​
Cardiovascular Mortality for Non-cardiac Surgery (Lee)
Ischemic heart disease
History of heart failure
History of cerebrovascular disease
Renal insufficiency
Diabetes mellitus
Type of surgery
low risk
Laparoscopic surgery
Emergency surgery
Age
age <40
Cardiovascular mortality (%)
0.016​(​0.0095​,​0.027​)
Lee TH, Marcantonio ER, Mangione CM, et al. Derivation and prospective validation of a simple index for prediction of cardiac risk ofmajor noncardiac surgery. Circulation. 1999;100:1043–1049.