66d3e219004dad86'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Dutch East-India Company inhabited how many cities?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'six'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",404]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde17c66d3e219004dad87'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which city did the Dutch East-India Company decide to reside in after a court decided they could legally only operate in one city?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Amsterdam'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",507]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde17c66d3e219004dad88'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dutch Republic'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Between 1590–1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world, allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient, as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Dutch had one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world during what time?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1590–1712'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",9]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde2609a695914005b964a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Dutch operated a slave trade from which locations?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Africa and the Pacific'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",267]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde2609a695914005b964b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was one of the conquests of the Dutch Navy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",144]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde2609a695914005b964c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dutch Republic'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in The Hague and consisted of representatives of each of the seven provinces. The provinces of the republic were, in official feudal order:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Dutch Republic consisted of how many provinces?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'seven'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",37]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde4699a695914005b9666'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who were the Generality Lands governed by?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",194]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde4699a695914005b9667'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The States General was made up of what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'representatives of each of the seven provinces'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",326]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde4699a695914005b9668'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dutch Republic'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the 8th province of the Dutch Republic?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the County of Drenthe'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",40]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde54066d3e219004dadb3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why was the County of Drenthe denied representation by the States General?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",67]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde54066d3e219004dadb4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The main executive official of the Provincial States was called what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'raadspensionaris'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",326]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde54066d3e219004dadb5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who had more power during times of war than the raadspensionaris?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the stadtholder'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",361]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde54066d3e219004dadb6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who commanded the army?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the stadtholder'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",361]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde54066d3e219004dadb7'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dutch Republic'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who appointed the stadtholders?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the states of each province'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",73]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde72f66d3e219004dadbd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",123]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde72f66d3e219004dadbe'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which states had the same stadtholder as Holland?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Zeeland and usually Utrecht'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",272]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde72f66d3e219004dadbf'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dutch Republic'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What group of people supported the stadtholders, particularly the princes of Orange?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Orangists'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",49]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde7cc66d3e219004dadcd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who wanted to replace the stadtholders with a republican structure?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Republicans'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",139]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde7cc66d3e219004dadce'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dutch Republic'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Several border territories were designated to the United Provinces after what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Peace of Westphalia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",7]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde8ce66d3e219004dadd9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The border territories assigned to the United Provinces were known as what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",108]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde8ce66d3e219004dadda'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What were the names of the border territories assigned to the United Provinces?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",177]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde8ce66d3e219004daddb'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dutch Republic'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and\/or Zeeland.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC)?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The States General of the United Provinces'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde98866d3e219004daded'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Some shipping expeditions were mostly initiated by which provinces?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Holland and\/or Zeeland'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",216]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde98866d3e219004dadee'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dutch Republic'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting \"Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war.\" Apart from this, the American Declaration of Independence is similar to the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces, but concrete evidence that the former directly influenced the latter is absent.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The framers of the US Constitution'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddecfe66d3e219004dae17'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who described the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting \"Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war.\"'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'James Madison'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",138]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddecfe66d3e219004dae18'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The American Declaration of Independence is similar to what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",520]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddecfe66d3e219004dae19'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dutch Republic'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and that no person should be prosecuted based on religious choice. William of Orange had been a strong supporter of public and personal freedom of religion and hoped to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union, and, for him, the Union was a defeat. In practice, Catholic services in all provinces were quickly forbidden, and the Reformed Church became the \"public\" or \"privileged\" church in the Republic.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What granted Holland and Zeeland the right to accept only one religion?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddee0866d3e219004dae1d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the Union state that every person should be free to choose?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'personal religion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",299]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddee0866d3e219004dae1e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was a strong supporter of freedom of religion and wanted to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'William of Orange'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",384]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddee0866d3e219004dae1f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was forbidden in all provinces?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Catholic services'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",587]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddee0866d3e219004dae20'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dutch Republic'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on Roman Catholics, being the religion of the enemy. In 17th-century Leiden, for instance, people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city. Throughout this, however, personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor – along with economic reasons – in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did any person who wanted to hold public office need to conform to during the Republic?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Reformed Church'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",84]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddef259a695914005b96e2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The degree to which different religions were persecuted depended on what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the time period and regional or city leaders'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",227]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddef259a695914005b96e3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the punishment for people who opened their homes to Catholic services during 17th-century Leiden?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",458]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddef259a695914005b96e4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was one reason for the large amounts of immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'personal freedom of religion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",569]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddef259a695914005b96e5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dutch Republic'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the main subject of controversy that arose within the Reformed Church during the beginning of the Republic?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'predestination'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",112]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf1189a695914005b96fc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The controversy surrounding the subject of predestination is known as what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",153]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf1189a695914005b96fd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith in 1618?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Synod of Dort'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",257]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf1189a695914005b96fe'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dutch Republic'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in private churches.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the active persecution of religious services become more of a restricted tolerance?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'in the 18th century'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",11]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf23e66d3e219004dae4b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Religious services for other religions were tolerated as long as they adhered to what rule?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'as long as their services took place secretly in private churches'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",169]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf23e66d3e219004dae4c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Dutch Republic'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Symbiosis (from Greek σύν \"together\" and βίωσις \"living\") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens. In 1879, the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as \"the living together of unlike organisms.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What language does the word \"symbiosis\" come from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Greek'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",17]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd7499a695914005b9606'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of organism did Frank apply the term \"symbiosis\" to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'lichens'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",319]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd7499a695914005b9607'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What nationality was Heinrich Anton de Bary?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'German'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",341]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd7499a695914005b9608'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Symbiosis'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The definition of symbiosis has varied among scientists. Some believe symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms, while others believe it should apply to any type of persistent biological interaction (in other words mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic). After 130 years of debate, current biology and ecology textbooks now use the latter \"de Bary\" definition or an even broader definition (where symbiosis means all species interactions), with the restrictive definition no longer used (in other words, symbiosis means mutualism).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How long did it take for scientists to stop using the narrow definition of symbiosis?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'130 years'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",277]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddd9109a695914005b9617'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Symbiosis'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms can't survive without each other?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'obligate'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",34]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddda2d66d3e219004dad29'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the type of symbiotic relationship where the symbionts can live together but can also survive alone?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'facultative'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",231]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddda2d66d3e219004dad2a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is an example of an obligate relationship?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'lichens'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",134]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddda2d66d3e219004dad2b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Symbiosis'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of the organisms; symbiosis in which the organisms have bodily union is called conjunctive symbiosis, and symbiosis in which they are not in union is called disjunctive symbiosis.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is an example of ectosymbiosis?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'mistletoe'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",115]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddde2d66d3e219004dad4d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is it called when the organisms are not physically joined?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'disjunctive symbiosis'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",474]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddde2d66d3e219004dad4e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is it called when one symbiont lives within its partner?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'endosymbiosis'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",172]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddde2d66d3e219004dad4f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Symbiosis'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, which live in alder tree root nodules; single-celled algae inside reef-building corals; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%–15% of insects.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do bacterial endosymbionts give necessary nutrition to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'insects'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",489]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de0eadcffd8e1900b4b5a0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of a bacteria inside of tree roots?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Frankia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",311]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de0eadcffd8e1900b4b5a1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What endosymbionts live in coral? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'algae'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",373]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de0eadcffd8e1900b4b5a2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Symbiosis'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales, and mutualist ectosymbionts such as cleaner fish.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What organisms are described as living on the surface of whales?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'barnacles'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",314]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de1024cffd8e1900b4b5a6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Name a parasitic ectosymbiont.'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'lice'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",272]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de1024cffd8e1900b4b5a7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is another name for ectosymbiosis?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'exosymbiosis'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",36]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de1024cffd8e1900b4b5a8'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Symbiosis'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit. In general, only lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic. Mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both species, obligate for one but facultative for the other, or facultative for both. Many biologists restrict the definition of symbiosis to close mutualist relationships.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is another term for mutualism?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'interspecies reciprocal altruism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",14]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de1133cffd8e1900b4b5ac'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Of what duration are symbiotic relationships?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'lifelong'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",155]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de1133cffd8e1900b4b5ad'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Symbiosis'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae that live inside them. Most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants, which fix carbon from the air, and mycorrhyzal fungi, which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of relationship do herbivores have with the bacteria in their intestines?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'mutualistic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",39]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de22074396321400ee25d1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do coral and algae produce together?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Coral reefs'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",259]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de22074396321400ee25d2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How do plants contribute to terrestrial ecosystems?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'fix carbon from the air'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",456]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de22074396321400ee25d3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of fungus draws liquid and minerals out of the earth?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'mycorrhyzal'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",485]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de22074396321400ee25d4'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Symbiosis'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators. A special mucus on the clownfish protects it from the stinging tentacles.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What lives with Ritteri sea anemones?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ocellaris clownfish'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",64]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de22b84396321400ee25d9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What prevents the clownfish from being stung?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'A special mucus'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",300]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de22b84396321400ee25da'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of relationship do the clownfish and anemone have?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'mutual symbiosis'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",15]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de22b84396321400ee25db'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Symbiosis'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'A further example is the goby fish, which sometimes lives together with a shrimp. The shrimp digs and cleans up a burrow in the sand in which both the shrimp and the goby fish live. The shrimp is almost blind, leaving it vulnerable to predators when outside its burrow. In case of danger the goby fish touches the shrimp with its tail to warn it. When that happens both the shrimp and goby fish quickly retreat into the burrow. Different species of gobies (Elacatinus spp.) also exhibit mutualistic behavior through cleaning up ectoparasites in other fish.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What species does this shrimp have a relationship with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the goby fish'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",22]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de23fe4396321400ee25e5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What part of the fish is used to signal danger?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'its tail'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",327]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de23fe4396321400ee25e8'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Symbiosis'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Another non-obligate symbiosis is known from encrusting bryozoans and hermit crabs that live in a close relationship. The bryozoan colony (Acanthodesia commensale) develops a cirumrotatory growth and offers the crab (Pseudopagurus granulimanus) a helicospiral-tubular extension of its living chamber that initially was situated within a gastropod shell.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of symbiosis seen between bryozoans and hermit crabs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'non-obligate'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",9]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de24804396321400ee25f9'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Symbiosis'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'One of the most spectacular examples of obligate mutualism is between the siboglinid tube worms and symbiotic bacteria that live at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. The worm has no digestive tract and is wholly reliant on its internal symbionts for nutrition. The bacteria oxidize either hydrogen sulfide or methane, which the host supplies to them. These worms were discovered in the late 1980s at the hydrothermal vents near the Galapagos Islands and have since been found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps in all of the world's oceans.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When were the worms found?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the late 1980s'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",384]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de25ab4396321400ee2609'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does the bacteria give the worm?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'nutrition'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",252]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de25ab4396321400ee260a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What land is near the worms' first known location?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Galapagos Islands'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",430]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de25ab4396321400ee260b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Symbiosis'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'During mutualistic symbioses, the host cell lacks some of the nutrients, which are provided by the endosymbiont. As a result, the host favors endosymbiont's growth processes within itself by producing some specialized cells. These cells affect the genetic composition of the host in order to regulate the increasing population of the endosymbionts and ensuring that these genetic changes are passed onto the offspring via vertical transmission (heredity).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is given to the host cell?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'nutrients'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",63]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de27b94396321400ee2611'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does the host make that affect its genes?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'specialized cells'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",207]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de27b94396321400ee2612'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what manner are the described genetic alternations given to future generations?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'vertical transmission'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",423]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de27b94396321400ee2613'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Symbiosis'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Adaptation of the endosymbiont to the host's lifestyle leads to many changes in the endosymbiont–the foremost being drastic reduction in its genome size. This is due to many genes being lost during the process of metabolism, and DNA repair and recombination. While important genes participating in the DNA to RNA transcription, protein translation and DNA\/RNA replication are retained. That is, a decrease in genome size is due to loss of protein coding genes and not due to lessening of inter-genic regions or open reading frame (ORF) size. Thus, species that are naturally evolving and contain reduced sizes of genes can be accounted for an increased number of noticeable differences between them, thereby leading to changes in their evolutionary rates. As the endosymbiotic bacteria related with these insects are passed on to the offspring strictly via vertical genetic transmission, intracellular bacteria goes through many hurdles during the process, resulting in the decrease in effective population sizes when compared to the free living bacteria. This incapability of the endosymbiotic bacteria to reinstate its wild type phenotype via a recombination process is called as Muller's ratchet phenomenon. Muller's ratchet phenomenon together with less effective population sizes has led to an accretion of deleterious mutations in the non-essential genes of the intracellular bacteria. This could have been due to lack of selection mechanisms prevailing in the rich environment of the host.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the main alteration in an endosymbiont when it adapts to a host?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'drastic reduction in its genome size'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",117]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2af0cffd8e1900b4b5fc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the term that describes the way the endosymbiont can't go back to its original phenotype?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Muller's ratchet phenomenon'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1183]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2af0cffd8e1900b4b5fd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does the article say could be the reason for the buildup of harmful mutations?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'lack of selection mechanisms'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1421]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2af0cffd8e1900b4b5fe'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Symbiosis'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Commensalism describes a relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped. It is derived from the English word commensal used of human social interaction. The word derives from the medieval Latin word, formed from com- and mensa, meaning \"sharing a table\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What language do the roots of \"commensal\" come from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Latin'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",255]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2bedcffd8e1900b4b60c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of symbiotic relationship helps one organism and doesn't have a major affect on the other?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Commensalism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2bedcffd8e1900b4b60d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Symbiosis'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Commensal relationships may involve one organism using another for transportation (phoresy) or for housing (inquilinism), or it may also involve one organism using something another created, after its death (metabiosis). Examples of metabiosis are hermit crabs using gastropod shells to protect their bodies and spiders building their webs on plants.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the term for a relationship where one organism provides a dwelling for the other?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'inquilinism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",109]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2cf1cffd8e1900b4b61e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of relationship is it when arachnids attach webs to dead plants?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'metabiosis'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",209]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2cf1cffd8e1900b4b61f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what type of relationship does an organism travel by means of another?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'phoresy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",84]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2cf1cffd8e1900b4b620'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Symbiosis'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'A parasitic relationship is one in which one member of the association benefits while the other is harmed. This is also known as antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis. Parasitic symbioses take many forms, from endoparasites that live within the host's body to ectoparasites that live on its surface. In addition, parasites may be necrotrophic, which is to say they kill their host, or biotrophic, meaning they rely on their host's surviving. Biotrophic parasitism is an extremely successful mode of life. Depending on the definition used, as many as half of all animals have at least one parasitic phase in their life cycles, and it is also frequent in plants and fungi. Moreover, almost all free-living animals are host to one or more parasite taxa. An example of a biotrophic relationship would be a tick feeding on the blood of its host.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis are alternate names for what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'A parasitic relationship'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2e63cffd8e1900b4b630'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is it called when organisms are lethal to their host?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'necrotrophic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",332]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2e63cffd8e1900b4b631'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is it called when parasites need their host to live?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'biotrophic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",387]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2e63cffd8e1900b4b632'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What proportion of animals go through a parasitic stage?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'as many as half'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",541]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2e63cffd8e1900b4b633'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Name a biotrophic organism.'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a tick'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",802]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2e63cffd8e1900b4b634'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Symbiosis'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Amensalism is the type of relationship that exists where one species is inhibited or completely obliterated and one is unaffected. This type of symbiosis is relatively uncommon in rudimentary reference texts, but is omnipresent in the natural world.[citation needed] There are two types of amensalism, competition and antibiosis. Competition is where a larger or stronger organisms deprives a smaller or weaker one from a resource. Antibiosis occurs when one organism is damaged or killed by another through a chemical secretion. An example of competition is a sapling growing under the shadow of a mature tree. The mature tree can begin to rob the sapling of necessary sunlight and, if the mature tree is very large, it can take up rainwater and deplete soil nutrients. Throughout the process the mature tree is unaffected. Indeed, if the sapling dies, the mature tree gains nutrients from the decaying sapling. Note that these nutrients become available because of the sapling's decomposition, rather than from the living sapling, which would be a case of parasitism.[citation needed] An example of antibiosis is Juglans nigra (black walnut), secreting juglone, a substance which destroys many herbaceous plants within its root zone.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name for the kind of symbiosis in which one organism is seriously harmed and there is no affect on the other?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Amensalism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de418fcffd8e1900b4b71e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kinds of amensalism are there?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'competition and antibiosis'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",303]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de418fcffd8e1900b4b71f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When a large tree takes the resources a young tree needs, what type of amensalism is it?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'competition'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",303]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de418fcffd8e1900b4b720'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does the black walnut give out that kills plants?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'juglone'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1156]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de418fcffd8e1900b4b721'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Symbiosis'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Amensalism is an interaction where an organism inflicts harm to another organism without any costs or benefits received by the other. A clear case of amensalism is where sheep or cattle trample grass. Whilst the presence of the grass causes negligible detrimental effects to the animal's hoof, the grass suffers from being crushed. Amensalism is often used to describe strongly asymmetrical competitive interactions, such as has been observed between the Spanish ibex and weevils of the genus Timarcha which feed upon the same type of shrub. Whilst the presence of the weevil has almost no influence on food availability, the presence of ibex has an enormous detrimental effect on weevil numbers, as they consume significant quantities of plant matter and incidentally ingest the weevils upon it.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What organisms is the ibex in an amensalistic relationship with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'weevils'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",473]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de42a94396321400ee2730'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does the Spanish ibex eat?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'shrub'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",536]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de42a94396321400ee2731'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of relationship is it when large animals crush small plants?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Amensalism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de42a94396321400ee2732'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Symbiosis'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Synnecrosis is a rare type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved. It is a short-lived condition, as the interaction eventually causes death. Because of this, evolution selects against synnecrosis and it is uncommon in nature. An example of this is the relationship between some species of bees and victims of the bee sting. Species of bees who die after stinging their prey inflict pain on themselves (albeit to protect the hive) as well as on the victim. This term is rarely used.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of relationship harms both organisms?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Synnecrosis'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de43f9cffd8e1900b4b74b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the ultimate result of synnecrosis?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'death'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",193]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de43f9cffd8e1900b4b74c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How common is synnecrosis in the natural world?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'uncommon'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",265]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de43f9cffd8e1900b4b74d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why do bees sting even though it will kill them?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'to protect the hive'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",468]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de43f9cffd8e1900b4b74e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Symbiosis'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'While historically, symbiosis has received less attention than other interactions such as predation or competition, it is increasingly recognized as an important selective force behind evolution, with many species having a long history of interdependent co-evolution. In fact, the evolution of all eukaryotes (plants, animals, fungi, and protists) is believed under the endosymbiotic theory to have resulted from a symbiosis between various sorts of bacteria. This theory is supported by certain organelles dividing independently of the cell, and the observation that some organelles seem to have their own nucleic acid.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What far-reaching result do scientists think has come about from symbiosis with bacteria?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the evolution of all eukaryotes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",278]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4520cffd8e1900b4b759'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are eukaryotes?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'plants, animals, fungi, and protists'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",311]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4520cffd8e1900b4b75a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Symbiosis'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The biologist Lynn Margulis, famous for her work on endosymbiosis, contends that symbiosis is a major driving force behind evolution. She considers Darwin's notion of evolution, driven by competition, to be incomplete and claims that evolution is strongly based on co-operation, interaction, and mutual dependence among organisms. According to Margulis and Dorion Sagan, \"Life did not take over the globe by combat, but by networking.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does Margulis think is the main driver of evolution?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'symbiosis'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",57]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4796cffd8e1900b4b777'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who agrees with Margulis' cooperative view of evolution?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Dorion Sagan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",358]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4796cffd8e1900b4b779'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Symbiosis'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Symbiosis played a major role in the co-evolution of flowering plants and the animals that pollinate them. Many plants that are pollinated by insects, bats, or birds have highly specialized flowers modified to promote pollination by a specific pollinator that is also correspondingly adapted. The first flowering plants in the fossil record had relatively simple flowers. Adaptive speciation quickly gave rise to many diverse groups of plants, and, at the same time, corresponding speciation occurred in certain insect groups. Some groups of plants developed nectar and large sticky pollen, while insects evolved more specialized morphologies to access and collect these rich food sources. In some taxa of plants and insects the relationship has become dependent, where the plant species can only be pollinated by one species of insect.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How big a part did symbiosis have in the development of flowering plants and their pollinators?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a major role'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",18]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de49434396321400ee2774'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did some plants produce when flowers became less simple?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'nectar and large sticky pollen'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",560]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de49434396321400ee2775'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the word for the kind of relationship in which a plant depend on a single type of insect?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'dependent'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",754]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de49434396321400ee2776'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Symbiosis'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Canadian Armed Forces (CAF; French: Forces armées canadiennes, FAC), or Canadian Forces (CF) (French: les Forces canadiennes, FC), is the unified armed force of Canada, as constituted by the National Defence Act, which states: \"The Canadian Forces are the armed forces of Her Majesty raised by Canada and consist of one Service called the Canadian Armed Forces.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the French name of the Canadian Armed Forces?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Forces armées canadiennes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",41]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde02666d3e219004dad6b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What law constitutes the CAF?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the National Defence Act'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",192]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde02666d3e219004dad6c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who are the CAF supposed to protect?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Her Majesty'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",277]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde02666d3e219004dad6d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does CF stand for in this context?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Forces canadiennes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",111]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde02666d3e219004dad6e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Canadian Armed Forces'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'This unified institution consists of sea, land, and air elements referred to as the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). Personnel may belong to either the Regular Force or the Reserve Force, which has four sub-components: the Primary Reserve, Supplementary Reserve, Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service, and the Canadian Rangers. Under the National Defence Act, the Canadian Armed Forces are an entity separate and distinct from the Department of National Defence (the federal government department responsible for administration and formation of defence policy), which also exists as the civilian support system for the Forces.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many sub components are there?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'four'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",245]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde0ea66d3e219004dad7e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What act defines the CAF?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the National Defence Act'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",399]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde0ea66d3e219004dad7f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Canadian Armed Forces'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces is the reigning Canadian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, who is represented by the Governor General of Canada. 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Based on that strategy, the Canadian military is oriented and being equipped to carry out six core missions within Canada, in North America and globally. 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The latter aided in the defence of their respective territories against attacks by other European powers, Aboriginal peoples, and later American forces during the American Revolutionary War and War of 1812, as well as in the Fenian raids, Red River Rebellion, and North-West Rebellion. 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The Canadian Crown-in-Council then decided to send its forces into the Second World War, as well as the Korean War.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the first overseas deployment of the Canadian Military?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Second Boer War'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",79]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde7259a695914005b9696'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Under what command did they serve?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'British command'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",142]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde7259a695914005b9697'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When were Canadian Troops called upon to assist in Europe?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the First World War'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",232]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde7259a695914005b9698'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What other European war were the Canadian Forces involved in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Second World War'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",389]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde7259a695914005b9699'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What Asian war were the Canadian Forces involved in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Korean War'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",422]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde7259a695914005b969a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Canadian Armed Forces'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Since 1947, Canadian military units have participated in more than 200 operations worldwide, and completed 72 international operations. Canadian soldiers, sailors, and aviators came to be considered world-class professionals through conspicuous service during these conflicts and the country's integral participation in NATO during the Cold War, First Gulf War, Kosovo War, and in United Nations Peacekeeping operations, such as the Suez Crisis, Golan Heights, Cyprus, Croatia, Bosnia, Afghanistan, and Libya. Canada maintained an aircraft carrier from 1957 to 1970 during the Cold War, which never saw combat but participated in patrols during the Cuban Missile Crisis.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many operations has the Canadian Military been part of since 1947?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'more than 200 operations'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",58]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde8249a695914005b96a0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many operations have been completed by the Canadian Military Internationally?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'72'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",108]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde8249a695914005b96a1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are some of the wars the Canadian Military was involved in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Cold War, First Gulf War, Kosovo War'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",337]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde8249a695914005b96a2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What peace keeping effort is the Canadian Military part of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'United Nations Peacekeeping operations'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",382]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde8249a695914005b96a3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of military vehicle was maintained almost 15 years but never saw any action during the Cuban crisis?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'an aircraft carrier'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",529]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde8249a695914005b96a4'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Canadian Armed Forces'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Battles which are particularly notable to the Canadian military include the Battle of Vimy Ridge, the Dieppe Raid, the Battle of Ortona, the Battle of Passchendaele, the Normandy Landings, the Battle for Caen, the Battle of the Scheldt, the Battle of Britain, the Battle of the Atlantic, the strategic bombing of German cities, and more recently the Battle of Medak Pocket, in Croatia.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What famous World War II battle was the Canadian Military part of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Normandy Landings'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",167]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde8e466d3e219004dade0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What effort was the Canadian Military known for in Germany?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the strategic bombing of German cities'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",289]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde8e466d3e219004dade1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What Battle in France was the Canadian Military known for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Battle of Vimy Ridge'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",73]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde8e466d3e219004dade2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What country was the latest Canadian Military effort?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Croatia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",378]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde8e466d3e219004dade3'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Canadian Armed Forces'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'At the end of the Second World War, Canada possessed the fourth-largest air force and fifth-largest naval surface fleet in the world, as well as the largest volunteer army ever fielded. Conscription for overseas service was introduced only near the end of the war, and only 2,400 conscripts actually made it into battle. Originally, Canada was thought to have had the third-largest navy in the world, but with the fall of the Soviet Union, new data based on Japanese and Soviet sources found that to be incorrect.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Canada had which biggest army during the Second World War?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the largest volunteer army ever'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",146]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde9c366d3e219004dadf2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What country fell providing with more information on Canada's army size?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Soviet Union'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",423]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde9c366d3e219004dadf4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which other country had a sizable naval army?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Japanese'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",459]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde9c366d3e219004dadf5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Canadian Armed Forces'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The current iteration of the Canadian Armed Forces dates from 1 February 1968, when the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force were merged into a unified structure and superseded by elemental commands. Its roots, however, lie in colonial militia groups that served alongside garrisons of the French and British armies and navies; a structure that remained in place until the early 20th century. Thereafter, a distinctly Canadian army and navy was established, followed by an air force, that, because of the constitutional arrangements at the time, remained effectively under the control of the British government until Canada gained legislative independence from the United Kingdom in 1931, in part due to the distinguished achievement and sacrifice of the Canadian Corps in the First World War.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Canadian Armed Forced become to be?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1 February 1968'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",63]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddea5166d3e219004dadfb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does the Canadian Armed Forces mostly consist of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",85]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddea5166d3e219004dadfc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What prevented Canada from fully having their own army at the start?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the British government'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",617]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddea5166d3e219004dadfd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Canada gain independence from the United Kingdom?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1931'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",712]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddea5166d3e219004dadfe'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What war aided Canadian legislative independence?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the First World War'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",802]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddea5166d3e219004dadff'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Canadian Armed Forces'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'After the 1980s, the use of the \"Canadian Armed Forces\" name gave way to \"Canadian Forces\";[citation needed] The \"Canadian Armed Forces\" name returned in 2013.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the old name of the Canadian Forces?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Canadian Armed Forces'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",34]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddead69a695914005b96ae'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Canadian Armed Forces name cease to be?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'After the 1980s'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddead69a695914005b96af'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the Canadian Armed Forces name reintroduced?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2013'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",155]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddead69a695914005b96b0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the new name of the Canadian Armed Forces?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Canadian Forces'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",75]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddead69a695914005b96b1'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Canadian Armed Forces'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Land Forces during this period also deployed in support of peacekeeping operations within United Nations sanctioned conflicts. The nature of the Canadian Forces has continued to evolve. They have been deployed in Afghanistan until 2011, under the NATO-led United Nations International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), at the request of the Government of Afghanistan.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What forces were sent out in support of peacekeeping?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Land Forces'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2b36cffd8e1900b4b602'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Until when were Canadian forces in Afghanistan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2011'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",232]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2b36cffd8e1900b4b603'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What force were the Canadians part of in Afghanistan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ISAF'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",313]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2b36cffd8e1900b4b604'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who requested the aid of the Canadians?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Government of Afghanistan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",338]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2b36cffd8e1900b4b605'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of operations were mainly done by Canadian forces?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'peacekeeping'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",60]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2b36cffd8e1900b4b606'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Canadian Armed Forces'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Armed Forces are today funded by approximately $20.1 billion annually and are presently ranked 74th in size compared to the world's other armed forces by number of total personnel, and 58th in terms of active personnel, standing at a strength of roughly 68,000, plus 27,000 reservists, 5000 Rangers, and 19,000 supplementary reserves, bringing the total force to approximately 119,000. The number of primary reserve personnel is expected to go up to 30,000 by 2020, and the number of active to at least 70,000. In addition, 5000 rangers and 19,000 supplementary personnel will be serving. If this happens the total strength would be around 124,000. These individuals serve on numerous CF bases located in all regions of the country, and are governed by the Queen's Regulations and Orders and the National Defence Act.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is Today's annual cost of the Canadian Forces?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'approximately $20.1 billion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",38]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dedf113277331400b4d791'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How are the Canadian forces ranked in size compared to other military?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'74th in size'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",100]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dedf113277331400b4d792'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the total force of the Canadian Forces?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'approximately 119,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",368]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dedf113277331400b4d793'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'By what date is the primary reserve personnel estimated to go up by 30,000?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2020'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",465]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dedf113277331400b4d794'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the total amount of Canadian Forces estimated to be in 2020?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'around 124,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",638]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dedf113277331400b4d795'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Canadian Armed Forces'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 2008 the Government of Canada made efforts, through the Canada First Defence Strategy, to modernize the Canadian Armed Forces, through the purchase of new equipment, improved training and readiness, as well as the establishment of the Canadian Special Operations Regiment. More funds were also put towards recruitment, which had been dwindling throughout the 1980s and '90s, possibly because the Canadian populace had come to perceive the CAF as peacekeepers rather than as soldiers, as shown in a 2008 survey conducted for the Department of National Defence. The poll found that nearly two thirds of Canadians agreed with the country's participation in the invasion of Afghanistan, and that the military should be stronger, but also that the purpose of the forces should be different, such as more focused on responding to natural disasters. Then CDS, Walter Natynczyk, said later that year that while recruiting has become more successful, the CF was facing a problem with its rate of loss of existing members, which increased between 2006 and 2008 from 6% to 9.2% annually.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the effort called to upgrade the Canadian Forces?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Canada First Defence Strategy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",56]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dedffec65bf219000b3da3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How were the Canadian Forces upgraded in 2008?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'through the purchase of new equipment, improved training and readiness'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",131]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dedffec65bf219000b3da4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What major problem is the CAF trying to address currently?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'loss of existing members'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",991]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dedffec65bf219000b3da7'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Canadian Armed Forces'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The 2006 renewal and re-equipment effort has resulted in the acquisition of specific equipment (main battle tanks, artillery, unmanned air vehicles and other systems) to support the mission in Afghanistan. It has also encompassed initiatives to renew certain so-called \"core capabilities\" (such as the air force's medium range transport aircraft fleet – the C-130 Hercules – and the army's truck and armoured vehicle fleets). In addition, new systems (such as C-17 Globemaster III strategic transport aircraft and CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift helicopters) have also been acquired for the Armed Forces. Although the viability of the Canada First Defence Strategy continues to suffer setbacks from challenging and evolving fiscal and other factors, it originally aimed to:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What equipment was acquired to aid in Afghanistan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'main battle tanks, artillery, unmanned air vehicles'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",97]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee117c65bf219000b3dad'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What large transport plane is part of the CAF mission?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'C-130 Hercules'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",359]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee117c65bf219000b3dae'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What new type of helicopter was recently acquired?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift helicopters'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",515]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee117c65bf219000b3daf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the renewal and re-equipment effort started?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2006'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee117c65bf219000b3db1'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Canadian Armed Forces'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In the 1950s, the recruitment of women was open to roles in medicine, communication, logistics, and administration. The roles of women in the CAF began to expand in 1971, after the Department reviewed the recommendations of the Royal Commission on the Status of Women, at which time it lifted the ceiling of 1,500 women personnel, and gradually expanded employment opportunities into the non-traditional areas—vehicle drivers and mechanics, aircraft mechanics, air-traffic controllers, military police, and firefighters. The Department further reviewed personnel policies in 1978 and 1985, after Parliament passed the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. As a result of these reviews, the Department changed its policies to permit women to serve at sea in replenishment ships and in a diving tender, with the army service battalions, in military police platoons and field ambulance units, and in most air squadrons.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What roles were women recruited for in the 1950s?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'medicine, communication, logistics, and administration'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",61]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee1f8c65bf219000b3dc7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did further recruitment for women open in the CAF?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1971'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",166]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee1f8c65bf219000b3dc8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What non traditional tasks were women recruited for in the 1970s?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'vehicle drivers and mechanics, aircraft mechanics, air-traffic controllers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",411]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee1f8c65bf219000b3dc9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why were women eventually allowed to serve at sea in the CAF?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Department changed its policies'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",724]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee1f8c65bf219000b3dca'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What charter directly affected a women's right to serve in the CAF?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",653]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee1f8c65bf219000b3dcb'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Canadian Armed Forces'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1987, occupations and units with the primary role of preparing for direct involvement in combat on the ground or at sea were still closed to women: infantry, armoured corps, field artillery, air-defence artillery, signals, field engineers, and naval operations. On 5 February 1987, the Minister of National Defence created an office to study the impact of employing men and women in combat units. These trials were called Combat-Related Employment of Women.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Name some of the jobs in the CAF off limits to women in the 1980s.'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'infantry, armoured corps, field artillery, air-defence artillery'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",152]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee2b8c65bf219000b3dd2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what date was a study created to research the impart of women in direct involvement?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'5 February 1987'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",269]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee2b8c65bf219000b3dd3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who created an office to study these effects?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Minister of National Defence'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",286]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee2b8c65bf219000b3dd4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the study called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Combat-Related Employment of Women'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",426]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee2b8c65bf219000b3dd5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Canadian Armed Forces'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'All military occupations were open to women in 1989, with the exception of submarine service, which opened in 2000. Throughout the 1990s, the introduction of women into the combat arms increased the potential recruiting pool by about 100 percent. It also provided opportunities for all persons to serve their country to the best of their abilities. Women were fully integrated in all occupations and roles by the government of Jean Chretien, and by 8 March 2000, even allowed to serve on submarines.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year were most military occupations opened to women?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1989'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",48]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee4db3277331400b4d7bb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What military occupation wasn't opened to women until the 2000s?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'submarine service'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",76]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee4db3277331400b4d7bc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'By how much did opening these jobs to women increase the recruiting pool by?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'100 percent'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",235]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee4db3277331400b4d7bd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which government was responsible in Canadian history for this fact?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the government of Jean Chretien'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",410]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee4db3277331400b4d7bf'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Canadian Armed Forces'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'All equipment must be suitable for a mixed-gender force. Combat helmets, rucksacks, combat boots, and flak jackets are designed to ensure women have the same level of protection and comfort as their male colleagues. The women's uniform is similar in design to the men's uniform, but conforms to the female figure, and is functional and practical. Women are also provided with an annual financial entitlement for the purchase of brassiere undergarments.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a requirement for equipment for the CAF?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'equipment must be suitable for a mixed-gender force'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee59b3277331400b4d7cf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are some of the equipment used by both men and women?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Combat helmets, rucksacks, combat boots'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",58]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee59b3277331400b4d7d0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What special entitlement are women provided as part of their service?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'an annual financial entitlement for the purchase of brassiere undergarments'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",377]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee59b3277331400b4d7d2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Canadian Armed Forces'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The following is the hierarchy of the Canadian Armed Forces. It begins at the top with the most senior-ranking personnel and works its way into lower organizations.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the hierarchy of the Canadian Armed Forces?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'It begins at the top with the most senior-ranking personnel and works its way into lower organizations.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",62]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee62fc65bf219000b3dfd'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Canadian Armed Forces'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Canadian constitution determines that the Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces is the country's sovereign, who, since 1904, has authorized his or her viceroy, the governor general, to exercise the duties ascribed to the post of Commander-in-Chief and to hold the associated title since 1905. 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This group is represented, though not commanded, at NDHQ by the Chief of Reserves and Cadets, who is usually a major general or rear admiral, and is divided into four components that are each operationally and administratively responsible to its corresponding environmental command in the Regular Force – the Naval Reserve (NAVRES), Land Force Reserve (LFR), and Air Reserve (AIRRES) – in addition to one force that does not fall under an environmental command, the Health Services Reserve under the Canadian Forces Health Services Group.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who commands the reserves?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Chief of Reserves and Cadets'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",316]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df065d3277331400b4d8c7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are some of the components of the reserve force?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Naval Reserve (NAVRES), Land Force Reserve (LFR), and Air Reserve (AIRRES)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",557]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df065d3277331400b4d8c9'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Canadian Armed Forces'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service (COATS) consists of officers and non-commissioned members who conduct training, safety, supervision and administration of nearly 60,000 cadets aged 12 to 18 years in the Canadian Cadet Movement. The majority of members in COATS are officers of the Cadet Instructors Cadre (CIC) branch of the CAF. Members of the Reserve Force Sub-Component COATS who are not employed part-time (Class A) or full-time (Class B) may be held on the \"Cadet Instructor Supplementary Staff List\" (CISS List) in anticipation of employment in the same manner as other reservists are held as members of the Supplementary Reserve.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who conducts training of the cadets?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df07a33277331400b4d8cf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What age are the cadets in the Canadian Cadet Movement?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'12 to 18 years'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",209]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df07a33277331400b4d8d0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What branch are the majority of COATS members?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'officers of the Cadet Instructors Cadre'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",293]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df07a33277331400b4d8d2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is eligible to serve as a COATS trainer?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Reserve Force Sub-Component COATS'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",373]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df07a33277331400b4d8d3'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Canadian Armed Forces'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Canadian Rangers, who provide surveillance and patrol services in Canada's arctic and other remote areas, are an essential reserve force component used for Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do Canadian Rangers perform?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'provide surveillance and patrol services'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",27]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df08453277331400b4d8d9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where do the Canadian Rangers operate?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'in Canada's arctic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",68]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df08453277331400b4d8da'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which force are the Rangers part of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'reserve force'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",128]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df08453277331400b4d8db'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do the Canadian Rangers safekeep?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",161]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df08453277331400b4d8dd'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Canadian Armed Forces'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Only service dress is suitable for CAF members to wear on any occasion, barring \"dirty work\" or combat. With gloves, swords, and medals (No. 1 or 1A), it is suitable for ceremonial occasions and \"dressed down\" (No. 3 or lower), it is suitable for daily wear. Generally, after the elimination of base dress (although still defined for the Air Force uniform), operational dress is now the daily uniform worn by most members of the CF, unless service dress is prescribed (such as at the NDHQ, on parades, at public events, etc.). Approved parkas are authorized for winter wear in cold climates and a light casual jacket is also authorized for cooler days. The navy, most army, and some other units have, for very specific occasions, a ceremonial\/regimental full dress, such as the naval \"high-collar\" white uniform, kilted Highland, Scottish, and Irish regiments, and the scarlet uniforms of the Royal Military Colleges.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is suitable for CAF members to wear on any occasion?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'service dress'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",6]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df0a103277331400b4d8f7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What other parts are there to a uniform?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'gloves, swords, and medals'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",110]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df0a103277331400b4d8f8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is now the daily uniform worn by members of the CAF?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'operational dress is now the daily uniform'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",359]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df0a103277331400b4d8f9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What can be worn in cold winter weather?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Approved parkas'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",528]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df0a103277331400b4d8fa'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is only worn for very specific occasions?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a ceremonial\/regimental full dress'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",731]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df0a103277331400b4d8fb'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Canadian Armed Forces'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Authorized headdress for the Canadian Armed Forces are the: beret, wedge cap, ballcap, Yukon cap, and tuque (toque). Each is coloured according to the distinctive uniform worn: navy (white or navy blue), army (rifle green or \"regimental\" colour), air force (light blue). Adherents of the Sikh faith may wear uniform turbans (dastar) (or patka, when operational) and Muslim women may wear uniform tucked hijabs under their authorized headdress. Jews may wear yarmulke under their authorized headdress and when bareheaded. The beret is probably the most widely worn headgear and is worn with almost all orders of dress (with the exception of the more formal orders of Navy and Air Force dress), and the colour of which is determined by the wearer's environment, branch, or mission. Naval personnel, however, seldom wear berets, preferring either service cap or authorized ballcaps (shipboard operational dress), which only the Navy wear. Air Force personnel, particularly officers, prefer the wedge cap to any other form of headdress. There is no naval variant of the wedge cap. The Yukon cap and tuque are worn only with winter dress, although clearance and combat divers may wear tuques year-round as a watch cap. Soldiers in Highland, Scottish, and Irish regiments generally wear alternative headdress, including the glengarry, balmoral, tam o'shanter, and caubeen instead of the beret. The officer cadets of both Royal Military Colleges wear gold-braided \"pillbox\" (cavalry) caps with their ceremonial dress and have a unique fur \"Astrakhan\" for winter wear. The Canadian Army wears the CG634 helmet.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are some of the authorized head dresses for the CAF?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'beret, wedge cap, ballcap'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",61]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df0adf3277331400b4d903'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Are there specific rules for wearing head dresses?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'coloured according to the distinctive uniform worn'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",126]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df0adf3277331400b4d904'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the most popular head dress worn?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The beret'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",522]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df0adf3277331400b4d905'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What headdress does the Canadian Army wear?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'CG634 helmet'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1590]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df0adf3277331400b4d907'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Canadian Armed Forces'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Constitution of Canada gives the federal government exclusive responsibility for national defence, and expenditures are thus outlined in the federal budget. For the 2008–2009 fiscal year, the amount allocated for defence spending was CAD$18.9 billion. This regular funding was augmented in 2005 with an additional CAD$12.5 billion over five years, as well as a commitment to increasing regular force troop levels by 5,000 persons, and the primary reserve by 3,000 over the same period. In 2006, a further CAD$5.3 billion over five years was provided to allow for 13,000 more regular force members, and 10,000 more primary reserve personnel, as well as CAD$17.1 billion for the purchase of new trucks for the Canadian Army, transport aircraft and helicopters for the Royal Canadian Air Force, and joint support ships for the Royal Canadian Navy.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What gives the federal government responsibility for national defense?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Constitution of Canada'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df0c1fc65bf219000b3ef9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year was an additional 12.5 Billion Canadian Dollars assigned for over five years?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2005'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",295]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df0c1fc65bf219000b3efb'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Canadian Armed Forces'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1059, the right of electing the pope was reserved to the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees. In the 12th century the practice of appointing ecclesiastics from outside Rome as cardinals began, with each of them assigned a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses, while still being incardinated in a diocese other than that of Rome.[citation needed]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In 1059, who was responsible for electing the pope? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",57]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde5409a695914005b9676'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What were the cardinals assigned? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",261]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde5409a695914005b9678'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The term cardinal at one time applied to any priest permanently assigned or incardinated to a church, or specifically to the senior priest of an important church, based on the Latin cardo (hinge), meaning \"principal\" or \"chief\". The term was applied in this sense as early as the ninth century to the priests of the tituli (parishes) of the diocese of Rome. The Church of England retains an instance of this origin of the title, which is held by the two senior members of the College of Minor Canons of St Paul's Cathedral.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'At one time, Priest permanently were assigned to a church were referred to as?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'cardinal'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",10]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde6309a695914005b9690'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How early was this term used?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ninth century'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",281]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde6309a695914005b9691'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Church of England uses what term that is held by two senior members of the College of Minor Canons of St. Pauls Catherdral?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'tituli'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",317]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde6309a695914005b9692'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What Latin word does \"cardinal\" come from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'cardo'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",183]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56def3ed3277331400b4d848'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which church still holds on to the original meaning of \"cardinal\" from the above Latin word?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Church of England'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",359]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56def3ed3277331400b4d849'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'There is disagreement about the origin of the term, but general consensus that \"cardinalis\" from the word cardo (meaning 'pivot' or 'hinge') was first used in late antiquity to designate a bishop or priest who was incorporated into a church for which he had not originally been ordained. In Rome the first persons to be called cardinals were the deacons of the seven regions of the city at the beginning of the 6th century, when the word began to mean “principal,” “eminent,” or \"superior.\" The name was also given to the senior priest in each of the \"title\" churches (the parish churches) of Rome and to the bishops of the seven sees surrounding the city. By the 8th century the Roman cardinals constituted a privileged class among the Roman clergy. They took part in the administration of the church of Rome and in the papal liturgy. By decree of a synod of 769, only a cardinal was eligible to become pope. In 1059, during the pontificate of Nicholas II, cardinals were given the right to elect the pope under the Papal Bull In nomine Domini. For a time this power was assigned exclusively to the cardinal bishops, but the Third Lateran Council in 1179 gave back the right to the whole body of cardinals. Cardinals were granted the privilege of wearing the red hat by Pope Innocent IV in 1244.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who were the first people to be called cardinals in Rome? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the deacons of the seven regions of the city'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",343]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde75466d3e219004dadc4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When were the Roman cardinals perceived as a privleged class among the Roman clergy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'8th century'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",665]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde75466d3e219004dadc5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did the ruling \"only a cardinal was eligible to become pope\" come in effect?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'769'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",861]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde75466d3e219004dadc6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who gave cardinals the right to elect the pope under the Papal Bull In nomine Domini?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Nicholas II'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",946]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde75466d3e219004dadc7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was it that gave cardinals the right to elect the pope?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Papal Bull In nomine Domini'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1014]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56def5bd3277331400b4d84f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did the pope allow cardinals to wear the red hats?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1244'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1292]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56def5bd3277331400b4d850'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the pope who gave cardinals the right to wear the hats?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pope Innocent IV'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1272]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56def5bd3277331400b4d851'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In cities other than Rome, the name cardinal began to be applied to certain church men as a mark of honour. The earliest example of this occurs in a letter sent by Pope Zacharias in 747 to Pippin III (the Short), ruler of the Franks, in which Zacharias applied the title to the priests of Paris to distinguish them from country clergy. This meaning of the word spread rapidly, and from the 9th century various episcopal cities had a special class among the clergy known as cardinals. The use of the title was reserved for the cardinals of Rome in 1567 by Pius V.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What term was given to certain church men of honor?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'cardinal'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",37]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde83666d3e219004dadd1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When is the earliest date of using the term cardinal as honorable church men used?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'747'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",183]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde83666d3e219004dadd2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the title of cardinal reserved for the cardinals of Rome by Pius V?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1567'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",548]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde83666d3e219004dadd4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In regards to the word \"cardinal\" being used in cities other than Rome, who sent a letter to Pippin III?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pope Zacharias'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",165]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56def6ffc65bf219000b3e53'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was the letter sent?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'747'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",183]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56def6ffc65bf219000b3e54'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which pope declared that cardinals would be from Rome?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pius V.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",556]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56def6ffc65bf219000b3e55'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did the pope make the declaration?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1567'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",548]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56def6ffc65bf219000b3e56'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In the year 1563 the influential Ecumenical Council of Trent, headed by Pope Pius IV, wrote about the importance of selecting good Cardinals. According to this historic council \"nothing is more necessary to the Church of God than that the holy Roman pontiff apply that solicitude which by the duty of his office he owes the universal Church in a very special way by associating with himself as cardinals the most select persons only, and appoint to each church most eminently upright and competent shepherds; and this the more so, because our Lord Jesus Christ will require at his hands the blood of the sheep of Christ that perish through the evil government of shepherds who are negligent and forgetful of their office.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did Pope Pius IV wrote abou tthe selecting of cardinals? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1563'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",13]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde8fd66d3e219004dade9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was in charge of the Ecumenical Council of Trent?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pope Pius IV'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",73]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde8fd66d3e219004dadea'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did the Ecumenical Council of Trent write in regards to the selection of Cardinals?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1563'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",13]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56def865c65bf219000b3e5b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the pope who headed the Ecumencial Council of Trent in that year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pope Pius IV'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",73]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56def865c65bf219000b3e5c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The earlier influence of temporal rulers, notably the French kings, reasserted itself through the influence of cardinals of certain nationalities or politically significant movements. Traditions even developed entitling certain monarchs, including those of Austria, Spain, and Portugal, to nominate one of their trusted clerical subjects to be created cardinal, a so-called crown-cardinal.[citation needed]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who were generally temporal rulers?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'French kings'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",55]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dde98d9a695914005b96aa'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In early modern times, cardinals often had important roles in secular affairs. In some cases, they took on powerful positions in government. In Henry VIII's England, his chief minister was Cardinal Wolsey. Cardinal Richelieu's power was so great that he was for many years effectively the ruler of France. Richelieu successor was also a cardinal, Jules Mazarin. Guillaume Dubois and André-Hercule de Fleury complete the list of the \"four great\" cardinals to have ruled France.[citation needed] In Portugal, due to a succession crisis, one cardinal, Henry, King of Portugal, was crowned king, the only example of a cardinal-king.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what roles did cardinals have important roles?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'secular affairs.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",63]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddea8366d3e219004dae05'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What Caridinal had powers so great that he basically ran France?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Cardinal Richelieu'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",207]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddea8366d3e219004dae07'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which cardinal acted a the leader of France due to his amount of power?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Cardinal Richelieu'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",207]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df0f68c65bf219000b3f12'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is the only person to ever become a cardinal king?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Henry, King of Portugal'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",550]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df0f68c65bf219000b3f14'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to 70, comprising six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons. Starting in the pontificate of Pope John XXIII, that limit has been exceeded. At the start of 1971, Pope Paul VI set the number of cardinal electors at a maximum of 120, but set no limit on the number of cardinals generally. He also established a maximum age of eighty years for electors. His action deprived twenty-five living cardinals, including the three living cardinals elevated by Pope Pius XI, of the right to participate in a conclave.[citation needed] Popes can dispense from church laws and have sometimes brought the number of cardinals under the age of 80 to more than 120. Pope Paul VI also increased the number of cardinal bishops by giving that rank to patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'70'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",50]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddeb0c9a695914005b96b8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the composition of the cardinals consist of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'comprising six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",54]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddeb0c9a695914005b96b9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'During who's term did the ruling exceed? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pope John XXIII'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",164]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddeb0c9a695914005b96ba'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Pope Paul VI increse the number of cardinal electors to? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'120'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",298]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddeb0c9a695914005b96bb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the maximum age for electors?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'80'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",699]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddeb0c9a695914005b96bc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Pope Paul VI raised the cap on cardinal electors from 70 to what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'120'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",298]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df10063277331400b4d92b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Pope Paul VI had no cap on what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the number of cardinals generally'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",323]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df10063277331400b4d92c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Each cardinal takes on a titular church, either a church in the city of Rome or one of the suburbicarian sees. The only exception is for patriarchs of Eastern Catholic Churches. Nevertheless, cardinals possess no power of governance nor are they to intervene in any way in matters which pertain to the administration of goods, discipline, or the service of their titular churches. They are allowed to celebrate Mass and hear confessions and lead visits and pilgrimages to their titular churches, in coordination with the staff of the church. They often support their churches monetarily, and many Cardinals do keep in contact with the pastoral staffs of their titular churches.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where do the cardinals work?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a church in the city of Rome or one of the suburbicarian sees'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",49]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddeba09a695914005b96c2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Dean of the College of Cardinals in addition to such a titular church also receives the titular bishopric of Ostia, the primary suburbicarian see. Cardinals governing a particular Church retain that church.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who receives the hishopric of Ostia?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Dean of the College of Cardinals'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddec019a695914005b96ca'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What other title does the Dean of Collge of Cardinals receive upon appointment?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'titular bishopric of Ostia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",93]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df108ac65bf219000b3f1b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1630, Pope Urban VIII decreed their title to be Eminence (previously, it had been \"illustrissimo\" and \"reverendissimo\")  and decreed that their secular rank would equate to Prince, making them secondary only to the Pope and crowned monarchs.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In was year was the title decreed Eminence?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1630'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddec6666d3e219004dae0f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who decreed this?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pope Urban VIII'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",10]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddec6666d3e219004dae10'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What rank did the Eminece decree assigned?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Prince'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",177]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddec6666d3e219004dae11'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who held more power then the cardinal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Pope and crowned monarchs'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",215]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddec6666d3e219004dae12'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which pope decided that being pope was equal to being a prince?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pope Urban VIII'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",10]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df057ec65bf219000b3ee3'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In accordance with tradition, they sign by placing the title \"Cardinal\" (abbreviated Card.) after their personal name and before their surname as, for instance, \"John Card(inal) Doe\" or, in Latin, \"Ioannes Card(inalis) Cognomen\". Some writers, such as James-Charles Noonan, hold that, in the case of cardinals, the form used for signatures should be used also when referring to them in English. Official sources such as the Archdiocese of Milwaukee and Catholic News Service say that the correct form for referring to a cardinal in English is normally as \"Cardinal [First name] [Surname]\". This is the rule given also in stylebooks not associated with the Catholic Church. This style is also generally followed on the websites of the Holy See and episcopal conferences. Oriental Patriarchs who are created Cardinals customarily use \"Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis\" as their full title, probably because they do not belong to the Roman clergy.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Archdiocese of Milwaukee says that the correct way to address a cardinal in English is? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"Cardinal [First name] [Surname]\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",556]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dded029a695914005b96cf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the proper way to address a cardinal according to the Archdiocese of Milwaukee?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Cardinal [First name] [Surname]'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",557]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df08cb3277331400b4d8e3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How do cardinals sign traditionally?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'by placing the title \"Cardinal\" (abbreviated Card.) after their personal name and before their surname'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",41]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df08cb3277331400b4d8e4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How do Oriental Patriarchs sign?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",834]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df08cb3277331400b4d8e5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why do Oriental Patriarchs sign this way?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'because they do not belong to the Roman clergy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",894]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df08cb3277331400b4d8e6'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In Latin, on the other hand, the [First name] Cardinal [Surname] order is used in the proclamation of the election of a new pope by the cardinal protodeacon: \"Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus Papam: Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum (first name) Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalem (last name), ...\" (Meaning: \"I announce to you a great joy; we have a Pope: The Most Eminent and Most Reverend Lord, Lord (first name) Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church (last name), ...\") This assumes that the new pope had been a cardinal just before becoming pope; the most recent election of a non-cardinal as pope was in 1378.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What way is used to announce the election of a new pope in Latin?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'[First name] Cardinal [Surname]'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",34]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddee7066d3e219004dae25'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What should the new pople have been before becoming a pope?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Cardinal'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",47]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddee7066d3e219004dae26'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the most recent election of a non-cardinal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1378'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",631]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddee7066d3e219004dae27'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When is the last time a non cardinal was elected as pope?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1378'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",631]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df090bc65bf219000b3ef1'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'While the incumbents of some sees are regularly made cardinals, and some countries are entitled to at least one cardinal by concordate (usually earning its primate the cardinal's hat), no see carries an actual right to the cardinalate, not even if its bishop is a Patriarch.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Do any sees carry the right to the cardinalate?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'no'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",186]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf05366d3e219004dae2f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Despite some traditions and rights, no see has the right to what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the cardinalate'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",220]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df09693277331400b4d8f5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Cardinal bishops (cardinals of the episcopal order) are among the most senior prelates of the Catholic Church. Though in modern times most cardinals are also bishops, the term \"cardinal bishop\" only refers to the cardinals who are titular bishops of one of the \"suburbicarian\" sees.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who are among the most senior members of the Catholic Church?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Cardinal bishops'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf0d99a695914005b96f6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a cardinal bishop?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'cardinals of the episcopal order'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",19]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf0d99a695914005b96f7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Some cardinals are bishop in name only, what are they called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Cardinal bishops'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df0a4e3277331400b4d901'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In early times, the privilege of papal election was not reserved to the cardinals, and for centuries the person elected was customarily a Roman priest and never a bishop from elsewhere. To preserve apostolic succession the rite of consecrating him a bishop had to be performed by someone who was already a bishop. The rule remains that, if the person elected Pope is not yet a bishop, he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In early times, who was generally electied to cardinal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a Roman priest'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",137]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf1759a695914005b9706'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why did the ceromony of consecrating a bishop have to be preformed by someone who was already a bishop?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'To preserve apostolic succession'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",187]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf1759a695914005b9707'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the rule if the peson elected is not a bishop? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",386]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf1759a695914005b9708'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What happens if a Pope is elected who is not a bishop?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",386]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df0afa3277331400b4d90d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'There are seven suburbicarian sees: Ostia, Albano, Porto and Santa Rufina, Palestrina, Sabina and Mentana, Frascati and Velletri. Velletri was united with Ostia from 1150 until 1914, when Pope Pius X separated them again, but decreed that whatever cardinal bishop became Dean of the College of Cardinals would keep the suburbicarian see he already held, adding to it that of Ostia, with the result that there continued to be only six cardinal bishops.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many suburbicarian sees?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'seven'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",11]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf1f266d3e219004dae43'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When were the two sees combined? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1150 until 1914'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",167]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf1f266d3e219004dae45'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who separated them?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pope Pius X'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",189]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf1f266d3e219004dae46'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the seven sees?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ostia, Albano, Porto and Santa Rufina, Palestrina, Sabina and Mentana, Frascati and Velletri'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",37]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df0b313277331400b4d911'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Since 1962, the cardinal bishops have only a titular relationship with the suburbicarian sees, with no powers of governance over them. Each see has its own bishop, with the exception of Ostia, in which the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome is apostolic administrator.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Cardinal bishops do not have any powers of governnace over the suburibicarian see since when?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1962'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",7]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf25a9a695914005b9714'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which see doesn't have its own bishop?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ostia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",187]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf25a9a695914005b9716'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is in charge of Ostia? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome is apostolic administrator.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",207]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf25a9a695914005b9717'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was it decided that cardinal bishops had no power over the seven sees?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1962'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",7]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df0baf3277331400b4d913'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What see is the one exception to this rule?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ostia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",187]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df0baf3277331400b4d914'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who has power over the exception?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",203]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df0baf3277331400b4d915'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'A cardinal (Latin: sanctae romanae ecclesiae cardinalis, literally cardinal of the Holy Roman Church) is a senior ecclesiastical leader, an ecclesiastical prince, and usually (now always for those created when still within the voting age-range) an ordained bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. The cardinals of the Church are collectively known as the College of Cardinals. The duties of the cardinals include attending the meetings of the College and making themselves available individually or in groups to the Pope as requested. Most have additional duties, such as leading a diocese or archdiocese or managing a department of the Roman Curia. A cardinal's primary duty is electing the pope when the see becomes vacant. During the sede vacante (the period between a pope's death or resignation and the election of his successor), the day-to-day governance of the Holy See is in the hands of the College of Cardinals. The right to enter the conclave of cardinals where the pope is elected is limited to those who have not reached the age of 80 years by the day the vacancy occurs.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The entire group of cardinals is known as what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'College of Cardinals'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",353]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56def231c65bf219000b3e4c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Cardinals have in canon law a \"privilege of forum\" (i.e., exemption from being judged by ecclesiastical tribunals of ordinary rank): only the pope is competent to judge them in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction (cases that refer to matters that are spiritual or linked with the spiritual, or with regard to infringement of ecclesiastical laws and whatever contains an element of sin, where culpability must be determined and the appropriate ecclesiastical penalty imposed). The pope either decides the case himself or delegates the decision to a tribunal, usually one of the tribunals or congregations of the Roman Curia. Without such delegation, no ecclesiastical court, even the Roman Rota, is competent to judge a canon law case against a cardinal. Cardinals are, however, subject to the civil and criminal law like everybody else.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is the only person who can judge a Cardinal in regards to laws of the church?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the pope'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",139]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56def8cbc65bf219000b3e5f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'To symbolize their bond with the papacy, the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring, which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal (as with a bishop's episcopal ring). The pope chooses the image on the outside: under Pope Benedict XVI it was a modern depiction of the crucifixion of Jesus, with Mary and John to each side. The ring includes the pope's coat of arms on the inside.[citation needed]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does the pope give to a new Cardinal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a gold ring'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",87]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56def9503277331400b4d857'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who decides on the design of the item given to new Cardinals?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the pope'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",42]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56def9503277331400b4d858'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In previous times, at the consistory at which the pope named a new cardinal, he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a galero. This custom was discontinued in 1969 and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet biretta. In ecclesiastical heraldry, however, the scarlet galero is still displayed on the cardinal's coat of arms. Cardinals had the right to display the galero in their cathedral, and when a cardinal died, it would be suspended from the ceiling above his tomb. Some cardinals will still have a galero made, even though it is not officially part of their apparel.[citation needed]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the hat that the pope used to wear when naming a new Cardinal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a galero.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",141]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56defa09c65bf219000b3e6b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did the practice of donning this item stop?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1969'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",183]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56defa09c65bf219000b3e6c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does the pope now wear when naming a new Cardinal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'scarlet biretta'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",233]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56defa09c65bf219000b3e6d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Eastern Catholic cardinals continue to wear the normal dress appropriate to their liturgical tradition, though some may line their cassocks with scarlet and wear scarlet fascias, or in some cases, wear Eastern-style cassocks entirely of scarlet.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which Cardinals still wear traditional clothing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Eastern Catholic cardinals'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56defa45c65bf219000b3e71'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'When in choir dress, a Latin-rite cardinal wears scarlet garments — the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith. Excluding the rochet — which is always white — the scarlet garments include the cassock, mozzetta, and biretta (over the usual scarlet zucchetto). The biretta of a cardinal is distinctive not merely for its scarlet color, but also for the fact that it does not have a pompon or tassel on the top as do the birettas of other prelates. Until the 1460s, it was customary for cardinals to wear a violet or blue cape unless granted the privilege of wearing red when acting on papal business. His normal-wear cassock is black but has scarlet piping and a scarlet fascia (sash). Occasionally, a cardinal wears a scarlet ferraiolo which is a cape worn over the shoulders, tied at the neck in a bow by narrow strips of cloth in the front, without any 'trim' or piping on it. It is because of the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture that the bird of the same name has become known as such.[citation needed]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does the color red symbolize in the clothing worn by Cardinals?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'willingness to die for his faith'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",112]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56defb6dc65bf219000b3e7d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which item of clothing worn by cardinals is always white?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'rochet'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",160]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56defb6dc65bf219000b3e7e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Cardinal bird was named as such because of what in relation to Cardinals of the church?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",929]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56defb6dc65bf219000b3e7f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Cardinals stop wearing purple or blue capes?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1460s'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",490]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56defb6dc65bf219000b3e80'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'If conditions change, so that the pope judges it safe to make the appointment public, he may do so at any time. The cardinal in question then ranks in precedence with those raised to the cardinalate at the time of his in pectore appointment. If a pope dies before revealing the identity of an in pectore cardinal, the cardinalate expires.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What happens if a Cardinal is named in pectore, and the pope dies?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the cardinalate expires'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",315]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56defc6dc65bf219000b3e8f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'During the Western Schism, many cardinals were created by the contending popes. Beginning with the reign of Pope Martin V, cardinals were created without publishing their names until later, termed creati et reservati in pectore.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which pope began using creati et reservati in pectore?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pope Martin V'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",109]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56defd5e3277331400b4d86c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'At various times, there have been cardinals who had only received first tonsure and minor orders but not yet been ordained as deacons or priests. Though clerics, they were inaccurately called \"lay cardinals\" and were permitted to marry. Teodolfo Mertel was among the last of the lay cardinals. When he died in 1899 he was the last surviving cardinal who was not at least ordained a priest. With the revision of the Code of Canon Law promulgated in 1917 by Pope Benedict XV, only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals. Since the time of Pope John XXIII a priest who is appointed a cardinal must be consecrated a bishop, unless he obtains a dispensation.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was a \"lay cardinal\" allowed to do that is not considered a normal status of a Cardinal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'marry'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",231]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56defedf3277331400b4d870'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did Pope Benedict XV revise the Code of Canon Law?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1917'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",449]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56defedf3277331400b4d871'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the Code of Canon Law state in regards to Cardinals?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",475]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56defedf3277331400b4d872'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'A cardinal who is not a bishop is still entitled to wear and use the episcopal vestments and other pontificalia (episcopal regalia: mitre, crozier, zucchetto, pectoral cross and ring). Even if not a bishop, any cardinal has both actual and honorary precedence over non-cardinal patriarchs, as well as the archbishops and bishops who are not cardinals, but he cannot perform the functions reserved solely to bishops, such as ordination. The prominent priests who since 1962 were not ordained bishops on their elevation to the cardinalate were over the age of 80 or near to it, and so no cardinal who was not a bishop has participated in recent papal conclaves.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'A cardinal who does not hold the title of \"bishop\" may not do what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'perform the functions reserved solely to bishops, such as ordination'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",367]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56deffe0c65bf219000b3ebb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Cardinals who were not bishops have been promoted to Cardinal around the age of 80 since what year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1962'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",469]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56deffe0c65bf219000b3ebc'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Until 1917, it was possible for someone who was not a priest, but only in minor orders, to become a cardinal (see \"lay cardinals\", below), but they were enrolled only in the order of cardinal deacons. For example, in the 16th century, Reginald Pole was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest. In 1917 it was established that all cardinals, even cardinal deacons, had to be priests, and, in 1962, Pope John XXIII set the norm that all cardinals be ordained as bishops, even if they are only priests at the time of appointment. As a consequence of these two changes, canon 351 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law requires that a cardinal be at least in the order of priesthood at his appointment, and that those who are not already bishops must receive episcopal consecration. Several cardinals aged over 80 or close to it when appointed have obtained dispensation from the rule of having to be a bishop. These were all appointed cardinal-deacons, but one of them, Roberto Tucci, lived long enough to exercise the right of option and be promoted to the rank of cardinal-priest.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did the practice of allowing non priests to become Cardinals stop?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1917'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",7]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df009f3277331400b4d887'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was it declared that Cardinals had to be bishops?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1962'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",408]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df009f3277331400b4d888'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Cardinal Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, assisted by the Vice-Camerlengo and the other prelates of the office known as the Apostolic Camera, has functions that in essence are limited to a period of sede vacante of the papacy. He is to collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals, as they gather for the papal conclave.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In the time between electing new popes, what is the duty of the cardinal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",245]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df00ebc65bf219000b3ec3'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The cardinal protodeacon, the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals, has the privilege of announcing a new pope's election and name (once he has been ordained to the Episcopate) from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State. In the past, during papal coronations, the proto-deacon also had the honor of bestowing the pallium on the new pope and crowning him with the papal tiara. However, in 1978 Pope John Paul I chose not to be crowned and opted for a simpler papal inauguration ceremony, and his three successors followed that example. As a result, the Cardinal protodeacon's privilege of crowning a new pope has effectively ceased although it could be revived if a future Pope were to restore a coronation ceremony. However, the proto-deacon still has the privilege of bestowing the pallium on a new pope at his papal inauguration. “Acting in the place of the Roman Pontiff, he also confers the pallium upon metropolitan bishops or gives the pallium to their proxies.” The current cardinal proto-deacon is Renato Raffaele Martino.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who announces the election of a new pope?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The cardinal protodeacon'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df0174c65bf219000b3ec5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where does this person announce the election of the new pope?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",216]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df0174c65bf219000b3ec6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the first pope who chose not to be crowned?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pope John Paul I'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",467]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df0174c65bf219000b3ec7'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'When not celebrating Mass but still serving a liturgical function, such as the semiannual Urbi et Orbi papal blessing, some Papal Masses and some events at Ecumenical Councils, cardinal deacons can be recognized by the dalmatics they would don with the simple white mitre (so called mitra simplex).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What color is the hat?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'white'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",261]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df0244c65bf219000b3ecc'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'As of 2005, there were over 50 churches recognized as cardinalatial deaconries, though there were only 30 cardinals of the order of deacons. Cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to \"opt for the order of cardinal priests\" (optazione) after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 years. They may on such elevation take a vacant \"title\" (a church allotted to a cardinal priest as the church in Rome with which he is associated) or their diaconal church may be temporarily elevated to a cardinal priest's \"title\" for that occasion. When elevated to cardinal priests, they take their precedence according to the day they were first made cardinal deacons (thus ranking above cardinal priests who were elevated to the college after them, regardless of order).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many cardinal deacons were there in 2005?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'30'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",104]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df02b23277331400b4d8a7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many years before a cardinal deacon can choose the order of the cardinal priests?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'10 years'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",284]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df02b23277331400b4d8a8'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of the Roman Curia holding various posts in the church administration. Their number and influence has varied through the years. While historically predominantly Italian the group has become much more internationally diverse in later years. While in 1939 about half were Italian by 1994 the number was reduced to one third. Their influence in the election of the Pope has been considered important, they are better informed and connected than the dislocated cardinals but their level of unity has been varied. Under the 1587 decree of Pope Sixtus V, which fixed the maximum size of the College of Cardinals, there were 14 cardinal deacons. Later the number increased. As late as 1939 almost half of the cardinals were members of the curia. Pius XII reduced this percentage to 24 percent. John XXIII brought it back up to 37 percent but Paul VI brought it down to 27 percent where John Paul II has maintained this ratio.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In 1939, how many Cardinals were Italian?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'about half'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",317]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df03d9c65bf219000b3ecf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In 1994, how many Cardinals were Italian?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'third'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",379]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df03d9c65bf219000b3ed0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Cardinal deacons derive originally from the seven deacons in the Papal Household and the seven deacons who supervised the Church's works in the districts of Rome during the early Middle Ages, when church administration was effectively the government of Rome and provided all social services. Cardinal deacons are given title to one of these deaconries.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of one of the deaconries in which Cardinals come from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'seven deacons in the Papal Household'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",45]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df04563277331400b4d8b1'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The cardinal deacons are the lowest-ranking cardinals. Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are either officials of the Roman Curia or priests elevated after their 80th birthday. Bishops with diocesan responsibilities, however, are created cardinal priests.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which cardinals are ranked lowest?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'cardinal deacons'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df04ab3277331400b4d8b5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests is titled cardinal protopriest. He had certain ceremonial duties in the conclave that have effectively ceased because he would generally have already reached age 80, at which cardinals are barred from the conclave. The current cardinal protopriest is Paulo Evaristo Arns of Brazil.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who can become the cardinal protopriest?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df05323277331400b4d8c1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is the cardinal protopriest at this time?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Paulo Evaristo Arns of Brazil'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",332]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df05323277331400b4d8c2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Dean of the College of Cardinals, or Cardinal-dean, is the primus inter pares of the College of Cardinals, elected by the cardinal bishops holding suburbicarian sees from among their own number, an election, however, that must be approved by the Pope. Formerly the position of dean belonged by right to the longest-serving of the cardinal bishops.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In the College of Cardinals, the elected Dean needs the approval of who?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Pope'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",247]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df0c1a3277331400b4d91b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1965, Pope Paul VI decreed in his motu proprio Ad Purpuratorum Patrum that patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches who were named cardinals (i.e., patriarch cardinals) would also be part of the episcopal order, ranking after the six cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees (who had been relieved of direct responsibilities for those sees by Pope John XXIII three years earlier). Patriarch cardinals do not receive title of a suburbicarian see, and as such they cannot elect the dean or become dean. There are currently three Eastern Patriarchs who are cardinal bishops:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Patriarch cardinals are not given what title?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a suburbicarian see'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",434]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df0c8fc65bf219000b3f04'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Cardinal priests are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church, ranking above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops. Those who are named cardinal priests today are generally bishops of important dioceses throughout the world, though some hold Curial positions.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who are the lowest ranking cardinals in the Catholic church?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'cardinal deacons'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",115]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df0d11c65bf219000b3f0a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who are the highest ranking cardinals in the Catholic Church?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'cardinal bishops'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",146]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df0d11c65bf219000b3f0b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which rank has the most cardinals?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Cardinal priests'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df0d11c65bf219000b3f0c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In modern times, the name \"cardinal priest\" is interpreted as meaning a cardinal who is of the order of priests. Originally, however, this referred to certain key priests of important churches of the Diocese of Rome, who were recognized as the cardinal priests, the important priests chosen by the pope to advise him in his duties as Bishop of Rome (the Latin cardo means \"hinge\"). Certain clerics in many dioceses at the time, not just that of Rome, were said to be the key personnel — the term gradually became exclusive to Rome to indicate those entrusted with electing the bishop of Rome, the pope.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the original definition of a cardinal priest?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'priests chosen by the pope'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",277]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df0d723277331400b4d91d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'While the cardinalate has long been expanded beyond the Roman pastoral clergy and Roman Curia, every cardinal priest has a titular church in Rome, though they may be bishops or archbishops elsewhere, just as cardinal bishops are given one of the suburbicarian dioceses around Rome. Pope Paul VI abolished all administrative rights cardinals had with regard to their titular churches, though the cardinal's name and coat of arms are still posted in the church, and they are expected to celebrate mass and preach there if convenient when they are in Rome.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Each cardinal priest has what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a titular church in Rome'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",122]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df0de63277331400b4d921'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'While the number of cardinals was small from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance, and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the College expanded markedly. In 1587, Pope Sixtus V sought to arrest this growth by fixing the maximum size of the College at 70, including 50 cardinal priests, about twice the historical number. This limit was respected until 1958, and the list of titular churches modified only on rare occasions, generally when a building fell into disrepair. When Pope John XXIII abolished the limit, he began to add new churches to the list, which Popes Paul VI and John Paul II continued to do. Today there are close to 150 titular churches, out of over 300 churches in Rome.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did Pope Sixtus V put a cap on the number of cardinals in the College of Cardinals?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1587'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",243]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df0e673277331400b4d925'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the maximum number allowed per Pope Sixtus V?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'70'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",337]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df0e673277331400b4d926'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who removed the cap on cardinals in the College of the Cardinals?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pope John XXIII'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",562]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df0e673277331400b4d927'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Cardinal (Catholicism)'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Iranian languages or Iranic languages form a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, which in turn are a branch of the Indo-European language family. The speakers of Iranian languages are known as Iranian peoples. Historical Iranian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Iranian (until 400 BCE), Middle Iranian (400 BCE – 900 CE), and New Iranian (since 900 CE). Of the Old Iranian languages, the better understood and recorded ones are Old Persian (a language of Achaemenid Iran) and Avestan (the language of the Avesta). Middle Iranian languages included Middle Persian (a language of Sassanid Iran), Parthian, and Bactrian.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is another term meaning Iranian languages?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Iranic languages'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",26]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddee969a695914005b96d2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the Iranic languages a subgroup of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Indo-Iranian languages'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",64]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddee969a695914005b96d3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are Indo-Iranian languages a subset of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Indo-European language family'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",122]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddee969a695914005b96d4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the change from Old Iranian to Middle Iranian occur?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'400 BCE'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",294]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddee969a695914005b96d5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is an example of a Sassanid language?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Middle Persian'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",565]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddee969a695914005b96d6'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Iranian languages'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'As of 2008, there were an estimated 150–200 million native speakers of Iranian languages. Ethnologue estimates there are 86 Iranian languages, the largest amongst them being Persian, Pashto, Kurdish, and Balochi.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many different Iranian languages exist?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'86'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",122]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddeed19a695914005b96dd'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Iranian languages'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The term Iranian is applied to any language which descends from the ancestral Proto-Iranian language. Iranian derives from the Persian and Sanskrit origin word Arya.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Iranian languages are all said to be derived from which predecessor?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Proto-Iranian'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",79]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddef1266d3e219004dae2b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'From what languages does the word Aryao come?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Persian and Sanskrit'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",128]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddef1266d3e219004dae2c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Iranian languages'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The use of the term for the Iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by Christian Lassen. Robert Needham Cust used the term Irano-Aryan in 1878, and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max Müller contrasted Irano-Aryan (Iranian) and Indo-Aryan (Indic). Some recent scholarship, primarily in German, has revived this convention.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the phrase Iranian language family first used?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1836'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",71]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddef9d9a695914005b96ea'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who first used the term Iranian language?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Christian Lassen'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",79]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddef9d9a695914005b96eb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who first used the term Irano-Aryan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Robert Needham Cust'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",97]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddef9d9a695914005b96ed'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the phrase Irano-Aryan first used?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1878'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",146]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddef9d9a695914005b96ee'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Iranian languages'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'All Iranian languages are descended from a common ancestor, Proto-Iranian. In turn, and together with Proto-Indo-Aryan and the Nuristani languages, Proto-Iranian descends from a common ancestor Proto-Indo-Iranian. The Indo-Iranian languages are thought to have originated in Central Asia. The Andronovo culture is the suggested candidate for the common Indo-Iranian culture ca. 2000 BC.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'From where did Iranian languages originate?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Proto-Iranian'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",61]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf08d66d3e219004dae31'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What part of the world is it theorized that Indo-Iranian languages came from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Central Asia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",276]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf08d66d3e219004dae33'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What society is a strong contender for the common culture speaking Indo-Iranian?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Andronovo'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",294]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf08d66d3e219004dae34'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Andronovo culture exist?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2000 BC'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",379]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf08d66d3e219004dae35'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Iranian languages'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'It was situated precisely in the western part of Central Asia that borders present-day Russia (and present-day Kazakhstan). It was in relative proximity to the other satem ethno-linguistic groups of the Indo-European family, like Thracian, Balto-Slavic and others, and to common Indo-European's original homeland (more precisely, the steppes of southern Russia to the north of the Caucasus), according to the reconstructed linguistic relationships of common Indo-European.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What language family did Thracian and Balto-Slavic belong to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Indo-European'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",204]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf11b66d3e219004dae3c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Iranian languages'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Proto-Iranian thus dates to some time after Proto-Indo-Iranian break-up, or the early second millennium BCE, as the Old Iranian languages began to break off and evolve separately as the various Iranian tribes migrated and settled in vast areas of southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did early Iranian people establish societies?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",248]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf33166d3e219004dae56'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Iranian languages'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The multitude of Middle Iranian languages and peoples indicate that great linguistic diversity must have existed among the ancient speakers of Iranian languages. Of that variety of languages\/dialects, direct evidence of only two have survived. These are:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What characteristic of Middle Iranian civilization is shown by the number of different languages and their speakers?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'linguistic diversity'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",75]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf3bb9a695914005b9720'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many of the Middlie Iranian tongues have remained in existence since ancient time?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'two'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",226]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf3bb9a695914005b9721'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Iranian languages'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Old Persian is the Old Iranian dialect as it was spoken in south-western Iran by the inhabitants of Parsa, who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription, composed circa 520 BC, and which is the last inscription (and only inscription of significant length) in which Old Persian is still grammatically correct. Later inscriptions are comparatively brief, and typically simply copies of words and phrases from earlier ones, often with grammatical errors, which suggests that by the 4th century BC the transition from Old Persian to Middle Persian was already far advanced, but efforts were still being made to retain an \"old\" quality for official proclamations.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which historical record does Old Persian appear in exemplary form?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Behistun inscription'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",233]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf42566d3e219004dae60'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the Behistun inscription written?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'520 BC'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",274]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf42566d3e219004dae61'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'During what century was the change from Old to Middle Persian well underway?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'4th century BC'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",584]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf42566d3e219004dae62'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Iranian languages'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan, which take their name from their use in the Avesta, the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behdin). The language of the Avesta is subdivided into two dialects, conventionally known as \"Old (or 'Gathic') Avestan\", and \"Younger Avestan\". These terms, which date to the 19th century, are slightly misleading since 'Younger Avestan' is not only much younger than 'Old Avestan', but also from a different geographic region. The Old Avestan dialect is very archaic, and at roughly the same stage of development as Rigvedic Sanskrit. On the other hand, Younger Avestan is at about the same linguistic stage as Old Persian, but by virtue of its use as a sacred language retained its \"old\" characteristics long after the Old Iranian languages had yielded to their Middle Iranian stage. Unlike Old Persian, which has Middle Persian as its known successor, Avestan has no clearly identifiable Middle Iranian stage (the effect of Middle Iranian is indistinguishable from effects due to other causes).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What ancient religious document exists in two versions and includes Old Iranian language?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Avestan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",71]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf552cffd8e1900b4b526'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the contemporary name of the religion which Avesta was part of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Zoroastrianism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",213]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf552cffd8e1900b4b527'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What language shows a level of maturity corresponding to Old Avestan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Rigvedic Sanskrit'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",708]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf552cffd8e1900b4b529'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What language shows the same level of development as Younger Avestan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Old Persian'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",803]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf552cffd8e1900b4b52a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Iranian languages'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In addition to Old Persian and Avestan, which are the only directly attested Old Iranian languages, all Middle Iranian languages must have had a predecessor \"Old Iranian\" form of that language, and thus can all be said to have had an (at least hypothetical) \"Old\" form. Such hypothetical Old Iranian languages include Carduchi (the hypothetical predecessor to Kurdish) and Old Parthian. Additionally, the existence of unattested languages can sometimes be inferred from the impact they had on neighbouring languages. Such transfer is known to have occurred for Old Persian, which has (what is called) a \"Median\" substrate in some of its vocabulary. Also, foreign references to languages can also provide a hint to the existence of otherwise unattested languages, for example through toponyms\/ethnonyms or in the recording of vocabulary, as Herodotus did for what he called \"Scythian\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What language is Carduchi thought to have become?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Kurdish'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",361]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf6ac4396321400ee2513'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What language did Herodotus invent a name for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Scythian'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",875]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf6ac4396321400ee2515'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Iranian languages'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Conventionally, Iranian languages are grouped in \"western\" and \"eastern\" branches. These terms have little meaning with respect to Old Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Iranian peoples into western and eastern groups. The geographic terms also have little meaning when applied to Younger Avestan since it isn't known where that dialect (or dialects) was spoken either. Certain is only that Avestan (all forms) and Old Persian are distinct, and since Old Persian is \"western\", and Avestan was not Old Persian, Avestan acquired a default assignment to \"eastern\". Confusing the issue is the introduction of a western Iranian substrate in later Avestan compositions and redactions undertaken at the centers of imperial power in western Iran (either in the south-west in Persia, or in the north-west in Nisa\/Parthia and Ecbatana\/Media).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the two main divisions of Iranian tongues?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'western and eastern'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",227]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf70a4396321400ee251b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which language is associated with the western branch of Iranian?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Old Persian'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",451]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf70a4396321400ee251c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which language is associated with the eastern branch of Iranian?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Avestan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",136]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddf70a4396321400ee251d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Iranian languages'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Two of the earliest dialectal divisions among Iranian indeed happen to not follow the later division into Western and Eastern blocks. These concern the fate of the Proto-Indo-Iranian first-series palatal consonants, *ć and *dź:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What elements of Proto-Indo-Iranian did not diverge according to the ensuing split between eastern and western variants?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'*ć and *dź'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",217]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddfdc4cffd8e1900b4b556'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of letters are *ć and *dź?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'first-series palatal consonants'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",184]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddfdc4cffd8e1900b4b557'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Iranian languages'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'As a common intermediate stage, it is possible to reconstruct depalatalized affricates: *c, *dz. (This coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring Nuristani languages.) A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters *ćw and *dźw:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What languages share a similar situation?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Nuristani languages'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",159]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddfe654396321400ee2532'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What other elements of early Iranian languages problematize the east-west division?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'*ćw and *dźw'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",244]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddfe654396321400ee2533'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the linguistic categorization of *ćw and *dźw?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'consonant clusters'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",225]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ddfe654396321400ee2534'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Iranian languages'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'It is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian\/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical \"Old Parthian\" (the Old Iranian ancestor of Parthian) in the near northwest, where original *dw > *b (paralleling the development of *ćw).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What may have also been in use at the time?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'other distinct dialect groups'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",21]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de03a44396321400ee2547'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Precursors of what subset of Scythian are theorized to have existed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Alanian\/Scytho-Sarmatian'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",157]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de03a44396321400ee2548'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What possible predecessor of Pathian is thought to have existed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Old Parthian'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",247]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de03a44396321400ee2549'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Iranian languages'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'What is known in Iranian linguistic history as the \"Middle Iranian\" era is thought to begin around the 4th century BCE lasting through the 9th century. Linguistically the Middle Iranian languages are conventionally classified into two main groups, Western and Eastern.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the age of Middle Iranian come to a close?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'9th century'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",140]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de03d64396321400ee254d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the two main divisions of Middle Iranian?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Western and Eastern'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",249]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de03d64396321400ee254e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Iranian languages'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Western family includes Parthian (Arsacid Pahlavi) and Middle Persian, while Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) fall under the Eastern category. The two languages of the Western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct from their eastern counterparts. On the other hand, the Eastern group was an areal entity whose languages retained some similarity to Avestan. They were inscribed in various Aramaic-derived alphabets which had ultimately evolved from the Achaemenid Imperial Aramaic script, though Bactrian was written using an adapted Greek script.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Bactrian, Sogdian, and Saka are examples of what type of Iranian language?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Eastern'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",170]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de05334396321400ee2552'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which language bears a resemblance to the diversity of eastern Iranian languages?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Avestan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",426]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de05334396321400ee2553'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did the the alphabets used by eastern languages come from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Aramaic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",466]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de05334396321400ee2554'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the Bactrian language use for writing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Greek script'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",611]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de05334396321400ee2555'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Iranian languages'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Middle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent significant maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also used as literary languages by the Manichaeans, whose texts also survive in various non-Iranian languages, from Latin to Chinese. Manichaean texts were written in a script closely akin to the Syriac script.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is another term for Middle Persian?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pahlavi'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",17]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de058f4396321400ee255b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Middle Persian start being u sed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'3rd century CE'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",111]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de058f4396321400ee255c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are three languages employed by the Manichaeans?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",246]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de058f4396321400ee255d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the writing of Manichaean documents similar to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Syriac script'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",484]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de058f4396321400ee255e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Iranian languages'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Following the Islamic Conquest of Persia (Iran), there were important changes in the role of the different dialects within the Persian Empire. The old prestige form of Middle Iranian, also known as Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called Dari as the official language of the court. The name Dari comes from the word darbâr (دربار), which refers to the royal court, where many of the poets, protagonists, and patrons of the literature flourished. The Saffarid dynasty in particular was the first in a line of many dynasties to officially adopt the new language in 875 CE. Dari may have been heavily influenced by regional dialects of eastern Iran, whereas the earlier Pahlavi standard was based more on western dialects. This new prestige dialect became the basis of Standard New Persian. Medieval Iranian scholars such as Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa (8th century) and Ibn al-Nadim (10th century) associated the term \"Dari\" with the eastern province of Khorasan, while they used the term \"Pahlavi\" to describe the dialects of the northwestern areas between Isfahan and Azerbaijan, and \"Pârsi\" (\"Persian\" proper) to describe the Dialects of Fars. They also noted that the unofficial language of the royalty itself was yet another dialect, \"Khuzi\", associated with the western province of Khuzestan.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The proliferation of which religion had a profound effect on the development of Iranian languages?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Islam'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",15]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de0abc4396321400ee2563'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What language displaced Middle Iranian as the court's official tongue?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Dari'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",254]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de0abc4396321400ee2564'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the first dynasty to use Dari?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Saffarid'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",466]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de0abc4396321400ee2565'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Saffarid dynasty begin using Dari?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'875 CE'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",579]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de0abc4396321400ee2566'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What area was the name Dari connected to by medieval Iranian thinkers?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Khorasan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",964]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de0abc4396321400ee2567'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Iranian languages'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of Arabic script for writing Persian and much later, Kurdish, Pashto and Balochi. All three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters. This development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th century, when the old middle Persian script began dwindling in usage. The Arabic script remains in use in contemporary modern Persian. Tajik script was first Latinised in the 1920s under the then Soviet nationality policy. The script was however subsequently Cyrillicized in the 1930s by the Soviet government.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the new form of writing introduced by the spread of Islam?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Arabic script'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",59]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de0b40cffd8e1900b4b570'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did usage of Middle Persian script fall off?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'second half of the 8th century'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",266]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de0b40cffd8e1900b4b571'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What script was converted to Latin in the 1920s?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tajik script'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",424]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de0b40cffd8e1900b4b572'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was Tajik script converted to Cyrillic?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the 1930s'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",564]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de0b40cffd8e1900b4b573'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who catalyzed the conversion of Tajik script into Cyrillic?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Soviet government'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",577]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de0b40cffd8e1900b4b574'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Iranian languages'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The geographical regions in which Iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as Sogdian and Bactrian in parts of what is today Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. In Eastern Europe, mostly comprising the territory of modern-day Ukraine, southern European Russia, and parts of the Balkans, the core region of the native Scythians, Sarmatians, and Alans had been decisively been taken over as a result of absorption and assimilation (e.g. Slavicisation) by the various Proto-Slavic population of the region, by the 6th century AD. This resulted in the displacement and extinction of the once predominant Scythian languages of the region. Sogdian's close relative Yaghnobi barely survives in a small area of the Zarafshan valley east of Samarkand, and Saka as Ossetic in the Caucasus, which is the sole remnant of the once predominant Scythian languages in Eastern Europe proper and large parts of the North Caucasus. Various small Iranian languages in the Pamirs survive that are derived from Eastern Iranian.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is another term for Western Iran?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Khuzestan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",179]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de110e4396321400ee259f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are two languages that were forced out by the spread of Arabic?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sogdian and Bactrian'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",294]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de110e4396321400ee25a0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'By what century had the area inhabited by Sarmatians been absorbed by pre-Slavic people?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'6th century AD'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",732]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de110e4396321400ee25a1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where can the remnants of Yaghnobi be found?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Zarafshan valley'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",928]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de110e4396321400ee25a2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Ossetic is a version of which Scythian language?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Saka'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",968]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de110e4396321400ee25a3'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Iranian languages'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is used a main source of light for a building during the day?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Daylighting'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",246]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de0fef4396321400ee2583'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of effects can natural illumination have on a persons psychological?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'positive'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",598]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de0fef4396321400ee2584'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Using natural illumination instead of artificial light sources help with what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'energy consumption'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",476]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de0fef4396321400ee2585'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Lamps and light fixtures are a form of what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'artificial light sources'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",135]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de0fef4396321400ee2586'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The use of light to achieve an aesthetic effect is know as?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Lighting or illumination'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de0fef4396321400ee2587'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What can be used a main source of light for a building during the day?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Daylighting'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",246]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de1377cffd8e1900b4b5b2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Lamps and light fixtures  are a form of what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Lighting'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de1377cffd8e1900b4b5b3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of effects can proper lighting have on a persons psychologically?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'positive'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",598]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de1377cffd8e1900b4b5b4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does using natural illumination instead of artificial lighting help with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'energy consumption'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",476]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de1377cffd8e1900b4b5b5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the used to achieve a practical effect?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Lighting or illumination'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de1377cffd8e1900b4b5b6'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures, and is a key part of interior design. Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of fixtures do you use for indoor lighting?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'light fixtures'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",47]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de10f64396321400ee2599'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is considered a key part of interior design?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Indoor lighting'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de10f64396321400ee259a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What can be a intrinsic component of landscaping?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'lighting'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",8]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de10f64396321400ee259b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of fixtures are used typically used for indoor lighting?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'light fixtures'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",47]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df50f88bc80c19004e4a65'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What can be used as a intrinsic component of landscape projects?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'lighting'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",8]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df50f88bc80c19004e4a67'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Forms of lighting include alcove lighting, which like most other uplighting is indirect. This is often done with fluorescent lighting (first available at the 1939 World's Fair) or rope light, occasionally with neon lighting, and recently with LED strip lighting. It is a form of backlighting.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was fluorescent lighting first available?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1939'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",159]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df12603277331400b4d941'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Recessed lighting (often called \"pot lights\" in Canada, \"can lights\" or 'high hats\" in the US) is popular, with fixtures mounted into the ceiling structure so as to appear flush with it. These downlights can use narrow beam spotlights, or wider-angle floodlights, both of which are bulbs having their own reflectors. There are also downlights with internal reflectors designed to accept common 'A' lamps (light bulbs) which are generally less costly than reflector lamps. Downlights can be incandescent, fluorescent, HID (high intensity discharge) or LED.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of lighting can be mounted in the ceiling to appear flush?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Recessed lighting'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df1264c65bf219000b3f27'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'With the discovery of fire, the earliest form of artificial lighting used to illuminate an area were campfires or torches. As early as 400,000 BCE, fire was kindled in the caves of Peking Man. Prehistoric people used primitive oil lamps to illuminate surroundings. These lamps were made from naturally occurring materials such as rocks, shells, horns and stones, were filled with grease, and had a fiber wick. Lamps typically used animal or vegetable fats as fuel. Hundreds of these lamps (hollow worked stones) have been found in the Lascaux caves in modern-day France, dating to about 15,000 years ago. Oily animals (birds and fish) were also used as lamps after being threaded with a wick. Fireflies have been used as lighting sources. Candles and glass and pottery lamps were also invented. Chandeliers were an early form of \"light fixture\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Peking man kindled fire as early as?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'400,000 BCE'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",136]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df50fc96943c1400a5d38b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which type of oily animals where also used as lamps after being threaded with wick?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'birds and fish'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",620]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df50fc96943c1400a5d38d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is considered the earliest form of artificial lighting?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'campfires or torches'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",102]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df50fc96943c1400a5d38e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The hollow worked stones lamps found in Lascaux caves date back how far?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'15,000 years'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",588]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df50fc96943c1400a5d38f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Major reductions in the cost of lighting occurred with the discovery of whale oil and kerosene. Gas lighting was economical enough to power street lights in major cities starting in the early 1800s, and was also used in some commercial buildings and in the homes of wealthy people. The gas mantle boosted the luminosity of utility lighting and of kerosene lanterns. The next major drop in price came about with the incandescent light bulb powered by electricity.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of lighting was powered by electricity?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'incandescent light'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",416]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df51008bc80c19004e4a6c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did gas powered street lights became economically available.'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'early 1800s'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",187]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df51008bc80c19004e4a6d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Over time, electric lighting became ubiquitous in developed countries. Segmented sleep patterns disappeared, improved nighttime lighting made more activities possible at night, and more street lights reduced urban crime.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Street lights help reduce?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'urban crime.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",209]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df510196943c1400a5d395'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Lighting fixtures come in a wide variety of styles for various functions. The most important functions are as a holder for the light source, to provide directed light and to avoid visual glare. Some are very plain and functional, while some are pieces of art in themselves. Nearly any material can be used, so long as it can tolerate the excess heat and is in keeping with safety codes.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What can come in a wide variety of styles for various functions?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Lighting fixtures'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df51038bc80c19004e4a72'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Functioning as holder a light fixture can provide directed light and avoid?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'visual glare'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",181]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df51038bc80c19004e4a73'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'An important property of light fixtures is the luminous efficacy or wall-plug efficiency, meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in lumen per watt. A fixture using replaceable light sources can also have its efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed from the \"bulb\" to the surroundings. The more transparent the lighting fixture is, the higher efficacy. Shading the light will normally decrease efficacy but increase the directionality and the visual comfort probability.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Luminous efficacy is measure in what unit?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'lumen per watt'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",190]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df510696943c1400a5d39c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Color temperature for white light sources also affects their use for certain applications. The color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in Kelvin of a theoretical black body emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics of the lamp. An incandescent bulb has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 Kelvin; daylight is around 6400 Kelvin. Lower color temperature lamps have relatively more energy in the yellow and red part of the visible spectrum, while high color temperatures correspond to lamps with more of a blue-white appearance. 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It has regained some popularity recently in low-voltage tracks, which often look nothing like their predecessors because they do not have the safety issues that line-voltage systems have, and are therefore less bulky and more ornamental in themselves. A master transformer feeds all of the fixtures on the track or rod with 12 or 24 volts, instead of each light fixture having its own line-to-low voltage transformer. There are traditional spots and floods, as well as other small hanging fixtures. A modified version of this is cable lighting, where lights are hung from or clipped to bare metal cables under tension.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who invented track lighting?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Lightolier'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",29]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df53138bc80c19004e4a91'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What feeds all the fixtures in low voltage tracks instead of each light having a line-to-low voltage transformer.'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'master transformer'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",465]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df53138bc80c19004e4a92'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What  type of lighting uses lights that are hung or clipped to bare metal cables?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'cable lighting'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",740]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df53138bc80c19004e4a93'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many volts does a track lighting system usually use?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'12 or 24 volts'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",535]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df53138bc80c19004e4a94'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'A sconce is a wall-mounted fixture, particularly one that shines up and sometimes down as well. A torchiere is an uplight intended for ambient lighting. It is typically a floor lamp but may be wall-mounted like a sconce.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a uplight used for ambient lighting?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'torchiere'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",99]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df53a58bc80c19004e4a9b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The portable or table lamp is probably the most common fixture, found in many homes and offices. The standard lamp and shade that sits on a table is general lighting, while the desk lamp is considered task lighting. Magnifier lamps are also task lighting.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is one type of fixture commonly found in offices?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'table lamp'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",17]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df54788bc80c19004e4ab1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Magnifier lamps are considered what type of lighting? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'task lighting'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",202]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df54788bc80c19004e4ab3'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The illuminated ceiling was once popular in the 1960s and 1970s but fell out of favor after the 1980s. This uses diffuser panels hung like a suspended ceiling below fluorescent lights, and is considered general lighting. Other forms include neon, which is not usually intended to illuminate anything else, but to actually be an artwork in itself. This would probably fall under accent lighting, though in a dark nightclub it could be considered general lighting.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When would neon lighting be considered general lighting?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'dark nightclub'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",408]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df55848bc80c19004e4ac3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What uses diffuser panels below fluorescent lights?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'illuminated ceiling'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df55848bc80c19004e4ac4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Normally neon lighting is considered what type of lighting?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'accent lighting'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",379]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df55848bc80c19004e4ac5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In a movie theater, steps in the aisles are usually marked with a row of small lights for convenience and safety, when the film has started and the other lights are off. Traditionally made up of small low wattage, low voltage lamps in a track or translucent tube, these are rapidly being replaced with LED based versions.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do steps in move theater aisles have for safety markings?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'small lights'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",74]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df7f3e5ca0a614008f9b5b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the low wattage lamps being replaced with in movie theaters?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'LED based versions'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",303]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df7f3e5ca0a614008f9b5c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of tube are the movie theaters lights enclosed in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'translucent tube'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",247]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df7f3e5ca0a614008f9b5d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Street Lights are used to light roadways and walkways at night. Some manufacturers are designing LED and photovoltaic luminaires to provide an energy-efficient alternative to traditional street light fixtures.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is used to light walkways at night?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Street Lights'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df7fd95ca0a614008f9b6f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of lights are being designed for energy efficiency?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'photovoltaic luminaires'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",106]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df7fd95ca0a614008f9b70'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Floodlights can be used to illuminate outdoor playing fields or work zones during nighttime hours. The most common type of floodlights are metal halide and high pressure sodium lights.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of light is used to illuminate outdoor playing fields at night?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Floodlights'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df807956340a1900b29c64'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Sometimes security lighting can be used along roadways in urban areas, or behind homes or commercial facilities. These are extremely bright lights used to deter crime. Security lights may include floodlights.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Extremely bright lights used to deter crime are called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'security lighting'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",11]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df80fe56340a1900b29c77'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Entry lights can be used outside to illuminate and signal the entrance to a property. These lights are installed for safety, security, and for decoration.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of light would be used illuminate the entrance to a property?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Entry lights'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df819456340a1900b29c88'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Vehicles typically include headlamps and tail lights. Headlamps are white or selective yellow lights placed in the front of the vehicle, designed to illuminate the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible. Many manufactures are turning to LED headlights as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional headlamps. Tail and brake lights are red and emit light to the rear so as to reveal the vehicle's direction of travel to following drivers. White rear-facing reversing lamps indicate that the vehicle's transmission has been placed in the reverse gear, warning anyone behind the vehicle that it is moving backwards, or about to do so. Flashing turn signals on the front, side, and rear of the vehicle indicate an intended change of position or direction. In the late 1950s, some automakers began to use electroluminescent technology to backlight their cars' speedometers and other gauges or to draw attention to logos or other decorative elements.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What color are tail lights?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'red'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",352]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df82b856340a1900b29ca2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What color are headlamps on a vehicle?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'white or selective yellow'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",69]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df82b856340a1900b29ca3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did automakers start using electroluminescent technology to backlight gauges?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'late 1950s'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",776]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df82b856340a1900b29ca4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What color are reversing indicator lamps?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'White'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",455]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df82b856340a1900b29ca5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What indicates that a driver is intending to change position?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'turn signals'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",658]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df82b856340a1900b29ca6'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Commonly called 'light bulbs', lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture, which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation. While lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption, expressed in watts, proliferation of lighting technology beyond the incandescent light bulb has eliminated the correspondence of wattage to the amount of light produced. For example, a 60 W incandescent light bulb produces about the same amount of light as a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp. Each of these technologies has a different efficacy in converting electrical energy to visible light. Visible light output is typically measured in lumens. This unit only quantifies the visible radiation, and excludes invisible infrared and ultraviolet light. A wax candle produces on the close order of 13 lumens, a 60 watt incandescent lamp makes around 700 lumens, and a 15-watt compact fluorescent lamp produces about 800 lumens, but actual output varies by specific design. Rating and marketing emphasis is shifting away from wattage and towards lumen output, to give the purchaser a directly applicable basis upon which to select a lamp.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'light bulbs'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",18]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df844f56340a1900b29cc8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does a light bulb convert into electromagnetic radiation?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'electrical energy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",112]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df844f56340a1900b29cc9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Huge much light does a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp produce equivalent to a incandescent light bulb.'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'60 w'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",871]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df844f56340a1900b29cca'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many lemuns does a 15 watt fluorescent lamp produce?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'800 lumens'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",976]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df844f56340a1900b29ccc'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Lighting design as it applies to the built environment is known as 'architectural lighting design'. Lighting of structures considers aesthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required, occupants of the structure, energy efficiency and cost. Artificial lighting takes into account the amount of daylight received in an internal space by using Daylight factor calculation. For simple installations, hand-calculations based on tabular data are used to provide an acceptable lighting design. More critical or optimized designs now routinely use mathematical modeling on a computer using software such as Radiance which can allow an Architect to quickly undertake complex calculations to review the benefit of a particular design.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is designing as it applies to built environments?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'architectural lighting design'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",69]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df865956340a1900b29cea'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Would you consider aesthetic elements alone in architectural lighting design?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'kno'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",59]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df865956340a1900b29ceb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the software sometimes used to help calculate lighting needs in a built environment?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Radiance'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",635]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df865956340a1900b29cec'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Hand-calculations are based off of what type of data?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'tabular'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",459]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df865956340a1900b29ced'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of factor calculation can be used to find out how much daylight is received in a internal space.'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Daylight factor calculation.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",377]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df865956340a1900b29cee'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In some design instances, materials used on walls and furniture play a key role in the lighting effect< for example dark paint tends to absorb light, making the room appear smaller and more dim than it is, whereas light paint does the opposite. In addition to paint, reflective surfaces also have an effect on lighting design.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of paint tends to absorb light?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'dark paint'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",117]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df879856340a1900b29d0a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of paint makes a room a room look larger and brighter?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'light paint'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",215]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df879856340a1900b29d0c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Photometric studies (also sometimes referred to as \"layouts\" or \"point by points\") are often used to simulate lighting designs for projects before they are built or renovated. This enables architects, lighting designers, and engineers to determine whether a proposed lighting setup will deliver the amount of light intended. They will also be able to determine the contrast ratio between light and dark areas. In many cases these studies are referenced against IESNA or CIBSE recommended lighting practices for the type of application. Depending on the type of area, different design aspects may be emphasized for safety or practicality (i.e. such as maintaining uniform light levels, avoiding glare or highlighting certain areas). Specialized software is often used to create these, which typically combine the use of two-dimensional digital CAD drawings and lighting calculation software (i.e. AGi32or Dialux).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of study is used to simulate lighting designs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Photometric studies'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df89dc38dc421700152022'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Lighting illuminates the performers and artists in a live theatre, dance, or musical performance, and is selected and arranged to create dramatic effects. Stage lighting uses general illumination technology in devices configured for easy adjustment of their output characteristics.[citation needed] The setup of stage lighting is tailored for each scene of each production. Dimmers, colored filters, reflectors, lenses, motorized or manually aimed lamps, and different kinds of flood and spot lights are among the tools used by a stage lighting designer to produce the desired effects. A set of lighting cues are prepared so that the lighting operator can control the lights in step with the performance; complex theatre lighting systems use computer control of lighting instruments.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is prepared prior to the performance for the lighting operator?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'lighting cues'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",596]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df8f054a1a83140091eb43'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Motion picture and television production use many of the same tools and methods of stage lighting. Especially in the early days of these industries, very high light levels were required and heat produced by lighting equipment presented substantial challenges. Modern cameras require less light, and modern light sources emit less heat.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Motion pictures employee the similar lighting techniques as which other form of lighting?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'stage lighting'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",84]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df8fcb38dc421700152055'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Measurement of light or photometry is generally concerned with the amount of useful light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source, along with the colors that can be rendered by this light. The human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the visible spectrum, therefore photometric measurements must take the luminosity function into account when measuring the amount of useful light. The basic SI unit of measurement is the candela (cd), which describes the luminous intensity, all other photometric units are derived from the candela. Luminance for instance is a measure of the density of luminous intensity in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through or is emitted from a particular area, and falls within a given solid angle. The SI unit for luminance is candela per square metre (cd\/m2). The CGS unit of luminance is the stilb, which is equal to one candela per square centimetre or 10 kcd\/m2. The amount of useful light emitted from a source or the luminous flux is measured in lumen (lm).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the basic SI unit of measurement?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'candela (cd)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",487]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df912338dc421700152064'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the SI unit for lumiance?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'cd\/m2'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",878]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df912338dc421700152066'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the CGS unit of lumiance?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'stilb'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",919]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df912338dc421700152067'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the amount of useful light emitted from a luminous flux measured in? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'lumen (lm)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1077]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df912338dc421700152068'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The SI unit of illuminance and luminous emittance, being the luminous power per area, is measured in Lux. It is used in photometry as a measure of the intensity, as perceived by the human eye, of light that hits or passes through a surface. It is analogous to the radiometric unit watts per square metre, but with the power at each wavelength weighted according to the luminosity function, a standardized model of human visual brightness perception. In English, \"lux\" is used in both singular and plural.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a standardized model of human visual brightness?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'luminosity function'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",370]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df92a64a1a83140091eb51'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the SI unit of illuminace and luminous emittance?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Lux'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",102]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df92a64a1a83140091eb52'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Several measurement methods have been developed to control glare resulting from indoor lighting design. The Unified Glare Rating (UGR), the Visual Comfort Probability, and the Daylight Glare Index are some of the most well-known methods of measurement. In addition to these new methods, four main factors influence the degree of discomfort glare; the luminance of the glare source, the solid angle of the glare source, the background luminance, and the position of the glare source in the field of view must all be taken into account.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does UGR stand for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Unified Glare Rating'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",109]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df93904a1a83140091eb6c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'To define light source color properties, the lighting industry predominantly relies on two metrics, correlated color temperature (CCT), commonly used as an indication of the apparent \"warmth\" or \"coolness\" of the light emitted by a source, and color rendering index (CRI), an indication of the light source’s ability to make objects appear natural.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does CCT stand for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'correlated color temperature'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",101]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df945038dc421700152082'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does CRI stand for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'color rendering index'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",245]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df945038dc421700152083'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What metric indicates a lights ability to make object appear natural?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'CRI'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",268]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df945038dc421700152084'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What metric indicates \"warmth\" or \"coolness\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'CCT'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",131]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df945038dc421700152085'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'For example, in order to meet the expectations for good color rendering in retail applications, research suggests using the well-established CRI along with another metric called gamut area index (GAI). GAI represents the relative separation of object colors illuminated by a light source; the greater the GAI, the greater the apparent saturation or vividness of the object colors. As a result, light sources which balance both CRI and GAI are generally preferred over ones that have only high CRI or only high GAI.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does GAI stand for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'gamut area index'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",179]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df95d44a1a83140091eb7e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The relative separating of object colors illuminated by a light source is known as?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'GAI'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",197]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df95d44a1a83140091eb80'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Would a lower GAI mean higher apparent saturation or vividness of object colors?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ano'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",157]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df95d44a1a83140091eb81'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Typical measurements of light have used a Dosimeter. Dosimeters measure an individual's or an object's exposure to something in the environment, such as light dosimeters and ultraviolet dosimeters.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is typically used to measure light?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'light dosimeters'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",154]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df964438dc42170015208d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In order to specifically measure the amount of light entering the eye, personal circadian light meter called the Daysimeter has been developed. This is the first device created to accurately measure and characterize light (intensity, spectrum, timing, and duration) entering the eye that affects the human body's clock.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What measures the amount of light entering the eye?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Daysimeter'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",114]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df96e138dc421700152090'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'A Daysimeter what type of personal meter?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'circadian light meter'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",81]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df96e138dc421700152092'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The small, head-mounted device measures an individual's daily rest and activity patterns, as well as exposure to short-wavelength light that stimulates the circadian system. The device measures activity and light together at regular time intervals and electronically stores and logs its operating temperature. The Daysimeter can gather data for up to 30 days for analysis.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many days can the Daysimeter gather for analysis?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'30'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",352]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df9a3738dc4217001520bf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of light stimulates the circadian system?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'short-wavelength light'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",114]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df9a3738dc4217001520c0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Specification of illumination requirements is the basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task. Clearly, much less light is required to illuminate a hallway compared to that needed for a word processing work station. Generally speaking, the energy expended is proportional to the design illumination level. For example, a lighting level of 400 lux might be chosen for a work environment involving meeting rooms and conferences, whereas a level of 80 lux could be selected for building hallways. If the hallway standard simply emulates the conference room needs, then much more energy will be consumed than is needed. Unfortunately, most of the lighting standards even today have been specified by industrial groups who manufacture and sell lighting, so that a historical commercial bias exists in designing most building lighting, especially for office and industrial settings.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Specification of illumination requirements'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df9b7338dc4217001520d1'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Lighting control systems reduce energy usage and cost by helping to provide light only when and where it is needed. Lighting control systems typically incorporate the use of time schedules, occupancy control, and photocell control (i.e.daylight harvesting). Some systems also support demand response and will automatically dim or turn off lights to take advantage of utility incentives. Lighting control systems are sometimes incorporated into larger building automation systems.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What can help reduce energy and usage cost by providing light only when or where it is needed? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Lighting control'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df9c5038dc4217001520e4'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Many newer control systems are using wireless mesh open standards (such as ZigBee), which provides benefits including easier installation (no need to run control wires) and interoperability with other standards-based building control systems (e.g. security).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of standard do newer control systems use? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'wireless mesh open standards'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",38]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df9d3c4a1a83140091eb90'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of one type of control system used? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ZigBee'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",76]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df9d3c4a1a83140091eb91'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Does a wireless mesh open standard make installation harder?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'no'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",140]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df9d3c4a1a83140091eb92'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Occupancy sensors to allow operation for whenever someone is within the area being scanned can control lighting. When motion can no longer be detected, the lights shut off. Passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat, such as the pattern created by a moving person. The control must have an unobstructed view of the building area being scanned. Doors, partitions, stairways, etc. will block motion detection and reduce its effectiveness. The best applications for passive infrared occupancy sensors are open spaces with a clear view of the area being scanned. Ultrasonic sensors transmit sound above the range of human hearing and monitor the time it takes for the sound waves to return. A break in the pattern caused by any motion in the area triggers the control. Ultrasonic sensors can see around obstructions and are best for areas with cabinets and shelving, restrooms, and open areas requiring 360-degree coverage. Some occupancy sensors utilize both passive infrared and ultrasonic technology, but are usually more expensive. They can be used to control one lamp, one fixture or many fixtures.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What sensor controls light with motion sensors? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Occupancy sensors'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df9fbe38dc421700152112'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does a passive infrared sensor react to? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'changes in heat'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",208]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df9fbe38dc421700152113'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of sensor transmits sound above the range of human hearing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ultrasonic sensors'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",567]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df9fbe38dc421700152114'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Would you want to use passive infrared sensor in a area requiring 360-degree coverage?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'no'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",130]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df9fbe38dc421700152115'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Daylighting is the oldest method of interior lighting. Daylighting is simply designing a space to use as much natural light as possible. This decreases energy consumption and costs, and requires less heating and cooling from the building. Daylighting has also been proven to have positive effects on patients in hospitals as well as work and school performance. Due to a lack of information that indicate the likely energy savings, daylighting schemes are not yet popular among most buildings.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the oldest method of interior lighting? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Daylighting'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfa1c738dc42170015213a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Daylighting has been proven to have negative effects on people?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'not'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",457]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfa1c738dc42170015213c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In recent years light emitting diodes (LEDs) are becoming increasingly efficient leading to an extraordinary increase in the use of solid state lighting. In many situations, controlling the light emission of LEDs may be done most effectively by using the principles of nonimaging optics.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a form of solid state lighting?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'LEDs'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",40]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfa2bc38dc42170015214c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the best way to control light emissions of LEDs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'nonimaging optics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",270]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfa2bc38dc42170015214d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Beyond the energy factors being considered, it is important not to over-design illumination, lest adverse health effects such as headache frequency, stress, and increased blood pressure be induced by the higher lighting levels. In addition, glare or excess light can decrease worker efficiency.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What can cause health effects such headache frequency?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'higher lighting levels'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",205]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfa3d938dc42170015215e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Analysis of lighting quality particularly emphasizes use of natural lighting, but also considers spectral content if artificial light is to be used. Not only will greater reliance on natural light reduce energy consumption, but will favorably impact human health and performance. New studies have shown that the performance of students is influenced by the time and duration of daylight in their regular schedules. Designing school facilities to incorporate the right types of light at the right time of day for the right duration may improve student performance and well-being. Similarly, designing lighting systems that maximize the right amount of light at the appropriate time of day for the elderly may help relieve symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease. The human circadian system is entrained to a 24-hour light-dark pattern that mimics the earth’s natural light\/dark pattern. When those patterns are disrupted, they disrupt the natural circadian cycle. Circadian disruption may lead to numerous health problems including breast cancer, seasonal affective disorder, delayed sleep phase syndrome, and other ailments.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Maximizing the right amount of light at the appropriate time for elderly may help systems of what? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Alzheimer's Disease'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",734]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfa58d7aa994140058df7e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The human circadian system is entrained to how many hours light-dark pattern?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'24'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",800]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfa58d7aa994140058df7f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What happens to the natural carcidan cycle when light-dark patterns are disrupted?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'disrupt the natural circadian cycle'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",919]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfa58d7aa994140058df80'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'A study conducted in 1972 and 1981, documented by Robert Ulrich, surveyed 23 surgical patients assigned to rooms looking out on a natural scene. The study concluded that patients assigned to rooms with windows allowing lots of natural light had shorter postoperative hospital stays, received fewer negative evaluative comments in nurses’ notes, and took fewer potent analegesics than 23 matched patients in similar rooms with windows facing a brick wall. This study suggests that due to the nature of the scenery and daylight exposure was indeed healthier for patients as opposed to those exposed to little light from the brick wall. In addition to increased work performance, proper usage of windows and daylighting crosses the boundaries between pure aesthetics and overall health.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who documented 23 surgical patients assigned rooms looking out on a natural scene?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Robert Ulrich'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",51]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfa6de7aa994140058df99'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Did the patients with natural scenes have longer postoperative hospital stays?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'no'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",339]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfa6de7aa994140058df9a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Did patients that have natural scenes require more potent analgesics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'no'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",339]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfa6de7aa994140058df9b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Alison Jing Xu, assistant professor of management at the University of Toronto Scarborough and Aparna Labroo of Northwestern University conducted a series of studies analyzing the correlation between lighting and human emotion. The researchers asked participants to rate a number of things such as: the spiciness of chicken-wing sauce, the aggressiveness of a fictional character, how attractive someone was, their feelings about specific words, and the taste of two juices–all under different lighting conditions. In their study, they found that both positive and negative human emotions are felt more intensely in bright light. Professor Xu stated, \"we found that on sunny days depression-prone people actually become more depressed.\" They also found that dim light makes people make more rational decisions and settle negotiations easier. In the dark, emotions are slightly suppressed. However, emotions are intensified in the bright light.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What University was Alision Jing Xu the assistant professor of management at?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'University of Toronto Scarborough'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",58]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfa8ab231d4119001abc51'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What Univerity was Aparna Labroo associated with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Northwestern University'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",113]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfa8ab231d4119001abc52'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1849, Dr. Abraham Gesner, a Canadian geologist, devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum. Earlier coal-gas methods had been used for lighting since the 1820s, but they were expensive. Gesner's kerosene was cheap, easy to produce, could be burned in existing lamps, and did not produce an offensive odor as did most whale oil. It could be stored indefinitely, unlike whale oil, which would eventually spoil. The American petroleum boom began in the 1850s. By the end of the decade there were 30 kerosene plants operating in the United States. The cheaper, more efficient fuel began to drive whale oil out of the market. John D. Rockefeller was most responsible for the commercial success of kerosene. He set up a network of kerosene distilleries which would later become Standard Oil, thus completely abolishing the need for whale-oil lamps. These types of lamps may catch fire or emit carbon-monoxide and sometimes are odorous making them problematic for asthmatic people.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Dr. Abraham Gesner'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",10]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfa9c67aa994140058dfb3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year was it discovered that petroleum could be distilled into kerosene? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1849'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfa9c67aa994140058dfb4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What method of lighting have been used since 1820s?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'coal-gas methods'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",127]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfa9c67aa994140058dfb5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Compact fluorescent lamps (aka 'CFLs') use less power to supply the same amount of light as an incandescent lamp, however they contain mercury which is a dispose hazard. Due to the ability to reduce electric consumption, many organizations have undertaken measures to encourage the adoption of CFLs. Some electric utilities and local governments have subsidized CFLs or provided them free to customers as a means of reducing electric demand. For a given light output, CFLs use between one fifth and one quarter of the power of an equivalent incandescent lamp. One of the simplest and quickest ways for a household or business to become more energy efficient is to adopt CFLs as the main lamp source, as suggested by the Alliance for Climate Protection. Unlike incandescent lamps CFL's need a little time to 'warm up' and reach full brightness. Care should be taken when selecting CFL's because not all of them are suitable for dimming.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does CFL stand for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Compact fluorescent lamps'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb498231d4119001abc8d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Are all CFLs suitable for dimming?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'not'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",895]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb498231d4119001abc91'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'LED lamps have been advocated as the newest and best environmental lighting method. According to the Energy Saving Trust, LED lamps use only 10% power compared to a standard incandescent bulb, where compact fluorescent lamps use 20% and energy saving halogen lamps 70%. The lifetime is also much longer — up to 50,000 hours. A downside is still the initial cost, which is higher than that of compact fluorescent lamps.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much more power does a standard incandescent bulb use compared to LED?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'10%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",142]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb65b7aa994140058e03f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the average lifetime of a CFL?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'50,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",312]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb65b7aa994140058e040'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the average lifetime of a CFL?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'50,000 hours'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",312]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb65b7aa994140058e041'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much power does a halogen lamp save compared to a standard blub?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'70%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",266]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb65b7aa994140058e042'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Light pollution is a growing problem in reaction to excess light being given off by numerous signs, houses, and buildings. Polluting light is often wasted light involving unnecessary energy costs and carbon dioxide emissions. Light pollution is described as artificial light that is excessive or intrudes where it is not wanted. Well-designed lighting sends light only where it is needed without scattering it elsewhere. Poorly designed lighting can also compromise safety. For example, glare creates safety issues around buildings by causing very sharp shadows, temporarily blinding passersby making them vulnerable to would-be assailants.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is known as artificial light that is excessive or intrusive?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Light pollution'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfbac5231d4119001abd34'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What causes sharp shadows around buildings? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'glare'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",488]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfbac5231d4119001abd36'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'From a military standpoint, lighting is a critical part of the battlefield conditions. Shadows are good places to hide, while bright areas are more exposed. It is often beneficial to fight with the Sun or other light source behind you, giving your enemy disturbing visual glare and partially hiding your own movements in backlight. If natural light is not present searchlights and flares can be used. However the use of light may disclose your own hidden position and modern warfare have seen increased use of night vision through the use of infrared cameras and image intensifiers.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In a battlefield does not have natural light what could you use instead? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'searchlights and flares'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",365]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfbc1d231d4119001abd47'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The use of what may disclose your own hidden position on a battlefield? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'light'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",29]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfbc1d231d4119001abd48'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Modern warfare has seen the increased use of what? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'infrared cameras'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",543]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfbc1d231d4119001abd49'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Flares can also be used by the military to mark positions, usually for targeting, but laser-guided and GPS weapons have eliminated this need for the most part.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What can be used by military for targeting?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Flares'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfbc8c231d4119001abd4f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What has eliminated the need for flares on a battlefield?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'laser-guided and GPS weapons'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",87]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfbc8c231d4119001abd50'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) is an international authority and standard defining organization on color and lighting. Publishing widely used standard metrics such as various CIE color spaces and the color rendering index.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does the CIE stand for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'International Commission on Illumination'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfbd4e7aa994140058e0d1'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), in conjunction with organizations like ANSI and ASHRAE, publishes guidelines, standards, and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of different built environments. Manufacturers of lighting equipment publish photometric data for their products, which defines the distribution of light released by a specific luminaire. This data is typically expressed in standardized form defined by the IESNA.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does the IESNA stand for? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfbe777aa994140058e0e1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who else publishes along with IESNA? 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Those fully independent designers who meet the requirements for professional membership in the association typically append the abbreviation IALD to their name.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does IALD stand for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The International Association of Lighting Designers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfbf1c7aa994140058e0fd'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Professional Lighting Designers Association (PLDA), formerly known as ELDA is an organisation focusing on the promotion of the profession of Architectural Lighting Design. They publish a monthly newsletter and organise different events throughout the world.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does PLDA stand for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Professional Lighting Designers Association'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfbfd97aa994140058e109'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the PLDA formerly known as?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ELDA'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",75]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfbfd97aa994140058e10a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Lighting'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions (NCQLP) offers the Lighting Certification Examination which tests rudimentary lighting design principles. Individuals who pass this exam become ‘Lighting Certified’ and may append the abbreviation LC to their name. This certification process is one of three national (U.S.) examinations (the others are CLEP and CLMC) in the lighting industry and is open not only to designers, but to lighting equipment manufacturers, electric utility employees, etc.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who offers the Lighting Certification Examination? 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Its members include manufacturers and distributors of stage and entertainment lighting, sound, rigging and similar products and services, and affiliated professionals in the area. They lobby for and represent the interests of the industry at various levels, interacting with government and regulating bodies and presenting the case for the entertainment industry. Example subjects of this representation include the ongoing review of radio frequencies (which may or may not affect the radio bands in which wireless microphones and other devices use) and engaging with the issues surrounding the introduction of the RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive) regulations.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does PLASA stand for? 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Each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches. This idea was called separation of powers. This philosophy heavily influenced the writing of the United States Constitution, according to which the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches of the United States government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power. 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The King's Ministers were in most cases members of one of the two Houses of Parliament, and the Government needed to sustain the support of a majority in the House of Commons. One minister, the Lord Chancellor, was at the same time the sole judge in the Court of Chancery and the presiding officer in the House of Lords. Therefore, it may be seen that the three branches of British government often violated the strict principle of separation of powers, even though there were many occasions when the different branches of the government disagreed with each other. Some U.S. states did not observe a strict separation of powers in the 18th century. In New Jersey, the Governor also functioned as a member of the state's highest court and as the presiding officer of one house of the New Jersey Legislature. The President of Delaware was a member of the Court of Appeals; the presiding officers of the two houses of the state legislature also served in the executive department as Vice Presidents. 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'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a member of the Court of Appeals'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1396]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de3644cffd8e1900b4b679'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Separation of powers under the United States Constitution'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. 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City of New York decided by the Supreme Court?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1998'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",221]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2aeacffd8e1900b4b5f6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In the US who has the sole power to pass legislation?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Congress'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de37794396321400ee26ac'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the doctrine called that does not allow congress to pass on their power to pass laws to any other agency?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'nondelegation doctrine'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",75]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de37794396321400ee26ad'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the court case that struck down the line item veto?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Clinton v. City of New York'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",231]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de37794396321400ee26ae'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year was Clinton v. City of New York decided by the supreme court?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1998'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",221]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de37794396321400ee26af'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Separation of powers under the United States Constitution'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Where Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial procedure; it was contended that Congress had thereby unconstitutionally clothed the judiciary with legislative powers. While Chief Justice John Marshall conceded that the determination of rules of procedure was a legislative function, he distinguished between \"important\" subjects and mere details. Marshall wrote that \"a general provision may be made, and power given to those who are to act under such general provisions, to fill up the details.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was one of the first times the Supreme Court tried a case regarding nondelegation?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Wayman v. Southard'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",197]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2c7fcffd8e1900b4b616'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was Wayman v. Southard tried by the U.S. Supreme Court?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1825'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",241]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2c7fcffd8e1900b4b617'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court when Wayman v. Southard reached the Supreme Court?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'John Marshall'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",457]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2c7fcffd8e1900b4b618'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In Wayman v. Southard, what branch was accused of being given lawmaking abilities by Congress?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the judiciary'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",398]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2c7fcffd8e1900b4b619'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the 1825 case where the supreme court held that congress could delegate their responsibilities to the court?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Wayman v. Southard'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",197]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de385ccffd8e1900b4b68e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was chief justice of the supreme court under the Wayman v. Southard ruling?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'John Marshall'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",457]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de385ccffd8e1900b4b68f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Separation of powers under the United States Constitution'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Marshall's words and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495 (1935), Congress could not authorize the president to formulate codes of \"fair competition.\" It was held that Congress must set some standards governing the actions of executive officers. The Court, however, has deemed that phrases such as \"just and reasonable,\" \"public interest\" and \"public convenience\" suffice.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the first time that a Congressional attempt at delegating lawmaking responsibility was found to be in violation of the Constitution?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the 1930s'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",112]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2d374396321400ee2636'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The establishment of what body was the subject of A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'National Recovery Administration'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",234]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2d374396321400ee2637'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was A.L.A. Schechter v. 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United States'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",281]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de39a6cffd8e1900b4b699'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Separation of powers under the United States Constitution'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office \"with the Advice and Consent of the Senate,\" receive Ambassadors and Public Ministers, and \"take care that the laws be faithfully executed\" (Section 3.) By using these words, the Constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law; rather, officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties. The Constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Congress and approved by the President. Congress may itself terminate such appointments, by impeachment, and restrict the president. Bodies such as the War Claims Commission, the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Trade Commission—all quasi-judicial—often have direct Congressional oversight.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which branches of the national military does the U.S. president command?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Army and Navy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",154]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2e1d4396321400ee263c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Whose approval is required for the president's appointees to take office?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Senate'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",311]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2e1d4396321400ee263d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a Congressional means of removing presidential appointees?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'impeachment'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",785]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2e1d4396321400ee263e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What term can characterize the status of bodies like the War Claims Commission and the Interstate Commerce Commission?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'quasi-judicial'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",940]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2e1d4396321400ee263f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which of the three branches has the duty of Commander and Chief?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Executive'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de3ad0cffd8e1900b4b6a6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who has the authority to make treaties?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the President'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",67]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de3ad0cffd8e1900b4b6a7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is it called when congress terminates an appointment of the President?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'impeachment'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",785]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de3ad0cffd8e1900b4b6a8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who has over-sight of the Federal Trade Commission?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Congress'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",693]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de3ad0cffd8e1900b4b6a9'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Separation of powers under the United States Constitution'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Congress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In INS v. Chadha (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, § 1—requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a Congress consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives—and § 7—requiring every bill passed by the House and Senate, before becoming law, to be presented to the president, and, if he disapproves, to be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House—represents the Framers' decision that the legislative power of the Federal Government be exercised in accord with a single, finely wrought and exhaustively considered procedure. This procedure is an integral part of the constitutional design for the separation of powers. Further rulings clarified the case; even both Houses acting together cannot override Executive vetos without a 2⁄3 majority. Legislation may always prescribe regulations governing executive officers.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'To what does congress attempt to limit executive officials?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the performance of their duties'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",70]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2fe04396321400ee265c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What court case affirmed the mandates of the first and seventh sections of Article I of the Constitution?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'INS v. 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The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office. If a court's judges do not have such attributes, the court may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. Courts exercising the judicial power are called \"constitutional courts.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what branch is the ability to try legal cases placed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Judicial'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de307c4396321400ee2666'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who nominates justices for the U.S. Supreme Court?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'president'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",172]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de307c4396321400ee2667'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who must approve presidential appointees to the Supreme Court?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Senate'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",217]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de307c4396321400ee2668'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the term for judicial institutions exercising their power?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'constitutional courts'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",513]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de307c4396321400ee2669'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the power given to the supreme court and lower courts called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Judicial power'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de3c8acffd8e1900b4b6b8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who appoints a judge?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the president'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",168]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de3c8acffd8e1900b4b6b9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who gives the President advice and consent for a judge appointment?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Senate'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",213]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de3c8acffd8e1900b4b6ba'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Separation of powers under the United States Constitution'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Congress may establish \"legislative courts,\" which do not take the form of judicial agencies or commissions, whose members do not have the same security of tenure or compensation as the constitutional court judges. Legislative courts may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. In Murray's Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co. (1856), the Supreme Court held that a legislative court may not decide \"a suit at the common law, or in equity, or admiralty,\" as such a suit is inherently judicial. Legislative courts may only adjudicate \"public rights\" questions (cases between the government and an individual and political determinations).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of courts did congress establish?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'legislative courts'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",25]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de3d78cffd8e1900b4b6c2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What power are legislative courts not allowed to exercise?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'judicial power of the United States'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",256]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de3d78cffd8e1900b4b6c3'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Separation of powers under the United States Constitution'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The president exercises a check over Congress through his power to veto bills, but Congress may override any veto (excluding the so-called \"pocket veto\") by a two-thirds majority in each house. When the two houses of Congress cannot agree on a date for adjournment, the president may settle the dispute. Either house or both houses may be called into emergency session by the president. The Vice President serves as president of the Senate, but he may only vote to break a tie.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who can determine a date of adjournment if congress cannot agree?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'President'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",397]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de3e40cffd8e1900b4b6dc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who can call congress into emergency session?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The president'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de3e40cffd8e1900b4b6de'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who serves as president of the Senate?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Vice President'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",388]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de3e40cffd8e1900b4b6df'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Separation of powers under the United States Constitution'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The president, as noted above, appoints judges with the Senate's advice and consent. He also has the power to issue pardons and reprieves. Such pardons are not subject to confirmation by either the House of Representatives or the Senate, or even to acceptance by the recipient.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who has the power to issue a pardon?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The president'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de3e91cffd8e1900b4b6f0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who has the power to issue a reprieve? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The president'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de3e91cffd8e1900b4b6f1'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Separation of powers under the United States Constitution'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The president is the civilian Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States. He has the authority to command them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis. However, only the Congress is explicitly granted the power to declare war per se, as well as to raise, fund and maintain the armed forces. Congress also has the duty and authority to prescribe the laws and regulations under which the armed forces operate, such as the Uniform Code of Military Justice, and requires that all Generals and Admirals appointed by the president be confirmed by a majority vote of the Senate before they can assume their office.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is the commander and chief of the Army?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The president'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de3f73cffd8e1900b4b706'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who has the power to declare ware?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Congress'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",217]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de3f73cffd8e1900b4b707'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who has the responsibility to confirm Generals and Admirals?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Senate'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",607]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de3f73cffd8e1900b4b708'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Separation of powers under the United States Constitution'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Courts check both the executive branch and the legislative branch through judicial review. This concept is not written into the Constitution, but was envisioned by many of the Constitution's Framers (for example, The Federalist Papers mention it). The Supreme Court established a precedent for judicial review in Marbury v. Madison. There were protests by some at this decision, born chiefly of political expediency, but political realities in the particular case paradoxically restrained opposing views from asserting themselves. For this reason, precedent alone established the principle that a court may strike down a law it deems unconstitutional.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is responsible for judicial review?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Courts'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4022cffd8e1900b4b70c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the court case that established judicial review?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Marbury v. Madison'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",314]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4022cffd8e1900b4b70d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Separation of powers under the United States Constitution'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'A common misperception is that the Supreme Court is the only court that may determine constitutionality; the power is exercised even by the inferior courts. But only Supreme Court decisions are binding across the nation. Decisions of a Court of Appeals, for instance, are binding only in the circuit over which the court has jurisdiction.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which courts decisions are binding across the entire United States?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Supreme Court'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",32]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de40c0cffd8e1900b4b710'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Separation of powers under the United States Constitution'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The power to review the constitutionality of laws may be limited by Congress, which has the power to set the jurisdiction of the courts. The only constitutional limit on Congress' power to set the jurisdiction of the judiciary relates to the Supreme Court; the Supreme Court may exercise only appellate jurisdiction except in cases involving states and cases affecting foreign ambassadors, ministers or consuls.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who can limit judicial review of a law?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Congress'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",69]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4176cffd8e1900b4b71a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who's judicial power does congress have the right to limit?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Supreme Court'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",239]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4176cffd8e1900b4b71b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Separation of powers under the United States Constitution'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Chief Justice presides in the Senate during a president's impeachment trial. The rules of the Senate, however, generally do not grant much authority to the presiding officer. Thus, the Chief Justice's role in this regard is a limited one.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who presides over an impeachment trial?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Chief Justice'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de41c54396321400ee2726'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Separation of powers under the United States Constitution'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Constitution does not explicitly indicate the pre-eminence of any particular branch of government. However, James Madison wrote in Federalist 51, regarding the ability of each branch to defend itself from actions by the others, that \"it is not possible to give to each department an equal power of self-defense. In republican government, the legislative authority necessarily predominates.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who wrote that the legislative branch was the predominate branch of government?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'James Madison'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",113]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de42a5cffd8e1900b4b734'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which Federalist paper did James Madison state that the legislative branch of government was predominate?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Federalist 51'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",136]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de42a5cffd8e1900b4b735'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Separation of powers under the United States Constitution'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Throughout America's history dominance of one of the three branches has essentially been a see-saw struggle between Congress and the president. Both have had periods of great power and weakness such as immediately after the Civil War when republicans had a majority in Congress and were able to pass major legislation and shoot down most of the president's vetoes. They also passed acts to essentially make the president subordinate to Congress, such as the Tenure of Office Act. Johnson's later impeachment also cost the presidency much political power. However the president has also exercised greater power largely during the 20th century. Both Roosevelts greatly expanded the powers of the president and wielded great power during their terms.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Immediately following the civil war which branch of government was seen to have the greater amount of power?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Congress'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",117]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de445a4396321400ee273e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Separation of powers under the United States Constitution'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The first six presidents of the United States did not make extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong executive, vetoed seven bills. None of the first six Presidents, however, used the veto to direct national policy. It was Andrew Jackson, the seventh President, who was the first to use the veto as a political weapon. During his two terms in office, he vetoed twelve bills—more than all of his predecessors combined. Furthermore, he defied the Supreme Court in enforcing the policy of ethnically cleansing Native American tribes (\"Indian Removal\"); he stated (perhaps apocryphally), \"John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many bills did George Washington veto?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'two'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",123]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4529cffd8e1900b4b75d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many bills did James Monroe veto?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'one'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",147]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4529cffd8e1900b4b75e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many bills did Andrew Jackson veto'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'twelve'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",516]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4529cffd8e1900b4b75f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the seventh President of the United States?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Andrew Jackson'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",378]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4529cffd8e1900b4b760'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Separation of powers under the United States Constitution'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Some of Jackson's successors made no use of the veto power, while others used it intermittently. It was only after the Civil War that presidents began to use the power to truly counterbalance Congress. Andrew Johnson, a Democrat, vetoed several Reconstruction bills passed by the \"Radical Republicans.\" Congress, however, managed to override fifteen of Johnson's twenty-nine vetoes. Furthermore, it attempted to curb the power of the presidency by passing the Tenure of Office Act. The Act required Senate approval for the dismissal of senior Cabinet officials. When Johnson deliberately violated the Act, which he felt was unconstitutional (Supreme Court decisions later vindicated such a position), the House of Representatives impeached him; he was acquitted in the Senate by one vote.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many of Andrew Johnson's veto's were over turned by Congress'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'fifteen'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",343]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de466e4396321400ee2757'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What act did congress pass that gave the senate the right to approve the dismissal of a cabinet official?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tenure of Office Act'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",461]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de466e4396321400ee2758'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Separation of powers under the United States Constitution'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Johnson's impeachment was perceived to have done great damage to the presidency, which came to be almost subordinate to Congress. Some believed that the president would become a mere figurehead, with the Speaker of the House of Representatives becoming a de facto Prime Minister. Grover Cleveland, the first Democratic President following Johnson, attempted to restore the power of his office. During his first term, he vetoed over four hundred bills—twice as many bills as his twenty-one predecessors combined. He also began to suspend bureaucrats who were appointed as a result of the patronage system, replacing them with more \"deserving\" individuals. The Senate, however, refused to confirm many new nominations, instead demanding that Cleveland turn over the confidential records relating to the suspensions. Cleveland steadfastly refused, asserting, \"These suspensions are my executive acts ... I am not responsible to the Senate, and I am unwilling to submit my actions to them for judgment.\" Cleveland's popular support forced the Senate to back down and confirm the nominees. Furthermore, Congress finally repealed the controversial Tenure of Office Act that had been passed during the Johnson Administration. Overall, this meant that Cleveland's Administration marked the end of presidential subordination.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the first president to veto over 400 bills?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Grover Cleveland'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",281]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de471ccffd8e1900b4b76f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Under which President was the Tenure of Office Act repealed? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Grover Cleveland'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",281]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de471ccffd8e1900b4b770'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Separation of powers under the United States Constitution'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Several twentieth-century presidents have attempted to greatly expand the power of the presidency. Theodore Roosevelt, for instance, claimed that the president was permitted to do whatever was not explicitly prohibited by the law—in direct contrast to his immediate successor, William Howard Taft. Franklin Delano Roosevelt held considerable power during the Great Depression. Congress had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority; in Panama Refining v. Ryan, the Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power as violative of the doctrine of separation of powers. The aforementioned Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, another separation of powers case, was also decided during Franklin Roosevelt's presidency. In response to many unfavorable Supreme Court decisions, Roosevelt introduced a \"Court Packing\" plan, under which more seats would be added to the Supreme Court for the president to fill. Such a plan (which was defeated in Congress) would have seriously undermined the judiciary's independence and power.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which President attempted to pack the supreme court?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Franklin Roosevelt'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",399]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de485ccffd8e1900b4b787'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority during the great depression?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Congress'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",378]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de485ccffd8e1900b4b789'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Separation of powers under the United States Constitution'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Richard Nixon used national security as a basis for his expansion of power. He asserted, for example, that \"the inherent power of the President to safeguard the security of the nation\" authorized him to order a wiretap without a judge's warrant. Nixon also asserted that \"executive privilege\" shielded him from all legislative oversight; furthermore, he impounded federal funds (that is to say, he refused to spend money that Congress had appropriated for government programs). In the specific cases aforementioned, however, the Supreme Court ruled against Nixon. This was also because of an ongoing criminal investigation into the Watergate tapes, even though they acknowledged the general need for executive privilege. Since then, Nixon's successors have sometimes asserted that they may act in the interests of national security or that executive privilege shields them from Congressional oversight. Though such claims have in general been more limited than Nixon's, one may still conclude that the presidency's power has been greatly augmented since the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Under what basis did Richard Nixon assert an expansion of the power of the President?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'national security'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",20]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de48f7cffd8e1900b4b793'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Separation of powers under the United States Constitution'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'It is said[by whom?] on one side of this debate that separation of powers means that powers are shared among different branches; no one branch may act unilaterally on issues (other than perhaps minor questions), but must obtain some form of agreement across branches. That is, it is argued that \"checks and balances\" apply to the Judicial branch as well as to the other branches.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What term is used when one branch of government must get approval from at least one other branch of government?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'checks and balances'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",297]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4bd44396321400ee27a8'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Separation of powers under the United States Constitution'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'An example of the first view is the regulation of attorneys and judges, and the establishment of rules for the conduct of the courts, by the Congress and in the states the legislatures. Although in practice these matters are delegated to the Supreme Court, the Congress holds these powers and delegates them to the Supreme Court only for convenience in light of the Supreme Court's expertise, but can withdraw that delegation at any time.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who has congress delegated the responsibility of establishing the rules of conduct for the courts to? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Supreme Court'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",239]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4ce74396321400ee27b2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Separation of powers under the United States Constitution'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'An example of the second view at the State level is found in the view of the Florida Supreme Court, that only the Florida Supreme Court may license and regulate attorneys appearing before the courts of Florida, and only the Florida Supreme Court may set rules for procedures in the Florida courts.[citation needed] The State of New Hampshire also follows this system.[citation needed]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who may license and regulate attorneys in Florida?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Florida Supreme Court'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",74]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4d6c4396321400ee27bf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who sets the procedures to be followed in the Florida court system?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Florida Supreme Court'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",74]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4d6c4396321400ee27c0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Separation of powers under the United States Constitution'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton \"architect\", from ἀρχι- \"chief\" and τέκτων \"builder\") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the latin word for architecture?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Architectural'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",245]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de29c64396321400ee2617'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the Latin word for architecture?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'architectura'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",21]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e2419acd28a01900c67c28'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do you call the planning and building of buildings?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Architecture'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e2419acd28a01900c67c29'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What structures can be viewed as both works of art and symbols of certain cultures?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Architectural works'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",245]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e2419acd28a01900c67c2a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Civilizations from the past cane often be identified by what surviving structures?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'architectural achievements'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",429]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e2419acd28a01900c67c2b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what language does the word \"architecture\" have its origins?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Greek'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",44]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e4607b39bdeb1400347930'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What two words is \"architecture\" a combination of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ἀρχι- \"chief\" and τέκτων \"builder\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",91]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e4607b39bdeb1400347931'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Architecture involves the creation of what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'buildings and other physical structures'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",204]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e4607b39bdeb1400347932'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Aside from symbolizing cultures, what else are architectural works thought of as?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'as works of art'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",345]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e4607b39bdeb1400347933'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What can extant architectural works be used to identify?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Historical civilizations'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",362]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e4607b39bdeb1400347934'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Architecture'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the oldest architecture plans that has survived?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'De architectura'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",71]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2b2d4396321400ee261d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who created the oldest surviving architecture plans?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Roman architect Vitruvius'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",95]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2b2d4396321400ee261e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Vitruvius create these plans?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1st century AD.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",134]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2b2d4396321400ee261f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the three principles every plan should consider?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'firmness, commodity and delight.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",304]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2b2d4396321400ee2620'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the first known extant writing about architecture called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'De architectura'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",71]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e462c98c00841900fbaf6f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the author of  De architectura?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Vitruvius'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",111]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e462c98c00841900fbaf70'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Vitruvius' profession?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'architect'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",55]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e462c98c00841900fbaf71'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What were Vitruvius' three principles for a well made building?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'firmitas, utilitas, venustas'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",229]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e462c98c00841900fbaf72'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the commonly seen English translation of the three principles?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'firmness, commodity and delight'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",304]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e462c98c00841900fbaf73'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Architecture'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When were the styles of arts created?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'16th century'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",646]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2c48cffd8e1900b4b610'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who wrote Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Vasari'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",680]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2c48cffd8e1900b4b611'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'By the 18th century which languages was Vasaris book translated in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Italian, French, Spanish and English'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",802]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2c48cffd8e1900b4b612'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In Vitruvius's mind, whose responsibility was it to see the principles carried out?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'architect'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",29]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e4644d8c00841900fbaf79'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who wrote De Re Aedificatoria?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Leon Battista Alberti'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",116]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e4644d8c00841900fbaf7a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Leon Battista Alberti consider most important for beauty?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'proportion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",254]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e4644d8c00841900fbaf7b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What ideal proportion did Alberti promote?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Golden mean'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",394]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e4644d8c00841900fbaf7c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what century did \"style\" as an artistic concept arise?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'16th'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",646]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e4644d8c00841900fbaf7d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Architecture'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only \"true Christian form of architecture.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who wrote the book Contrasts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",28]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2cf84396321400ee262f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year was Contrasts written in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1836'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",76]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2cf84396321400ee2630'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of Pugin's book?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Contrasts'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",65]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e464f48c00841900fbaf83'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was Contrasts written?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1836'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",76]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e464f48c00841900fbaf84'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What world did Pugin dislike?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'modern, industrial world'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",128]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e464f48c00841900fbaf85'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of architecture did Pugin consider truly Christian?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Gothic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",222]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e464f48c00841900fbaf86'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Architecture'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the \"art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them\" contributes \"to his mental health, power, and pleasure\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who wrote Seven Lamps of Architecture?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'John Ruskin'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",38]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2d214396321400ee2633'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the author of Seven Lamps of Architecture?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'John Ruskin'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",38]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e472028c00841900fbaf8b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Ruskin's career? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'art critic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",26]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e472028c00841900fbaf8c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was  Seven Lamps of Architecture published?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1849'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",97]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e472028c00841900fbaf8d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What, according to Ruskin, should looking at architecture contribute to its viewer?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'to his mental health, power, and pleasure'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",290]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e472028c00841900fbaf8e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Architecture'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way \"adorned\". 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'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",88]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e461c28c00841900fbaf69'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In architecture what aspects are planned and designed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'form, space and ambience'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",52]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e461c28c00841900fbaf6a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Aside from planning and design what other types of aspects does architecture involve?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'pragmatic aspects'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",372]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e461c28c00841900fbaf6b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Architecture'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Nunzia Rondanini stated, \"Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.''"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who said that architecture was able extend beyond function?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Nunzia Rondanini'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e476b139bdeb1400347944'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what way did Nunzia Rondanini believe architecture moved past mere functionality?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Through its aesthetic dimension'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",27]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e476b139bdeb1400347945'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What could, in Rondanini's opinion, architecture \"stimulate and influence\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'social life'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",250]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e476b139bdeb1400347946'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What shouldn't architecture be assumed to promote, according to Rondanini?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'social development'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",320]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e476b139bdeb1400347947'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does architecture share with other sciences?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'functional aspects'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",88]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e476b139bdeb1400347948'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Architecture'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'To restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a reactionary thing to limit formalism's meaning to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'art for art's sake'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",57]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e477998c00841900fbafa1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What sort of quest lacks purpose?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'quest for perfection or originality'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",130]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e477998c00841900fbafa2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What ends up being reduced in quality by this quest?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'form'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",181]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e477998c00841900fbafa3'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Architecture'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. 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These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are religious.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When were architectural writings first made?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ancient time'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",47]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e4831739bdeb140034795e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Aside from general advice what did the texts contain?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'specific formal prescriptions'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",106]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e4831739bdeb140034795f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is another term for specific formal prescriptions?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'canons'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",139]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e4831739bdeb1400347960'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Vitruvius write his canons?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1st-century BCE'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",204]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e4831739bdeb1400347961'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a significant early architectural canonical type?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'religious'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",317]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e4831739bdeb1400347962'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Architecture'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What organizations were created by Medieval craftsmen?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'guilds'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",39]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e486e739bdeb1400347970'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What records of the guilds are still in existence?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'written contracts'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",100]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e486e739bdeb1400347971'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the main thing the contracts were had to do with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ecclesiastical buildings'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",161]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e486e739bdeb1400347972'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is another term for master mason?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Magister lathomorum'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",255]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e486e739bdeb1400347973'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Architecture'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'A revival of the Classical style in architecture was accompanied by a burgeoning of science and engineering which affected the proportions and structure of buildings. At this stage, it was still possible for an artist to design a bridge as the level of structural calculations involved was within the scope of the generalist.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What aspects of buildings did science and engineering have an effect on?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'proportions and structure'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",128]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e48d5b8c00841900fbafe6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who still could handle the structural calculations for designing at that time?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'generalist'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",315]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e48d5b8c00841900fbafe7'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Architecture'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also the rise of the \"gentleman architect\" who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes, typified by the many country houses of Great Britain that were created in the Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial styles. Formal architectural training in the 19th century, for example at École des Beaux-Arts in France, gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility. 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Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What started with the Industrial Revolution?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'mass production and consumption'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",61]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e48edf39bdeb1400347996'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What became cheap enough for the middle class to buy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ornamented products'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",148]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e48edf39bdeb1400347997'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'As products came within their financial reach what concept began to interest the middle class?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Aesthetics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",94]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e48edf39bdeb1400347998'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Architecture'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. House builders could use current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of books did housebuilders use?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'pattern books and architectural journals'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",156]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e48f5d39bdeb140034799d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of design did these texts allow the builders to incorporate?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'current architectural design'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",82]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e48f5d39bdeb140034799e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Architecture'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Around the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects. The rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here. Following this lead, the Bauhaus school, founded in Weimar, Germany in 1919, redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history, viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis—the apex—of art, craft, and technology.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'At what century's start did revivalist fall into disfavor? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'20th'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",29]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e4b51e39bdeb14003479a2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What new type of architecture was starting to come into being at this time?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Modern Architecture'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",207]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e4b51e39bdeb14003479a3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Deutscher Werkbund get its start?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1907'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",285]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e4b51e39bdeb14003479a4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the point of the Deutscher Werkbund?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'to produce better quality machine made objects'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",290]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e4b51e39bdeb14003479a5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In 1919 what school opened in Weimar, Germany?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Bauhaus school'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",431]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e4b51e39bdeb14003479a6'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Architecture'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'When modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. 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As the first generation of modernists began to die after WWII, a second generation of architects including Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen tried to expand the aesthetics of modernism with Brutalism, buildings with expressive sculptural facades made of unfinished concrete. 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Robert Venturi famously defined postmodern architecture as a \"decorated shed\" (an ordinary building which is functionally designed inside and embellished on the outside), and upheld it against modernist and brutalist \"ducks\" (buildings with unnecessarily expressive tectonic forms).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the start of the  architectural phenomenology movement?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the late 1950s and 1960s'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",14]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e4cced8c00841900fbafeb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was  architectural phenomenology reacting to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'modernism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",131]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e4cced8c00841900fbafec'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What were the architectural phenomenologists hoping to expand?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'human experience'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",378]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e4cced8c00841900fbafed'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who called postmodern architecture a \"decorated shed\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Robert Venturi'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",694]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e4cced8c00841900fbafee'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What term did Venturi use for brutalist and mondernist buildings?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"ducks\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",911]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e4cced8c00841900fbafef'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Architecture'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Since the 1980s, as the complexity of buildings began to increase (in terms of structural systems, services, energy and technologies), the field of architecture became multi-disciplinary with specializations for each project type, technological expertise or project delivery methods. In addition, there has been an increased separation of the 'design' architect [Notes 1] from the 'project' architect who ensures that the project meets the required standards and deals with matters of liability.[Notes 2] The preparatory processes for the design of any large building have become increasingly complicated, and require preliminary studies of such matters as durability, sustainability, quality, money, and compliance with local laws. A large structure can no longer be the design of one person but must be the work of many. Modernism and Postmodernism have been criticised by some members of the architectural profession who feel that successful architecture is not a personal, philosophical, or aesthetic pursuit by individualists; rather it has to consider everyday needs of people and use technology to create liveable environments, with the design process being informed by studies of behavioral, environmental, and social sciences.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'About when did architecture begin specializing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Since the 1980s'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e4cdc339bdeb14003479d6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who can no longer design a large structure?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'one person'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",783]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e4cdc339bdeb14003479d8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What two architectural movements have come under criticism for their focus on individuality? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Modernism and Postmodernism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",824]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e4cdc339bdeb14003479d9'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Architecture'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Environmental sustainability has become a mainstream issue, with profound effect on the architectural profession. Many developers, those who support the financing of buildings, have become educated to encourage the facilitation of environmentally sustainable design, rather than solutions based primarily on immediate cost. Major examples of this can be found in Passive solar building design, greener roof designs, biodegradable materials, and more attention to a structure's energy usage. This major shift in architecture has also changed architecture schools to focus more on the environment. Sustainability in architecture was pioneered by Frank Lloyd Wright, in the 1960s by Buckminster Fuller and in the 1970s by architects such as Ian McHarg and Sim Van der Ryn in the US and Brenda and Robert Vale in the UK and New Zealand. There has been an acceleration in the number of buildings which seek to meet green building sustainable design principles. Sustainable practices that were at the core of vernacular architecture increasingly provide inspiration for environmentally and socially sustainable contemporary techniques. The U.S. Green Building Council's LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) rating system has been instrumental in this.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What issue has moved to the forefront in recent years?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Environmental sustainability'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e4ceac8c00841900fbaff5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do architecture schools look at more and more nowadays?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the environment'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",580]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e4ceac8c00841900fbaff6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the first to design architecture environmentally?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Frank Lloyd Wright'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",645]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e4ceac8c00841900fbaff7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was known for focusing on the environment in the 1960s?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Buckminster Fuller'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",681]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e4ceac8c00841900fbaff8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What organization's rating system promotes sustainability?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The U.S. Green Building Council'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1131]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e4ceac8c00841900fbaff9'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Architecture'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Concurrently, the recent movements of New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture promote a sustainable approach towards construction, that appreciates and develops smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design. This in contrast to modernist and globally uniform architecture, as well as leaning against solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are three new movements that have a focus on sustainability?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",39]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e4cfd839bdeb14003479de'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kinds of buildings and building developments are the new movements not in favor of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",343]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e4cfd839bdeb14003479df'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are three things the new movements try to achieve?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",191]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e4cfd839bdeb14003479e0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What older architectural movements do the newer movements not go along with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'modernist and globally uniform architecture'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",271]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e4cfd839bdeb14003479e1'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Architecture'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income per capita indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores higher HDI when the life expectancy at birth is longer, the education period is longer, and the income per capita is higher. The HDI was developed by the Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq, often framed in terms of whether people are able to \"be\" and \"do\" desirable things in their life, and was published by the United Nations Development Programme.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which three statistics does the HDI compile?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'life expectancy, education, and income per capita'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",63]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2c7c4396321400ee2625'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Does a high ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'longer'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",261]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2c7c4396321400ee2626'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who developed the HDI?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mahbub ul Haq'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",387]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2c7c4396321400ee2628'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What entity publishes the HDI?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'United Nations Development Programme'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",525]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2c7c4396321400ee2629'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Does a high ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy at birth?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'longer'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",261]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de3d98cffd8e1900b4b6c9'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Human Development Index'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). While the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that \"the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality),\" and \"the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum IHDI that could be achieved if there were no inequality).\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did the Human Development Report introduce the IHDI?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2010'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2d2acffd8e1900b4b624'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does IHDI stand for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",49]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2d2acffd8e1900b4b625'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which measures the potential development, the HDI or the IHDI?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the IHDI'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",154]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2d2acffd8e1900b4b627'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which measures the potential development, the HDI or the IHDI?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the HDI'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",239]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de3e1bcffd8e1900b4b6d6'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Human Development Index'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Development Reports of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). These were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990 and had the explicit purpose \"to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered policies\". To produce the Human Development Reports, Mahbub ul Haq formed a group of development economists including Paul Streeten, Frances Stewart, Gustav Ranis, Keith Griffin, Sudhir Anand, and Meghnad Desai. Working alongside Nobel laureate Amartya Sen, they worked on capabilities and functions that provided the underlying conceptual framework. Haq was sure that a simple composite measure of human development was needed in order to convince the public, academics, and politicians that they can and should evaluate development not only by economic advances but also improvements in human well-being. Sen initially opposed this idea, but he soon went on to help Haq develop the Index. Sen was worried that it was going to be difficult to capture the full complexity of human capabilities in a single index, but Haq persuaded him that only a single number would shift the immediate attention of politicians from economic to human well-being.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did Mahbub ul Haq devise and launch the HDI?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1990'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",192]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2e934396321400ee2646'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was initially opposed to the idea of creating the HDI?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Amartya Sen'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",567]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2e934396321400ee2648'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Mahbub ul Haq was hoping to shift the focus of development economics to what type of policies?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'people-centered policies'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",306]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2e934396321400ee2649'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which year was used for estimates in the 2011 report?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1990'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",192]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de3e61cffd8e1900b4b6e6'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Human Development Index'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'LE: Life expectancy at birth\nMYS: Mean years of schooling (Years that a person 25 years-of-age or older has spent in schools)\nEYS: Expected years of schooling (Years that a 5-year-old child will spend in schools throughout his life)\nGNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does LE stand for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Life expectancy at birth'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2ee04396321400ee2650'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does MYS stand for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mean years of schooling'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",35]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2ee04396321400ee2651'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does EYS stand for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Expected years of schooling'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",132]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2ee04396321400ee2652'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does GNIpc stand for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",241]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2ee04396321400ee2653'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Human Development Index'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The formula defining the HDI is promulgated by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). In general, to transform a raw variable, say , into a unit-free index between 0 and 1 (which allows different indices to be added together), the following formula is used:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What entity makes the defining formula for the HDI well-known?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the United Nations Development Programme'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",48]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2f34cffd8e1900b4b63a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Human Development Index'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The 2015 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on December 14, 2015, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2014. Below is the list of the \"very high human development\" countries:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what date was the 2015 Human Development Report released?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'December 14, 2015'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",93]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2f784396321400ee2658'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which year was used for estimates in the 2015 report?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2014'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",161]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2f784396321400ee2659'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Human Development Index'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The 2014 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on July 24, 2014, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2013. Below is the list of the \"very high human development\" countries:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what date was the 2014 Human Development Report released?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'July 24, 2014'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",93]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2fa0cffd8e1900b4b63e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which year was used for estimates in the 2014 report?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2013'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",157]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2fa0cffd8e1900b4b63f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Human Development Index'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a \"measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does the IHDI specifically take into account?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Inequality'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2fedcffd8e1900b4b642'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Does the IHDI measure the \"average\" or the \"potential\" level of human development? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the average level'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",73]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de2fedcffd8e1900b4b643'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Human Development Index'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Countries in the top quartile of HDI (\"very high human development\" group) with a missing IHDI: New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Cuba, and Kuwait.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Cuba'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",216]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de30cdcffd8e1900b4b64f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Is the top quartile of HDI considered \"high\" or \"very high\" human development?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'very high'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",40]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de30cdcffd8e1900b4b650'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Human Development Index'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Some countries were not included for various reasons, primarily the lack of necessary data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2014 report: North Korea, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, Somalia, India, Pakistan, South Sudan, and Tuvalu.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2014 report?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'lack of necessary data'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",69]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de3178cffd8e1900b4b659'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which East Asian dictatorship was excluded from the 2014 report?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'North Korea'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",174]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de412c4396321400ee2710'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Human Development Index'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The 2013 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on March 14, 2013, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2012. Below is the list of the \"very high human development\" countries:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what date was the 2013 Human Development Report released?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'March 14, 2013'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",93]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de31984396321400ee2672'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which year was used for estimates in the 2013 report?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2012'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",158]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de31984396321400ee2673'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Human Development Index'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a \"measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Does the IHDI measure the \"average\" or the \"potential\" level of human development?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the average level'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",73]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de31f34396321400ee2680'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Human Development Index'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Countries in the top quartile of HDI (\"very high human development\" group) with a missing IHDI: New Zealand, Chile, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Andorra, Qatar, Barbados, United Arab Emirates, and Seychelles.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Barbados'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",193]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de326fcffd8e1900b4b666'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Barbados'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",193]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de423fcffd8e1900b4b727'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Human Development Index'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The 2011 Human Development Report was released on 2 November 2011, and calculated HDI values based on estimates for 2011. Below is the list of the \"very high human development\" countries (equal to the top quartile):'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which year was used for estimates in the 2011 report?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2011'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de32904396321400ee2685'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Human Development Index'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Countries in the top quartile of HDI (\"very high human development\" group) with a missing IHDI include: New Zealand, Liechtenstein, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, United Arab Emirates, Andorra, Brunei, Malta, Qatar, Bahrain, Chile, Argentina and Barbados.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Barbados'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",253]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de32ffcffd8e1900b4b66f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Barbados'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",253]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de42becffd8e1900b4b73a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Human Development Index'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Some countries were not included for various reasons, mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2011 report: North Korea, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, South Sudan, Somalia and Tuvalu.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2011 report?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'unavailability of certain crucial data'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",66]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de43294396321400ee2736'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which East Asian dictatorship was excluded from the 2011 report?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'North Korea'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",187]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de43294396321400ee2738'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Human Development Index'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The 2010 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on November 4, 2010, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2010. Below is the list of the \"very high human development\" countries:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what date was the 2010 Human Development Report released?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'November 4, 2010'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",93]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4347cffd8e1900b4b741'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which year was used for estimates in the 2010 report?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2010'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4347cffd8e1900b4b742'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Human Development Index'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The 2010 Human Development Report was the first to calculate an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI), which factors in inequalities in the three basic dimensions of human development (income, life expectancy, and education). Below is a list of countries in the top quartile by IHDI:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In the IHDI, inequality is factored into what three human development dimensions?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'income, life expectancy, and education'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",199]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de43cdcffd8e1900b4b746'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Human Development Index'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Countries in the top quartile of HDI (\"very high human development\" group) with a missing IHDI include: New Zealand, Liechtenstein, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Republic of China (Taiwan), Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Malta, Brunei, Qatar, Bahrain and Barbados.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Barbados'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",255]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4421cffd8e1900b4b754'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Human Development Index'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Some countries were not included for various reasons, mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2010 report. Cuba lodged a formal protest at its lack of inclusion. The UNDP explained that Cuba had been excluded due to the lack of an \"internationally reported figure for Cuba’s Gross National Income adjusted for Purchasing Power Parity\". All other indicators for Cuba were available, and reported by the UNDP, but the lack of one indicator meant that no ranking could be attributed to the country. The situation has been addressed and, in later years, Cuba has ranked as a High Human Development country.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2010 report?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'unavailability of certain crucial data'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",66]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de44f14396321400ee2742'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which Caribbean nation protested its exclusion from the 2010 report?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Cuba'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",187]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de44f14396321400ee2743'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What ranking has Cuba been given since the situation with the missing data was addressed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'High Human Development country'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",651]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de44f14396321400ee2745'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Human Development Index'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The 2009 Human Development Report by UNDP was released on October 5, 2009, and covers the period up to 2007. It was titled \"Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development\". The top countries by HDI were grouped in a new category called \"very high human development\". The report refers to these countries as developed countries. They are:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what date was the 2009 Human Development Report released?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'October 5, 2009'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",59]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de45944396321400ee274a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What period is covered by the 2009 Human Development Report?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'period up to 2007'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",91]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de45944396321400ee274b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was another title for the 2009 Human Development Report?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",125]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de45944396321400ee274c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What new category was added in the 2009 Human Development Report?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'very high human development'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",243]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de45944396321400ee274d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How does the 2009 Human Development Report refer to countries that rank \"very high\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'developed countries'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",313]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de45944396321400ee274e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Human Development Index'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Some countries were not included for various reasons, such as being a non-UN member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication. Besides the states with limited recognition, the following states were also not included.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What three reasons were mentioned for countries being excluded?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'being a non-UN member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",63]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de45d84396321400ee2754'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Human Development Index'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'A new index was released on December 18, 2008. This so-called \"statistical update\" covered the period up to 2006 and was published without an accompanying Human Development Report. The update is relevant due to newly released estimates of purchasing power parities (PPP), implying substantial adjustments for many countries, resulting in changes in HDI values and, in many cases, HDI ranks.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of update was released on December 18, 2008?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'statistical update'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",64]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de46cb4396321400ee275e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the index published on December 18, 2008 lacking?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'an accompanying Human Development Report'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",140]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de46cb4396321400ee275f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What period was covered by the statistical update index released in December of 2008?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'up to 2006'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",103]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de46cb4396321400ee2760'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Human Development Index'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Human Development Report for 2007\/2008 was launched in Brasília, Brazil, on November 27, 2007. Its focus was on \"Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world.\" Most of the data used for the report are derived largely from 2005 or earlier, thus indicating an HDI for 2005. Not all UN member states choose to or are able to provide the necessary statistics.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what date was the 2007\/2008 Human Development Report released?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'November 27, 2007'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",81]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de47f7cffd8e1900b4b77d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the focus of the 2007\/2008 Human Development Report?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",118]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de47f7cffd8e1900b4b77e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the most recent year that was included in the 2007\/2008 Human Development Report?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2005'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",243]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de47f7cffd8e1900b4b77f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The HDI in the 2007\/2008 Human Development Report is for what year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2005'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",243]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de47f7cffd8e1900b4b780'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the 2007\/2008 Human Development Report launched?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Brasília, Brazil'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",60]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de47f7cffd8e1900b4b781'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Human Development Index'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The report showed a small increase in world HDI in comparison with last year's report. This rise was fueled by a general improvement in the developing world, especially of the least developed countries group. This marked improvement at the bottom was offset with a decrease in HDI of high income countries.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which countries experienced a decrease in HDI?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'high income countries'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",285]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de48cc4396321400ee276d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Human Development Index'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'A HDI below 0.5 is considered to represent \"low development\". All 22 countries in that category are located in Africa. The highest-scoring Sub-Saharan countries, Gabon and South Africa, are ranked 119th and 121st, respectively. Nine countries departed from this category this year and joined the \"medium development\" group.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Under what number does a country need to fall in order to be considered a \"low development\" country?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'0.5'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",13]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de494dcffd8e1900b4b795'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On which continent are all 22 of the low development countries located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Africa'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",112]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de494dcffd8e1900b4b796'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is Gabon's ranking?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'119th'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",198]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de494dcffd8e1900b4b797'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is South Africa's ranking?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'121st'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",208]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de494dcffd8e1900b4b798'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the two highest ranking Sub-Saharan countries?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Gabon and South Africa'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",163]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de494dcffd8e1900b4b799'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Human Development Index'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'A HDI of 0.8 or more is considered to represent \"high development\". This includes all developed countries, such as those in North America, Western Europe, Oceania, and Eastern Asia, as well as some developing countries in Eastern Europe, Central and South America, Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, and the oil-rich Arabian Peninsula. Seven countries were promoted to this category this year, leaving the \"medium development\" group: Albania, Belarus, Brazil, Libya, Macedonia, Russia and Saudi Arabia.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What number indicates the minimum score for a country to be considered a \"high development\" country?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'0.8'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",10]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4a81cffd8e1900b4b7b5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which South American country was included among the seven promoted countries?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Brazil'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",449]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4a81cffd8e1900b4b7b7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the largest country that was included among the seven promoted countries?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Russia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",475]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4a81cffd8e1900b4b7b8'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Human Development Index'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On the following table, green arrows () represent an increase in ranking over the previous study, while red arrows () represent a decrease in ranking. They are followed by the number of spaces they moved. Blue dashes () represent a nation that did not move in the rankings since the previous study.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'If there is a decrease in a country's ranking, which indicator will be present?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'red arrows'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",105]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4adf4396321400ee278c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'If there is an increase in a country's ranking, which indicator will be present?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'green arrows'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",25]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4adf4396321400ee278d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'If a country's ranking does not change, which indicator will be present?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Blue dash'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",206]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4adf4396321400ee278e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Human Development Index'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human Development Index. Norway has been ranked the highest twelve times, Canada eight times, followed by Japan which has been ranked highest three times. Iceland has been ranked highest twice.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which country has been ranked highest the most number of times?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Norway'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",95]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4b6dcffd8e1900b4b7c5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which country has received the top rank twice?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Iceland'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",225]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4b6dcffd8e1900b4b7c9'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Human Development Index'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Human Development Index has been criticized on a number of grounds including alleged ideological biases towards egalitarianism and so-called \"Western models of development\", failure to include any ecological considerations, lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilization, focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking, lack of attention to development from a global perspective, measurement error of the underlying statistics, and on the UNDP's changes in formula which can lead to severe misclassification in the categorisation of 'low', 'medium', 'high' or 'very high' human development countries.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The HDI has been criticized for focusing exclusively on what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'national performance and ranking'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",348]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4c68cffd8e1900b4b7d5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Has the HDI been criticized for being biased towards Western or towards Eastern models of development?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Western'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",147]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4c68cffd8e1900b4b7d6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The HDI has been criticized for lack of what type of perspective on development?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'global'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",422]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4c68cffd8e1900b4b7d7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Critics of the HDI cite its focus on which: egalitarianism or authoritarianism?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'egalitarianism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",117]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4c68cffd8e1900b4b7d9'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Human Development Index'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Economists Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong and Maximilian Auffhammer discuss the HDI from the perspective of data error in the underlying health, education and income statistics used to construct the HDI. They identified three sources of data error which are due to (i) data updating, (ii) formula revisions and (iii) thresholds to classify a country’s development status and conclude that 11%, 21% and 34% of all countries can be interpreted as currently misclassified in the development bins due to the three sources of data error, respectively. The authors suggest that the United Nations should discontinue the practice of classifying countries into development bins because - they claim - the cut-off values seem arbitrary, can provide incentives for strategic behavior in reporting official statistics, and have the potential to misguide politicians, investors, charity donors and the public who use the HDI at large.[citation needed] In 2010 the UNDP reacted to the criticism and updated the thresholds to classify nations as low, medium, and high human development countries. In a comment to The Economist in early January 2011, the Human Development Report Office responded to a January 6, 2011 article in the magazine which discusses the Wolff et al. paper. The Human Development Report Office states that they undertook a systematic revision of the methods used for the calculation of the HDI and that the new methodology directly addresses the critique by Wolff et al. in that it generates a system for continuous updating of the human development categories whenever formula or data revisions take place.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many economists were cited as pointing out data errors in the HDI?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'three'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",218]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4ded4396321400ee27c3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did the UNDP respond to the criticism of its report?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2010'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",941]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4ded4396321400ee27c5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which magazine publication carried a statement from the Human Development Report Office in January, 2011?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Economist'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1097]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4ded4396321400ee27c6'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Human Development Index'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The HDI has extended its geographical coverage: David Hastings, of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, published a report geographically extending the HDI to 230+ economies, whereas the UNDP HDI for 2009 enumerates 182 economies and coverage for the 2010 HDI dropped to 169 countries.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many countries were included in the 2009 HDI?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'182'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",256]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4ea54396321400ee27ce'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many countries were included in the 2010 HDI?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'169'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",311]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de4ea54396321400ee27cf'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Human Development Index'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Some definitions of southern Europe, also known as Mediterranean Europe, include the countries of the Iberian peninsula (Spain and Portugal), the Italian peninsula, southern France and Greece. Other definitions sometimes include the Balkan countries of southeast Europe, which are geographically in the southern part of Europe, but which have different historical, political, economic, and cultural backgrounds.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is another term for southern Europe'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mediterranean Europe'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",52]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de31d34396321400ee2676'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name for the stretch of land on which Spain and Portugal are located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Iberian peninsula'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",103]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de31d34396321400ee2677'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What nations are sometimes included in the scope of southern Europe?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Balkan countries'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",234]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de31d34396321400ee2678'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What area of France is considered a part of Mediterranean Europe?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'southern France'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",166]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de31d34396321400ee2679'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Southern Europe'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Different methods can be used to define southern Europe, including its political, economic, and cultural attributes. Southern Europe can also be defined by its natural features — its geography, climate, and flora.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are three characteristics that can be employed to characterize southern Europe?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'political, economic, and cultural attributes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",72]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de3455cffd8e1900b4b674'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are three aspects of the environment of southern Europe that can be used to distinguish the region?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'geography, climate, and flora'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",184]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de3455cffd8e1900b4b675'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Southern Europe'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Southern Europe's most emblematic climate is that of the Mediterranean climate, which has become a typically known characteristic of the area. The Mediterranean climate covers much of Portugal, Spain, Southeast France, Italy, Croatia, Albania, Montenegro, Greece, the Western and Southern coastal regions of Turkey as well as the Mediterranean islands. Those areas of Mediterranean climate present similar vegetations and landscapes throughout, including dry hills, small plains, pine forests and olive trees.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of climate is exemplary of southern Europe?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Mediterranean climate'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",144]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de350b4396321400ee269a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which parts of Turkey are characterized by a Mediterranean climate?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Western and Southern coastal regions'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",269]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de350b4396321400ee269b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are two broad categories of similarity among countries which have a Mediterranean climate?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'vegetations and landscapes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",407]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de350b4396321400ee269c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Southern Europe'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Cooler climates can be found in certain parts of Southern European countries, for example within the mountain ranges of Spain and Italy. Additionally, the north coast of Spain experiences a wetter Atlantic climate.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where do colder areas occur within southern Europe?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'mountain ranges of Spain and Italy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",102]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de35834396321400ee26a2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where are more moist areas found in southern Europe?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'north coast of Spain'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",156]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de35834396321400ee26a3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What term can be used to describe the wet area of North Spain?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Atlantic climate'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",198]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de35834396321400ee26a4'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Southern Europe'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Southern Europe's flora is that of the Mediterranean Region, one of the phytochoria recognized by Armen Takhtajan. The Mediterranean and Submediterranean climate regions in Europe are found in much of Southern Europe, mainly in Southern Portugal, most of Spain, the southern coast of France, Italy, the Croatian coast, much of Bosnia, Montenegro, Albania, Macedonia, Greece, and the Mediterranean islands.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a word that can be used to describe the plant life of southern Europe?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'phytochoria'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",73]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de368d4396321400ee26a8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who coined the term phytochoria?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Armen Takhtajan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",99]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de368d4396321400ee26a9'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Southern Europe'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The period known as classical antiquity began with the rise of the city-states of Ancient Greece. Greek influence reached its zenith under the expansive empire of Alexander the Great, spreading throughout Asia.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What era started when Ancient Greek cities became self-governing entities?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'classical antiquity'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",21]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de3741cffd8e1900b4b67e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the different governments forming in Ancient Greece?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'city-states'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",68]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de3741cffd8e1900b4b67f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was responsible for the bringing Greek culture as far as Asia?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Alexander the Great'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",164]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de3741cffd8e1900b4b680'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Southern Europe'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Roman Empire came to dominate the entire Mediterranean basin in a vast empire based on Roman law and Roman legions. It promoted trade, tolerance, and Greek culture. By 300 AD the Roman Empire was divided into the Western Roman Empire based in Rome, and the Eastern Roman Empire based in Constantinople. 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The epidemic known as the Black Death and an associated famine caused demographic catastrophe in Europe as the population plummeted. Dynastic struggles and wars of conquest kept many of the states of Europe at war for much of the period. In the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire, a Turkish state originating in Anatolia, encroached steadily on former Byzantine lands, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What era was characterized by turmoil in Europe?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Late Middle Ages'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de3aeccffd8e1900b4b6ae'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What disease plagued Europe during the Late Middle Ages?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Black Death'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",88]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de3aeccffd8e1900b4b6af'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which new regime appeared in the Balkan region during the Late Middle Ages?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Ottoman Empire'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",320]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de3aeccffd8e1900b4b6b0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Ottoman Empire conquer Constantinople?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1453'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",473]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de3aeccffd8e1900b4b6b1'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Southern Europe'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Beginning roughly in the 14th century in Florence, and later spreading through Europe with the development of the printing press, a Renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology, with the Arabic texts and thought bringing about rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman knowledge.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the start of the period known as the Renaissance?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'14th century'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",26]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de3ba64396321400ee26b8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what city did the Renaissance begin?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Florence'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",42]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de3ba64396321400ee26b9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What areas of knowledge were subject to much debate during the Renaissance?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'science and theology'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",194]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de3ba64396321400ee26ba'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The encounter with Arabic knowledge put Renaissance thinkers back in touch with the teachings of which ancient civilizations?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Greek and Roman'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",290]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de3ba64396321400ee26bb'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Southern Europe'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Reconquista of Portugal and Spain led to a series of oceanic explorations resulting in the Age of Discovery that established direct links with Africa, the Americas, and Asia, while religious wars continued to be fought in Europe, which ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia. The Spanish crown maintained its hegemony in Europe and was the leading power on the continent until the signing of the Treaty of the Pyrenees, which ended a conflict between Spain and France that had begun during the Thirty Years' War. An unprecedented series of major wars and political revolutions took place around Europe and indeed the world in the period between 1610 and 1700. Observers at the time, and many historians since, have argued that wars caused the revolutions. Galileo Galilei, invented the telescope and the thermometer which allowed him to observe and describe the solar system. Leonardo da Vinci painted the most famous work in the world. 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The combination of resource inflows from the New World and the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain, allowed a new economy based on manufacturing instead of subsistence agriculture.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What resulted from Europe's exploration of the New World?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the rise of colonial empires'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",36]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de48464396321400ee2764'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What institution of mercantilism was established with New World colonies?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Columbian Exchange'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",76]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de48464396321400ee2765'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What replaced agriculture as the focus of European economy with the establishment of overseas colonies?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'manufacturing'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",234]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de48464396321400ee2766'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Aside from the activities of colonies, what other event fostered the transition from agriculture to manufacturing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",159]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de48464396321400ee2767'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Southern Europe'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The period between 1815 and 1871 saw a large number of revolutionary attempts and independence wars. Balkan nations began to regain independence from the Ottoman Empire. Italy unified into a nation state. The capture of Rome in 1870 ended the Papal temporal power. 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Following the Allied victory in the Second World War, Europe was divided by the Iron Curtain. The countries in Southeastern Europe were dominated by the Soviet Union and became communist states. The major non-communist Southern European countries joined a US-led military alliance (NATO) and formed the European Economic Community amongst themselves. The countries in the Soviet sphere of influence joined the military alliance known as the Warsaw Pact and the economic bloc called Comecon. 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The European Union (EU) involved the division of powers, with taxation, health and education handled by the nation states, while the EU had charge of market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism. The Soviet economic and political system collapsed, leading to the end of communism in the satellite countries in 1989, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union itself in 1991. 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Serbian is spoken in Serbia, Bosnia, and Croatia; Bulgarian is spoken in Bulgaria; Croatian is spoken in Croatia and Bosnia; Bosnian is spoken in Bosnia; Slovene is spoken in Slovenia; and Macedonian is spoken in Macedonia.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What language is used in Macedonia?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Macedonian'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",274]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de51f9cffd8e1900b4b7ff'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What do people speak in Bulgaria?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Bulgarian'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",135]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de51f9cffd8e1900b4b800'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Slovene is a major language in what country?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Slovenia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",260]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de51f9cffd8e1900b4b802'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Southern Europe'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'English is used as a second language in parts of Southern Europe. 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Albanian is spoken in Albania, Kosovo, Macedoonia, and parts of Greece. Maltese is a Semitic language that is the official language of Malta. The Basque language is spoken in the Basque Country, a region in northern Spain and southwestern France.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What language can be found used in Kosovo and Albania?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Albanian'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",56]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de560a4396321400ee281d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of language is Maltese?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Semitic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",141]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de560a4396321400ee281e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where is Basque Country located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'northern Spain and southwestern France'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",263]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de560a4396321400ee281f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Southern Europe'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The predominant religion is southern Europe is Christianity. Christianity spread throughout Southern Europe during the Roman Empire, and Christianity was adopted as the official religion of the Roman Empire in the year 380 AD. Due to the historical break of the Christian Church into the western half based in Rome and the eastern half based in Constantinople, different branches of Christianity are prodominent in different parts of Europe. Christians in the western half of Southern Europe — e.g., Portugal, Spain, Italy — are generally Roman Catholic. Christians in the eastern half of Southern Europe — e.g., Greece, Macedonia — are generally Greek Orthodox.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the main faith practiced in southern Europe?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Christianity'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",48]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de56f64396321400ee2825'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Romans make Christianity their official religion?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'380 AD'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",220]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de56f64396321400ee2826'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What denomination of Christianity is common in the western part of southern Europe?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Roman Catholic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",540]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de56f64396321400ee2827'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which denomination of Christianity is more common in the eastern part of Mediterranean Europe?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Greek Orthodox'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",648]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de56f64396321400ee2828'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Southern Europe'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'For its official works and publications, the United Nations Organization groups countries under a classification of regions. The assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories by the United Nations. Southern Europe, as grouped for statistical convenience by the United Nations (the sub-regions according to the UN), includes following countries and territories:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What term is used by the UNO to divide groups of nations?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'regions'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",117]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de58b94396321400ee283b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the reason for the UNO's division into regions?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'statistical convenience'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",192]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de58b94396321400ee283c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What smaller unit makes up the southern Europe region?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'sub-regions'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",425]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de58b94396321400ee283d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Southern Europe'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'European Travel Commission divides the European region on the basis of Tourism Decision Metrics (TDM) model. Countries which belong to the Southern\/Mediterranean Europe are:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does TDM stand for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tourism Decision Metrics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",72]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de58e4cffd8e1900b4b82e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which group uses TDM as a metric?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'European Travel Commission'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de58e4cffd8e1900b4b82f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Southern Europe'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'BBC Television is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. The corporation, which has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a Royal charter since 1927, has produced television programmes from its own since 1932, although the start of its regular service of television broadcasts is dated to 2 November 1936.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the acronym for British Broadcasting Corporation?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'BBC'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de61a3cffd8e1900b4b838'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Under what auspices does the BBC exist?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Royal charter'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",149]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de61a3cffd8e1900b4b839'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the BBC start creating its own programming?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1932'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",229]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de61a3cffd8e1900b4b83a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what date did the BBC being its regular TV broadcasts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2 November 1936'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",314]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de61a3cffd8e1900b4b83b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what country is the BBC headquartered?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'United Kingdom'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",113]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de61a3cffd8e1900b4b83c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'BBC Television'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The domestic TV BBC television channels are broadcast without any commercial advertising and collectively they account for more than 30% of all UK viewing. The services are funded by a television licence.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percentage of viewership across the UK is constituted by the BBC?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'30%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",134]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de620fcffd8e1900b4b842'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'BBC Television'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The BBC operates several television networks, television stations (although there is generally very little distinction between the two terms in the UK), and related programming services in the United Kingdom. As well as being a broadcaster, the corporation also produces a large number of its own programmes in-house, thereby ranking as one of the world's largest television production companies.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'As a result of shows that the BBC itself creates, it is one of the biggest what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'television production companies'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",365]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de626d4396321400ee2866'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'BBC Television'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Baird Television Ltd. made Britain's first television broadcast, on 30 September 1929 from its studio in Long Acre, London, via the BBC's London transmitter, using the electromechanical system pioneered by John Logie Baird. This system used a vertically-scanned image of 30 lines – just enough resolution for a close-up of one person, and with a bandwidth low enough to use existing radio transmitters. Simultaneous transmission of sound and picture was achieved on 30 March 1930, by using the BBC's new twin transmitter at Brookmans Park. By late 1930, 30 minutes of morning programmes were broadcast Monday to Friday, and 30 minutes at midnight on Tuesdays and Fridays, after BBC radio went off the air. Baird broadcasts via the BBC continued until June 1932.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what date was the first TV show seen in the UK?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'30 September 1929'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",69]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de62fc4396321400ee2869'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'From where was the first TV show in the UK broadcasted?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Long Acre, London'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",106]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de62fc4396321400ee286a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many lines made up the picture on Britain's earliest TV broadcasts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'30'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",69]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de62fc4396321400ee286b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Baird cease showing its programs on BBC?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'June 1932'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",752]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de62fc4396321400ee286c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When were both audio and video first broadcasted at the same time?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'30 March 1930'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",467]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de62fc4396321400ee286d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'BBC Television'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of Broadcasting House, London, on 22 August 1932. The studio moved to larger quarters in 16 Portland Place, London, in February 1934, and continued broadcasting the 30-line images, carried by telephone line to the medium wave transmitter at Brookmans Park, until 11 September 1935, by which time advances in all-electronic television systems made the electromechanical broadcasts obsolete.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the BBC's first studio located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Broadcasting House, London'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",75]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de66ce4396321400ee2889'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the medium that brought the BBC's signal to the transmitter?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'telephone line'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",264]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de66ce4396321400ee288a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What term characterizes the type of broadcast made by the BBC prior to late 1935?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'electromechanical'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",423]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de66ce4396321400ee288b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the BBC's second studio located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'16 Portland Place, London'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",161]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de66ce4396321400ee288c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the BBC first change studios?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'February 1934'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",191]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de66ce4396321400ee288d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'BBC Television'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'After a series of test transmissions and special broadcasts that began in August, regular BBC television broadcasts officially resumed on 1 October 1936, from a converted wing of Alexandra Palace in London, which housed two studios, various scenery stores, make-up areas, dressing rooms, offices, and the transmitter itself, now broadcasting on the VHF band. BBC television initially used two systems, on alternate weeks: the 240-line Baird intermediate film system and the 405-line Marconi-EMI system, each making the BBC the world's first regular high-definition television service, broadcasting Monday to Saturday from 15:00 to 16:00 and 21:00 to 22:00.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did the BBC continue broadcasting from in October of 1936?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Alexandra Palace'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",180]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de679e4396321400ee2893'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What frequency band was used by the BBC starting in 1936?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'VHF'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",350]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de679e4396321400ee2894'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many lines did the Baird transmission contain?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'240'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",427]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de679e4396321400ee2895'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many lines did the Marconi-EMI transmission contain?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'405'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",475]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de679e4396321400ee2896'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what days did the BBC provide regular broadcasts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Monday to Saturday'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",599]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de679e4396321400ee2897'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'BBC Television'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The two systems were to run on a trial basis for six months; early television sets supported both resolutions. However, the Baird system, which used a mechanical camera for filmed programming and Farnsworth image dissector cameras for live programming, proved too cumbersome and visually inferior, and ended with closedown (at 22:00) on Saturday 13 February 1937. '"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'For how long did the BBC alternate different broadcasting systems?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'six months'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",50]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de69b84396321400ee28a7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of camera was used to broadcast live shows under the Baird system?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Farnsworth image dissector'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",197]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de69b84396321400ee28a8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the Baird system officially abandoned?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'13 February 1937'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",347]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de69b84396321400ee28a9'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'BBC Television'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Initially, the station's range was officially a 40 kilometres radius of the Alexandra Palace transmitter—in practice, however, transmissions could be picked up a good deal further away, and on one occasion in 1938 were picked up by engineers at RCA in New York, who were experimenting with a British television set.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How far from its studio could the BBC's broadcast originally reach?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'40 kilometres'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",49]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de6a2e4396321400ee28ad'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year were BBC broadcasts seen in the United States?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1938'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",210]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de6a2e4396321400ee28ae'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What company did the U.S. engineers who saw the BBC broadcast work for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'RCA'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",246]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de6a2e4396321400ee28af'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the RCA employees use in order to receive the BBC signal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a British television set'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",291]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de6a2e4396321400ee28b0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'BBC Television'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Mechanically scanned, 30-line television broadcasts by John Logie Baird began in 1929, using the BBC transmitter in London, and by 1930 a regular schedule of programmes was transmitted from the BBC antenna in Brookmans Park. Television production was switched from Baird's company to what is now known as BBC One on 2 August 1932, and continued until September 1935. Regularly scheduled electronically scanned television began from Alexandra Palace in London on 2 November 1936, to just a few hundred viewers in the immediate area. The first programme broadcast – and thus the first ever, on a dedicated TV channel – was \"Opening of the BBC Television Service\" at 15:00. The first major outside broadcast was the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in May 1937. The service was reaching an estimated 25,000–40,000 homes before the outbreak of World War II which caused the service to be suspended in September 1939. The VHF broadcasts would have provided an ideal radio beacon for German bombers homing in on London, and the engineers and technicians of the service would be needed for the war effort, in particular the radar programme.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the BBC's transmitter located in 1930?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Brookmans Park'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",210]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7613cffd8e1900b4b944'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the BBC start broadcasting under the name BBC One?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2 August 1932'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",317]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7613cffd8e1900b4b945'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the title of the first show seen on the BBC?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Opening of the BBC Television Service'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",623]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7613cffd8e1900b4b946'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which members of British royalty were seen on the BBC in May of 1937?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'King George VI and Queen Elizabeth'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",728]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7613cffd8e1900b4b947'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the BBC cease broadcasts due to World War II?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'September 1939'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",914]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7613cffd8e1900b4b948'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'BBC Television'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On 1 September 1939, two days before Britain declared war on Germany, the station was taken off air with little warning; the government was concerned that the VHF transmissions would act as a beacon to enemy aircraft homing in on London. Also, many of the television service's technical staff and engineers would be needed for the war effort, in particular on the radar programme. The last programme transmitted was a Mickey Mouse cartoon, Mickey's Gala Premier (1933), which was followed by test transmissions; this account refuted the popular memory according to which broadcasting was suspended before the end of the cartoon.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the British fear could provide guidance to the German air force?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'VHF transmissions'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",160]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7997cffd8e1900b4b954'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What part of the military did many people working for the BBC end up serving in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the radar programme'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",361]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7997cffd8e1900b4b955'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the final thing shown on the BBC before it was shut down for the war?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mickey's Gala Premier'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",441]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7997cffd8e1900b4b956'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did most people mistakenly remember the last broadcast as having ended?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'before the end of the cartoon'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",599]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7997cffd8e1900b4b957'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'BBC Television'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'According to figures from Britain's Radio Manufacturers Association, 18,999 television sets had been manufactured from 1936 to September 1939, when production was halted by the war.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many TVs were made between 1936 and the start of the war in 1939?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'18,999'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",70]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de79d34396321400ee293b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'BBC Television'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'BBC Television returned on 7 June 1946 at 15:00. Jasmine Bligh, one of the original announcers, made the first announcement, saying, 'Good afternoon everybody. How are you? Do you remember me, Jasmine Bligh?'. The Mickey Mouse cartoon of 1939 was repeated twenty minutes later.[unreliable source?] Alexandra Palace was the home base of the channel until the early 1950s when the majority of production moved into the newly acquired Lime Grove Studios.[original research?]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the first person to speak on BBC when it was turned back on following World War II?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jasmine Bligh'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",50]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7a464396321400ee293f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what date did BBC return to the air after World War II?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'7 June 1946'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",28]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7a464396321400ee2940'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In the decade following the war, where did a large portion of the BBC move to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Lime Grove Studios'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",433]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7a464396321400ee2941'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What character was featured in the cartoon aired the day BBC broadcasting was restored?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mickey Mouse'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",215]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7a464396321400ee2942'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'BBC Television'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Postwar broadcast coverage was extended to Birmingham in 1949 with the opening of the Sutton Coldfield transmitting station, and by the mid-1950s most of the country was covered, transmitting a 405-line interlaced image on VHF.[original research?]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What city received BBC signals starting in 1949?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Birmingham'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",44]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7aaa4396321400ee2947'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which facility brought the BBC's transmissions to Birmingham?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sutton Coldfield transmitting station'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",87]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7aaa4396321400ee2948'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of image was broadcasted by the BBC by the mid-'50s?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'405-line interlaced image'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",195]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7aaa4396321400ee2949'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what frequency band was the BBC broadcasting in thie 1950s?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'VHF'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",224]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7aaa4396321400ee294a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'BBC Television'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Television transmissions resumed from Alexandra Palace in 1946. The BBC Television Service (renamed \"BBC tv\" in 1960) showed popular programming, including drama, comedies, documentaries, game shows, and soap operas, covering a wide range of genres and regularly competed with ITV to become the channel with the highest ratings for that week. The channel also introduced the science fiction show Doctor Who on 23 November 1963 - at 17:16 - which went on to become one of Britain's most iconic and beloved television programmes.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the BBC changed to in 1960?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'BBC tv'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",102]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7c51cffd8e1900b4b972'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the BBC's main competitor?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ITV'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",278]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7c51cffd8e1900b4b973'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What program debuted on November 23, 1963?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Doctor Who'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",397]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7c51cffd8e1900b4b974'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did the BBC broadcast from following World War II?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Alexandra Palace'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",39]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7c51cffd8e1900b4b975'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'BBC Television'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'BBC TV was renamed BBC1 in 1964, after the launch of BBC2 (now BBC Two), the third television station (ITV was the second) for the UK; its remit, to provide more niche programming. The channel was due to launch on 20 April 1964, but was put off the air by a massive power failure that affected much of London, caused by a fire at Battersea Power Station. A videotape made on the opening night was rediscovered in 2003 by a BBC technician. In the end the launch went ahead the following night, hosted by Denis Tuohy holding a candle. BBC2 was the first British channel to use UHF and 625-line pictures, giving higher definition than the existing VHF 405-line system.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the first station launched after the original BBC?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ITV'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",104]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7cb6cffd8e1900b4b97a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the third network started in the UK?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'BBC2'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",54]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7cb6cffd8e1900b4b97b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What prevented BBC2 from broadcasting on its scheduled launch date?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'massive power failure'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",259]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7cb6cffd8e1900b4b97c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the cause of the power outage?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Battersea Power Station'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",331]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7cb6cffd8e1900b4b97d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who served as MC for the first BBC2 broadcast?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Denis Tuohy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",504]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7cb6cffd8e1900b4b97e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'BBC Television'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On 1 July 1967, BBC Two became the first television channel in Europe to broadcast regularly in colour, using the West German PAL system that is still in use today although being gradually superseded by digital systems. (BBC One and ITV began 625-line colour broadcasts simultaneously on 15 November 1969). Unlike other terrestrial channels, BBC Two does not have soap opera or standard news programming, but a range of programmes intended to be eclectic and diverse (although if a programme has high audience ratings it is often eventually repositioned to BBC One). The different remit of BBC2 allowed its first controller, Sir David Attenborough to commission the first heavyweight documentaries and documentary series such as Civilisation, The Ascent of Man and Horizon.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the first station to show programs in color?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'BBC Two'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",17]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7dd64396321400ee2969'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the other two major British stations start color programming?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'15 November 1969'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",289]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7dd64396321400ee296a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What types of programs were not shown on BBC Two?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'soap opera or standard news programming'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",365]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7dd64396321400ee296b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the first controller of BBC2?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sir David Attenborough'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",626]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7dd64396321400ee296c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kinds of programs did Attenborough favor?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'documentaries'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",685]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7dd64396321400ee296d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'BBC Television'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1967 Tom and Jerry cartoons first aired on BBC One, with around 2 episodes shown every evening at 17:00, with occasional morning showings on CBBC. 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This unit is now famed throughout the world for producing high quality programmes with Attenborough such as Life on Earth, The Private Life of Plants, The Blue Planet, The Life of Mammals, Planet Earth and Frozen Planet.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which group did David Attenborough join while on sabbatical?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'BBC Natural History Unit'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",99]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7eb84396321400ee297b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the BBC Natural History Unit come into existence?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the 1950s'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",148]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7eb84396321400ee297c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are some shows that Attenborough created with the BBC Natural History Unit?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Life on Earth, The Private Life of Plants, The Blue Planet, The Life of Mammals, Planet Earth and Frozen Planet'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",267]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7eb84396321400ee297d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'BBC Television'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'National and regional variations also occur within the BBC One and BBC Two schedules. England's BBC One output is split up into fifteen regions (such as South West and East), which exist mainly to produce local news programming, but also occasionally opt out of the network to show programmes of local importance (such as major local events). The other nations of the United Kingdom (Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland) have been granted more autonomy from the English network; for example, programmes are mostly introduced by local announcers, rather than by those in London. BBC One and BBC Two schedules in the other UK nations can vary immensely from BBC One and BBC Two in England.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many different areas does BBC One accommodate with customized broadcasting?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'fifteen'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",129]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de81084396321400ee2989'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which parts of the UK have more control over their BBC broadcasts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",385]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de81084396321400ee298a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who hosts shows on BBC broadcasts outside of England?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'local announcers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",530]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de81084396321400ee298b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of coverage might take precedence over standard BBC programming?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'major local events'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",323]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de81084396321400ee298c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'BBC Television'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Programmes, such as the politically fuelled Give My Head Peace (produced by BBC Northern Ireland) and the soap opera River City (produced by BBC Scotland), have been created specifically to cater for some viewers in their respective nations, who may have found programmes created for English audiences irrelevant. BBC Scotland produces daily programmes for its Gaelic-speaking viewers, including current affairs, political and children's programming such as the popular Eòrpa and Dè a-nis?. BBC Wales also produces a large amount of Welsh language programming for S4C, particularly news, sport and other programmes, especially the soap opera Pobol y Cwm ('People of the Valley'). The UK nations also produce a number of programmes that are shown across the UK, such as BBC Scotland's comedy series Chewin' the Fat, and BBC Northern Ireland's talk show Patrick Kielty Almost Live.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of a political show shown on BBC in Northern Ireland?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Give My Head Peace'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",45]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de818dcffd8e1900b4b998'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of a Scottish soap opera?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'River City'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",118]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de818dcffd8e1900b4b999'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What language does BBC Scotland provide programming for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Gaelic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",362]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de818dcffd8e1900b4b99a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a well-known Gaelic program?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Eòrpa and Dè a-nis?'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",471]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de818dcffd8e1900b4b99b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of a show from Northern Ireland broadcast all over the United Kingdom?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Patrick Kielty Almost Live'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",853]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de818dcffd8e1900b4b99c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'BBC Television'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The BBC is also renowned for its production of costume dramas, such as Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice and contemporary social dramas such as Boys from the Blackstuff and Our Friends in the North. The BBC has come under pressure to commission more programmes from independent British production companies, and indeed is legally required to source 25% of its output from such companies by the terms of the Broadcasting Act 1990. Programmes have also been imported mainly from English-speaking countries: notable—though no longer shown—examples include The Simpsons from the United States and Neighbours from Australia. Because of the availability of programmes in English, few programmes need use sub-titles or dubbing unlike much European television.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much of its programming must the BBC obtain from other content producers?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'25%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",350]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de822bcffd8e1900b4b9a2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a popular American show that was shown on the BBC?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Simpsons'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",554]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de822bcffd8e1900b4b9a4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a television show from Australia that was shown on the BBC?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Neighbours'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",594]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de822bcffd8e1900b4b9a5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'BBC Television'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The BBC also introduced Ceefax, the first teletext service, starting in 1974. 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CEEFAX has not made a full transition to digital television, instead being replaced by the new interactive BBCi service.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kind of service was Ceefax?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'teletext'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",43]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de826ccffd8e1900b4b9ac'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was Ceefax launched?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1974'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",73]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de826ccffd8e1900b4b9ad'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the modern replacement for Ceefax?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'BBCi'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",291]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de826ccffd8e1900b4b9ae'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'BBC Television'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In March 2003 the BBC announced that from the end of May 2003 (subsequently deferred to 14 July) it intended to transmit all eight of its domestic television channels (including the 15 regional variations of BBC 1) unencrypted from the Astra 2D satellite. This move was estimated to save the BBC £85 million over the next five years.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the BBC say it would start using a satellite to transit its signal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'May 2003'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",54]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de83354396321400ee29b1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the satellite from which the BBC's signal was sent?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Astra 2D satellite'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",237]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de83354396321400ee29b2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Due to delays, when was the actual date of the BBC's move to satellite broadcasts?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'14 July'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",89]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de83354396321400ee29b3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much money was the move to satellite worth to the station over the following half decade?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'£85 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",297]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de83354396321400ee29b4'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'BBC Television'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'While the \"footprint\" of the Astra 2D satellite was smaller than that of Astra 2A, from which it was previously broadcast encrypted, it meant that viewers with appropriate equipment were able to receive BBC channels \"free-to-air\" over much of Western Europe. Consequently, some rights concerns have needed to be resolved with programme providers such as Hollywood studios and sporting organisations, which have expressed concern about the unencrypted signal leaking out. This led to some broadcasts being made unavailable on the Sky Digital platform, such as Scottish Premier League and Scottish Cup football, while on other platforms such broadcasts were not disrupted. 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This event was marked by the release of a DVD, which showed highlights of the BBC's television coverage of significant events over the half-century, as well as changes in the format of the BBC television news; from the newsreel format of the first BBC Television News bulletins, to the 24-hour, worldwide news coverage available in 2004. A special edition of Radio Times was also produced, as well as a special section of the BBC News Online website. In 2005 the pioneering BBC television series Little Angels won a BAFTA award. 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It is responsible for the commissioning, producing, scheduling and broadcasting of all programming on the BBC's television channels, and is led by Danny Cohen.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did BBC Vision change back to BBC Television?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2013'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",159]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de86914396321400ee29f9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who is the current head of BBC Television?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Danny Cohen'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",312]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de86914396321400ee29fa'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the four responsibilities of BBC Television?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'commissioning, producing, scheduling and broadcasting'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",191]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de86914396321400ee29fb'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'BBC Television'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'BBC Japan was a general entertainment channel, which operated between December 2004 and April 2006. It ceased operations after its Japanese distributor folded.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did BBC Japan begin broadcasting?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'December 2004'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",71]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de86d2cffd8e1900b4b9e0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did BBC Japan shut down?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'April 2006'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",89]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de86d2cffd8e1900b4b9e1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the genre of BBC Japan?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'general entertainment'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",17]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de86d2cffd8e1900b4b9e2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'BBC Television'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger (\/ˈʃwɔːrtsənˌɛɡər\/; German: [ˈaɐ̯nɔlt ˈalɔʏs ˈʃvaɐ̯tsn̩ˌɛɡɐ]; born July 30, 1947) is an Austrian-American actor, filmmaker, businessman, investor, author, philanthropist, activist, former professional bodybuilder and politician. He served two terms as the 38th Governor of California from 2003 until 2011.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What's Arnold Schwarzenegger's birth date?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'July 30, 1947'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",96]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de6331cffd8e1900b4b850'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What's Arnold Schwarzenegger's middle name?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Alois'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",8]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de6331cffd8e1900b4b851'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many terms did Schwarzenegger serve as California's governor?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'two'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",268]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de6331cffd8e1900b4b852'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Schwarzenegger began weight training at the age of 15. He won the Mr. Universe title at age 20 and went on to win the Mr. Olympia contest seven times. Schwarzenegger has remained a prominent presence in bodybuilding and has written many books and articles on the sport. He is widely considered to be among the greatest bodybuilders of all times as well as its biggest icon. Schwarzenegger gained worldwide fame as a Hollywood action film icon. His breakthrough film was the sword-and-sorcery epic Conan the Barbarian in 1982, which was a box-office hit and resulted in a sequel. In 1984, he appeared in James Cameron's science-fiction thriller film The Terminator, which was a massive critical and box-office success. Schwarzenegger subsequently reprised the Terminator character in the franchise's later installments in 1991, 2003, and 2015. He appeared in a number of successful films, such as Commando (1985), The Running Man (1987), Predator (1987), Twins (1988), Total Recall (1990), Kindergarten Cop (1990) and True Lies (1994). He was nicknamed the \"Austrian Oak\" in his bodybuilding days, \"Arnie\" during his acting career, and \"The Governator\" (a portmanteau of \"Governor\" and \"The Terminator\", one of his best-known movie roles).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How old was Schwarzenegger when he started bodybuilding?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'15'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",52]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de64f9cffd8e1900b4b858'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many times was Schwarzenegger awarded the Mr. Olympia title?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'seven'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",139]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de64f9cffd8e1900b4b859'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'For which film from 1982 did Schwarzenegger first gain fame?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Conan the Barbarian'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",498]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de64f9cffd8e1900b4b85a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How old was Schwarzenegger when he won Mr. Universe?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'20'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",93]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de64f9cffd8e1900b4b85b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What nickname did Schwarzenegger's co-stars call him by during his acting career?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Arnie'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1099]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de64f9cffd8e1900b4b85c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'As a Republican, he was first elected on October 7, 2003, in a special recall election to replace then-Governor Gray Davis. Schwarzenegger was sworn in on November 17, to serve the remainder of Davis's term. Schwarzenegger was then re-elected on November 7, 2006, in California's 2006 gubernatorial election, to serve a full term as governor, defeating Democrat Phil Angelides, who was California State Treasurer at the time. Schwarzenegger was sworn in for his second term on January 5, 2007. In 2011, Schwarzenegger completed his second term as governor.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year marked the end of Schwarzenegger's second term in the governor's office?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2011'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",498]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de6660cffd8e1900b4b86c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What political party did Schwarzenegger belong to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Republican'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",6]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de6660cffd8e1900b4b86d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What governor did Schwarzenegger replace?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Gray Davis'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",113]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de6660cffd8e1900b4b86e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What date marked the start of Schwarzenegger's second gubernatorial term?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'January 5, 2007'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",478]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de6660cffd8e1900b4b86f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Schwarzenegger was born in Thal, a village bordering the city of Graz in Styria, Austria and christened Arnold Alois. His parents were Gustav Schwarzenegger (August 17, 1907 – December 13, 1972), and Aurelia Schwarzenegger (née Jadrny; July 29, 1922 – August 2, 1998). Gustav was the local chief of police, and had served in World War II as a Hauptfeldwebel after voluntarily joining the Nazi Party in 1938, though he was discharged in 1943 following a bout of malaria. He married Arnold's mother on October 20, 1945;– he was 38, and she was 23 years old. According to Schwarzenegger, both of his parents were very strict: \"Back then in Austria it was a very different world, if we did something bad or we disobeyed our parents, the rod was not spared.\" He grew up in a Roman Catholic family who attended Mass every Sunday.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What country was Schwarzenegger born in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Austria'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",82]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de677dcffd8e1900b4b87e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Schwarzenegger's mother's maiden name?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jadrny'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",229]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de677dcffd8e1900b4b87f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Schwarzenegger's father's first name?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Gustav'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",136]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de677dcffd8e1900b4b880'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Schwarzenegger's dad's job in their town?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'chief of police'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",291]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de677dcffd8e1900b4b881'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Gustav had a preference for his elder son, Meinhard (July 17, 1946 – May 20, 1971), over Arnold. His favoritism was \"strong and blatant,\" which stemmed from unfounded suspicion that Arnold was not his biological child. Schwarzenegger has said his father had \"no patience for listening or understanding your problems.\" Schwarzenegger had a good relationship with his mother and kept in touch with her until her death. In later life, Schwarzenegger commissioned the Simon Wiesenthal Center to research his father's wartime record, which came up with no evidence of Gustav's being involved in atrocities, despite Gustav's membership in the Nazi Party and SA. Schwarzenegger's father's background received wide press attention during the 2003 California recall campaign. At school, Schwarzenegger was apparently in the middle but stood out for his \"cheerful, good-humored and exuberant\" character. Money was a problem in their household; Schwarzenegger recalled that one of the highlights of his youth was when the family bought a refrigerator.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Schwarzenegger's older brother's name?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Meinhard'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",44]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de6e7c4396321400ee28bf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What appliance did Schwarzenegger's family buy that he called a highlight of his youth?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'refrigerator'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1028]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de6e7c4396321400ee28c0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'As a boy, Schwarzenegger played several sports, heavily influenced by his father. He picked up his first barbell in 1960, when his soccer coach took his team to a local gym. At the age of 14, he chose bodybuilding over soccer as a career. Schwarzenegger has responded to a question asking if he was 13 when he started weightlifting: \"I actually started weight training when I was 15, but I'd been participating in sports, like soccer, for years, so I felt that although I was slim, I was well-developed, at least enough so that I could start going to the gym and start Olympic lifting.\" However, his official website biography claims: \"At 14, he started an intensive training program with Dan Farmer, studied psychology at 15 (to learn more about the power of mind over body) and at 17, officially started his competitive career.\" During a speech in 2001, he said, \"My own plan formed when I was 14 years old. My father had wanted me to be a police officer like he was. My mother wanted me to go to trade school.\" Schwarzenegger took to visiting a gym in Graz, where he also frequented the local movie theaters to see bodybuilding idols such as Reg Park, Steve Reeves, and Johnny Weissmuller on the big screen. When Reeves died in 2000, Schwarzenegger fondly remembered him: \"As a teenager, I grew up with Steve Reeves. His remarkable accomplishments allowed me a sense of what was possible, when others around me didn't always understand my dreams. Steve Reeves has been part of everything I've ever been fortunate enough to achieve.\" In 1961, Schwarzenegger met former Mr. Austria Kurt Marnul, who invited him to train at the gym in Graz. He was so dedicated as a youngster that he broke into the local gym on weekends, when it was usually closed, so that he could train. \"It would make me sick to miss a workout... I knew I couldn't look at myself in the mirror the next morning if I didn't do it.\" When Schwarzenegger was asked about his first movie experience as a boy, he replied: \"I was very young, but I remember my father taking me to the Austrian theaters and seeing some newsreels. The first real movie I saw, that I distinctly remember, was a John Wayne movie.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What sport Schwarzenegger played led to a trip to the gym that sparked his love of weightlifting?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'soccer'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",132]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de6f77cffd8e1900b4b8ba'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who starred in the first movie Schwarzenegger remembers seeing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'John Wayne'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",2156]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de6f77cffd8e1900b4b8bb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What job did Schwarzenegger's father want him to pursue?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'police officer'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",943]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de6f77cffd8e1900b4b8bc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which of Schwarzenegger's bodybuilding idols died in 2000?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Steve Reeves'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1156]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de6f77cffd8e1900b4b8bd'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On May 20, 1971, his brother, Meinhard, died in a car accident. Meinhard had been drinking and was killed instantly. Schwarzenegger did not attend his funeral. Meinhard was due to marry Erika Knapp, and the couple had a three-year-old son, Patrick. Schwarzenegger would pay for Patrick's education and help him to emigrate to the United States. Gustav died the following year from a stroke. In Pumping Iron, Schwarzenegger claimed that he did not attend his father's funeral because he was training for a bodybuilding contest. Later, he and the film's producer said this story was taken from another bodybuilder for the purpose of showing the extremes that some would go to for their sport and to make Schwarzenegger's image more cold and machine-like in order to fan controversy for the film. Barbara Baker, his first serious girlfriend, has said he informed her of his father's death without emotion and that he never spoke of his brother. Over time, he has given at least three versions of why he was absent from his father's funeral.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did Schwarzenegger's brother die?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1971'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",12]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de708bcffd8e1900b4b8d4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is Meinhard's son named?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Patrick'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",241]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de708bcffd8e1900b4b8d5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What caused Schwarzenegger's father Gustav's death?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'stroke'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",384]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de708bcffd8e1900b4b8d6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the first woman Schwarzenegger was serious about?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Barbara Baker'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",795]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de708bcffd8e1900b4b8d7'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In an interview with Fortune in 2004, Schwarzenegger told how he suffered what \"would now be called child abuse\" at the hands of his father: \"My hair was pulled. I was hit with belts. So was the kid next door. It was just the way it was. Many of the children I've seen were broken by their parents, which was the German-Austrian mentality. They didn't want to create an individual. It was all about conforming. I was one who did not conform, and whose will could not be broken. Therefore, I became a rebel. Every time I got hit, and every time someone said, 'you can't do this,' I said, 'this is not going to be for much longer, because I'm going to move out of here. I want to be rich. I want to be somebody.'\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What magazine revealed the details of Schwarzenegger's childhood punishments in 2004?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Fortune'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",22]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de70eacffd8e1900b4b8e6'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Schwarzenegger served in the Austrian Army in 1965 to fulfill the one year of service required at the time of all 18-year-old Austrian males. During his army service, he won the Junior Mr. Europe contest. He went AWOL during basic training so he could take part in the competition and spent a week in military prison: \"Participating in the competition meant so much to me that I didn't carefully think through the consequences.\" He won another bodybuilding contest in Graz, at Steirer Hof Hotel (where he had placed second). He was voted best built man of Europe, which made him famous. \"The Mr. Universe title was my ticket to America – the land of opportunity, where I could become a star and get rich.\" Schwarzenegger made his first plane trip in 1966, attending the NABBA Mr. Universe competition in London. He would come in second in the Mr. Universe competition, not having the muscle definition of American winner Chester Yorton.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which bodybuilding title did Schwarzenegger call his \"ticket to America\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mr. Universe'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",593]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de719c4396321400ee2909'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which competition did Schwarzenegger go AWOL to participate in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Junior Mr. Europe'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",179]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de719c4396321400ee290a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Schwarzenegger take an airplane for the first time ever?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1966'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",751]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de719c4396321400ee290b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what city was the 1966 NABBA Mr. Universe competition held?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'London'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",805]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de719c4396321400ee290c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Charles \"Wag\" Bennett, one of the judges at the 1966 competition, was impressed with Schwarzenegger and he offered to coach him. As Schwarzenegger had little money, Bennett invited him to stay in his crowded family home above one of his two gyms in Forest Gate, London, England. Yorton's leg definition had been judged superior, and Schwarzenegger, under a training program devised by Bennett, concentrated on improving the muscle definition and power in his legs. Staying in the East End of London helped Schwarzenegger improve his rudimentary grasp of the English language. Also in 1966, Schwarzenegger had the opportunity to meet childhood idol Reg Park, who became his friend and mentor. The training paid off and, in 1967, Schwarzenegger won the title for the first time, becoming the youngest ever Mr. Universe at the age of 20. He would go on to win the title a further three times. Schwarzenegger then flew back to Munich, training for four to six hours daily, attending business school and working in a health club (Rolf Putziger's gym where he worked and trained from 1966–1968), returning in 1968 to London to win his next Mr. Universe title. He frequently told Roger C. Field, his English coach and friend in Munich at that time, \"I'm going to become the greatest actor!\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which of the bodybuilders Schwarzenegger idolized as a kid did he meet in 1966?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Reg Park'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",649]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7296cffd8e1900b4b91c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which part of his body did Schwarzenegger work to develop with Coach Bennett?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'legs'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",460]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7296cffd8e1900b4b91d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many total times has Schwarzenegger won the Mr. Universe title?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'four'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",945]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7296cffd8e1900b4b91e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who owned the gym Schwarzenegger worked in during the late sixties?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Rolf Putziger'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1026]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7296cffd8e1900b4b91f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Schwarzenegger, who dreamed of moving to the U.S. since the age of 10, and saw bodybuilding as the avenue through which to do so, realized his dream by moving to the United States in September 1968 at the age of 21, speaking little English. There he trained at Gold's Gym in Venice, Los Angeles, California, under Joe Weider. From 1970 to 1974, one of Schwarzenegger's weight training partners was Ric Drasin, a professional wrestler who designed the original Gold's Gym logo in 1973. Schwarzenegger also became good friends with professional wrestler Superstar Billy Graham. In 1970, at age 23, he captured his first Mr. Olympia title in New York, and would go on to win the title a total of seven times.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How old was Schwarzenegger when he started hoping he'd move to America?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'10'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",68]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de73b2cffd8e1900b4b924'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How old was Schwarzenegger when he moved to the U.S.?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'21'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",213]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de73b2cffd8e1900b4b925'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what state did Schwarzenegger claim his first Mr. Olympia title?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'New York'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",640]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de73b2cffd8e1900b4b926'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What's the name of the professional wrestler who designed the first logo for Gold's Gym?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ric Drasin'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",399]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de73b2cffd8e1900b4b927'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Immigration law firm Siskind & Susser have stated that Schwarzenegger may have been an illegal immigrant at some point in the late 1960s or early 1970s because of violations in the terms of his visa. LA Weekly would later say in 2002 that Schwarzenegger is the most famous immigrant in America, who \"overcame a thick Austrian accent and transcended the unlikely background of bodybuilding to become the biggest movie star in the world in the 1990s\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What magazine called Schwarzenegger America's most famous immigrant?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'LA Weekly'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",201]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de73fd4396321400ee2939'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1977, Schwarzenegger's autobiography\/weight-training guide Arnold: The Education of a Bodybuilder was published and became a huge success. After taking English classes at Santa Monica College in California, he earned a BA by correspondence from the University of Wisconsin–Superior, where he graduated with a degree in international marketing of fitness and business administration in 1979.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What's the title of Schwarzenegger's 1977 book?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Arnold: The Education of a Bodybuilder'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",63]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7471cffd8e1900b4b93a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'At what college did Schwarzenegger study but not receive his degree?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Santa Monica College'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",175]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7471cffd8e1900b4b93b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'He tells that during this time he ran into a friend who told him that he was teaching Transcendental Meditation (TM), which prompted Schwarzenegger to reveal he had been struggling with anxiety for the first time in his life: \"Even today, I still benefit from [the year of TM] because I don't merge and bring things together and see everything as one big problem.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does TM stand for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Transcendental Meditation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",87]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de74decffd8e1900b4b93e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What psychological problem did Schwarzenegger say he struggled with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'anxiety'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",187]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de74decffd8e1900b4b93f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Schwarzenegger is considered among the most important figures in the history of bodybuilding, and his legacy is commemorated in the Arnold Classic annual bodybuilding competition. Schwarzenegger has remained a prominent face in the bodybuilding sport long after his retirement, in part because of his ownership of gyms and fitness magazines. He has presided over numerous contests and awards shows.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What bodybuilding competition is named after Schwarzenegger?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Arnold Classic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",129]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7567cffd8e1900b4b942'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'For many years, he wrote a monthly column for the bodybuilding magazines Muscle & Fitness and Flex. Shortly after being elected Governor, he was appointed executive editor of both magazines, in a largely symbolic capacity. The magazines agreed to donate $250,000 a year to the Governor's various physical fitness initiatives. When the deal, including the contract that gave Schwarzenegger at least $1 million a year, was made public in 2005, many criticized it as being a conflict of interest since the governor's office made decisions concerning regulation of dietary supplements in California. Consequently, Schwarzenegger relinquished the executive editor role in 2005. American Media Inc., which owns Muscle & Fitness and Flex, announced in March 2013 that Schwarzenegger had accepted their renewed offer to be executive editor of the magazines.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How frequently did Schwarzenegger write a column for Muscle & Fitness and Flex?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'monthly'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",28]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de771dcffd8e1900b4b94e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much did the magazines Schwarzenegger wrote for pledge to contribute to physical fitness initiatives each year when he was Governor?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$250,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",255]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de771dcffd8e1900b4b94f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What position did Schwarzenegger briefly hold at Muscle & Fitness and Flex?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'executive editor'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",156]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de771dcffd8e1900b4b950'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'One of the first competitions he won was the Junior Mr. Europe contest in 1965. He won Mr. Europe the following year, at age 19. He would go on to compete in, and win, many bodybuilding contests. His bodybuilding victories included five Mr. Universe (4 – NABBA [England], 1 – IFBB [USA]) wins, and seven Mr. Olympia wins, a record which would stand until Lee Haney won his eighth consecutive Mr. Olympia title in 1991.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What bodybuilding title did Schwarzenegger win in 1965?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Junior Mr. Europe'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",46]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7b7fcffd8e1900b4b968'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many times did Schwarzenegger win the Mr. Olympia title?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'seven'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",299]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7b7fcffd8e1900b4b969'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Schwarzenegger continues to work out even today. When asked about his personal training during the 2011 Arnold Classic he said that he was still working out a half an hour with weights every day.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In 2011, how much time each day did Schwarzenegger say he lifted weights? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'half an hour'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",160]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7d2d4396321400ee2967'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1967, Schwarzenegger won the Munich stone-lifting contest, in which a stone weighing 508 German pounds (254 kg\/560 lbs.) is lifted between the legs while standing on two foot rests.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what competition did Schwarzenegger have to lift over 500 pounds while balancing on foot rests?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Munich stone-lifting contest'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",33]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de80edcffd8e1900b4b98e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Schwarzenegger's goal was to become the greatest bodybuilder in the world, which meant becoming Mr. Olympia. His first attempt was in 1969, when he lost to three-time champion Sergio Oliva. However, Schwarzenegger came back in 1970 and won the competition, making him the youngest ever Mr. Olympia at the age of 23, a record he still holds to this day.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did Schwarzenegger first try to win the Mr. Olympia title?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1969'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",135]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de81a14396321400ee299b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who won Mr. Olympia 1969?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sergio Oliva'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",177]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de81a14396321400ee299c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'At which year's Mr. Olympia contest did Schwarzenegger become the youngest person to win the title?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1970'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",228]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de81a14396321400ee299d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How old was Schwarzenegger when he won Mr. Olympia in 1970?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'23'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",313]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de81a14396321400ee299e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'He continued his winning streak in the 1971–74 competitions. In 1975, Schwarzenegger was once again in top form, and won the title for the sixth consecutive time, beating Franco Columbu. After the 1975 Mr. Olympia contest, Schwarzenegger announced his retirement from professional bodybuilding.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Schwarzenegger beat to win his sixth Mr. Olympia in a row?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Franco Columbu'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",172]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de82394396321400ee29a3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did Schwarzenegger quit competing as a professional bodybuilder?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1975'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",65]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de82394396321400ee29a4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Schwarzenegger's last competition before retirement?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Mr. Olympia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",203]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de82394396321400ee29a5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Months before the 1975 Mr. Olympia contest, filmmakers George Butler and Robert Fiore persuaded Schwarzenegger to compete, in order to film his training in the bodybuilding documentary called Pumping Iron. Schwarzenegger had only three months to prepare for the competition, after losing significant weight to appear in the film Stay Hungry with Jeff Bridges. Lou Ferrigno proved not to be a threat, and a lighter-than-usual Schwarzenegger convincingly won the 1975 Mr. Olympia.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the bodybuilding film Schwarzenegger starred in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pumping Iron'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",193]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de82c84396321400ee29ab'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much time did Schwarzenegger have to train for the 1975 Mr. Olympia competition?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'three months'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",231]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de82c84396321400ee29ac'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who co-starred with Schwarzenegger in the film Stay Hungry?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jeff Bridges'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",347]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de82c84396321400ee29ad'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Schwarzenegger came out of retirement, however, to compete in the 1980 Mr. Olympia. Schwarzenegger was training for his role in Conan, and he got into such good shape because of the running, horseback riding and sword training, that he decided he wanted to win the Mr. Olympia contest one last time. He kept this plan a secret, in the event that a training accident would prevent his entry and cause him to lose face. Schwarzenegger had been hired to provide color commentary for network television, when he announced at the eleventh hour that while he was there: \"Why not compete?\" Schwarzenegger ended up winning the event with only seven weeks of preparation. After being declared Mr. Olympia for a seventh time, Schwarzenegger then officially retired from competition.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'For what Hollywood role was Schwarzenegger training in 1980?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Conan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",129]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de83454396321400ee29b9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many weeks did Schwarzenegger spend getting ready for the 1980 Mr. Olympia contest?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'seven'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",636]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de83454396321400ee29ba'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many times did Schwarzenegger win Mr. Olympia before retiring for good?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'seven'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",636]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de83454396321400ee29bb'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Schwarzenegger has admitted to using performance-enhancing anabolic steroids while they were legal, writing in 1977 that \"steroids were helpful to me in maintaining muscle size while on a strict diet in preparation for a contest. I did not use them for muscle growth, but rather for muscle maintenance when cutting up.\" He has called the drugs \"tissue building.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did Schwarzenegger write that he used anabolic steroid because they were \"helpful\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1977'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",112]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de8411cffd8e1900b4b9cc'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1999, Schwarzenegger sued Dr. Willi Heepe, a German doctor who publicly predicted his early death on the basis of a link between his steroid use and his later heart problems. As the doctor had never examined him personally, Schwarzenegger collected a US$10,000 libel judgment against him in a German court. In 1999, Schwarzenegger also sued and settled with The Globe, a U.S. tabloid which had made similar predictions about the bodybuilder's future health.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What German doctor was sued by Schwarzenegger?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Dr. Willi Heepe'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",30]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de84a84396321400ee29d1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much did the court award Schwarzenegger in the case against Heepe?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$10,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",257]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de84a84396321400ee29d2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which U.S. tabloid settled out of court with Schwarzenegger in 1999?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Globe'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",362]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de84a84396321400ee29d3'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Schwarzenegger wanted to move from bodybuilding into acting, finally achieving it when he was chosen to play the role of Hercules in 1970's Hercules in New York. Credited under the name \"Arnold Strong,\" his accent in the film was so thick that his lines were dubbed after production. His second film appearance was as a deaf mute hit-man for the mob in director Robert Altman's The Long Goodbye (1973), which was followed by a much more significant part in the film Stay Hungry (1976), for which he was awarded a Golden Globe for New Male Star of the Year. Schwarzenegger has discussed his early struggles in developing his acting career. \"It was very difficult for me in the beginning – I was told by agents and casting people that my body was 'too weird', that I had a funny accent, and that my name was too long. You name it, and they told me I had to change it. Basically, everywhere I turned, I was told that I had no chance.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Schwarzenegger's first film role?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hercules'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",122]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de86024396321400ee29ef'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What last name was Schwarzenegger going by when he starred in Hercules in New York?  '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Strong'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",195]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de86024396321400ee29f0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In 1973, who directed Schwarzenegger as a hit-man in The Long Goodbye?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Robert Altman'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",363]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de86024396321400ee29f1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Schwarzenegger's role in Stay Hungry led to a Golden Globe win in what category?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'New Male Star of the Year'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",531]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de86024396321400ee29f2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What adjective did Schwarzenegger say agents used to describe his body?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'weird'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",751]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de86024396321400ee29f3'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Schwarzenegger drew attention and boosted his profile in the bodybuilding film Pumping Iron (1977), elements of which were dramatized; in 1991, he purchased the rights to the film, its outtakes, and associated still photography. In 1977, he also appeared in an episode of the ABC situation comedy The San Pedro Beach Bums. Schwarzenegger auditioned for the title role of The Incredible Hulk, but did not win the role because of his height. Later, Lou Ferrigno got the part of Dr. David Banner's alter ego. Schwarzenegger appeared with Kirk Douglas and Ann-Margret in the 1979 comedy The Villain. In 1980, he starred in a biographical film of the 1950s actress Jayne Mansfield as Mansfield's husband, Mickey Hargitay.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Schwarzenegger purchase the rights to the film Pumping Iron?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1991'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",139]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de8a8c4396321400ee29ff'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did Schwarzenegger play Jayne Mansfield's husband in a film?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1980'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",600]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de8a8c4396321400ee2a00'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What role did Schwarzenegger miss out on because of his height?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Incredible Hulk'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",372]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de8a8c4396321400ee2a01'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What 1979 comedy film featured Schwarzenegger, Kirk Douglas, and Ann-Margret?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Villain'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",584]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de8a8c4396321400ee2a02'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Schwarzenegger's breakthrough film was the sword-and-sorcery epic Conan the Barbarian in 1982, which was a box-office hit. This was followed by a sequel, Conan the Destroyer, in 1984, although it was not as successful as its predecessor. In 1983, Schwarzenegger starred in the promotional video, Carnival in Rio. In 1984, he made his first appearance as the eponymous character, and what some would say was his acting career's signature role, in James Cameron's science fiction thriller film The Terminator. Following this, Schwarzenegger made Red Sonja in 1985.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the title of the sequel to Conan the Barbarian?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Conan the Destroyer'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",155]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de8b184396321400ee2a07'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year was the first Terminator movie released?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1984'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",179]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de8b184396321400ee2a08'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who directed The Terminator?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'James Cameron'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",447]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de8b184396321400ee2a09'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'During the 1980s, audiences had an appetite for action films, with both Schwarzenegger and Sylvester Stallone becoming international stars. Schwarzenegger's roles reflected his sense of humor, separating him from more serious action hero films, such as the alternative universe poster for Terminator 2: Judgment Day starring Stallone in the comedy thriller Last Action Hero. He made a number of successful films, such as Commando (1985), Raw Deal (1986), The Running Man (1987), Predator (1987), and Red Heat (1988).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What other action star was an international hit in the 1980s?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sylvester Stallone'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",92]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de8b764396321400ee2a0d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year was Schwarzenegger's film The Running Man released?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1987'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",473]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de8b764396321400ee2a0e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Twins (1988), a comedy with Danny DeVito, also proved successful. Total Recall (1990) netted Schwarzenegger $10 million and 15% of the film's gross. A science fiction script, the film was based on the Philip K. Dick short story \"We Can Remember It for You Wholesale\". Kindergarten Cop (1990) reunited him with director Ivan Reitman, who directed him in Twins. Schwarzenegger had a brief foray into directing, first with a 1990 episode of the TV series Tales from the Crypt, entitled \"The Switch\", and then with the 1992 telemovie Christmas in Connecticut. He has not directed since.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What's the title of the comedy movie Schwarzenegger starred in with Danny DeVito in 1988?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Twins'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de8c374396321400ee2a11'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much did Schwarzenegger make from the film Total Recall, on top of 15% of gross?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$10 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",109]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de8c374396321400ee2a12'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What 1992 TV movie did Schwarzenegger direct?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Christmas in Connecticut'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",531]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de8c374396321400ee2a13'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'An episode of what well-known TV series was Schwarzenegger's directorial debut?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tales from the Crypt'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",453]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de8c374396321400ee2a14'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Schwarzenegger's commercial peak was his return as the title character in 1991's Terminator 2: Judgment Day, which was the highest-grossing film of 1991. In 1993, the National Association of Theatre Owners named him the \"International Star of the Decade\". His next film project, the 1993 self-aware action comedy spoof Last Action Hero, was released opposite Jurassic Park, and did not do well at the box office. His next film, the comedy drama True Lies (1994), was a popular spy film, and saw Schwarzenegger reunited with James Cameron.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What Schwarzenegger film was 1991's highest-grossing movie?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Terminator 2: Judgment Day'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",82]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de8d06cffd8e1900b4b9ea'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What organization named Schwarzenegger the \"International Star of the Decade\" in 1993?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the National Association of Theatre Owners'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",164]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de8d06cffd8e1900b4b9eb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What 1994 film brought Schwarzenegger back together with director James Cameron?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'True Lies'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",446]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de8d06cffd8e1900b4b9ec'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'That same year, the comedy Junior was released, the last of Schwarzenegger's three collaborations with Ivan Reitman and again co-starring Danny DeVito. This film brought him his second Golden Globe nomination, this time for Best Actor – Musical or Comedy. It was followed by the action thriller Eraser (1996), the Christmas comedy Jingle All The Way (1996), and the comic book-based Batman & Robin (1997), in which he played the villain Mr. Freeze. This was his final film before taking time to recuperate from a back injury. Following the critical failure of Batman & Robin, his film career and box office prominence went into decline. He returned with the supernatural thriller End of Days (1999), later followed by the action films The 6th Day (2000) and Collateral Damage (2002), both of which failed to do well at the box office. In 2003, he made his third appearance as the title character in Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines, which went on to earn over $150 million domestically.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Schwarzenegger's second film with co-star Danny DeVito?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Junior'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",28]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de8e84cffd8e1900b4b9f0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much did the third Terminator movie make domestically alone?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$150 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",963]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de8e84cffd8e1900b4b9f2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In tribute to Schwarzenegger in 2002, Forum Stadtpark, a local cultural association, proposed plans to build a 25-meter (82 ft) tall Terminator statue in a park in central Graz. Schwarzenegger reportedly said he was flattered, but thought the money would be better spent on social projects and the Special Olympics.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many feet tall was the proposed statue of Schwarzenegger?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'82'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",122]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de8ef74396321400ee2a19'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the cultural association that wanted to build a Terminator statue?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Forum Stadtpark'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",39]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de8ef74396321400ee2a1a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'His film appearances after becoming Governor of California included a three-second cameo appearance in The Rundown, and the 2004 remake of Around the World in 80 Days. In 2005, he appeared as himself in the film The Kid & I. He voiced Baron von Steuben in the Liberty's Kids episode \"Valley Forge\". He had been rumored to be appearing in Terminator Salvation as the original T-800; he denied his involvement, but he ultimately did appear briefly via his image being inserted into the movie from stock footage of the first Terminator movie. Schwarzenegger appeared in Sylvester Stallone's The Expendables, where he made a cameo appearance.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which 2005 movie featured Schwarzenegger as himself?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Kid & I'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",213]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de8fcccffd8e1900b4b9f7'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In January 2011, just weeks after leaving office in California, Schwarzenegger announced that he was reading several new scripts for future films, one of them being the World War II action drama With Wings as Eagles, written by Randall Wallace, based on a true story. On March 6, 2011, at the Arnold Seminar of the Arnold Classic, Schwarzenegger revealed that he was being considered for several films, including sequels to The Terminator and remakes of Predator and The Running Man, and that he was \"packaging\" a comic book character. The character was later revealed to be the Governator, star of the comic book and animated series of the same name. Schwarzenegger inspired the character and co-developed it with Stan Lee, who would have produced the series. Schwarzenegger would have voiced the Governator.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What's the name of the comic book character modeled on Schwarzenegger?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Governator'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",576]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de91054396321400ee2a1d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What famous comic book writer did Schwarzenegger work with on the Governator?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Stan Lee'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",716]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de91054396321400ee2a1e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Schwarzenegger said he was reading scripts that included the one for what WWII film based on a true story?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'With Wings as Eagles'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",196]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de91054396321400ee2a1f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who wrote the screenplay for With Wings as Eagles?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Randall Wallace'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",229]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de91054396321400ee2a20'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On May 20, 2011, Schwarzenegger's entertainment counsel announced that all movie projects currently in development were being halted: \"Schwarzenegger is focusing on personal matters and is not willing to commit to any production schedules or timelines\". On July 11, 2011, it was announced that Schwarzenegger was considering a comeback film despite his legal problems. He appeared in The Expendables 2 (2012), and starred in The Last Stand (2013), his first leading role in 10 years, and Escape Plan (2013), his first co-starring role alongside Sylvester Stallone. He starred in Sabotage, released in March 2014, and appeared in The Expendables 3, released in August 2014. He starred in the fifth Terminator movie Terminator Genisys in 2015 and will reprise his role as Conan the Barbarian in The Legend of Conan.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what date in 2011 was the hold on Schwarzenegger's movie projects announced?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'May 20'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de924b4396321400ee2a25'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'2013's The Last Stand marked Schwarzenegger's first starring role in how long?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'10 years'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",475]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de924b4396321400ee2a26'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the first film Schwarzenegger co-starred in with Sylvester Stallone?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Escape Plan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",489]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de924b4396321400ee2a27'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What's the title of the fifth film in the Terminator franchise?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Terminator Genisys'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",715]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de924b4396321400ee2a28'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did Terminator Genisys debut?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2015'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",737]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de924b4396321400ee2a29'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Schwarzenegger has been a registered Republican for many years. As an actor, his political views were always well known as they contrasted with those of many other prominent Hollywood stars, who are generally considered to be a liberal and Democratic-leaning community. At the 2004 Republican National Convention, Schwarzenegger gave a speech and explained why he was a Republican:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did Schwarzenegger speak at the Republican National Convention?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2004'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",278]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de92a3cffd8e1900b4b9fa'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1985, Schwarzenegger appeared in \"Stop the Madness\", an anti-drug music video sponsored by the Reagan administration. He first came to wide public notice as a Republican during the 1988 presidential election, accompanying then-Vice President George H.W. Bush at a campaign rally.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the title of the anti-drug music video Schwarzenegger appeared in under the Reagan administration's sponsorship?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"Stop the Madness\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",37]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de93f94396321400ee2a35'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what presidential election year did Schwarzenegger make a name for himself as a prominent Republican?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1988'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",185]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de93f94396321400ee2a36'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which candidate did Schwarzenegger appear with at a presidential campaign rally?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'George H.W. Bush'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",246]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de93f94396321400ee2a37'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Schwarzenegger's first political appointment was as chairman of the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports, on which he served from 1990 to 1993. He was nominated by George H. W. Bush, who dubbed him \"Conan the Republican\". He later served as Chairman for the California Governor's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports under Governor Pete Wilson.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What nickname did George H.W. Bush give to Schwarzenegger?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Conan the Republican'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",214]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de94c84396321400ee2a41'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In an interview with Talk magazine in late 1999, Schwarzenegger was asked if he thought of running for office. He replied, \"I think about it many times. The possibility is there, because I feel it inside.\" The Hollywood Reporter claimed shortly after that Schwarzenegger sought to end speculation that he might run for governor of California. Following his initial comments, Schwarzenegger said, \"I'm in show business – I am in the middle of my career. Why would I go away from that and jump into something else?\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did Schwarzenegger's interview with Talk magazine take place?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1999'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",44]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de981ccffd8e1900b4ba15'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which media source said Schwarzenegger was trying to deal with rumors that he might run for governor of California?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Hollywood Reporter'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",207]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de981ccffd8e1900b4ba16'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Schwarzenegger announced his candidacy in the 2003 California recall election for Governor of California on the August 6, 2003 episode of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. Schwarzenegger had the most name recognition in a crowded field of candidates, but he had never held public office and his political views were unknown to most Californians. His candidacy immediately became national and international news, with media outlets dubbing him the \"Governator\" (referring to The Terminator movies, see above) and \"The Running Man\" (the name of another one of his films), and calling the recall election \"Total Recall\" (yet another movie starring Schwarzenegger). Schwarzenegger declined to participate in several debates with other recall replacement candidates, and appeared in only one debate on September 24, 2003.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The episode of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno where Schwarzenegger announced his candidacy for Governor aired on what date?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'August 6, 2003'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",113]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de98ddcffd8e1900b4ba1d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many debates did Schwarzenegger participate in before the 2003 California recall election?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'one'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",550]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de98ddcffd8e1900b4ba1e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On October 7, 2003, the recall election resulted in Governor Gray Davis being removed from office with 55.4% of the Yes vote in favor of a recall. Schwarzenegger was elected Governor of California under the second question on the ballot with 48.6% of the vote to choose a successor to Davis. Schwarzenegger defeated Democrat Cruz Bustamante, fellow Republican Tom McClintock, and others. His nearest rival, Bustamante, received 31% of the vote. In total, Schwarzenegger won the election by about 1.3 million votes. Under the regulations of the California Constitution, no runoff election was required. Schwarzenegger was the second foreign-born governor of California after Irish-born Governor John G. Downey in 1862.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percentage of the October 2003 vote was in favor of a recall?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'55.4%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",104]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de9a164396321400ee2a45'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was Schwarzenegger's closest rival in the gubernatorial race of 2003?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Cruz Bustamante'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",326]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de9a164396321400ee2a46'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'By about what number of votes did Schwarzenegger win the 2003 recall election in California?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1.3 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",497]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de9a164396321400ee2a47'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percentage of the vote did Schwarzenegger's opponent Bustamante receive?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'31%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",429]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de9a164396321400ee2a48'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the first governor of California who had been born in a foreign country?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'John G. Downey'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",695]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de9a164396321400ee2a49'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'As soon as Schwarzenegger was elected governor, Willie Brown said he would start a drive to recall the governor. Schwarzenegger was equally entrenched in what he considered to be his mandate in cleaning up gridlock. Building on a catchphrase from the sketch \"Hans and Franz\" from Saturday Night Live (which partly parodied his bodybuilding career), Schwarzenegger called the Democratic State politicians \"girlie men\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What politician threatened to start working to recall Schwarzenegger right after he was elected?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Willie Brown'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",49]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56debd5a3277331400b4d6fd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What Saturday Night Live sketch was Schwarzenegger referencing when he called opposing politicians \"girlie men\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hans and Franz'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",260]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56debd5a3277331400b4d6fe'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Schwarzenegger's early victories included repealing an unpopular increase in the vehicle registration fee as well as preventing driver's licenses being given out to illegal immigrants, but later he began to feel the backlash when powerful state unions began to oppose his various initiatives. Key among his reckoning with political realities was a special election he called in November 2005, in which four ballot measures he sponsored were defeated. Schwarzenegger accepted personal responsibility for the defeats and vowed to continue to seek consensus for the people of California. He would later comment that \"no one could win if the opposition raised 160 million dollars to defeat you\". The U.S. Supreme Court later found the public employee unions' use of compulsory fundraising during the campaign had been illegal in Knox v. Service Employees International Union, Local 1000.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what month of 2005 did Schwarzenegger hold a special election?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'November'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",379]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56debe163277331400b4d701'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many of Schwarzenegger's ballot initiatives were defeated in the special election of 2005?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'four'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",403]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56debe163277331400b4d702'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Schwarzenegger then went against the advice of fellow Republican strategists and appointed a Democrat, Susan Kennedy, as his Chief of Staff. Schwarzenegger gradually moved towards a more politically moderate position, determined to build a winning legacy with only a short time to go until the next gubernatorial election.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Schwarzenegger choose as Chief of Staff?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Susan Kennedy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",104]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56debe573277331400b4d705'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Schwarzenegger ran for re-election against Democrat Phil Angelides, the California State Treasurer, in the 2006 elections, held on November 7, 2006. Despite a poor year nationally for the Republican party, Schwarzenegger won re-election with 56.0% of the vote compared with 38.9% for Angelides, a margin of well over one million votes. In recent years, many commentators have seen Schwarzenegger as moving away from the right and towards the center of the political spectrum. After hearing a speech by Schwarzenegger at the 2006 Martin Luther King, Jr. breakfast, San Francisco mayor Gavin Newsom said that, \"[H]e's becoming a Democrat [… H]e's running back, not even to the center. I would say center-left\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In the 2006 gubernatorial election, who did Schwarzenegger run against?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Phil Angelides'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",53]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56debf69c65bf219000b3d2b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which city was Gavin Newsom mayor of when he said Schwarzenegger was turning Democrat?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'San Francisco'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",565]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56debf69c65bf219000b3d2d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'It was rumored that Schwarzenegger might run for the United States Senate in 2010, as his governorship would be term-limited by that time. This turned out to be false.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What political office did people speculate Schwarzenegger might try for in 2010?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'United States Senate'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",54]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56debfd9c65bf219000b3d31'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Wendy Leigh, who wrote an unofficial biography on Schwarzenegger, claims he plotted his political rise from an early age using the movie business and bodybuilding as building blocks to escape a depressing home. Leigh portrays Schwarzenegger as obsessed with power and quotes him as saying, \"I wanted to be part of the small percentage of people who were leaders, not the large mass of followers. I think it is because I saw leaders use 100% of their potential – I was always fascinated by people in control of other people.\" Schwarzenegger has said that it was never his intention to enter politics, but he says, \"I married into a political family. You get together with them and you hear about policy, about reaching out to help people. I was exposed to the idea of being a public servant and Eunice and Sargent Shriver became my heroes.\" Eunice Kennedy Shriver was sister of John F. Kennedy, and mother-in-law to Schwarzenegger; Sargent Shriver is husband to Eunice and father-in-law to Schwarzenegger. He cannot run for president as he is not a natural born citizen of the United States. In The Simpsons Movie (2007), he is portrayed as the president, and in the Sylvester Stallone movie, Demolition Man (1993, ten years before his first run for political office), it is revealed that a constitutional amendment passed which allowed Schwarzenegger to become president.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What author claimed Schwarzenegger is power-obsessed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Wendy Leigh'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dec0e23277331400b4d707'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What's Schwarzenegger's father-in-law's name?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sargent Shriver'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",806]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dec0e23277331400b4d708'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Schwarzenegger shows up as the President of the United States in what 2007 animated movie?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Simpsons Movie'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1095]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dec0e23277331400b4d709'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Schwarzenegger is a dual Austrian\/United States citizen. He holds Austrian citizenship by birth and has held U.S. citizenship since becoming naturalized in 1983. Being Austrian and thus European, he was able to win the 2007 European Voice campaigner of the year award for taking action against climate change with the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 and plans to introduce an emissions trading scheme with other US states and possibly with the EU.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did Schwarzenegger become a naturalized citizen of the United States?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1983'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",157]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dec1673277331400b4d70d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what country besides the U.S. is Schwarzenegger a citizen?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Austrian'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",26]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dec1673277331400b4d70e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Schwarzenegger's endorsement in the Republican primary of the 2008 U.S. presidential election was highly sought; despite being good friends with candidates Rudy Giuliani and Senator John McCain, Schwarzenegger remained neutral throughout 2007 and early 2008. Giuliani dropped out of the presidential race on January 30, 2008, largely because of a poor showing in Florida, and endorsed McCain. Later that night, Schwarzenegger was in the audience at a Republican debate at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in California. The following day, he endorsed McCain, joking, \"It's Rudy's fault!\" (in reference to his friendships with both candidates and that he could not make up his mind). Schwarzenegger's endorsement was thought to be a boost for Senator McCain's campaign; both spoke about their concerns for the environment and economy.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Schwarzenegger finally endorse in the 2008 Republican primary?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'John McCain'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",183]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dec2483277331400b4d711'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which candidate withdrew from the presidential race in January of 2008?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Rudy Giuliani'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",157]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dec2483277331400b4d712'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On which two major issues did McCain and Schwarzenegger publicly agree?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the environment and economy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",812]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dec2483277331400b4d713'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In its April 2010 report, Progressive ethics watchdog group Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington named Schwarzenegger one of 11 \"worst governors\" in the United States because of various ethics issues throughout Schwarzenegger's term as governor.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What group awarded Schwarzenegger the title of one of the 11 \"worst governors\" in a 2010 report?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",61]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dec2c73277331400b4d717'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Although he began his tenure as governor with record high approval ratings (as high as 89% in December 2003), he left office with a record low 23%, only one percent higher than that of Gray Davis's when he was recalled in October 2003.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Schwarzenegger's highest approval rating during his stint as governor?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'89%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",88]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dec3cc3277331400b4d71b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was Schwarzenegger's approval rating on the day his time in office ended?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'23%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",144]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dec3cc3277331400b4d71c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'During his initial campaign for governor, allegations of sexual and personal misconduct were raised against Schwarzenegger, dubbed \"Gropegate\". Within the last five days before the election, news reports appeared in the Los Angeles Times recounting allegations of sexual misconduct from several individual women, six of whom eventually came forward with their personal stories.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the controversy around Schwarzenegger's first gubernatorial campaign nicknamed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Gropegate'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",133]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dec4913277331400b4d71f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many women spoke out publicly about misconduct on Schwarzenegger's part?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'six'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",314]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dec4913277331400b4d720'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which newspaper broke the story about Schwarzenegger's alleged sexual misconduct?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Los Angeles Times'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",221]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dec4913277331400b4d721'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Three of the women claimed he had grabbed their breasts, a fourth said he placed his hand under her skirt on her buttock. A fifth woman claimed Schwarzenegger tried to take off her bathing suit in a hotel elevator, and the last said he pulled her onto his lap and asked her about a sex act.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'One woman accused Schwarzenegger of trying to remove what item of clothing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'bathing suit'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",182]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dec571c65bf219000b3d33'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Schwarzenegger admitted that he has \"behaved badly sometimes\" and apologized, but also stated that \"a lot of [what] you see in the stories is not true\". This came after an interview in adult magazine Oui from 1977 surfaced, in which Schwarzenegger discussed attending sexual orgies and using substances such as marijuana. Schwarzenegger is shown smoking a marijuana joint after winning Mr. Olympia in the 1975 documentary film Pumping Iron. In an interview with GQ magazine in October 2007, Schwarzenegger said, \"[Marijuana] is not a drug. It's a leaf. My drug was pumping iron, trust me.\" His spokesperson later said the comment was meant to be a joke.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What magazine published an interview quoting Schwarzenegger calling marijuana a \"leaf\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'GQ'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",463]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dec6913277331400b4d725'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What drug does the documentary Pumping Iron show Schwarzenegger using?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'marijuana'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",312]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dec6913277331400b4d726'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'British television personality Anna Richardson settled a libel lawsuit in August 2006 against Schwarzenegger, his top aide, Sean Walsh, and his publicist, Sheryl Main. A joint statement read: \"The parties are content to put this matter behind them and are pleased that this legal dispute has now been settled.\" Richardson claimed they tried to tarnish her reputation by dismissing her allegations that Schwarzenegger touched her breast during a press event for The 6th Day in London. She claimed Walsh and Main libeled her in a Los Angeles Times article when they contended she encouraged his behavior.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who sued Schwarzenegger and two of his employees for libel, settling in 2006?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Anna Richardson'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",32]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dec7983277331400b4d729'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What movie was Schwarzenegger promoting when the alleged incident took place?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The 6th Day'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",462]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dec7983277331400b4d72a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What paper did Richardson claim was used by Schwarzenegger's publicist and aide to discredit her?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Los Angeles Times'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",529]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dec7983277331400b4d72b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Schwarzenegger became a naturalized U.S. citizen on September 17, 1983. Shortly before he gained his citizenship, he asked the Austrian authorities for the right to keep his Austrian citizenship, as Austria does not usually allow dual citizenship. His request was granted, and he retained his Austrian citizenship. In 2005, Peter Pilz, a member of the Austrian Parliament from the Austrian Green Party, demanded that Parliament revoke Schwarzenegger's Austrian citizenship due to his decision not to prevent the executions of Donald Beardslee and Stanley Williams, causing damage of reputation to Austria, where the death penalty has been abolished since 1968. This demand was based on Article 33 of the Austrian Citizenship Act that states: \"A citizen, who is in the public service of a foreign country, shall be deprived of his citizenship, if he heavily damages the reputation or the interests of the Austrian Republic.\" Pilz claimed that Schwarzenegger's actions in support of the death penalty (prohibited in Austria under Protocol 13 of the European Convention on Human Rights) had indeed done damage to Austria's reputation. Schwarzenegger explained his actions by referring to the fact that his only duty as Governor of California was to prevent an error in the judicial system.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did Austria outlaw the death penalty?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1968'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",656]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dec8773277331400b4d72f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which member of Austrian parliament wanted Schwarzenegger to lose his Austrian citizenship?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Peter Pilz'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",325]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dec8773277331400b4d730'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On September 27, 2006 Schwarzenegger signed a bill creating the nation's first cap on greenhouse gas emissions. The law set new regulations on the amount of emissions utilities, refineries and manufacturing plants are allowed to release into the atmosphere. Schwarzenegger also signed a second global warming bill that prohibits large utilities and corporations in California from making long-term contracts with suppliers who do not meet the state's greenhouse gas emission standards. The two bills are part of a plan to reduce California's emissions by 25 percent to 1990s levels by 2020. In 2005, Schwarzenegger issued an executive order calling to reduce greenhouse gases to 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What date marked the first law restricting greenhouse gas emissions?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'September 27, 2006'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dec9fa3277331400b4d733'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The regulations pertain to emissions from utilities, manufacturing plants, and what other entity?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'refineries'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",179]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dec9fa3277331400b4d734'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year has Schwarzenegger set as the deadline for California to show a 25% reduction in emissions?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2020'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",586]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dec9fa3277331400b4d735'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Schwarzenegger signed another executive order on October 17, 2006 allowing California to work with the Northeast's Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative. They plan to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by issuing a limited amount of carbon credits to each power plant in participating states. Any power plants that exceed emissions for the amount of carbon credits will have to purchase more credits to cover the difference. The plan took effect in 2009. In addition to using his political power to fight global warming, the governor has taken steps at his home to reduce his personal carbon footprint. Schwarzenegger has adapted one of his Hummers to run on hydrogen and another to run on biofuels. He has also installed solar panels to heat his home.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What region of the U.S. has California partnered with on the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Northeast'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",100]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56decc79c65bf219000b3d35'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What green technology did Schwarzenegger have installed at home to reduce his carbon footprint? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'solar panels'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",717]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56decc79c65bf219000b3d36'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did the Greenhouse Gas Initiative go into effect?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2009'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",444]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56decc79c65bf219000b3d37'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What particular pollutant was Schwarzenegger addressing with his 2006 executive order?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'carbon dioxide emissions'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",172]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56decc79c65bf219000b3d38'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In respect of his contribution to the direction of the US motor industry, Schwarzenegger was invited to open the 2009 SAE World Congress in Detroit, on April 20, 2009.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what city was the SAE World Congress held in 2009?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Detroit'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",141]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56deccb0c65bf219000b3d3d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In October 2013, the New York Post reported that Schwarzenegger was exploring a future run for president. The former California governor would face a constitutional hurdle; Article II, Section I, Clause V nominally prevents individuals who are not natural-born citizens of the United States from assuming the office. He has reportedly been lobbying legislators about a possible constitutional change, or filing a legal challenge to the provision. Columbia University law professor Michael Dorf observed that Schwarzenegger's possible lawsuit could ultimately win him the right to run for the office, noting, \"The law is very clear, but it’s not 100 percent clear that the courts would enforce that law rather than leave it to the political process.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What article, section, and clause of the Constitution requires U.S. presidents to be natural-born citizens?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Article II, Section I, Clause V'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",174]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dece3bc65bf219000b3d3f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In 2013, what newspaper claimed Schwarzenegger was considering a presidential campaign?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the New York Post'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",18]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dece3bc65bf219000b3d40'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Michael Dorf is a law professor at what school?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Columbia University'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",448]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dece3bc65bf219000b3d41'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Schwarzenegger has had a highly successful business career. Following his move to the United States, Schwarzenegger became a \"prolific goal setter\" and would write his objectives at the start of the year on index cards, like starting a mail order business or buying a new car – and succeed in doing so. By the age of 30, Schwarzenegger was a millionaire, well before his career in Hollywood. His financial independence came from his success as a budding entrepreneur with a series of successful business ventures and investments.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where would Schwarzenegger write down his goals?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'index cards'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",208]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56decebc3277331400b4d739'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Schwarzenegger became a millionaire by what age?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'30'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",318]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56decebc3277331400b4d73a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1968, Schwarzenegger and fellow bodybuilder Franco Columbu started a bricklaying business. The business flourished thanks to the pair's marketing savvy and an increased demand following the 1971 San Fernando earthquake. Schwarzenegger and Columbu used profits from their bricklaying venture to start a mail order business, selling bodybuilding and fitness-related equipment and instructional tapes.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'With which of his friends did Schwarzenegger start a bricklaying company?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Franco Columbu'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",48]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56decf643277331400b4d73d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What natural disaster in 1971 contributed to the success of Schwarzenegger's business?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'San Fernando earthquake'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",199]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56decf643277331400b4d73e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Schwarzenegger rolled profits from the mail order business and his bodybuilding competition winnings into his first real estate investment venture: an apartment building he purchased for $10,000. He would later go on to invest in a number of real estate holding companies.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much did Schwarzenegger pay for the first apartment building he bought?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$10,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",188]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56decfc63277331400b4d741'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Schwarzenegger was a founding celebrity investor in the Planet Hollywood chain of international theme restaurants (modeled after the Hard Rock Cafe) along with Bruce Willis, Sylvester Stallone and Demi Moore. Schwarzenegger severed his financial ties with the business in early 2000. Schwarzenegger said the company had not had the success he had hoped for, claiming he wanted to focus his attention on \"new US global business ventures\" and his movie career.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What restaurant chain did Schwarzenegger invest in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Planet Hollywood'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",57]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ded0573277331400b4d743'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Schwarzenegger withdraw from involvement with Planet Hollywood?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",279]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ded0573277331400b4d744'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What other successful theme restaurant chain was Planet Hollywood modeled on?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Hard Rock Cafe'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",130]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ded0573277331400b4d745'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'He also invested in a shopping mall in Columbus, Ohio. He has talked about some of those who have helped him over the years in business: \"I couldn't have learned about business without a parade of teachers guiding me... from Milton Friedman to Donald Trump... and now, Les Wexner and Warren Buffett. I even learned a thing or two from Planet Hollywood, such as when to get out! And I did!\" He has significant ownership in Dimensional Fund Advisors, an investment firm. Schwarzenegger is also the owner of Arnold's Sports Festival, which he started in 1989 and is held annually in Columbus, Ohio. It is a festival that hosts thousands of international health and fitness professionals which has also expanded into a three-day expo. He also owns a movie production company called Oak Productions, Inc. and Fitness Publications, a joint publishing venture with Simon & Schuster.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What investment firm does Schwarzenegger maintain partial ownership of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Dimensional Fund Advisors'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",423]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ded12cc65bf219000b3d45'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What city hosts Arnold's Sports Festival each year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Columbus, Ohio'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",40]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ded12cc65bf219000b3d46'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What's the name of Schwarzenegger's film production company?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Oak Productions, Inc.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",779]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ded12cc65bf219000b3d47'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What renowned publishing company partners with Schwarzenegger in Fitness Publications?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Simon & Schuster'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",859]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ded12cc65bf219000b3d48'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1992, Schwarzenegger and his wife opened a restaurant in Santa Monica called Schatzi On Main. Schatzi literally means \"little treasure,\" colloquial for \"honey\" or \"darling\" in German. In 1998, he sold his restaurant.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What's the name of the restaurant Schwarzenegger opened with his wife?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Schatzi On Main'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",81]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ded1eac65bf219000b3d4d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where is the Schwarzenegger restaurant located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Santa Monica'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",61]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ded1eac65bf219000b3d4e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the literal translation of the word \"schatzi\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'little treasure'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",123]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ded1eac65bf219000b3d4f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did Schwarzenegger sell Schatzi on Main?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1998'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",191]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ded1eac65bf219000b3d50'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Schwarzenegger's net worth had been conservatively estimated at $100–$200 million. After separating from his wife, Maria Shriver, in 2011, it has been estimated that his net worth has been approximately $400 million, and even as high as $800 million, based on tax returns he filed in 2006. Over the years as an investor, he invested his bodybuilding and movie earnings in an array of stocks, bonds, privately controlled companies, and real estate holdings worldwide, making his net worth as an accurate estimation difficult to calculate, particularly in light of declining real estate values owing to economic recessions in the U.S. and Europe since the late 2000s. In June 1997, Schwarzenegger spent $38 million of his own money on a private Gulfstream jet. Schwarzenegger once said of his fortune, \"Money doesn't make you happy. I now have $50 million, but I was just as happy when I had $48 million.\" He has also stated, \"I've made many millions as a businessman many times over.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did Schwarzenegger and Maria Shriver separate?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2011'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",134]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ded2bbc65bf219000b3d55'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the price tag for the private jet Schwarzenegger bought in 1997?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$38 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",702]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ded2bbc65bf219000b3d57'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1969, Schwarzenegger met Barbara Outland (later Barbara Outland Baker), an English teacher he lived with until 1974. Schwarzenegger talked about Barbara in his memoir in 1977: \"Basically it came down to this: she was a well-balanced woman who wanted an ordinary, solid life, and I was not a well-balanced man, and hated the very idea of ordinary life.\" Baker has described Schwarzenegger as \"[a] joyful personality, totally charismatic, adventurous, and athletic\" but claims towards the end of the relationship he became \"insufferable – classically conceited – the world revolved around him\". Baker published her memoir in 2006, entitled Arnold and Me: In the Shadow of the Austrian Oak. Although Baker, at times, painted an unflattering portrait of her former lover, Schwarzenegger actually contributed to the tell-all book with a foreword, and also met with Baker for three hours. Baker claims, for example, that she only learned of his being unfaithful after they split, and talks of a turbulent and passionate love life. Schwarzenegger has made it clear that their respective recollection of events can differ. The couple first met six to eight months after his arrival in the U.S – their first date was watching the first Apollo Moon landing on television. They shared an apartment in Santa Monica for three and a half years, and having little money, would visit the beach all day, or have barbecues in the back yard. Although Baker claims that when she first met him, he had \"little understanding of polite society\" and she found him a turn-off, she says, \"He's as much a self-made man as it's possible to be – he never got encouragement from his parents, his family, his brother. He just had this huge determination to prove himself, and that was very attractive … I'll go to my grave knowing Arnold loved me.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did Schwarzenegger's former girlfriend Barbara Outland Baker publish her memoir?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2006'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",627]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ded3dac65bf219000b3d5b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Baker say Schwarzenegger didn't understand when she first met him?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'polite society'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1510]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ded3dac65bf219000b3d5c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What historical event did Baker and Schwarzenegger watch on TV together on their first date?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the first Apollo Moon landing'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1221]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ded3dac65bf219000b3d5d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Schwarzenegger met his next paramour, Sue Moray, a Beverly Hills hairdresser's assistant, on Venice Beach in July 1977. According to Moray, the couple led an open relationship: \"We were faithful when we were both in LA … but when he was out of town, we were free to do whatever we wanted.\" Schwarzenegger met Maria Shriver at the Robert F. Kennedy Tennis Tournament in August 1977, and went on to have a relationship with both women until August 1978, when Moray (who knew of his relationship with Shriver) issued an ultimatum.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the hairdresser's assistant Schwarzenegger fell for in July of 1977?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sue Moray'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",39]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ded4883277331400b4d749'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did Schwarzenegger first meet Maria Shriver?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Robert F. Kennedy Tennis Tournament'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",327]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ded4883277331400b4d74a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What month and year did Moray make Schwarzenegger choose between her and Shriver?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'August 1978'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",440]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ded4883277331400b4d74b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On April 26, 1986, Schwarzenegger married television journalist Maria Shriver, niece of President John F. Kennedy, in Hyannis, Massachusetts. The Rev. John Baptist Riordan performed the ceremony at St. Francis Xavier Catholic Church. They have four children: Katherine Eunice Schwarzenegger (born December 13, 1989 in Los Angeles); Christina Maria Aurelia Schwarzenegger (born July 23, 1991 in Los Angeles); Patrick Arnold Shriver Schwarzenegger (born September 18, 1993 in Los Angeles); and Christopher Sargent Shriver Schwarzenegger (born September 27, 1997 in Los Angeles). Schwarzenegger lives in a 11,000-square-foot (1,000 m2) home in Brentwood. The divorcing couple currently own vacation homes in Sun Valley, Idaho and Hyannis Port, Massachusetts. They attended St. Monica's Catholic Church. Following their separation, it is reported that Schwarzenegger is dating physical therapist Heather Milligan.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is Maria Shriver's relation to President John F. Kennedy'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'niece'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",80]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ded5bbc65bf219000b3d64'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What Massachusetts town was the setting for the wedding between Shriver and Schwarzenegger?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hyannis'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",119]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ded5bbc65bf219000b3d65'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many children did Schwarzenegger and Shriver have together?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'four'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",245]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ded5bbc65bf219000b3d66'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who did Schwarzenegger reportedly begin dating shortly after his separation?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Heather Milligan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",893]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ded5bbc65bf219000b3d67'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On May 9, 2011, Shriver and Schwarzenegger ended their relationship after 25 years of marriage, with Shriver moving out of the couple's Brentwood mansion. On May 16, 2011, the Los Angeles Times revealed that Schwarzenegger had fathered a son more than fourteen years earlier with an employee in their household, Mildred Patricia 'Patty' Baena. \"After leaving the governor's office I told my wife about this event, which occurred over a decade ago,\" Schwarzenegger said in a statement issued to The Times. In the statement, Schwarzenegger did not mention that he had confessed to his wife only after Shriver had confronted him with the information, which she had done after confirming with the housekeeper what she had suspected about the child.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How long were Schwarzenegger and Shriver married?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'25 years'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",75]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ded6593277331400b4d751'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What newspaper broke the story about Schwarzenegger's child with another woman?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Los Angeles Times'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",173]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ded6593277331400b4d752'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Fifty-year-old Baena, of Guatemalan origin, was employed by the family for 20 years and retired in January 2011. The pregnant Baena was working in the home while Shriver was pregnant with the youngest of the couple’s four children. Baena's son with Schwarzenegger, Joseph, was born on October 2, 1997; Shriver gave birth to Christopher on September 27, 1997. Schwarzenegger says it took seven or eight years before he found out that he had fathered a child with his housekeeper. It wasn't until the boy \"started looking like me, that's when I kind of got it. I put things together,\" the action star and former California governor, told 60 Minutes. Schwarzenegger has taken financial responsibility for the child \"from the start and continued to provide support.\" KNX 1070 radio reported that in 2010 he bought a new four-bedroom house, with a pool, for Baena and their son in Bakersfield, about 112 miles (180 km) north of Los Angeles. Baena separated from her husband, Rogelio, in 1997, a few months after Joseph's birth, and filed for divorce in 2008. Baena's ex-husband says that the child's birth certificate was falsified and that he plans to sue Schwarzenegger for engaging in conspiracy to falsify a public document, a serious crime in California.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Baena worked for the Schwarzenegger\/Shriver family for how many years?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'20'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",76]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ded70f3277331400b4d755'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What's the first name of Schwarzenegger's son with Baena?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Joseph'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",266]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ded70f3277331400b4d756'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Schwarzenegger bought Baena and their son a four-bedroom house in what year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2010'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",796]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ded70f3277331400b4d757'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Schwarzenegger has consulted an attorney, Bob Kaufman. Kaufman has earlier handled divorce cases for celebrities such as Jennifer Aniston and Reese Witherspoon. Schwarzenegger will keep the Brentwood home as part of their divorce settlement and Shriver has purchased a new home nearby so that the children may travel easily between their parents' homes. They will share custody of the two minor children. Schwarzenegger came under fire after the initial petition did not include spousal support and a reimbursement of attorney's fees. However, he claims this was not intentional and that he signed the initial documents without having properly read them. Schwarzenegger has filed amended divorce papers remedying this.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which attorney did Schwarzenegger consult to handle his divorce?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Bob Kaufman'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",43]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ded8093277331400b4d75b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which of the two kept their family home in Brentwood?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Schwarzenegger'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ded8093277331400b4d75c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Schwarzenegger's initial divorce petition failed to provide for attorney's fee reimbursement and what other condition of divorce?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'spousal support'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",480]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ded8093277331400b4d75d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'After the scandal, actress Brigitte Nielsen came forward and stated that she too had an affair with Schwarzenegger while he was in a relationship with Shriver, saying, \"Maybe I wouldn't have got into it if he said 'I'm going to marry Maria' and this is dead serious, but he didn't, and our affair carried on.\" When asked in 2014 \"Of all the things you are famous for … which are you least proud of?\", Schwarzenegger replied \"I'm least proud of the mistakes I made that caused my family pain and split us up\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What actress claimed she also carried on an affair with Schwarzenegger while he was with Shriver?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Brigitte Nielsen'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",28]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ded8513277331400b4d761'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Schwarzenegger was born with a bicuspid aortic valve, an aortic valve with only two leaflets (a normal aortic valve has three leaflets). Schwarzenegger opted in 1997 for a replacement heart valve made of his own transplanted tissue; medical experts predicted he would require heart valve replacement surgery in the following two to eight years as his valve would progressively degrade. Schwarzenegger apparently opted against a mechanical valve, the only permanent solution available at the time of his surgery, because it would have sharply limited his physical activity and capacity to exercise.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What word describes an aortic valve with two rather than three leaflets?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'bicuspid'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",32]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ded8b43277331400b4d765'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Schwarzenegger underwent heart valve replacement in what year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1997'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",162]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ded8b43277331400b4d766'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On January 8, 2006, while Schwarzenegger was riding his Harley Davidson motorcycle in Los Angeles, with his son Patrick in the sidecar, another driver backed into the street he was riding on, causing him and his son to collide with the car at a low speed. While his son and the other driver were unharmed, the governor sustained a minor injury to his lip, requiring 15 stitches. \"No citations were issued\", said Officer Jason Lee, a Los Angeles Police Department spokesman. Schwarzenegger did not obtain his motorcycle license until July 3, 2006.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which of Schwarzenegger's sons was with him when he had a motorcycle accident in 2006?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Patrick'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",113]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56ded9b5c65bf219000b3d77'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Schwarzenegger tripped over his ski pole and broke his right femur while skiing in Sun Valley, Idaho, with his family on December 23, 2006. On December 26, 2006, he underwent a 90-minute operation in which cables and screws were used to wire the broken bone back together. He was released from the St. John's Health Center on December 30, 2006.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What bone did Schwarzenegger break while on a ski trip in 2006?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'right femur'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",56]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56deda17c65bf219000b3d7b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was Schwarzenegger vacationing when he broke his leg?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sun Valley, Idaho'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",84]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56deda17c65bf219000b3d7c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Schwarzenegger's private jet made an emergency landing at Van Nuys Airport on June 19, 2009, after the pilot reported smoke coming from the cockpit, according to a statement released by the governor's press secretary. No one was harmed in the incident.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'At what airport was Schwarzenegger's jet forced to make an emergency landing in 2009?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Van Nuys Airport'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",59]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56deda76c65bf219000b3d81'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Schwarzenegger's official height of 6'2\" (1.88 m) has been brought into question by several articles. In his bodybuilding days in the late 1960s, he was measured to be 6'1.5\" (1.87 m), a height confirmed by his fellow bodybuilders. However, in 1988 both the Daily Mail and Time Out magazine mentioned that Schwarzenegger appeared noticeably shorter. Prior to running for Governor, Schwarzenegger's height was once again questioned in an article by the Chicago Reader. As Governor, Schwarzenegger engaged in a light-hearted exchange with Assemblyman Herb Wesson over their heights. At one point, Wesson made an unsuccessful attempt to, in his own words, \"settle this once and for all and find out how tall he is\" by using a tailor's tape measure on the Governor. Schwarzenegger retaliated by placing a pillow stitched with the words \"Need a lift?\" on the five-foot-five inch (165 cm) Wesson's chair before a negotiating session in his office. Bob Mulholland also claimed Schwarzenegger was 5'10\" (1.78 m) and that he wore risers in his boots. In 1999, Men's Health magazine stated his height was 5'10\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How tall does Schwarzenegger claim to be?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'6'2\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",37]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dedb693277331400b4d769'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What Assemblyman playfully tried to measure Schwarzenegger's height?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Herb Wesson'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",550]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dedb693277331400b4d76a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How tall did Men's Health magazine report Schwarzenegger to be in a 1999 issue?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'5'10\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",990]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dedb693277331400b4d76b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Schwarzenegger's autobiography, Total Recall, was released in October 2012. He devotes one chapter called \"The Secret\" to his extramarital affair. The majority of his book is about his successes in the three major chapters in his life: bodybuilder, actor, and Governor of California.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What's the title of Schwarzenegger's autobiography?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Total Recall'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",33]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dedbce3277331400b4d76f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Schwarzenegger name the chapter of the book that addresses his extramarital affair?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"The Secret\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",107]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dedbce3277331400b4d770'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was Schwarzenegger's autobiography released?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'October 2012'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",63]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dedbce3277331400b4d771'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Schwarzenegger was the first civilian to purchase a Humvee. He was so enamored by the vehicle that he lobbied the Humvee's manufacturer, AM General, to produce a street-legal, civilian version, which they did in 1992; the first two Hummers they sold were also purchased by Schwarzenegger.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did AM General grant Schwarzenegger's wish for a street-legal Humvee?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1992'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",213]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dedc703277331400b4d775'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In addition to the Humvee, what other vehicle manufactured by AM General was Schwarzenegger first to own?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hummers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",233]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dedc703277331400b4d776'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'He was in the news in 2014 for buying a rare Bugatti Veyron Grand Sport Vitesse. He was spotted and filmed in 2015 Summer in his car, silver painted with bright aluminium forged wheels. Schwarzenegger's Bugatti has its interior adorned in dark brown leather.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What color is the exterior of Schwarzenegger's Bugatti Veyron Grand Sport Vitesse?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'silver'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",135]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dedcef3277331400b4d779'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Hummers that Schwarzenegger bought 1992 are so large – each weighs 6,300 lb (2,900 kg) and is 7 feet (2.1 m) wide – that they are classified as large trucks, and U.S. fuel economy regulations do not apply to them. During the gubernatorial recall campaign he announced that he would convert one of his Hummers to burn hydrogen. The conversion was reported to have cost about US$21,000. After the election, he signed an executive order to jump-start the building of hydrogen refueling plants called the California Hydrogen Highway Network, and gained a U.S. Department of Energy grant to help pay for its projected US$91,000,000 cost. California took delivery of the first H2H (Hydrogen Hummer) in October 2004.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many pounds does one of Schwarzenegger's Hummers weigh?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'6,300'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",72]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dede26c65bf219000b3d83'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much did Schwarzenegger spend to convert a Hummer to run on hydrogen?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'$21,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",381]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dede26c65bf219000b3d84'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Schwarzenegger name his plan to build hydrogen refueling stations throughout California?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'California Hydrogen Highway Network'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",506]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dede26c65bf219000b3d85'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What governmental department contributed a grant to Schwarzenegger's hydrogen fuel project?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'U.S. Department of Energy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",556]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dede26c65bf219000b3d86'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger has been involved with the Special Olympics for many years after they were founded by his ex-mother-in-law, Eunice Kennedy Shriver. In 2007, Schwarzenegger was the official spokesperson for the Special Olympics which were held in Shanghai, China. Schwarzenegger believes that quality school opportunities should be made available to children who might not normally be able to access them. In 1995, he founded the Inner City Games Foundation (ICG) which provides cultural, educational and community enrichment programming to youth. ICG is active in 15 cities around the country and serves over 250,000 children in over 400 schools countrywide. He has also been involved with After-School All-Stars, and founded the Los Angeles branch in 2002. ASAS is an after school program provider, educating youth about health, fitness and nutrition.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What nonprofit did Schwarzenegger found in 1995?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Inner City Games Foundation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",432]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dedef03277331400b4d78b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Schwarzenegger was the spokesperson for the Special Olympic games held in what city in China?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Shanghai'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",253]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dedef03277331400b4d78c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'About how many schools across the country is ICG active in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'400'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",641]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dedef03277331400b4d78d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 2012, Schwarzenegger helped to found the Schwarzenegger Institute for State and Global Policy, which is a part of the USC Sol Price School of Public Policy at the University of Southern California. The Institute's mission is to \"[advance] post-partisanship, where leaders put people over political parties and work together to find the best ideas and solutions to benefit the people they serve,\" and to \"seek to influence public policy and public debate in finding solutions to the serious challenges we face.\" Schwarzenegger serves as chairman of the Institute.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What school within the University of Southern California does the Schwarzenegger Institute for State and Global Policy belong to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the USC Sol Price School of Public Policy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",118]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dedfc3c65bf219000b3d9d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was the Schwarzenegger Institute for State and Global Policy founded?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2012'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dedfc3c65bf219000b3d9e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What position does Schwarzenegger hold with the Institute?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'chairman'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",540]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dedfc3c65bf219000b3d9f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Arnold Schwarzenegger'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Plymouth (i\/ˈplɪməθ\/) is a city on the south coast of Devon, England, about 37 miles (60 km) south-west of Exeter and 190 miles (310 km) west-south-west of London, between the mouths of the rivers Plym to the east and Tamar to the west where they join Plymouth Sound to form the boundary with Cornwall.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In kilometers, what is the distance from Plymouth to Exeter?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'60'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",87]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de64cf4396321400ee2875'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many miles away from London is Plymouth?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'190'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",119]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de64cf4396321400ee2876'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What river borders Plymouth on the west?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tamar'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",219]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de64cf4396321400ee2877'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what county is Plymouth located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Devon'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",55]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de64cf4396321400ee2878'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what body of water do the rivers Tamar and Plym converge?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Plymouth Sound'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",253]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de64cf4396321400ee2879'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Plymouth'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Plymouth's early history extends to the Bronze Age, when a first settlement emerged at Mount Batten. This settlement continued as a trading post for the Roman Empire, until it was surpassed by the more prosperous village of Sutton, now called Plymouth. In 1620, the Pilgrim Fathers departed Plymouth for the New World and established Plymouth Colony – the second English settlement in what is now the United States of America. 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In 1914 three neighbouring independent towns, viz., the county borough of Plymouth, the county borough of Devonport, and the urban district of East Stonehouse were merged to form a single County Borough. The combined town took the name of Plymouth which, in 1928, achieved city status. The city's naval importance later led to its targeting and partial destruction during World War II, an act known as the Plymouth Blitz. After the war the city centre was completely rebuilt and subsequent expansion led to the incorporation of Plympton and Plymstock along with other outlying suburbs in 1967.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What nearby settlement built ships for the Royal Navy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Devonport'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",239]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de664ccffd8e1900b4b862'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did Plymouth become a city?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1928'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",570]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de664ccffd8e1900b4b863'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the term used to describe the attacks on Plymouth during the Second World War?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Plymouth Blitz'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",718]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de664ccffd8e1900b4b864'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was Plymstock incorporated?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1967'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",900]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de664ccffd8e1900b4b865'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Along with Plymouth and Devonport, what location was merged into a county borough in 1914?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'East Stonehouse'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",455]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de664ccffd8e1900b4b866'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Plymouth'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The city is home to 261,546 (mid-2014 est.) people, making it the 30th most populous built-up area in the United Kingdom. It is governed locally by Plymouth City Council and is represented nationally by three MPs. Plymouth's economy remains strongly influenced by shipbuilding and seafaring including ferry links to Brittany (Roscoff and St Malo) and Spain (Santander), but has tended toward a service-based economy since the 1990s. 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At the time this village was called Sutton, meaning south town in Old English. The name Plym Mouth, meaning \"mouth of the River Plym\" was first mentioned in a Pipe Roll of 1211. The name Plymouth first officially replaced Sutton in a charter of King Henry VI in 1440. 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Plymouth was the home port for successful maritime traders, among them Sir John Hawkins, who led England's first foray into the Atlantic slave trade, as well as Sir Francis Drake, Mayor of Plymouth in 1581 and 1593. According to legend, Drake insisted on completing his game of bowls on the Hoe before engaging the Spanish Armada in 1588. 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It was an important embarkation point for US troops for D-Day. The city was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe, in a series of 59 raids known as the Plymouth Blitz. Although the dockyards were the principal targets, much of the city centre and over 3,700 houses were completely destroyed and more than 1,000 civilians lost their lives. 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Each year a third of the council is up for election for three consecutive years – there are no elections on the following \"fourth\" year, which is when County Council elections take place. The total electorate for Plymouth was 188,924 in April 2015. The local election of 7 May 2015 resulted in a political composition of 28 Labour councillors, 26 Conservative and 3 UKIP resulting in a Labour administration. 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The position is elected each year by a group of six councillors. It is traditional that the position of the Lord Mayor alternates between the Conservative Party and the Labour Party annually and that the Lord Mayor chooses the Deputy Lord Mayor. 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The Atlantic depressions are more vigorous in autumn and winter and most of the rain which falls in those seasons in the south-west is from this source. Average annual rainfall is around 980 millimetres (39 in). November to March have the highest mean wind speeds, with June to August having the lightest winds. 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This was renamed Dockyard Technical College in 1959 before finally closing in 1994; training was transferred to the University of Southampton.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What maritime institution of higher education existed in Plymouth as of 1880?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Royal Naval Engineering College'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",27]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df660896943c1400a5d4d7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Royal Naval Engineering College shut its doors in Plymouth?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1910'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",233]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df660896943c1400a5d4d8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the Royal Naval Engineering College renamed in 1959?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Dockyard Technical College'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",301]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df660896943c1400a5d4d9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did the Dockyard Technical College close?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1994'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",362]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df660896943c1400a5d4da'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'After the Dockyard Technical College closed, where were classes relocated to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'University of Southampton'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",400]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df660896943c1400a5d4db'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Plymouth'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Plymouth is home to the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom (MBA) which conducts research in all areas of the marine sciences. The Plymouth Marine Laboratory is an offshoot of the MBA. Together with the National Marine Aquarium, the Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences, Plymouth University's Marine Institute and the Diving Diseases Research Centre, these marine-related organisations form the Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership. The Plymouth Marine Laboratory, which focuses on global issues of climate change and sustainability. It monitors the effects of ocean acidity on corals and shellfish and reports the results to the UK government. It also cultivates algae that could be used to make biofuels or in the treatment of waste water by using technology such as photo-bioreactors. It works alongside the Boots Group to investigate the use of algae in skin care protects, taking advantage of the chemicals they contain that adapt to protect themselves from the sun.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What organization known as the MBA is based in Plymouth?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Marine Biological Association'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",25]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df6adb5ca0a614008f99e1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What Plymouth organization is named for Sir Alister Hardy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",250]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df6adb5ca0a614008f99e2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What marine facility is attached to the University of Plymouth?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Marine Institute'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",321]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df6adb5ca0a614008f99e3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What group are many of Plymouth's marine organizations a part of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",423]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df6adb5ca0a614008f99e4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the aquarium present in Plymouth?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'National Marine Aquarium'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",220]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df6adb5ca0a614008f99e5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Plymouth'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'From the 2011 Census, the Office for National Statistics published that Plymouth's unitary authority area population was 256,384; 15,664 more people than that of the last census from 2001, which indicated that Plymouth had a population of 240,720. The Plymouth urban area had a population of 260,203 in 2011 (the urban sprawl which extends outside the authority's boundaries). The city's average household size was 2.3 persons. At the time of the 2011 UK census, the ethnic composition of Plymouth's population was 96.2% White (of 92.9% was White British), with the largest minority ethnic group being Chinese at 0.5%. The white Irish ethnic group saw the largest decline in its share of the population since the 2001 Census (-24%), while the Other Asian and Black African had the largest increases (360% and 351% respectively). This excludes the two new ethnic groups added to the 2011 census of Gypsy or Irish Traveller and Arab. The population rose rapidly during the second half of the 19th century, but declined by over 1.6% from 1931 to 1951.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the population of Plymouth unitary authority circa 2011?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'256,384'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",122]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df6b6d5ca0a614008f99f5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the population of Plymouth unitary authority circa 2001?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'240,720'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",240]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df6b6d5ca0a614008f99f6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people did the Plymouth unitary authority gain between 2001 and 2011?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'15,664'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",131]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df6b6d5ca0a614008f99f7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the average number of people in a Plymouth household?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2.3'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",416]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df6b6d5ca0a614008f99f8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percentage of Plymouth residents in 2011 were of Chinese ancestry?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'0.5'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",614]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df6b6d5ca0a614008f99f9'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Plymouth'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Plymouth's gross value added (a measure of the size of its economy) was 5,169 million GBP in 2013 making up 25% of Devon's GVA. 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Life expectancy, at 78.3 years for men and 82.1 for women, was the lowest of any region in the South West of England.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What percentage of Plymouth residents were suffering from poverty and deprivation in 2014?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'26.2%'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",122]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df6c5a56340a1900b29af6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'As of 2014, what was the life expectancy of male Plymouth residents?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'78.3 years'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",199]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df6c5a56340a1900b29af7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'As of 2014, what was the life expectancy of female Plymouth residents?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'82.1'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",222]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df6c5a56340a1900b29af8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did Plymouth's life expectancy rank out of the regions of South West England?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'lowest'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",246]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df6c5a56340a1900b29af9'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Plymouth'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Because of its coastal location, the economy of Plymouth has traditionally been maritime, in particular the defence sector with over 12,000 people employed and approximately 7,500 in the armed forces. The Plymouth Gin Distillery has been producing Plymouth Gin since 1793, which was exported around the world by the Royal Navy. During the 1930s, it was the most widely distributed gin and has a controlled term of origin. Since the 1980s, employment in the defence sector has decreased substantially and the public sector is now prominent particularly in administration, health, education, medicine and engineering.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many Plymouth residents are employed in defense?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'12,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",134]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df6cb85ca0a614008f9a03'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'About how many Plymouth residents are serving in the military?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'7,500'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",175]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df6cb85ca0a614008f9a04'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was Plymouth Gin first distilled?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1793'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",268]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df6cb85ca0a614008f9a05'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What company produces Plymouth Gin?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Plymouth Gin Distillery'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",206]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df6cb85ca0a614008f9a06'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'During what decade was Plymouth Gin the most widely consumed in the world?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the 1930s'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",336]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df6cb85ca0a614008f9a07'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Plymouth'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Devonport Dockyard is the UK's only naval base that refits nuclear submarines and the Navy estimates that the Dockyard generates about 10% of Plymouth's income. Plymouth has the largest cluster of marine and maritime businesses in the south west with 270 firms operating within the sector. Other substantial employers include the university with almost 3,000 staff, as well as the Tamar Science Park employing 500 people in 50 companies. 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At the west end of the zone inside a grade II listed building is the Pannier Market that was completed in 1959 – pannier meaning \"basket\" from French, so it translates as \"basket market\". In terms of retail floorspace, Plymouth is ranked in the top five in the South West, and 29th nationally. Plymouth was one of the first ten British cities to trial the new Business Improvement District initiative. The Tinside Pool is situated at the foot of the Hoe and became a grade II listed building in 1998 before being restored to its 1930s look for £3.4 million.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What notable shop is located in a grade II listed building?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pannier Market'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",163]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df6d765ca0a614008f9a0d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was Pannier Market finished?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1959'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",200]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df6d765ca0a614008f9a0e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is Plymouth's national rank in retail floorspace?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'29th'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",371]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df6d765ca0a614008f9a0f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What notable location was named a grade II listed building in 1998?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tinside Pool'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",500]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df6d765ca0a614008f9a10'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the cost to restore Tinside Pool?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'£3.4 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",638]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df6d765ca0a614008f9a11'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Plymouth'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Plymouth Council is currently undertaking a project of urban redevelopment called the \"Vision for Plymouth\" launched by the architect David Mackay and backed by both Plymouth City Council and the Plymouth Chamber of Commerce (PCC). Its projects range from shopping centres, a cruise terminal, a boulevard and to increase the population to 300,000 and build 33,000 dwellings.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of Plymouth Council's urban redevelopment project?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"Vision for Plymouth\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",87]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df6dc656340a1900b29b18'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What architect is in charge of the \"\"Vision for Plymouth\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'David Mackay'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",135]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df6dc656340a1900b29b19'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Along with Plymouth Council, what body supports the \"Vision for Plymouth\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Plymouth Chamber of Commerce'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",193]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df6dc656340a1900b29b1a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the population goal of the \"Vision for Plymouth\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'300,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",340]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df6dc656340a1900b29b1b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many residences does the \"Vision for Plymouth\" seek to build?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'33,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",358]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df6dc656340a1900b29b1c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Plymouth'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 2004 the old Drake Circus shopping centre and Charles Cross car park were demolished and replaced by the latest Drake Circus Shopping Centre, which opened in October 2006. It received negative feedback before opening when David Mackay said it was already \"ten years out of date\". In contrast, the Theatre Royal's production and education centre, TR2, which was built on wasteland at Cattedown, was a runner-up for the RIBA Stirling Prize for Architecture in 2003.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the Charles Cross car park removed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2004'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df6e3756340a1900b29b22'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what month and year was the grand opening of Drake Circus Shopping Centre?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'October 2006'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",162]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df6e3756340a1900b29b23'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was TR2 built?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Cattedown'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",387]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df6e3756340a1900b29b24'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What prize did TR2 almost win?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the RIBA Stirling Prize for Architecture in 2003'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",418]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df6e3756340a1900b29b25'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who spoke disparagingly about the Drake Circus Shopping Centre?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'David Mackay'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",226]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df6e3756340a1900b29b26'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Plymouth'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'There is a project involving the future relocation of Plymouth City Council's headquarters, the civic centre, to the current location of the Bretonside bus station; it would involve both the bus station and civic centre being demolished and a rebuilt together at the location with the land from the civic centre being sold off. Other suggestions include the demolition of the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena to create a canal \"boulevard\" linking Millbay to the city centre. Millbay is being regenerated with mixed residential, retail and office space alongside the ferry port.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What location is proposed for the future home of the Plymouth City Council headquarters?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Bretonside bus station'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",138]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df6e9556340a1900b29b30'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'To connect Millbay to the city centre, what would need to be destroyed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",373]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df6e9556340a1900b29b31'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What city region is located near a ferry terminal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Millbay'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",454]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df6e9556340a1900b29b32'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Plymouth'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The A38 dual-carriageway runs from east to west across the north of the city. Within the city it is designated as 'The Parkway' and represents the boundary between the urban parts of the city and the generally more recent suburban areas. Heading east, it connects Plymouth to the M5 motorway about 40 miles (65 km) away near Exeter; and heading west it connects Cornwall and Devon via the Tamar Bridge. Regular bus services are provided by Plymouth Citybus, First South West and Target Travel. 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There is a passenger ferry between Stonehouse and the Cornish hamlet of Cremyll, which is believed to have operated continuously since 1204. 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The team's home ground is called Home Park and is located in Central Park. It links itself with the group of English non-conformists that left Plymouth for the New World in 1620: its nickname is \"The Pilgrims\". The city also has four Non-League football clubs; Plymouth Parkway F.C. who play at Bolitho Park, Elburton Villa F.C. who play at Haye Road, Vospers Oak Villa F.C. who play at Weston Mill and Plymstock United F.C. who play at Deans Cross. 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Other past residents include composer journalist and newspaper editor William Henry Wills, Ron Goodwin, and journalist Angela Rippon and comedian Dawn French. Canadian politician and legal scholar Chris Axworthy hails from Plymouth. America based actor Donald Moffat, whose roles include American Vice President Lyndon B. 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Johnson'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",430]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df83025ca0a614008f9be3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what film did Donald Moffat play President Bennett?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Clear and Present Danger'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",512]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df83025ca0a614008f9be4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is Dawn French's job?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'comedian'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",255]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df83025ca0a614008f9be5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Plymouth'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Heresy is any provocative belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs. A heretic is a proponent of such claims or beliefs. Heresy is distinct from both apostasy, which is the explicit renunciation of one's religion, principles or cause, and blasphemy, which is an impious utterance or action concerning God or sacred things.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is heresy mainly at odds with?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'established beliefs or customs'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",78]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de6f914396321400ee28c3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a person called is practicing heresy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'A heretic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",110]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de6f914396321400ee28c4'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Heresy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The term is usually used to refer to violations of important religious teachings, but is used also of views strongly opposed to any generally accepted ideas. It is used in particular in reference to Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Marxism.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What religions and idea of thought is heresy cited as being used frequently in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Marxism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",200]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de6fdecffd8e1900b4b8c3'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Heresy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In certain historical Christian, Islamic and Jewish cultures, among others, espousing ideas deemed heretical has been and in some cases still is subjected not merely to punishments such as excommunication, but even to the death penalty.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What cultures are listed as examples of discipline for being a heretic?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Christian, Islamic and Jewish'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",23]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de6fea4396321400ee28c9'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Heresy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The term heresy is from Greek αἵρεσις originally meant \"choice\" or \"thing chosen\", but it came to mean the \"party or school of a man's choice\" and also referred to that process whereby a young person would examine various philosophies to determine how to live. The word \"heresy\" is usually used within a Christian, Jewish, or Islamic context, and implies slightly different meanings in each. The founder or leader of a heretical movement is called a heresiarch, while individuals who espouse heresy or commit heresy are known as heretics. Heresiology is the study of heresy.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What language does the term heresy find its roots in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Greek'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",25]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de70004396321400ee28cd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the relationship between the context heresy is used in for Christian, Jewish, or Islamic cultures?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'slightly different'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",356]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de70004396321400ee28ce'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the head person of a heretical movement called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'heresiarch'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",451]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de70004396321400ee28cf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the study of heresy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Heresiology'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",540]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de70004396321400ee28d0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the original meaning of heresy when translated directly from its root word?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"choice\" or \"thing chosen\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",56]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de70004396321400ee28d1'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Heresy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'According to Titus 3:10 a divisive person should be warned two times before separating from him. The Greek for the phrase \"divisive person\" became a technical term in the early Church for a type of \"heretic\" who promoted dissension. In contrast correct teaching is called sound not only because it builds up in the faith, but because it protects against the corrupting influence of false teachers.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many times is it suggested that you should warn people you are in disagreement with before parting ways?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'two times'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",60]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7016cffd8e1900b4b8c6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What term is used to describe an individual in the early Church that introduced discord?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'divisive person'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",27]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7016cffd8e1900b4b8c7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What word is used when speaking of correct teachings in contrast to a false teacher?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'sound'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",273]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7016cffd8e1900b4b8c8'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Heresy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Church Fathers identified Jews and Judaism with heresy. They saw deviations from Orthodox Christianity as heresies that were essentially Jewish in spirit. Tertullian implied that it was the Jews who most inspired heresy in Christianity: \"From the Jew the heretic has accepted guidance in this discussion [that Jesus was not the Christ.]\" Saint Peter of Antioch referred to Christians that refused to venerate religious images as having \"Jewish minds\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What culture and religion did Fathers of the Church correlate with heresy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jews and Judaism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",31]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de70364396321400ee28d7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What religion were these Fathers of the Church?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Orthodox Christianity'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",86]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de70364396321400ee28d8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who suggested that it were the Jews that brought dissension into Christianity?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tertullian'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",160]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de70364396321400ee28d9'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Heresy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The use of the word \"heresy\" was given wide currency by Irenaeus in his 2nd century tract Contra Haereses (Against Heresies) to describe and discredit his opponents during the early centuries of the Christian community.[citation needed] He described the community's beliefs and doctrines as orthodox (from ὀρθός, orthos \"straight\" + δόξα, doxa \"belief\") and the Gnostics' teachings as heretical.[citation needed] He also pointed out the concept of apostolic succession to support his arguments.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who gave more exposure to the term heresy when attempting to descredit opponents during the early centuries of Christianity?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Irenaeus'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",57]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7066cffd8e1900b4b8cc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What term did Irenaeus use to describe the Christian community's ideologies?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'orthodox'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",292]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7066cffd8e1900b4b8cd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What concept did Irenaeus cite to help support his arguments?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'apostolic succession'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",449]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7066cffd8e1900b4b8cf'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Heresy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Constantine the Great, who along with Licinius had decreed toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire by what is commonly called the \"Edict of Milan\", and was the first Roman Emperor baptized, set precedents for later policy. By Roman law the Emperor was Pontifex Maximus, the high priest of the College of Pontiffs (Collegium Pontificum) of all recognized religions in ancient Rome. To put an end to the doctrinal debate initiated by Arius, Constantine called the first of what would afterwards be called the ecumenical councils and then enforced orthodoxy by Imperial authority.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the first Roman Emporor that was baptized?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Constantine the Great'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de708f4396321400ee28df'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Constantine the Great and Licinius pass to introduce toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Edict of Milan'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",139]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de708f4396321400ee28e0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the high priest in the College of Pontiffs called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pontifex Maximus'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",260]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de708f4396321400ee28e1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What were the meetings called that were hosted by Constantine that helped enforce orthodoxy by Imperial authority?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the ecumenical councils'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",511]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de708f4396321400ee28e2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Heresy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I, which made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what it perceived as \"heresy\". By this edict the state's authority and that of the Church became somewhat overlapping. One of the outcomes of this blurring of Church and state was the sharing of state powers of legal enforcement with church authorities. This reinforcement of the Church's authority gave church leaders the power to, in effect, pronounce the death sentence upon those whom the church considered heretical.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was the first usage of the term heresy in a legal context?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'AD 380'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",61]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de70a8cffd8e1900b4b8dc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who intitiated Christianity to be a state church of the Roman Empire?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Thessalonica of Theodosius I'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",84]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de70a8cffd8e1900b4b8dd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the church lacking before the edict that would allow them to legally counter heresy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'state-sponsored support'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",231]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de70a8cffd8e1900b4b8de'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did church authorities gain as a result of this edict?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'state powers of legal enforcement'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",496]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de70a8cffd8e1900b4b8df'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What punishment is cited as church authorities being able to exact on individuals perceived as heretics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'death sentence'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",659]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de70a8cffd8e1900b4b8e0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Heresy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Within six years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor, the first Christian heretic to be executed, Priscillian, was condemned in 386 by Roman secular officials for sorcery, and put to death with four or five followers. However, his accusers were excommunicated both by Ambrose of Milan and Pope Siricius, who opposed Priscillian's heresy, but \"believed capital punishment to be inappropriate at best and usually unequivocally evil\". For some years after the Reformation, Protestant churches were also known to execute those they considered heretics, including Catholics. The last known heretic executed by sentence of the Roman Catholic Church was Spanish schoolmaster Cayetano Ripoll in 1826. The number of people executed as heretics under the authority of the various \"ecclesiastical authorities\"[note 1] is not known.[note 2] One of the first examples of the word as translated from the Nag Hammadi's Apocalypse of Peter was\" they will cleave to the name of a dead man thinking that they will become pure. But they will become greatly defiled and they will fall into the name of error and into the hands of an evil cunning man and a manifold dogma, and they will be ruled heretically\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the first Christian individual to be sentenced to death by the church for heresy in Rome?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Priscillian'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",120]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de70e54396321400ee28e7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What happened to the people that sentenced Priscillian to death?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'excommunicated'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",267]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de70e54396321400ee28e8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What religion is an example of Protestants killing for conviction of heresy after the Reformation?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Catholics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",581]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de70e54396321400ee28e9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the last known person to be sentenced to death for the crime of heresy by the Roman Catholic Church?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Cayetano Ripoll'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",690]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de70e54396321400ee28ea'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'From what passage is cited as being one of the first known examples of using the word heresy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Nag Hammadi's Apocalypse of Peter'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",912]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de70e54396321400ee28eb'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Heresy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In the Roman Catholic Church, obstinate and willful manifest heresy is considered to spiritually cut one off from the Church, even before excommunication is incurred. The Codex Justinianus (1:5:12) defines \"everyone who is not devoted to the Catholic Church and to our Orthodox holy Faith\" a heretic. The Church had always dealt harshly with strands of Christianity that it considered heretical, but before the 11th century these tended to centre around individual preachers or small localised sects, like Arianism, Pelagianism, Donatism, Marcionism and Montanism. The diffusion of the almost Manichaean sect of Paulicians westwards gave birth to the famous 11th and 12th century heresies of Western Europe. The first one was that of Bogomils in modern day Bosnia, a sort of sanctuary between Eastern and Western Christianity. By the 11th century, more organised groups such as the Patarini, the Dulcinians, the Waldensians and the Cathars were beginning to appear in the towns and cities of northern Italy, southern France and Flanders.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is thought of to spiritually cut one off from the Church even before excommunication?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'obstinate and willful manifest heresy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",31]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de71014396321400ee28f1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What book gives the definition of a heretic as anyone that does not follow the Catholic Church or the orthodox holy faith?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Codex Justinianus'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",168]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de71014396321400ee28f2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What groups are cited as being considered heretical by the Church before the 11th century?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Arianism, Pelagianism, Donatism, Marcionism and Montanism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",507]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de71014396321400ee28f3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What group moved westward to give rise to the famous 11th and 12th century heresy in western Europe?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Paulicians'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",613]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de71014396321400ee28f4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What groups began to appear in northern Italy and southern France during the 11th century?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Patarini, the Dulcinians, the Waldensians and the Cathars'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",883]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de71014396321400ee28f5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Heresy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In France the Cathars grew to represent a popular mass movement and the belief was spreading to other areas. The Cathar Crusade was initiated by the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate the Cathar heresy in Languedoc. Heresy was a major justification for the Inquisition (Inquisitio Haereticae Pravitatis, Inquiry on Heretical Perversity) and for the European wars of religion associated with the Protestant Reformation.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what country did the Cathars grow to represent a popular movement?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'France'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de71114396321400ee28fb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was started by the Roman Catholic Church to dispense of the Cathars in Languedoc?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Cathar Crusade'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",110]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de71114396321400ee28fc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was a major reason and justification for the Europian wars of religion?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Heresy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",217]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de71114396321400ee28fd'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Heresy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Galileo Galilei was brought before the Inquisition for heresy, but abjured his views and was sentenced to house arrest, under which he spent the rest of his life. Galileo was found \"vehemently suspect of heresy\", namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe, that the Earth is not at its centre and moves, and that one may hold and defend an opinion as probable after it has been declared contrary to Holy Scripture. He was required to \"abjure, curse and detest\" those opinions.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was brought before the Inquisition for heresy but renounced his beliefs and thus remained under house arrest for life?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Galileo Galilei'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7126cffd8e1900b4b8e8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What belief did Galileo have at the time that appeared to be extremely heretical to the church?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",254]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7126cffd8e1900b4b8e9'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Heresy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Pope St. Gregory stigmatized Judaism and the Jewish People in many of his writings. He described Jews as enemies of Christ: \"The more the Holy Spirit fills the world, the more perverse hatred dominates the souls of the Jews.\" He labeled all heresy as \"Jewish\", claiming that Judaism would \"pollute [Catholics and] deceive them with sacrilegious seduction.\" The identification of Jews and heretics in particular occurred several times in Roman-Christian law,'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who denounced Jewish People in many of his writings?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pope St. Gregory'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de71424396321400ee2901'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What were the Jews described as enemies of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Christ'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",117]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de71424396321400ee2902'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'According to Pope St. Gregory what religion must you be in order to be a heretic?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jewish'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",46]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de71424396321400ee2903'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what culture of law were Jews and heretics often lumped together?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Roman-Christian law'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",438]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de71424396321400ee2904'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Heresy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In Eastern Christianity heresy most commonly refers to those beliefs declared heretical by the first seven Ecumenical Councils.[citation needed] Since the Great Schism and the Protestant Reformation, various Christian churches have also used the concept in proceedings against individuals and groups those churches deemed heretical. The Orthodox Church also rejects the early Christian heresies such as Arianism, Gnosticism, Origenism, Montanism, Judaizers, Marcionism, Docetism, Adoptionism, Nestorianism, Monophysitism, Monothelitism and Iconoclasm.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What area of Christianity commonly cited the first seven Ecumenical Councils in regards to heresy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Eastern Christianity'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de717acffd8e1900b4b8ee'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'After what two events did various Christian churches also begin using the first seven Ecumenical Councils to identify heresy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Great Schism and the Protestant Reformation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",156]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de717acffd8e1900b4b8ef'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What beginning Christian heresies did the Orthodox Church also reject during this time?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Arianism, Gnosticism, Origenism, Montanism, Judaizers, Marcionism, Docetism, Adoptionism, Nestorianism, Monophysitism, Monothelitism and Iconoclasm'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",404]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de717acffd8e1900b4b8f0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Heresy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In his work \"On the Jews and Their Lies\" (1543), German Reformation leader Martin Luther claims that Jewish history was \"assailed by much heresy\", and that Christ the logos swept away the Jewish heresy and goes on to do so, \"as it still does daily before our eyes.\" He stigmatizes Jewish Prayer as being \"blasphemous\" (sic) and a lie, and vilifies Jews in general as being spiritually \"blind\" and \"surely possessed by all devils.\" Luther calls the members of the Orthodox Catholic Church \"papists\" and heretics, and has a special spiritual problem with Jewish circumcision.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the work called that Martin Luther created regarding Jews and heresy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"On the Jews and Their Lies\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",13]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de719ccffd8e1900b4b8f4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What term does Luther assign to the practice of Jewish Prayer?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'blasphemous'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",306]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de719ccffd8e1900b4b8f5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is said to be a special spiritual problem?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jewish circumcision'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",554]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de719ccffd8e1900b4b8f7'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Heresy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treason, notably Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher, for refusing to accept the king's supremacy over the Church in England. Under Edward VI, the heresy laws were repealed in 1547 only to be reintroduced in 1554 by Mary I; even so two radicals were executed in Edward's reign (one for denying the reality of the incarnation, the other for denying Christ's divinity). Under Mary, around two hundred and ninety people were burned at the stake between 1555 and 1558 after the restoration of papal jurisdiction. When Elizabeth I came to the throne, the concept of heresy was retained in theory but severely restricted by the 1559 Act of Supremacy and the one hundred and eighty or so Catholics who were executed in the forty-five years of her reign were put to death because they were considered members of \"...a subversive fifth column.\" The last execution of a \"heretic\" in England occurred under James VI and I in 1612. Although the charge was technically one of \"blasphemy\" there was one later execution in Scotland (still at that date an entirely independent kingdom) when in 1697 Thomas Aikenhead was accused, among other things, of denying the doctrine of the Trinity.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What event in England during the 16th century had an outcome of many deaths for heresy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'European Reformation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",30]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de71b2cffd8e1900b4b8fc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'During what king's reign did 60 Protestants die for heresy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Henry VIII'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",141]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de71b2cffd8e1900b4b8fd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What two notable figures are cited to have perished for refusing to give up the Church in England?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",333]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de71b2cffd8e1900b4b8fe'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Under which king were the heresy laws repealed in 1547?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Edward VI'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",453]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de71b2cffd8e1900b4b8ff'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was the last known person sentenced to death in England for heresy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1612'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1235]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de71b2cffd8e1900b4b900'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Heresy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Another example of the persecution of heretics under Protestant rule was the execution of the Boston martyrs in 1659, 1660, and 1661. These executions resulted from the actions of the Anglican Puritans, who at that time wielded political as well as ecclesiastic control in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. At the time, the colony leaders were apparently hoping to achieve their vision of a \"purer absolute theocracy\" within their colony .[citation needed] As such, they perceived the teachings and practices of the rival Quaker sect as heretical, even to the point where laws were passed and executions were performed with the aim of ridding their colony of such perceived \"heresies\".[citation needed] It should be noticed that the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox communions generally regard the Puritans themselves as having been heterodox or heretical.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'During which years did the execution of the Boston martyrs take place?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1659, 1660, and 1661'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",113]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de71ee4396321400ee2911'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which group was responsible for the deaths of the Boston martyrs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Anglican Puritans'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",185]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de71ee4396321400ee2912'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What goal is cited as the reason these killings took place?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'purer absolute theocracy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",389]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de71ee4396321400ee2913'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What rival group did the Anglican Puritans want purged from their area?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Quaker sect'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",519]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de71ee4396321400ee2914'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which two groups viewed the Puritans themselves as nothing more than heresy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",730]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de71ee4396321400ee2915'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Heresy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The era of mass persecution and execution of heretics under the banner of Christianity came to an end in 1826 with the last execution of a \"heretic\", Cayetano Ripoll, by the Catholic Inquisition.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did the deaths of heretics under Christianity come to an end?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1826'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",106]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de71ffcffd8e1900b4b906'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the last heretic put to death under the Catholic Inquisition?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Cayetano Ripoll'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",151]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de71ffcffd8e1900b4b907'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Heresy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Although less common than in earlier periods, in modern times, formal charges of heresy within Christian churches still occur. Issues in the Protestant churches have included modern biblical criticism and the nature of God. In the Catholic Church, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith criticizes writings for \"ambiguities and errors\" without using the word \"heresy\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Under which religion do charges of heresy still occur in modern times?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Christian'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",96]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de722fcffd8e1900b4b90a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which religion is cited as having problems with modern biblical criticism?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Protestant'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",142]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de722fcffd8e1900b4b90b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What belief of the Catholic Church criticizes writings without using the word heresy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",253]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de722fcffd8e1900b4b90c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Heresy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Perhaps due to the many modern negative connotations associated with the term heretic, such as the Spanish inquisition, the term is used less often today. The subject of Christian heresy opens up broader questions as to who has a monopoly on spiritual truth, as explored by Jorge Luis Borges in the short story \"The Theologians\" within the compilation Labyrinths.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What event is stated as a reason why the word heretic is used less often in modern times?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Spanish inquisition'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",100]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de723e4396321400ee291b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the author of the short story \"The Theologians\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jorge Luis Borges'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",275]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de723e4396321400ee291c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What subject does the question of who has a monopoly on spiritual truth regard?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Christian heresy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",171]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de723e4396321400ee291d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Heresy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Ottoman Sultan Selim the Grim, regarded the Shia Qizilbash as heretics, reportedly proclaimed that \"the killing of one Shiite had as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians.\"'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What group did Sultan Selim the Grim label as heretics?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Shia Qizilbash'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",45]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7251cffd8e1900b4b910'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What number of Christians did Selim the Grim equate to the killing of one Shiite?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'70'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",170]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7251cffd8e1900b4b911'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Heresy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In some modern day nations and regions in which Sharia law is ostensibly practiced, heresy remains an offense punishable by death. One example is the 1989 fatwa issued by the government of Iran, offering a substantial bounty for anyone who succeeds in the assassination of author Salman Rushdie, whose writings were declared as heretical.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of law is still in practice in which heresy results in execution?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sharia law'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",49]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de725c4396321400ee2921'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What author was declared a heretic and had a bounty placed on his head by the government of Iran?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Salman Rushdie'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",281]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de725c4396321400ee2922'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Heresy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Orthodox Judaism considers views on the part of Jews who depart from traditional Jewish principles of faith heretical. In addition, the more right-wing groups within Orthodox Judaism hold that all Jews who reject the simple meaning of Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith are heretics. As such, most of Orthodox Judaism considers Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism heretical movements, and regards most of Conservative Judaism as heretical. The liberal wing of Modern Orthodoxy is more tolerant of Conservative Judaism, particularly its right wing, as there is some theological and practical overlap between these groups.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What does Orthodox Judaism regard Jews who depart from traditional practices as?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'heretical'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",109]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7280cffd8e1900b4b914'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What alignment within Orthodox Judaism view individuals as heretics that reject Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'right-wing groups'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",142]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7280cffd8e1900b4b915'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which wing of Orthodox Judaism is stated as having a more tolerant view of Conservative Judaism?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The liberal wing'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",450]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de7280cffd8e1900b4b917'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Heresy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The act of using Church of Scientology techniques in a form different than originally described by Hubbard is referred to within Scientology as \"squirreling\" and is said by Scientologists to be high treason. The Religious Technology Center has prosecuted breakaway groups that have practiced Scientology outside the official Church without authorization.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What term is used for the act of using Church of Scientology techniques in contrast to what Hubbard envisioned?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'squirreling'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",146]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de728f4396321400ee2925'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What institution has prosecuted groups that practice outside the official Church without permission?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Religious Technology Center'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",209]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de728f4396321400ee2926'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Heresy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In other contexts the term does not necessarily have pejorative overtones and may even be complimentary when used, in areas where innovation is welcome, of ideas that are in fundamental disagreement with the status quo in any practice and branch of knowledge. Scientist\/author Isaac Asimov considered heresy as an abstraction, Asimov's views are in Forward: The Role of the Heretic. mentioning religious, political, socioeconomic and scientific heresies. He divided scientific heretics into endoheretics (those from within the scientific community) and exoheretics (those from without). Characteristics were ascribed to both and examples of both kinds were offered. Asimov concluded that science orthodoxy defends itself well against endoheretics (by control of science education, grants and publication as examples), but is nearly powerless against exoheretics. He acknowledged by examples that heresy has repeatedly become orthodoxy.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What must be welcomed in areas for the term do be perceived as complimentary?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'innovation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",131]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de739f4396321400ee2929'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did Isaac Asimov consider heresy as?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'an abstraction'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",312]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de739f4396321400ee292a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which type of heresy is the scientific community well equipped to defend itself against?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'endoheretics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",492]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de739f4396321400ee292c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What has heresy within the scientific community repeatedly become?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'orthodoxy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",697]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de739f4396321400ee292d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Heresy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The revisionist paleontologist Robert T. Bakker, who published his findings as The Dinosaur Heresies, treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as dogma. \"I have enormous respect for dinosaur paleontologists past and present. But on average, for the last fifty years, the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely enough.\" page 27 \"Most taxonomists, however, have viewed such new terminology as dangerously destabilizing to the traditional and well-known scheme...\" page 462. This book apparently influenced Jurassic Park. The illustrations by the author show dinosaurs in very active poses, in contrast to the traditional perception of lethargy. He is an example of a recent scientific endoheretic.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the title of the book published by Robert T. Bakker regarding mainstream opinion of dinosaurs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Dinosaur Heresies'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",80]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de73d0cffd8e1900b4b92c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What criticism did Robert T. Bakker share about the paleontologist community regarding the last fifty years?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely enough'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",268]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de73d0cffd8e1900b4b92d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What film did Robert T. Bakker's book reportedly influence?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jurassic Park'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",514]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de73d0cffd8e1900b4b92e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of poses did the book's illustrations portray dinosaurs as?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'active poses'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",584]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de73d0cffd8e1900b4b92f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What label is associated with Robert T. Bakker as a result of his work?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'endoheretic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",693]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de73d0cffd8e1900b4b930'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Heresy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Immanuel Velikovsky is an example of a recent scientific exoheretic; he did not have appropriate scientific credentials or did not publish in scientific journals. While the details of his work are in scientific disrepute, the concept of catastrophic change (extinction event and punctuated equilibrium) has gained acceptance in recent decades.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What label is associated with Immanuel Velikovsky due to his works outside the accepted discipline?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'exoheretic'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",58]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de73eb4396321400ee2933'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What medium did Immanuel Velikovsky not publish his works in that is accepted practice?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'scientific journals'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",143]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de73eb4396321400ee2934'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What two examples of ideas from Immanuel Velikovsky are stated as to have gained some acceptance?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'extinction event and punctuated equilibrium'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",259]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de73eb4396321400ee2935'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Heresy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The term heresy is also used as an ideological pigeonhole for contemporary writers because, by definition, heresy depends on contrasts with an established orthodoxy. For example, the tongue-in-cheek contemporary usage of heresy, such as to categorize a \"Wall Street heresy\" a \"Democratic heresy\" or a \"Republican heresy,\" are metaphors that invariably retain a subtext that links orthodoxies in geology or biology or any other field to religion. These expanded metaphoric senses allude to both the difference between the person's views and the mainstream and the boldness of such a person in propounding these views.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'By definition, what contrast does heresy depend on?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'an established orthodoxy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",141]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de73fbcffd8e1900b4b936'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What figure of speech is the word heresy commonly used as in present day scenarios?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'metaphors'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",327]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de73fbcffd8e1900b4b937'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Heresy'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Warsaw Pact (formally, the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance, sometimes, informally WarPac, akin in format to NATO) was a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organization for the communist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per the Paris Pacts of 1954, but it is also considered to have been motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which year was the Warsaw Pact established?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1955'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",574]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de82f5cffd8e1900b4b9b2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which nation formed the nucleus of the Warsaw Pact?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Soviet Union'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",183]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de82f5cffd8e1900b4b9b3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which conflict was the impetus for the formation of the Pact?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Cold War'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",280]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de82f5cffd8e1900b4b9b4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many Soviet allied countries were members of the Warsaw Pact?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'seven'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",200]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56deff93c65bf219000b3eb7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The acceptance of which country into NATO prompted the formation of the Warsaw Pact?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'West Germany'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",548]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56deff93c65bf219000b3eb8'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Warsaw Pact'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'While the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO, there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs. The Warsaw Pact's largest military engagement was Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia (with the participation of all Pact nations except Romania and Albania). The Pact failed to function when the Revolutions of 1989 spread through Eastern Europe, beginning with the Solidarity movement in Poland and its success in June 1989.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which organization was in direct competition with the Warsaw Pact?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'NATO'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",81]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de83744396321400ee29bf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which nation saw the most significant Warsaw Pact military deployment? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Czechoslovakia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",386]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de83744396321400ee29c0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the Polish revolutionary movement which the Warsaw Pact failed to suppress?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Solidarity'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",581]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de83744396321400ee29c1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which country saw the largest Warsaw Pact deployment? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Czechoslovakia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",386]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56deffef3277331400b4d87d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which year did the Warsaw Pact cease to function effectively? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1989'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",526]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56deffef3277331400b4d87e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the Polish labor movement which successfully defied the Warsaw Pact?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Solidarity'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",581]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56deffef3277331400b4d87f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Warsaw Pact'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On 25 February 1991, the Pact was declared at an end at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from the remaining member states meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, the Czechoslovak President Václav Havel formally declared an end to the Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance which had been established in 1955. The USSR itself was dissolved in December 1991.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which country did the Warsaw Pact dissolution meeting take place?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hungary'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",144]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de83e34396321400ee29c6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the president of Czechoslovakia during the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Václav Havel'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",196]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df006ec65bf219000b3ec0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Warsaw Pact'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Warsaw Treaty's organization was two-fold: the Political Consultative Committee handled political matters, and the Combined Command of Pact Armed Forces controlled the assigned multi-national forces, with headquarters in Warsaw, Poland. Furthermore, the Supreme Commander of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization which commands and controls all the military forces of the member countries was also a First Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR, and the Chief of Combined Staff of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization was also a First Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR. Therefore, although ostensibly an international collective security alliance, the USSR dominated the Warsaw Treaty armed forces.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Despite being headquartered in Poland, the top-ranking operatives of the Warsaw Pact were from which country?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the USSR'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",462]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de848fcffd8e1900b4b9d0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which nation was in effective control of both political and military functions of the Warsaw Pact?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the USSR'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",462]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df00c33277331400b4d88d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Warsaw Pact'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The strategy behind the formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by the desire of the Soviet Union to dominate Central and Eastern Europe. This policy was driven by ideological and geostrategic reasons. Ideologically, the Soviet Union arrogated the right to define socialism and communism and act as the leader of the global socialist movement. A corollary to this idea was the necessity of intervention if a country appeared to be violating core socialist ideas and Communist Party functions, which was explicitly stated in the Brezhnev Doctrine. Geostrategic principles also drove the Soviet Union to prevent invasion of its territory by Western European powers.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which ideologies did the Soviet Union aspire to lead around the globe?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'socialism and communism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",265]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de8542cffd8e1900b4b9d8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which Soviet leader formed doctrine aimed at keeping socialist satellite nations in line?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Brezhnev'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",529]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de8542cffd8e1900b4b9d9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Soviet Union feared invasion from which potential enemy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Western Europe'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",640]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de8542cffd8e1900b4b9da'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Warsaw Pact'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Before creation of Warsaw Pact, fearing Germany rearmed, Czechoslovak leadership sought to create security pact with East Germany and Poland. These states protested strongly against re-militarization of West Germany. The Warsaw Pact was primarily put in place as a consequence of the rearming of West Germany inside NATO. Soviet leaders, as many European countries in both western and eastern side, feared Germany being once again a military power as a direct threat and German militarism remained a fresh memory among Soviets and Eastern Europeans. As Soviet Union had already bilateral treaties with all of its eastern satellites, the Pact has been long considered 'superfluous', and because of the rushed way in which it was conceived, NATO officials labeled it as a 'cardboard castle'. Previously, in March 1954, the USSR, fearing the restoration of German Militarism in West Germany, requested admission to NATO.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by fears of which country rearming itself?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'West Germany'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",204]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df02483277331400b4d8a1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which country sought NATO admission in response to the fear of German rearmament?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the USSR'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",818]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df02483277331400b4d8a2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Warsaw Pact'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Soviet request to join NATO arose in the aftermath of the Berlin Conference of January–February 1954. Soviet foreign minister Molotov made proposals to have Germany reunified and elections for a pan-German government, under conditions of withdrawal of the four powers armies and German neutrality, but all were refused by the other foreign ministers, Dulles (USA), Eden (UK) and Bidault (France). Proposals for the reunification of Germany were nothing new: earlier on 20 March 1952, talks about a German reunification, initiated by the socalled 'Stalin Note', ended after the United Kingdom, France, and the United States insisted that a unified Germany should not be neutral and should be free to join the European Defence Community and rearm. James Dunn (USA), who met in Paris with Eden, Adenauer and Robert Schuman (France), affirmed that \"the object should be to avoid discussion with the Russians and to press on the European Defense Community\". According to John Gaddis \"there was little inclination in Western capitals to explore this offer\" from USSR. While historian Rolf Steininger asserts that Adenauer's conviction that “neutralization means sovietization” was the main factor in the rejection of the soviet proposals, Adenauer also feared that unification might have resulted in the end of the CDU's dominance in the Bundestag.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the Soviet minister who proposed German reunification?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Molotov'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",131]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df03473277331400b4d8ab'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was reunification first proposed as an idea?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1952'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",483]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df03473277331400b4d8ac'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Warsaw Pact'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'One month later, the proposed European Treaty was rejected not only by supporters of the EDC but also by western opponents of the European Defense Community (like French Gaullist leader Palewski) who perceived it as \"unacceptable in its present form because it excludes the USA from participation in the collective security system in Europe\". The Soviets then decided to make a new proposal to the governments of the USA, UK and France stating to accept the participation of the USA in the proposed General European Agreement. And considering that another argument deployed against the Soviet proposal was that it was perceived by western powers as \"directed against the North Atlantic Pact and its liquidation\", the Soviets decided to declare their \"readiness to examine jointly with other interested parties the question of the participation of the USSR in the North Atlantic bloc\", specifying that \"the admittance of the USA into the General European Agreement should not be conditional on the three western powers agreeing to the USSR joining the North Atlantic Pact\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The omission of which nation from involvement in the proposed security system led to its NATO opposition?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the USA'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",271]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df047bc65bf219000b3edf'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Warsaw Pact'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Again all proposals, including the request to join NATO, were rejected by UK, US, and French governments shortly after. Emblematic was the position of British General Hastings Ismay, supporter of NATO expansion, who said that NATO \"must grow until the whole free world gets under one umbrella.\" He opposed the request to join NATO made by the USSR in 1954 saying that \"the Soviet request to join NATO is like an unrepentant burglar requesting to join the police force\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the general who spoke out against the USSR joining NATO?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hastings Ismay'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",168]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df0af2c65bf219000b3ef3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'To what did the British general compare the USSR in his opposition to their joining NATO?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'burglar'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",425]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df0af2c65bf219000b3ef4'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Warsaw Pact'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In April 1954 Adenauer made his first visit to the USA meeting Nixon, Eisenhower and Dulles. Ratification of EDC was delaying but the US representatives made it clear to Adenauer that EDC would have to become a part of NATO.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did Konrad Adenauer first visit the United States?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1954'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",10]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df0bf73277331400b4d919'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Warsaw Pact'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Memories of the Nazi occupation were still strong, and the rearmament of Germany was feared by France too. On 30 August 1954 French Parliament rejected the EDC, thus ensuring its failure and blocking a major objective of US policy towards Europe: to associate Germany militarily with the West. The US Department of State started to elaborate alternatives: Germany would be invited to join NATO or, in the case of French obstructionism, strategies to circumvent a French veto would be implemented in order to obtain a German rearmament outside NATO.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which NATO country feared a unified and rearmed Germany?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'France'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",96]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df114cc65bf219000b3f1d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Warsaw Pact'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On 23 October 1954 – only nine years after Allies (UK, USA and USSR) defeated Nazi Germany ending World War II in Europe – the admission of the Federal Republic of Germany to the North Atlantic Pact was finally decided. The incorporation of West Germany into the organization on 9 May 1955 was described as \"a decisive turning point in the history of our continent\" by Halvard Lange, Foreign Affairs Minister of Norway at the time. In November 1954, the USSR requested a new European Security Treaty, in order to make a final attempt to not have a remilitarized West Germany potentially opposed to the Soviet Union, with no success.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which year was West Germany admitted to NATO?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1954'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",15]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df11aac65bf219000b3f1f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Halvard Lange was a minister of which NATO member?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Norway'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",413]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df11aac65bf219000b3f20'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Warsaw Pact'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On 14 May 1955, the USSR and other seven European countries \"reaffirming their desire for the establishment of a system of European collective security based on the participation of all European states irrespective of their social and political systems\" established the Warsaw Pact in response to the integration of the Federal Republic of Germany into NATO, declaring that: \"a remilitarized Western Germany and the integration of the latter in the North-Atlantic bloc [...] increase the danger of another war and constitutes a threat to the national security of the peaceable states; [...] in these circumstances the peaceable European states must take the necessary measures to safeguard their security\".'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which month of 1955 was this pact declared?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'May'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",7]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df12383277331400b4d93e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Warsaw Pact'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'One of the founding members, East Germany was allowed to re-arm by the Soviet Union and the National People's Army was established as the armed forces of the country to counter the rearmament of West Germany.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which nation was permitted rearmament by the foundation of the Warsaw Pact?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'East Germany'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",30]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df12853277331400b4d94f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the East German armed forces?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the National People's Army'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",89]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df12853277331400b4d950'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Warsaw Pact'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The eight member countries of the Warsaw Pact pledged the mutual defense of any member who would be attacked. Relations among the treaty signatories were based upon mutual non-intervention in the internal affairs of the member countries, respect for national sovereignty, and political independence. However, almost all governments of those member states were indirectly controlled by the Soviet Union.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many countries formed the initial Warsaw Pact membership?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'eight'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df12ec3277331400b4d953'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Warsaw Pact'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In July 1963 the Mongolian People's Republic asked to join the Warsaw Pact under Article 9 of the treaty. For this purpose a special protocol should have been taken since the text of the treaty applied only to Europe. Due to the emerging Sino-Soviet split, Mongolia remained on observer status. Soviet stationing troops were agreed to stay in Mongolia from 1966.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which year did Mongolia seek entry in the Warsaw Pact?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1963'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",9]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df13573277331400b4d957'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which year were Soviet forces scheduled to leave Mongolia? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1966'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",358]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df13573277331400b4d959'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Warsaw Pact'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'For 36 years, NATO and the Warsaw Pact never directly waged war against each other in Europe; the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies implemented strategic policies aimed at the containment of each other in Europe, while working and fighting for influence within the wider Cold War on the international stage.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the focus of both alliances' policies towards the other in lieu of direct fighting?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'containment'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",206]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df13b6c65bf219000b3f3b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which continent was considered to be at the center of NATO\/Warsaw Pact intrigues?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Europe'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",87]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df13b6c65bf219000b3f3c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Warsaw Pact'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1956, following the declaration of the Imre Nagy government of withdrawal of Hungary from the Warsaw Pact, Soviet troops entered the country and removed the government. Soviet forces crushed the nationwide revolt, leading to the death of an estimated 2,500 Hungarian citizens.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which year did Hungary attempt to leave the Warsaw Pact?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1956'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df14683277331400b4d95d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the head of the Hungarian government at the time of the revolt?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Imre Nagy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",43]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df14683277331400b4d95f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Warsaw Pact'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The multi-national Communist armed forces' sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. All member countries, with the exception of the Socialist Republic of Romania and the People's Republic of Albania participated in the invasion.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which year was the Warsaw Pact activated in a joint action?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1968'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",119]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df14d0c65bf219000b3f49'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which country did the Pact conquer?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Czechoslovakia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",94]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df14d0c65bf219000b3f4a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Warsaw Pact'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On 25 February 1991, the Warsaw Pact was declared disbanded at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from remaining Pact countries meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, in Prague, the Czechoslovak President Václav Havel formally ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance and so disestablished the Warsaw Treaty after 36 years of military alliance with the USSR. In fact, the treaty was de facto disbanded in December 1989 during the violent revolution in Romania, which toppled the communist government, without military intervention form other member states. The USSR disestablished itself in December 1991.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which country did Warsaw Pact officials meet to dissolve the alliance?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hungary'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",148]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df18663277331400b4d981'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which year did Romania overthrow its communist government?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1989'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",471]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df18663277331400b4d982'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'For how many years did the Warsaw Pact formally exist?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'36'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",371]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df18663277331400b4d983'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Warsaw Pact'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On 12 March 1999, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland joined NATO; Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, and Slovakia joined in March 2004; Albania joined on 1 April 2009.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which former Eastern Bloc country was the latest to join NATO?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Albania'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",154]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df18c9c65bf219000b3f55'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which year did Poland join NATO?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1999'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",13]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df18c9c65bf219000b3f56'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which year did Slovakia join NATO? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2004'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",148]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df18c9c65bf219000b3f57'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Warsaw Pact'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 100 documents were published; 70 remained secret, and unpublished. Among the documents published is the Warsaw Treaty's nuclear war plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine – a short, swift counter-attack capturing Austria, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands east of River Rhine, using nuclear weapons, in self-defense, after a NATO first strike. The plan originated as a 1979 field training exercise war game, and metamorphosed into official Warsaw Treaty battle doctrine, until the late 1980s – which is why the People's Republic of Poland was a nuclear weapons base, first, to 178, then, to 250 tactical-range rockets. Doctrinally, as a Soviet-style (offensive) battle plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine gave commanders few defensive-war strategies for fighting NATO in Warsaw Treaty territory.[citation needed]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which year did Poland declassify most of its Warsaw Pact-era archives?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2005'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",13]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df1961c65bf219000b3f5b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many documents remain classified?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'70'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",349]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df1961c65bf219000b3f5c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the Warsaw Pact's planned counteroffensive to a NATO first strike?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Seven Days to the River Rhine'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",457]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df1961c65bf219000b3f5d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many nuclear weapons were eventually housed in Poland?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'250'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",906]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df1961c65bf219000b3f5e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In which year was the counteroffensive strategy first conceived?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1979'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",684]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56df1961c65bf219000b3f5f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Warsaw Pact'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Materialism is a form of philosophical monism which holds that matter is the fundamental substance in nature, and that all phenomena, including mental phenomena and consciousness, are identical with material interactions.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is materialism?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a form of philosophical monism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",16]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de92c1cffd8e1900b4b9fc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In nature, this is an essential substance?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'matter'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",64]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de92c1cffd8e1900b4b9fd'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Materialism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Materialism is closely related to physicalism, the view that all that exists is ultimately physical. Philosophical physicalism has evolved from materialism with the discoveries of the physical sciences to incorporate more sophisticated notions of physicality than mere ordinary matter, such as: spacetime, physical energies and forces, dark matter, and so on. Thus the term \"physicalism\" is preferred over \"materialism\" by some, while others use the terms as if they are synonymous.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are some examples of philosophical physicalism?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'spacetime, physical energies and forces, dark matter'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",296]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de936b4396321400ee2a30'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Some people consider physicalism to be synonymous with what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Materialism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de936b4396321400ee2a31'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Materialism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Materialism belongs to the class of monist ontology. As such, it is different from ontological theories based on dualism or pluralism. For singular explanations of the phenomenal reality, materialism would be in contrast to idealism, neutral monism, and spiritualism.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What class does materialism belong to?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'monist ontology'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",37]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de94434396321400ee2a3b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Materialism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Despite the large number of philosophical schools and subtle nuances between many, all philosophies are said to fall into one of two primary categories, which are defined in contrast to each other: Idealism, and materialism.[a] The basic proposition of these two categories pertains to the nature of reality, and the primary distinction between them is the way they answer two fundamental questions: \"what does reality consist of?\" and \"how does it originate?\" To idealists, spirit or mind or the objects of mind (ideas) are primary, and matter secondary. To materialists, matter is primary, and mind or spirit or ideas are secondary, the product of matter acting upon matter.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the first question to ask in order to define the two classes?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"what does reality consist of?\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",401]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de957acffd8e1900b4ba02'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the second question to ask in order to define the two classes?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"how does it originate?\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",437]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de957acffd8e1900b4ba03'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'An idealist considers what as the most important?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'spirit or mind or the objects of mind (ideas)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",476]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de957acffd8e1900b4ba04'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'A materialist considers what as the most important?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'matter'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",539]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de957acffd8e1900b4ba05'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Materialism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The materialist view is perhaps best understood in its opposition to the doctrines of immaterial substance applied to the mind historically, famously by René Descartes. However, by itself materialism says nothing about how material substance should be characterized. In practice, it is frequently assimilated to one variety of physicalism or another.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Was René Descartes an idealist or a materialist?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'materialist'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de9609cffd8e1900b4ba0b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Materialism does not define what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'how material substance should be characterized.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",220]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de9609cffd8e1900b4ba0c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Materialism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'During the 19th century, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels extended the concept of materialism to elaborate a materialist conception of history centered on the roughly empirical world of human activity (practice, including labor) and the institutions created, reproduced, or destroyed by that activity (see materialist conception of history). Later Marxists developed the notion of dialectical materialism which characterized later Marxist philosophy and method.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of materialism defined the Marxist philosophy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'dialectical materialism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",380]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de997dcffd8e1900b4ba22'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Materialism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Materialism developed, possibly independently, in several geographically separated regions of Eurasia during what Karl Jaspers termed the Axial Age (approximately 800 to 200 BC).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who coined the Axial Age?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Karl Jaspers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",115]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de99cfcffd8e1900b4ba26'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what part of the world did materialism develop during the Axial Age?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Eurasia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",95]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de99cfcffd8e1900b4ba27'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Materialism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In Ancient Indian philosophy, materialism developed around 600 BC with the works of Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the Cārvāka school of philosophy. Kanada became one of the early proponents of atomism. The Nyaya–Vaisesika school (600 BC - 100 BC) developed one of the earliest forms of atomism, though their proofs of God and their positing that the consciousness was not material precludes labelling them as materialists. Buddhist atomism and the Jaina school continued the atomic tradition.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Around what time did materialism become part of Ancient Indian philosophy?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'600 BC'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",60]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de9b07cffd8e1900b4ba2b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'At that time, who helped develop materialism?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the Cārvāka school of philosophy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",85]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de9b07cffd8e1900b4ba2c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What school advanced atomism?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Nyaya–Vaisesika school'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",234]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de9b07cffd8e1900b4ba2d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Between what years did the school advance atomism?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'600 BC - 100 BC'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",258]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de9b07cffd8e1900b4ba2e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Materialism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Materialism is often associated with reductionism, according to which the objects or phenomena individuated at one level of description, if they are genuine, must be explicable in terms of the objects or phenomena at some other level of description — typically, at a more reduced level. Non-reductive materialism explicitly rejects this notion, however, taking the material constitution of all particulars to be consistent with the existence of real objects, properties, or phenomena not explicable in the terms canonically used for the basic material constituents. Jerry Fodor influentially argues this view, according to which empirical laws and explanations in \"special sciences\" like psychology or geology are invisible from the perspective of basic physics. A lot of vigorous literature has grown up around the relation between these views.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Materialism is linked to what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'reductionism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",38]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de9c91cffd8e1900b4ba33'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Materialism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Ancient Greek philosophers like Thales, Anaxagoras (ca. 500 BC – 428 BC), Epicurus and Democritus prefigure later materialists. The Latin poem De Rerum Natura by Lucretius (ca. 99 BC – ca. 55 BC) reflects the mechanistic philosophy of Democritus and Epicurus. According to this view, all that exists is matter and void, and all phenomena result from different motions and conglomerations of base material particles called \"atoms\" (literally: \"indivisibles\"). De Rerum Natura provides mechanistic explanations for phenomena such as erosion, evaporation, wind, and sound. Famous principles like \"nothing can touch body but body\" first appeared in the works of Lucretius. Democritus and Epicurus however did not hold to a monist ontology since they held to the ontological separation of matter and space i.e. space being \"another kind\" of being, indicating that the definition of \"materialism\" is wider than given scope for in this article.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'De Rerum Natura is a poem by who?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Lucretius'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",163]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dede143277331400b4d77c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What kinf of explanation does De Rerum Natura provide for phenomena?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'mechanistic explanations'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",485]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dede143277331400b4d77d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Materialism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Later Indian materialist Jayaraashi Bhatta (6th century) in his work Tattvopaplavasimha (\"The upsetting of all principles\") refuted the Nyaya Sutra epistemology. The materialistic Cārvāka philosophy appears to have died out some time after 1400. When Madhavacharya compiled Sarva-darśana-samgraha (a digest of all philosophies) in the 14th century, he had no Cārvāka\/Lokāyata text to quote from, or even refer to.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Name the title of the work by Jayaraashi Bhatta.'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Tattvopaplavasimha (\"The upsetting of all principles\")'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",70]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dedeeac65bf219000b3d8b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which type of philosphy did not continue after 1400?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'materialistic Cārvāka philosophy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",167]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dedeeac65bf219000b3d8c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is Sarva-darśana-samgraha?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'a digest of all philosophies'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",299]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dedeeac65bf219000b3d8d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who wrote the Sarva-darśana-samgraha?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Madhavacharya'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",252]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dedeeac65bf219000b3d8e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Materialism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In early 12th-century al-Andalus, the Arabian philosopher, Ibn Tufail (Abubacer), wrote discussions on materialism in his philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus), while vaguely foreshadowing the idea of a historical materialism.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the novel written by Ibn Tufail?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus)'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",144]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dedf32c65bf219000b3d99'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Materialism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The French cleric Pierre Gassendi (1592-1665) represented the materialist tradition in opposition to the attempts of René Descartes (1596-1650) to provide the natural sciences with dualist foundations. There followed the materialist and atheist abbé Jean Meslier (1664-1729), Julien Offray de La Mettrie, the German-French Paul-Henri Thiry Baron d'Holbach (1723-1789), the Encyclopedist Denis Diderot (1713-1784), and other French Enlightenment thinkers; as well as (in England) John \"Walking\" Stewart (1747-1822), whose insistence in seeing matter as endowed with a moral dimension had a major impact on the philosophical poetry of William Wordsworth (1770-1850).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Pierre Gassendi lived from what year to what year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1592-1665'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",36]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee0713277331400b4d7a1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'René Descartes lived from what year to what year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1596-1650'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",134]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee0713277331400b4d7a2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'abbé Jean Meslier lived from what year to what year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1664-1729'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",265]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee0713277331400b4d7a3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Denis Diderot lived from what year to what year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1713-1784'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",403]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee0713277331400b4d7a4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'William Wordsworth lived from what year to what year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1770-1850'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",654]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee0713277331400b4d7a5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Materialism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) wrote that \"...materialism is the philosophy of the subject who forgets to take account of himself\". He claimed that an observing subject can only know material objects through the mediation of the brain and its particular organization. That is, the brain itself is the \"determiner\" of how material objects will be experienced or perceived:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Arthur Schopenhauer lived from what year to what year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1788-1860'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",22]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee0f43277331400b4d7ab'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did he say that the brain would decide?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'how material objects will be experienced or perceived'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",319]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee0f43277331400b4d7ac'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Materialism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The German materialist and atheist anthropologist Ludwig Feuerbach would signal a new turn in materialism through his book, The Essence of Christianity (1841), which provided a humanist account of religion as the outward projection of man's inward nature. Feuerbach's materialism would later heavily influence Karl Marx.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who wrote \"The Essence of Christianity\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ludwig Feuerbach'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",51]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee1f3c65bf219000b3dbf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year was \"The Essence of Christianity\" written?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1841'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",154]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee1f3c65bf219000b3dc0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the author of \"The Essence of Christianity\" consider religion to be?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the outward projection of man's inward nature'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",210]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee1f3c65bf219000b3dc1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The author's ideas would later influence what well known philosopher?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Karl Marx'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",311]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee1f3c65bf219000b3dc2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Materialism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Many current and recent philosophers—e.g., Daniel Dennett, Willard Van Orman Quine, Donald Davidson, and Jerry Fodor—operate within a broadly physicalist or materialist framework, producing rival accounts of how best to accommodate mind, including functionalism, anomalous monism, identity theory, and so on.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In regards to the mind, what are 3 theories that modern day philosophers try to harmonize?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'functionalism, anomalous monism, identity theory'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",249]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee346c65bf219000b3ddf'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Materialism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The nature and definition of matter - like other key concepts in science and philosophy - have occasioned much debate. Is there a single kind of matter (hyle) which everything is made of, or multiple kinds? Is matter a continuous substance capable of expressing multiple forms (hylomorphism), or a number of discrete, unchanging constituents (atomism)? Does it have intrinsic properties (substance theory), or is it lacking them (prima materia)?'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is hyle?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'matter'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",30]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee668c65bf219000b3e01'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Materialism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'One challenge to the traditional concept of matter as tangible \"stuff\" came with the rise of field physics in the 19th century. Relativity shows that matter and energy (including the spatially distributed energy of fields) are interchangeable. This enables the ontological view that energy is prima materia and matter is one of its forms. On the other hand, the Standard Model of Particle physics uses quantum field theory to describe all interactions. On this view it could be said that fields are prima materia and the energy is a property of the field.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Relativity illustrates that what is interchangeable?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'matter and energy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",151]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee7883277331400b4d7e3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Ontological theory suggests that what is the main substance?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'energy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",162]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee7883277331400b4d7e4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Quantum field theory suggest what is the main substance?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'fields'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",216]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee7883277331400b4d7e5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Materialism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'According to the dominant cosmological model, the Lambda-CDM model, less than 5% of the universe's energy density is made up of the \"matter\" described by the Standard Model of Particle Physics, and the majority of the universe is composed of dark matter and dark energy - with little agreement amongst scientists about what these are made of.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which model suggests that matter is 5% of the universe?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Lambda-CDM model'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",51]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee82a3277331400b4d7f3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of matter does the model consider it to be?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'dark matter'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",243]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee82a3277331400b4d7f4'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Materialism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'With the advent of quantum physics, some scientists believed the concept of matter had merely changed, while others believed the conventional position could no longer be maintained. For instance Werner Heisenberg said \"The ontology of materialism rested upon the illusion that the kind of existence, the direct 'actuality' of the world around us, can be extrapolated into the atomic range. This extrapolation, however, is impossible... atoms are not things.\" Likewise, some philosophers[which?] feel that these dichotomies necessitate a switch from materialism to physicalism. Others use the terms \"materialism\" and \"physicalism\" interchangeably.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Werner Heisenberg suggested that atoms are not what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'things'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",451]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee9483277331400b4d7f7'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Materialism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Some modern day physicists and science writers—such as Paul Davies and John Gribbin—have argued that materialism has been disproven by certain scientific findings in physics, such as quantum mechanics and chaos theory. In 1991, Gribbin and Davies released their book The Matter Myth, the first chapter of which, \"The Death of Materialism\", contained the following passage:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are some of the findings that support their argument?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'quantum mechanics and chaos theory.'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",184]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56deea683277331400b4d80a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the name of the 1991 book by Paul Davies and John Gribbins?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Matter Myth'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",268]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56deea683277331400b4d80b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Materialism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Davies' and Gribbin's objections are shared by proponents of digital physics who view information rather than matter to be fundamental. Their objections were also shared by some founders of quantum theory, such as Max Planck, who wrote:'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Digital physicists consider what to be more important than matter?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'information'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",87]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56deeaae3277331400b4d811'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Materialism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'According to the Catholic Encyclopedia of 1907-1912, materialism, defined as \"a philosophical system which regards matter as the only reality in the world [...] denies the existence of God and the soul\". Materialism, in this view, therefore becomes incompatible with most world religions, including Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. In such a context one can conflate materialism with atheism. Most of Hinduism and transcendentalism regards all matter as an illusion called Maya, blinding humans from knowing \"the truth\". Maya is the limited, purely physical and mental reality in which our everyday consciousness has become entangled. Maya gets destroyed for a person when s\/he perceives Brahman with transcendental knowledge.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Based on the above definition, materialism is not consistent with what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'religions'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",279]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56deebf2c65bf219000b3e32'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Materialism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In contrast, Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, taught: \"There is no such thing as immaterial matter. All spirit is matter, but it is more fine or pure, and can only be discerned by purer eyes; We cannot see it; but when our bodies are purified we shall see that it is all matter.\" This spirit element has always existed; it is co-eternal with God. It is also called \"intelligence\" or \"the light of truth\", which like all observable matter \"was not created or made, neither indeed can be\". Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints view the revelations of Joseph Smith as a restoration of original Christian doctrine, which they believe post-apostolic theologians began to corrupt in the centuries after Christ. The writings of many[quantify] of these theologians indicate a clear influence of Greek metaphysical philosophies such as Neoplatonism, which characterized divinity as an utterly simple, immaterial, formless, substance\/essence (ousia) that transcended all that was physical. Despite strong opposition from many Christians, this metaphysical depiction of God eventually became incorporated into the doctrine of the Christian church, displacing the original Judeo-Christian concept of a physical, corporeal God who created humans in His image and likeness.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Neoplatonism describes divinity as what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'simple, immaterial, formless, substance\/essence (ousia) that transcended all that was physical'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",934]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56deed163277331400b4d827'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which religious group strongly opposed the idea of Neoplatonism?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Christians'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1066]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56deed163277331400b4d828'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Materialism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'An argument for idealism, such as those of Hegel and Berkeley, is ipso facto an argument against materialism. Matter can be argued to be redundant, as in bundle theory, and mind-independent properties can in turn be reduced to subjective percepts. Berkeley presents an example of the latter by pointing out that it is impossible to gather direct evidence of matter, as there is no direct experience of matter; all that is experienced is perception, whether internal or external. As such, the existence of matter can only be assumed from the apparent (perceived) stability of perceptions; it finds absolutely no evidence in direct experience.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'If you believe in idealism, you are disbeliving in what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'materialism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",98]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56deee36c65bf219000b3e37'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Materialism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'If matter and energy are seen as necessary to explain the physical world, but incapable of explaining mind, dualism results. Emergence, holism, and process philosophy seek to ameliorate the perceived shortcomings of traditional (especially mechanistic) materialism without abandoning materialism entirely.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What 3 types of philosophies attempt to correct the problem with matter and energy without removing every belief about materialism?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Emergence, holism, and process philosophy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",126]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56deef443277331400b4d82e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Materialism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Some critics object to materialism as part of an overly skeptical, narrow or reductivist approach to theorizing, rather than to the ontological claim that matter is the only substance. Particle physicist and Anglican theologian John Polkinghorne objects to what he calls promissory materialism — claims that materialistic science will eventually succeed in explaining phenomena it has not so far been able to explain. Polkinghorne prefers \"dual-aspect monism\" to faith in materialism.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Instead of faith, John Polkinghorne relies on what when it comes to the theory of materialism?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'dual-aspect monism'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",441]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56def0c53277331400b4d83a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Materialism'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for supremacy in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, enabled by captured German rocket technology and personnel. The technological superiority required for such supremacy was seen as necessary for national security, and symbolic of ideological superiority. The Space Race spawned pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites, unmanned space probes of the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon. The competition began on August 2, 1955, when the Soviet Union responded to the US announcement four days earlier of intent to launch artificial satellites for the International Geophysical Year, by declaring they would also launch a satellite \"in the near future\". The Soviet Union beat the US to this, with the October 4, 1957 orbiting of Sputnik 1, and later beat the US to the first human in space, Yuri Gagarin, on April 12, 1961. The Space Race peaked with the July 20, 1969 US landing of the first humans on the Moon with Apollo 11. The USSR tried but failed manned lunar missions, and eventually cancelled them and concentrated on Earth orbital space stations. A period of détente followed with the April 1972 agreement on a co-operative Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, resulting in the July 1975 rendezvous in Earth orbit of a US astronaut crew with a Soviet cosmonaut crew.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Whose technology enabled the Space Race between the Soviet Union and the united States?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'German rocket technology'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",309]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de9ed2cffd8e1900b4ba37'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was able to launch the first orbiting satellite?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Soviet Union'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",76]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de9ed2cffd8e1900b4ba38'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the first human in space?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Yuri Gagarin'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1081]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de9ed2cffd8e1900b4ba39'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Apollo 11 land on the moon?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'July 20, 1969'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1145]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56de9ed2cffd8e1900b4ba3a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what date did the Space Race begin?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'August 2, 1955'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",703]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e073cb7aa994140058e4ea'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Sputnik 1 started orbiting on what date?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'October 4, 1957'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",991]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e073cb7aa994140058e4eb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the first person in space?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Yuri Gagarin'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1081]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e073cb7aa994140058e4ec'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the date that the first human reached space?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'April 12, 1961'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1098]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e073cb7aa994140058e4ed'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Space Race can trace its origins to Germany, beginning in the 1930s and continuing during World War II when Nazi Germany researched and built operational ballistic missiles. Starting in the early 1930s, during the last stages of the Weimar Republic, German aerospace engineers experimented with liquid-fueled rockets, with the goal that one day they would be capable of reaching high altitudes and traversing long distances. The head of the German Army's Ballistics and Munitions Branch, Lieutenant Colonel Karl Emil Becker, gathered a small team of engineers that included Walter Dornberger and Leo Zanssen, to figure out how to use rockets as long-range artillery in order to get around the Treaty of Versailles' ban on research and development of long-range cannons. Wernher von Braun, a young engineering prodigy, was recruited by Becker and Dornberger to join their secret army program at Kummersdorf-West in 1932. Von Braun had dreams about conquering outer space with rockets, and did not initially see the military value in missile technology.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where were the actual origin of the Space Race?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Germany'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",41]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dea15d4396321400ee2a53'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What were German aerospace engineers experimenting with in the 1930's?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'liquid-fueled rockets'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",300]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dea15d4396321400ee2a54'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What engineer was recruited by Becker and Dornberger to join their secret program?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Wernher von Braun'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",775]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dea15d4396321400ee2a56'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which war in history did the Space Race begin to take root?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'World War II'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",95]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0796b231d4119001ac197'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'A secretive army installation began in Kummersdorf-West in what year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1932'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",919]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0796b231d4119001ac199'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'During the Second World War, General Dornberger was the military head of the army's rocket program, Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenemünde army rocket centre, and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program. They would lead the team that built the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket, which became the first vehicle to reach outer space during its test flight program in 1942 and 1943. By 1943, Germany began mass-producing the A-4 as the Vergeltungswaffe 2 (\"Vengeance Weapon\" 2, or more commonly, V2), a ballistic missile with a 320 kilometers (200 mi) range carrying a 1,130 kilograms (2,490 lb) warhead at 4,000 kilometers per hour (2,500 mph). Its supersonic speed meant there was no defense against it, and radar detection provided little warning. Germany used the weapon to bombard southern England and parts of Allied-liberated western Europe from 1944 until 1945. After the war, the V-2 became the basis of early American and Soviet rocket designs.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was von Braun's role in the army's rocket program during during World War II?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'technical director of the ballistic missile program'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",191]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dea3774396321400ee2a5d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the first vehicle to reach outer space?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Aggregate-4'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",280]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dea3774396321400ee2a5e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'During WWII, who was in charge of the German army's rocket program?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'General Dornberger'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",30]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e079e87aa994140058e541'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the first object to enter space?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",284]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e079e87aa994140058e542'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket reach space?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1942 and 1943'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",396]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e079e87aa994140058e543'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'At war's end, American, British, and Soviet scientific intelligence teams competed to capture Germany's rocket engineers along with the German rockets themselves and the designs on which they were based. Each of the Allies captured a share of the available members of the German rocket team, but the United States benefited the most with Operation Paperclip, recruiting von Braun and most of his engineering team, who later helped develop the American missile and space exploration programs. The United States also acquired a large number of complete V2 rockets.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'After World War II what did the American, English and Soviet allies want to capture?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Germany's rocket engineers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",95]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dea480cffd8e1900b4ba41'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What military operation allowed the US to recruit the German engineer, Von Braun?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Operation Paperclip'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",339]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e07a467aa994140058e549'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The US had captured what type of missiles during Operation Paperclip?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'V2 rockets'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",552]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e07a467aa994140058e54a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Korolev. He had been involved in space clubs and early Soviet rocket design in the 1930s, but was arrested in 1938 during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge and imprisoned for six years in Siberia. After the war, he became the USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer, essentially the Soviet counterpart to von Braun. His identity was kept a state secret throughout the Cold War, and he was identified publicly only as \"the Chief Designer.\" In the West, his name was only officially revealed when he died in 1966.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who led the Soviet rocket engineers'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sergei Korolev'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",310]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dea63ccffd8e1900b4ba48'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was Sergei Korolev imprisoned for six years?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Siberia'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",499]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dea63ccffd8e1900b4ba49'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was his \"secret\" title after World War II?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Chief Designer'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",733]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dea63ccffd8e1900b4ba4a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The German rocket center was located in what city?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Peenemünde'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",29]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e07b187aa994140058e54d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was in charge of the Soviet rocket engineer team that went into Germany?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sergei Korolev'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",310]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e07b187aa994140058e54e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year was Sergei Korolev arrested?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1938'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",427]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e07b187aa994140058e54f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Sergei Korolev died in what year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1966'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",821]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e07b187aa994140058e550'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'After the war, Sergei Korolev was known under what title?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",537]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e07b187aa994140058e551'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'After almost a year in the area around Peenemünde, Soviet officials moved most of the captured German rocket specialists to Gorodomlya Island on Lake Seliger, about 240 kilometers (150 mi) northwest of Moscow. They were not allowed to participate in Soviet missile design, but were used as problem-solving consultants to the Soviet engineers. They helped in the following areas: the creation of a Soviet version of the A-4; work on \"organizational schemes\"; research in improving the A-4 main engine; development of a 100-ton engine; assistance in the \"layout\" of plant production rooms; and preparation of rocket assembly using German components. With their help, particularly Helmut Groettrup's group, Korolev reverse-engineered the A-4 and built his own version of the rocket, the R-1, in 1948. Later, he developed his own distinct designs, though many of these designs were influenced by the Groettrup Group's G4-R10 design from 1949. The Germans were eventually repatriated in 1951–53.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year was the R1 rocket born?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1948'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",793]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e07b847aa994140058e559'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The American professor Robert H. Goddard had worked on developing solid-fuel rockets since 1914, and demonstrated a light battlefield rocket to the US Army Signal Corps only five days before the signing of the armistice that ended World War I. He also started developing liquid-fueled rockets in 1921; yet he had not been taken seriously by the public, and was not sponsored by the government as part of the post-WW II rocket development effort. Von Braun, himself inspired by Goddard's work, was bemused by this when debriefed by his American handlers, asking them, \"Why didn't you just ask Dr. Goddard?\"[citation needed]'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What professor began working on solid-fuel rockets since 1914?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Robert H. Goddard'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",24]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e07bc7231d4119001ac1c3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Liquid-fueled rockets were developed in what year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1921'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",297]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e07bc7231d4119001ac1c4'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Von Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground, located in New Mexico, in 1945. They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation. These tests led to the first rocket to take photos from outer space, and the first two-stage rocket, the WAC Corporal-V2 combination, in 1949. The German rocket team was moved from Fort Bliss to the Army's new Redstone Arsenal, located in Huntsville, Alabama, in 1950. From here, von Braun and his team would develop the Army's first operational medium-range ballistic missile, the Redstone rocket, that would, in slightly modified versions, launch both America's first satellite, and the first piloted Mercury space missions. It became the basis for both the Jupiter and Saturn family of rockets.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The  United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground is located where?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'New Mexico'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",101]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e084b77aa994140058e595'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Von Braun and his associates were sent to  United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground in what year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1945'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",116]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e084b77aa994140058e596'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The first two-stage rocket was developed in what year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1949'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",395]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e084b77aa994140058e597'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Army's new Redstone Arsenal is located in what city and state?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Huntsville, Alabama'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",497]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e084b77aa994140058e598'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year was the German rocket team moved to Alabama?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1950'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",521]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e084b77aa994140058e599'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In simple terms, the Cold War could be viewed as an expression of the ideological struggle between communism and capitalism. The United States faced a new uncertainty beginning in September 1949, when it lost its monopoly on the atomic bomb. American intelligence agencies discovered that the Soviet Union had exploded its first atomic bomb, with the consequence that the United States potentially could face a future nuclear war that, for the first time, might devastate its cities. Given this new danger, the United States participated in an arms race with the Soviet Union that included development of the hydrogen bomb, as well as intercontinental strategic bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) capable of delivering nuclear weapons. A new fear of communism and its sympathizers swept the United States during the 1950s, which devolved into paranoid McCarthyism. With communism spreading in China, Korea, and Eastern Europe, Americans came to feel so threatened that popular and political culture condoned extensive \"witch-hunts\" to expose communist spies. Part of the American reaction to the Soviet atomic and hydrogen bomb tests included maintaining a large Air Force, under the control of the Strategic Air Command (SAC). SAC employed intercontinental strategic bombers, as well as medium-bombers based close to Soviet airspace (in western Europe and in Turkey) that were capable of delivering nuclear payloads.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did the US lose its monopoly to the atomic bomb?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1949'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",191]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e08587231d4119001ac24f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of bomb was first developed during the Cold War?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the hydrogen bomb'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",606]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e08587231d4119001ac250'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'ICBMs is an abbreviation for what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'intercontinental strategic bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",636]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e08587231d4119001ac251'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The SAC is an abbreviation for what US force?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Strategic Air Command'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1221]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e08587231d4119001ac252'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'During what decade, did a fear of communism oversweep the US?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1950s'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",838]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e08587231d4119001ac253'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'For its part, the Soviet Union harbored fears of invasion. Having suffered at least 27 million casualties during World War II after being invaded by Nazi Germany in 1941, the Soviet Union was wary of its former ally, the United States, which until late 1949 was the sole possessor of atomic weapons. The United States had used these weapons operationally during World War II, and it could use them again against the Soviet Union, laying waste its cities and military centers. Since the Americans had a much larger air force than the Soviet Union, and the United States maintained advance air bases near Soviet territory, in 1947 Stalin ordered the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) in order to counter the perceived American threat.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many casualties did the Soviet Union have during WWII?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'27 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",85]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e08680231d4119001ac26b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Soviet Union was first invaded by Nazi controlled Germany in what year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1941'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",166]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e08680231d4119001ac26c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Until what year, was the US the sole possessor of the atomic bomb?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1949'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",254]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e08680231d4119001ac26d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did Stalin order the development of ICBMs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1947'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",625]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e08680231d4119001ac26e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of military force did the US possess a much larger fleet than the Soviet Union?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'air force'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",515]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e08680231d4119001ac26f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1953, Korolev was given the go-ahead to develop the R-7 Semyorka rocket, which represented a major advance from the German design. Although some of its components (notably boosters) still resembled the German G-4, the new rocket incorporated staged design, a completely new control system, and a new fuel. It was successfully tested on August 21, 1957 and became the world's first fully operational ICBM the following month. It would later be used to launch the first satellite into space, and derivatives would launch all piloted Soviet spacecraft.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who began developing the  R-7 Semyorka rocket?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Korolev'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",10]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e087477aa994140058e5b8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","' R-7 Semyorka rocket resembled closely to what other missile?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'German G-4'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",206]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e087477aa994140058e5b9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the R-7 Semyorka rocket tested successfully?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'August 21, 1957'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",340]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e087477aa994140058e5ba'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The first satellite launched into space used what rocket?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'R-7 Semyorka rocket'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",56]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e087477aa994140058e5bb'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The United States had multiple rocket programs divided among the different branches of the American armed services, which meant that each force developed its own ICBM program. The Air Force initiated ICBM research in 1945 with the MX-774. However, its funding was cancelled and only three partially successful launches were conducted in 1947. In 1950, von Braun began testing the Air Force PGM-11 Redstone rocket family at Cape Canaveral. In 1951, the Air Force began a new ICBM program called MX-1593, and by 1955 this program was receiving top-priority funding. The MX-1593 program evolved to become the Atlas-A, with its maiden launch occurring June 11, 1957, becoming the first successful American ICBM. Its upgraded version, the Atlas-D rocket, would later serve as an operational nuclear ICBM and as the orbital launch vehicle for Project Mercury and the remote-controlled Agena Target Vehicle used in Project Gemini.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The US Air Force began research of ICBMs in what year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1945'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",218]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e087e6231d4119001ac275'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What type of rocket was first researched by the Air Force?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'MX-774'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",232]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e087e6231d4119001ac276'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The MX-774 was tested in what year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1947'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",338]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e087e6231d4119001ac277'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Air Force PGM-11 Redstone rocket family was tested where?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Cape Canaveral'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",424]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e087e6231d4119001ac278'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Atlas-A first launched on what date?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'June 11, 1957'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",649]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e087e6231d4119001ac279'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1955, with both the United States and the Soviet Union building ballistic missiles that could be utilized to launch objects into space, the \"starting line\" was drawn for the Space Race. In separate announcements, just four days apart, both nations publicly announced that they would launch artificial Earth satellites by 1957 or 1958. On July 29, 1955, James C. Hagerty, president Dwight D. Eisenhower's press secretary, announced that the United States intended to launch \"small Earth circling satellites\" between July 1, 1957, and December 31, 1958, as part of their contribution to the International Geophysical Year (IGY). Four days later, at the Sixth Congress of International Astronautical Federation in Copenhagen, scientist Leonid I. Sedov spoke to international reporters at the Soviet embassy, and announced his country's intention to launch a satellite as well, in the \"near future\". On August 30, 1955, Korolev managed to get the Soviet Academy of Sciences to create a commission whose purpose was to beat the Americans into Earth orbit: this was the de facto start date for the Space Race. The Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union began a policy of treating development of its space program as a classified state secret.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was president Dwight D. Eisenhower's press secretary?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'James C. Hagerty'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",357]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e088c6231d4119001ac280'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The starting date for the Space Race was which date?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'August 30, 1955'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",903]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e088c6231d4119001ac281'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Initially, President Eisenhower was worried that a satellite passing above a nation at over 100 kilometers (62 mi), might be construed as violating that nation's sovereign airspace. He was concerned that the Soviet Union would accuse the Americans of an illegal overflight, thereby scoring a propaganda victory at his expense. Eisenhower and his advisors believed that a nation's airspace sovereignty did not extend into outer space, acknowledged as the Kármán line, and he used the 1957–58 International Geophysical Year launches to establish this principle in international law. Eisenhower also feared that he might cause an international incident and be called a \"warmonger\" if he were to use military missiles as launchers. Therefore, he selected the untried Naval Research Laboratory's Vanguard rocket, which was a research-only booster. This meant that von Braun's team was not allowed to put a satellite into orbit with their Jupiter-C rocket, because of its intended use as a future military vehicle. On September 20, 1956, von Braun and his team did launch a Jupiter-C that was capable of putting a satellite into orbit, but the launch was used only as a suborbital test of nose cone reentry technology.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'A Jupiter-C was launched by Von Braum on what date?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'September 20, 1956'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1013]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0893c7aa994140058e5d5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Soviet success caused public controversy in the United States, and Eisenhower ordered the civilian rocket and satellite project, Vanguard, to move up its timetable and launch its satellite much sooner than originally planned. The December 6, 1957 Project Vanguard launch failure occurred at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida, broadcast live in front of a US television audience. It was a monumental failure, exploding a few seconds after launch, and it became an international joke. The satellite appeared in newspapers under the names Flopnik, Stayputnik, Kaputnik, and Dudnik. In the United Nations, the Russian delegate offered the U.S. representative aid \"under the Soviet program of technical assistance to backwards nations.\" Only in the wake of this very public failure did von Braun's Redstone team get the go-ahead to launch their Jupiter-C rocket as soon as they could. In Britain, the USA's Western Cold War ally, the reaction was mixed: some members of the population celebrated the fact that the Soviets had reached space first, while others feared the destructive potential that military uses of spacecraft might bring.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The civilian rocket and satellite project in the US was called what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Vanguard'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",134]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0bc7b231d4119001ac363'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Project Vanguard launch failed on what date?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'December 6, 195'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",235]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0bc7b231d4119001ac364'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Cape Canaveral Air Force Station is located in what state?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Florida'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",332]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0bc7b231d4119001ac365'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'in response to Project Vanguard's failed launch, what was the rocket the Soviet Union launched?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Jupiter-C rocket'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",855]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0bc7b231d4119001ac366'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On January 31, 1958, nearly four months after the launch of Sputnik 1, von Braun and the United States successfully launched its first satellite on a four-stage Juno I rocket derived from the US Army's Redstone missile, at Cape Canaveral. The satellite Explorer 1 was 30.8 pounds (14.0 kg) in mass. It carried a micrometeorite gauge and a Geiger-Müller tube. It passed in and out of the Earth-encompassing radiation belt with its 194-by-1,368-nautical-mile (360 by 2,534 km) orbit, therefore saturating the tube's capacity and proving what Dr. James Van Allen, a space scientist at the University of Iowa, had theorized. The belt, named the Van Allen radiation belt, is a doughnut-shaped zone of high-level radiation intensity around the Earth above the magnetic equator. Van Allen was also the man who designed and built the satellite instrumentation of Explorer 1. The satellite actually measured three phenomena: cosmic ray and radiation levels, the temperature in the spacecraft, and the frequency of collisions with micrometeorites. The satellite had no memory for data storage, therefore it had to transmit continuously. Two months later in March 1958, a second satellite was sent into orbit with augmented cosmic ray instruments.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The first US satellite to launch without failure was on what date?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'January 31, 1958'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0e8b47aa994140058e79b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Explorer gathered what 3 measurements?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'cosmic ray and radiation levels, the temperature in the spacecraft, and the frequency of collisions with micrometeorites'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",917]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0e8b47aa994140058e79d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On April 2, 1958, President Eisenhower reacted to the Soviet space lead in launching the first satellite, by recommending to the US Congress that a civilian agency be established to direct nonmilitary space activities. Congress, led by Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson, responded by passing the National Aeronautics and Space Act, which Eisenhower signed into law on July 29, 1958. This law turned the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics into the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). It also created a Civilian-Military Liaison Committee, chaired by the President, responsible for coordinating the nation's civilian and military space programs.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the Senate's Majority Leader in 1958?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Lyndon B. Johnson'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",260]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0e93d7aa994140058e7a1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The National Aeronautics and Space Act was established in what year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1958'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",13]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0e93d7aa994140058e7a2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was NASA called before it became NASA?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",411]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0e93d7aa994140058e7a3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The first US satellite was launched on what date?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'April 2, 1958'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0e93d7aa994140058e7a4'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On October 21, 1959, Eisenhower approved the transfer of the Army's remaining space-related activities to NASA. On July 1, 1960, the Redstone Arsenal became NASA's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, with von Braun as its first director. Development of the Saturn rocket family, which when mature, would finally give the US parity with the Soviets in terms of lifting capability, was thus transferred to NASA.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Redstone Arsenal became the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center when?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'July 1, 1960'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",116]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0e9887aa994140058e7ab'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the first director in charge of the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'von Braun'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",210]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0e9887aa994140058e7ac'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1958, Korolev upgraded the R-7 to be able to launch a 400-kilogram (880 lb) payload to the Moon. Three secret 1958 attempts to launch Luna E-1-class impactor probes failed. The fourth attempt, Luna 1, launched successfully on January 2, 1959, but missed the Moon. The fifth attempt on June 18 also failed at launch. The 390-kilogram (860 lb) Luna 2 successfully impacted the Moon on September 14, 1959. The 278.5-kilogram (614 lb) Luna 3 successfully flew by the Moon and sent back pictures of its far side on October 6, 1959.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many attempts to the Moon did Luna E-1-class probes fail before successfully launching?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'4'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",58]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0ea497aa994140058e7af'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The first probe to land on the Moon was in what year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1959'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",241]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0ea497aa994140058e7b0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which Luna probe successfully photographed the back side of the Moon?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Luna 3'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",435]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0ea497aa994140058e7b2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The US reacted to the Luna program by embarking on the Ranger program in 1959, managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The Block I Ranger 1 and Ranger 2 suffered Atlas-Agena launch failures in August and November 1961. The 727-pound (330 kg) Block II Ranger 3 launched successfully on January 26, 1962, but missed the Moon. The 730-pound (330 kg) Ranger 4 became the first US spacecraft to reach the Moon, but its solar panels and navigational system failed near the Moon and it impacted the far side without returning any scientific data. Ranger 5 ran out of power and missed the Moon by 725 kilometers (391 nmi) on October 21, 1962. The first successful Ranger mission was the 806-pound (366 kg) Block III Ranger 7 which impacted on July 31, 1964.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Ranger program from 1959 was managed by what organization?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",91]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0eaeb7aa994140058e7b9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The first spacecraft to make it to the Moon was what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Ranger 4'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",353]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0eaeb7aa994140058e7ba'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The first Ranger mission that didn't fail was which one?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Block III Ranger 7'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",704]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0eaeb7aa994140058e7bb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Block III Ranger 7 mission successfully reached the moon on what date?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'July 31, 1964'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",741]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0eaeb7aa994140058e7bc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What program led to the establishment of the Ranger program?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Luna'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",23]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0eaeb7aa994140058e7bd'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'By 1959, American observers believed that the Soviet Union would be the first to get a human into space, because of the time needed to prepare for Mercury's first launch. On April 12, 1961, the USSR surprised the world again by launching Yuri Gagarin into a single orbit around the Earth in a craft they called Vostok 1. They dubbed Gagarin the first cosmonaut, roughly translated from Russian and Greek as \"sailor of the universe\". Although he had the ability to take over manual control of his spacecraft in an emergency by opening an envelope he had in the cabin that contained a code that could be typed into the computer, it was flown in an automatic mode as a precaution; medical science at that time did not know what would happen to a human in the weightlessness of space. Vostok 1 orbited the Earth for 108 minutes and made its reentry over the Soviet Union, with Gagarin ejecting from the spacecraft at 7,000 meters (23,000 ft), and landing by parachute. The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (International Federation of Aeronautics) credited Gagarin with the world's first human space flight, although their qualifying rules for aeronautical records at the time required pilots to take off and land with their craft. For this reason, the Soviet Union omitted from their FAI submission the fact that Gagarin did not land with his capsule. When the FAI filing for Gherman Titov's second Vostok flight in August 1961 disclosed the ejection landing technique, the FAI committee decided to investigate, and concluded that the technological accomplishment of human spaceflight lay in the safe launch, orbiting, and return, rather than the manner of landing, and so revised their rules accordingly, keeping Gagarin's and Titov's records intact.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which country succesfully launched the first person into space in 1961?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the USSR'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",191]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0eb947aa994140058e7c3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The first ship to carry a human through space was called what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Vostok 1'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",312]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0eb947aa994140058e7c4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How long did Yuri Gagarin orbit the earth in the spacecraft?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'108 minutes'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",813]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0eb947aa994140058e7c5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Gagarin became a national hero of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc, and a worldwide celebrity. Moscow and other cities in the USSR held mass demonstrations, the scale of which was second only to the World War II Victory Parade of 1945. April 12 was declared Cosmonautics Day in the USSR, and is celebrated today in Russia as one of the official \"Commemorative Dates of Russia.\" In 2011, it was declared the International Day of Human Space Flight by the United Nations.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'April 12, in the USSR, is what special day?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Cosmonautics Day'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",264]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0ebdb231d4119001ac44a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year was established as the International Day of Human Space Flight by the United Nations?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2011'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",387]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0ebdb231d4119001ac44b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The US Air Force had been developing a program to launch the first man in space, named Man in Space Soonest. This program studied several different types of one-man space vehicles, settling on a ballistic re-entry capsule launched on a derivative Atlas missile, and selecting a group of nine candidate pilots. After NASA's creation, the program was transferred over to the civilian agency and renamed Project Mercury on November 26, 1958. NASA selected a new group of astronaut (from the Greek for \"star sailor\") candidates from Navy, Air Force and Marine test pilots, and narrowed this down to a group of seven for the program. Capsule design and astronaut training began immediately, working toward preliminary suborbital flights on the Redstone missile, followed by orbital flights on the Atlas. Each flight series would first start unmanned, then carry a primate, then finally men.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Man in Space Soonest was a program by which organization?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'US Air Force'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0f1b27aa994140058e7e5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Man in Space Soonest was reestablished as what in November 26, 1958?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Project Mercury'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",402]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0f1b27aa994140058e7e6'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Three weeks later, on May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard became the first American in space, launched in a ballistic trajectory on Mercury-Redstone 3, in a spacecraft he named Freedom 7. Though he did not achieve orbit like Gagarin, he was the first person to exercise manual control over his spacecraft's attitude and retro-rocket firing. After his successful return, Shepard was celebrated as a national hero, honored with parades in Washington, New York and Los Angeles, and received the NASA Distinguished Service Medal from President John F. Kennedy.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The first American to travel into space was whom?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Alan Shepard'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",36]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0f229231d4119001ac4b2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Alan Shepard first arrive in space?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'May 5, 1961'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",23]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0f229231d4119001ac4b3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The spaceship that carried Alan Shepard was named what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Freedom 7'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",168]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0f229231d4119001ac4b4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The first person to have control over driving their spacecraft was whom?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Alan Shepard'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",36]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0f229231d4119001ac4b5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which president awarded Alan Shepard the NASA Distinguished Service Medal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'John F. Kennedy'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",531]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0f229231d4119001ac4b6'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Gagarin's flight changed this; now Kennedy sensed the humiliation and fear on the part of the American public over the Soviet lead. He sent a memo dated April 20, 1961, to Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, asking him to look into the state of America's space program, and into programs that could offer NASA the opportunity to catch up. The two major options at the time seemed to be, either establishment of an Earth orbital space station, or a manned landing on the Moon. Johnson in turn consulted with von Braun, who answered Kennedy's questions based on his estimates of US and Soviet rocket lifting capability. Based on this, Johnson responded to Kennedy, concluding that much more was needed to reach a position of leadership, and recommending that the manned Moon landing was far enough in the future that the US had a fighting chance to achieve it first.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'President Kennedy sent a letter on April 20, 1961 to who about the US's space program?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",173]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0f281231d4119001ac4bc'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Kennedy ultimately decided to pursue what became the Apollo program, and on May 25 took the opportunity to ask for Congressional support in a Cold War speech titled \"Special Message on Urgent National Needs\". Full text '"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The speech by Kennedy, \"Special Message on Urgent National Needs\" was delivered on what date?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'May 25'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",77]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0f2ae231d4119001ac4be'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'He justified the program in terms of its importance to national security, and its focus of the nation's energies on other scientific and social fields. He rallied popular support for the program in his \"We choose to go to the Moon\" speech, on September 12, 1962, before a large crowd at Rice University Stadium, in Houston, Texas, near the construction site of the new Manned Spacecraft Center facility. Full text '"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'\"We choose to go to the Moon\" speech was given at what location in Texas?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Rice University Stadium'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",288]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0f3a5231d4119001ac4d2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'American Virgil \"Gus\" Grissom repeated Shepard's suborbital flight in Liberty Bell 7 on July 21, 1961. Almost a year after the Soviet Union put a human into orbit, astronaut John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth, on February 20, 1962. His Mercury-Atlas 6 mission completed three orbits in the Friendship 7 spacecraft, and splashed down safely in the Atlantic Ocean, after a tense reentry, due to what falsely appeared from the telemetry data to be a loose heat-shield. As the first American in orbit, Glenn became a national hero, and received a ticker-tape parade in New York City, reminiscent of that given for Charles Lindbergh. On February 23, 1962, President Kennedy escorted him in a parade at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, where he awarded Glenn with the NASA service medal.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The first American to orbit around the planet was whom?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'John Glenn'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",175]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0f4db7aa994140058e811'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did John Glenn orbit the Earth?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'February 20, 1962'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",235]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0f4db7aa994140058e812'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did John Glenn land on Earth after coming back from orbit?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Atlantic Ocean'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",369]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0f4db7aa994140058e813'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'John Glenn's spaceship was named what when he orbited the Earth?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Friendship 7'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",312]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0f4db7aa994140058e815'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The United States launched three more Mercury flights after Glenn's: Aurora 7 on May 24, 1962 duplicated Glenn's three orbits; Sigma 7 on October 3, 1962, six orbits; and Faith 7 on May 15, 1963, 22 orbits (32.4 hours), the maximum capability of the spacecraft. NASA at first intended to launch one more mission, extending the spacecraft's endurance to three days, but since this would not beat the Soviet record, it was decided instead to concentrate on developing Project Gemini.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many more Mercury missions were there after John Glenn's?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'3'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",147]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0f5587aa994140058e81b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Gherman Titov became the first Soviet cosmonaut to exercise manual control of his Vostok 2 craft on August 6, 1961. The Soviet Union demonstrated 24-hour launch pad turnaround and the capability to launch two piloted spacecraft, Vostok 3 and Vostok 4, in essentially identical orbits, on August 11 and 12, 1962. The two spacecraft came within approximately 6.5 kilometers (4.0 mi) of one another, close enough for radio communication. Vostok 4 also set a record of nearly four days in space. Though the two craft's orbits were as nearly identical as possible given the accuracy of the launch rocket's guidance system, slight variations still existed which drew the two craft at first as close to each other as 6.5 kilometers (3.5 nautical miles), then as far apart as 2,850 kilometers (1,540 nautical miles). There were no maneuvering rockets on the Vostok to permit space rendezvous, required to keep two spacecraft a controlled distance apart.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What first person from the USSR controlled their own spacecraft?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Gherman Titov'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0f6177aa994140058e829'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Gherman Titov from the USSR drove his own spacecraft on what date?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'August 6, 1961'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",101]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0f6177aa994140058e82a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Radio communication was possible between which two spacecrafts in August 11 and 12, 1962?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Vostok 3 and Vostok 4'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",230]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0f6177aa994140058e82c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Soviet Union duplicated its dual-launch feat with Vostok 5 and Vostok 6 (June 16, 1963). This time they launched the first woman (also the first civilian), Valentina Tereshkova, into space on Vostok 6. Launching a woman was reportedly Korolev's idea, and it was accomplished purely for propaganda value. Tereshkova was one of a small corps of female cosmonauts who were amateur parachutists, but Tereshkova was the only one to fly. The USSR didn't again open its cosmonaut corps to women until 1980, two years after the United States opened its astronaut corps to women.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The first woman that went into space was whom?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Valentina Tereshkova'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",161]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0f68f7aa994140058e833'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What spacecraft carried  Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman in space?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Vostok 6'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",68]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0f68f7aa994140058e834'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The first woman to launch into space was on what date?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'June 16, 1963'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",78]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0f68f7aa994140058e836'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The first woman to go into space was from which country?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The USSR'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",437]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0f68f7aa994140058e837'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Soviets kept the details and true appearance of the Vostok capsule secret until the April 1965 Moscow Economic Exhibition, where it was first displayed without its aerodynamic nose cone concealing the spherical capsule. The \"Vostok spaceship\" had been first displayed at the July 1961 Tushino air show, mounted on its launch vehicle's third stage, with the nose cone in place. A tail section with eight fins was also added, in an apparent attempt to confuse western observers. This spurious tail section also appeared on official commemorative stamps and a documentary.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'At what event was the Vostok spaceship first displayed to the public ?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'July 1961 Tushino air show'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",280]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0f6c27aa994140058e83d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On September 20, 1963, in a speech before the United Nations General Assembly, President Kennedy proposed that the United States and the Soviet Union join forces in their efforts to reach the Moon. Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev initially rejected Kennedy's proposal.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did US President John F. Kennedy, in a speech, propose to join forces to reach the moon with the USSR?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'September 20, 1963'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0f6f47aa994140058e83f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On October 2, 1997, it was reported that Khrushchev's son Sergei claimed Khrushchev was poised to accept Kennedy's proposal at the time of Kennedy's assassination on November 22, 1963. During the next few weeks he reportedly concluded that both nations might realize cost benefits and technological gains from a joint venture, and decided to accept Kennedy's offer based on a measure of rapport during their years as leaders of the world's two superpowers, but changed his mind and dropped the idea since he did not have the same trust for Kennedy's successor, Lyndon Johnson.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'President Kennedy was killed when?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'November 22, 1963'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",167]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0f770231d4119001ac500'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How did US President Kennedy die?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'assassination'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",150]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0f770231d4119001ac501'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'As President, Johnson steadfastly pursued the Gemini and Apollo programs, promoting them as Kennedy's legacy to the American public. One week after Kennedy's death, he issued an executive order renaming the Cape Canaveral and Apollo launch facilities after Kennedy.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What two locations in Florida were renamed after Kennedy by President Johnson?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Cape Canaveral and Apollo launch facilities'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",208]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0f7ab7aa994140058e841'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which two space programs were heavily worked on by President Johnson?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Gemini and Apollo'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",47]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0f7ab7aa994140058e842'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Focused by the commitment to a Moon landing, in January 1962 the US announced Project Gemini, a two-man spacecraft that would support the later three-man Apollo by developing the key spaceflight technologies of space rendezvous and docking of two craft, flight durations of sufficient length to simulate going to the Moon and back, and extra-vehicular activity to accomplish useful work outside the spacecraft.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year was the Gemini project confirmed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1962'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",57]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0f816231d4119001ac510'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people could the Gemini project carry?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'2'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",60]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0f816231d4119001ac511'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The greater advances of the Soviet space program at the time allowed their space program to achieve other significant firsts, including the first EVA \"spacewalk\" and the first mission performed by a crew in shirt-sleeves. Gemini took a year longer than planned to accomplish its first flight, allowing the Soviets to achieve another first, launching Voskhod 1 on October 12, 1964, the first spacecraft with a three-cosmonaut crew. The USSR touted another technological achievement during this mission: it was the first space flight during which cosmonauts performed in a shirt-sleeve-environment. However, flying without spacesuits was not due to safety improvements in the Soviet spacecraft's environmental systems; rather this innovation was accomplished because the craft's limited cabin space did not allow for spacesuits. Flying without spacesuits exposed the cosmonauts to significant risk in the event of potentially fatal cabin depressurization. This feat would not be repeated until the US Apollo Command Module flew in 1968; this later mission was designed from the outset to safely transport three astronauts in a shirt-sleeve environment while in space.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what date was the first successful three man astronaut crew?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'October 12, 1964'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",364]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0f975231d4119001ac516'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The first flight in a spacecraft that allowed no suits to be worn inside was was?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Voskhod 1'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",351]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0f975231d4119001ac517'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The US Apollo Command Module flew without spacesuits in what year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1968'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1030]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0f975231d4119001ac518'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Between October 14–16, 1964, Leonid Brezhnev and a small cadre of high-ranking Communist Party officials, deposed Khrushchev as Soviet government leader a day after Voskhod 1 landed, in what was called the \"Wednesday conspiracy\". The new political leaders, along with Korolev, ended the technologically troublesome Voskhod program, cancelling Voskhod 3 and 4, which were in the planning stages, and started concentrating on the race to the Moon. Voskhod 2 would end up being Korolev's final achievement before his death on January 14, 1966, as it would become the last of the many space firsts that demonstrated the USSR's domination in spacecraft technology during the early 1960s. According to historian Asif Siddiqi, Korolev's accomplishments marked \"the absolute zenith of the Soviet space program, one never, ever attained since.\" There would be a two-year pause in Soviet piloted space flights while Voskhod's replacement, the Soyuz spacecraft, was designed and developed.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Korolev died on what date?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'January 14, 1966'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",524]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0f9d7231d4119001ac51c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On March 18, 1965, about a week before the first American piloted Project Gemini space flight, the USSR accelerated the competition, by launching the two-cosmonaut Voskhod 2 mission with Pavel Belyayev and Alexey Leonov. Voskhod 2's design modifications included the addition of an inflatable airlock to allow for extravehicular activity (EVA), also known as a spacewalk, while keeping the cabin pressurized so that the capsule's electronics wouldn't overheat. Leonov performed the first-ever EVA as part of the mission. A fatality was narrowly avoided when Leonov's spacesuit expanded in the vacuum of space, preventing him from re-entering the airlock. In order to overcome this, he had to partially depressurize his spacesuit to a potentially dangerous level. He succeeded in safely re-entering the ship, but he and Belyayev faced further challenges when the spacecraft's atmospheric controls flooded the cabin with 45% pure oxygen, which had to be lowered to acceptable levels before re-entry. The reentry involved two more challenges: an improperly timed retrorocket firing caused the Voskhod 2 to land 386 kilometers (240 mi) off its designated target area, the town of Perm; and the instrument compartment's failure to detach from the descent apparatus caused the spacecraft to become unstable during reentry.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Voskhod 2 carrying two humans was launched on what date?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'March 18, 1965'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0fa4e231d4119001ac51e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the first person to take a spacewalk?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Alexey Leonov'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",207]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0fa4e231d4119001ac51f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which of two Voskhod 2's occupants was almost killed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Alexey Leonov'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",207]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0fa4e231d4119001ac520'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Most of the novice pilots on the early missions would command the later missions. In this way, Project Gemini built up spaceflight experience for the pool of astronauts who would be chosen to fly the Apollo lunar missions.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Project Gemini helped recruit experienced people for which upcoming lunar missions?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Apollo'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",201]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0fa807aa994140058e861'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The circumlunar program (Zond), created by Vladimir Chelomey's design bureau OKB-52, was to fly two cosmonauts in a stripped-down Soyuz 7K-L1, launched by Chelomey's Proton UR-500 rocket. The Zond sacrificed habitable cabin volume for equipment, by omitting the Soyuz orbital module. Chelomey gained favor with Khruschev by employing members of his family.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who created the circumlunar program called Zond?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Vladimir Chelomey'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",44]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0fb41231d4119001ac52c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which type of craft were two astronauts to fly in during Zond?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Soyuz 7K-L1'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",131]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0fb41231d4119001ac52d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Korolev's lunar landing program was designated N1\/L3, for its N1 superbooster and a more advanced Soyuz 7K-L3 spacecraft, also known as the lunar orbital module (\"Lunniy Orbitalny Korabl\", LOK), with a crew of two. A separate lunar lander (\"Lunniy Korabl\", LK), would carry a single cosmonaut to the lunar surface.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The \"Lunniy Korabl\" or \"LK\" would carry how many people?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'N1'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",48]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0fba6231d4119001ac53b'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The US and USSR began discussions on the peaceful uses of space as early as 1958, presenting issues for debate to the United Nations, which created a Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space in 1959.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space was established in what year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1959'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",200]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0fbf67aa994140058e873'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space was created by what organization in 1959?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'United Nations'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",119]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0fbf67aa994140058e874'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On May 10, 1962, Vice President Johnson addressed the Second National Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Space revealing that the United States and the USSR both supported a resolution passed by the Political Committee of the UN General Assembly on December 1962, which not only urged member nations to \"extend the rules of international law to outer space,\" but to also cooperate in its exploration. Following the passing of this resolution, Kennedy commenced his communications proposing a cooperative American\/Soviet space program.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'A problem was resolved by whom when both the US and the USSR supported a cooperative space program?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Political Committee of the UN General Assembly'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",200]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0fcef231d4119001ac548'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The cooperative space program was passed on what date?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'December 1962'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",250]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0fcef231d4119001ac549'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The UN ultimately created a Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, which was signed by the United States, USSR, and the United Kingdom on January 27, 1967 and went into force the following October 10.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space was signed by three countries on what date?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'January 27, 1967'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",246]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0fd56231d4119001ac552'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In 1967, both nations faced serious challenges that brought their programs to temporary halts. Both had been rushing at full-speed toward the first piloted flights of Apollo and Soyuz, without paying due diligence to growing design and manufacturing problems. The results proved fatal to both pioneering crews.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Both crews were killed on which spacecraft missions in 1967?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Apollo and Soyuz'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",168]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0fd867aa994140058e889'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On January 27, 1967, the same day the US and USSR signed the Outer Space Treaty, the crew of the first manned Apollo mission, Command Pilot Virgil \"Gus\" Grissom, Senior Pilot Edward H. White, and Pilot Roger Chaffee, were killed in a fire that swept through their spacecraft cabin during a ground test, less than a month before the planned February 21 launch. An investigative board determined the fire was probably caused by an electrical spark, and quickly grew out of control, fed by the spacecraft's pure oxygen atmosphere. Crew escape was made impossible by inability to open the plug door hatch cover against the greater-than-atmospheric internal pressure. The board also found design and construction flaws in the spacecraft, and procedural failings, including failure to appreciate the hazard of the pure-oxygen atmosphere, as well as inadequate safety procedures. All these flaws had to be corrected over the next twenty-two months until the first piloted flight could be made. Mercury and Gemini veteran Grissom had been a favored choice of Deke Slayton, NASA's Director of Flight Crew Operations, to make the first piloted landing.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Outer Space Treaty was signed by the US and the USSR on what date?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'January 27, 1967'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0fe47cd28a01900c673f1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the cause of the fire that killed everyone on the first Apollo mission before launch?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'electrical spark'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",430]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0fe47cd28a01900c673f4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who were the three people who died on the first Apollo mission before launch?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Command Pilot Virgil \"Gus\" Grissom, Senior Pilot Edward H. White, and Pilot Roger Chaffee'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",127]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0fe47cd28a01900c673f5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Meanwhile, the Soviet Union was having its own problems with Soyuz development. Engineers reported 200 design faults to party leaders, but their concerns \"were overruled by political pressures for a series of space feats to mark the anniversary of Lenin's birthday.\"[citation needed] On April 24, 1967, the single pilot of Soyuz 1, Vladimir Komarov, became the first in-flight spaceflight fatality. The mission was planned to be a three-day test, to include the first Soviet docking with an unpiloted Soyuz 2, but the mission was plagued with problems. Early on, Komarov's craft lacked sufficient electrical power because only one of two solar panels had deployed. Then the automatic attitude control system began malfunctioning and eventually failed completely, resulting in the craft spinning wildly. Komarov was able to stop the spin with the manual system, which was only partially effective. The flight controllers aborted his mission after only one day. During the emergency re-entry, a fault in the landing parachute system caused the primary chute to fail, and the reserve chute became tangled with the drogue chute; Komarov was killed on impact. Fixing the spacecraft faults caused an eighteen-month delay before piloted Soyuz flights could resume.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the person credited with the first in-flight space death?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Vladimir Komarov'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",333]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0fedde3433e1400422a74'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Vladimir Komarov die on impact from his spacecraft crash?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'April 24, 1967'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",288]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0fedde3433e1400422a76'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The United States recovered from the Apollo 1 fire, fixing the fatal flaws in an improved version of the Block II command module. The US proceeded with unpiloted test launches of the Saturn V launch vehicle (Apollo 4 and Apollo 6) and the Lunar Module (Apollo 5) during the latter half of 1967 and early 1968. Apollo 1's mission to check out the Apollo Command\/Service Module in Earth orbit was accomplished by Grissom's backup crew commanded by Walter Schirra on Apollo 7, launched on October 11, 1968. The eleven-day mission was a total success, as the spacecraft performed a virtually flawless mission, paving the way for the United States to continue with its lunar mission schedule.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Apollo 7 launched from Earth on what date?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'October 11, 1968'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",487]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0ff55e3433e1400422a7c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was in charge of the Apollo 7 mission on board?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Walter Schirra'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",447]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e0ff55e3433e1400422a7d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Soviet Union also fixed the parachute and control problems with Soyuz, and the next piloted mission Soyuz 3 was launched on October 26, 1968. The goal was to complete Komarov's rendezvous and docking mission with the un-piloted Soyuz 2. Ground controllers brought the two craft to within 200 meters (660 ft) of each other, then cosmonaut Georgy Beregovoy took control. He got within 40 meters (130 ft) of his target, but was unable to dock before expending 90 percent of his maneuvering fuel, due to a piloting error that put his spacecraft into the wrong orientation and forced Soyuz 2 to automatically turn away from his approaching craft. The first docking of Soviet spacecraft was finally realised in January 1969 by the Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5 missions. It was the first-ever docking of two manned spacecraft, and the first transfer of crew from one space vehicle to another.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Soyuz 3 began its mission to space on what date?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'October 26, 1968'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",129]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e10477e3433e1400422ac4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the first successful docking of a two man space crew?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'January 1969'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",710]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e10477e3433e1400422ac5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which two space missions were the first to successfully dock each other?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",730]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e10477e3433e1400422ac6'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Soviet Zond spacecraft was not yet ready for piloted circumlunar missions in 1968, after five unsuccessful and partially successful automated test launches: Cosmos 146 on March 10, 1967; Cosmos 154 on April 8, 1967; Zond 1967A September 27, 1967; Zond 1967B on November 22, 1967. Zond 4 was launched on March 2, 1968, and successfully made a circumlunar flight. After its successful flight around the Moon, Zond 4 encountered problems with its Earth reentry on March 9, and was ordered destroyed by an explosive charge 15,000 meters (49,000 ft) over the Gulf of Guinea. The Soviet official announcement said that Zond 4 was an automated test flight which ended with its intentional destruction, due to its recovery trajectory positioning it over the Atlantic Ocean instead of over the USSR.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where was the Zond 4 over when it was destroyed by an explosion?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Gulf of Guinea'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",559]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e104dfcd28a01900c67447'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'During the summer of 1968, the Apollo program hit another snag: the first pilot-rated Lunar Module (LM) was not ready for orbital tests in time for a December 1968 launch. NASA planners overcame this challenge by changing the mission flight order, delaying the first LM flight until March 1969, and sending Apollo 8 into lunar orbit without the LM in December. This mission was in part motivated by intelligence rumors the Soviet Union might be ready for a piloted Zond flight during late 1968. In September 1968, Zond 5 made a circumlunar flight with tortoises on board and returned to Earth, accomplishing the first successful water landing of the Soviet space program in the Indian Ocean. It also scared NASA planners, as it took them several days to figure out that it was only an automated flight, not piloted, because voice recordings were transmitted from the craft en route to the Moon. On November 10, 1968 another automated test flight, Zond 6 was launched, but this time encountered difficulties in its Earth reentry, and depressurized and deployed its parachute too early, causing it to crash-land only 16 kilometers (9.9 mi) from where it had been launched six days earlier. It turned out there was no chance of a piloted Soviet circumlunar flight during 1968, due to the unreliability of the Zonds.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The first successful water landing in the Indian Ocean by the Soviets was was when?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1968'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",22]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e10565e3433e1400422ade'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What animal was carried aboard the  Zond 5?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'tortoises'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",553]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e10565e3433e1400422adf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The first Lunar Module was delayed to what date?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'March 1969'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",284]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e10565e3433e1400422ae0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'On December 21, 1968, Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders became the first humans to ride the Saturn V rocket into space on Apollo 8. They also became the first to leave low-Earth orbit and go to another celestial body, and entered lunar orbit on December 24. They made ten orbits in twenty hours, and transmitted one of the most watched TV broadcasts in history, with their Christmas Eve program from lunar orbit, that concluded with a reading from the biblical Book of Genesis. Two and a half hours after the broadcast, they fired their engine to perform the first trans-Earth injection to leave lunar orbit and return to the Earth. Apollo 8 safely landed in the Pacific ocean on December 27, in NASA's first dawn splashdown and recovery.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which three people were the first to ride the Saturn V rocket into space?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",23]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e1063ecd28a01900c67453'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What date did Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders leave Earth on the Apollo 8 mission?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'December 21, 1968'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e1063ecd28a01900c67454'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'During what holiday, was the Apollo 8 mission broadcast from orbit?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Christmas Eve'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",387]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e1063ecd28a01900c67456'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which ocean did the Apolo 8 mission land in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pacific'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",677]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e1063ecd28a01900c67457'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The American Lunar Module was finally ready for a successful piloted test flight in low Earth orbit on Apollo 9 in March 1969. The next mission, Apollo 10, conducted a \"dress rehearsal\" for the first landing in May 1969, flying the LM in lunar orbit as close as 47,400 feet (14.4 km) above the surface, the point where the powered descent to the surface would begin. With the LM proven to work well, the next step was to attempt the actual landing.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How close to the ground was the Lunar Module in May 1969 during its landing test?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'47,400 feet'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",263]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e1069ce3433e1400422aec'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Lunar Module completed its first low Earth orbit on what date?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'March 1969'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",116]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e1069ce3433e1400422aed'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Unknown to the Americans, the Soviet Moon program was in deep trouble. After two successive launch failures of the N1 rocket in 1969, Soviet plans for a piloted landing suffered delay. The launch pad explosion of the N-1 on July 3, 1969 was a significant setback. The rocket hit the pad after an engine shutdown, destroying itself and the launch facility. Without the N-1 rocket, the USSR could not send a large enough payload to the Moon to land a human and return him safely.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Soviet, N1 Rocket exploded and was destroyed on what date?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'July 3, 1969'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",225]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e106e0cd28a01900c6745d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Apollo 11 was prepared with the goal of a July landing in the Sea of Tranquility. The crew, selected in January 1969, consisted of commander (CDR) Neil Armstrong, Command Module Pilot (CMP) Michael Collins, and Lunar Module Pilot (LMP) Edwin \"Buzz\" Aldrin. They trained for the mission until just before the actual launch day. On July 16, 1969, at exactly 9:32 am EDT, the Saturn V rocket, AS-506, lifted off from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 in Florida.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Apollo 11 mission was to land where on the Moon?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sea of Tranquility'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",63]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e1077ecd28a01900c67469'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Apollo 11 mission launch?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'July 16, 1969'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",331]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e1077ecd28a01900c6746b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What state did the Saturn V rocket launch from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Florida'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",457]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e1077ecd28a01900c6746c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the crew chosen to participate on the Apollo 11 mission?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'January 1969'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",105]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e1077ecd28a01900c6746d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The trip to the Moon took just over three days. After achieving orbit, Armstrong and Aldrin transferred into the Lunar Module, named Eagle, and after a landing gear inspection by Collins remaining in the Command\/Service Module Columbia, began their descent. After overcoming several computer overload alarms caused by an antenna switch left in the wrong position, and a slight downrange error, Armstrong took over manual flight control at about 180 meters (590 ft), and guided the Lunar Module to a safe landing spot at 20:18:04 UTC, July 20, 1969 (3:17:04 pm CDT). The first humans on the Moon would wait another six hours before they ventured out of their craft. At 02:56 UTC, July 21 (9:56 pm CDT July 20), Armstrong became the first human to set foot on the Moon.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How long did the trip to the Moon last for the crew of the Apollo 11?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'three days'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",37]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e107fecd28a01900c67473'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Lunar Module of the Apollo 11 was named after what animal?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Eagle'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",134]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e107fecd28a01900c67474'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who was the first human to take a step on the Moon?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Armstrong'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",72]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e107fecd28a01900c67475'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'At what time on Earth did Armstrong first step onto the Moon?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'9:56 pm CDT July 20'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",689]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e107fecd28a01900c67476'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The first step was witnessed by at least one-fifth of the population of Earth, or about 723 million people. His first words when he stepped off the LM's landing footpad were, \"That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind.\" Aldrin joined him on the surface almost 20 minutes later. Altogether, they spent just under two and one-quarter hours outside their craft. The next day, they performed the first launch from another celestial body, and rendezvoused back with Columbia.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many people saw the first step onto the Moon?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'723 million'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",89]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e10894e3433e1400422b04'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did they launch from the Moon to reattach to the Columbia?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The next day'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",380]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e10894e3433e1400422b07'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Apollo 11 left lunar orbit and returned to Earth, landing safely in the Pacific Ocean on July 24, 1969. When the spacecraft splashed down, 2,982 days had passed since Kennedy's commitment to landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth before the end of the decade; the mission was completed with 161 days to spare. With the safe completion of the Apollo 11 mission, the Americans won the race to the Moon.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Apollo 11 mission land back on Earth?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'July 24, 1969'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",90]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e108fce3433e1400422b14'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did the Apollo 11 mission land back on Earth?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pacific Ocean'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",73]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e108fce3433e1400422b15'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The first landing was followed by another, precision landing on Apollo 12 in November 1969. NASA had achieved its first landing goal with enough Apollo spacecraft and Saturn V launchers left for eight follow-on lunar landings through Apollo 20, conducting extended-endurance missions and transporting the landing crews in Lunar Roving Vehicles on the last five. They also planned an Apollo Applications Program to develop a longer-duration Earth orbital workshop (later named Skylab) to be constructed in orbit from a spent S-IVB upper stage, using several launches of the smaller Saturn IB launch vehicle. But planners soon decided this could be done more efficiently by using the two live stages of a Saturn V to launch the workshop pre-fabricated from an S-IVB (which was also the Saturn V third stage), which immediately removed Apollo 20. Belt-tightening budget cuts soon led NASA to cut Apollo 18 and 19 as well, but keep three extended\/Lunar Rover missions. Apollo 13 encountered an in-flight spacecraft failure and had to abort its lunar landing in April 1970, returning its crew safely but temporarily grounding the program again. It resumed with four successful landings on Apollo 14 (February 1971), Apollo 15 (July 1971), Apollo 16 (April 1972), and Apollo 17 (December 1972).'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When was the second landing on the Moon successful?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'November 1969'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",78]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e10a04cd28a01900c674a1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Apollo 14 mission land successfully?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'February 1971'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1196]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e10a04cd28a01900c674a2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Apollo 15 landed on the Moon on what date?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'July 1971'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1223]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e10a04cd28a01900c674a3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what date was the Apollo 16 successful on landing on the Moon?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'April 1972'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1246]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e10a04cd28a01900c674a4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Apollo 17 landed on the Moon on which date?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'December 1972'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1274]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e10a04cd28a01900c674a5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Meanwhile, the USSR continued briefly trying to perfect their N1 rocket, finally canceling it in 1976, after two more launch failures in 1971 and 1972.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which year did the USSR cancel the N1 rocket program after two failures that didn't launch?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1976'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",98]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e10a3be3433e1400422b22'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Having lost the race to the Moon, the USSR decided to concentrate on orbital space stations. During 1969 and 1970, they launched six more Soyuz flights after Soyuz 3, then launched the first space station, the Salyut 1 laboratory designed by Kerim Kerimov, on April 19, 1971. Three days later, the Soyuz 10 crew attempted to dock with it, but failed to achieve a secure enough connection to safely enter the station. The Soyuz 11 crew of Vladislav Volkov, Georgi Dobrovolski and Viktor Patsayev successfully docked on June 7, and completed a record 22-day stay. The crew became the second in-flight space fatality during their reentry on June 30. They were asphyxiated when their spacecraft's cabin lost all pressure, shortly after undocking. The disaster was blamed on a faulty cabin pressure valve, that allowed all the air to vent into space. The crew was not wearing pressure suits and had no chance of survival once the leak occurred.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The USSR launched their first space station on what date?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'April 19, 1971'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",261]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e10bf4cd28a01900c674c3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who made up the crew of the Soyuz 11?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Vladislav Volkov, Georgi Dobrovolski and Viktor Patsayev'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",439]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e10bf4cd28a01900c674c4'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Salyut 1's orbit was increased to prevent premature reentry, but further piloted flights were delayed while the Soyuz was redesigned to fix the new safety problem. The station re-entered the Earth's atmosphere on October 11, after 175 days in orbit. The USSR attempted to launch a second Salyut-class station designated Durable Orbital Station-2 (DOS-2) on July 29, 1972, but a rocket failure caused it to fail to achieve orbit. After the DOS-2 failure, the USSR attempted to launch four more Salyut-class stations through 1975, with another failure due to an explosion of the final rocket stage, which punctured the station with shrapnel so that it wouldn't hold pressure. While all of the Salyuts were presented to the public as non-military scientific laboratories, some of them were actually covers for the military Almaz reconnaissance stations.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The station, Salyut 1, came back to Earth on which date?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'October 11'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",214]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e10ff6e3433e1400422b70'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How long did the station, Salyut 1, stay in orbit?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'175 days'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",232]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e10ff6e3433e1400422b71'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why did The Durable Orbital Station-2 not reach orbit?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'rocket failure'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",379]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e10ff6e3433e1400422b72'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The United States launched the orbital workstation Skylab 1 on May 14, 1973. It weighed 169,950 pounds (77,090 kg), was 58 feet (18 m) long by 21.7 feet (6.6 m) in diameter, with a habitable volume of 10,000 cubic feet (280 m3). Skylab was damaged during the ascent to orbit, losing one of its solar panels and a meteoroid thermal shield. Subsequent manned missions repaired the station, and the final mission's crew, Skylab 4, set the Space Race endurance record with 84 days in orbit when the mission ended on February 8, 1974. Skylab stayed in orbit another five years before reentering the Earth's atmosphere over the Indian Ocean and Western Australia on July 11, 1979.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The Skylab 1 was launched on which date?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'May 14, 1973'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",64]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e1108ce3433e1400422b7c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much did the Skylab 1 weigh?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'169,950 pounds'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",89]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e1108ce3433e1400422b7d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Skylab 1 finally come back to Earth?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'July 11, 1979'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",661]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e1108ce3433e1400422b7f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In May 1972, President Richard M. Nixon and Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev negotiated an easing of relations known as detente, creating a temporary \"thaw\" in the Cold War. In the spirit of good sportsmanship, the time seemed right for cooperation rather than competition, and the notion of a continuing \"race\" began to subside.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which two world leaders had negotiations that relieved the Cold War?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Richard M. Nixon and Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",24]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e11109cd28a01900c6753b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did President Nixon and Brezhnev of the USSR end the Cold War?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'May 1972'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e11109cd28a01900c6753c'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The two nations planned a joint mission to dock the last US Apollo craft with a Soyuz, known as the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP). To prepare, the US designed a docking module for the Apollo that was compatible with the Soviet docking system, which allowed any of their craft to dock with any other (e.g. Soyuz\/Soyuz as well as Soyuz\/Salyut). The module was also necessary as an airlock to allow the men to visit each other's craft, which had incompatible cabin atmospheres. The USSR used the Soyuz 16 mission in December 1974 to prepare for ASTP.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'ASTP stands for what?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Apollo-Soyuz Test Project'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",101]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e11166cd28a01900c6753f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which Soyuz mission in December 1974 was to be used for the ASTP?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'16'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",503]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e11166cd28a01900c67540'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The joint mission began when Soyuz 19 was first launched on July 15, 1975 at 12:20 UTC, and the Apollo craft was launched with the docking module six and a half hours later. The two craft rendezvoused and docked on July 17 at 16:19 UTC. The three astronauts conducted joint experiments with the two cosmonauts, and the crew shook hands, exchanged gifts, and visited each other's craft.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Soyuz 19 took off from Earth on what date?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'July 15, 1975'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",61]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e111cecd28a01900c67543'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In the 1970s, the United States began developing a new generation of reusable orbital spacecraft known as the Space Shuttle, and launched a range of unmanned probes. The USSR continued to develop space station technology with the Salyut program and Mir ('Peace' or 'World', depending on the context) space station, supported by Soyuz spacecraft. They developed their own large space shuttle under the Buran program. However, the USSR dissolved in 1991 and the remains of its space program were distributed to various Eastern European countries. The United States and Russia would work together in space with the Shuttle–Mir Program, and again with the International Space Station.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What year did the USSR disband?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1991'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",448]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e11222e3433e1400422b9a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Russian R-7 rocket family, which launched the first Sputnik at the beginning of the space race, is still in use today. It services the International Space Station (ISS) as the launcher for both the Soyuz and Progress spacecraft. It also ferries both Russian and American crews to and from the station.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Which Russian rocket carries passengers to and from the International Space Station?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'R-7 rocket'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",13]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e11243e3433e1400422b9e'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'American concerns that they had fallen behind the Soviet Union in the race to space led quickly to a push by legislators and educators for greater emphasis on mathematics and the physical sciences in American schools. The United States' National Defense Education Act of 1958 increased funding for these goals from childhood education through the post-graduate level.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'The United States' National Defense Education Act was established in what year?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1958'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",272]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56e11280e3433e1400422ba0'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Space Race'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'A pub \/pʌb\/, or public house is, despite its name, a private house, but is called a public house because it is licensed to sell alcohol to the general public. It is a drinking establishment in Britain, Ireland, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, Denmark and New England. In many places, especially in villages, a pub can be the focal point of the community. The writings of Samuel Pepys describe the pub as the heart of England.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a pub licensed to sell?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'it is licensed to sell alcohol'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",106]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dede3c3277331400b4d784'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In many villages what establishment could be called the focal point of the community?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the pub'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",394]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dede3c3277331400b4d785'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the term 'pub' short for?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'public house'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",17]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb4987aa994140058e003'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where in the United States are pubs located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'New England'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",256]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb4987aa994140058e004'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What continental European country has pubs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Denmark'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",244]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb4987aa994140058e005'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Other than the United States, where in North America are pubs located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Canada'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",236]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb4987aa994140058e006'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Who said that pubs are the heart of England?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Samuel Pepys'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",372]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb4987aa994140058e007'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Pub'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The history of pubs can be traced back to Roman taverns, through the Anglo-Saxon alehouse to the development of the modern tied house system in the 19th century.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How far back does the history of pubs go back?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'to Roman taverns'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",40]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dedf02c65bf219000b3d93'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the Anglo-Saxon pup called? 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Most pubs offer a range of beers, wines, spirits, and soft drinks and snacks. Traditionally the windows of town pubs were of smoked or frosted glass to obscure the clientele from the street but from the 1990s onwards, there has been a move towards clear glass, in keeping with brighter interiors.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Why were the windows of town pubs made of smoked or frosted glass traditionally?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'to obscure the clientele from the street'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",252]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee02f3277331400b4d79b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What fares do most pubs offer?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'beers, wines, spirits, and soft drinks and snacks'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",130]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee02f3277331400b4d79d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are traditional pub windows made out of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'smoked or frosted glass'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",228]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb587231d4119001abca1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are the windows of 1990s and later pubs often made of?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'clear glass'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",351]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb587231d4119001abca2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Aside from beverages, what types of food do pubs typically offer?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'snacks'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",173]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb587231d4119001abca3'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Pub'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The owner, tenant or manager (licensee) of a pub is properly known as the \"pub landlord\". The term publican (in historical Roman usage a public contractor or tax farmer) has come into use since Victorian times to designate the pub landlord. Known as \"locals\" to regulars, pubs are typically chosen for their proximity to home or work, the availability of a particular beer, as a place to smoke (or avoid it), hosting a darts team, having a pool or snooker table, or appealing to friends.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the owner, tenant or manager of a pub known as?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'pub landlord'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",76]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee19cc65bf219000b3db7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What term came into use in Victorian times to designate the pub landlord?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'publican'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",100]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee19cc65bf219000b3db8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Name one way  regulars choose their Pubs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'for their proximity to home or work'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",299]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee19cc65bf219000b3db9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a proper term for the licensee of the pub?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'pub landlord'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",76]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb6067aa994140058e035'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the pub landlord often called in Victorian times?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'publican'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",100]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb6067aa994140058e036'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are pubs called by those who regularly visit there?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'locals'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",252]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb6067aa994140058e037'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Teams for what sport can be found congregating at pubs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'darts'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",420]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb6067aa994140058e038'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What gaming tables can often be found in pubs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'pool or snooker'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",441]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb6067aa994140058e039'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Pub'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Until the 1970s most of the larger pubs also featured an off-sales counter or attached shop for the sales of beers, wines and spirits for home consumption. In the 1970s the newly built supermarkets and high street chain stores or off-licences undercut the pub prices to such a degree that within ten years all but a handful of pubs had closed their off-sale counters, which had often been referred to colloquially as the jug and bottle.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the off-sales counter or attached shop for the sales of beers, wines and spirits for home consumption often referred to as? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'jug and bottle'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",422]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee2c2c65bf219000b3ddc'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what decade did pubs tend to cease selling alcohol for off-premises drinking?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1970s'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",11]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb69b231d4119001abcc9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the name of the counter where pubs traditionally sold alcohol to drink at home?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'off-sales counter'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",58]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb69b231d4119001abcca'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was a colloquial term for the off-sales counter?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the jug and bottle'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",418]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb69b231d4119001abccb'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Along with high street chain stores and off-licenses, what stores undercut pub alcohol sales in the 1970s?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'supermarkets'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",186]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb69b231d4119001abccc'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Pub'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The inhabitants of the British Isles have been drinking ale since the Bronze Age, but it was with the arrival of the Roman Empire in its shores in the 1st Century, and the construction of the Roman road networks that the first inns, called tabernae, in which travellers could obtain refreshment began to appear. After the departure of Roman authority in the 5th Century and the fall of the Romano-British kingdoms, the Anglo-Saxons established alehouses that grew out of domestic dwellings, the Anglo-Saxon alewife would put a green bush up on a pole to let people know her brew was ready. These alehouses quickly evolved into meeting houses for the folk to socially congregate, gossip and arrange mutual help within their communities. Herein lies the origin of the modern public house, or \"Pub\" as it is colloquially called in England. They rapidly spread across the Kingdom, becoming so commonplace that in 965 King Edgar decreed that there should be no more than one alehouse per village.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the inhabitants of the British Isles begin drinking ale?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Bronze Age'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",67]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee44ac65bf219000b3de1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'With the Roman road network, what were the first inns called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'tabernae'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",241]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee44ac65bf219000b3de2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How did the alewife let people know that her brew was ready?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Anglo-Saxon alewife would put a green bush up on a pole'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",492]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee44ac65bf219000b3de3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did King Edgar decree in 965?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'there should be no more than one alehouse per village'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",938]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee44ac65bf219000b3de4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'During what historical epoch did Britons begin drinking ale?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Bronze Age'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",67]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb7187aa994140058e05d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what century did the Romans arrive in Britain?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the 1st Century'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",148]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb7187aa994140058e05e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the Latin term for the Roman inns?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'tabernae'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",241]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb7187aa994140058e05f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what century did the Romans leave Britain?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'5th Century'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",359]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb7187aa994140058e060'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What color bush did an Anglo-Saxon woman raise to indicate that her ale was done brewing?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'green'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",528]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb7187aa994140058e061'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Pub'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'A traveller in the early Middle Ages could obtain overnight accommodation in monasteries, but later a demand for hostelries grew with the popularity of pilgrimages and travel. The Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In the early Middle Ages, where could a traveler obtain overnight accommodations?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'in monasteries'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",75]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee5d8c65bf219000b3df7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When were the Hostellers of London were granted guild status?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1446'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",231]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee5d8c65bf219000b3df8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What name was taken by the Hostellers in 1514?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Worshipful Company of Innholders'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",269]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee5d8c65bf219000b3df9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Hostellers of London become a guild?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1446'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",231]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb76e7aa994140058e067'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did the Hostellers of London change their name to the Worshipful Company of Innholders?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1514'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",243]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb76e7aa994140058e068'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where did travelers early in the Middle Ages often find lodgings?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'monasteries'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",78]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb76e7aa994140058e069'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What religious activity was responsible for the growing demand for hostelries?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'pilgrimages'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",153]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb76e7aa994140058e06a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Pub'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Inns are buildings where travellers can seek lodging and, usually, food and drink. They are typically located in the country or along a highway. In Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago.[citation needed] Some inns in Europe are several centuries old. In addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where is an inn typically located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'in the country or along a highway'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",111]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee6af3277331400b4d7dd'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In addition to providing for the needs of travelers what was another typical use for an inn?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'community gathering places'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",392]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee6af3277331400b4d7de'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How old are some of the inns in Europe?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'several centuries'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",287]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dee6af3277331400b4d7df'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Aside from lodging, what amenities are often offered at inns?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'food and drink'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",68]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb801231d4119001abcf1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What road is an inn often located near?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'highway'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",137]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb801231d4119001abcf2'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many thousand years ago did the Romans build their road system?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'two'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",227]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb801231d4119001abcf3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'About how old are the oldest inns in Europe?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'several centuries'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",287]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb801231d4119001abcf4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What role did inns serve other than housing travelers?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'community gathering places'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",392]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb801231d4119001abcf5'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Pub'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In Europe, it is the provision of accommodation, if anything, that now distinguishes inns from taverns, alehouses and pubs. The latter tend to provide alcohol (and, in the UK, soft drinks and often food), but less commonly accommodation. Inns tend to be older and grander establishments: historically they provided not only food and lodging, but also stabling and fodder for the traveller's horse(s) and on some roads fresh horses for the mail coach. Famous London inns include The George, Southwark and The Tabard. There is however no longer a formal distinction between an inn and other kinds of establishment. Many pubs use \"Inn\" in their name, either because they are long established former coaching inns, or to summon up a particular kind of image, or in many cases simply as a pun on the word \"in\", as in \"The Welcome Inn\", the name of many pubs in Scotland.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What amenity does an inn offer that pubs, alehouses and taverns usually do not?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'accommodation'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",35]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb89e7aa994140058e06f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what nation's pubs is food often served?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the UK'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",169]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb89e7aa994140058e070'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Along with Southwark and The Tabard, what is a notable London inn?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The George'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",479]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb89e7aa994140058e071'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what country is \"The Welcome Inn\" frequently used as a name for pubs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Scotland'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",857]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb89e7aa994140058e072'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Aside from human beings, what creature's needs were traditionally seen to at inns?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'horses'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",425]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb89e7aa994140058e073'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Pub'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The original services of an inn are now also available at other establishments, such as hotels, lodges, and motels, which focus more on lodging customers than on other services, although they usually provide meals; pubs, which are primarily alcohol-serving establishments; and restaurants and taverns, which serve food and drink. In North America, the lodging aspect of the word \"inn\" lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn, and in some state laws that refer to lodging operators as innkeepers.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the main service of an inn, now also attainable in motels, hotels and lodges?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'lodging'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",137]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb914231d4119001abd05'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the main provision that pubs offer?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'alcohol'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",242]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb914231d4119001abd06'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What are customers seeking when they visit restaurants or taverns?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'food and drink'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",315]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb914231d4119001abd07'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is a noted hotel brand throughout North America?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Holiday Inn'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",421]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb914231d4119001abd08'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In the United States, what are operators of lodgings sometimes called?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'innkeepers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",492]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb914231d4119001abd09'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Pub'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery in London started as ordinary inns where barristers met to do business, but became institutions of the legal profession in England and Wales.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Along with the Inns of Chancery, in what inns did British lawyers historically conduct business?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Inns of Court'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb970231d4119001abd0f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what city are the Inns of Chancery located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'London'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",43]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb970231d4119001abd10'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Outside England, what other country does the legal system founded around the Inns of Court operate in?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Wales'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",175]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb970231d4119001abd11'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Pub'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Traditional English ale was made solely from fermented malt. The practice of adding hops to produce beer was introduced from the Netherlands in the early 15th century. Alehouses would each brew their own distinctive ale, but independent breweries began to appear in the late 17th century. By the end of the century almost all beer was brewed by commercial breweries.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the one ingredient of traditional English ale?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'fermented malt'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",46]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb9fe231d4119001abd15'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What country pioneered the introduction of hops for beer production?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Netherlands'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",126]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb9fe231d4119001abd16'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what century was the process of using hops to produce beer introduced to England?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'15th'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",155]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb9fe231d4119001abd17'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what century did the first independent breweries appear in England?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'17th'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",276]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb9fe231d4119001abd18'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What businesses were the dominant brewers of beer in England by the close of the 17th century?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'commercial breweries'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",346]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfb9fe231d4119001abd19'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Pub'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The 18th century saw a huge growth in the number of drinking establishments, primarily due to the introduction of gin. Gin was brought to England by the Dutch after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and became very popular after the government created a market for \"cuckoo grain\" or \"cuckoo malt\" that was unfit to be used in brewing and distilling by allowing unlicensed gin and beer production, while imposing a heavy duty on all imported spirits. As thousands of gin-shops sprang up all over England, brewers fought back by increasing the number of alehouses. By 1740 the production of gin had increased to six times that of beer and because of its cheapness it became popular with the poor, leading to the so-called Gin Craze. Over half of the 15,000 drinking establishments in London were gin shops.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'After what political upheaval was gin introduced to England?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Glorious Revolution'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",166]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfba5f231d4119001abd29'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What people introduced gin to England?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Dutch'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",150]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfba5f231d4119001abd2a'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did the Glorious Revolution occur?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1688'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",193]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfba5f231d4119001abd2b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How much more gin than beer was made in England in 1740?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'six times'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",609]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfba5f231d4119001abd2c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In 1740, what fraction of London drinking establishments were gin shops?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'half'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",735]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfba5f231d4119001abd2d'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Pub'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The drunkenness and lawlessness created by gin was seen to lead to ruination and degradation of the working classes. The distinction[clarification needed] was illustrated by William Hogarth in his engravings Beer Street and Gin Lane. The Gin Act 1736 imposed high taxes on retailers and led to riots in the streets. The prohibitive duty was gradually reduced and finally abolished in 1742. The Gin Act 1751 however was more successful. It forced distillers to sell only to licensed retailers and brought gin shops under the jurisdiction of local magistrates.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What artist created the engraving Beer Street and Gin Lane?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'William Hogarth'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",175]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfbb977aa994140058e0b5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What law imposed a high tax on gin shops and resulted in riots?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Gin Act 1736'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",235]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfbb977aa994140058e0b6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When were the Gin Act 1736 duties eliminated? '"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1742'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",385]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfbb977aa994140058e0b7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What law placed gin shops under the control of local magistrates?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Gin Act 1751'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",391]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfbb977aa994140058e0b8'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Pub'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'By the early 19th century, encouraged by lower duties on gin, the gin houses or \"Gin Palaces\" had spread from London to most cities and towns in Britain, with most of the new establishments illegal and unlicensed. These bawdy, loud and unruly drinking dens so often described by Charles Dickens in his Sketches by Boz (published 1835–1836) increasingly came to be held as unbridled cesspits of immorality or crime and the source of much ill-health and alcoholism among the working classes.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what century did gin houses proliferate throughout Britain?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'19th'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",14]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfbdc47aa994140058e0d7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What book by Dickens described activities in drinking establishments?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sketches by Boz'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",303]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfbdc47aa994140058e0d8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Over what two-year period was Sketches by Boz written?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1835–1836'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",330]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfbdc47aa994140058e0d9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was another name for gin houses early in the 19th century?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"Gin Palaces\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",81]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfbdc47aa994140058e0da'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what British city did gin houses first appear?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'London'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",111]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfbdc47aa994140058e0db'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Pub'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Under a banner of \"reducing public drunkenness\" the Beer Act of 1830 introduced a new lower tier of premises permitted to sell alcohol, the Beer Houses. At the time beer was viewed as harmless, nutritious and even healthy. Young children were often given what was described as small beer, which was brewed to have a low alcohol content, as the local water was often unsafe. Even the evangelical church and temperance movements of the day viewed the drinking of beer very much as a secondary evil and a normal accompaniment to a meal. The freely available beer was thus intended to wean the drinkers off the evils of gin, or so the thinking went.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What law allowed the existence of beer houses?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Beer Act of 1830'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",53]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfbe6f231d4119001abd67'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what way did small beer differ from regular beer?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'low alcohol content'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",317]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfbe6f231d4119001abd68'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What alcohol was regarded as evil when compared to beer?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'gin'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",617]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfbe6f231d4119001abd69'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the intention behind the passage of the Beer Act of 1830?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'reducing public drunkenness'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",20]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfbe6f231d4119001abd6a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Pub'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Under the 1830 Act any householder who paid rates could apply, with a one-off payment of two guineas (roughly equal in value to £168 today), to sell beer or cider in his home (usually the front parlour) and even to brew his own on his premises. The permission did not extend to the sale of spirits and fortified wines, and any beer house discovered selling those items was closed down and the owner heavily fined. Beer houses were not permitted to open on Sundays. The beer was usually served in jugs or dispensed directly from tapped wooden barrels on a table in the corner of the room. Often profits were so high the owners were able to buy the house next door to live in, turning every room in their former home into bars and lounges for customers.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is the approximate modern value of two guineas in 1830?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'£168'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",129]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfbeed7aa994140058e0f3'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What did the Beer Act allow a householder to sell from his home?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'beer or cider'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",150]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfbeed7aa994140058e0f4'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what day were beer houses closed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sundays'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",457]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfbeed7aa994140058e0f5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Along with barrels, what was beer typically dispensed from?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'jugs'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",497]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfbeed7aa994140058e0f6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was forbidden from being sold in beer houses?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'spirits and fortified wines'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",291]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfbeed7aa994140058e0f7'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Pub'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In the first year, 400 beer houses opened and within eight years there were 46,000 across the country, far outnumbering the combined total of long-established taverns, pubs, inns and hotels. Because it was so easy to obtain permission and the profits could be huge compared to the low cost of gaining permission, the number of beer houses was continuing to rise and in some towns nearly every other house in a street could be a beer house. Finally in 1869 the growth had to be checked by magisterial control and new licensing laws were introduced. Only then was it made harder to get a licence, and the licensing laws which operate today were formulated.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many beer houses opened their doors in the inaugural year of the Beer Act?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'400'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",20]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfbf737aa994140058e103'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many beer houses existed throughout Britain eight years after the passage of the Beer Act?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'46,000'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",77]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfbf737aa994140058e104'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year were additional licensing laws introduced for beer houses?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1869'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",452]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfbf737aa994140058e105'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Pub'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Although the new licensing laws prevented new beer houses from being created, those already in existence were allowed to continue and many did not close until nearly the end of the 19th century. A very small number remained into the 21st century. The vast majority of the beer houses applied for the new licences and became full pubs. These usually small establishments can still be identified in many towns, seemingly oddly located in the middle of otherwise terraced housing part way up a street, unlike purpose-built pubs that are usually found on corners or road junctions. Many of today's respected real ale micro-brewers in the UK started as home based Beer House brewers under the 1830 Act.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What establishments did beer houses become after buying an additional license?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'pubs'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",330]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfbfff7aa994140058e111'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'By the end of what century were most beer houses closed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'19th'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",182]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfbfff7aa994140058e112'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where are purpose-built pubs typically located?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'corners or road junctions'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",552]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfbfff7aa994140058e113'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What modern brewers often first began as beer houses?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'real ale micro-brewers'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",605]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfbfff7aa994140058e114'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Pub'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The beer houses tended to avoid the traditional pub names like The Crown, The Red Lion, The Royal Oak etc. and, if they did not simply name their place Smith's Beer House, they would apply topical pub names in an effort to reflect the mood of the times.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Along with The Royal Oak and The Crown, what is a traditional name for a pub?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'The Red Lion'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",75]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfc02e7aa994140058e119'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is an example of a name for a beer house?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Smith's Beer House'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",153]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfc02e7aa994140058e11a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Pub'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'There was already regulation on public drinking spaces in the 17th and 18th centuries,[citation needed] and the income earned from licences was beneficial to the crown. Tavern owners were required to possess a licence to sell ale, and a separate licence for distilled spirits.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In addition to a license to sell spirits, what did tavern owners require a license to sell?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ale'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",227]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfc0887aa994140058e11d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what century did public drinking regulations first exist in England?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'17th'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",63]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfc0887aa994140058e11e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What party received income from the sale of public drinking house licenses?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the crown'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",159]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfc0887aa994140058e11f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Pub'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'From the mid-19th century on the opening hours of licensed premises in the UK were restricted. However licensing was gradually liberalised after the 1960s, until contested licensing applications became very rare, and the remaining administrative function was transferred to Local Authorities in 2005.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what century were the operating hours of drinking establishments first limited?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'19th'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",14]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfc0e0231d4119001abd9f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what decade were the restrictions on public drinking establishment licenses loosened?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1960s'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",150]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfc0e0231d4119001abda0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What bodies controlled drinking establishment licensing administration as of 2005?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Local Authorities'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",275]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfc0e0231d4119001abda1'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Pub'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Wine and Beerhouse Act 1869 reintroduced the stricter controls of the previous century. The sale of beers, wines or spirits required a licence for the premises from the local magistrates. Further provisions regulated gaming, drunkenness, prostitution and undesirable conduct on licensed premises, enforceable by prosecution or more effectively by the landlord under threat of forfeiting his licence. Licences were only granted, transferred or renewed at special Licensing Sessions courts, and were limited to respectable individuals. Often these were ex-servicemen or ex-policemen; retiring to run a pub was popular amongst military officers at the end of their service. Licence conditions varied widely, according to local practice. They would specify permitted hours, which might require Sunday closing, or conversely permit all-night opening near a market. Typically they might require opening throughout the permitted hours, and the provision of food or lavatories. Once obtained, licences were jealously protected by the licensees (who were expected to be generally present, not an absentee owner or company), and even \"Occasional Licences\" to serve drinks at temporary premises such as fêtes would usually be granted only to existing licensees. Objections might be made by the police, rival landlords or anyone else on the grounds of infractions such as serving drunks, disorderly or dirty premises, or ignoring permitted hours.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What law mandated a license from the local magistrate to sell beer?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Wine and Beerhouse Act 1869'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",5]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfd598231d4119001abe0f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'At what locations were public house licenses granted?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'special Licensing Sessions courts'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",459]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfd598231d4119001abe10'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Retirees from what two professions often sought licenses for pubs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'ex-servicemen or ex-policemen'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",556]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfd598231d4119001abe11'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What were licenses called that allowed spirits to be served at temporary premises?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Occasional Licences'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1130]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfd598231d4119001abe12'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Pub'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Detailed licensing records were kept, giving the Public House, its address, owner, licensee and misdemeanours of the licensees, often going back for hundreds of years[citation needed]. Many of these records survive and can be viewed, for example, at the London Metropolitan Archives centre.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Where can historical licensing records be examined?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'London Metropolitan Archives centre'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",255]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfd601231d4119001abe17'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Along with a public house's address, licensee, and the licensee's misdemeanors, what information was kept in licensing records?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'owner'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",77]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfd601231d4119001abe18'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Pub'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The restrictions were tightened by the Defence of the Realm Act of August 1914, which, along with the introduction of rationing and the censorship of the press for wartime purposes, restricted pubs' opening hours to 12 noon–2:30 pm and 6:30 pm–9:30 pm. Opening for the full licensed hours was compulsory, and closing time was equally firmly enforced by the police; a landlord might lose his licence for infractions. Pubs were closed under the Act and compensation paid, for example in Pembrokeshire.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What law further restricted public houses?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the Defence of the Realm Act'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",36]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfd68c231d4119001abe1b'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what month and year was the Defence of the Realm Act passed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'August 1914'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",68]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfd68c231d4119001abe1c'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Along with the period 6:30 pm–9:30 pm, what opening hours were acceptable under the Defence of the Realm Act?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'12 noon–2:30 pm'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",217]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfd68c231d4119001abe1d'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is an example of a county where provinces were closed for violating the Defence of the Realm Act?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Pembrokeshire'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",486]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfd68c231d4119001abe1e'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What body enforced pubs' closing hours under the Defence of the Realm Act?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the police'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",354]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfd68c231d4119001abe1f'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Pub'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'There was a special case established under the State Management Scheme where the brewery and licensed premises were bought and run by the state until 1973, most notably in Carlisle. During the 20th century elsewhere, both the licensing laws and enforcement were progressively relaxed, and there were differences between parishes; in the 1960s, at closing time in Kensington at 10:30 pm, drinkers would rush over the parish boundary to be in good time for \"Last Orders\" in Knightsbridge before 11 pm, a practice observed in many pubs adjoining licensing area boundaries. Some Scottish and Welsh parishes remained officially \"dry\" on Sundays (although often this merely required knocking at the back door of the pub). These restricted opening hours led to the tradition of lock-ins.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the mandated closing time of pubs in Kensington in the 1960s?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'10:30 pm'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",378]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfd73b231d4119001abe25'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the mandated closing time of pubs in Knightsbridge in the 1960s?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'11 pm'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",494]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfd73b231d4119001abe26'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is an example of an English city where breweries were run by the government?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Carlisle'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",173]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfd73b231d4119001abe27'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what year did the State Management Scheme cease?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1973'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",151]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfd73b231d4119001abe28'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'On what days were Scottish and Welsh pubs often 'dry'?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Sundays'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",633]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfd73b231d4119001abe29'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Pub'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'However, closing times were increasingly disregarded in the country pubs. In England and Wales by 2000 pubs could legally open from 11 am (12 noon on Sundays) through to 11 pm (10:30 pm on Sundays). That year was also the first to allow continuous opening for 36 hours from 11 am on New Year's Eve to 11 pm on New Year's Day. In addition, many cities had by-laws to allow some pubs to extend opening hours to midnight or 1 am, whilst nightclubs had long been granted late licences to serve alcohol into the morning. Pubs near London's Smithfield market, Billingsgate fish market and Covent Garden fruit and flower market could stay open 24 hours a day since Victorian times to provide a service to the shift working employees of the markets.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Circa 2000, what was the latest pubs in Wales could be open until on every day but Sunday?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'11 pm'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",171]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfd7cf231d4119001abe2f'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the latest legal closing time on Sundays in English pubs as of 2000?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'10:30 pm'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",178]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfd7cf231d4119001abe30'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many hours per day were pubs located near Billingsgate fish market allowed to remain open?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'24'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",638]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfd7cf231d4119001abe31'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In 2000, what was the earliest Welsh and English pubs could open on Sundays?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'12 noon'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",140]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfd7cf231d4119001abe32'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In 2000, what was the earliest Welsh and English pubs could open on any day but Sunday?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'11 am'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",133]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfd7cf231d4119001abe33'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Pub'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'Scotland's and Northern Ireland's licensing laws have long been more flexible, allowing local authorities to set pub opening and closing times. In Scotland, this stemmed out of[clarification needed] a late repeal of the wartime licensing laws, which stayed in force until 1976.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When were wartime licensing laws ended in Scotland?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1976'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",273]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfd80f231d4119001abe39'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What constituent countries of the United Kingdom's licensing laws were notably flexible?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Scotland's and Northern Ireland's'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfd80f231d4119001abe3a'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Pub'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'The Licensing Act 2003, which came into force on 24 November 2005, consolidated the many laws into a single Act. This allowed pubs in England and Wales to apply to the local council for the opening hours of their choice. It was argued that this would end the concentration of violence around 11.30 pm, when people had to leave the pub, making policing easier. In practice, alcohol-related hospital admissions rose following the change in the law, with alcohol involved in 207,800 admissions in 2006\/7. Critics claimed that these laws would lead to \"24-hour drinking\". By the time the law came into effect, 60,326 establishments had applied for longer hours and 1,121 had applied for a licence to sell alcohol 24 hours a day. However nine months later many pubs had not changed their hours, although some stayed open longer at the weekend, but rarely beyond 1:00 am.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did the Licensing Act 2003 come into effect?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'24 November 2005'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",50]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfdaca7aa994140058e1b5'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'After the Licensing Act 2003, who determined the operating hours of pubs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'the local council'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",165]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfdaca7aa994140058e1b6'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'Due to the traditional closing hours, when was there often violence outside of pubs?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'11.30 pm'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",293]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfdaca7aa994140058e1b7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many alcohol involved hospital admissions were there in 2006\/7?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'207,800'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",473]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfdaca7aa994140058e1b8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'How many pubs applied to be allowed to sell alcohol 24 hours a day?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1,121'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",662]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfdaca7aa994140058e1b9'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Pub'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'A \"lock-in\" is when a pub owner lets drinkers stay in the pub after the legal closing time, on the theory that once the doors are locked, it becomes a private party rather than a pub. Patrons may put money behind the bar before official closing time, and redeem their drinks during the lock-in so no drinks are technically sold after closing time. The origin of the British lock-in was a reaction to 1915 changes in the licensing laws in England and Wales, which curtailed opening hours to stop factory workers from turning up drunk and harming the war effort. Since 1915, the UK licensing laws had changed very little, with comparatively early closing times. The tradition of the lock-in therefore remained. Since the implementation of Licensing Act 2003, premises in England and Wales may apply to extend their opening hours beyond 11 pm, allowing round-the-clock drinking and removing much of the need for lock-ins. Since the smoking ban, some establishments operated a lock-in during which the remaining patrons could smoke without repercussions but, unlike drinking lock-ins, allowing smoking in a pub was still a prosecutable offence.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What is it called when the owner of a pub allows patrons to remain when the pub should have closed?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'\"lock-in\"'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",3]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfdb677aa994140058e1bf'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What law allows pubs to apply to extend their closing hours after 11pm?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'Licensing Act 2003'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",738]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfdb677aa994140058e1c0'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'A law of what year prompted the existence of the \"lock-in\"?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'1915'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",401]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfdb677aa994140058e1c1'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What action by a pub owner can result in his prosecution?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'allowing smoking'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",1082]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfdb677aa994140058e1c2'"]]]],["Rule","'Title'","'Pub'"],["Rule","'ValidationRole'","'Training'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Context'","'In March 2006, a law was introduced to forbid smoking in all enclosed public places in Scotland. Wales followed suit in April 2007, with England introducing the ban in July 2007. Pub landlords had raised concerns prior to the implementation of the law that a smoking ban would have a negative impact on sales. After two years, the impact of the ban was mixed; some pubs suffered declining sales, while others developed their food sales. The Wetherspoon pub chain reported in June 2009 that profits were at the top end of expectations; however, Scottish & Newcastle's takeover by Carlsberg and Heineken was reported in January 2008 as partly the result of its weakness following falling sales due to the ban. Similar bans are applied in Australian pubs with smoking only allowed in designated areas.'"],["Rule","'QuestionAnswerSets'",["List",["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'In what month and year was smoking banned in public places in Scotland?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'March 2006'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",4]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfdbee7aa994140058e1c7'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'When did Wales outlaw smoking in public?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'April 2007'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",121]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfdbee7aa994140058e1c8'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What was the month and year when England banned public smoking?'"],["Rule","'Answers'",["List","'July 2007'"]],["Rule","'AnswerPositions'",["List",169]],["Rule","'QuestionID'","'56dfdbee7aa994140058e1c9'"]],["Association",["Rule","'Question'","'What company took over Scottish &