Geske-Johnson Method

​
time to expiry (years)
T
3
starting asset price
S
0
40
strike price
X
45
risk-free rate
r
0.07
dividend yield
δ
0
volatility
σ
0.3
Geske-Johnson approximation for the American put = 8.06486
Bermudan put
P
3
= 7.46865
Bermudan put
P
2
= 7.16061
European put
P
1
= 6.19676
This Demonstration locates the asset critical prices, denoted
*
S
, that optimize the payoff function of uniformly time-discretized Bermudan puts with one
(
P
2
)
and with two
(
P
3
) possible early exercise temporal points (lower and upper graph, respectively). While European options can be exercised only at the date of expiration, Bermudan options extend the notion of exercise to a finite number of time points during their life. American options, which can be exercised at any time up to maturity, can be approximated by considering Bermudan options, where the number of early exercise points becomes considerably dense; Geske and Johnson[1] apply Richardson extrapolation to accelerate the convergence to an American option.

Details

Use the controls to select the option parameters and then monitor how the Bermudan put values are reached (this is done with Mathematica's built-in function FindMaximum). The Geske–Johnson analytical formula[1] is applied to estimate the payoff function of the Bermudan puts. The arrows show where their payoff functions are optimized against the corresponding critical asset prices at the time points where early exercise is possible. The goal of the optimization process is to find the corresponding asset critical prices at
T/2
for Bermudan put
P
2
and at
T/3
,
2T/3
for Bermudan put
P
3
.
Geske and Johnson, in the "G–J" method[1], apply Richardson extrapolation on uniformly time-discretized Bermudan options to approximate the value of an American option, using:
• a European option
P
1
, which can only be exercised at its maturity
T

• a Bermudan option
P
2
, which can be exercised at
T/2
or
T
​
• a Bermudan option
P
3
, which can be exercised at
T/3
,
2T/3
, or
T
Then, Richardson extrapolation is applied twice to approximate the American put value
P
as
P≈
P
1,2,3
=1/2
P
1
-4
P
2
+9/2
P
3
, with an error term
O(
3
h
)
.

References

[1] R. Geske and H. Johnson, "The American Put Option Valued Analytically," The Journal of Finance, 39(5), 1984 pp. 1511–1524. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1984.tb04921.x.

External Links

Black-Scholes Theory (Wolfram MathWorld)
Pricing a Bermudan Option with the Longstaff-Schwartz Monte Carlo Method
Pricing American Options with the Two- and Three-Point Maximum Methods
Maximizing a Bermudan Put with a Single Early Exercise Temporal Point
Maximizing a Bermudan Put with Two Early-Exercise Temporal Points
Richardson Extrapolation Applied Twice to Accelerate the Convergence of an Estimate

Permanent Citation

Michail Bozoudis, Michail Boutsikas
​
​"Geske-Johnson Method"​
​http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/GeskeJohnsonMethod/​
​Wolfram Demonstrations Project​
​Published: November 12, 2014